identifier
stringlengths 6
14.8k
| collection
stringclasses 50
values | open_type
stringclasses 7
values | license
stringlengths 0
1.18k
| date
float64 0
2.02k
⌀ | title
stringlengths 0
1.85k
⌀ | creator
stringlengths 0
7.27k
⌀ | language
stringclasses 471
values | language_type
stringclasses 4
values | word_count
int64 0
1.98M
| token_count
int64 1
3.46M
| text
stringlengths 0
12.9M
| __index_level_0__
int64 0
51.1k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischnotoma%20goldfinchi | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Ischnotoma goldfinchi | https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ischnotoma goldfinchi&action=history | Swedish | Spoken | 30 | 65 | Ischnotoma goldfinchi är en tvåvingeart som beskrevs av Alexander 1924. Ischnotoma goldfinchi ingår i släktet Ischnotoma och familjen storharkrankar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.
Källor
Storharkrankar
goldfinchi | 40,286 |
https://github.com/fabiobap/hybrid-project/blob/master/public/js/datatables/form-delete.js | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | hybrid-project | fabiobap | JavaScript | Code | 98 | 500 | function modalDelete(id){
let modal = $("#modalConfirmaDeletado");
$("#TituloModalCentralizado").text($(".header-title").text());
modal.modal('show');
$("#modal-confirma").remove();
$("#modal-texto").text('Registro apagado com sucesso!').removeClass('alert-success').removeClass('alert-danger');
$("#modal-texto").text('Deseja remover esse registro?');
modal.find('.modal-footer').append('<button id="modal-confirma" onclick="actionDelete(' + id + ')" class="btn btn-danger"><i class="fa fa-check-circle"></i> Sim</button>');
}
function actionDelete(id){
let url = $('#baseurlapi').val() + '/' + id;
let requestType = $('#requestType').val();
var $button = $(this);
$.ajaxSetup({
headers: {
'X-CSRF-TOKEN': $('meta[name="csrf-token"]').attr('content'),
'Accept': 'application/json',
},
cache:false,
});
$.ajax({
url: url,
type: requestType,
contentType: "json",
dataType: "JSON",
})
.done (function(data, textStatus, jqXHR) {
$("#modal-texto").text('Register was successfully removed!').addClass('alert-success');
})
.fail (function(jqXHR, textStatus, errorThrown) {
var responseText = jQuery.parseJSON(jqXHR.responseText);
$("#modal-texto").text(responseText.error).addClass('alert-danger');
})
.always(function(jqXHROrData, textStatus, jqXHROrErrorThrown) {
$('#datatable').DataTable().draw(false);
$('#datatable').DataTable().ajax.reload();
$("#modal-confirma").remove();
});
}
| 32,440 |
americanbeejourn4000hami_90 | English-PD | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,861 | American bee journal | None | English | Spoken | 7,607 | 10,898 | We will mail you your choice of any of the following 64-pag'e poultrj' pamph- lets at lo cents each, or all 3 for only 25 cents — while they last : POULTRY FOR MARKET.— It is written for those who wish to make poultry- raising profitable. CAPONS AND CAPONIZING.— It shows in clear languag-e and by illustra- tions all the particulars about caponizing fowl.s, and thus how to make the most money out of them. Every up-to-date poultry-keeper should have it. OUR POULTRY DOCTOR, or. Health in the Poultry Yard, and How to Cure Sick Fowls. All about poultry diseases and their cure. Remember, we mail the above at 10 cents each, or all three for 2.S cents ; or for SI. 10 we will mail the three pamphlets and credit your subscription to the American Bee Journal for one year. Address, GEORG-E W. YORK & CO., 118 Michigan Street, CHICAGO, ILL. Please Mention the Bee Journal I^I?rtiSri"« right along. When I make artificial swarms I take about half of the bees and half of the br'ood, and the queen, and put them into a new hive, and fill both hives with combs. Then I take the new hive that contains the queen and set it on a new stand. This works quite well for me, but sometimes the colony that was left will build a lot of queen-cells, and swarm, tho I almost always go thru them and cut out all but two cells. That stops swarming. When my bees swarm, and I don't want them to swarm but once, I get the swarm on a swarming-box that I have used for some time, which is made of half-inch lumber. It is about 18 inches long and 8 inches square with a lot of holes bored in it, and one end left open. It is attacht to a long pole, so I can get them to cluster there. When thej' are all in and on the box, I move the hive that the swarm issued from to a new stand; then I get the swarming-box that contains the swarm, and dump them on the alighting-board. In so doing I have never lost a single swarm, and this plan of moving the old hive weakens it to such an extent that it does not swarm any more that year ; while the new swarm being placed on the old stand catches all the field-bees that were out dtiring the time the swarm issued. Having the new swarm on full-drawn combs works a little like giving a newly-married couple a full outfit to start in house-keeping with. I have seen bees gathering honey- dew frotn oak leaves, and on examina- tion found a kind of wedge-shaped in- sect on the bottom of the leaves and branches. I found this same kind of insect on the hedge fences a few years ago. This honey-dew was of a very light color, and was very abundant, so it could be seen in small drops on the stems of the new leaves. When these drops get so large that they fall on the leaves below they look like real dew, as some people think it is. I think if they would examine the matter verj- closely, the3' would almost always find the insects that produce honey-dew. Bees will work on these oak-leaves early in the morning and late in the afternoon. This stuff was used by the bees for brood-rearing, which is about all it is fit for. But it is a good thing that we get some honey-dew in this lo- cality, because it generally comes when there is nothing else for the bees to get any honey from. I have wondered for some time why it is that farmers do not pay more at- tention to bees, when the bees are their best friends. If they have any fruit- trees bees of sotne kind are needed to fertilize the blossoms, and the honey- bee seems to be the best for this pur- pose. I think bee-keepers could do a great deal along this line by talking to their neighbors that keep bees, and telling them the real good that bees do for them in getting their fruit, and telling them the real value bees are in getting fruit-trees to bear; and it will not do any harm to tell them a little about honey, because most people think that all bees are good for is to store honej' and sting. It would be a good thing if we could have a little of this nature study taught in our public schools. J-\COB WlKTH. Henry Co., 111., June 17. Belgian Hare Guide ^SE"EB^lfsTr^'^2?c': liilHiid Poiillry .loiiniiil Co., Iinliaiiaiiolis, liiil. Aug. 2, 1900. AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL. 495 Bee- Books hi:;\T POSTPAID BV George W. York & Go. 118 Mich. St. Chicago. Bees and Honey, or Managremeiit of an Apiary for l*leasnre and Profit, by Thomas G. New- man.—Ills nicely illustrated, contain:^ 160 pag"es, beautifully printed in the liig-hest style of the art, and bound in cloth, g^old-lettered. Price, in cloth, 75 cents; iu paper, 50 cents. Langstfoth on the Honey-Bee, revised by Dadant.— This classic in bee-ciillnre has been entirely re-written, and is fully illustrated. It treats of everything relalin/:^ tt> bees and bee- keeping-. No apiaria"n library is complete with- out this standard work by Rev. h. L. Laiitr- stroth— the Father of American Jlee-CuUure. I', has 520 pa^es, bound in clolh. Price, SI. 25. Bee=Keepers' Guide, or Manual of the Apif.ry, by Prof. A. J. Cook, of the Michigan Agfricultu- ral ColK'tre.— This book is not only instructive and helpful as a gruide in bee-keeping, but is iiiteresting and ihorolv practical and scien- tific. It contains a full delineation of the anat- omy and physirilogv of bees. 460 pages, bound in cloth and fully illustrated. Price, $1.25. Scientific Queen-Rearing, as Practicallv Ap- plied, by G. M. Duolittle.— A method by which the very best of queeii-bees are reared in per- fect accord with Nature's way. Bound iu cloth and illustrated. Price, SI. 00. A B C of Bee-Culture, by A. I. Root.~A cyclo- paedia of 400 pages, describing everything per- taining to the care of the honey-bees. Contains 300 engravings. It was written especially for beginners. Bound in cloth. Price, $1.20. Advanced Bee-Culture, Its Methods and Man- agement, by W. Z. Hutchinson.— The author of this work is a practical and entertaining writer. You should read his book: 90 pages, bound ia paper, and illustrated. Price, 50 cents. Rational Bee-Keeping, by Dr. John Dzierzon. — This is a translation of his latest German book on bee-culture. Ii has 250 pages, bound in paper covers, Sl.'iO. Bienen^Kultur, by Ttos, G Newman.— ThU is a German translation of the principal portion of the book called "Bees and Honey." lOO-page pamphlet. Price, 25 cents. Bienenzucht und Honiggewinnung, nach der neuesten raethode (tiernian) by J. l'\ Eggers. — This book gives the latest and most approved methods of bee-keeping in an easy, comprehen- sive style, with illustrations to suit the subject. SO pages, board cover. Price, 50 cents, Bee-Keeping for Beginners, by Dr. J. P. H. Brown, of Georgia.— A practical and condenst treatise on the honey-bee, giving the best modes of management in order to secure the most profit. 110 pagfs, bound in paper. Price, 50 cts. Bee-Keeping for Profit, by Dr. G. L. Tinker. —Revised and enlarged. It details the author's '•■new system, or how to get the largest yields of comb or extracted honey." 80 pages, illiisfated. Price, 25 cents. Apiary Register, by Thomas G. Newman.— Devotes two pages to a colonv. Leather bind- ing. Price, for 5m colonies, 51.00; for 100 colo- nies, SI. 25. Dr. Howard's Book on Foul Brood.— Gives the McKvoy Treatment and reviews the experi- ments of others. Price, 25 cents. Winter Problem in Bee-Keeping, by G. R. Pierce.— Result of 25 years' experience. 30 cts. Foul Brood Treatment, by Prof. F. R. Che- Shire.— Its Cause and Prevention. Price, 10 cts. Foul Brood, by A. R. Kohnke.— Origin, De- velopment and Cure. Price, 10 cents. Capons and Caponizing, bv Dr. Sawyer, Fanny Field, and others. — Illustrated. All about cap- onizing fowls, and thus how to make the most money in poultry-raising. 64 pages. Price, 20c. Our Poultry Doctor, or Health in the Poultry Yard and How to Cure Sick Fowls, bv Fanny Field.— Everything about Poultry Diseases and their Cure. o4 pages. Price, 20 cents. Poultry for Market and Poultry for Profit, by Fanny Field.— Tells everything about Poultry Business. 64 pages. Price, 20 cents. QUEENS SmokerB. Sections. Comb Foundation And sll Apiarian Bappliiii _^ eh«ap. Send for S. T. FLANAGAN, B«UeTUl«» m* Please mention Bee Jotirnal -when "writing. FUEE CataIo;a«. Se Italian Queens Oiip Unlesled Queen $ .i.() One Tested Queen «0 flue Select Tested Queen l.txi (iiu- Breeder l.SO Ou<_- CombNucleus 1.00 27 Years Rearing Queens for tlie Trade, We Guarantee Safe Ar rifal, J. L. STRONG, 14Alf CLARINDA, Page Co., IOWA. Please mention Bee Journal -when -writing RoGkij Mountain Bee-Plant Seed ! {Cleoiuc integrifoUa.) ...FREE AS A PREMIUM... The ABC of Bee-Culture says of it: "This is a beautiful plant for the flower-garden, to say nothing of the honey it produces. It grows fromtwo to three feet in bight and bears large, clusters of bright pink flowers. It grows natur- ally on the Rocky Mountains, and in Colorado, where it is said to furnish large quantities of honey." We have a few pounds of this Cleome seed, and offer to mail a Ji-pound package as a pre- mium for sending ns ONE NEW subscriber to the American Bee Journal, with SI. 00; or % pound by mail for 40 cents. GEORGE W. YORK & CO. USMichlg-auSt. CHICAGO ILI.,. Second-Class Queens, (What Becomes of Them ?) As to color of progeny there are some tested queens that are second-class, that are equal to any for business. That is, 3-band bees predom- inate iu the offspring of golden mothers. These are sold at 50 cents each. If 5-band bees pre- dominate, and do not exceed 80 percent, they are worth $1.00; above this and not to exceed ^5 percent, $1.25; all of a higher grade and not uni- formly markt, SI. 50 each; while first-class breeders are placed at only $2.00. Untested, either 3 or 5-band, 75c each; or 3 for $2.00. Monev order office, Warrenton, N. C. W. H.PRIDGEN, 24Atf Creek. Warren Co., N.C. Please mention Bee Journal when writing advertisers. >i >li Mi >M >!i >Ji >li >ti >!i >I^ >ti >ti xlittf I HONE.y AND BEESWAX J MARKET QUOTATIONS. Chicago, July 7. — Some new white comb honey is sellinjf at l.Sc; not much offered and not much demand for it. E.vtractcd is slow sale; best white, 7@7}jc; best amber, (t'A<u(>Kc: darl< amber, SfuSJic. Ueeswax, 27(aiJMc. R. A. Burnett & Co. ClNClNNATi,July20.-Whiteextractedhonev iW/;4c; southern e.ttracted, S<4ft'(iJ4c, owing- io quality. No comb honey on market. Good de- mand for beeswa.K at 25(a.27c. , 1 - -j Shipments of e.vtracted honey from the Sonth are more numerous than a few weeks ag-o, but we find It hard to make sales, owing to a slow- demand. C. H. W. Weber, 2146 Central Ave.. J Buffalo, July 20.— For strictly fancy white one-pound comb honey we are getting 'lofa 17c Any grade sells high— lOialSc, as to grade. Batterson & Co. KANSA.S City, July 20.— Wequote: NewNo.l white comb, HffiilSc; No. 1 amber, 14c; dark, loc. Extracted, old, 6@6J^; no new !a market. Bees- wax, 22(ai2Sc. c. C. Clemons & Co. Detroit, July 24.— Fancy white comb, 15@i6c- No 1, white, [email protected]; amber and dark, 10@12c. extracted, white, 7c; amber and dark, SlSfic Beeswax, 25fat2ijc. " ' Supply and demand for honey both limited. M. H. Hunt & Son. New York, July 26.— There is a fair demand for white comb honey, and enough arriyine- from the South to supply the demand. Fancy white sells at 15c; No. 1 white, 13&I4c- No '"> white, ll«Bl2c. Extracted remains rather quiet" and the market is sufficiently stockt to meet the demand. Beeswax very firm at 2SrG'2''c. HiLDRETH & SeGELEEN. San Francisco, July 18.— White comb, l->® 1254c; amber, Ifani; dark, 6!^("75^c. Extracted white, ■?'A(a»c: light amber, 7@7;,4'c: amber. bCab'Ac. Beeswax, 26@27c. Amber gr.ides are in fair supply, both comb and e.xtracted, and there is a moderate business doing in the same at prevailing figures, mostly in a small jobbing way and on local account. Large dealers are purchasing only to fill imme- diate orders, not caring to stock up at present prices. Water-white honey is scarce and in a limited way is salable at tolerably stiff fiirures WAINTED-HONEV AND BEESWAX. We hive a tremendous and growing trade in this line, aud would like to hear fronf all who have such goods to sell in any part of the coun- try, with quality, description, and lowest cash price. Thos. C. Stanley & Son, Fairfield, 111. WANTFn COMB HONEY AND EX- TT rvi-<l I L,L^ TRACTED HONEY. Will buy your honey, no matter what quantity. Mail sample with your price expected delivered in Cincinnati. I pay cash on delivery. C. H. W WEBER, 2146 Central Ave., Cincinx.\ti, Ohio. "The New Voice " Free for Five Months ! Everybodj' knows of The New Voice as the greatest temperance and prohi- bition weekly newspaper on earth. We have made arrangements with its pub- lishers, so that we can offer it for the 5 months beginning with July 1, Free as a Premium for sending «s one New Subscriber for one year to the American Bee Journal (with $1.00.) If you would like to see a sainple copy first, write a postal card to The New Voice, 315 Dearborn St., Chicago, 111., and ask for it. The New Voice is $1.00 a year ; but to anj' one who will send us 30 cents, we will have it mailed for the 5 months mentioned above ; or for $1.20 we will send any one the American Bee Journal for one year and The New Voice for the 5 months — July, August, September, October and November. All who get The New Voice on these offers must be new subscribers to that paper, and not renewals. Address QEORGE W. YORK & CO., 118 Michigan Street, CHICAGO, ILL. 496 AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL Aug. 2, 1900. We have a Large Stock on hand and can ship promptly. SEND US YOUR ORDERS FOR Hives, tmmm OR ANYTHING YOU WANT IN THE BEE-KEEPING LINE. WE MAKE ONLY THE BEST. r Our Falcon Sections and New Process Founda^ tion are ahead of eTerythiaf?, and cost no more than other makes. New Catalog and copy of The American Bee-Keeper free. Address, THE W. T. FALCONER MFG. CO., JAMESTOWN, N. Y, j8®" W. M. Gerrish, East Notiugrham, N. H., carries a full line of our goods at catalog prices. Order of him and save freight. Please mention Bee Journal ■when writing^, MADE TO ORDER. BINGHAM _ BRASS ^ SMOKERS made of sheet-brass which does not rust or burn Out should last a life-time. You need one, but they cost 25 cents more than tin of the same size. The little pen cut shows our brass hinge put on the three larger sizes. No wonder Bingham's 4-inch Smoke Engine goes without puff- ing and does not DROP INKY DROPS. The perforated steel fire-grate has 3Sl holes to air the fuel and support the fire. Prices; Heavy Tin Smoke Engine, four-inch Stove, per mail, $1.50; 3K-iuch, $1.10; three-inch, $1.00; 2M-iach, ''0 cents; two-inch, 65 cents. BINGHAM SMOKERS are the original, and have all the improvements, and have been the STANDARD OF EXCELLENCE for 22 years. Address, T. F. BINGHAM, Farwell, Mich. I AEISE To say to the readers of the Bee Journal that DOOLITTLE... bas concluded to sell QUEENS in theirseasoa during 1900, at the fol- lowing prices : 1 Untested Queen . .$1.00 .1 Untested Queens.. 2.25 1 Tested Queen .... 1.25 3 Tested Queens.... 3.00 1 select tested queen 1.50 3 " " Queens 4.00 Select Tested Queen, last year's rearing-, 2. 50 Extra selected breed- ing, the very best. .5.00 Circular free, giving particulars regarding each class of Queens, conditions, etc. Address, Q. M. DOOLITTLE, llA26t Borodino, Onondaga Co., N. Y. Please mention Bee Journal wlien writing Advertisers. 28l(l n#«rlr«n4'^ C^iinrl^^l^n 28rd Year Dadant's Foundation. Year Why does it sell so well? Because it has always given better satis- faction than any other. Because in 23 years there have not been any complaints, but thousands of compli- ments. We guarantee satisfaction. What more can anybody do? BEAUTY, PURITY, FIRMNESS, No SAQQINa, No LOSS. PATENT WEED PROCESS SHEETINQ. Send name for our Catalog, Samples of Foundation and Veil Material. We sell the best Veils, cotton or silk. BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES OF ALL KINDS. Langstroth on the Honey-Bee, Revised. The Classic in Bee-Ciiltnre— Price, $1.25, Iif Mail. Beeswax Wanted = at all times. chas. dadant & son, Hamilton, Hancock Co., 111. Please mention Bee Journal "when ■WTiting. {^ nii-if\ft%t^ f If jou care to know of its W'<tllIUI llld 1 Fruits, Flowers, Climate or Resources, send for a sample copy of Cali- fornia's Favorite Paper — The Pacific Rural Press, The leading- Horticultural and Ag-ricultural paper of the Pacific Coast. Publisht weekly, handsomely illustrated, $2.00 per annum. Sam- ple copy free. PACIFIC RURAL PRESS. 330 Market Street, - San Francisco, Cal. FREE FOR A MONTH .... If you are interested in Sheep in any way you cannot afford to be without the best Sheep Paper publisht in the United States. %Vool IVIai-kets and Sheep has a hobby which is the sheep-breeder and his industry, first, foremost and all the tim©. Are you interested ? Write to-day. WOOL MARKETS AND SHEEP, CHICAGO, ILL. The Novelty Pocket=Knife. Your Name and Address on one side— Three Bees on the other side. HOWARD M. MELBEE, HONEYVILLE, O. (This Cut is the Pull Size of the Knife.] Your Name on the Knife.— When ordering, be sure to say just what name aud address 3-ou wish put on the Knife. The Novelty Knife is indeed a novelty The novelty lies in the handle. It is made beautifully of indestructible celluloid, which is as transparent as glass. Un- derneath the celluloid, on one side of the handle is placed the name aud residence of the subscriber, and on the other side pictures of a Queen, Drone, and Worker, as shown here. The Material entering into this celebrated knife is of the very best quality; the blades are hand-forged out of the very finest English razor-steel, and we war- rant every blade. The bolsters are made of (Jerraan silver, and will never rust or corrode. The rivets are hardened (lerman silver wire; the linings are plate brass; the back springs of Sheffield spring-steel, aud the finish of the handle as described above. It will last a last-time, with proper usage. Why Own the Novelty Knife ? In case a good knife is lost, the chances are the owner will never recover it; but it the " Novelty " is lost, having name and address of owner, the finder will return it; otherwise to try to destroy the name and ad- dress, would destroy the knife. If traveling, and you meet with a serious accident, and are so for- tunate as to have one of the " Novelties," your Pocket-Knife will serve as an identifier; and in case of death, your relatives will at once be notified of the accident. How appropriate this knife is for a present! What more lasting memento could a mother to a son, a wife to a husband, a sister to a brother, or a lady to a gentleman, the knife having the name of the recipient on one side? The accompanying cut gives a faint idea, but cannot fully convey an exact representation 01 this>eautiful knife, as the " Novelty " must be seen to be appreciated. How to Get this Valuable Knife.— We send it postpaid for $1.10, or give it as a Premium to the one sending us \ hkke new subsckibeks to the Bee Journal (with $3.iH}.) We will club the Novelty Knife and the Bee Journal for one year, both for $1.9i). give to i GEORGE W, YORK L CO., 118 Mich, St., Chicago, 111, 4S"Please allow about two weeks for your knife order to be filled. ^^'(k'(k'(k'(b'(k'^'^'(k'(b*(k'^'^''(k*(k'(k'^*^'(k^ aEORQB W. YORK. Editor. • • ^«- #- ^«- 40th YEAR, CHICAGO, ILL, AUGUST 9, 1900, No, 32. Selling- Honey by Local Newspaper Advertising". BY C. DAVENPORT. IN ray previous article I called attention to the fact that all efforts of whatever kind made to increase the sale and demand for our product is advertising in some form, and as before intimated, I have tried it in manj' different ways, and expense ; besides, it requires a certain kind of skill or ability, as well as experience, to make them a success ; for these reasons they are far less practicable than newspaper advertisingf. But, my friends, this is not so simple a matter as it ap- pears. Whole books have been written on the subject, and shrewd, intelligent men are making' a life work of learning the methods or ways in which the most returns for the money expended can be secured by newspaper advertising so the few words I say in the small space I am necessarily allowed, can only treat the subject in a general way. In any locality where the demand is not what it should or might be. the first thing to be determined is. Why isn't the demand and consumption greater ? There may be many Mr. A»to)! G. Anderson and Apiary, of Pottawattamie Co., Iowa. — See page ^Oj. and by far the most effective way I have tried, all things considered, is advertising in the local papers. There are, tho, other ways in which more immediate returns, or, in other words, there are quicker ways by which large quanti- ties of honey can be sold, but they entail much more work reasons why it is not, but I can take space to mention only the two which usually either singly or combined are the cause. One of these is the fear of adulteration. This adul- teration business has got to be one of the greatest curses of modern times; it not only injures the health of millions 498 AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL. Aug. 9, 1900. who thru ignorance or necessity eat adulterated food pro- ducts, but it works great harm to many producers by crea- ting a prejudice in the minds of the people against their product. This is the case in our pursuit. There is no use in our trying to dodge the fact that our product is lookt upon with more or less suspicion by the general public. Many people reallj' believe that bee-keepers feed their bees sugar, glucose, cane-syrup, and the like, in order to have them "make" honey from it. In fact, I myself, a few years ago, accused one of the bee-keepers in this State of producing and selling comb honey made from sugar, but I now know I was in error, and that it can not be done. Yes, I tried it ; gave it a most thoro trial, not because I in- tended to practice it if it was profitable — no, I intended that if sugar-honey could be produced for 10 and 12 cents a pound at wholesale, to pull right out of the whole business ; but I have no fears of any actual adulteration of this kind ever being done, even if the wholesale price of honey should be double what it has been the last few years. Not because I think there are none who might not practice it, but simply because it could not be done with profit. But the belief in ray locality became so strong, that bee-keepers were selling honey made from sugar and cane- syrup, that it seemed impossible to increase its sales. As a matter of fact, I lost considerable trade already workt up- When this feeling was at its hight, the following notice ap- peared in one of the local papers : $500 REWARD. Five hundred dollars will be paid by us to any one who proves by analysis or otherwise that any honey sold by C. Davenport or his agents is adulterated in any way or man- ner ; or, in other words, if it is not pure nectar gathered by bees from flowers. This offer holds good a year from date. & Co., Bankers. This notice appeared only once, but that was sufficient, for I secured a large number of the papers. One old lady, to whom I showed the notice, said : " Of course that settles it, and I am glad you have quit feeding your bees stuff. Genuine honey from flowers is what I want." She was one of mj' regular customers, but had previously that year re- fused to take any, saying frankly that she was afraid it was adulterated ; and I could not convince her that it was not, but a guarantee of fSOO did, as it did almost all others. Of course, there are always a few that nothing can con- vince. But suspicion gradually died out, until some time ago, when it began to revive again. This distrust of honey was not confined to my immediate neighborhood by any means, but extended over a wide extent of territory. A less amount of money as a guarantee of purity will answer, as I found when working up trade in other towns, but in a locality where no suspicion about the purity of honey locally produced exists, it would be folly to bring up the subject and offer any reward at all. This brings us to the other reason to be discust, why the local demand is not greater. This is on account of in- difference, and general ignorance of its worth. As a means of overcoming this cause or reason, short but numerous paragraphs should appear in a local paper, calling attention to its great value as a daily article of food on account of its healthfulness ; that, besides being one of the most delicious sweets known, it possesses great medicinal virtues in many forms of throat, lung, and stomach troubles ; how some of our most eminent physicians attribute many forms of kid- ney diseases which so often terminate fatally, to the free use of cane-sugars ; and that some of these patients are forbidden any form of sweet food except honey. Call attention to the remarkable fact that when man lived to be 300 or 400 years old, honey was the only form of sweet known ; how bees and their product have from these earliest times descended to us of the present time un- changed by the evolution of ages. I have emphasized the fact and explained why some honey may be much inferior to others ; that on account of devoting ray whole attention to its production, with the most modern hives and appliances, what I sell is warranted to be the best of its kind ; that the great improvements in hives, a better understanding of bees, and the increast numbers in which thej' are kept, have caused honey of late to be sold at such a price that its use is no longer a luxury to be enjoyed only by the rich, but that it can now be used by all classes, even as a matter of economy under some conditions. All the short paragraphs I have caused to appear re- lating to the subject have been put at the head and sand- wicht in between paragraphs relating to local events. Small notices of this kind put among regular advertise- ments are apt to be overlookt, but all who take a paper care- fully read the local notes, because otherwise they raight miss something of great importance, said either about themselves or their neighbors. So, just after reading how Miss Jones wore her new bonnet to church last Sunday, the next paragraph may inform them that C. Davenport, while it lasts, is offering choice mixt clover and basswood extracted honey for 8 cents a pound. Tho every one does not take the local paper, those who do not may borrow it of their neighbors. A person who formerly lived here but who is now a resident of Dakota, had the local paper from here, his old home, sent to him, and saw these notices. He wrote in re- gard to honey, and has since been a large customer, buying on an average about 500 pounds a year, part of which he probably retails at a profit amongst neighbors ; and from this one customer that I secured by this means, I have re- ceived a number of times the amount above what I could in the city markets, to pay what my newspaper advertising has cost me, all told. A single announcement in a paper merely offering honey for sale, stating its price and telling where it can be obtained direct from the producer, will un- der some conditions bring results that could not by some be obtained in a week's work of peddling. l/ocal newspaper advertising rates are very low, and I have been able to pay most of these bills with honey. And if the immediate returns from this form of adver- tising are not what is expected, it should not be hastily condemned or abandoned, for its later effects are often far greater. I am acquainted with a bee-keeper who has, in a comparatively short time, almost entirely by this means, workt up such a trade that altho he keeps 200 or 300 colonies himself, he has to buy thousands of pounds annually to supply the demand. His advertising, tho, is not limited or confined to his local paper; much of his trade is in other States. Besides receiving a much better price than could be obtained in the general wholesale markets, he gets the cash before the goods are shipt. Southern Minnesota. Mountain Honey-Dew— Eucalyptus Honey. BY PKOF. A. J. COOK. A FEW days ago I did what I wish every bee-keeper in America could do — visited the far-famed Yosemite Valley. Think of a valley seven miles long and one mile wide, surrounded on all sides by rocks which rise almost vertically to a height of nearly one mile ! Think of the Yosemite Falls, 2,600 feet high, and with one leap of 1,600 feet ! Try to picture to other falls on the larger Merced River, the Nevada Falls and the Vernal Falls, near \ Aug-. 9, 1900. AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL, 499 each other, .so that both are visible at the same time, one over 300 and the other over 600 feet hiph ! Imag-ine, if you can, great glacier-worn domes lookinj; like so many bald heads, crowning the lofty heights which surround this valley. Well, we surrounded, carried by faithful horses, one of these great domes, called the south or half dome, and ascended to the top of Cloud Rest beyond it, when we were over 10,000 feet above the sea. For the last mile of our ascent the pine trees were just drippng with honey-dew, and the chaparral beneath was also shin- ing with the great drops of nectar. The bees have evidently not reacht as high as this in the mountains, as we saw no bees on the honey-dew. Some of my students who were with me, who had already been enlightened on the subject, were quick to seek for the authors of this secretion, and found them in the great hosts of plant-lice which everywhere infested the great pines. So thick was the nectar that we could easily collect it in sufficient quantities to test. We found, as I have almost always found it from plant-lice or aphids, ex- ceedingly delicious. I exprest the wish to my student com- panions that I wisht I had an apiary on this grand old mountain summit. I should be sure of a great harvest of most excellent honey. Myself, wife, and daughter are now spending a few days in the unique little town of Avalon, situated on Cata- lina Island. The beautiful town is nestled at the foot of high hills — almost mountains — and faces a placid little bay of the same name as the town. The whole place comprises but a few acres, and the streets are lined on both sides by fine eucalyptus trees. There are many of them now in full blossom, and they are musical with the hum of hosts of bees. Thus Catalina has its bees if Yosemite Mountains have not. It will be remembered that Mr. Wood proposed to come here to rear queens in hopes to secure pure mating. He gave it up upon finding that there were bees already in abundance on the island. Catalina Island, Calif., July 23. Feed Value of Bokhara Clover— A Comparison. BY T. F. A. CONNELLY. THINKING it might be of interest to some bee-keepers, and as I have never seen it publisht, I will send the analysis of bokhara clover hay, and accompany it with the analysis of wheat and alfalfa hay for comparison, that they may learn the feed value of the bokhara hay. Any one can see by the chemical ingredients that bokhara is the equal of either in value as a forage-plant. Amount digestible in 100 pounds. Potential Energy in 1 pound (calorics) Crude Portine Crude Fat Crude Fiber Nitrogen, Free Extract Nutri- triue Ratio Wheat hay Alfalfa hay Bokhara hay. .. 3.14 12.41 8.68 1.20 1.S7 1.92 9.81 10.40 9.96 37.40 26.73 29.42 987 985 976 1:15.8 1: 3.4 1: 5.0 This analysis was made at the California Agricultural Experiment Station (see page 146, report for 1896). In this part of the State no one has yet made any hay from sweet clover. I have now 10 acres seeded to the plant, and will try it, but it is surely a good honey-plant, for last sum- mer near me there was a small piece in bloom, and the bees workt on the bloom from June 10th till Nov. 13th, and I long since learned that bees do not visit flowers unless they contain nectar. I have also learned that no matter what plant the bloom always contains nectar. Within three miles of ray apiary there are 1,000 acres of alfalfa, and gen- erally the bloom is profuse, but the amount of surplus varies greatly, and altho I never have to feed, the amount of surplus in 1895 was, on an average, 120 pounds. One colony filled 420 sections. My yield of comb honey was 12 tons, while for 1896 my surplus was less than 70 pounds per colony. The conditions were precisely the same, as every- thing here is grown by irrigation. Our rainfall averages about four inches per summer. The condition of the atmosphere has more to do with the flow of nectar than many suppose. I have seen the alfalfa meadows an ocean of blossoms, and not a bee visit them. Then it may be but a few days when the entire meadow will be alive with the industrious little workers. Or, the change may be the other way — from a bu,sy scene to a holiday. One would think it was Sunday, or a circus, as there would be no work going on. Some report that the rain washes the nectar out ; that could not be the case here, for we have no rain. There is no doubt but that with me the electric condi- tion of the atmosphere governs the flow of nectar. Inyo Co., Calif. Directions for Dipping Cell-Cups or Goblets for Commercial Queen-Rearing-. BY W. H. PKIDGEN. AS the latest freak in dipping receptacles for larva; to be converted into queens is to make goblets instead of cups, I will explain how it is done. The dipping-sticks illustrated again here (and which, by the way, were shown inverted, on page 401), were used to dip a whole batch at a time, and when heavy enough, and while the wax about the base was still in a liquid state, Dipping-Tank /o7- Queen-Cell Cups. the whole set was toucht to the bar, which would adhere, and then the bar, or rather a thin slat, cups and all were dipt again, which fixt all to the slat at once. At this stage the slat and base only of the cups were toucht to cold water, and the dipping-sticks withdrawn one at a time, and is shown by one or two of the pegs being elevated in the pict- ure, thus leaving the cups properly arranged on the slat ready to slip in the frame, as Mr. Doolittle tells us to do it. The dipping-tank shown herewith was used with this outfit, which is long enough to admit a bar or slat that fits between the end-bars of a brood-frame, and this outfit is still very serviceable for making cups for one's own use ; but the pegs must be rigidly fixt for dipping the commercial article, for convenience in removing the goblets as well as forming them. Two lamps are used, one near each end, to keep the wax /^ 500 AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL. Aug-. 9 1900 at a uniform temperature, which should be just above the melting-point. Now that the cups are no longer attacht to a bar, a piece of tin has been fitted into the bottom of the tank, having the ends perforated and turned up to a level with the top of the tank, just under the rests or guages, allow- ing pieces ot wax to be added as the liquid is used out, with- out its interfering with the work. The wax is added over the lamps, thus causing it to melt without raising the tem- perature elsewhere, and serves the purpose of keeping the depth of dip regulated without having continually to adjust the guages, which can be raised or lowered according to circumstances. The bevels at the ends of the forming-stick holder both incline the same way, which admits of varying the depth again full depth, and set on the board, by shaking the drops off, if the bases are large enough, before placing them on the board, or, failing to shake them off, if the size of base is to be increast. The main body of the cups should be made heavy enough at first to prevent the contraction in cooling to cause the water that can not be shaken from the sticks to burst thru and make water-bubbles or knots on them ; and then increase the weight of the bases, as that part has to remain longer in the wax, altho the dipping is done quickly, and therefore is inclined to melt off ; while the last dip should be full depth to make the cups smooth outside, and also to warm the whole up so they will slip off of the pegs easily. When completed, touch the bases to cold water, but not A Whole Battery of Dipping-Sticla used iti Modern Queen-Rearing — and the Results. (Both engravings in this article kindly loaned by the Bee-Keepers' Review.) of each alternate dip, by an endwise movement, and still use the guages as a rest, so as to dip the pegs from end to end alike. To make the cups with flat bottoms or goblet shape, one must have a board on the table that has been thoroly soakt in water, and keep it wet by occasionally dipping it, or else touch the dipping-sticks to it every time thej' are taken from the water. Make two dips the same depth in rapid succession, then touch the bases of the cups to the melted wax, and imme- diately set them on the wet board, to remain until the wax "sets." Then dip them half way up, and set them on the wet board as before. The next time dip three-fourths up, and go back to the wet board. At this stage the base may or may not be heavy enough, but the cups should be dipt deeper than the necks. This is done to harden the bases so that they can be handled ; while the main body should re- main warm to be easily removed. If allowed to contract too much they fit the pegs too tightly for easy removal. If they are to be inserted in a bar as described in the issue of June 28, simply shake the drops of was from them instead of placing them on the wet board, which will leave the bases pointed. The goblet-shaped or flat-bottom cups are either stuck on the bar with melted wax, or else use a bar with two headless small nails projecting 1/16 of an inch, driven }i inch apart, where every cup is to stand, and simply press the tups down on them. I arrange the nails in pairs, form- ing two rows up and down the bar, and have the pairs 's of an inch apart. "VVarren Co., N. C. Aug. y, 1900. AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL, 501 Report of the Central Texas Convention. BY LO'UIS SCHOI-Iv. The sixth annual meeting- of the Central Texas Bee- Keepers' Association was held at Hutto, July 12 and 13, 1900. The convention was called to order by Pres. E. R. Jones at 10 a.m., July 12th. Rev. L. L. Lusk, of Hutto, of- fered prayer. Mr. A. W. Carpenter delivered an address of welcome in behalf of the citizens of Hutto, to which Judg-e E. Y. Terral responded. Secretary SchoU read the minutes of the last meeting, which were adopted. After calling the roll, new members were enrolled and dues collected. A motion was made and carried that ladies (members) be exempt from dues. It was moved and carried that any bee-keeper can join the Association at any time by writing to the secretary, and enclosing the regular membership fee of 50 cents for a year. Another motion prevailed, " That any member who fails to attend, or fails to pay his dues for three consecutive meetings without a suitable excuse, be stricken from the list." Of course, when anyone pays his yearly dues he is a member, whether he attends the annual meetings or not, as above. The president's annual address was delivered by Pres. E. R. Jones. The election of officers for the next term re- sulted as follows : O. P. Hyde, president ; J. B. Salyer, vice-president ; and Louis Scholl, of Hunter, secretary and treasurer. HONKY-RESOURCES OF TEXAS. On this subject Mr. Stachelhausen said he could not say much, as he had been over but a very small portion of Texas, and therefore could not know much about the honey-resources outside of his own locality. His main honey-plants are Indian-head, hoarhound. and horsemint, but he does not expect much from late horsemint. Mus- tard is another important one. In dry j'ears mesquite is his main source ; otherwise it is horsemint that gives the crop. Then cotton yields, while some years it does not, and he has not yet found what causes it. Broom-weed is sometimes good in the fall. Judge Terral's experience was almost like that of Mr. Stachelhausen, not knowing much about other sources in other localities. He commenced by mentioning corn-tassels, and does not believe that bees ever get honey from them. His bees get some honey from turnip patches, and some other minor plants, followed by horsemint. He thought he could improve the yielding of horsemint by watering it, but failed. He believes that it grew too rank. He talkt about the old-fashioned buckwheat in Kentucky, where it just bent down to the ground loaded with bees, but the other sort was no good. He does not believe that cotton yields honey. He saw the bees work on the leaves just as they work on oak leaves, and believes that they only get " bug- juice." Here F. L. Aten said that black bees do not work on cotton. He told of a man who had nothing but blacks that did not get any cotton honey ; but as soon as he Italianized his bees they gathered cotton honey. F. J. R. Davenport says that cotton on light land does not yield as well, and that the honey is different from the whiter honey of cotton on the black land. He also spoke about sweet clover as a good honey-yielding plant, and the different changes of the atmosphere and the effect upon the yield and secretion of nectar of the sweet clover blossoms. D. C. Milam gave a list of the main honey-yielders of his locality (Uvalde County). First, is wild peach, a sort of evergreen, blooming in February ; wild tan in March ; also buffalo clover. Prickly pear and others help along the list. The wa-he-ah (gua-ella) is a wondrous honey-yielder, as bees store from this source faster and more honey in less time than anything else (in April). He depends upon catclaw for the main surplus, but this season it was a failure ; in summer and fall horsemint, with other minor plants and "bug-juice " to finish. M. M. Faust has other minor early plants for brood- rearing. Catclaw, mesquite, cactus and white brush, which blooms after every rain during its season only a short time. • B. A. Guss, of Bell County, locality and sources similar to other northern localities as mentioned by Messrs. Terral, Davenport, and others. | 25,897 |
US-56735109-A_1 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,009 | None | None | English | Spoken | 4,195 | 5,064 | System for stabilizing the top lamella against wind load by using a linear chain
ABSTRACT
A mechanical link is provided to lessen or eliminate air infiltration between a topmost lamella of a rollup door and the lintel of the doorway. The link is deployed in an unfolded configuration to support the topmost lamella against deflection caused by application of a force perpendicular to the plane of the door. The link components are folded into a storage position upon rolling up of the door upon a series of take-up discs.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention generally relates to articulated rollup coverings comprised of lamella or door leaf. In particular, the invention relates to a system for stabilizing the topmost lamella against an externally applied load. More particularly, the invention relates to a system for stabilizing the topmost lamella against out-of-plane deflection resulting from a wind load.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The invention disclosed herein relates to devices that assist in stabilizing door leaf or lamellae in a vertical running door against wind load applied to a side of the door.
Rollup doors comprising door leaf or lamella (hereinafter “lamella”) are typically supported at the left and right edges of the doorway to be covered by rigid door guides. The rigid door guides allow vertical movement of the lamella and support the left and right edge portions of the lamella against deflection perpendicular to the plane of the door or the plane of the lamella. The lamella are typically operatively connected between the left and right end portions to allow for rotation about an axis along the length of the lamella to allow for flexibility in the rollup direction. The operative connection between adjacent lamella is configured to resist separation between adjacent lamella if a lamella or lamellae is subjected to a perpendicular force. Adjacent connected lamella provide support against separation and deflection when the door is subject to a perpendicular load, such as a wind load.
Rollup doors comprised of lamellae are often used to provide a movable covering for an opening in a building or structure. When unrolled from a take-up drum to cover the opening, that is, when in the closed position, the bottom lamella typically rests against the bottom of the opening. Successive lamellae in the vertical direction abut the layer of lamellae directly below and above. The operative connection between adjacent lamellae maintain proper vertical alignment. Each lamella from the bottom of the door to the penultimate lamella at the top are supported at the left and right by the rigid door guide and at least by an adjacent lamella from above. The topmost lamella, however, is only supported in the left and right door guides and by the lamella below, leaving the top edge unsupported from above.
Under most conditions, the topmost lamella is supported on the left and right edges by the rigid door guide and below by the adjacent lamella. Normally the top edge of the topmost lamella rests against the lintel, the architectural member defining the top of the doorway. If the topmost lamella is subjected to a perpendicular load, as from the wind, no structure is available to prevent it from deflection, particularly at the top edge. In many instances the deflection provides a site for air infiltration from one side of the door to the other, with the concomitant dirt, dust, and other contaminants.
The top edge of the topmost lamella cannot be permanently sealed against the lintel, as this would prevent the door from rolling up to open the doorway. A method or system for providing adequate support for the topmost lamella when the door is closed, while allowing the door comprised of lamella to roll up, is needed.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Flexible rollup doors comprised of lamella or door leaf (hereinafter “lamella”) are subject to wind loads, particularly when the rollup doors are used to cover an opening between the outside environment and the interior space of a building. In some situations, doors may be subject to pressure variations similar to wind loads when such doors are used to separate interior spaces. A pressure or wind load applied to the top portion of the door can deflect at least the mid portion of the topmost lamella away from an abutting or adjacent structure, such as the lintel. This may cause an unacceptable air infiltration between the lamella and the lintel. Common sealing techniques are not appropriate for such doors because of the need for the door to roll up at least part way onto a drum, or series of take-up discs, located above the doorway in order to uncover the doorway.
According to some embodiments of the invention, a door comprised of lamellae is provided with a system to lessen, or eliminate, the gap formed between the topmost lamella and the lintel in the middle portion of the top lamella when the lamella is subject to a perpendicular force or load, such as a wind load. According to some embodiments of the invention, one end of a series of mechanical links, or a type of linear chain, is fixed to the top lamella with a bracket. The second end of the linear chain is clamped to a rotating portion of a rollup device onto which the lamellae roll to open the doorway or opening and from which the lamellae unroll to cover the doorway or opening. In some embodiments of the invention, the rollup device includes take-up discs spaced apart along the length of a shaft powered for rotation in a first direction and a second direction. In some embodiments of the invention, the take-up discs are spiral discs. Between adjacent take-up discs, sufficient space is provided for the linear chain to reside in a storage position.
For purposes of this disclosure, the door system will have an outside which may correspond to the exterior of a building or structure. The surfaces of lamellae forming the outside of the door will be referred to as outside or outer surfaces of the lamellae. The inside of the door system, or the inside or inner surface of the lamellae comprising the door, will be used to reference the side of the door on which the roll up system, including the shaft or barrel and the take-up discs are located.
Also for purposes of this disclosure, the doorway is understood to lie in a generally vertical plane having a width or longitudinal dimension and a height or vertical dimension. The lamellae or door leaf, or door panels comprising the rollup door are also understood to be generally planar and have a width substantially the same as the width of the door opening. The height of the lamellae is chosen to allow smooth take-up and lowering of the door upon the drum or take-up discs. In many cases, this is substantially less than the height of the door. The plane of the lamellae as used herein is the plane of the doorway.
Wind loads or other similarly applied forces cause out of plane deflection of the lamellae, that is, the lamellae deflect in the direction of the force. For purposes of this disclosure, out of plane deflection of the lamellae as a result of wind loads may be referred to as transverse deflections, as in transverse to the doorway.
According to embodiments of the invention, an elongate bracket is affixed to the inside surface of the top lamella of a conventional articulated rollup door with a top end of the bracket extending beyond the top edge of the topmost lamella. At a point spaced from the top end of the bracket along the length of the bracket, a pivot hole or passage is provided transverse to the longitudinal axis of the bracket with the pivot hole parallel to the face of the lamellae in the longitudinal direction of the lamella.
According to embodiments of the invention, a generally linear elongate middle chain link is provided with a pivot hole spaced apart from a first end and a second pivot hole at or near the second end. In some embodiments, a generally linear chain link having a pivot hole in each end links the bracket and the middle chain link together through a pinned joint for rotation in a generally vertical plane.
In some embodiments, at least one of the bracket and the middle chain link include cooperating structures to limit the amount of rotation of the chain link and the middle chain link. According to some embodiments, the chain link and the middle chain link are restricted from rotation in a first direction in which the longitudinal axes of the bracket, the chain link, and the middle chain link are coincident or coaxial and parallel to the inside surface of the lamellae. Limits to the rotation of the chain link and middle chain link in a second direction will become obvious in the discussion below.
In some embodiments, the second end of the middle chain link is pinned through the second hole with a first end of a generally linear elongate swivel arm. A second end of the swivel arm is pinned to a clamp, the clamp adjustable in rotational position on the shaft supporting the take-up discs. Rotation of the swivel arm about the pinned connection with the middle chain link is limited by a stopper structure affixed to the swivel arm and located within the angle formed between the swivel arm and the middle chain link.
According to some embodiments, a resilient, tension providing element, for example, a spring, is provided between a portion of the clamp and the pinned joint between the chain link and the middle chain link, providing a tension force to the joint in the direction of the clamp.
In some applications of the invention, more than one stabilizing system can be used along the length of the uppermost lamellae in an articulated rollup door. The inventive system folds or collapses as the winding up of the door is begun. The folded system is configured to fit between the take-up discs along the length of the shaft and to fit within the diameter provided by the outer circumference of the take-up disc. In other applications, a spiral disc, a round disc, a multi-faceted disc, or other appropriately shaped disc may be used to support the lamellae when wound up. With the take-up disc configurations, the inventive system can fold or collapse when the door is wound up, fitting into the volume of space between adjacent discs and the outer diameter of the discs. In applications using a drum, the inventive system can be used provided adequate volume and access to the volume is available within the drum to accept the folded system during wind-up.
According to some embodiments, as the lamella approach the fully unwound position, thereby covering the doorway, the bracket and the swivel arm cause the chain link and the middle chain link align with the bracket in a position generally parallel to the lamellae in which the axes of the bracket, chain link, and middle chain link are in coaxial alignment. This is the deployed position for the stabilizing system. Wind load or other forces acting on the outside of the door are met by the resistive force of the stabilizing system. As the lamella reacts to the force applied to the outside of the door, the rotation resistant structures on the middle chain link and the bracket cooperate with the chain link to prevent inward deflection of the topmost lamella. The swivel arm is substantially perpendicular to the aligned axes of the bracket, chain link and middle chain link transmits the applied wind load to the drum shaft providing a rigid mechanism to resist the externally applied force. In some embodiments, the swivel arm transmits the applied wind load through the center of rotation of the shaft.
When winding up of the door is initiated, the torque applied by the rotating shaft allows the pinned joints to fold in the direction of the curvature of the take-up discs. The lamellae are supported upon the outer surface of the discs and the spring provides a tension to the first end of the middle chain link to pull the components into the cavity within the discs.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The following detailed description, given by way of example and not intended to limit the invention to the disclosed details, is made in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like references denote like or similar elements and parts, and in which:
FIG. 1 is a partial cross sectional side view of the stabilizing system of an embodiment of the current invention with the door in a closed position;
FIG. 2 is a partial cross sectional side view of the stabilizing system of an embodiment of the current invention with the door wound upon the spiral disc;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of FIG. 2 showing only the stabilizing link according to an embodiment of the embodiment;
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the stabilizing system according to an embodiment of the invention; and
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the stabilizing system according to an embodiment of the invention in a folded position.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to the accompanying drawings which depict embodiments of the invention. However, it is to be understood that application of the invention encompasses other uses for the invention in applications involving rollup coverings. Also, the invention is not limited to the depicted embodiments and the details thereof, which are provided for purposes of illustration and not limitation.
FIGS. 1 and 4 illustrate the system for stabilizing the topmost lamella of a rollup door in the unwound position. Topmost lamella 2 is in a position corresponding to a closed or unwound rollup door in position to cover the doorway. Generally linear, U-shaped and elongate bracket 4 is affixed to the inside surface of the topmost lamella 2 with the open side facing away from the lamella 2 and the longitudinal axis of bracket 4 generally perpendicular to the top and bottom edges of lamella 2. For clarity, FIGS. 1-3 illustrate U-shaped bracket 4 in cross section taken along a longitudinal line down the center thereof mirror image of that shown. As can be seen in FIGS. 1 and 2, bracket 4 extends above the uppermost edge of lamella 2.
Generally linear and elongate chain link 6 is pivotally attached, as with a pin or hinge pin, to bracket 4 at first joint 8. Chain link 6 may be U-shaped as shown in FIG. 4, or may be a rectangular tube, or a solid link. As best illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 4, chain link 6 is positioned substantially within the cavity formed by U-shaped bracket 4. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the pivot point of first joint 8 on bracket 4 is spaced away from the uppermost end of the bracket.
Chain link 6 is also pivotally attached in the same or similar manner to elongate linear middle chain link 10 at second hinge point 12. Middle chain link 10 is U-shaped, similarly sized and generally aligned with bracket 4 with the open side of each similarly oriented. For clarity, FIGS. 1-3 illustrate middle chain link 10 in cross section taken along a longitudinal line down the center thereof. Chain link 6 is positioned substantially within the cavity formed by U-shaped middle chain link 10 as best illustrated. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the pivot point of second joint 12 on middle chain link 10 is spaced away from the first end 14 of the middle chain link 10.
Second end 16 of middle chain link 10 is pivotally attached to an end of linear elongate rigid swivel arm 18 at third joint 20. The other end of swivel arm 18 is pivotally attached to clamp 22 selectively positionable angularly and linearly on shaft 24.
Cooperating structures on the bracket 4 and middle chain link 10 limit the rotation of chain link 6 and middle chain link 10 about first and second joints 8 and 12. As can be seen in FIGS. 1 and 3, wall segment 30 (shown in cross section) of bracket 4 limits the rotation of chain link 6 about joint 8 in the counterclockwise direction as shown in the figures. In other embodiments, at least part of the edge of bracket 4 adjacent to lamella 2 has a lip, tab, or protrusion 30, similar to wall segment 30, that limits the rotation of chain link 6 about joint 12 in a counterclockwise direction. In FIG. 1, chain link 6 is abutting the wall segment 30 on bracket 4 which prevents further counterclockwise rotation of chain link 6 about joint 8.
Likewise, middle chain link 10 has a similar wall segment 32 that limits the rotation of chain link 6 about second joint 12 in a clockwise direction as shown in the figures. In other embodiments, at least part of the edge of middle chain link 10 has a lip, tab or protrusion, similar to wall segment 32, along at least part of edge 34 that limits the rotation of chain link 6 about second joint 12. In FIG. 1, chain link 6 is abutting against wall segment 32 of middle chain link 10 which prevents further clockwise rotation of chain link 6 about joint 12.
In some embodiments of the invention, a cooperating structure on at least one of the bracket 4 and middle chain link 10 is sufficient to limit the rotation of the chain link about a pinned joint 8 or 12.
Swivel arm 18 as shown in FIG. 1 supports second end 16 of middle chain link 10 from horizontal movement. The swivel arm 18 is substantially perpendicular to at least the middle chain link 10 when the topmost lamella 2 is in position against the doorway lintel (not shown). Inward deflection of lamella 2 due to wind load W or other similarly acting force can be resisted.
As a force W is applied to the outside of lamella 2, the lamella deflects in response. The left and right ends of the lamellae are supported, for example, in rigid door guides (not shown) as discussed above. The left and right ends of topmost lamella 2 are supported by the door guides, and the lower edge is supported by the top edge of the next lower lamella. The top edge of topmost lamella 2, particularly in a middle portion of the lamella, will deflect inward against a force W applied to the outer surface of the lamellae. The stabilization system according to the invention prevents, or substantially prevents, such inward deflection.
An inward deflection of lamella 2 in response to force W will have a deflection component in the horizontal direction, and may have a component in the vertical direction as a result of varying components of W or because lamella 2 is restricted from freely deflecting by the next lower lamella (not shown). In either case, lamella 2, and bracket 4 affixed thereto, will be urged to deflect inward (to the right as illustrated) in response to force W. As bracket 4 is urged inward, and with it joint 8, chain link 6 will be urged to rotate counterclockwise. However, wall segment 30 of bracket 4 resists the attempted deflection. As chain link 6 is urged to rotate counterclockwise, at least a portion of the link abuts wall segment 30 preventing further counterclockwise rotation of link 6. Lamella 2, bracket 4, and chain link 6 are urged to deflect together inwardly in response to load W, in a vertical or nearly vertically alignment.
Inward deflection of chain link 6, restricted from counterclockwise rotation about joint 8, tends to create a clockwise rotation of chain link 6 about joint 12. Wall segment 32 of middle link 10 resists clockwise rotation of chain link 6 about joint 12. As chain link 6 is urged to rotate clockwise, at least a portion of the link abuts wall segment 32 preventing further clockwise rotation of link 6. With clockwise rotation about joint 12 limited, lamella 2, bracket 4, chain link 6 and middle chain link 10 are urged to deflect together inwardly in response to load W, in vertical or nearly vertical alignment.
Accordingly, the force W is effectively transferred from the topmost lamella 2 through bracket 4, chain link 6, and middle chain link 10 to rigid swivel arm 18 through joint 20. As illustrated in FIG. 1, swivel arm 18 is horizontally orientated when the door is in a closed position. Swivel arm 18 is also perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to at least middle chain link 10. Force W is transferred to the rigid swivel arm 18 to clamp 22 secured against rotation to shaft 24. Shaft 24 is held against rotation by drive and brake means (not shown), and against displacement by associated mounting structures (not shown).
Accordingly, FIG. 1 illustrates the stabilizing system 1 in deployed condition to provide rigid support for the topmost lamella 2 against out of plane deflection.
As shown in FIG. 2, upon lifting of the lamellae when opening the door, lamella 2 conforms to the curvature of spiral disc 26 and bracket 4 is resides in the void between the disc 26 and shaft 24. (See also FIG. 5 which shows the stabilizing system 1 in the folded position). Chain link 6 rotates clockwise about joint 8 and middle chain link 10 rotates clockwise about joint 12 to fit within the open space between adjacent spiral discs 26 and within the outer perimeter of the spiral discs 26. Resilient biasing member 28 is operatively attached to joint 12 and an appropriate point on clamp 22. The resilient biasing member 28 urges middle chain link 10 and swivel arm 18 into close contact, separated by stopper 36, maintaining correct position of the stabilizing device within the space provided.
Although preferred embodiments of the present invention and modifications thereof have been described in detail herein, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to this precise embodiment and modifications, and that other modifications and variations may be effected by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
1. In a vertical running door system comprising lamellae, a shaft driven in rotation, and a take-up means, a stabilizing system is provided, the stabilizing system comprising: an elongate bracket affixed to a topmost lamella of a door; an elongate chain link pivotally attached at a first end to a portion of the bracket; an elongate middle chain link pivotally attached at a first end to a second end of the chain link; an elongate swivel arm pivotally attached at a first end to a second end of the middle chain link and a second end pivotally attached to a clamp, the clamp adjustably fixed to the shaft, wherein the bracket, chain link, and middle chain link are cooperatively engaged to stabilize the topmost lamella from transverse deflection.
2. The stabilizing system of claim 1 wherein the take-up means are spiral discs.
3. The stabilizing system of claim 1 wherein the cooperative engagement comprises at least one of a lip on the bracket limiting rotation of the chain link about a pinned joint in a first direction and a lip on the middle chain link limiting rotation of the chain link about a pinned joint in a second direction.
4. The stabilizing system of claim 1 wherein the clamp is adjustably fixed in at least one of radial position on the shaft and longitudinal position along the shaft.
5. The stabilizing system of claim 2 wherein the cooperative engagement of the bracket, chain link, and middle chain link occurs as the shaft is driven to a position at which the lamellae are fully unwound from the spiral discs.
6. The stabilizing system of claim 1 wherein the cooperative engagement of the bracket, chain link, and middle chain link occurs when the longitudinal axes of the bracket, chain link, and middle chain link are substantially coaxially aligned.
7. The stabilizing system of claim 1 wherein the swivel arm is substantially perpendicular to the aligned axes of the bracket, chain link, and middle chain link when the bracket, chain link, and middle chain link are in cooperative engagement.
8. The stabilizing system of claim 2 wherein powered rotation of the shaft to raise the lamellae causes the joints to fold into a storage position within the space defined by an outer perimeter of the spiral discs.
9. The stabilizing system according to claim 8 further comprising a resilient biasing device operatively attached to joint 12 and a point on the clamp, the resilient biasing device urging middle chain link 10 to pivot about joint 20 in the storage position.
10. The stabilizing system according to claim 9 further comprising a resilient stopper affixed to the swivel arm positioned to engage the middle chain link when the middle chain link pivots about joint 20 in the storage position..
| 25,220 |
sn85060004_1925-11-04_1_13_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | None | None | English | Spoken | 3,064 | 4,210 | NjC'X T jOin fil firtbWi |Lg jßb’Bew t>J tJu dIJO - x X-*il *4*. iHi»nHH&n» :'OHo ■■■■■■■ W" Dane Urges Nora Lee to Get Acquainted With Natalie Herbert CHAPTER XXXIII A tawny moon rose on a sea of purple fire. It swept the hills, cutting through the sky with flashing waves of red and gold. The trees raised lofty branches to the crimson tide and the tide bore downward gently in gossamer veils of argent and pearl. ‘The moon wits just like this two years ago tonight." "Two years ago? How do you know?" Nora Lee smiled. “Don't you remember? How we dashed and the moon before us all the way?" A wistful, tremulous note crept into her voice. Two years ago tonight their son was born. She remembered now that hasty, half frantic ride and how she had watched the moon and wept a little, wondering if it were the last hour of color and life that ever would be hers: wondering if it were a son as she hoped, or a daughter that awaited them. "Ah.” he said. “well, thank the Lord, that night is done.” "Why? It was a wonderful time— perhaps the best we have had." ARGUMENT AVOIDED He was achingly aware of the pathos in her tones. He knew that she wanted him to say: "What's the matter?" ter, Norry? Why should you be sad? But he shrank from arguments and explanations, feeling their dim futility. In some manner, inexplicable to him, Nora Lee contrived to oppress him with a sense of guilt. He felt it bitterly unjust, but as she had never said anything, he was without opportunity for self-defense. It was three months since Max's summer. Autumn had merged into a dry, balmy winter and now already spring was stealing away the month of January. The plans for Natalie's hotel and athletic club were nearing completion. With the first fine days, the building could begin. He had seen much of Natalie. Inevitably, and tonight they were returning from a dinner at her home. "Let us ride for a few moments," Dane said. "Where?" "Up to the bluff—anywhere." Both felt a strain now and then when they were alone together. And both were pitifully unequal to breaking it. Nora Lee thought: "I can't tell him she is in love with him. I'm afraid to do that. It might only incite him. He would think me vicious." And Dane thought: "Am I not to speak to a woman who interests me? Am I criminal because I prefer Natalie as a dinner partner to some dumbbell from the neck up?" Now and then he was vaguely conscious of falseness in this self-righteous attitude. Now and then a fear that had in it a dangerous throb of exultation shot into his mind. This fear was dismissed almost before it was admitted, let the fear told him: "Be careful. Natalie Herbert loves you." He could pooh-hoo this with the assurance: "Natalie is past 37—I'm not yet 31. She knows that I love my wife—that I wouldn't give up Nora Lee and the boy for a Thousands of women. And finally there was the clinching argument—Natalie was a wealthy and brilliant patron. Agitation on her account was worse than aberud. They drove in silence until they reached a plateau at the end of a winding boulevard. Directly westward across the dark, shimmering ocean were the low black points of the Farllones. Nora Lee gave a soft, questioning (Continued On Page 22. Part 2.) Hunting Season Is Here!— You will surely want to spend a few days in the country... tramping over ranches and farms in search of an elusive buck or other game. Why depend on your friends to take you on your trip? Buy a car of your own... it is within your reach if you turn to the Automobile Columns of the Want Ad Section. There you will find cars that are guaranteed to be just as they are represented to you and for sale at bargain prices and on easy terms. Turn to them now. Light Want Ads —Cr. $577— SECTION B GENERAL NEWS The average temperature for San Antonio yesterday, Nov. 3, was 61 degrees. HOpping to It A restaurant in Cleveland displays this sign: "The Frog. Service with a Hop." Speaking of Cheer The time drawn near To ping at cheer— Of Christmas cheer, I take it. And yet—and yet— That keen regret Name feel who dare not make it. If they but thought They’d never get caught. And thereby live to rue it; They’d get their cheer In time, don’t fear — Since they know How to brew it. Where Men Stand When the struggle between short skirt adherents and long skirt proponents reaches a critical stage, the short skirt crowd will find most of the masculine sex on their side. The Pillow Slip A Dallas man who wants divorce says his wife deserted him after a quarrel over a pillow slip. They quarreled about a pillow; The wife, impelled to skip. Walked out on him, and thus she rare Her spouse the pillow slip. Undismayed The Los Angeles man whose wife divorced him because he threw a dish of fried eggs at her figures he can get another target. We Know It The Prince of Wales is back home again after a six-months trap and, oh boy, it’s nice to get into the old home bed once more. Verily The Nobel prize committee has $4,000,000 to distribute. And that’s a noble prize, all right, if one could win it all. Dora Wants One The bureau of immigration announced the other day the Nordics were flocking to this country from Europe. When Dora Dumbbell found out the Nordics are the blondes of northern Europe she wanted one right away. Just Laziness Although a college professor claims man thinks best with his feet elevated, we do not believe that is the reason so many office holders have their feet on the desks. SALESMAN DRUGGED, ROBBED BY PROSPECT Deputy Sheriffs are looking for a man who induced an automobile salesman to demonstrate a car, and then departed with $63 of the salesman's money after the latter had been doped. The salesman told Chief Deputy- Alphonse Newton that before they started out on the demonstration trip the prospective customer invited hire, to “take a drink.” He took a drink or two. He said. That was the last he remembered until he awoke at the county jail. His money was gone. He gave deputies the name of the prospective customer. MRS. AGNES BOSSE'S FUNERAL DATE SET Funeral services for Mrs. Agnes Bosse, 64, who died Tuesday at her home, 610 South Frio street, will be held Thursday afternoon, the Rev. A. L. Wolff, pastor of St. John's Lutheran Church, officiating. Although Mrs. Bosse resided in San Antonio 39 years, she was a native of Germany. Surviving are her husband, Henry Bosse; one son, three grandchildren, and a sister. MRS. DELLA CLICK IS STRUCK BY AUTO Driving on San Antonio's wet pavements of the last few days has brought caution to motorists as evidenced by accident reports made to the police. Mrs. Della Chick, 105 Callaghan avenue, was the only victim Tuesday afternoon and night of traffic accidents. She was struck by an automobile as she was crossing Alamo Plaza. Her injuries, consisting of lacerations on the face and head, were slight. UPKEEP OF KID'S DOG DDL IS NOMINAL Tekes' Cost as Much to Feed as Great Dane or Newfoundland. Now comes the triumph of the small boy over the father who decreed that "Johnny" should not own a dog because the animal would be too particular in his diet and too expensive to "father" in that respect! Investigation among some of the leading dog fanciers of the city reveals that almost any kind of a dog can be sustained well on the ordinary scraps from the table of a family of three or four persons. This applies To the larger dogs, smaller pets, of course, being able to subsist on the leftovers from even a smaller family. And “puppy,” whether be large or small, his name Spot or Frederick William von Alexander III, shows no discrimination in his diet and is capable of, and enjoys, eating practically all of the staple foods eaten by humans. Potatoes, both Irish and sweet, are the most noted exceptions. Contrary to popular belief, the tiny Pekingese and other breeds of small “toy” dogs have the same rugged constitution and the same range in appetite as the huge Great Dane or any other large canine, according to Mrs. Murray B. Brooks, 1501 West Magnolia avenue, whose Pekingese have taken many ribbons in dog shows. And, of course, while they haven't the strength of their larger brethren, and may have a different coat of fur, the same rugged makeup and love for the outdoors is found in all dogs alike, Mrs. Brooks says. The dog is a meat-eating animal by nature, and should be fed as such, according to Joe Schuessler, of the Sunshine Kennels on the Pleasanton road. Meat, raw and cooked, should be fed a dog at least once a day, according to Mr. Schuessler. Whole wheat bread, clabber, sour and sweet milk, vegetables in small quantities and no sweets should be the diet of "Fido." Bones and scrap meat bought from the butcher shop ought not to cost more than 25 cents per week, thus (Continued on page 2) Page 22, KICK IN MUSIC INTOXICATES 'JELLIES' Piano Maker Says Jazz and Drink of Liquor Produces 'Bun.' "Jazz drunks." This solves a great mystery. Many of the uninitiated have often wondered how the jellybeans and Asphalt Arabs become so intoxicated with usually only a dime in their pockets. Jazz, it is now said, has almost the same powers as the stuff that comes from the mountains of Kentucky. “A person addicted to jazz is partially intoxicated by the effect of the music and needs but a small quantity of alcohol to unsteady him," said A. G. Gulbransen, Eastern piano manufacturer. The local lads prove this to be true. The local collar and boys go to a dance, listen to the jazz combinations. A friend uncorks a bottle, gives them a whiff and they immediately want to fight Jack Dempsey. They get real rough and say “dang and heck.” Will local jazz bands have to cut their music down to one-half of 1 percent? What will the poor bootlegger do? Go into the orchestra business? These and many other alarming thoughts may soon occupy those engaged in the above occupations if Mr. Gulbransen's views continue to prove to be true. The time: Any time after a dance at one of the local roofs or dance balls. The place: Not so familiar to many but the customary greeting is "Good morning, judge." The boy: Usually between 16 and 22, all arrayed in the most up-to-date sheik uniform and somewhat unsteady on his “Charleston” equipment. Judge: What's the prisoner charged with?” Policeman: “He’s drunk, your honor. He had a t. Bimble full of prune juice, two saxophone blues moans, a couple of clarinet fox trots and a banjo and piano duet in him." Inhabited gentleman; “Shay, I'm (Continued on Page 22, Tart 2). SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS, WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 4, 1925. Park Commissioner, Mayor Study Means to Raise Needed Funds. Lambert Sees Great Civic Asset In Proposed S. A. Amphitheater The huge stadium to be built on the site of an old rock quarry at Brackenridge Park. San Antonio, already nationally famous for its Japanese Garden, beautiful parks and scenic beauty, will materially add to its civic assets if plans of Park Commissioner Ray Lambert for a huge amphitheater are carried out. The park commissioner, with Mayor John W. Tobin and the city commission, is now devising ways and means by which the funds can be raised. The bowl, which would be the largest and most magnificent of its kind in the South, could be built on the site of an old rock quarry adjacent to the Japanese Garden, at a comparatively small cost. Commissioner Lam bert says. Preliminary work of cleaning the site and leveling it already has been done. At present it stands as one of San Antonio's most beautiful parks, the center studded with a huge Texas star. This was the site selected by Pompeii Coppini, sculptor, 15 years ago. (Continued on Page 22, Part 2) HAMES OF THESE S. A. MEN ARE KNOWN OVER NATION By BESS CARROLL. "There is no need to introduce Mr. I Blank to you, ladies and gentlemen. You all know Mr. Blank.” Every hamlet has its Mr. Blank, and of his kind every city has its I quota—the Messrs. Blank whose names are household words, whose ideas on taxation, bobbed hair or re The legislation are always read with interest; men whose real achievements are the consolation and the daily material of the press. Who are the most “written up" men in San Antonio? And why? LAMBERT HEADS LIST Of all the Alamo City's Messrs. Blank—the home-town citizens who live here and work here and occupy space in the press because of what they are and what they do—perhaps Ray Lambert, commissioner of parks, is the champion space-claimer in national publications. For Mr. Lambert is the man who makes artistic lamp posts of tin cans from the city's garbage; he is the artist who turned a rock quarry into a Japanese Garden, considered one of the beauty spots of the world; he is the one who converted a city "dumping ground" into a lovely park. The builder of one of the world's most beautiful playgrounds—Brackenridge park—and the creator of a system of outdoor beauty places that are the envy of every city. Mr. Lambert's achievements have been unique, for until not so many years ago he was a business man with no ideas about art. The remarkable genius of this business man to make his city beautiful has made Mr. Lambert’s name well known in Alaska and New York and Homeville, as well as in his own “home town” For an altogether different account, the average temperature for San Antonio yesterday, Nov 3, was 61 degrees. Plainishment—the triumph of a man's will over disease, and the valuable contribution he has made to human kind in spite of ill health—J. Frank Davis, author, has made his name familiar to a nation that loves courage, such as his. While he was a young newspaper reporter, sailing to meet Perry as the explorer returned from the North Pole, Mr. Davis slipped on a tossing deck—in a storm off the coast of Labrador—and seriously injured his spine. Tuberculosis of the injured vertebrae resulted, and for many years Mr. Davis was a helpless invalid. An operation, in which a piece of the shank bone was grafted to the spine, and the determination of a man not to lose his fight, finally won the writer's long struggle for health. In spite of his handicap, Mr. Davis has won a foremost place in American journalism, and has brought fame to San Antonio through the recognition given his work by the press. BAT ROOST INVENTOR. Another much-written-about San Antonioan is Dr. Charles A. R. Campbell, inventor of the bat roost — a discovery that has rid even the marshes of distant Rome of malaria. Dr. Campbell built his first roost for $1200 and sold it for $40, and at the same time Ernest Thompson Seton, famous naturalist, made a failure of his. Dr. Campbell persisted however, and his roost at Mitchell Lake, ten miles from San Antonio — the first perfect bat roost ever built— has been copied all over the world, wherever bats can help rid marshy or mosquito-infested lands of malaria. (Continued on Page 22, Part 2) VOL. XLV—NO. 290. BEXER COUNTY INHERITANCE TUXES NET TIDY SUM S. A. Office Pays More Than Half of Collections of State in October. Bexar county will play its full part in collecting the million dollars inheritance taxes which S. H. Terrell, state comptroller, has estimated will be paid into the coffers of the state for that fund. In October, San Antonio and this county paid more than half the $75,000 collected by Mr. Terrell's office, according to figures in the office of Judge R. Neil Campbell, county collector. This was made possible by payment of $33,718.24 by the estate of the late Ida S. Gage, and several other smaller taxes. The tax given the state by the Gage estate was the largest received during the past month. COLLECTIONS LARGER. More estates coming under the inheritance tax laws have been taxed and more funds received before November 1, 1925, under Collector Campbell, than were received for the entire fiscal year before his term of office. This year 28 taxes on estates worth $2,786,010.74 have been collected. The amount of the taxes was $69,603.37. This figure, for the ten months of 1925 is compared to the $41,233.10 which was paid in 1924. Wives, husbands, and children are allowed exemption to the amount of $25,000 each on any inheritance they may receive. Between that and $50,000 they are taxed 1 percent; between $850,000 and $100,000. 2 percent, and above $100,000. 3 percent. ALLOWED EXEMPTION. Brothers and sisters are allowed exemption up to $10,000, commencing with A 3 percent rate. And so it is with more distant relatives being taxed higher, and charitable and other beneficiaries coming under different provisions of the tax law. The state comptroller appraises for tunes inherited, after which he notifies each county collector the sum to be collected from the executor of the estate. CHILDREN PORTRAY CHARACTERS IN BOOKS Book week opened at Washington Irving school Tuesday with an assembly by the pupils, under the direction of Miss Mary F. Hupperts. A program of recitations, vocal and musical numbers by the school orchestra was given. A marked feature of the program was the impersonation of characters from well-known books by the pupils. "Little Women," "Tom Sawyer," and "Huckleberry Finn" and others, dressed the part, stepped out from the pages of stories and rhymes to the enjoyment of the audience. Subscribers Should the carrier fail to deliver your Daily-Light by 5:30 p.m., call the Circulation Dept., Crockett 4040, before 6 o’clock and one will be sent to you by special messenger. On Sundays, Call Crockett 4040 Before 11:30 A.M. | 5,245 |
US-202016735316-A_3 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,020 | None | None | English | Spoken | 5,491 | 6,788 | The VEE processor 812, dispatch prediction element 813, VEE configuration engine 831, and dispatch controller 821 may comprise hardware, or a combination of hardware and software, configured to perform the functions described above. In one embodiment, the VEE processor 812, dispatch prediction element 813, VEE configuration engine 831, and dispatch controller 821 may comprise a plurality of microprocessors or other suitable central processing units (CPU) (not shown) coupled to a corresponding plurality of transitory random access memory (not shown) and/or a plurality of non-transitory read-only memory (not shown) within which application programs (i.e., software) are disposed that, when executed by the microprocessors/CPUs, perform the functions described above. The stores 814, 816, 841 may be disposed as conventional transitory or non-transitory data storage mechanisms and the buses within the system 800 may comprise conventional wired or wireless technology buses for transmission and reception of data including, but not limited to, direct wired (e.g., SATA), cellular, BLUETOOTH®, Wi-Fi, Ethernet, and the internet.
Referring now to FIG. 9, a block diagram is presented featuring a brown out prediction system 900 according to the present invention that includes an automated VEE rules configuration engine 931. The system 900 includes representative metering sources 901 that generate and transmit the streams 904 such as one or more AMR meters, one or more building automation system (BAS) metering devices, and one or more other metering devices. The other metering devices may directly measure, generate, and transmit streams 904, or they may relay the streams 904, as in the case of a grid operator relaying streaming data to an ESCO. The streams 904 may be transmitted to the NOC 910 by any well-known streaming mechanism such as, but not limited to, wired or wireless networks, radio frequency networks, cellular networks, satellite communications, etc.
The NOC 910 comprises a receiver 911 that is coupled to each of the streams 904 and that performs the functions required to translate signals corresponding to each of the streams 904 into data that is suitable for VEE processing within the NOC 910. Accordingly, the receiver 911 is coupled to a VEE processor 912 via buses RCV.1-RCV.N, each of which comprises received and translated data for a corresponding one of the data streams 904. RCV.1-RCV.N are coupled to the VEE processor 912. The VEE processor 912 is coupled to a peak prediction element 913 via bus CD that that is configured to predict a future brown out time when energy consumption on a grid controlled by an ISO, RTO, or utility, may exceed normal production capacity, and would thereby require exceptional measures known in the art to increase energy capacity. A service level agreement (SLA) may be prescribed for processing of the streams 904 by the VEE processor 912, and may establish a maximum processing time from receipt of the streams 904 by the VEE processor 912 until post-VEE readings are provided to the dispatch prediction element 913. The peak prediction element 913 may be coupled to a peak controller 921, which may be internal or external to the NOC 910. In the brown out prediction system 900, the peak controller 921 is depicted external to the NOC 910. A post-VEE readings stores 916 is coupled to the VEE processor 312 via bus PV and to the peak prediction element 913. A weather data stores 941 is coupled to the dispatch prediction element 913. A sources metadata stores 914 may be coupled to the VEE processor 912 via bus RULES. A VEE configuration engine 931 according to the present invention may be coupled to both the post-VEE readings stores 916 and the sources metadata stores 914. The weather stores 941 comprises weather predictions that include outside temperatures corresponding to buildings corresponding to the streams 904. The weather stores 941 may be located on site, or may be located remotely and accessed via conventional networking technologies.
In operation, the brown out prediction system 900 is employed to estimate cumulative energy consumption on a grid as a function of the predicted outside temperatures occurring in a timeline for a plurality of buildings corresponding to the streams 904 within the grid, where VEE functions according to the present invention are utilized in generation of a cumulative energy consumption timeline. It is noted that, according to features of the present invention disclosed herein, the predicted energy consumption timeline may be employed to anticipate a brown out time to a finer level of granularity than that which has heretofore been provided, due to the increased accuracy of near real time energy consumption data. Thus, the system 900 generates a predicted brown out time that is provided to the peak controller 921 for preparation of exceptional measures required to manage peak consumption, such as initialization of surge production plants, etc.
To predict the brown out time, the peak prediction element 913 receives energy consumption data via bus CD and the post VEE readings stores 916. The prediction element 913 also accesses the weather stores 941 to obtain future outside temperatures corresponding to each of the plurality of buildings for a specified future time period. The peak predication element 913 then builds a cumulative future energy consumption timeline for all of the buildings using the outside temperatures as inputs to energy consumption models according to the present invention for all of the buildings. The peak prediction element 913 then processes the cumulative energy consumption timeline to determine a time when cumulative energy consumption increases as to cross a specified threshold known to trigger exceptional measures to preclude a brown out. The point at which consumption crosses the specified threshold is tagged as a brown out time. The brown out time is then provided to the peak controller 921, which in triggers the exceptional measures to preclude a brown out.
The NOC 910 may receive the energy consumption data streams 904, and may be constrained by SLA to perform VEE functions on the order of minutes. In one embodiment SLAs of approximately five minutes are contemplated, though other SLA processing times may be achieved according to the scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the streams 904 are received at the NOC 910 by the receiver 911, which translates signals in the streams 904 into data suitable for execution of VEE functions by the VEE processor 912. In one embodiment, interval times for the streams 904 may range from approximately one minute up to approximately 24 hours.
As a next interval value is translated for a given stream 904, the VEE processor 912 may employ detection rules to determine if the next interval value comprises an anomaly. If the next interval value is not an anomaly, then it is provided to the dispatch prediction element 913 over bus CD. The next interval value is also provided to the post-VEE readings stores 916 over bus PV, where it is available for functions executed by the facility model processor 913, and may also be accessed by the VEE configuration engine 931. If the next interval value is deemed an anomaly, then the VEE processor 912 may employ estimation and editing rules for the given stream 904 to replace (i.e., “edit”) the next interval value with an estimated next interval value. The estimated next interval value may be provided to the peak prediction element 913 over bus CD. The estimated next interval value is also provided to the post-VEE readings stores 916 over bus PV, where it is available for functions executed by the peak prediction element 913. Each of the data streams 904 have a corresponding set of detection, estimation, and editing rules, which are provided by the sources metadata stores 914 to the VEE processor 912 over bus RULES.
When a new stream 904 is added, the VEE configuration engine 931 generates a default set of detection, estimation, and editing rules in the sources metadata stores 914 that corresponds to the new stream 904. Detection rules may comprise, but are not limited to, gap detection, zero value detection, negative reading detection, high-read (i.e., over threshold) detection, threshold setting, etc. Estimation rules may comprise, but are not limited to, average of N preceding and M subsequent interval values, replacement with values from previous day of the week, linear interpolation employing N preceding and M subsequent interval values, replace with data from same time previous week, replace with data from same time last week plus straight line interpolated constant, replace with data from same time previous day plus straight line interpolated constant, replace with average binned data from previous month (e.g., average of all 10:05 Monday interval values), replace with median binned data from previous month (e.g., median of all 10:05 Monday interval values), etc.
The VEE configuration engine 931 thereafter periodically accesses the post VEE readings stores 914 to analyze post VEE readings for the new stream 904 and for all other streams 904 processed by the NOC 910 to 1) adjust detection rules, 2) to group gaps in each stream 904 according to gap size (i.e. duration of contiguous anomalous intervals in each stream 904), and 3) to assign optimum estimation and editing rules for each gap size group in each of the streams 904. In one embodiment, the VEE configuration engine 931 performs these noted functions serially on one stream 904 at a time, until all streams 904 have been analyzed and their corresponding VEE rules have been updated. In one embodiment, the VEE configuration engine 931 performs its analysis and rules optimization functions continuously. In another embodiment, the VEE configuration engine 931 performs its analysis and rules optimization functions as a function of system processing load, where processing loads less than a threshold value enables the VEE configuration engine 931 to execute its functions, and processing loads greater than the threshold precludes execution of its functions. In one embodiment, the threshold is 50 percent. In a further embodiment, the VEE configuration engine 931 cycles serially through all the streams 904 every 24 hours. In yet a further embodiment, the VEE configuration engine 931 cycles serially through all the streams 904 every seven days. In yet another embodiment, the VEE configuration engine 931 cycles serially through all the streams once a month.
After a given stream 904 has been processed, the VEE configuration engine 931 updates VEE rules for the stream 904 in the sources metadata stores to replace previous VEE rules with updated, optimized VEE rules.
The VEE processor 912, peak prediction element 913, VEE configuration engine 931, and peak controller 921 may comprise hardware, or a combination of hardware and software, configured to perform the functions described above. In one embodiment, the VEE processor 912, peak prediction element 913, VEE configuration engine 931, and peak controller 921 may comprise a plurality of microprocessors or other suitable central processing units (CPU) (not shown) coupled to a corresponding plurality of transitory random access memory (not shown) and/or a plurality of non-transitory read-only memory (not shown) within which application programs (i.e., software) are disposed that, when executed by the microprocessors/CPUs, perform the functions described above. The stores 914, 916, 941 may be disposed as conventional transitory or non-transitory data storage mechanisms and the buses within the system 900 may comprise conventional wired or wireless technology buses for transmission and reception of data including, but not limited to, direct wired (e.g., SATA), cellular, BLUETOOTH®, Wi-Fi, Ethernet, and the internet.
Finally referring to FIG. 10, a block diagram is presented showing an automated building control system 1000 according to the present invention that includes an automated VEE rules configuration engine 1031. The system 1000 includes representative metering sources 1001 that generate and transmit the streams 1004 such as one or more AMR meters, one or more building automation system (BAS) metering devices, and one or more other metering devices, where the streams 1004 correspond to a plurality of metering points 1001 within one or more buildings that are under control of the system 1000. The metering points 1001 may directly measure, generate, and transmit streams 1004, or they may relay the streams 1004, as in the case of a grid operator relaying streaming data to an ESCO. The streams 1004 may be transmitted to the NOC 1010 by any well-known streaming mechanism such as, but not limited to, wired or wireless networks, radio frequency networks, cellular networks, satellite communications, etc.
The NOC 1010 comprises a receiver 1011 that is coupled to each of the streams 1004 and that performs the functions required to translate signals corresponding to each of the streams 1004 into data that is suitable for VEE processing within the NOC 1010. Accordingly, the receiver 1011 is coupled to a VEE processor 1012 via buses RCV.1-RCV.N, each of which comprises received and translated data for a corresponding one of the data streams 1004. RCV.1-RCV.N are coupled to the VEE processor 1012. The VEE processor 1012 is coupled to a building controller 1013 via bus CD. A service level agreement (SLA) may be prescribed for processing of the streams 1004 by the VEE processor 1012, and may establish a maximum processing time from receipt of the streams 1004 by the VEE processor 1012 until post-VEE readings are provided to the building controller 1013. The building controller 1013 may be coupled to a one or more controllable building elements 1021 within the one or more buildings, or that correspond to the one or more buildings. The building elements may include, but are not limited to, lighting system sensors and components, heating system sensors and components, air conditioning system sensors and components, security system sensors and components, transport devices, traffic control devices, power generation and distribution sensors and components, etc. A post-VEE readings stores 1016 is coupled to the VEE processor 312 via bus PV and to the building controller 1013. A weather data stores 1041 is coupled to the building controller 1013. A sources metadata stores 1014 may be coupled to the VEE processor 1012 via bus RULES. A VEE configuration engine 1031 according to the present invention may be coupled to both the post-VEE readings stores 1016 and the sources metadata stores 1014.
In operation, the NOC 1010 may receive the energy consumption data streams 1004, and may be constrained by SLA to perform VEE functions on the order of minutes. In one embodiment SLAs of approximately five minutes are contemplated, though other SLA processing times may be achieved according to the scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the streams 1004 are received at the NOC 1010 by the receiver 1011, which translates signals in the streams 1004 into data suitable for execution of VEE functions by the VEE processor 1012. In one embodiment, interval times for the streams 1004 may range from approximately one minute up to approximately 24 hours.
As a next interval value is translated for a given stream 1004, the VEE processor 1012 may employ detection rules to determine if the next interval value comprises an anomaly. If the next interval value is not an anomaly, then it is provided to the facility model processor 1013 over bus CD. The next interval value is also provided to the post-VEE readings stores 1016 over bus PV, where it is available for functions executed by the building controller 1013, and may also be accessed by the VEE configuration engine 1031. If the next interval value is deemed an anomaly, then the VEE processor 1012 may employ estimation and editing rules for the given stream 1004 to replace (i.e., “edit”) the next interval value with an estimated next interval value. The estimated next interval value may be provided to the building controller 1013 over bus CD. The estimated next interval value is also provided to the post-VEE readings stores 1016 over bus PV, where it is available for functions executed by the facility model processor 1013. Each of the data streams 1004 have a corresponding set of detection, estimation, and editing rules, which are provided by the sources metadata stores 1014 to the VEE processor 1012 over bus RULES.
When a new stream 1004 is added, the VEE configuration engine 1031 generates a default set of detection, estimation, and editing rules in the sources metadata stores 1014 that corresponds to the new stream 1004. Detection rules may comprise, but are not limited to, gap detection, zero value detection, negative reading detection, high-read (i.e., over threshold) detection, threshold setting, etc. Estimation rules may comprise, but are not limited to, average of N preceding and M subsequent interval values, replacement with values from previous day of the week, linear interpolation employing N preceding and M subsequent interval values, replace with data from same time previous week, replace with data from same time last week plus straight line interpolated constant, replace with data from same time previous day plus straight line interpolated constant, replace with average binned data from previous month (e.g., average of all 10:05 Monday interval values), replace with median binned data from previous month (e.g., median of all 10:05 Monday interval values), etc.
The VEE configuration engine 1031 thereafter periodically accesses the post VEE readings stores 1014 to analyze post VEE readings for the new stream 1004 and for all other streams 1004 processed by the NOC 1010 to 1) adjust detection rules, 2) to group gaps in each stream 1004 according to gap size (i.e. duration of contiguous anomalous intervals in each stream 1004), and 3) to assign optimum estimation and editing rules for each gap size group in each of the streams 1004. In one embodiment, the VEE configuration engine 1031 performs these noted functions serially on one stream 1004 at a time, until all streams 1004 have been analyzed and their corresponding VEE rules have been updated. In one embodiment, the VEE configuration engine 1031 performs its analysis and rules optimization functions continuously. In another embodiment, the VEE configuration engine 1031 performs its analysis and rules optimization functions as a function of system processing load, where processing loads less than a threshold value enables the VEE configuration engine 1031 to execute its functions, and processing loads greater than the threshold precludes execution of its functions. In one embodiment, the threshold is 50 percent. In a further embodiment, the VEE configuration engine 1031 cycles serially through all the streams 1004 every 24 hours. In yet a further embodiment, the VEE configuration engine 1031 cycles serially through all the streams 1004 every seven days. In yet another embodiment, the VEE configuration engine 1031 cycles serially through all the streams once a month.
After a given stream 1004 has been processed, the VEE configuration engine 1031 updates VEE rules for the stream 1004 in the sources metadata stores to replace previous VEE rules with updated, optimized VEE rules.
In operation, the building control system 1000 according to the present invention may be employed for purposes of generating an accurate energy consumption model for the building (or plurality of buildings) having time increments of two hours or less (i.e., 1-hour increments, 30-minute increments, 15-minute increments, etc.). The building controller 1013 may develop and dynamically revise the energy consumption model based on energy consumption data provided over bus CD and from post VEE readings to control overall energy consumption of systems within the building (or plurality of buildings) by minimizing peak demand and surges while maintaining optimum comfort and operating conditions. The energy consumption may be controlled by scheduling run times for one or more of the building elements 1021 by techniques known in the art to minimize peak demand and time of use charges, or to achieve energy efficiency incentives. The building controller 1013 may additionally forecast energy consumption for future times by employing data (as edited by the VEE processor 1012) provided over CD and post VEE readings in conjunction with weather forecast data provided by the weather data stores 1041 and may schedule run times for one or more of the building elements 1021 as a function of the weather forecast data.
The building controller 1013 may optimize the energy consumption of the building for comfort purposes prior to or during demand response program events (e.g., load shedding), to preclude time of use charges, or to achieve energy reduction incentives. The building controller 1013 may employ the post VEE readings and near real-time energy consumption data provided via bus CD, to develop modeling components indicative of a daily occupancy level for the building (or plurality of buildings) and may perform comfort control functions, security control functions, resource control functions, market control functions, advertising functions, and other control functions based upon the determined daily occupancy level, where the daily occupancy level is determined exclusively from the energy consumption data, outside temperature data, and the aforementioned model components.
The VEE processor 1012, building controller 1013, VEE configuration engine 1031, and building elements 1021 may comprise hardware, or a combination of hardware and software, configured to perform the functions described above. In one embodiment, the VEE processor 1012, building controller 1013, VEE configuration engine 1031, and building elements 1021 may comprise a plurality of microprocessors or other suitable central processing units (CPU) (not shown) coupled to a corresponding plurality of transitory random access memory (not shown) and/or a plurality of non-transitory read-only memory (not shown) within which application programs (i.e., software) are disposed that, when executed by the microprocessors/CPUs, perform the functions described above. The stores 1014, 1016, 1041 may be disposed as conventional transitory or non-transitory data storage mechanisms and the buses within the system 1000 may comprise conventional wired or wireless technology buses for transmission and reception of data including, but not limited to, direct wired (e.g., SATA), cellular, BLUETOOTH®, Wi-Fi, Ethernet, and the internet.
Advantageously, the present invention provides for markedly increased real time and near real time VEE accuracies through simultaneous optimization of detection, estimation, and editing rules as a function the duration of anomalies for specific streaming devices and transport technologies, while eliminating costly data analyst requirements.
The present invention furthermore may be employed to perform VEE functions corresponding to other commodities such as, but not limited to, water, natural gas, coal, nuclear energy, fuel, etc. where usage data is obtained from streaming sources and where increased real time or near real time accuracy of usage data is desired.
Portions of the present invention and corresponding detailed description are presented in terms of software, or algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer memory. These descriptions and representations are the ones by which those of ordinary skill in the art effectively convey the substance of their work to others of ordinary skill in the art. An algorithm, as the term is used here, and as it is used generally, is conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of steps leading to a desired result. The steps are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of optical, electrical, or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like.
It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unless specifically stated otherwise, or as is apparent from the discussion, terms such as “processing” or “computing” or “calculating” or “determining” or “displaying” or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system, a microprocessor, a central processing unit, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical, electronic quantities within the computer system's registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices.
Note also that the software implemented aspects of the invention are typically encoded on some form of program storage medium or implemented over some type of transmission medium. The program storage medium may be electronic (e.g., read only memory, flash read only memory, electrically programmable read only memory), random access memory magnetic (e.g., a floppy disk or a hard drive) or optical (e.g., a compact disk read only memory, or “CD ROM”), and may be read only or random access. Similarly, the transmission medium may be metal traces, twisted wire pairs, coaxial cable, optical fiber, or some other suitable transmission medium known to the art. The invention is not limited by these aspects of any given implementation.
The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, and those skilled in the art will appreciate that they can readily use the disclosed conception and specific embodiments as a basis for designing or modifying other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention, and that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth by the appended claims.
What is claimed is:
1. An apparatus for performing validation, estimation, and editing (VEE) on interval based energy consumption streams, the apparatus comprising: a VEE processor, that executes VEE rules on each of the interval based energy consumption streams within a specified time period to generate and store corresponding post VEE readings that are stored in a post VEE readings data stores, said post VEE readings comprising tagged energy consumption data sets that are each associated with a corresponding one of the interval based energy consumption streams, each of said tagged energy consumption data sets comprising groups of contiguous interval values tagged as having been validated; a VEE configuration engine, that reads said post VEE readings upon initiation of an event and, for said each of said tagged energy consumption data sets, and that creates anomalies having different durations using only said groups of contiguous interval values, and that generates estimates for said anomalies by employing estimation techniques for each of said different durations and, for said each of said different durations, that selects a corresponding one of said estimation techniques for subsequent employment when performing VEE of subsequent energy consumption data associated with said each of said different durations for said corresponding one of the interval based energy consumption streams, said estimation techniques comprising: replacement with values from a previous day of the week; and linear interpolation employing N preceding and M subsequent interval values; and a process control element, coupled to said post VEE readings stores, wherein the process control element executes functions on the interval based energy consumption streams to translate said post VEE readings into control signals that direct one or more system elements to change state.
2. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein said corresponding one of said estimation techniques is selected because its corresponding estimates are more accurate than estimates generated by remaining ones of said estimation techniques.
3. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein said VEE configuration engine updates estimation rules for all of the interval based energy consumption streams as a function of processing load within a network operations center, and wherein the interval based energy consumption streams are processed serially by said VEE configuration engine.
4. The apparatus as recited in claim 3, wherein said specified time period comprises five minutes, and wherein the interval based energy consumption streams comprises more than 10,000 interval based energy consumption streams.
5. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein said estimation techniques comprise 10 or more estimation techniques.
6. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein said event is signaled by a timer set to a periodic interval.
7. The apparatus as recited in claim 6, wherein said periodic interval comprises 24 hours.
8. An apparatus for performing validation, estimation, and editing (VEE) on interval based energy consumption streams, the apparatus comprising: a sources metadata stores, that provides validation, estimation, and editing rules corresponding to each of the interval based energy consumption streams; a VEE processor, that executes said rules on each of the interval based energy consumption streams within a specified time period to generate and store corresponding post VEE readings, said post VEE readings comprising tagged energy consumption data sets that are each associated with a corresponding one of the interval based energy consumption streams, each of said plurality of tagged energy consumption data sets comprising groups of contiguous interval values tagged as having been validated; a post VEE readings data stores, that stores said post VEE readings; and a VEE configuration engine, that reads said post VEE readings upon initiation of an event and, for said each of said tagged energy consumption data sets, and that creates anomalies having different durations using only said groups of contiguous interval values, and that generates estimates for said anomalies by employing estimation techniques for each of said different durations and, for each of said different durations, that selects a corresponding one of said estimation techniques for subsequent employment when performing VEE of subsequent energy consumption data associated with said each of said different durations for said corresponding one of the interval based energy consumption streams, and that updates said sources metadata stores with said one of said estimation techniques, said estimation techniques comprising: replacement with values from a previous day of the week; and linear interpolation employing N preceding and M subsequent interval values; and a process control element, coupled to said post VEE readings stores, that executes functions on the interval based energy consumption to translate said post VEE readings into control signals that direct one or more system elements to change state.
9. The apparatus as recited in claim 8, wherein said corresponding one of said estimation techniques is selected because its corresponding estimates are more accurate than estimates generated by remaining ones of said estimation techniques.
10. The apparatus as recited in claim 8, wherein said VEE configuration engine updates said sources metadata stores with said estimation rules for all of the interval based energy consumption streams as a function of processing load within a network operations center, and wherein the interval based energy consumption streams are processed serially by said VEE configuration engine.
11. The apparatus as recited in claim 10, wherein said specified time period comprises five minutes, and wherein the interval based energy consumption streams comprises more than 10,000 interval based energy consumption streams.
12. The apparatus as recited in claim 8, wherein said estimation techniques comprise 10 or more estimation techniques.
13. The apparatus as recited in claim 8, wherein said event is signaled by a timer set to a periodic interval.
14. The apparatus as recited in claim 13, wherein said periodic interval comprises 24 hours.
15. A method for performing validation, estimation, and editing (VEE) on interval based energy consumption streams, the method comprising: executing VEE rules on each of the interval based energy consumption streams within a specified time period to generate and store corresponding post VEE readings that are stored in a post VEE readings data stores, the post VEE readings comprising tagged energy consumption data sets that are each associated with a corresponding one of the interval based energy consumption streams, each of the tagged energy consumption data sets comprising groups of contiguous interval values tagged as having been validated; reading the post VEE readings data stores upon initiation of an event; for the each of the tagged energy consumption data sets, creating anomalies having different durations using only the groups of contiguous interval values; generating estimates for the anomalies by employing estimation techniques for each of the different durations, the estimation techniques comprising: replacement with values from a previous day of the week; and linear interpolation employing N preceding and M subsequent interval values; for each of the different durations, selecting a corresponding one of the estimation techniques for subsequent employment when performing VEE of subsequent energy consumption data associated with the each of the different durations for the corresponding one of the interval based energy consumption streams; and executing functions on the interval based energy consumption streams to translate the post VEE readings into control signals that direct one or more system elements to change state.
16. The method as recited in claim 15, wherein the corresponding one of the estimation techniques is selected because its corresponding estimates are more accurate than estimates generated by remaining ones of the estimation techniques.
17. The method as recited in claim 15, wherein estimation rules for all of the interval based energy consumption streams are updated as a function of processing load within a network operations center, and wherein the interval based energy consumption streams are processed serially.
18. The method as recited in claim 17, wherein the specified time period comprises five minutes, and wherein the interval based energy consumption streams comprises more than 10,000 interval based energy consumption streams.
19. The method as recited in claim 15, wherein the estimation techniques comprise 10 or more estimation techniques.
20. The method as recited in claim 15, wherein the event is signaled by a timer set to a periodic interval..
| 15,556 |
https://github.com/afeng11/tomato-arm/blob/master/release/src-rt-6.x.4708/linux/linux-2.6.36/drivers/staging/xgifb/vb_struct.h | Github Open Source | Open Source | FSFAP | 2,020 | tomato-arm | afeng11 | C | Code | 1,208 | 4,282 | #ifndef _VB_STRUCT_
#define _VB_STRUCT_
#ifdef _INITNEW_
#define EXTERN
#else
#define EXTERN extern
#endif
struct XGI_PanelDelayTblStruct
{
unsigned char timer[2];
};
struct XGI_LCDDataStruct
{
unsigned short RVBHCMAX;
unsigned short RVBHCFACT;
unsigned short VGAHT;
unsigned short VGAVT;
unsigned short LCDHT;
unsigned short LCDVT;
};
struct XGI_LVDSCRT1HDataStruct
{
unsigned char Reg[8];
};
struct XGI_LVDSCRT1VDataStruct
{
unsigned char Reg[7];
};
struct XGI_TVDataStruct
{
unsigned short RVBHCMAX;
unsigned short RVBHCFACT;
unsigned short VGAHT;
unsigned short VGAVT;
unsigned short TVHDE;
unsigned short TVVDE;
unsigned short RVBHRS;
unsigned char FlickerMode;
unsigned short HALFRVBHRS;
unsigned char RY1COE;
unsigned char RY2COE;
unsigned char RY3COE;
unsigned char RY4COE;
};
struct XGI_LVDSDataStruct
{
unsigned short VGAHT;
unsigned short VGAVT;
unsigned short LCDHT;
unsigned short LCDVT;
};
struct XGI_LVDSDesStruct
{
unsigned short LCDHDES;
unsigned short LCDVDES;
};
struct XGI_LVDSCRT1DataStruct
{
unsigned char CR[15];
};
/*add for LCDA*/
struct XGI_StStruct
{
unsigned char St_ModeID;
unsigned short St_ModeFlag;
unsigned char St_StTableIndex;
unsigned char St_CRT2CRTC;
unsigned char St_CRT2CRTC2;
unsigned char St_ResInfo;
unsigned char VB_StTVFlickerIndex;
unsigned char VB_StTVEdgeIndex;
unsigned char VB_StTVYFilterIndex;
};
struct XGI_StandTableStruct
{
unsigned char CRT_COLS;
unsigned char ROWS;
unsigned char CHAR_HEIGHT;
unsigned short CRT_LEN;
unsigned char SR[4];
unsigned char MISC;
unsigned char CRTC[0x19];
unsigned char ATTR[0x14];
unsigned char GRC[9];
};
struct XGI_ExtStruct
{
unsigned char Ext_ModeID;
unsigned short Ext_ModeFlag;
unsigned short Ext_ModeInfo;
unsigned short Ext_Point;
unsigned short Ext_VESAID;
unsigned char Ext_VESAMEMSize;
unsigned char Ext_RESINFO;
unsigned char VB_ExtTVFlickerIndex;
unsigned char VB_ExtTVEdgeIndex;
unsigned char VB_ExtTVYFilterIndex;
unsigned char REFindex;
};
struct XGI_Ext2Struct
{
unsigned short Ext_InfoFlag;
unsigned char Ext_CRT1CRTC;
unsigned char Ext_CRTVCLK;
unsigned char Ext_CRT2CRTC;
unsigned char Ext_CRT2CRTC2;
unsigned char ModeID;
unsigned short XRes;
unsigned short YRes;
/* unsigned short ROM_OFFSET; */
};
struct XGI_MCLKDataStruct
{
unsigned char SR28, SR29, SR2A;
unsigned short CLOCK;
};
struct XGI_ECLKDataStruct
{
unsigned char SR2E, SR2F, SR30;
unsigned short CLOCK;
};
struct XGI_VCLKDataStruct
{
unsigned char SR2B, SR2C;
unsigned short CLOCK;
};
struct XGI_VBVCLKDataStruct
{
unsigned char Part4_A, Part4_B;
unsigned short CLOCK;
};
struct XGI_StResInfoStruct
{
unsigned short HTotal;
unsigned short VTotal;
};
struct XGI_ModeResInfoStruct
{
unsigned short HTotal;
unsigned short VTotal;
unsigned char XChar;
unsigned char YChar;
};
struct XGI_LCDNBDesStruct
{
unsigned char NB[12];
};
/*add for new UNIVGABIOS*/
struct XGI_LCDDesStruct
{
unsigned short LCDHDES;
unsigned short LCDHRS;
unsigned short LCDVDES;
unsigned short LCDVRS;
};
struct XGI_LCDDataTablStruct
{
unsigned char PANELID;
unsigned short MASK;
unsigned short CAP;
unsigned short DATAPTR;
};
struct XGI_TVTablDataStruct
{
unsigned short MASK;
unsigned short CAP;
unsigned short DATAPTR;
};
struct XGI330_LCDDataDesStruct
{
unsigned short LCDHDES;
unsigned short LCDHRS;
unsigned short LCDVDES;
unsigned short LCDVRS;
};
struct XGI330_LVDSDataStruct
{
unsigned short VGAHT;
unsigned short VGAVT;
unsigned short LCDHT;
unsigned short LCDVT;
};
struct XGI330_LCDDataDesStruct2
{
unsigned short LCDHDES;
unsigned short LCDHRS;
unsigned short LCDVDES;
unsigned short LCDVRS;
unsigned short LCDHSync;
unsigned short LCDVSync;
};
struct XGI330_LCDDataStruct
{
unsigned short RVBHCMAX;
unsigned short RVBHCFACT;
unsigned short VGAHT;
unsigned short VGAVT;
unsigned short LCDHT;
unsigned short LCDVT;
};
struct XGI330_TVDataStruct
{
unsigned short RVBHCMAX;
unsigned short RVBHCFACT;
unsigned short VGAHT;
unsigned short VGAVT;
unsigned short TVHDE;
unsigned short TVVDE;
unsigned short RVBHRS;
unsigned char FlickerMode;
unsigned short HALFRVBHRS;
};
struct XGI330_LCDDataTablStruct
{
unsigned char PANELID;
unsigned short MASK;
unsigned short CAP;
unsigned short DATAPTR;
};
struct XGI330_TVDataTablStruct
{
unsigned short MASK;
unsigned short CAP;
unsigned short DATAPTR;
};
struct XGI330_CHTVDataStruct
{
unsigned short VGAHT;
unsigned short VGAVT;
unsigned short LCDHT;
unsigned short LCDVT;
};
struct XGI_TimingHStruct
{
unsigned char data[8];
};
struct XGI_TimingVStruct
{
unsigned char data[7];
};
struct XGI_CH7007TV_TimingHStruct
{
unsigned char data[10];
};
struct XGI_CH7007TV_TimingVStruct
{
unsigned char data[10];
};
struct XGI_XG21CRT1Struct
{
unsigned char ModeID, CR02, CR03, CR15, CR16;
};
struct XGI330_CHTVRegDataStruct
{
unsigned char Reg[16];
};
struct XGI330_LCDCapStruct
{
unsigned char LCD_ID;
unsigned short LCD_Capability;
unsigned char LCD_SetFlag;
unsigned char LCD_DelayCompensation;
unsigned char LCD_HSyncWidth;
unsigned char LCD_VSyncWidth;
unsigned char LCD_VCLK;
unsigned char LCDA_VCLKData1;
unsigned char LCDA_VCLKData2;
unsigned char LCUCHAR_VCLKData1;
unsigned char LCUCHAR_VCLKData2;
unsigned char PSC_S1;
unsigned char PSC_S2;
unsigned char PSC_S3;
unsigned char PSC_S4;
unsigned char PSC_S5;
unsigned char PWD_2B;
unsigned char PWD_2C;
unsigned char PWD_2D;
unsigned char PWD_2E;
unsigned char PWD_2F;
unsigned char Spectrum_31;
unsigned char Spectrum_32;
unsigned char Spectrum_33;
unsigned char Spectrum_34;
};
struct XGI21_LVDSCapStruct
{
unsigned short LVDS_Capability;
unsigned short LVDSHT;
unsigned short LVDSVT;
unsigned short LVDSHDE;
unsigned short LVDSVDE;
unsigned short LVDSHFP;
unsigned short LVDSVFP;
unsigned short LVDSHSYNC;
unsigned short LVDSVSYNC;
unsigned char VCLKData1;
unsigned char VCLKData2;
unsigned char PSC_S1;
unsigned char PSC_S2;
unsigned char PSC_S3;
unsigned char PSC_S4;
unsigned char PSC_S5;
};
struct XGI_CRT1TableStruct
{
unsigned char CR[16];
};
struct XGI330_VCLKDataStruct
{
unsigned char SR2B, SR2C;
unsigned short CLOCK;
};
struct XGI301C_Tap4TimingStruct
{
unsigned short DE;
unsigned char Reg[64]; /* C0-FF */
};
struct XGI_New_StandTableStruct
{
unsigned char CRT_COLS;
unsigned char ROWS;
unsigned char CHAR_HEIGHT;
unsigned short CRT_LEN;
unsigned char SR[4];
unsigned char MISC;
unsigned char CRTC[0x19];
unsigned char ATTR[0x14];
unsigned char GRC[9];
};
struct vb_device_info
{
unsigned char ISXPDOS;
unsigned long P3c4,P3d4,P3c0,P3ce,P3c2,P3cc;
unsigned long P3ca,P3c6,P3c7,P3c8,P3c9,P3da;
unsigned long Part0Port,Part1Port,Part2Port;
unsigned long Part3Port,Part4Port,Part5Port;
unsigned short RVBHCFACT,RVBHCMAX,RVBHRS;
unsigned short VGAVT,VGAHT,VGAVDE,VGAHDE;
unsigned short VT,HT,VDE,HDE;
unsigned short LCDHRS,LCDVRS,LCDHDES,LCDVDES;
unsigned short ModeType;
unsigned short IF_DEF_LVDS,IF_DEF_TRUMPION,IF_DEF_DSTN;/* ,IF_DEF_FSTN; add for dstn */
unsigned short IF_DEF_CRT2Monitor,IF_DEF_VideoCapture;
unsigned short IF_DEF_LCDA,IF_DEF_CH7017,IF_DEF_YPbPr,IF_DEF_ScaleLCD,IF_DEF_OEMUtil,IF_DEF_PWD;
unsigned short IF_DEF_ExpLink;
unsigned short IF_DEF_CH7005,IF_DEF_HiVision;
unsigned short IF_DEF_CH7007; /* Billy 2007/05/03 */
unsigned short LCDResInfo,LCDTypeInfo, VBType;/*301b*/
unsigned short VBInfo,TVInfo,LCDInfo, Set_VGAType;
unsigned short VBExtInfo;/*301lv*/
unsigned short SetFlag;
unsigned short NewFlickerMode;
unsigned short SelectCRT2Rate;
unsigned char *ROMAddr;
unsigned char *FBAddr;
unsigned long BaseAddr;
unsigned long RelIO;
unsigned char (*CR6B)[4];
unsigned char (*CR6E)[4];
unsigned char (*CR6F)[32];
unsigned char (*CR89)[2];
unsigned char (*SR15)[8];
unsigned char (*CR40)[8];
unsigned char *pSoftSetting;
unsigned char *pOutputSelect;
unsigned short *pRGBSenseData;
unsigned short *pRGBSenseData2; /*301b*/
unsigned short *pVideoSenseData;
unsigned short *pVideoSenseData2;
unsigned short *pYCSenseData;
unsigned short *pYCSenseData2;
unsigned char *pSR07;
unsigned char *CR49;
unsigned char *pSR1F;
unsigned char *AGPReg;
unsigned char *SR16;
unsigned char *pSR21;
unsigned char *pSR22;
unsigned char *pSR23;
unsigned char *pSR24;
unsigned char *SR25;
unsigned char *pSR31;
unsigned char *pSR32;
unsigned char *pSR33;
unsigned char *pSR36; /* alan 12/07/2006 */
unsigned char *pCRCF;
unsigned char *pCRD0; /* alan 12/07/2006 */
unsigned char *pCRDE; /* alan 12/07/2006 */
unsigned char *pCR8F; /* alan 12/07/2006 */
unsigned char *pSR40; /* alan 12/07/2006 */
unsigned char *pSR41; /* alan 12/07/2006 */
unsigned char *pDVOSetting;
unsigned char *pCR2E;
unsigned char *pCR2F;
unsigned char *pCR46;
unsigned char *pCR47;
unsigned char *pCRT2Data_1_2;
unsigned char *pCRT2Data_4_D;
unsigned char *pCRT2Data_4_E;
unsigned char *pCRT2Data_4_10;
struct XGI_MCLKDataStruct *MCLKData;
struct XGI_ECLKDataStruct *ECLKData;
unsigned char *XGI_TVDelayList;
unsigned char *XGI_TVDelayList2;
unsigned char *CHTVVCLKUNTSC;
unsigned char *CHTVVCLKONTSC;
unsigned char *CHTVVCLKUPAL;
unsigned char *CHTVVCLKOPAL;
unsigned char *NTSCTiming;
unsigned char *PALTiming;
unsigned char *HiTVExtTiming;
unsigned char *HiTVSt1Timing;
unsigned char *HiTVSt2Timing;
unsigned char *HiTVTextTiming;
unsigned char *YPbPr750pTiming;
unsigned char *YPbPr525pTiming;
unsigned char *YPbPr525iTiming;
unsigned char *HiTVGroup3Data;
unsigned char *HiTVGroup3Simu;
unsigned char *HiTVGroup3Text;
unsigned char *Ren525pGroup3;
unsigned char *Ren750pGroup3;
unsigned char *ScreenOffset;
unsigned char *pXGINew_DRAMTypeDefinition;
unsigned char *pXGINew_I2CDefinition ;
unsigned char *pXGINew_CR97 ;
struct XGI330_LCDCapStruct *LCDCapList;
struct XGI21_LVDSCapStruct *XG21_LVDSCapList;
struct XGI_TimingHStruct *TimingH;
struct XGI_TimingVStruct *TimingV;
struct XGI_StStruct *SModeIDTable;
struct XGI_StandTableStruct *StandTable;
struct XGI_ExtStruct *EModeIDTable;
struct XGI_Ext2Struct *RefIndex;
/* XGINew_CRT1TableStruct *CRT1Table; */
struct XGI_CRT1TableStruct *XGINEWUB_CRT1Table;
struct XGI_VCLKDataStruct *VCLKData;
struct XGI_VBVCLKDataStruct *VBVCLKData;
struct XGI_StResInfoStruct *StResInfo;
struct XGI_ModeResInfoStruct *ModeResInfo;
struct XGI_XG21CRT1Struct *UpdateCRT1;
}; /* _struct vb_device_info */
struct TimingInfo
{
unsigned short Horizontal_ACTIVE;
unsigned short Horizontal_FP;
unsigned short Horizontal_SYNC;
unsigned short Horizontal_BP;
unsigned short Vertical_ACTIVE;
unsigned short Vertical_FP;
unsigned short Vertical_SYNC;
unsigned short Vertical_BP;
double DCLK;
unsigned char FrameRate;
unsigned char Interlace;
unsigned short Margin;
};
#define _VB_STRUCT_
#endif /* _VB_STRUCT_ */
| 45,756 |
https://github.com/mathiasbynens/es6draft/blob/master/src/main/java/com/github/anba/es6draft/interpreter/Interpreter.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,022 | es6draft | mathiasbynens | Java | Code | 4,162 | 12,022 | /**
* Copyright (c) André Bargull
* Alle Rechte vorbehalten / All Rights Reserved. Use is subject to license terms.
*
* <https://github.com/anba/es6draft>
*/
package com.github.anba.es6draft.interpreter;
import static com.github.anba.es6draft.runtime.AbstractOperations.*;
import static com.github.anba.es6draft.runtime.internal.Errors.newTypeError;
import static com.github.anba.es6draft.runtime.language.CallOperations.CheckCallable;
import static com.github.anba.es6draft.runtime.language.CallOperations.CheckConstructor;
import static com.github.anba.es6draft.runtime.language.CallOperations.IsBuiltinEval;
import static com.github.anba.es6draft.runtime.types.Null.NULL;
import static com.github.anba.es6draft.runtime.types.Reference.GetValue;
import static com.github.anba.es6draft.runtime.types.Reference.PutValue;
import static com.github.anba.es6draft.runtime.types.Undefined.UNDEFINED;
import static com.github.anba.es6draft.runtime.types.builtins.ArrayObject.ArrayCreate;
import static com.github.anba.es6draft.runtime.types.builtins.OrdinaryObject.ObjectCreate;
import static com.github.anba.es6draft.semantics.StaticSemantics.PropName;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.util.EnumSet;
import java.util.List;
import com.github.anba.es6draft.ast.*;
import com.github.anba.es6draft.ast.BinaryExpression.Operator;
import com.github.anba.es6draft.parser.Parser;
import com.github.anba.es6draft.runtime.ExecutionContext;
import com.github.anba.es6draft.runtime.internal.CompatibilityOption;
import com.github.anba.es6draft.runtime.internal.IndexedMap;
import com.github.anba.es6draft.runtime.internal.Messages;
import com.github.anba.es6draft.runtime.language.ArrayOperations;
import com.github.anba.es6draft.runtime.language.CallOperations;
import com.github.anba.es6draft.runtime.language.ObjectOperations;
import com.github.anba.es6draft.runtime.language.Operators;
import com.github.anba.es6draft.runtime.language.PropertyOperations;
import com.github.anba.es6draft.runtime.objects.Eval;
import com.github.anba.es6draft.runtime.objects.Eval.EvalFlags;
import com.github.anba.es6draft.runtime.objects.bigint.BigIntType;
import com.github.anba.es6draft.runtime.objects.text.RegExpConstructor;
import com.github.anba.es6draft.runtime.types.Callable;
import com.github.anba.es6draft.runtime.types.Intrinsics;
import com.github.anba.es6draft.runtime.types.Reference;
import com.github.anba.es6draft.runtime.types.ScriptObject;
import com.github.anba.es6draft.runtime.types.Undefined;
import com.github.anba.es6draft.runtime.types.builtins.ArrayObject;
import com.github.anba.es6draft.runtime.types.builtins.OrdinaryObject;
/**
* Basic interpreter to speed-up evaluation of simple eval-scripts.
*/
public final class Interpreter extends DefaultNodeVisitor<Object, ExecutionContext> {
/**
* Returns a new {@link InterpretedScript} if {@code parsedScript} can be interpreted, otherwise returns
* {@code null}.
*
* @param parsedScript
* the script node
* @return the interpreted script or {@code null}
*/
public static InterpretedScript script(Script parsedScript) {
if (!parsedScript.accept(InterpreterTest.INSTANCE, null)) {
return null;
}
return new InterpretedScript(parsedScript);
}
private final EnumSet<Parser.Option> parserOptions;
private final boolean strict;
private int currentLine;
Interpreter(Script parsedScript) {
this.parserOptions = EnumSet.copyOf(parsedScript.getParserOptions());
this.strict = parsedScript.isStrict();
this.currentLine = parsedScript.getBeginLine();
}
int getCurrentLine() {
return currentLine;
}
/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/**
* 12.4.4 Postfix Increment Operator
*
* @param lhs
* the left-hand side expression
* @param cx
* the execution context
* @return the return value after applying the operation
*/
private static Number postIncrement(Reference<?, ?> lhs, ExecutionContext cx) {
Number oldValue = ToNumeric(cx, GetValue(lhs, cx));
if (oldValue.getClass() == Double.class) {
double newValue = (double) oldValue + 1;
PutValue(lhs, newValue, cx);
return oldValue;
}
BigInteger newValue = BigIntType.add((BigInteger) oldValue, BigIntType.UNIT);
PutValue(lhs, newValue, cx);
return oldValue;
}
/**
* 12.4.5 Postfix Decrement Operator
*
* @param lhs
* the left-hand side expression
* @param cx
* the execution context
* @return the return value after applying the operation
*/
private static Number postDecrement(Reference<?, ?> lhs, ExecutionContext cx) {
Number oldValue = ToNumeric(cx, GetValue(lhs, cx));
if (oldValue.getClass() == Double.class) {
double newValue = (double) oldValue - 1;
PutValue(lhs, newValue, cx);
return oldValue;
}
BigInteger newValue = BigIntType.subtract((BigInteger) oldValue, BigIntType.UNIT);
PutValue(lhs, newValue, cx);
return oldValue;
}
/**
* 12.4.6 Prefix Increment Operator
*
* @param expr
* the expression value
* @param cx
* the execution context
* @return the return value after applying the operation
*/
private static Number preIncrement(Reference<?, ?> expr, ExecutionContext cx) {
Number oldValue = ToNumeric(cx, GetValue(expr, cx));
if (oldValue.getClass() == Double.class) {
double newValue = (double) oldValue + 1;
PutValue(expr, newValue, cx);
return newValue;
}
BigInteger newValue = BigIntType.add((BigInteger) oldValue, BigIntType.UNIT);
PutValue(expr, newValue, cx);
return newValue;
}
/**
* 12.4.7 Prefix Decrement Operator
*
* @param expr
* the expression value
* @param cx
* the execution context
* @return the return value after applying the operation
*/
private static Number preDecrement(Reference<?, ?> expr, ExecutionContext cx) {
Number oldValue = ToNumeric(cx, GetValue(expr, cx));
if (oldValue.getClass() == Double.class) {
double newValue = (double) oldValue - 1;
PutValue(expr, newValue, cx);
return newValue;
}
BigInteger newValue = BigIntType.subtract((BigInteger) oldValue, BigIntType.UNIT);
PutValue(expr, newValue, cx);
return newValue;
}
/**
* 12.5.3 The delete Operator
*
* @param expr
* the expression value
* @param cx
* the execution context
* @return the return value after applying the operation
*/
private static boolean delete(Object expr, ExecutionContext cx) {
if (!(expr instanceof Reference)) {
return true;
}
return ((Reference<?, ?>) expr).delete(cx);
}
/**
* 12.5.4 The void Operator
*
* @param value
* the expression value
* @return the return value after applying the operation
*/
private static Undefined _void(Object value) {
assert !(value instanceof Reference);
return UNDEFINED;
}
/**
* 12.5.6 Unary + Operator
*
* @param value
* the expression value
* @param cx
* the execution context
* @return the return value after applying the operation
*/
private static Double pos(Object value, ExecutionContext cx) {
return ToNumber(cx, value);
}
/**
* 12.5.7 Unary - Operator
*
* @param value
* the expression value
* @param cx
* the execution context
* @return the return value after applying the operation
*/
private static Number neg(Object value, ExecutionContext cx) {
Number num = ToNumeric(cx, value);
if (num.getClass() == Double.class) {
return -(double) num;
}
return BigIntType.unaryMinus((BigInteger) num);
}
/**
* 12.5.8 Bitwise NOT Operator ( ~ )
*
* @param value
* the expression value
* @param cx
* the execution context
* @return the return value after applying the operation
*/
private static Number bitnot(Object value, ExecutionContext cx) {
Number num = ToNumericInt32(cx, value);
if (num.getClass() == Integer.class) {
return ~(int) num;
}
return BigIntType.bitwiseNOT((BigInteger) num);
}
/**
* 12.5.9 Logical NOT Operator ( ! )
*
* @param value
* the expression value
* @return the return value after applying the operation
*/
private static Boolean not(Object value) {
return !ToBoolean(value);
}
/**
* 12.6 Exponentiation Operator
*
* @param leftValue
* the left-hand side expression value
* @param rightValue
* the right-hand side expression value
* @param cx
* the execution context
* @return the return value after applying the operation
*/
private static Number exp(Object leftValue, Object rightValue, ExecutionContext cx) {
Number lnum = ToNumeric(cx, leftValue);
Number rnum = ToNumeric(cx, rightValue);
if (lnum.getClass() != rnum.getClass()) {
throw newTypeError(cx, Messages.Key.BigIntNumber);
}
if (lnum.getClass() == Double.class) {
return Math.pow((double) lnum, (double) rnum);
}
return BigIntType.exponentiate(cx, (BigInteger) lnum, (BigInteger) rnum);
}
/**
* 12.7 Multiplicative Operators
*
* @param leftValue
* the left-hand side expression value
* @param rightValue
* the right-hand side expression value
* @param cx
* the execution context
* @return the return value after applying the operation
*/
private static Number mul(Object leftValue, Object rightValue, ExecutionContext cx) {
Number lnum = ToNumeric(cx, leftValue);
Number rnum = ToNumeric(cx, rightValue);
if (lnum.getClass() != rnum.getClass()) {
throw newTypeError(cx, Messages.Key.BigIntNumber);
}
if (lnum.getClass() == Double.class) {
return (double) lnum * (double) rnum;
}
return BigIntType.multiply((BigInteger) lnum, (BigInteger) rnum);
}
/**
* 12.7 Multiplicative Operators
*
* @param leftValue
* the left-hand side expression value
* @param rightValue
* the right-hand side expression value
* @param cx
* the execution context
* @return the return value after applying the operation
*/
private static Number div(Object leftValue, Object rightValue, ExecutionContext cx) {
Number lnum = ToNumeric(cx, leftValue);
Number rnum = ToNumeric(cx, rightValue);
if (lnum.getClass() != rnum.getClass()) {
throw newTypeError(cx, Messages.Key.BigIntNumber);
}
if (lnum.getClass() == Double.class) {
return (double) lnum / (double) rnum;
}
return BigIntType.divide(cx, (BigInteger) lnum, (BigInteger) rnum);
}
/**
* 12.7 Multiplicative Operators
*
* @param leftValue
* the left-hand side expression value
* @param rightValue
* the right-hand side expression value
* @param cx
* the execution context
* @return the return value after applying the operation
*/
private static Number mod(Object leftValue, Object rightValue, ExecutionContext cx) {
Number lnum = ToNumeric(cx, leftValue);
Number rnum = ToNumeric(cx, rightValue);
if (lnum.getClass() != rnum.getClass()) {
throw newTypeError(cx, Messages.Key.BigIntNumber);
}
if (lnum.getClass() == Double.class) {
return (double) lnum % (double) rnum;
}
return BigIntType.remainder(cx, (BigInteger) lnum, (BigInteger) rnum);
}
/**
* 12.8.2 The Subtraction Operator ( - )
*
* @param lval
* the left-hand side expression value
* @param rval
* the right-hand side expression value
* @param cx
* the execution context
* @return the return value after applying the operation
*/
private static Number sub(Object lval, Object rval, ExecutionContext cx) {
Number lnum = ToNumeric(cx, lval);
Number rnum = ToNumeric(cx, rval);
if (lnum.getClass() != rnum.getClass()) {
throw newTypeError(cx, Messages.Key.BigIntNumber);
}
if (lnum.getClass() == Double.class) {
return (double) lnum - (double) rnum;
}
return BigIntType.subtract((BigInteger) lnum, (BigInteger) rnum);
}
/**
* 12.9.1 The Left Shift Operator ( {@literal <<} )
*
* @param lval
* the left-hand side expression value
* @param rval
* the right-hand side expression value
* @param cx
* the execution context
* @return the return value after applying the operation
*/
private static Number leftShift(Object lval, Object rval, ExecutionContext cx) {
Number lnum = ToNumericInt32(cx, lval);
Number rnum = ToNumericInt32(cx, rval);
if (lnum.getClass() != rnum.getClass()) {
throw newTypeError(cx, Messages.Key.BigIntNumber);
}
if (lnum.getClass() == Integer.class) {
return (int) lnum << ((int) rnum & 0x1f);
}
return BigIntType.leftShift(cx, (BigInteger) lnum, (BigInteger) rnum);
}
/**
* 12.9.2 The Signed Right Shift Operator ( {@literal >>} )
*
* @param lval
* the left-hand side expression value
* @param rval
* the right-hand side expression value
* @param cx
* the execution context
* @return the return value after applying the operation
*/
private static Number rightShift(Object lval, Object rval, ExecutionContext cx) {
Number lnum = ToNumericInt32(cx, lval);
Number rnum = ToNumericInt32(cx, rval);
if (lnum.getClass() != rnum.getClass()) {
throw newTypeError(cx, Messages.Key.BigIntNumber);
}
if (lnum.getClass() == Integer.class) {
return (int) lnum >> ((int) rnum & 0x1f);
}
return BigIntType.signedRightShift(cx, (BigInteger) lnum, (BigInteger) rnum);
}
/**
* 12.9.3 The Unsigned Right Shift Operator ( {@literal >>>} )
*
* @param lval
* the left-hand side expression value
* @param rval
* the right-hand side expression value
* @param cx
* the execution context
* @return the return value after applying the operation
*/
private static Number unsignedRightShift(Object lval, Object rval, ExecutionContext cx) {
Number lnum = ToNumericInt32(cx, lval);
Number rnum = ToNumericInt32(cx, rval);
if (lnum.getClass() != rnum.getClass()) {
throw newTypeError(cx, Messages.Key.BigIntNumber);
}
if (lnum.getClass() == Integer.class) {
return ((int) lnum & 0xffffffffL) >>> ((int) rnum & 0x1f);
}
return BigIntType.unsignedRightShift(cx, (BigInteger) lnum, (BigInteger) rnum);
}
/**
* 12.10 Relational Operators
*
* @param lval
* the left-hand side expression value
* @param rval
* the right-hand side expression value
* @param cx
* the execution context
* @return the return value after applying the operation
*/
private static Boolean _instanceof(Object lval, Object rval, ExecutionContext cx) {
return Operators.InstanceofOperator(lval, rval, cx);
}
/**
* 12.10 Relational Operators
*
* @param lval
* the left-hand side expression value
* @param rval
* the right-hand side expression value
* @param cx
* the execution context
* @return the return value after applying the operation
*/
private static Boolean lessThan(Object lval, Object rval, ExecutionContext cx) {
return RelationalComparison(cx, lval, rval, true) == 1;
}
/**
* 12.10 Relational Operators
*
* @param lval
* the left-hand side expression value
* @param rval
* the right-hand side expression value
* @param cx
* the execution context
* @return the return value after applying the operation
*/
private static Boolean lessThanEqual(Object lval, Object rval, ExecutionContext cx) {
return RelationalComparison(cx, rval, lval, false) == 0;
}
/**
* 12.10 Relational Operators
*
* @param lval
* the left-hand side expression value
* @param rval
* the right-hand side expression value
* @param cx
* the execution context
* @return the return value after applying the operation
*/
private static Boolean greaterThan(Object lval, Object rval, ExecutionContext cx) {
return RelationalComparison(cx, rval, lval, false) == 1;
}
/**
* 12.10 Relational Operators
*
* @param lval
* the left-hand side expression value
* @param rval
* the right-hand side expression value
* @param cx
* the execution context
* @return the return value after applying the operation
*/
private static Boolean greaterThanEqual(Object lval, Object rval, ExecutionContext cx) {
return RelationalComparison(cx, lval, rval, true) == 0;
}
/**
* 12.11 Equality Operators
*
* @param lval
* the left-hand side expression value
* @param rval
* the right-hand side expression value
* @param cx
* the execution context
* @return the return value after applying the operation
*/
private static Boolean equals(Object lval, Object rval, ExecutionContext cx) {
return EqualityComparison(cx, rval, lval);
}
/**
* 12.11 Equality Operators
*
* @param lval
* the left-hand side expression value
* @param rval
* the right-hand side expression value
* @param cx
* the execution context
* @return the return value after applying the operation
*/
private static Boolean notEquals(Object lval, Object rval, ExecutionContext cx) {
return !EqualityComparison(cx, rval, lval);
}
/**
* 12.11 Equality Operators
*
* @param lval
* the left-hand side expression value
* @param rval
* the right-hand side expression value
* @return the return value after applying the operation
*/
private static Boolean strictEquals(Object lval, Object rval) {
return StrictEqualityComparison(rval, lval);
}
/**
* 12.11 Equality Operators
*
* @param lval
* the left-hand side expression value
* @param rval
* the right-hand side expression value
* @return the return value after applying the operation
*/
private static Boolean strictNotEquals(Object lval, Object rval) {
return !StrictEqualityComparison(rval, lval);
}
/**
* 12.12 Binary Bitwise Operators
*
* @param lval
* the left-hand side expression value
* @param rval
* the right-hand side expression value
* @param cx
* the execution context
* @return the return value after applying the operation
*/
private static Number bitand(Object lval, Object rval, ExecutionContext cx) {
Number lnum = ToNumericInt32(cx, lval);
Number rnum = ToNumericInt32(cx, rval);
if (lnum.getClass() != rnum.getClass()) {
throw newTypeError(cx, Messages.Key.BigIntNumber);
}
if (lnum.getClass() == Integer.class) {
return (int) lnum & (int) rnum;
}
return BigIntType.bitwiseAND((BigInteger) lnum, (BigInteger) rnum);
}
/**
* 12.12 Binary Bitwise Operators
*
* @param lval
* the left-hand side expression value
* @param rval
* the right-hand side expression value
* @param cx
* the execution context
* @return the return value after applying the operation
*/
private static Number bitxor(Object lval, Object rval, ExecutionContext cx) {
Number lnum = ToNumericInt32(cx, lval);
Number rnum = ToNumericInt32(cx, rval);
if (lnum.getClass() != rnum.getClass()) {
throw newTypeError(cx, Messages.Key.BigIntNumber);
}
if (lnum.getClass() == Integer.class) {
return (int) lnum ^ (int) rnum;
}
return BigIntType.bitwiseXOR((BigInteger) lnum, (BigInteger) rnum);
}
/**
* 12.12 Binary Bitwise Operators
*
* @param lval
* the left-hand side expression value
* @param rval
* the right-hand side expression value
* @param cx
* the execution context
* @return the return value after applying the operation
*/
private static Number bitor(Object lval, Object rval, ExecutionContext cx) {
Number lnum = ToNumericInt32(cx, lval);
Number rnum = ToNumericInt32(cx, rval);
if (lnum.getClass() != rnum.getClass()) {
throw newTypeError(cx, Messages.Key.BigIntNumber);
}
if (lnum.getClass() == Integer.class) {
return (int) lnum | (int) rnum;
}
return BigIntType.bitwiseOR((BigInteger) lnum, (BigInteger) rnum);
}
/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
@Override
protected Object visit(Node node, ExecutionContext cx) {
throw new IllegalStateException();
}
@Override
public Object visit(Script node, ExecutionContext cx) {
Object completionValue = UNDEFINED;
for (StatementListItem stmt : node.getStatements()) {
Object val = stmt.accept(this, cx);
if (val != null) {
completionValue = val;
}
}
return completionValue;
}
@Override
public Object visit(VariableStatement node, ExecutionContext cx) {
for (VariableDeclaration decl : node.getElements()) {
decl.accept(this, cx);
}
return null;
}
@Override
public Object visit(VariableDeclaration node, ExecutionContext cx) {
BindingIdentifier binding = (BindingIdentifier) node.getBinding();
Expression initializer = node.getInitializer();
if (initializer != null) {
currentLine = binding.getBeginLine();
Reference<?, String> lhs = cx.resolveBinding(binding.getName().getIdentifier(), strict);
Object val = GetValue(initializer.accept(this, cx), cx);
currentLine = node.getBeginLine();
lhs.putValue(val, cx);
}
return null;
}
@Override
public Object visit(ExpressionStatement node, ExecutionContext cx) {
return GetValue(node.getExpression().accept(this, cx), cx);
}
@Override
public Object visit(AssignmentExpression node, ExecutionContext cx) {
if (node.getOperator() == AssignmentExpression.Operator.ASSIGN) {
Reference<?, ?> lref = (Reference<?, ?>) node.getLeft().accept(this, cx);
Object rval = GetValue(node.getRight().accept(this, cx), cx);
currentLine = node.getBeginLine();
PutValue(lref, rval, cx);
return rval;
} else {
Reference<?, ?> lref = (Reference<?, ?>) node.getLeft().accept(this, cx);
Object lval = GetValue(lref, cx);
Object rval = GetValue(node.getRight().accept(this, cx), cx);
currentLine = node.getBeginLine();
Object r;
switch (node.getOperator()) {
case ASSIGN_ADD:
r = Operators.add(lval, rval, cx);
break;
case ASSIGN_BITAND:
r = bitand(lval, rval, cx);
break;
case ASSIGN_BITOR:
r = bitor(lval, rval, cx);
break;
case ASSIGN_BITXOR:
r = bitxor(lval, rval, cx);
break;
case ASSIGN_DIV:
r = div(lval, rval, cx);
break;
case ASSIGN_EXP:
r = exp(lval, rval, cx);
break;
case ASSIGN_MOD:
r = mod(lval, rval, cx);
break;
case ASSIGN_MUL:
r = mul(lval, rval, cx);
break;
case ASSIGN_SHL:
r = leftShift(lval, rval, cx);
break;
case ASSIGN_SHR:
r = rightShift(lval, rval, cx);
break;
case ASSIGN_SUB:
r = sub(lval, rval, cx);
break;
case ASSIGN_USHR:
r = unsignedRightShift(lval, rval, cx);
break;
case ASSIGN:
default:
throw new AssertionError();
}
PutValue(lref, r, cx);
return r;
}
}
@Override
public Object visit(BinaryExpression node, ExecutionContext cx) {
if (node.getOperator() == BinaryExpression.Operator.AND || node.getOperator() == BinaryExpression.Operator.OR) {
return visitAndOr(node, cx);
}
/* steps 1-? */
Object lval = GetValue(node.getLeft().accept(this, cx), cx);
Object rval = GetValue(node.getRight().accept(this, cx), cx);
currentLine = node.getBeginLine();
switch (node.getOperator()) {
case ADD:
return Operators.add(lval, rval, cx);
case BITAND:
return bitand(lval, rval, cx);
case BITOR:
return bitor(lval, rval, cx);
case BITXOR:
return bitxor(lval, rval, cx);
case DIV:
return div(lval, rval, cx);
case EQ:
return equals(lval, rval, cx);
case EXP:
return exp(lval, rval, cx);
case GE:
return greaterThanEqual(lval, rval, cx);
case GT:
return greaterThan(lval, rval, cx);
case IN:
return Operators.in(lval, rval, cx);
case INSTANCEOF:
return _instanceof(lval, rval, cx);
case LE:
return lessThanEqual(lval, rval, cx);
case LT:
return lessThan(lval, rval, cx);
case MOD:
return mod(lval, rval, cx);
case MUL:
return mul(lval, rval, cx);
case NE:
return notEquals(lval, rval, cx);
case SHEQ:
return strictEquals(lval, rval);
case SHL:
return leftShift(lval, rval, cx);
case SHNE:
return strictNotEquals(lval, rval);
case SHR:
return rightShift(lval, rval, cx);
case SUB:
return sub(lval, rval, cx);
case USHR:
return unsignedRightShift(lval, rval, cx);
case AND:
case OR:
default:
throw new AssertionError();
}
}
private Object visitAndOr(BinaryExpression node, ExecutionContext cx) {
Object lval = GetValue(node.getLeft().accept(this, cx), cx);
if (ToBoolean(lval) ^ node.getOperator() == Operator.AND) {
return lval;
}
return GetValue(node.getRight().accept(this, cx), cx);
}
@Override
public Object visit(UnaryExpression node, ExecutionContext cx) {
Object val = node.getOperand().accept(this, cx);
currentLine = node.getBeginLine();
switch (node.getOperator()) {
case BITNOT:
return bitnot(GetValue(val, cx), cx);
case DELETE:
return delete(val, cx);
case NEG:
return neg(GetValue(val, cx), cx);
case NOT:
return not(GetValue(val, cx));
case POS:
return pos(GetValue(val, cx), cx);
case TYPEOF:
return Operators.typeof(val, cx);
case VOID:
return _void(GetValue(val, cx));
default:
throw new AssertionError();
}
}
@Override
public Object visit(UpdateExpression node, ExecutionContext cx) {
Reference<?, ?> val = (Reference<?, ?>) node.getOperand().accept(this, cx);
currentLine = node.getBeginLine();
switch (node.getOperator()) {
case POST_DEC:
return postDecrement(val, cx);
case POST_INC:
return postIncrement(val, cx);
case PRE_DEC:
return preDecrement(val, cx);
case PRE_INC:
return preIncrement(val, cx);
default:
throw new AssertionError();
}
}
@Override
public Object visit(CommaExpression node, ExecutionContext cx) {
assert !node.getOperands().isEmpty();
Object val = null;
for (Expression expression : node.getOperands()) {
val = GetValue(expression.accept(this, cx), cx);
}
return val;
}
@Override
public Object visit(ConditionalExpression node, ExecutionContext cx) {
Object test = GetValue(node.getTest().accept(this, cx), cx);
Object val;
if (ToBoolean(test)) {
val = node.getThen().accept(this, cx);
} else {
val = node.getOtherwise().accept(this, cx);
}
return GetValue(val, cx);
}
@Override
public Object visit(NullLiteral node, ExecutionContext cx) {
return NULL;
}
@Override
public Object visit(BigIntegerLiteral node, ExecutionContext value) {
return node.getValue();
}
@Override
public Object visit(BooleanLiteral node, ExecutionContext cx) {
return node.getValue();
}
@Override
public Object visit(NumericLiteral node, ExecutionContext cx) {
return node.getValue();
}
@Override
public Object visit(StringLiteral node, ExecutionContext cx) {
return node.getValue();
}
@Override
public Object visit(RegularExpressionLiteral node, ExecutionContext cx) {
currentLine = node.getBeginLine();
return RegExpConstructor.RegExpCreate(cx, node.getRegexp(), node.getFlags());
}
@Override
public Object visit(ObjectLiteral node, ExecutionContext cx) {
OrdinaryObject obj = ObjectCreate(cx, Intrinsics.ObjectPrototype);
for (PropertyDefinition propertyDefinition : node.getProperties()) {
assert propertyDefinition instanceof PropertyValueDefinition;
PropertyValueDefinition propValDef = (PropertyValueDefinition) propertyDefinition;
PropertyName propertyName = propValDef.getPropertyName();
Expression propertyValue = propValDef.getPropertyValue();
String propName = PropName(propertyName);
long propIndex = propName != null ? IndexedMap.toIndex(propName) : -1;
assert propName != null && !(propertyName instanceof ComputedPropertyName);
Object value = GetValue(propertyValue.accept(this, cx), cx);
if ("__proto__".equals(propName)
&& cx.getRuntimeContext().isEnabled(CompatibilityOption.ProtoInitializer)) {
ObjectOperations.defineProtoProperty(obj, value, cx);
} else if (IndexedMap.isIndex(propIndex)) {
ObjectOperations.defineProperty(obj, propIndex, value, cx);
} else {
ObjectOperations.defineProperty(obj, propName, value, cx);
}
}
return obj;
}
@Override
public Object visit(ArrayLiteral node, ExecutionContext cx) {
ArrayObject array = ArrayCreate(cx, 0);
int nextIndex = 0;
for (Expression element : node.getElements()) {
if (element instanceof Elision) {
// Elision
} else {
Object value = GetValue(element.accept(this, cx), cx);
ArrayOperations.defineProperty(array, nextIndex, value);
}
nextIndex += 1;
}
Set(cx, array, "length", nextIndex, false);
return array;
}
@Override
public Object visit(CallExpression node, ExecutionContext cx) {
Object ref = node.getBase().accept(this, cx);
return EvaluateCall(node, ref, node.getArguments(), directEval(node), cx);
}
/**
* 12.3.4.2 Runtime Semantics: EvaluateCall( ref, arguments, tailPosition )<br>
* 12.3.4.3 Runtime Semantics: EvaluateDirectCall( func, thisValue, arguments, tailPosition )
*
* @param node
* the function call node
* @param ref
* the call base reference
* @param arguments
* the function call arguments
* @param directEval
* the direct eval flag
* @param cx
* the execution context
* @return the return value after applying the call operation
*/
private Object EvaluateCall(CallExpression node, Object ref, List<Expression> arguments, boolean directEval,
ExecutionContext cx) {
/* steps 1-2 (EvaluateCall) */
Object func = GetValue(ref, cx);
/* steps 3-4 (EvaluateCall) */
Object thisValue = UNDEFINED;
if (ref instanceof Reference) {
Reference<?, ?> rref = (Reference<?, ?>) ref;
if (rref.isPropertyReference()) {
thisValue = rref.getThisValue();
} else if (!(rref instanceof Reference.BindingReference)) {
assert rref instanceof Reference.IdentifierReference;
Reference.IdentifierReference<?> idref = (Reference.IdentifierReference<?>) rref;
ScriptObject newThisValue = idref.getBase().withBaseObject();
if (newThisValue != null) {
thisValue = newThisValue;
}
}
}
/* steps 1-2 (EvaluateDirectCall) */
Object[] argList = ArgumentListEvaluation(arguments, cx);
/* steps 3-4 (EvaluateDirectCall) */
currentLine = node.getBeginLine();
Callable f = CheckCallable(func, cx);
/* [12.3.4.1 Runtime Semantics: Evaluation - step 3] */
if (directEval && IsBuiltinEval(ref, f, cx)) {
int evalFlags = EvalFlags.toFlags(node.getEvalFlags());
if (strict) {
// TODO: Remove this case when StrictDirectiveSimpleParameterList is the default.
evalFlags |= EvalFlags.Strict.getValue();
}
if (parserOptions.contains(Parser.Option.EnclosedByWithStatement)) {
evalFlags |= EvalFlags.EnclosedByWithStatement.getValue();
}
if (parserOptions.contains(Parser.Option.EnclosedByCatchStatement)) {
evalFlags |= EvalFlags.EnclosedByCatchStatement.getValue();
}
if (parserOptions.contains(Parser.Option.EnclosedByLexicalDeclaration)) {
evalFlags |= EvalFlags.EnclosedByLexicalDeclaration.getValue();
}
return Eval.directEval(argList, cx, evalFlags);
}
if (directEval && CallOperations.directEvalFallbackHook(cx) != null) {
argList = CallOperations.directEvalFallbackArguments(f, cx, thisValue, argList);
thisValue = CallOperations.directEvalFallbackThisArgument(cx);
f = CallOperations.directEvalFallbackHook(cx);
}
/* steps 5, 7-8 (EvaluateDirectCall) (not applicable) */
/* steps 6, 9 (EvaluateDirectCall) */
return f.call(cx, thisValue, argList);
}
private Object[] ArgumentListEvaluation(List<Expression> arguments, ExecutionContext cx) {
int size = arguments.size();
Object[] args = new Object[size];
for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
args[i] = GetValue(arguments.get(i).accept(this, cx), cx);
}
return args;
}
private static boolean directEval(CallExpression node) {
Expression base = node.getBase();
if (base instanceof IdentifierReference && "eval".equals(((IdentifierReference) base).getName())) {
return true;
}
return false;
}
@Override
public Object visit(NewExpression node, ExecutionContext cx) {
Object constructor = node.getExpression().accept(this, cx);
constructor = GetValue(constructor, cx);
Object[] args = ArgumentListEvaluation(node.getArguments(), cx);
currentLine = node.getBeginLine();
return CheckConstructor(constructor, cx).construct(cx, args);
}
@Override
public Object visit(NewTarget node, ExecutionContext cx) {
return Operators.GetNewTargetOrUndefined(cx);
}
@Override
public Object visit(ElementAccessor node, ExecutionContext cx) {
Object base = GetValue(node.getBase().accept(this, cx), cx);
Object element = GetValue(node.getElement().accept(this, cx), cx);
currentLine = node.getBeginLine();
return PropertyOperations.getElement(base, element, cx, strict);
}
@Override
public Object visit(PropertyAccessor node, ExecutionContext cx) {
Object base = GetValue(node.getBase().accept(this, cx), cx);
currentLine = node.getBeginLine();
return PropertyOperations.getProperty(base, node.getName(), cx, strict);
}
@Override
public Object visit(IdentifierReference node, ExecutionContext cx) {
currentLine = node.getBeginLine();
return cx.resolveBinding(node.getName(), strict);
}
@Override
public Object visit(ThisExpression node, ExecutionContext cx) {
currentLine = node.getBeginLine();
return cx.resolveThisBinding();
}
/**
* {@link NodeVisitor} to test whether or not the script can be executed by the interpreter.
*/
private static final class InterpreterTest extends DefaultNodeVisitor<Boolean, Void> {
static final DefaultNodeVisitor<Boolean, Void> INSTANCE = new InterpreterTest();
@Override
protected Boolean visit(Node node, Void value) {
return false;
}
@Override
public Boolean visit(Script node, Void value) {
for (StatementListItem stmt : node.getStatements()) {
if (!stmt.accept(this, value)) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
@Override
public Boolean visit(VariableStatement node, Void value) {
for (VariableDeclaration decl : node.getElements()) {
if (!decl.accept(this, value)) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
@Override
public Boolean visit(VariableDeclaration node, Void value) {
Binding binding = node.getBinding();
if (!(binding instanceof BindingIdentifier)) {
return false;
}
Expression initializer = node.getInitializer();
return initializer == null || initializer.accept(this, value);
}
@Override
public Boolean visit(ExpressionStatement node, Void value) {
return node.getExpression().accept(this, value);
}
@Override
public Boolean visit(CallExpression node, Void value) {
if (!node.getBase().accept(this, value)) {
return false;
}
for (Expression expression : node.getArguments()) {
if (!expression.accept(this, value)) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
@Override
public Boolean visit(NewExpression node, Void value) {
if (!node.getExpression().accept(this, value)) {
return false;
}
for (Expression expression : node.getArguments()) {
if (!expression.accept(this, value)) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
@Override
public Boolean visit(NewTarget node, Void value) {
return true;
}
@Override
public Boolean visit(ConditionalExpression node, Void value) {
return node.getTest().accept(this, value) && node.getThen().accept(this, value)
&& node.getOtherwise().accept(this, value);
}
@Override
public Boolean visit(CommaExpression node, Void value) {
for (Expression expression : node.getOperands()) {
if (!expression.accept(this, value)) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
@Override
public Boolean visit(ElementAccessor node, Void value) {
return node.getBase().accept(this, value) && node.getElement().accept(this, value);
}
@Override
public Boolean visit(PropertyAccessor node, Void value) {
return node.getBase().accept(this, value);
}
@Override
public Boolean visit(IdentifierName node, Void value) {
return true;
}
@Override
public Boolean visit(IdentifierReference node, Void value) {
return true;
}
@Override
public Boolean visit(ThisExpression node, Void value) {
return true;
}
@Override
public Boolean visit(RegularExpressionLiteral node, Void value) {
return true;
}
@Override
public Boolean visit(ObjectLiteral node, Void value) {
for (PropertyDefinition propertyDefinition : node.getProperties()) {
if (!propertyDefinition.accept(this, value)) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
@Override
public Boolean visit(PropertyValueDefinition node, Void value) {
return node.getPropertyName().accept(this, value) && node.getPropertyValue().accept(this, value);
}
@Override
public Boolean visit(ArrayLiteral node, Void value) {
for (Expression expression : node.getElements()) {
if (!expression.accept(this, value)) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
@Override
protected Boolean visit(Literal node, Void value) {
return true;
}
@Override
public Boolean visit(AssignmentExpression node, Void value) {
return node.getLeft().accept(this, value) && node.getRight().accept(this, value);
}
@Override
public Boolean visit(BinaryExpression node, Void value) {
return node.getLeft().accept(this, value) && node.getRight().accept(this, value);
}
@Override
public Boolean visit(UnaryExpression node, Void value) {
return node.getOperand().accept(this, value);
}
@Override
public Boolean visit(UpdateExpression node, Void value) {
return node.getOperand().accept(this, value);
}
}
}
| 3,261 |
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisomyia%20bicuspidata | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Harrisomyia bicuspidata | https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harrisomyia bicuspidata&action=history | Swedish | Spoken | 30 | 66 | Harrisomyia bicuspidata är en tvåvingeart som beskrevs av Alexander 1923. Harrisomyia bicuspidata ingår i släktet Harrisomyia och familjen småharkrankar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.
Källor
Småharkrankar
bicuspidata | 9,333 |
12307597_1 | Caselaw Access Project | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,017 | None | None | English | Spoken | 42 | 63 | ON PETITION FOR CERTIFICATION
To the Appellate Division, Superior Court:
A petition for certification of the judgment in A-296/297-15 having been submitted to this Court, and the Court having considered the same;
It is ORDERED that the petition for certification is denied..
| 31,328 |
fk645nv4436_1 | GATT_library | Open Government | Various open data | 1,975 | State trading : Notifications in Accordance with Article XVII:4(a). Addendum. France | None | English | Spoken | 554 | 1,109 | GENERAL AGREEMENT ON
TARIFFS AND TRADE
RESTRICTED
L/4140/Add.6
5 June 1975
Limited Distribution
Original: French
STATE TRADING
Notifications in Accordance with Article XVII:4(a)
Addendum
FRANCE
In connexion with the notification under article XVII:1 of the General Agreement
on Tariffs and Trade, the list of products which in France are subject to State
trading is as follows:
French customs Description of product Bodies responsible for
tariff number the control of imports
Ethyl alcohol, undenatured, of a
strength of 60° or higher;
denatured ethyl alcohol of any
strength
Ethyl alcohol, undenatured, of a
strength of less than 80°
Unmanufactured tobacco; tobacco
refuse
Manufactured tobacco; tobacco
extracts and essences
Service des Alcools du
Ministère de l'Economie et des
Finances
11, rue de l'Echelle
Paris (ler)
-do-
SEITA
(Service d'exploitation
industrielle des tabacs et
allumettes)
53, quai d'Orsay
Paris (7ème)
-do-
22-02
22-09 A
24-01
24-02 L/4140/Add.6
Page 2
French customs Description of produc
tariff number the control of imports
27-05 bis
'27-17
ex 27-07 B I
27-09
27-10
ex 27-11
Coal, briquettes, ovoids and
similar solid fuels manufactured
from coal
Lignite, whether or not
agglomerated
Coke and semi-coke of coal
or lignite
Coal gas, water gas,
producer gas and similar
gases
Electric current
Toluol, xylol, etc.
intended for use as fuel
Petroleum and shale
crude
Petroleum and shale
other than crude
oils
oils
Petroleum gases and other
gaseous hydrocarbons,
excluding chemically pure
methane
ATIC
(Association technique de
l'importation charbonnière)
149, rue de Longchamp
Paris (16ème)
ATIC
(Association technique de
l'importation charbonnière)
149, rue de Longchamp
Paris (16ème)
-do-
Gaz de France
23, rue Philibert Delorme,
Paris (17ème)
Electricité de France
2., rue Louis Murat
Paris (8éme)
Law of 30 March 1928
conferred an import monopoly
on the State, which delegates
the exercise thereof to
various corporations
-do-
-do-
-do-
27-01
27-02
27-0A
" and
B L/4140/Add. 6
Page 3
French customs of product Bodies responsible for
tariff number Description of product the control of imports
Petroleum jelly
Paraffin wax, micro-
crystalline wax and slack
wax, whether or not
coloured
Petroleum bitumen,
petroleum coke and other
petroleum and shale oil
residues
Cut-backs
Potassium fertilizers
Thomas slag
Lubricating preparations
containing petroleum or
shale oils
Prepared waxes, not
emulsified or containing
solvents, with a basis of
products falling within
sub-heading 27-13 B
Law of 30 March 1928
conferred an import monopoly
on the State, which
delegates the exercise
thereof to various
corporations
-do-
-do-
Société commerciale des
Potasses et de l'Azote,
11 avenue Friedland
Paris (8e)
Société Nationale pour la
Vente des scories Thomas,
Mulhouse
Law of 30 March 1928
conferred an import monopoly
on the State, which
delegates the exercise
thereof to various
corporations
-do-
27-12
27-13 B
27-14
27-16 B
ex
ex
ex
28-39 B
28-40 B
28-42,
31-04 and
31-05
(
(
(
(
(
ex 31-03 A
34-03 A
ex 34-04 L/4140/Add.6
Page 4
French custom Description of product Bodies responsible for
tariff number Description of product the control of imports
' _ . . !. .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Powders, explosives, fuses,
detonators etc.
Matches
Mixed alkylenes
Newsprint
Service des Poudres,
12 quai Henri IV
Paris (4e)
SEITA
Law of 30 March 1928
conferred an import monopoly
on the State, which delegates
the exercise thereof to
various corporations
Société professionnelle
des papiers de presse
8, rue Yvon Villarceau
Paris (16ème)
36-01 to
36-05
36-06
38-19 E
48-01 A.
| 38,978 |
https://github.com/SePro3/pacs/blob/master/LesionTracker/client/routes.js | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | pacs | SePro3 | JavaScript | Code | 145 | 518 | import { Session } from 'meteor/session';
import { Router } from 'meteor/iron:router';
Session.setDefault('ViewerData', {});
// verifyEmail controls whether emailVerification template will be rendered or not
var verifyEmail = Meteor.settings && Meteor.settings.public && Meteor.settings.public.verifyEmail || false;
Router.configure({
layoutTemplate: 'layout',
loadingTemplate: 'layout'
});
Router.onBeforeAction('loading');
var data = {
additionalTemplates: [
'optionsModal',
'serverInformationModal',
'lastLoginModal',
'viewSeriesDetailsModal'
]
};
var routerOptions = {
data: data
};
Router.route('/', function() {
// Check user is logged in
if (Meteor.user() && Meteor.userId()) {
if (verifyEmail && Meteor.user().emails && !Meteor.user().emails[0].verified) {
this.render('emailVerification', routerOptions);
}
else {
const contentId = Session.get('activeContentId');
if(!contentId) {
Session.set('activeContentId', 'studylistTab');
}
this.render('app', routerOptions);
}
}
else {
this.render('entrySignIn', routerOptions);
}
});
Router.route('/viewer/timepoints/:_id', {
layoutTemplate: 'layout',
name: 'viewer',
onBeforeAction: function() {
var timepointId = this.params._id;
this.render('app', routerOptions);
OHIF.lesiontracker.openNewTabWithTimepoint(timepointId);
}
});
Router.onBeforeAction(function() {
if (!Meteor.userId() && !Meteor.loggingIn()) {
this.render('entrySignIn');
} else {
this.next();
}
}, {
except: ['entrySignIn', 'entrySignUp', 'forgotPassword', 'resetPassword']
});
| 45,392 |
US-202129779427-F_1 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,021 | None | None | English | Spoken | 134 | 193 | Kiosk
FIG. 1 is a top perspective view of a kiosk according to an embodiment of the application.
FIG. 2 is a front view of the kiosk shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a rear view of the kiosk shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a first side view of the kiosk shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 5 is a second side view of the kiosk shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 6 is a top view of the kiosk shown in FIG. 1; and,
FIG. 7 is a bottom view of the kiosk shown in FIG. 1.
The elements shown in broken lines are included for the purpose of illustrating environment and form no part of the claimed design.
CLAIM We claim the ornamental design for a kiosk, as shown and described..
| 1,108 |
5533723_1 | Court Listener | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,022 | None | None | English | Spoken | 45 | 79 | OPINION OF THE COURT
Order reversed, with costs, and petition dismissed for reasons stated in the dissenting memorandum by Mr. Justice James D. Hopkins at the Appellate Division (75 AD2d 831, 833-834).
Concur: Chief Judge Cooke and Judges Jasen, Gabrielli, Jones, Wachtler, Fuchsberg and Meyer.
| 46,808 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16692603 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | Roszheldorproject | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 182 | 542 | Росжелдорпроект
Росжелдорпроект это частный случай понятия бизнес
Росжелдорпроект это частный случай понятия предприятие
Росжелдорпроект дата основания, создания, возникновения 2006
Росжелдорпроект код grid global research grid.495106.f
Росжелдорпроект логотип Rzdp.png
Росжелдорпроект организационно-правовая форма акционерное общество
Росжелдорпроект совокупные активы , момент времени 2017
Росжелдорпроект расположение штаб-квартиры Москва
Росжелдорпроект собственный капитал , момент времени 2017
Росжелдорпроект общая выручка , момент времени 2017
Росжелдорпроект операционная прибыль , момент времени 2017
Росжелдорпроект чистая прибыль , момент времени 2017
Росжелдорпроект официальный сайт http://www.rzdp.ru/, язык произведения или названия русский язык
Росжелдорпроект идентификатор ROR 03har5c20
Росжелдорпроект код в Google Knowledge Graph /g/1ydxpypxc
Roszheldorproject
Roszheldorproject instance of business
Roszheldorproject instance of enterprise
Roszheldorproject inception 2006
Roszheldorproject GRID ID grid.495106.f
Roszheldorproject logo image Rzdp.png
Roszheldorproject legal form joint-stock company
Roszheldorproject total assets , point in time 2017
Roszheldorproject headquarters location Moscow
Roszheldorproject total equity , point in time 2017
Roszheldorproject total revenue , point in time 2017
Roszheldorproject operating income , point in time 2017
Roszheldorproject net profit , point in time 2017
Roszheldorproject official website http://www.rzdp.ru/, language of work or name Russian
Roszheldorproject ROR ID 03har5c20
Roszheldorproject Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/1ydxpypxc | 17,820 |
https://github.com/ruabmbua/riscv/blob/master/src/register/vexriscv/mip.rs | Github Open Source | Open Source | ISC | 2,020 | riscv | ruabmbua | Rust | Code | 10 | 37 | //! vexriscv mip register -- machine irq pending
read_csr_as_usize!(0xFC0, __read_vmip);
| 29,907 |
US-41749506-A_2 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,006 | None | None | English | Spoken | 1,043 | 1,189 | The deactivation circuit 60, 31 explained ensures that the compensation arrangement 20 is deactivated in each case after rising and falling edges of the input voltage Vin, as a result of which settling operations of the operational amplifier 11 that follow such a level change of the input voltage Vin, by means of the compensation arrangement 20, do not affect the generation of the offset compensation signal V21.
While the invention disclosed herein has been described in terms of several preferred embodiments, there are numerous alterations, permutations, and equivalents which fall within the scope of this invention. It should also be noted that there are many alternative ways of implementing the methods and compositions of the present invention. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims be interpreted as including all such alterations, permutations, and equivalents as fall within the true spirit and scope of the present invention.
1. A circuit arrangement comprising: a first amplifier circuit including signal inputs configured to receive an input signal, a signal output configured to provide an output signal, and a first operational amplifier, wherein the first operational amplifier includes first operational amplifier inputs connected to the signal inputs, a first operational amplifier output coupled to the signal output, and a first compensation input configured to receive an offset compensation signal; a first compensation circuit connected to the first operational amplifier inputs, wherein the first compensation circuit is configured to provide the offset compensation signal; and a deactivation circuit configured to temporarily deactivate the first compensation circuit.
2. The circuit arrangement of claim 1 wherein the deactivation circuit is configured to deactivate the first compensation circuit depending on the input signal.
3. The circuit arrangement of claim 2 wherein the deactivation circuit is designed to deactivate the first compensation circuit for a time duration after a level change of the input signal.
4. The circuit arrangement of claim 1 wherein the deactivation circuit comprises an auxiliary amplifier circuit including auxiliary amplifier inputs connected to the signal inputs of the first amplifier circuit, an auxiliary amplifier output configured to provide an auxiliary output signal, and an auxiliary operational amplifier, wherein the auxiliary operational amplifier includes auxiliary operational amplifier inputs connected to the auxiliary amplifier inputs, and an auxiliary operational amplifier output coupled to the auxiliary amplifier output, and a combination circuit, wherein the combination circuit is configured to receive the output signal and the auxiliary output signal, and wherein the combination circuit is configured to generate a deactivation signal depending on a comparison of the output signal and the auxiliary output signal.
5. The circuit arrangement of claim 4 wherein the auxiliary operational amplifier and the operational amplifier have different time constants.
6. The circuit arrangement of claim 4 wherein the combination circuit comprises an XOR gate.
7. The circuit arrangement of claim 1 wherein the first compensation circuit comprises a second operational amplifier including second operational amplifier inputs connected to the first operational amplifier inputs, a second operational amplifier output, and a second compensation input.
8. The circuit arrangement of claim 7 further comprising a second compensation circuit connected to the second compensation input, wherein the second compensation circuit is configured to generate a second compensation signal for the second operational amplifier.
9. The circuit arrangement of claim 7 wherein the second operational amplifier is a transconductance amplifier, and wherein the first compensation circuit includes a capacitive storage element connected to the second operational amplifier output and to the first compensation input of the first operational amplifier, and wherein the offset compensation signal is present across the capacitive storage element.
10. The circuit arrangement of claim 9 wherein the deactivation circuit comprises a switch connected between the second operational amplifier and the capacitive storage element.
11. The circuit arrangement of claim 1 wherein the output of the first operational amplifier is feedback-connected to one of the first operational amplifier inputs.
12. The circuit arrangement of claim 1 further comprising a measuring resistor connected between the signal inputs of the first amplifier circuit.
13. The circuit arrangement of claim 12 wherein the circuit arrangement is configured to provide a control signal, wherein a measurement current flows through the measuring resistor according to the control signal, and wherein the deactivation circuit is designed to deactivate the first compensation circuit according to the control signal.
14. A circuit arrangement comprising: a first amplifier circuit, the first amplifier circuit including first amplifier inputs configured to receive an input signal, a first amplifier output configured to provide an output signal, and a first compensation input configured to receive an offset compensation signal; a first compensation circuit connected to the first amplifier inputs, the first compensation circuit configured to receive the input signal and provide the offset compensation signal; and a deactivation circuit configured to temporarily deactivate the first compensation circuit depending on the input signal received by the first compensation circuit.
15. The circuit arrangement of claim 14 wherein the deactivation circuit is designed to deactivate the first compensation circuit for a predetermined time duration after a level change of the input signal.
16. The circuit arrangement of claim 14 wherein the deactivation circuit comprises an auxiliary amplifier circuit including auxiliary amplifier inputs configured to receive the input signal and an auxiliary amplifier output configured to provide an auxiliary output signal.
17. The circuit arrangement of claim 16 wherein the deactivation circuit further comprises a combination circuit, wherein the combination circuit is configured to receive the output signal and the auxiliary output signal and generate a deactivation signal depending on a comparison of the output signal and the auxiliary output signal.
18. The circuit arrangement of claim 16 wherein the first amplifier circuit comprises a first operational amplifier and wherein the auxiliary amplifier circuit comprises an auxiliary operational amplifier.
19. A circuit arrangement comprising: a first amplifier circuit, the first amplifier circuit including means for receiving an input signal, means for providing an output signal, and means for receiving an offset compensation signal; a first compensation circuit connected to the first amplifier circuit, the first compensation circuit comprising means for receiving the input signal and means for providing the offset compensation signal to the first amplifier circuit; and means for temporarily deactivating the first compensation circuit depending on the input signal..
| 4,419 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acraea%20andromacha | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Acraea andromacha | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acraea andromacha&action=history | English | Spoken | 113 | 263 | Acraea andromacha, the glasswing or small greasy, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Australia, New Guinea and surrounding islands. See the subspecies section for more details.
The wingspan is about 60 mm.
The larvae feed on Adenia heterophylla, Passiflora cinnabarina, Passiflora herbertiana, Passiflora foetida, Passiflora mollissima, Passiflora suberosa, Passiflora subpeltata, Hybanthus aurantiacus and Hybanthus enneaspermus.
Subspecies
Acraea andromacha andromacha (Timor Sea, Northern Australia to New South Wales)
Acraea andromacha sanderi Rothschild, 1893 (Papua New Guinea)
Acraea andromacha oenome Kirby, 1889 (Islands of South-Eastern coast of Papua)
References
External links
Australian Caterpillars
Images representing Acraea andromacha at Bold
andromacha
Butterflies described in 1775
Taxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius | 50,594 |
https://github.com/steschemacher/LOCASIN/blob/master/code/LOCASIN.m | Github Open Source | Open Source | BSD-3-Clause | 2,020 | LOCASIN | steschemacher | MATLAB | Code | 1,424 | 5,153 | % ###### tool for basin location determination ######
% analysis of the topography in order to find basin locations
%
%
% input variables and files:
% define_input_directory_and_file.txt
% (line 1: directory, line 2: file)
% read_from_xlsx (1/0: yes/no)
%
% functions: USER_INPUT.m / USER_INPUT_from_xlsx.m (user_input.xlsx)
% fun_1_river_analysis.m
% (fun_ASCIIimport.m)
% fun_2_determine_shortest_dam.m
% fun_3_determine_river_points_in_basin.m
% fun_4_determine_dam_characteristics.m
% fun_5_determine_basin_area_and_volume.m
% fun_6_evaluate_basins.m
% fun_7_selection_of_basin_combinations
% fun_8_determine_depth_storage_area_curves.m
% fun_9_summary_and_save_output.m
% fun_10_plot_results.m
%
%
% Author: Sonja Teschemacher
% email: [email protected]
% August 2019; Last revision: 15-Jun-2020
clear all
close all
clc
% decision whether to read data from xlsx or m-file
read_from_xlsx = 1;
global river_points river_points_all save_memory basins_selected dam_points
if read_from_xlsx==1
info_input = textread('define_input_directory_and_file.txt','%s');
name_directory = info_input{1};
try
cd(name_directory)
catch
error(sprintf('The defined input directory is not existing:\n %s',name_directory))
end
end
diary('logfile.txt')
try
%-- define status figure ---------------------------------------------%
logo = imread('locasin.jpg');
overview = figure('name','status','NumberTitle','off','visible','off');
s = subplot(1,1,1);
imshow(logo)
size_position = get(overview,'Position');
set(overview,'Position',[size_position(1),size_position(2),min(size(logo,2),round(size_position(3)*.8)),min(size(logo,2),round(size_position(3)*.8))/size(logo,2)*size(logo,1)]);
set(s,'Position',[0,0,1,1])
overview_fontsize = (min(size(logo,2),round(size_position(3)*.8))/size(logo,2)*size(logo,1))/30;
set(overview,'visible','on')
pause(1)
%---------------------------------------------------------------------%
%% PREPROCESSING
%-- update status figure ---------------------------------------------%
if ishandle(overview)==1
set(0,'CurrentFigure',overview)
annotation('textbox',[.1,.45,.5,.05],'String','analyzing river network...','linestyle','none','fontsize',overview_fontsize)
pause(1)
end
%-- calculate duration -----------------------------------------------%
time_start_total = now();
%---------------------------------------------------------------------%
%#####################################################################%
%%% read user input %%%
%#####################################################################%
% --> selection of the desired input-data-format
if read_from_xlsx ==1
name_file = info_input{2};
% read user input from user_input.xlsx-file
[save_options,plot_options,raster_selected] = USER_INPUT_from_xlsx(name_directory,name_file);
else
% read user input from USER_INPUT.m-function
[save_options,plot_options,raster_selected] = USER_INPUT;
end
%#####################################################################%
%%% analyze the river network %%%
%#####################################################################%
fun_1_river_analysis;
% copy river_points-struct and thin out the variables
river_points_all = river_points;
fields = setdiff(fieldnames(river_points_all),{'id','id_grid','x_coord','y_coord',...
'exit_code','row','col','dem','dem_fill','acc','vorgaenger','nachfolger'});
river_points_all = rmfield(river_points_all,fields);
%-- calculate duration -----------------------------------------------%
time_end = now;
duration = (time_end-time_start_total)*24*60;
fprintf('Preprocessing completed: %3.3f min\n',duration);
%-- update status figure ---------------------------------------------%
if ishandle(overview)==1
set(0,'CurrentFigure',overview)
annotation('textbox',[.4,.45,.5,.05],'String',sprintf('finished: %7.3f min',duration),'linestyle','none','fontsize',overview_fontsize)
pause(1)
end
%---------------------------------------------------------------------%
%% DAM ANALYSIS
%-- update status figure ---------------------------------------------%
if ishandle(overview)==1
set(0,'CurrentFigure',overview)
annotation('textbox',[.1,.4,.5,.05],'String','analyzing dam orientations...','linestyle','none','fontsize',overview_fontsize)
pause(1)
end
%-- calculate duration -----------------------------------------------%
time_start = now();
%---------------------------------------------------------------------%
% select points which have not been excluded before
if save_memory == 0
points_to_analyze = [river_points([river_points.exit_code]<=0).id];
else
river_points = river_points([river_points.exit_code]<=0);
points_to_analyze = 1:length(river_points);
end
for i_point = points_to_analyze
if river_points(i_point).exit_code <= 0
i_point_all = find([river_points_all.id]==river_points(i_point).id);
%#############################################################%
%%% detect dam endpoints (if possible) %%%
%#############################################################%
% determine the shortest dam at a river point to close the valley
fun_2_determine_shortest_dam(i_point,i_point_all)
end
end
%-- calculate duration -----------------------------------------------%
time_end = now;
duration = (time_end-time_start)*24*60;
fprintf('Dam analysis completed: %3.3f min\n',duration);
%-- update status figure ---------------------------------------------%
if ishandle(overview)==1
set(0,'CurrentFigure',overview)
annotation('textbox',[.4,.4,.5,.05],'String',sprintf('finished: %7.3f min',duration),'linestyle','none','fontsize',overview_fontsize)
pause(1)
end
%---------------------------------------------------------------------%
%% BASIN ANALYSIS
%-- update status figure ---------------------------------------------%
if ishandle(overview)==1
set(0,'CurrentFigure',overview)
annotation('textbox',[.1,.35,.5,.05],'String','analyzing basin locations...','linestyle','none','fontsize',overview_fontsize)
pause(1)
end
%-- calculate duration -----------------------------------------------%
time_start = now();
%---------------------------------------------------------------------%
% select points which have not been excluded before
if save_memory == 0
points_to_analyze = [river_points([river_points.exit_code]<=0).id];
else
river_points = river_points([river_points.exit_code]<=0);
points_to_analyze = [river_points.id];
end
for id_analyze = points_to_analyze
i_point = find([river_points.id]==id_analyze);
i_point_all = find([river_points_all.id]==id_analyze);
%#################################################################%
%%% determine river points within the potential basin %%%
%#################################################################%
% determine all river points, which are potentially in the basin by
% comparison of the elevation of the upstream river points with the
% top elevation of the dam
fun_3_determine_river_points_in_basin(i_point,i_point_all);
if river_points(i_point).exit_code>0
if save_memory == 1
% exclude site
river_points = river_points([river_points.exit_code]<=0);
end
% no further analysis required (no basin end point existent)
continue
end
%#################################################################%
%%% determine dam characteristics and volume %%%
%#################################################################%
% determine dam characteristics for different heights: dam heights,
% dam elevations, dam volumes, dam axis lengths, dam axis heights
fun_4_determine_dam_characteristics(i_point);
if river_points(i_point).exit_code>0
if save_memory == 1
% exclude site
river_points = river_points([river_points.exit_code]<=0);
end
% no further analysis required (all pot. dams are too high)
continue
end
%#################################################################%
%%% determine basin area and volume %%%
%#################################################################%
fun_5_determine_basin_area_and_volume(i_point,i_point_all);
if river_points(i_point).exit_code>0
if save_memory == 1
% exclude site
river_points = river_points([river_points.exit_code]<=0);
end
% no further analysis required (no basin possible)
continue
end
%#################################################################%
%%% rate the determined basins %%%
%#################################################################%
fun_6_evaluate_basins(i_point,i_point_all);
if river_points(i_point).exit_code>0
if save_memory == 1
% exclude site
river_points = river_points([river_points.exit_code]<=0);
end
% no further analysis required (no basin possible)
continue
end
end
%-- calculate duration -----------------------------------------------%
time_end = now;
duration = (time_end-time_start)*24*60;
fprintf('Basin analysis completed: %3.3f min\n',duration);
%-- update status figure ---------------------------------------------%
if ishandle(overview)==1
set(0,'CurrentFigure',overview)
annotation('textbox',[.4,.35,.5,.05],'String',sprintf('finished: %7.3f min',duration),'linestyle','none','fontsize',overview_fontsize)
pause(1)
end
%---------------------------------------------------------------------%
%% BASIN COMBINATION
%-- update status figure ---------------------------------------------%
if ishandle(overview)==1
set(0,'CurrentFigure',overview)
annotation('textbox',[.1,.3,.5,.05],'String','selecting basin combination...','linestyle','none','fontsize',overview_fontsize)
pause(1)
end
%-- calculate duration -----------------------------------------------%
time_start = now();
%---------------------------------------------------------------------%
if save_memory == 0
% select points which have not been excluded before
points_to_analyze = [river_points([river_points.exit_code]<=0).id];
dam_points = river_points(points_to_analyze);
else
dam_points = river_points;
end
%#####################################################################%
%%% selection of the best basin combination %%%
%#####################################################################%
if isempty(dam_points)==0
basins_selected = fun_7_selection_of_basin_combination(dam_points);
else
disp('No basin site available.')
% exclude saving-options with empty files
save_dam_points = 0;
save_basins_selected = 0;
save_basins_as_ascii = 0;
save_curves_as_excel = 0;
% exclude plotting-options with empty plots
plot_spatial_overview = 0;
plot_factsheet_p1 = 0;
plot_factsheet_p2 = 0;
plot_dam_comparison = 0;
plot_curve_comparison = 0;
end
%#####################################################################%
%%% determine curves for water depth, basin area and basin storage %%
%#####################################################################%
for i_point = 1:length(basins_selected)
fun_8_determine_depth_storage_area_curves(i_point);
end
%-- calculate duration -----------------------------------------------%
time_end = now;
duration = (time_end-time_start)*24*60;
fprintf('Basin combination selected: %3.3f min\n',duration);
%-- update status figure ---------------------------------------------%
if ishandle(overview)==1
set(0,'CurrentFigure',overview)
annotation('textbox',[.4,.3,.5,.05],'String',sprintf('finished: %7.3f min',duration),'linestyle','none','fontsize',overview_fontsize)
pause(1)
end
%---------------------------------------------------------------------%
%% POSTPROCESSING
%#####################################################################%
%%% summary of the results: save output-files %%%
%#####################################################################%
%-- update status figure ---------------------------------------------%
if ishandle(overview)==1
set(0,'CurrentFigure',overview)
annotation('textbox',[.1,.25,.5,.05],'String','saving results...','linestyle','none','fontsize',overview_fontsize)
pause(1)
end
%-- calculate duration -----------------------------------------------%
time_start = now();
%---------------------------------------------------------------------%
%%% save results %%%
fun_9_summary_and_save_output(save_options)
%-- calculate duration -----------------------------------------------%
time_end = now;
duration = (time_end-time_start)*24*60;
fprintf('Results saved: %3.3f min\n',duration);
%-- update status figure ---------------------------------------------%
if ishandle(overview)==1
set(0,'CurrentFigure',overview)
annotation('textbox',[.4,.25,.5,.05],'String',sprintf('finished: %7.3f min',duration),'linestyle','none','fontsize',overview_fontsize)
pause(1)
end
%---------------------------------------------------------------------%
%#####################################################################%
%%% summary of the results: save plots %%%
%#####################################################################%
%-- update status figure ---------------------------------------------%
if ishandle(overview)==1
set(0,'CurrentFigure',overview)
annotation('textbox',[.1,.2,.5,.05],'String','plotting results...','linestyle','none','fontsize',overview_fontsize)
pause(1)
end
%-- calculate duration -----------------------------------------------%
time_start = now();
%---------------------------------------------------------------------%
%%% plot figures %%%
fun_10_plot_results(plot_options,raster_selected);
%-- calculate duration -----------------------------------------------%
time_end = now;
duration = (time_end-time_start)*24*60;
duration_total = (time_end-time_start_total)*24*60;
fprintf('Figures saved: %3.3f min\n',duration);
fprintf('Total duration: %3.3f min\n',duration_total);
%-- update status figure ---------------------------------------------%
if ishandle(overview)==1
set(0,'CurrentFigure',overview)
annotation('textbox',[.4,.2,.5,.05],'String',sprintf('finished: %7.3f min',duration),'linestyle','none','fontsize',overview_fontsize)
pause(1)
annotation('textbox',[.45,.12,.5,.05],'String',sprintf('Total duration: %7.3f min\n',duration_total),'linestyle','none','fontsize',overview_fontsize)
end
%---------------------------------------------------------------------%
diary off
catch ME
%-- update status figure ---------------------------------------------%
if ishandle(overview)==1
set(0,'CurrentFigure',overview)
annotation('textbox',[.45,.12,.4,.05],'String','ERROR. Read logfile for more details.','linestyle','none','fontsize',overview_fontsize)
end
%---------------------------------------------------------------------%
rethrow(ME)
diary off
end
%% exit codes
%
%
% LOCASIN.m
% - no exclusions
%
% fun_1_river_analysis.m:
% 1: river point too close to border or excluded by spatial data for dam
% restrictions (e.g. buffer of river network) which was defined by
% the user in USER_INPUT.m (name of grid and numbers to include or
% exclude)
% 2: exclusion by spatial data for basin restrictions (e.g. land use)
% which was defined by the user in USER_INPUT.m (name of grid and
% numbers to include or exclude)
% 3: target basin volume is too small for target specific volume
% --> (too) large rivers are excluded
% [the maximum basin volume (user definition) would result in a
% specific volume at the site, which is lower than the minimum
% specific volume (user definition)]
% 4: target basin volume is too large for target specific volume
% --> (too) small rivers are exclued
% [the minimum basin volume (user definition) would result in a
% specific volume at the site, which is higher than the maximum
% specific volume (user definition)]
%
% fun_2_determine_shortest_dam.m
% 5: dam is excluded for further analysis, because it is a neighbor of
% an already determined dam (user definition to reduce the
% computational effort)
% 6: there is no dam possible to close the valley
% (for >= minimum height and length)
% -1: dam height had to be reduced to close the valley
%
% fun_3_determine_river_points_in_basin.m
% 7: no basin end point exists (river point)
% -2: dam height had to be reduced, because the basin endpoint could not
% be found within the extent of the DEM
%
% fun_4_determine_dam_characteristics.m
% - no exclusions
%
% fun_5_determine_basin_area_and_volume.m
% 8: no upstream river point availabe for the basin area analysis
% 9: only river points on the shoreline or dam could be found
% 10: basin touches the borders of the selected DEM
% (usually occurs, if the dam does not close the valley totally, e.g.
% if there is a conjunction within the basin)
% -3: dam height had to be reduced, because the basin touched the borders
% of the DEM
%
% fun_6_evaluate_basins.m
% 11: dam (points) too high
% 12: maximum dam height not high enough
% 13: dam axis is too long
% 14: dam volumes not large enough
% 15: dam volumes too large
% 16: too many exclusion-cells in the basin
% (definition of the specific number by user)
% 17: specific volume too small
% 18: specific volume too large
%
% fun_7_selection_of_basin_combination.m
% - no exclusions
%
% fun_8_determine_depth_storage_area_curves.m
% - no exclusions
%
%
| 47,404 |
textbookofphysio00hallrich_37 | US-PD-Books | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,905 | A text-book of physiology, normal and pathological. For students and practitioners of medicine | None | English | Spoken | 7,651 | 11,273 | Peroneal M Ext. Long. Hallucius Tibialis Anticus Ant. Tibial Abv. Bet. 11-12. Ant. Tibial 734 SPECIAL PHYSIOLOGY In the compilation of the above table it was found that the state- ments of Gray, Quain, and other anatomists do not agree as to the function of particular muscles. In all such cases the author has accepted the authority of Duchenne, whose classic work, "Physiologic des Mouvements," still remains without an equal. 3. Animal Mechanics. — Animal mechanics is the application of the laws of mechanics to animal motion. The bones are used as levers; the articular surfaces of bones usually serve as fulcrums, while the power is exerted by the muscles. In a vast majority of cases the bones represent levers of the third class — in which rapidity of motion is attained at the expense of power. In other words, the arrangement of the bone-muscle organs is such that a contraction of a muscle — moderate in extent and rate of motion — is manifested by a movement of the limb which is much in excess, as to extent and rate, of the movement of the power. In solving problems in animal mechanics the principal factors to be considered are: (i) the relative length of the two lever arms; (n) the relative size of the muscles involved in any movement; (in) the direction in which the power acts, and (iv) the weight to be moved. (a) Problems in Animal Mechanics. — Two typical problems in animal mechanics are the following:1 1. Determine, in a particular case, the tension exerted upon the tendo Achillis in supporting the weight (60 kilograms) of the subject upon the ball of the foot. 2. How much tension would there be on the biceps tendon in the subject upon your dissecting table when he holds a ten-kilo, iron ball in the most advantageous position? This is a typical problem, and its solution will make the difficulties to be encountered apparent. It will also show that nothing more than an approximate solution can be attained without an extended and detailed study. SOLUTION. — The principal muscle involved in the required action being the biceps, the most advantageous position is the one in which that muscle exerts its power in a line perpendicular to the lever. Placing the subject's arm as nearly as possible in that position, one takes the following measurements: (i) The long arm of the lever; this would be from the centre of articulation between the humerus and the ulna, to the centre of the ten-kilo, ball, which would be, approximately, to the distal extremities of the metacarpal bone (36 cm.), (n) The short arm of the biceps lever; this would be the 1 Both of the problems stated above are problems in " muscle statics." Such problems deal with tension upon muscles when the limb is in a certain fixed position. There are much more complicated problems which deal with the energy exerted in a more or less complex movement when the leverages and angles of tension are constantly varying. Such problems in "muscle dynamics" can only be solved by the application of higher mathematics. Otto Fischer, of Leipzig, has done much to throw light upon this field of physiology. See his "Beitrage zur Muskel-statik ;" also "Beitrage zu einer Muskel-dynamik." THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 735 distance from the centre of the insertion of the biceps to the fulcrum — the centre of articulation (6 cm.), (in) The short arm of the lever for the brachialis anticus. If the brachialis anticus were exactly parallel to the biceps the short arm would be the distance from the insertion to the fulcrum (5 cm.), as in the biceps; but it is not parallel. A line drawn from the fulcrum perpendicular to the axis of the brachialis anticus, fa', is shorter than the line / a. The angle between the brachialis anticus and the biceps is approximately 10 degrees; therefore, the angle a f af would be approximately 10 degrees; then a' f is the cosine 10 degrees or 98 per cent, of the radius a / (5 cm.), or 4.9 cm. (iv) The power-arm of the supinator longus is the perpendicular distance from the fulcrum to the line of force of the supinator longus FIG. 295 Mechanics of flexion of the forearm. [The upper a is to be understood as a'.] and is represented by the line / s, which is 4.8 cm. Now the carpal and digital flexors which take origin from the huinerus act as forearm flexors after having flexed the carpus and digits. In the action under consideration they would not be brought into forcible action as carpal and digital flexors. We may, therefore, ignore them and confine our discussion to the three muscles mentioned above. In the action of the biceps the long arm is 36 cm. and the short arm 6 cm.; in the action of the brachialis anticus the long arm is 36 cm. and the short arm 4.9 cm.; in the action of the supinator longus the long arm is 36 cm. and the short arm 4.8 cm. Reducing these to per cent, ratios we have : For the biceps, which we will designate as 6, 16.6 per cent, leverage; for the brachialis anticus, which we will designate as a, 13.6 per cent, leverage; and for the 736 SPECIAL PHYSIOLOGY supinator longus, which we will designate as s, 13.3 per cent, leverage. But there is another important consideration: Fick has demon- strated that when the fibres are parallel the strength of two muscles is proportional to the areas of their cross-sections.1 The average ratio of the diameter of the three muscles in question is 4 : 2 : 1, respect- ively; but the areas of the cross-sections would be proportional to the squares of the diameters, or as 16 : 4 : 1, respectively. This means that with the same leverage the biceps would lift four times as much as the brachialis anticus, and that the brachialis anticus would, with the same leverage, lift four times as much as the supinator longus. We have now discussed the relation of these three factors as to leverage and as to relative power exerted. As to leverage one may say: The power of the three muscles varies in proportion to biceps leverage (bl) ; brachialis anticus leverage (a/); supinator longus leverage (si), respectively; or, mathematically expressed, P varies as bl : al : si, or varies as 16.6 : 13.6 : 13.3. As to cross-section one may say: The power varies in proportion to the respective cross-sections (s) or P varies as bs : as : ss = 16 : 4 : 1. Now, when any function varies with two or more variable factors, its variation when influenced by the action of all of these factors at once would be represented by the product of the several variables. Then the power varies as the leverage times the cross-section of each of the muscles when all act together, or, expressed mathematically, P varies as b(lXs): a(lXs): s(lXs). But b(lXs) = -- 16.6 X 16 = 265.6, or 79.7 per cent, of the total power exerted; a(lXs) = 13.6 X 4 = 54.4, or 16.3 per cent, of the total power exerted; s(lXs) = 13.3 X 1 = 13.3, or 4.0 percent, of the total power exerted; total = 333.3, or 100.0 per cent. But the weight supported by the action of these muscles is 10 kilos. If the biceps does 79.7 per cent, of the total work, it would support 7.97 kilos'. What would be tension upon the tendon of the biceps when it is supporting 7.97 kilos, at the end of its lever? One needs only to use the 16.6 per cent, leverage (7.97 -r- 16.6 per cent.) to find that the tension would be 47.8 kilos. A similar process shows that the approximate tension upon the tendon of the brachialis anticus is 12 kilos, and upon the tendon of the supinator longus 3 kilos. (b) The Amount of Contraction of a Muscle bears a fairly constant ratio to the resting length of the muscle. This law of muscle physiology was discovered and demonstrated by Ed. Fr. Weber2 and was cited by Strasser3 as an example of the adaptation of muscle tissue to the mechanical requirements of the body. Weber 1 Hermann's Handbuch der Physiologie, vol. i. p. 295. 2 Mechanik der menschlichen Gehwerkzeuge, 1851, s Funktionellen Anpassung der Quergestreiften Muskeln, 1883. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 737 showed that the maximum contraction of which a muscle fibre is capable is approximately 47 per cent, of its resting length. Both Weber and Strasser looked upon this as the factor which determines the length of the muscles, and the location of their points of origin and insertion. In all of the skeletal muscles the tension of the con- tracting muscle is greater than the weight lifted. The farther the insertion of a muscle from a joint (fulcrum) the less the tension upon the muscle and the greater the amount of contraction or shortening necessary; but the inherent structure of striated muscle tissue seems to set 47 per cent, as the limit of the extent of its contraction. The fact that all skeletal muscles actually do contract that much (varying however, in special instances from 44 per cent, to 62 per cent.) indicates that the position of the origin and insertion or the length of muscle tissue (excluding tendon) between the origin and insertion; or, more likely, that both of these structural features have been deter- mined by the laws of selection, and now represent in all highly organized animals the most perfect mechanical adjustment consistent with the inherent properties of muscle tissue. (c) Problems in Human Locomotion, (a) THE MUSCLES USED IN LOCOMOTION. — Let a person stand erect with heels together; let him take several steps forward and stop in a position similar to the one which he had at the beginning. What is the mechanism of starting? What muscles are involved in starting? What is the mechanism of locomotion? What muscles are involved in locomotion? What is the mechanism of equilibration while walking? What muscles are involved in maintaining the equilibrium while walking? What is the mechanism of stopping? What muscles are involved in stopping? How is the equilibrium maintained during the process of stopping? What muscles are involved in the maintenance of equi- librium while standing? How does running differ from walking in the starting, the locomotion, the equilibration, and the stopping? (ft) THE ENERGY INVOLVED IN LOCOMOTION. — How far is the body lifted at each step when one walks over a level surface? When one walks up an incline of 30 degrees? When one walks down an incline of 30 degrees? Does one do work while walking down hill? If so, how may it be computed ? If not, why does one become fatigued in descending an incline? How much energy will a 70-kilo. man expend in walking 1 kilo, on a level road ? (Suppose the man to be 172 cm. in height, and to have a pubic height of 88 cm.) A part of the energy will be expended (i) in lifting the body, (11) a part in maintaining equilibrium, (in) and a part in overcoming resistance. Express in kilogram-metres the amount of energy expended in (i). How could one determine the amount of energy expended in (11)? 47 DIVISION C. CHAPTEE XIII. REPRODUCTION.! THE PHYSIOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION. 1. THE OVUM. 2. MATURATION. 3. FERTILIZATION. 4. SEGMENTATION. 5. THE EMBRYO: HISTOGENESIS. (a) THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GERM LAYERS. (6) THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRIMITIVE SEGMENTS. (c) THE BEGINNING OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. (d) THE MESENCHYME. (e) THE ORIGIN OF THE URINARY SYSTEM. (/) SUMMARY OF EARLY DEVELOPMENT: HISTOGENESIS. 6. THE FETUS: ORGANOGENESIS. (a) THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. (6) THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. (c) THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. (d) THE UROGENITAL SYSTEM. (e) THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. 7. THE FETAL ENVELOPES. (a) THE FETAL MEMBRANES. (6) MATERNAL PORTION OF ENVELOPES: DECIDU^E AND PLACENTA. 8. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EMBRYO AND FCETUS. (a) NUTRITION. (6) MOTOSENSORY ACTIVITY. 9. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF MATERNITY. (a) PREGNANCY AND PARTURITION. (6) LACTATION. THE parental phases of reproduction include all of those activities involved in the production of offspring. Two general phases in the production of offspring are (i) the transmission of hereditary char- 1 The introduction to the processes of reproduction may be found in Part I., Cellular Biology. It is proposed to give here a very brief summary of mammalian reproduction and development, especially emphasizing the physiologic phases of the processes. REPRODUCTION 739 acters and (n) the nourishment and protection of the young during a longer or snorter period of development. In mammalian reproduction one may profitably consider the following special processes: (i) The formation of the germ cells; the maturation of the germ cells; the conjugation or fusion of the germ cells (fertilization}, (n) The segmentation of the fertilized ovum; the intrauterine development successively, of the blastoderm, the gastrula, the three-layered embryo, and the foetus; parturition; lactation; extrauterine development. Some of these processes represent activities of the parents; some, those of the developing young. Human spermatozoa. X 1000. 1, in profile ; 2, viewed on the flat ; 6, head ; c, middle piece ; d, tail ; e, end piece of the tail, which is de- scribed as a distinct part by Retzius. (Schiifer, after Retzius.) Semidiagrammatic representation of a mammalian ovum. (Highly magnified.) sp, zona pellucida ; vi, vitellus ; gv, germinal vesicle ; gs, germinal spot. (Schiifer.) The paternal portion of the general process consists in the pro- duction of the male germ cells and assisting in the nourishment and protection of the young during its extrauterine development. The male reproductive cell — the spermatozoon (Fig. 296) — serves the double purpose (i) of transmitting to the offspring the hereditary characters of the paternal ancestral line, and (n) of inducing in the ovum the process of segmentation. The maternal portion of the general process consists in the pro- duction of the female germ cells and the protection and nourishment of the young during intrauterine development and infancy, and assisting in its nourishment and protection during childhood and youth. The offspring is passive as an individual during intrauterine life, 740 SPECIAL PHYSIOLOGY but its cells and tissues are exceedingly active. The activity takes the form of the following processes: Segmentation, formation of embryonic layers, development of tissues and organs drawing suste- nance for these structures from the maternal organism. Without further following the distinction between parental and embryonic processes we may now summarize the whole process of reproduction and development. 1. THE OVUM. The ovum is a simple, single cell. The parts of this gigantic cell have received special names: the cell wall is called the vitelline membrane; the protoplasm with its reserve nutriment is called the yolk, the nucleus, becomes the germinal vesicle; the nucleolus the germinal dot (Fig. 297). 2. MATURATION. Before the egg is ready to be fertilized the process of maturation takes place in the following manner, in the egg of an echinoderm (Fig. 298, a to g) : (i) The germinative vesicle gradually moves from the centre of the egg toward its surface, its nuclear membrane disappears, and the germinative dot breaks up into small, hardly visible fragments. (n) There arises out of a part of the nuclear substance of the germinative vesicle a nuclear spindle which pursues still farther the direction taken by the germinative vesicle until it touches with its apex the surface of the yolk, where it assumes a position with its long axis in the direction of a radius of the sphere. (in) A genuine process of cell division soon takes place here, which is to be distinguished from the ordinary cell division only in this: that the two products of cell division are of very unequal size. More exactly expressed, this process is a cell-budding (gemmation). This process of gemmation occurs twice. The two small cells are called polar bodies. (iv) After the conclusion of the second process of budding the remaining part of the spindle, one-fourth of the original spindle, is left in the cortical layer of the yolk. From this arises a new, small, vesicular nucleus, which consists of a homogeneous fluid substance without distinct nucleolus. From its peripheral position it usually migrates slowly back toward the middle of the egg. Thus it completes in four phases the process of maturation. There is no reason to doubt that the process of maturation in the mammalian egg is in any important feature different from that in the egg of the echinoderm. REFR OD UCTION 741 3. FERTILIZATION. FERTILIZATION is the union of egg cell and spermatic cell, more technically union of their nuclei; without this union a complete, I p * £ 5^ "S c a 60 £ s>c ~s :* S « * "3 •e 9 g^ 5 ^ /X:> • Jt~*~ • •'••• v -~ • iifej-^ =i ft"/ - - v^-r ^ ^_ ^ fHii-^' iv ;:'--';. . - Va>" V. vx/isw^-!- I ~«8 •s a « ^ •d ° B 9) normal development into the perfect adult form is impossible. The spermatic cell is the male element of reproduction; in most 742 SPECIAL PHYSIOLOGY animals, both vertebrate and invertebrate, the sperm cell is a flagellate cell whose head represents the nucleus and whose flagellum repre- sents the protoplasm. The male element being the active one in reproduction, the flagellum serves as a locomotory organ (Figs. 298 and 299). Fertilization may take place within the body of the female or external to it — internal or external fertilization. (Internal : most verte- brates. External: fishes, amphibia, and most invertebrates). (i) At fertilization only a single spermatozoon penetrates a sound egg, which occurs at the apex of the cone of attraction. (n) The head of the spermatozoon is converted into the spermatic nucleus, around which the neighboring protoplasmic granules are radially arranged (Fig. 300). (in) The egg nucleus and spermatic nucleus migrate toward each other and in most instances immediately fuse to form the segmentation nucleus (Figs. 301 and 302). Fertilization depends on the copulation of two cell nuclei which are derived from the male cell and a female cell. The male and female nuclear substances contained in the spermatic nucleus and egg nucleus are bearers of the peculiarities which are transmissible from parents to their offspring. 4. SEGMENTATION. Fertilization is in most cases immediately followed by further development which begins with the division of the egg cell into Segmentation of the vitellus in the impregnated egg of the rabbit. (Dalton, after Coste.) an ever-increasing number of ever-decreasing sized cells — the process of segmentation or cleavage (Fig. 303, A to F). EEPE OD UCTION 743 (a) INTERNAL PHENOMENA OF SEGMENTATION. 1st. The cleavage nucleus, at first spheroidal, forms the centre of a radiation which affects the whole yolk mass, but it soon begins to be slightly elongated, to become less and less distinct. The monocentric radiation is divided; the two newly formed radiations thereupon move to the poles of the elongated nucleus; they rapidly separate and finally each occupies a half of the egg. The nucleus while in the process of division consists of an acromatic and a chromatic figure — the former a spindle composed of a definite number of fibres, the latter the same number of V-shaped nuclear segments — chromosomes, which lie upon the surface of the middle of the spindle. 2d. The chromosomes split lengthwise and their halves move in opposite directions, apex first, to the polar centro- somes, where they form the daughter stars, later the daughter nuclei. (/?) EXTERNAL PHENOMENA OF SEGMENTATION consist in the division of the egg contents into cells, the number of which correspond to the number of nuclei. 5. THE EMBRYO. Beginning with a single cell — the egg cell — we have followed the development of a mass of cleavage cells— the morula, blastula, of which there are four forms. a. The Development of the Germ Layers. 1. The Blastula, with one germ layer. («) IN AMPHIOXUS the cleavage cavity is very large and its wall consists of a single layer of cylindric cells of nearly uniform size (Fig. 304, a). (/9) IN AMPHIBIA the cleavage cavity is small; the wall consists of a thin pole composed of small cells and a thick pole composed of several layers of large cells (Fig. 300, 6). (f) IN FISHES, REPTILES, AND BIRDS the cleavage cavity is fissure- like or wanting; the roof is the germ disk and the floor is the yolk mass, which is not divided into cells (Fig. 306, c). (o) IN MAMMALS — Man — the cleavage cavity is spacious and filled with albuminous fluid; the wall is a single layer of hexagonal cells, with the exception of one pole, whose larger cells in a mass extend into the cavity. 2. The Gastrula, with two germ layers. The invagination of the blastula forms the two layers of the gastrula; the outer layer is the ectoderm or epiblast; the inner layer is the entoderm or hypoblast; the cleavage cavity is obliterated; the invagination cavity is the coelenteron, its external mouth the primitive mouth, blastopore, primitive groove, or prostoma. 744 SPECIAL PHYSIOLOGY (a) IN AMPIIIOXUS the blastopore is large, the coelenteron capa- cious, each germ layer composed of a single sheet of cylindrical cells (Fig. 307). (/?) IN AMPHIBIA the blastopore is small, the mass of yolk cells is ventral to the coelenteron, which is arched upward and is fissure- like (Fig. 308). (7) IN FISHES, REPTILES, AND BIRDS the blastopore is crescentic ; the germinal disk becomes two-layered by means of ingrowth of cells from the blastopore. The coelenteron is ventral to the lower layer of cells — i. e., it is ventral to the hypoblast (Fig. 309). FIG. 304 FIG. 305 FIG. 306 The process of blastulation. a, blastula of Amphioxus ; b, blastula of triton (amphibian) ; c, blastula of bird ; c. c., cleavage cavity. (After Hertwig.) (o) IN MAMMALS the blastopore is minute and circular, and over a thickened pole the coelenteron and cleavage cavity are one and the same cavity. In all vertebrates the gastrula presents bilateral symmetry and anteroposterior differentiation; the blastopore is always posterior — dorso ventral differentiation — and the yolk mass is always ventral. 3. The Embryo, with three germ layers. In all vertebrates there are formed from the roof of the coelenteron two lateral evaginations of the inner germ layer or hypoblast, by REPRODUCTION 745 means of which the ccelenteron is divided into a median cavity— the intestine — and two lateral cavities, coelomic cavities, or body cavities. The primary inner germ layer thus becomes differentiated FIG. 307 FIG. 308 eel FIG. 309 The process of gastrulation. Gastrula of amphioxus (a) ; ot amphibian (6) ; of bird (c) ; of mammal (rabbit) (d) ; eel., ectoderm; ent., entoderm ; bl., blastopore or primitive mouth; cod., ccelenteron; d. 1., v. 1., dorsal and ventral lips; y. c., y.p., yolk cells and yolk plug; m, rneso- blast. (After Hertwig.) into : (i) The second inner germ layer — hypoblast. (n) Mesothelium of splanchnopleure and somatopleure. (in) Notochord. These are gradually separated from each other by constrictions. 746 SPECIAL PHYSIOLOGY The development — i. e., differentiation of the mesoblastic plates — takes place from before backward while the growth takes place at the blastopore, thus pushing the embryonal layers forward from that FIG. 310 point. During the growth of the mesoblast the blastopore has been metamorphosed into the primitive groove (Figs. 310 and 311). The primitive groove undergoes degeneration and is not converted into any organ in the adult. FIG. 311 The form of the blastopore and its metamorphosis in the chick embryo: a, blastopore of triton; b to e, blasto- pore of a chick gradually trans- formed from a transverse crescentic slit to a longitudinal groove— the primitive groove (e., p.g.). (After Hertwig.) FIG. 312 mp. ep. tTib. b. The Development of the Primitive Segments. In the mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes the meso- blast first appears as lateral somatic and splanchnic plates. At the time when these are constricted off from the coelenteron the free edges fuse and immediately thicken along the dorsum either side of REPRODUCTION 747 the notochord. This thickened plate is the primitive segment plate. Immediately after formation this segment plate begins segmentation, first in the trunk (30 to 50) and later in the head, eleven in number (Figs. 312 to 316). c. The Beginning of the Nervous System. The central nervous system of vertebrates is one of the first to be established after the separation of the germ into the three primitive TTlb. FIG. 314 ep. rnp. The derivation of the mesoblast and notochord from the primary inner germ layer (hypoblast). Cross-section of the amphioxus (308); of an amphibian (309); of a bird, 310), and of a mole (mam- mal) (d); ep., epiblast; mb., mesoblast; hy., hypoblast; cod., coelenteron; N, notochord. Note that in the amphibian (6) the mesoblast is pretty clearly divided into somatopleuric (am.) and splanchnopleuric mesothelium (sp.). (Hertwig, after Balfour, Heape, etal.) layers — epiblast, mesoblast, and hypoblast. It is developed out of a broad band of the epiblast, the medullary plate, which lies in the median line just over the notochord. Along this band the epiblastic cells become elongated and cylindric, while the remaining epiblast is composed of flattened plates joining by their edges. An evagination of the margins of the band forms the dorsal folds or medullary folds. A continuation of the evagination and a coalescence of the edges of the folds accomplishes a closure of the neural tube (Figs. 312 to 315). 748 SPECIAL PHYSIOLOGY The part of the neural tube which forms the brain becomes seg- mented early in the second day of incubation, twenty-fourth to thirtieth hour in the chick, into three primary brain vesicles : (i) the primary forcbrain vesicle, (n) the midbrain vesicle, (in) the primary hindbrain vesicle. Between the thirtieth and thirty-sixth hour of incubation the primary forebrain vesicle gives off two lateral evagi- nations — the optic vesicles- — and the primary hindbrain vesicle becomes divided into the cerebellar vesicle and the medullar vesicle. The closure of the neural tube or canal begins at the midbrain and progresses anteriorly over the forebrain and posteriorly over the cerebellar 'and medullar vesicles and proceeds along the spinal cord, finally closing it in at the posterior end (Fig. 315). Now it will be remembered that the blastopore, by virtue of the metamorphosis of the crescentic fold is now located at the anterior FIG. 315 Md Md Transverse section of the embryo chick, through closed portion of medullary canal. Mf, medullary canal; Eel, ectoderm; ent, entoderm; Md, Md', outer and inner laminse of meso- derm; p, peritoneal space; ch, chorda dorsalis; ao, aorta. (Kolliker.) end of the primitive groove. The closing of the neural canal posteriorly includes the anterior end of the primitive groove with the blastopore. It thus transpires that the blastoporic canal forms a direct communi- cation between the neural canal and the coelenteron or alimentary canal. This connection persists some time and is known as the neurenteric canal. It finally becomes obliterated through fusion of its walls. Thus the last vestige of the blastopore of the higher vertebrates becomes extinct in the early stages of embryonic develop- ment. d. The Mesenchyme. Soon after the formation of the primitive segments, these, which are at first solid, soon acquire a small cavity around which the cells are arranged into a continuous epithelium. The part of the wall REPROD UCTION 749 FIG. 316 lying at its lower median angle begins to grow with extraordinary rapidity and to furnish a mass of embryonic connective tissue which spreads itself around the cord and neural tube (Hertwig). Out of the dorsal and lateral parts of the primitive segment arises the trunk musculature. The mesenchyme arises from three other parts of the mesoblast besides the primi- tive segments, viz., (i) splanchnic mesothelium, (n) somatic meso- thelium, and (in) that wall of the primitive segment turned toward the epiblast. These four origins of the mesenchyme justify a classification of this important embryonic structure as (i) axial mesenchyme, (n) splanchnic me- senchyme, (m) somatic mesen- chyme, and (iv) dermal mesen- chyme. The method by which the mesenchyme arises is peculiar: (i) there is a rapid growth of the cells at some point in the meso- blast, accompanied by (n) a vigorous amoebqid movement. This combination makes in vagi- nation or evagination of a body of cells a mechanical impossi- bility; instead of that process, individual cells leave the parent epithelium and, by virtue of their continued amoeboid move- ments, wander between the soina- topleure and epiblast or between the splanchnopleure and hypoblast, as the case may be. The origin and destiny of the mesenchyme have been for more than a decade a riddle whose solution has engaged the attention of His, Kolliker, Heape, Waldeyer, and other embryologists. At the time of the formation of the inesciiclmuc end of first day in the chick — two necessities begin to press themselves upon tin- developing organisms: (i) necessity for mechanical support, and (ll) necessity for nutrition. The first of these necessities urges itself upon the axial part of the embryo, for there the delicate nervous system is passing rapidly through the steps of its development. The need for nutriment will not be felt by the epiblast or by the hypoblast, for these layers are next to the supply of nourishment; but by the Embryo chick, about the fortieth hour of incu- bation: Ce, cephalic extremity; Pv, primitive segments or protovertebne ; Dp, dorsal plates still widely separated in the caudal region; Pr, primitive groove. (Kolliker.) 750 SPECIAL PHYSIOLOGY mesoblast, in contact with neither white nor yolk. It is a law of biology that hungry organisms are restless, while satiated organisms are sluggish. Recall at this point the fact that the mesoblast cells which form the somatopleuric and splanchnopleuric mesenchyme free themselves from the mesoblast by dint of amoeboid movements. These restless hungry cells are out foraging. The leukocytes of the adult body are the descendants of these restless, hungry, foraging cells of the primitive mesenchyme. How are the two necessities mentioned above satisfied? («) THE NECESSITY FOR SUPPORT for the axial nervous system is satisfied by the axial mesenchyme which closes about the central nervous system and the notochord, and later develops into the axial skeleton with all its associated connective tissue. (/9) THE NECESSITY FOR NUTRIMENT is solved by the somato- pleuric and splanchnopleuric mesenchyme in the following manner, as represented by Kolliker and subscribed to by Hertwig: "At the end of the first day of incubation the masses of cells which represent the mesenchyme arrange themselves in cylindric or irregularly limited cords which join themselves together into a close-meshed network; they are the first fundaments, both of the bloodvessels and of their contents — the blood. In the spaces of the network are to be found groups of indifferent cells which afterward become embryonic connective tissues." In the beginning of the second day of incubation the "cords" acquire an internal cavity and become bounded super- ficially by a single layer of flattened polygonal cells — the future endothelium of the bloodvessels. "The cavity of the vessel is prob- ably formed by the penetration of fluid into the originally solid cord, thus forming the plasma of the blood by which the cells are pressed apart," some of these forming the vessel wall, some remaining floating in the fluid and becoming the leukocytes and red blood corpuscles. The red blood corpuscles originate, at the first, in the vascular area of the yolk, from yolk nuclei. They are nucleated during the early embryonic life of mammals and man and increase in numbers rapidly by division. e. The Origin of the Urinary System. Before the activities of life begin to make themselves manifest by the expenditure of energy, as in the transportation of matter through space — e. g., the action of the heart walls in the circulation of the blood — there is no need of an excretory system. If we admit, then, that the need for an excretory system arises during the third day in the chick, to what shall we attribute the actual appearance, during the second day, of a rudimentary urinary system? It must be attributed to HEREDITY. It is generally admitted that the genealogy of vertebrates extends through truncates back to worms. From your studies in zoology you recall the segmental organs of the higher REPRODUCTION 751 worms. A pair is located in each segment and each segmental organ is composed of (i) a ciliated funnel, (n) a convoluted tubule, (in) a glandular segment, and (iv) a muscular bladder which opens extern- ally. But this segmental arrangement of the excretory organs is an expensive and clumsy solution of the matter. In the lower vertebrates we see the following improvements: The uriniferous tubules are segmental, but instead of opening individually on the surface of the animal, as in worms, there is a collecting tube which transfers the secretion of all the tubules of one side of the body to a posterior and ventral orifice opening near or into the cloaca. In all the higher vertebrates, including man, the primitive kidney or pronephros is a segmental organ, and is quite rudimentary, never performing the function of excretion, even in the embryo. "THE PRONEPHROS of the chick is located between the seventh and eleventh somites. The pronephric duct, at its first appearance, is a short, canal-like per- foration of the wall of the body, which begins in the body cavity with one or several ostia and opens out upon the skin with but a single external orifice. Originally the outer and inner openings lie near together; later they move so far apart that the outer opening of the canal is united with the hindgut." (Hertwig.) /. Summary of Early Development. If the student has observed carefully the character of the develop- mental changes he has noted three phases of development going on at the same time: (i) The tendency to unequal groivth, manifested at particular places and occurring at particular times, resulting in the general morphologic unfolding; (11) the histologic differentiation manifesting itself in the development of new tissues (histogenesis) ; (HI) the physiologic division of labor, manifested by the general division of the functions into those of external relations and those of internal relations; and by the beginning development of various systems of organs — nervous system, circulatory system, excretory system, etc. («) THE PRINCIPLE OF UNEQUAL GROWTH is manifested in the chick during its first two days of development by: (i) the invagi- nation of the blastopore; (11) the evagination of the medullary folds; (HI) the evagination of the three primary brain vesicles from the anterior end of the neural tube; (iv) the subsequent evagination of the optic vesicles from the forebrain vesicle; (v) the evagination of the lateral folds of mesoblast from the median hypoblast; (vi) the separation of the muscle plates and their subsequent segmentation; (vn) the general emigration, from the mesoblast, of the elements of the mesenchyme; (vin) the invagination of the pronephric canals. 09) THE PRINCIPLE OF HISTOLOGIC DIFFERENTIATION is mani- fested in histogenesis: 752 SPECIAL PHYSIOLOGY HlSTOGENESIS. Origin of Tissues. I. ECTODERMIC TISSUES. Tissues of external relation. EPIBLAST PROPER. NERVOUS SYSTEM. Neuroblast. II. ENTODERMIC TISSUES. Tissues of internal relation. MESOBLAST. HYPOBLAST. NOTOCHORD. Cuticle and appendages, e.g., hair, nails, sebaceous and sweat glands, enamel of teeth. Epithelium of conjunctiva and cornea, nasal tract with glands, mouth with glands, anus and lower rectum, auditory canal. Central nervous system, i. e., brain and cranial nerves, spinal cord, and spinal nerves. Retina, cryst. lens, taste buds, auditory nerves, olfactory nerves, tactile bodies. Sensory apparatus. Primitive segments. Voluntary muscular sys- tem. Somatic pleura and Somatic J " peritoneum. Mesothelium. | Epithelium of genito- urinary tract. Splanchnic ! ±JUdl^'vleura" pericar' Mesothelium | Sp]anchnic peritoneum. CONNECTIVE TISSUES : Bone-cartilage, liga- ment, dentine, areo- lar tissue, tendon. Mesenchyme. \ INVOLUNTARY MUSCU- LAR SYSTEM. VASCULAR ENDOTHE- LIUM, BLOOD, AND SPLEEN. Epithelium of digestive tract (exclusive of mouth and anus). Inclusive of liver, pancreas. Epithelium of respiratory tract. urinary bladder and urethra. Eustacian tube and tym- pimum. tonsils, thymus body, thyroid body. 6. THE FETUS: ORGANOGENESIS. The terms fetus and embryo are used synonymously by some authors, while by others they are given different significations. Gould defines fetus as "the embryo in later stages of development," but uses embryo and fetus synonymously. The author, following in a general way the American Text-book of Obstetrics, will use the terms in the following sense: the embryo is the young in its early stages of development when tissues are being developed; the fetus is the young at a later stage of development when organs, especially systems of organs, are being given their finishing touches — i. e., the term embryo covers the period of histogenesis, and the term fetus covers the period of organogenesis. Under the caption fetus we shall briefly discuss the development of the various systems of organs. REPRODUCTION 753 a. The Circulatory System. 1. General Considerations. — («) THE SIMPLEST HEART among the vertebrates is a rhythmically contracting tube: the heart of the highest vertebrate is at first a rhythmically contracting tube. (p) INTERMEDIATE CLASSES OF VERTEBRATES have two- and three- chambered hearts, and the highest classes have the four-chambered FIG. 317 R.Com.Carotid I L.Com.Carotid R.Subclav. Superior Vena Cava 1.4 Duct.Art. Umbilical Vein ' Liver- Umbili, -Ext.Iliac Placenta Diagram of the fetal circulation. (Kirke.) heart: the heart of the highest vertebrate passes from the original tubular condition through the two- and three-chambered condition during fetal development and finally after birth assumes the function- ally four-chambered heart. 48 754 SPECIAL PHYSIOLOGY (?) THE ONE- AND TWO-CHAMBERED CONDITION OF THE HEART makes it necessary for the heart contractions to propel the blood in one circuit through a double system of capillaries: (i) the capil- laries of the respiratory system, and (11) the capillaries of the general circulation. The circulatory system of the highest vertebrates passes through this condition and reaches, in extrauterine life, a condition in which one-half of the heart propels the blood through the respiratory system while the other half propels it through the general system. CHANGE DURING PERIOD. CONDITION AT END OP PERIOD. I y II. CURVE of Heart-tube, through increase in length of Heart and no increase in length of pericardium. Heart in S-shaped curve, with venous end in left dorsal region and arterial end in right ventral region. II. m. DILATATION laterally of venous end and general DILATATION of central or ventracular segment and DILATATION of Bulbus Arteriosus. Heart of Two Chambers, one double- lobed, single-chamber auricle dor- sally and a single-chambered ven- tricle ventrally m. IV. DIVISION of whole Heart : 1st. Auricle into left and right. 2d. Ventricle into left and right. 3d. Bulbus Arteriosus into Aorta and Pulmonary Artery. Heart of FOUR Chambers. Left Au- ricle, Left Ventricle and Aorta con- tinuous and Right Auricle, Right Ventricle and Pulm. Art. continu- ous. IV. FIG. 318 Development of the heart. The four principal stages are shown at I to IV; a and 6 are two phases of the same stage. fHertwig.) (d) IN THE LOWER VERTEBRATES the blood passes from the heart directly into a system of branchial arches or gill-arches ; the highest vertebrate possesses this system of gall-arches during the early part of its development. These arches are gradually reduced during the three- and four-chambered stages. Our aortic and pulmonary arches represent the last two pairs of arches. (e) IN THE AMPHIBIA AND REPTILES, classes of vertebrates which possess three-chambered hearts, the purer blood passes to the anterior part of the body, while the less pure blood passes to the posterior part of the body. In the human fetus the functionally three-chambered heart distributes the blood in a similar way. This REPRODUCTION 755 probably accounts, in part, for the large head and small legs of the fetus (Fig. 317). 2. Special Metamorphosis of the Heart.— During the second day of the chick's development the heart is practically a straight tube formed by the fusion, along the median line, of a double, tubular heart fundament, continuous posteriorly with the two omphalo- rnesaraic veins and anteriorly with the bifurcated aorta. The endo- thelial partition of the heart soon disappears, leaving a single tube with somewhat thickened muscular walls. The dorsal aortse, in the mean time, pass laterally around thej alimentary canal and fuse FIG. 319 FIG. 320 FIG. 319.— Heart of the human fetus, at the end of the sixth month: a, inferior vena cava; b, superior vena cava; c, cavity of the right auricle, laid open from the front; d, appendix auricularis; e, cavity of the right ventricle; /, Eustachian valve. The bougie, placed in the inferior vena cava, can be seen passing behind the Eustachian valve, just below the point /, then crossing, behind the right auricle, through the foramen ovale to the left side of the heart. (Dalton.) FIG. 320.— Heart Of infant, showing disappearance of the artificial duct alter birth. 1, aorta; 2, pulmonary artery; 3, 3, pulmonary branches; 4, ductus arteriosus becoming obliterated. (Dalton.) ventrally, forming the single aortic trunk which joins the anterior end of the heart, or bulbus arteriosus. As soon as the posterior venous junctions and the anterior arterial junction has been effected the already slowly and irregularly beating heart begins to send the elements of the blood through the system of tubes, the direction of the stream being at first determined not by valves, but by virtue of a posteroanterior peristalsis. During the subsequent few hours the pulsations become regular and rapid, and the development of valves accompanies the gradual metamorphosis of the heart. The metamorphosis of the heart may be considered in four principal changes (Figs. 318, 319, and 320). 756 SPECIAL PHYSIOLOGY b. The Respiratory System. 1. General Considerations. — («) THE SIMPLEST VERTEBRATE respiratory system is composed of a series of gill-arches: The highest vertebrate has gill-arches in early embryonic life. (/?) IN THE HIGHEST FISHES there is a combination of gills and swim-bladder, which is a saccate evagination or outgrowth of the alimentary tract: In amphibia the gills are usually secondary in importance to the saccate lungs, which are homologous to the swim-bladder: In the highest vertebrate the gills are rudimentary structures confined to embryonic life, and never functional while the function of respiration is performed during the whole period of extrauterine life by the lungs. 2. Special. The Development of the Lungs.— At the beginning of the third day in the chick, on the tenth day in the rabbit, and in FIG. 321 u A B Early development of the lung: t, trachea; Oe, oesophagus; u, m, I, upper middle and lower right lobes; u', I', upper and lower left lobes; Spl., splanchnopleure; Ms., mesenchyme. (From Hertwig, alter His.) the human embryo when it reaches a length of about 4 mm., there arises on the ventral side of the oesophagus a groove which is slightly enlarged at its anterior end. Soon the groove-like evagination becomes separated from the alimentary tube by two lateral ridges; this is the first indication of a differentiation into oesophagus and trachea. There then grow out from the enlarged posterior ends of the groove two small sacs toward the two sides of the body — the fundaments of the right and left lung. These lung sacs are enveloped in a thick layer of mesenchymic connective tissue which is covered externally by the thin splanchnic mesothelium — the future lung-pleura. Two stages are recognizable in the metamorphosis of the primitive lung sacs of man and of mammals. REPRODUCTION 757 (i) The first bud-like outgrowths on the two sides of the body are not symmetric because the left lung sac produces two and the right lung sac produces three bud-like enlargements (Hertwig). These buds are the fundaments of the lobes of the lungs. From this point on the division is dichotomous. Continuous division and evagination proceed during six months in the human embryo. During this period the terminal branches are simply saccate or vesicular, and are called primitive lung vesicles (Fig. 321, B). (n) During the last three months of intrauterine life "there arise close together on the fine terminal of the bronchial tree — on the alveolar passages and on their terminal vesicular enlargements — very numerous small evaginations — the pulmonary alveoli" (Kolliker). These are only one-third to one-fourth as large in the fetus as in the adult, and the extrauterine growth of the lung is to be attributed to their expansion rather than to their multiplication. FIG. 322 c. The Digestive System. 1. General. — (a) IN ALL VERTEBRATES the stomach is produced by a simple dilatation of the alimentary canal, just behind the heart in the lower vertebrates and just posterior to the diaphragm in mam- malia (Fig. 322). (/9) IN ALL VERTEBRATES two glands are evaginated from the duo- denum—the liver is evaginated into the ventral mesentery and pancreas into the dorsal. 2. Special Development of Di- gestive Glands. — (a) THE LIVER early becomes bilobed — later these two primitive lobes are variously subdivided in different classes of vertebrates — and the evaginations take the form of thick-walled tubes or "hepatic cylinders" which unite into a network. The small lumina of the cylinders become the bile- ducts, which are surrounded by the secreting parenchyma of the liver. This latter, as well as the epithelial lining of all gall-ducts, is of hypoblastic origin, while the connective-tissue framework and the vascular system of the liver are from the mesenchyme, the organ being encapsuled with splanchnic peritoneum. (/9) THE PANCREAS follows a general course of development quite parallel to that of the liver. a b. c. | 40,260 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puilboreau%20%28lungsod%29 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Puilboreau (lungsod) | https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puilboreau (lungsod)&action=history | Cebuano | Spoken | 160 | 275 | Lungsod ang Puilboreau sa Pransiya. Nahimutang ni sa amihanang bahin sa nasod, km sa habagatan-kasadpan sa Paris ang ulohan sa nasod. metros ibabaw sa dagat kahaboga ang nahimutangan sa Puilboreau, ug adunay ka molupyo.
Ang yuta palibot sa Puilboreau patag. Dunay mga ka tawo kada kilometro kwadrado sa palibot sa Puilboreau nga hilabihan populasyon. Ang kinadul-ang mas dakong lungsod mao ang La Rochelle, km sa habagatan-kasadpan sa Puilboreau. Hapit nalukop sa kaumahan ang palibot sa Puilboreau. Sa rehiyon palibot sa Puilboreau, mga lawis, mga kanal, salog sa dagat, mga lapyahan, ug mga kalapukan talagsaon komon.
Ang klima kasarangan. Ang kasarangang giiniton °C. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Hulyo, sa °C, ug ang kinabugnawan Disyembre, sa °C. Ang kasarangang pag-ulan milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Nobiyembre, sa milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Septiyembre, sa milimetro.
Saysay
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Mga lungsod sa Pransiya
Mga lungsod sa Pransiya nga mas dako pa kay sa 3000 ka mga tawo | 33,629 |
https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Hugo - Œuvres complètes, Impr. nat., Roman, tome I.djvu/311 | Wikisource | Open Culture | Publc Domain | null | Hugo - Œuvres complètes, Impr. nat., Roman, tome I.djvu | Hugo | French | Spoken | 9,947 | 17,745 |
— Ah ! s’écria l’accusé Kennybol, ce que dit sa courtoisie est vrai, je
reconnais la boucle ; c’est l’histoire de notre pauvre frère Guldon Stayper.
— Silence, dit le président, laissez répondre Ordener Guldenlew.
— Je ne cacherai pas, repartit Ordener, que je désirais voir Schumacker.
Mais cette boucle ne signifie rien. On ne peut entrer avec des diamants dans
le fort ; le matelot qui m’avait amené s’était plaint, dans la traversée, de sa
misère ; je lui ai jeté cette boucle, que je ne pouvais garder sur moi.
— Pardon, votre courtoisie, interrompit le secrétaire intime, le règlement
excepte de cette mesure le fils du vice-roi. Vous pouviez donc…
— Je ne voulais pas me nommer.
— Pourquoi ? demanda le président.
— C’est ce que je ne puis dire.
— Vos intelligences avec Schumacker et sa fille prouvent que le but de
votre complot était de les délivrer.
Schumacker, qui, jusqu’alors, n’avait donné d’autre signe d’attention que
de dédaigneux mouvements d’épaules, se leva :
— Me délivrer ! Le but de cette infernale trame était de me compromettre
et de me perdre, comme il l’est encore. Croyez-vous qu’Ordener
Guldenlew eût avoué sa participation au crime, s’il n’eût été pris parmi les
révoltés ? Oh ! je vois qu’il a hérité de la haine de son père pour moi. Et
quant aux intelligences qu’on lui suppose avec moi et ma fille, qu’il sache,
cet exécré Guldenlew, que ma fille a hérité aussi de ma haine pour lui, pour
la race des Guldenlew et des d’Ahlefeld !
Ordener soupira profondément, tandis qu’Éthel désavouait tout bas son
père, et que celui-ci retombait sur son banc, palpitant encore de colère.
— Le tribunal jugera, dit le président.
Ordener, qui, aux paroles de Schumacker, avait baissé les yeux en silence,
parut se réveiller :
— Oh ! nobles juges, écoutez. Vous allez descendre dans vos consciences ;
n’oubliez pas qu’Ordener Guldenlew est coupable seul ; Schumacker est
innocent. Ces autres infortunés ont été trompés par Hacket, qui était mon
agent. J’ai fait tout le reste.
Kennybol l’interrompit :
— Sa courtoisie dit vrai, seigneurs juges ; car c’est elle qui s’est chargée
de nous amener le fameux Han d’Islande, dont je souhaite que le nom ne
me porte pas malheur. Je sais que c’est ce jeune seigneur qui a osé l’aller
trouver dans la caverne de Walderhog, pour lui proposer d’être notre chef.
Il m’a confié le secret de son entreprise au hameau de Surb, chez mon frère
Braal. Et, pour le reste encore, le jeune seigneur dit vrai ; nous avons été
abusés par ce Hacket maudit ; d’où il suit que nous ne méritons pas la mort.
— Seigneur secrétaire intime, dit le président, les débats sont clos. Quelles
sont vos conclusions ?
Le secrétaire se leva, salua plusieurs fois le tribunal, passa quelque temps
la main entre les plis de son rabat de dentelle, sans quitter un moment des
yeux les yeux du président. Enfin, il fit entendre ces paroles d’une voix
sourde et lugubre :
— Seigneur président, respectables juges ! l’accusation demeure victorieuse.
Ordener Guldenlew, qui ternit à jamais la splendeur de son glorieux
nom, n’a réussi qu’à prouver sa culpabilité sans démontrer l’innocence de
l’ex-chancelier Schumacker, et de ses complices Han d’Islande, Wilfrid Kennybol,
Jonas et Norbith. — Je demande à la justice du tribunal que les six
accusés soient déclarés coupables du crime de haute-trahison et de lèse-majesté,
au premier chef.
Un murmure vague s’éleva de la foule. Le président allait proclamer la
formule de clôture, quand l’évêque réclama un moment d’attention.
— Doctes juges, il est convenable que la défense des accusés se fasse
entendre la dernière. Je souhaiterais qu’elle eût un meilleur organe ; car je
suis vieux et faible, et je n’ai plus en moi d’autre force que celle qui me
vient de Dieu. — Je m’étonne des sévères requêtes du secrétaire intime.
Rien ici ne prouve le crime de mon client Schumacker. On ne peut établir
contre lui aucune participation directe à l’insurrection des mineurs ; et puisque
mon autre client Ordener Guldenlew déclare avoir abusé du nom de Schumacker,
et, de plus, être l’unique auteur de cette condamnable sédition,
toutes les présomptions qui pesaient sur Schumacker s’évanouissent ; vous
devez donc l’absoudre. Je recommande à votre indulgence chrétienne les
autres accusés, qui n’ont été qu’égarés, comme la brebis du bon pasteur ; et
même le jeune Ordener Guldenlew, qui a du moins le mérite, bien grand
devant le Seigneur, de confesser son crime. Songez, seigneurs juges, qu’il
est encore dans l’âge où l’homme peut faillir, et même tomber, sans que
Dieu refuse de le soutenir ou de le relever. Ordener Guldenlew porte à peine
le quart de ce fardeau de l’existence qui pèse déjà presque entier sur ma tête.
Mettez dans la balance de vos jugements sa jeunesse et son inexpérience, et
ne lui retirez pas si tôt cette vie que le Seigneur vient à peine de lui donner.
Le vieillard se tut et se plaça près d’Ordener, qui souriait ; tandis qu’à
l’invitation du président, les juges se levaient du tribunal, et passaient en
silence le seuil de la formidable salle de leurs délibérations.
Pendant que quelques hommes décidaient de six destinées dans ce terrible
sanctuaire, les accusés immobiles étaient restés assis sur leur banc entre deux
rangs de hallebardiers. Schumacker, la tête sur sa poitrine, paraissait endormi
dans une rêverie profonde ; le géant promenait à droite et à gauche des regards où se peignait une assurance stupide ; Jonas et Kennybol, les mains
jointes, priaient à voix basse, tandis que leur camarade Norbith frappait par
intervalles la terre du pied, ou secouait ses chaînes avec des tressaillements
convulsifs. Entre lui et le vénérable évêque, qui lisait les psaumes de la pénitence,
se tenait Ordener, les bras croisés et les yeux levés au ciel.
Derrière eux on entendait le bruit de la foule, qui avait impétueusement
éclaté à la sortie des juges. C’était le fameux captif de Munckholm, c’était
le redoutable démon d’Islande, c’était surtout le fils du vice-roi, qui occupaient
toutes les pensées, toutes les paroles, tous les regards. La rumeur, mêlée de
plaintes, de rires et de cris confus, qui s’échappait de l’auditoire, s’abaissait
et s’élevait comme une flamme qui ondoie sous le vent.
Ainsi se passèrent plusieurs heures d’attente, si longues que chacun s’étonnait
qu’elles fussent contenues dans la même nuit. De temps en temps on
jetait un regard vers la porte de la chambre des délibérations ; mais on n’y
voyait rien, que les deux soldats qui se promenaient avec leurs pertuisanes
étincelantes devant le seuil fatal, comme deux fantômes muets.
Enfin, les torches et les lampes commençaient à pâlir, et quelques rayons
blancs de l’aube traversaient les vitraux étroits de la salle, quand la porte
redoutable s’ouvrit. Un silence profond remplaça sur-le-champ, comme par
magie, tout le tumulte du peuple, et l’on n’entendit plus que le bruit des respirations
pressées et le mouvement vague et sourd de la foule en suspens.
Les juges, sortant à pas lents de la chambre des délibérations, reprirent
place au tribunal, le président à leur tête.
Le secrétaire intime, qui avait paru absorbé dans ses réflexions pendant
leur absence, s’inclina :
— Seigneur président, quel est l’arrêt que le tribunal, jugeant sans
appel, a rendu au nom du roi ? Nous sommes prêts à l’entendre avec un
respect religieux.
Le juge placé à droite du président se leva, tenant un parchemin dans
ses mains :
— Sa grâce, notre glorieux président, fatigué par la longueur de cette
audience, daigne nous charger, nous, haut-syndic du Drontheimhus, président
naturel de ce tribunal respectable, de lire à sa place la sentence rendue
au nom du roi. Nous allons remplir ce devoir honorable et pénible, rappelant
à l’auditoire de se taire devant l’infaillible justice du roi.
Alors la voix du haut-syndic prit une inflexion solennelle et grave, et
tous les cœurs palpitèrent.
— Au nom de notre vénéré maître et légitime seigneur Christiern, roi !
— voici l’arrêt que nous, juges du haut tribunal du Drontheimhus, nous
rendons dans nos consciences, touchant Jean Schumacker, prisonnier d’État ; Wilfrid Kennybol, habitant des montagnes de Kole ; Jonas, mineur royal ;
Norbith, mineur royal ; Han, de Klipstadur, en Islande ; et Ordener Guldenlew,
baron de Thorvick, chevalier de Danebrog ; tous accusés des
crimes de haute trahison et de lèse-majesté au premier chef ; Han d’Islande
étant de plus prévenu des crimes d’assassinat, d’incendie et de brigandage.
1 Jean Schumacker n’est point coupable ;
2 Wilfrid Kennybol, Jonas et Norbith sont coupables ; mais le tribunal
les excuse, parce qu’ils ont été égarés ;
3 Han d’Islande est coupable de tous les crimes qu’on lui impute ;
4 Ordener Guldenlew est coupable de haute trahison et de lèse-majesté
au premier chef.
Le juge s’arrêta un moment comme pour prendre haleine. Ordener attachait
sur lui un regard plein d’une joie céleste.
— Jean Schumacker, continua le juge, le tribunal vous absout et vous
renvoie dans votre prison.
Kennybol, Jonas et Norbith, le tribunal réduit la peine que vous avez
encourue à une détention perpétuelle et à l’amende de mille écus royaux
chacun.
Han, de Klipstadur, assassin et incendiaire, vous serez ce soir conduit
sur la place d’armes de Munckholm, et pendu par le cou jusqu’à ce que
mort s’ensuive.
Ordener Guldenlew, traître, après avoir été dégradé de vos titres devant
ce tribunal, vous serez conduit ce soir au même lieu, avec un flambeau à
la main, pour y avoir la tête tranchée, le corps brûlé, et pour que vos
cendres soient jetées au vent et votre tête exposée sur la claie.
Retirez-vous tous. Tel est l’arrêt rendu par la justice du roi. —
À peine le haut-syndic avait-il achevé cette funèbre lecture qu’on entendit
dans la salle un cri. Ce cri glaça les assistants plus même que l’effrayant appareil
de la sentence de mort ; ce cri fit pâlir un moment le front serein et
radieux d’Ordener condamné.
</ref>.|85}}|3}}|marge=35}}
C’en est donc fait : tout va s’accomplir, ou plutôt tout est déjà accompli.
Il a sauvé le père de celle qu’il aimait, il l’a sauvée elle-même, en lui
conservant l’appui paternel. La noble conspiration du jeune homme pour
la vie de Schumacker a réussi ; maintenant le reste n’est rien ; il n’a plus qu’à
mourir.
Que ceux qui l’ont cru coupable ou insensé le jugent maintenant, ce
généreux Ordener, comme il se juge lui-même dans son âme avec un saint
ravissement. Car ce fut toujours sa pensée, en entrant dans les rangs des
rebelles, que, s’il ne pouvait empêcher l’exécution du crime de Schumacker,
il pourrait du moins en empêcher le châtiment, en l’appelant sur sa
propre tête.
Hélas ! s’était-il dit, sans doute Schumacker est coupable ; mais, aigri par
sa captivité et son malheur, son crime est pardonnable. Il ne veut que
sa délivrance ; il la tente, même par la rébellion. — D’ailleurs, que deviendra
mon Éthel si on lui enlève son père ; si elle le perd par l’échafaud, si
un nouvel opprobre vient flétrir sa vie, que deviendra-t-elle, sans soutien,
sans secours, seule dans son cachot, ou errante dans un monde d’ennemis ?
Cette pensée l’avait déterminé à son sacrifice, et il s’y était préparé avec
joie ; car le plus grand bonheur d’un être qui aime est d’immoler son existence,
je ne dis pas à l’existence, mais à un sourire, à une larme de l’être
aimé.
Il a donc été pris parmi les rebelles, il a été traîné devant les juges qui
devaient condamner Schumacker, il a commis son généreux mensonge, il a
été condamné, il va mourir d’une mort cruelle, d’un supplice ignominieux, il va laisser une mémoire souillée ; mais que lui importe au noble jeune
homme ? il a sauvé le père de son Éthel.
Il est maintenant assis sur ses chaînes dans un cachot humide, où la
lumière et l’air ne pénètrent qu’à peine par de sombres soupiraux ; près de
lui est la nourriture du reste de son existence, un pain noir, une cruche
pleine d’eau. Un collier de fer pèse sur son cou, des bracelets, des carcans de
fer pressent ses mains et ses pieds. Chaque heure qui s’écoule lui emporte
plus de vie qu’une année n’en enlève aux autres mortels. — Il rêve délicieusement.
— Peut-être mon souvenir ne périra-t-il pas avec moi, du moins dans un
des cœurs qui battent parmi les hommes ! peut-être daignera-t-elle me donner
une larme pour mon sang ! peut-être consacrera-t-elle quelquefois un regret
à celui qui lui a dévoué sa vie ! peut-être, dans ses rêveries virginales, aura-t-elle
parfois présente la confuse image de son ami ! Qui sait d’ailleurs ce qui
est derrière la mort ? Qui sait si les âmes délivrées de leur prison matérielle
ne peuvent pas quelquefois revenir veiller sur les âmes qu’elles aiment, commercer
mystérieusement avec ces douces compagnes encore captives, et leur
apporter en secret quelque vertu des anges et quelque joie du ciel ?
Toutefois des idées amères se mêlaient à ces consolantes méditations. La
haine que Schumacker lui avait témoignée au moment même de son sacrifice
oppressait son cœur. Le cri déchirant qu’il avait entendu en même temps
que son arrêt de mort l’avait ébranlé profondément ; car, seul dans l’auditoire,
il avait reconnu cette voix et compris cette douleur. Et puis, ne la
reverra-t-il donc plus, son Éthel ? ses derniers moments se passeront-ils dans
la prison même qui la renferme, sans qu’il puisse encore une fois toucher la
douce main, entendre la douce voix de celle pour qui il va mourir ?
Il abandonnait ainsi son âme à cette vague et triste rêverie, qui est à la
pensée ce que le sommeil est à la vie, quand le cri rauque des vieux verrous
rouillés heurta rudement son oreille, déjà en quelque sorte attentive aux
concerts de l’autre sphère où il allait s’envoler. — C’était la lourde porte de
fer de son cachot, qui s’ouvrait en grondant sur ses gonds. Le jeune
condamné se leva tranquille et presque joyeux, car il pensa que c’était le
bourreau qui venait le chercher, et il avait déjà dépouillé l’existence comme
le manteau qu’il foulait à ses pieds.
Il fut trompé dans son attente ; une figure blanche et svelte venait d’apparaître
au seuil de son cachot, pareille à une vision lumineuse. Ordener
douta de ses yeux, et se demanda s’il n’était pas déjà dans le ciel. C’était
elle, c’était son Éthel.
La jeune fille était tombée dans ses bras enchaînés ; elle couvrait les mains
d’Ordener de larmes, qu’essuyaient les longues tresses noires de ses cheveux épars ; baisant les fers du condamné, elle meurtrissait ses lèvres pures sur les
infâmes carcans ; elle ne parlait pas, mais tout son cœur semblait prêt à
s’échapper dans la première parole qui passerait à travers ses sanglots.
Lui, il éprouvait la joie la plus céleste qu’il eût éprouvée depuis sa naissance.
Il serrait doucement son Éthel sur sa poitrine, et les forces réunies de
la terre et de l’enfer n’eussent pu en ce moment dénouer les deux bras dont
il l’environnait. Le sentiment de sa mort prochaine mêlait quelque chose de
solennel à son ravissement, et il s’emparait de son Éthel comme s’il en eût
déjà pris possession pour l’éternité.
Il ne demanda pas à son Éthel comment elle avait pu pénétrer jusqu’à lui.
Elle était là, pouvait-il penser à autre chose ? D’ailleurs il ne s’en étonnait
pas. Il ne se demandait pas comment cette jeune fille proscrite, faible, isolée,
avait pu, malgré les triples portes de fer, et les triples rangs de soldats,
ouvrir sa propre prison et celle de son amant ; cela lui semblait simple ; il
portait en lui la conscience intime de ce que peut l’amour.
À quoi bon se parler avec la voix quand on se peut parler avec l’âme ?
Pourquoi ne pas laisser les corps écouter en silence le langage mystérieux
des intelligences ? — Tous deux se taisaient, parce qu’il y a des émotions
qu’on ne saurait exprimer qu’en se taisant.
Cependant la jeune fille souleva enfin sa tête appuyée sur le cœur tumultueux
du jeune homme.
— Ordener, dit-elle, je viens te sauver ; et elle prononça cette parole
d’espérance avec une angoisse douloureuse.
Ordener secoua la tête en souriant.
— Me sauver, Éthel ! tu t’abuses ; la fuite est impossible.
— Hélas ! je le sais trop. Ce château est peuplé de soldats, et toutes les
portes qu’il faut traverser pour arriver ici sont gardées par des archers et des
geôliers qui ne dorment pas. — Elle ajouta avec effort : Mais je t’apporte un
autre moyen de salut.
— Va, ton espérance est vaine. Ne te berce pas de chimères, Éthel ;
dans quelques heures un coup de hache les dissiperait trop cruellement.
— Oh ! n’achève pas ! Ordener ! tu ne mourras pas. Oh ! dérobe-moi cette
affreuse pensée, ou plutôt, oui, présente-la-moi dans toute son horreur,
pour me donner la force d’accomplir ton salut et mon sacrifice.
Il y avait dans l’accent de la jeune fille une expression indéfinissable.
Ordener la regarda doucement :
— Ton sacrifice ! que veux-tu dire ?
Elle cacha son visage dans ses mains, et sanglota en disant d’une voix
inarticulée : — Ô Dieu !
Cet abattement fut de courte durée ; elle se releva ; ses yeux brillaient, sa bouche souriait. Elle était belle comme un ange qui remonte de l’enfer au
ciel.
— Écoutez, mon Ordener, votre échafaud ne s’élèvera pas. Pour que
vous viviez, il suffit que vous promettiez d’épouser Ulrique d’Ahlefeld.
— Ulrique d’Ahlefeld ! ce nom dans ta bouche, mon Éthel !
— Ne m’interrompez pas, poursuivit-elle avec le calme d’une martyre
qui subit sa dernière torture ; je viens ici envoyée par la comtesse d’Ahlefeld.
On vous promet d’obtenir votre grâce du roi, si l’on obtient en
échange votre main pour la fille du grand-chancelier. Je viens ici vous
demander le serment d’épouser Ulrique et de vivre pour elle. On m’a choisie
pour messagère, parce qu’on a pensé que ma voix aurait quelque puissance
sur vous.
— Éthel, dit le condamné d’une voix glacée, adieu ; en sortant de ce
cachot, dites qu’on fasse venir le bourreau.
Elle se leva, resta un moment devant lui debout, pâle et tremblante ;
puis ses genoux fléchirent, elle tomba à genoux sur la pierre en joignant les
mains.
— Que lui ai-je fait ? murmura-t-elle d’une voix éteinte.
Ordener, muet, fixait son regard sur la pierre.
— Seigneur, dit-elle, se traînant à genoux jusqu’à lui, vous ne me répondez
pas ? Vous ne voulez donc plus me parler ? Il ne me reste plus
qu’à mourir.
Une larme roula dans les yeux du jeune homme.
— Éthel, vous ne m’aimez plus.
— Ô Dieu ! s’écria la pauvre jeune fille, serrant dans ses bras les genoux
du prisonnier, je ne l’aime plus ! Tu dis que je ne t’aime plus, mon Ordener.
Est-il bien vrai que tu as pu dire cela ?
— Vous ne m’aimez plus, puisque vous me méprisez.
Il se repentit à l’instant même d’avoir prononcé cette parole cruelle ; car
l’accent d’Éthel fut déchirant, quand elle jeta ses bras adorés autour de son
cou, en criant d’une voix étouffée par les larmes :
— Pardonne-moi, mon bien-aimé Ordener, pardonne-moi comme je te
pardonne. Moi ! te mépriser, grand Dieu ! n’es-tu pas mon bien, mon orgueil,
mon idolâtrie ? — Dis-moi, est-ce qu’il y avait dans mes paroles autre
chose qu’un profond amour, qu’une brûlante admiration pour toi ? Hélas !
ton langage sévère m’a fait bien du mal, quand je venais pour te sauver,
mon Ordener adoré, en immolant tout mon être au tien.
— Eh bien, répondit le jeune homme radouci en essuyant les pleurs
d’Éthel avec des baisers, n’était-ce pas me montrer peu d’estime que de me
proposer de racheter ma vie par l’abandon de mon Éthel, par un lâche oubli de mes serments, par le sacrifice de mon amour ? — Il ajouta, l’œil fixé sur
Éthel : — De mon amour, pour lequel je verse aujourd’hui tout mon sang.
Un long gémissement précéda la réponse d’Éthel.
— Écoute-moi encore, mon Ordener, ne m’accuse pas si vite. J’ai peut-être
plus de force qu’il n’appartient d’ordinaire à une pauvre femme. — Du
haut de notre donjon on voit construire, dans la place d’Armes, l’échafaud
qui t’est destiné. Ordener ! tu ne connais pas cette affreuse douleur de voir
lentement se préparer la mort de celui qui porte avec lui notre vie ! La
comtesse d’Ahlefeld, près de laquelle j’étais quand j’ai entendu prononcer
ton arrêt funèbre, est venue me trouver au donjon, où j’étais rentrée avec
mon père. Elle m’a demandé si je voulais te sauver, elle m’a offert cet odieux
moyen ; mon Ordener, il fallait détruire ma pauvre destinée, renoncer à
toi, te perdre pour jamais, donner à une autre cet Ordener, toute la félicité
de la délaissée Éthel, ou te livrer au supplice ; on me laissait le choix entre
mon malheur et ta mort : je n’ai pas balancé.
Il baisa avec respect la main de cet ange.
— Je ne balance pas non plus, Éthel. Tu ne serais pas venue m’offrir
la vie avec la main d’Ulrique d’Ahlefeld, si tu avais su comment il se fait
que je meurs.
— Quoi ? Quel mystère ?…
— Permets-moi d’avoir un secret pour toi, mon Éthel bien-aimée. Je
veux mourir sans que tu saches si tu me dois de la reconnaissance ou de la
haine pour ma mort.
— Tu veux mourir ! Tu veux donc mourir ! Ô Dieu ! et cela est vrai ! et
l’échafaud se dresse en ce moment, et aucune puissance humaine ne peut
délivrer mon Ordener qu’on va tuer ! Dis-moi, jette un regard sur ton esclave,
sur ta compagne, et promets-moi, bien-aimé Ordener, de m’entendre
sans colère. Es-tu bien sûr, réponds à ton Éthel comme à Dieu, que
tu ne pourrais mener une vie heureuse auprès de cette femme, de cette
Ulrique d’Ahlefeld ? en es-tu bien sûr, Ordener ? Elle est peut-être, sans
doute même, belle, douce, vertueuse ; elle vaut mieux que celle pour qui
tu péris. — Ne détourne pas la tête, cher ami, mon Ordener. Tu es si
noble et si jeune pour monter sur un échafaud ! Eh bien ! tu irais vivre avec
elle dans quelque brillante ville où tu ne penserais plus à ce funeste donjon ;
tu laisserais couler paisiblement tes jours sans t’informer de moi ; j’y consens,
tu me chasserais de ton cœur, même de ton souvenir, Ordener. Mais
vis, laisse-moi ici seule, c’est à moi de mourir. Et, crois-moi, quand je te
saurai dans les bras d’une autre, tu n’auras pas besoin de t’inquiéter de
moi ; je ne souffrirai pas longtemps.
Elle s’arrêta ; sa voix se perdait dans les larmes. Cependant on lisait dans son regard désolé le désir douloureux de remporter la victoire fatale dont
elle devait mourir.
Ordener lui dit :
— Éthel, ne me parle plus de cela. Qu’il ne sorte en ce moment de nos
bouches d’autres noms que le tien et le mien.
— Ainsi, reprit-elle, hélas ! hélas ! tu veux donc mourir ?
— Il le faut. J’irai avec joie à l’échafaud pour toi ; j’irais avec horreur à
l’autel pour toute autre femme. Ne m’en parle plus ; tu m’affliges et tu
m’offenses.
Elle pleurait en murmurant toujours : — Il va mourir, ô Dieu ! et d’une
mort infâme !
Le condamné répondit avec un sourire :
— Crois-moi, Éthel, il y a moins de déshonneur dans ma mort que dans
la vie telle que tu me la proposes.
En ce moment, son regard, se détachant de son Éthel éplorée, aperçut
un vieillard vêtu d’habits ecclésiastiques, qui se tenait debout dans l’ombre,
sous la voûte basse de la porte :
— Que voulez-vous ? dit-il brusquement.
— Seigneur, je suis venu avec l’envoyée de la comtesse d’Ahlefeld.
Vous ne m’avez point aperçu, et j’attendais en silence que vos yeux tombassent
sur moi.
En effet, Ordener n’avait vu que son Éthel, et celle-ci, voyant Ordener,
avait oublié son compagnon.
— Je suis, continua le vieillard, le ministre chargé…
— J’entends, dit le jeune homme. Je suis prêt.
Le ministre s’avança vers lui.
— Dieu est prêt aussi à vous recevoir, mon fils.
— Seigneur ministre, reprit Ordener, votre visage ne m’est pas inconnu.
Je vous ai vu quelque part.
Le ministre s’inclina.
— Je vous reconnais aussi, mon fils. C’était dans la tour de Vygla.
Nous avons tous deux montré ce jour-là combien les paroles humaines ont
peu de certitude. Vous m’avez promis la grâce de douze malheureux condamnés,
et moi je n’ai point cru en votre promesse, ne pouvant deviner que
vous fussiez ce que vous êtes, le fils du vice-roi ; et vous, seigneur, qui comptiez
sur votre puissance et sur votre rang, en me donnant cette assurance…
Ordener acheva la pensée qu’Athanase Munder n’osait compléter.
— Je ne puis aujourd’hui obtenir aucune grâce, pas même la mienne ;
vous avez raison, seigneur ministre. Je respectais trop peu l’avenir, il m’en
a puni, en me montrant sa puissance supérieure à la mienne.
Le ministre baissa la tête.
— Dieu est fort, dit-il.
Puis il releva ses yeux bienveillants sur Ordener en ajoutant :
— Dieu est bon.
Ordener, qui paraissait préoccupé, s’écria, après un court silence :
— Écoutez, seigneur ministre, je veux tenir la promesse que je vous ai
faite dans la tour de Vygla. Quand je serai mort, allez trouver à Bergen
mon père, le vice-roi de Norvège, et dites-lui que la dernière grâce que lui
demande son fils, c’est celle de vos douze protégés. Il vous l’accordera, j’en
suis sûr.
Une larme d’attendrissement mouilla le visage vénérable d’Athanase.
— Mon fils, il faut que de nobles pensées remplissent votre âme, pour
savoir, dans la même heure, rejeter avec courage votre propre grâce et solliciter
avec bonté celle des autres. Car j’ai entendu vos refus ; et, tout en
blâmant le dangereux excès d’une passion humaine, j’en ai été profondément
touché. Maintenant je me dis : ''Unde scelus ?'' Comment se fait-il qu’un
homme qui approche tant du vrai juste se soit souillé du crime pour lequel
il est condamné ?
— Mon père, je ne l’ai point dit à cet ange, je ne puis vous le dire.
Croyez seulement que la cause de ma condamnation n’est point un crime.
— Comment ? expliquez-vous, mon fils.
— Ne me pressez pas, répondit le jeune homme avec fermeté. Laissez-moi
emporter dans le tombeau le secret de ma mort.
— Ce jeune homme ne peut être coupable, murmura le ministre.
Alors il tira de son sein un crucifix noir, qu’il plaça sur une sorte d’autel grossièrement formé d’une dalle de granit adossée au mur humide de la
prison. Près du crucifix il posa une petite lampe de fer allumée, qu’il avait
apportée avec lui, et une bible ouverte.
— Mon fils, priez et méditez. Je reviendrai dans quelques heures. —
Allons, ajouta-t-il, se tournant vers Éthel, qui, pendant l’entretien d’Ordener
et d’Athanase, avait gardé le silence du recueillement, il faut quitter le
prisonnier. Le temps s’écoule.
Elle se leva radieuse et tranquille ; quelque chose de divin enflammait son
regard :
— Seigneur ministre, je ne puis vous suivre encore. Il faut auparavant
que vous ayez uni Éthel Schumacker à son époux Ordener Guldenlew.
Elle regarda Ordener :
— Si tu étais encore puissant, libre et glorieux, mon Ordener, je pleurerais
et j’éloignerais ma fatale destinée de la tienne. — Mais maintenant
que tu ne crains plus la contagion de mon malheur, que tu es, ainsi que moi, captif, flétri, opprimé, maintenant que tu vas mourir, je viens à toi, espérant
que tu daigneras du moins, Ordener, mon seigneur, permettre à celle qui
n’aurait pu être la compagne de ta vie, d’être la compagne de ta mort ; car
tu m’aimes assez, n’est-il pas vrai, pour n’avoir pas douté un instant que je
n’expire en même temps que toi ?
Le condamné tomba à ses pieds et baisa le bas de sa robe.
— Vous, vieillard, continua-t-elle, vous allez nous tenir lieu de familles
et de pères ; ce cachot sera le temple ; cette pierre, l’autel. Voici mon anneau,
nous sommes à genoux devant Dieu et devant vous. Bénissez-nous et
lisez les paroles saintes qui vont unir Éthel Schumacker à Ordener Guldenlew,
son seigneur.
Et ils s’étaient agenouillés ensemble devant le prêtre, qui les contemplait
avec un étonnement mêlé de pitié.
— Comment, mes enfants ! que faites-vous ?
— Mon père, dit la jeune fille, le temps presse. Dieu et la mort nous
attendent.
On rencontre quelquefois dans la vie des puissances irrésistibles, des volontés
auxquelles on cède soudain comme si elles avaient quelque chose de
plus que les volontés humaines. Le prêtre leva les yeux en soupirant.
— Que le Seigneur me pardonne si ma condescendance est coupable !
Vous vous aimez, vous n’avez plus que bien peu de temps à vous aimer sur
la terre ; je ne crois pas manquer à nos saints devoirs en légitimant
votre amour.
La douce et redoutable cérémonie s’accomplit. Ils se levèrent tous deux
sous la dernière bénédiction du prêtre ; ils étaient époux.
Le visage du condamné brillait d’une douloureuse joie ; on eût dit qu’il
commençait à sentir l’amertume de la mort, à présent qu’il essayait la félicité
de la vie. Les traits de sa compagne étaient sublimes de grandeur et de simplicité ;
elle était encore modeste comme une jeune vierge, et déjà presque
fière comme une jeune épouse.
— Écoute-moi, mon Ordener, dit-elle, n’est-il pas vrai que nous
sommes maintenant heureux de mourir, puisque la vie ne pouvait nous
réunir ? Tu ne sais pas, ami, ce que je ferai, — je me placerai aux fenêtres
du donjon de manière à te voir monter sur l’échafaud, afin que nos âmes
s’envolent ensemble dans le ciel. Si j’expire avant que la hache ne tombe, je
t’attendrai ; car nous sommes époux, mon Ordener adoré, et ce soir le cercueil
sera notre lit nuptial.
Il la pressa sur son cœur gonflé et ne put prononcer que ces mots, qui
étaient l’idée de toute son existence :
— Éthel, tu es donc à moi !
— Mes enfants, dit la voix attendrie de l’aumônier, dites-vous adieu. Il
est temps.
— Hélas ! s’écria Éthel.
Toute sa force d’ange lui revint, et elle se prosterna devant le condamné :
— Adieu ! mon Ordener bien-aimé ; mon seigneur, donnez-moi votre
bénédiction.
Le prisonnier accomplit ce vœu touchant, puis il se retourna pour saluer
le vénérable Athanase Munder. Le vieillard était également agenouillé
devant lui.
— Qu’attendez-vous, mon père ? demanda-t-il surpris.
Le vieillard le regarda d’un air humble et doux :
— Votre bénédiction, mon fils.
— Que le ciel vous bénisse et appelle sur vous toutes les félicités que
vos prières appellent sur vos frères les autres hommes, répondit Ordener
d’un accent ému et solennel.
Bientôt la voûte sépulcrale entendit les derniers adieux et les derniers baisers ;
bientôt les durs verrous se refermèrent bruyamment, et la porte de fer
sépara les deux jeunes époux, qui allaient mourir après s’être donné rendez-vous
dans l’éternité.
|3}}|marge=35}}
|3}}|marge=35}}
|3}}|marge=35}}
— Baron Vœthaün, colonel des arquebusiers de Munckholm, quel est
celui des soldats qui ont combattu sous vos ordres au Pilier-Noir qui a fait
Han d’Islande prisonnier ? Nommez-le au tribunal, afin qu’il reçoive les
mille écus royaux promis pour cette capture.
Ainsi parle au colonel des arquebusiers le président du tribunal. Le tribunal
est assemblé ; car, selon l’usage ancien de Norvège, les juges qui prononcent
sans appel doivent rester sur leurs sièges jusqu’à ce que l’arrêt qu’ils
ont rendu soit exécuté. Devant eux est le géant, qu’on vient de ramener,
portant à son cou la corde qui doit le porter à son tour dans quelques
heures.
Le colonel, assis près de la table du secrétaire intime, se lève. Il salue le
tribunal et l’évêque, qui est remonté sur son trône.
— Seigneurs juges, le soldat qui a pris Han d’Islande est dans cette
enceinte. Il se nomme Toric Belfast, second arquebusier de mon régiment.
— Qu’il vienne donc, reprend le président, recevoir la récompense promise.
Un jeune soldat, en uniforme d’arquebusier de Munckholm, se présente.
— Vous êtes Toric Belfast ? demande le président.
— Oui, votre grâce.
— C’est vous qui avez fait Han d’Islande prisonnier ?
— Oui, avec l’aide de saint Belzébuth, s’il plaît à votre excellence.
On apporte sur le tribunal un sac pesant.
— Vous reconnaissez bien cet homme pour le fameux Han d’Islande ?
ajoute le président, montrant le géant enchaîné.
— Je connaissais mieux le minois de la jolie Cattie que celui de Han
d’Islande ; mais j’affirme, par la gloire de saint Belphégor, que, si Han d’Islande
est quelque part, c’est sous la forme de ce grand démon.
— Approchez, Toric Belfast, reprit le président. Voici les mille écus
promis par le haut-syndic.
Le soldat s’avançait précipitamment vers le tribunal, quand une voix
s’éleva dans la foule :
— Arquebusier de Munckholm, ce n’est pas toi qui as pris Han d’Islande !
— Par tous les bienheureux diables ! s’écria le soldat en se retournant, je
n’ai en propriété que ma pipe et la minute où je parle, mais je promets de
donner dix mille écus d’or à celui qui vient de dire cela, s’il peut prouver
ce qu’il a dit.
Et, croisant les deux bras, il promenait un regard assuré sur l’auditoire.
— Eh bien ! que celui qui vient de parler se montre donc !
— C’est moi ! dit un petit homme qui fendait la presse pour pénétrer
dans l’enceinte.
Ce nouveau personnage était enveloppé d’une natte de jonc et de poil
de veau marin, vêtement des Groënlandais, qui tombait autour de lui
comme le toit conique d’une hutte. Sa barbe était noire, et d’épais cheveux
de même couleur, couvrant ses sourcils roux, cachaient son visage, dont
tout ce qu’on distinguait était hideux. On ne voyait ni ses bras ni ses
mains.
— Ah ! c’est toi ? dit le soldat avec un éclat de rire. Et qui donc, selon
toi, mon beau sire, a eu l’honneur de prendre ce diabolique géant ?
Le petit homme secoua la tête, et dit avec une sorte de sourire malicieux :
— C’est moi !
— En ce moment, le baron Vœthaün crut reconnaître en cet homme
singulier l’être mystérieux qui lui avait donné à Skongen l’avis de l’arrivée
des rebelles ; le chancelier d’Ahlefeld, l’hôte de la ruine d’Arbar ; et le secrétaire intime, un certain paysan d’Oëlmœ, qui portait une natte pareille et
lui avait si bien indiqué la retraite de Han d’Islande. Mais, séparés tous
trois, ils ne purent se communiquer leur impression fugitive, que les différences
de costume et de traits qu’ils remarquèrent ensuite eurent bientôt effacée.
— Vraiment, c’est toi ! répondit le soldat ironiquement. — Sans ton
costume de phoque du Groënland, au regard que tu me lances, je serais
tenté de reconnaître en toi un autre nain grotesque, qui m’a de même cherché
querelle dans le Spladgest, il y a environ quinze jours ; — c’était le jour
où on apporta le cadavre du mineur Gill Stadt…
— Gill Stadt ! interrompit le petit homme en tressaillant.
— Oui, Gill Stadt, affirma le soldat avec indifférence, l’amoureux rebuté
d’une fille qui était la maîtresse d’un de nos camarades, et pour laquelle il
est mort comme un sot.
Le petit homme dit sourdement :
— N’y avait-il pas aussi au Spladgest le corps d’un officier de ton régiment ?
— Précisément, je me rappellerai toute ma vie ce jour-là ; j’ai oublié
l’heure de la retraite dans le Spladgest, et j’ai failli être dégradé en rentrant
au fort. Cet officier, c’était le capitaine Dispolsen.
À ce nom le secrétaire intime se leva.
— Ces deux individus abusent de la patience du tribunal. Nous prions
le seigneur président d’abréger cet entretien inutile.
— Par l’honneur de ma Cattie, je ne demande pas mieux, dit Toric
Belfast, pourvu que vos courtoisies m’adjugent les mille écus promis pour
la tête de Han, car c’est moi qui l’ai fait prisonnier.
— Tu mens ! s’écria le petit homme.
Le soldat chercha son sabre à son côté.
— Tu es bien heureux, drôle, que nous soyons devant la justice, en
présence de laquelle un soldat, fût-il arquebusier de Munckholm, doit se
tenir désarmé comme un vieux coq.
— C’est à moi, dit froidement le petit homme, qu’appartient le salaire,
car sans moi on n’aurait pas la tête de Han d’Islande.
Le soldat furieux jura que c’était lui qui avait pris Han d’Islande
lorsque, tombé sur le champ de bataille, il commençait à rouvrir les
yeux.
— Eh bien, dit son adversaire, il se peut que ce soit toi qui l’aies pris,
mais c’est moi qui l’ai terrassé ; sans moi tu n’aurais pu l’emmener prisonnier :
donc les mille écus m’appartiennent.
— Cela est faux, répliqua le soldat, ce n’est pas toi qui l’as terrassé, c’est
un esprit vêtu de peaux de bêtes.
— C’est moi !
— Non, non.
Le président ordonna aux deux parties de se taire ; puis, demandant de
nouveau au colonel Vœthaün si c’était bien Toric Belfast qui lui avait amené Han d’Islande prisonnier, et sur la réponse affirmative, il déclara que
la récompense appartenait au soldat.
Le petit homme grinça des dents, et l’arquebusier étendit avidement les
mains pour recevoir le sac.
— Un instant ! cria le petit homme. — Sire président, cette somme,
d’après l’édit du haut-syndic, n’appartient qu’à celui qui livrera Han d’Islande.
— Eh bien ? dirent les juges.
Le petit homme se tourna vers le géant :
— Cet homme n’est pas Han d’Islande.
Un murmure d’étonnement parcourut la salle. Le président et le secrétaire
intime s’agitaient sur leurs sièges.
— Non, répéta avec force le petit homme, l’argent n’appartient pas à
l’arquebusier maudit de Munckholm, car cet homme n’est point Han d’Islande.
— Hallebardiers, dit le président, qu’on emmène ce furieux, il a perdu
la raison.
L’évêque éleva la voix :
— Me permette le respectable président de lui faire observer qu’on peut,
en refusant d’entendre cet homme, briser la planche du salut sous les pieds
du condamné ici présent. Je demande au contraire que la confrontation
continue.
— Révérend évêque, le tribunal va vous satisfaire, répondit le président ;
et s’adressant au géant : — Vous avez déclaré être Han d’Islande ;
confirmez-vous devant la mort votre déclaration ?
— Le condamné répondit : — Je la confirme, je suis Han d’Islande.
— Vous entendez, seigneur évêque ?
Le petit homme criait en même temps que le président :
— Tu mens, montagnard de Kole ! tu mens ! Ne t’obstine pas à porter
un nom qui t’écrase ; souviens-toi qu’il t’a déjà été funeste.
— Je suis Han, de Klipstadur, en Islande, répéta le géant, l’œil fixé
sur le secrétaire intime.
Le petit homme s’approcha du soldat de Munckholm, qui, comme l’auditoire,
observait cette scène avec curiosité.
— Montagnard de Kole, on dit que Han d’Islande boit du sang humain.
Si tu l’es, bois-en. — En voici.
Et à peine ces paroles étaient-elles prononcées, qu’écartant son manteau
de natte il avait plongé un poignard dans le cœur de l’arquebusier, et jeté
le cadavre aux pieds du géant.
Un cri d’effroi et d’horreur s’éleva ; les soldats qui gardaient le géant tiret . Le petit homme, prompt comme le tonnerre, s’élança sur le montagnard
découvert, et d’un nouveau coup de poignard il le fit tomber sur le
corps du soldat. Alors, dépouillant sa natte de jonc, sa fausse chevelure et
sa barbe noire, il dévoila ses membres nerveux, hideusement revêtus de
peaux de bêtes, et un visage qui répandit plus d’horreur encore parmi les
assistants que le poignard sanglant dont il élevait le fer dégouttant de deux
meurtres.
— Hé ! juges, où est Han d’Islande ?
— Gardes, qu’on saisisse ce monstre ! cria le président épouvanté.
Han jeta dans la salle son poignard.
— Il m’est inutile, s’il n’y a plus ici de soldats de Munckholm.
En parlant ainsi, il se livra sans résistance aux hallebardiers et aux archers
qui l’entouraient, se préparant à l’assiéger comme une ville. On enchaîna
le monstre sur le banc des accusés, et une litière emporta ses deux victimes,
dont l’une, le montagnard, respirait encore.
Il est impossible de peindre les divers mouvements de terreur, d’étonnement
et d’indignation qui, pendant cette scène horrible, avaient agité le
peuple, les gardes et les juges. Quand le brigand eut pris place, calme et
impassible, sur le banc fatal, le sentiment de la curiosité imposa silence
à toute autre impression, et l’attention rétablit la tranquillité.
L’évêque vénérable se leva :
— Seigneurs juges… dit-il.
Le brigand l’interrompit :
— Évêque de Drontheim, je suis Han d’Islande ; ne prends pas la peine
de me défendre.
Le secrétaire intime se leva.
— Noble président…
Le monstre lui coupa la parole :
— Secrétaire intime, je suis Han d’Islande ; ne prends pas le soin de
m’accuser.
Alors, les pieds dans le sang, il promena son œil farouche et hardi sur
le tribunal, les archers et la foule, et l’on eût dit que tous ces hommes palpitaient
d’épouvante sous le regard de cet homme désarmé, seul et
enchaîné.
— Écoutez, juges, n’attendez pas de moi de longues paroles. Je suis
le démon de Klipstadur. Ma mère est cette vieille Islande, l’île des volcans.
Elle ne formait autrefois qu’une montagne, mais elle a été écrasée par la
main d’un géant qui s’appuya sur sa cime en tombant du ciel. Je n’ai pas
besoin de vous parler de moi ; je suis le descendant d’Ingolphe l’Exterminateur,
et je porte en moi son esprit. J’ai commis plus de meurtres et allumé plus d’incendies que vous n’avez à vous tous prononcé d’arrêts iniques dans
votre vie. J’ai des secrets communs avec le chancelier d’Ahlefeld. —
Je boirais tout le sang qui coule dans vos veines avec délices. Ma nature
est de haïr les hommes, ma mission de leur nuire. Colonel des arquebusiers
de Munckholm, c’est moi qui t’ai donné avis du passage des mineurs au
Pilier-Noir, certain que tu tuerais un grand nombre d’hommes dans ces
gorges ; c’est moi qui ai écrasé un bataillon de ton régiment avec des quartiers
de rochers ; je vengeais mon fils. — Maintenant, juges, mon fils est
mort ; je viens ici chercher la mort. L’âme d’Ingolphe me pèse, parce que
je la porte seul et que je ne pourrai la transmettre à aucun héritier. Je suis
las de la vie, puisqu’elle ne peut plus être l’exemple et la leçon d’un successeur.
J’ai assez bu de sang ; je n’ai plus soif. À présent, me voici ; vous
pouvez boire le mien.
Il se tut, et toutes les voix répétèrent sourdement chacune de ses effroyables
paroles.
L’évêque lui dit :
— Mon fils, dans quelle intention avez-vous donc commis tant de
crimes ?
Le brigand se mit à rire.
— Ma foi, je te jure, révérend évêque, que ce n’était pas, comme ton
confrère l’évêque de Borglum, dans l’intention de m’enrichir<ref>Quelques chroniqueurs affirment qu’en 1525 un évêque de Borglum se rendit fameux par divers brigandages. Il soudoyait des pirates, disent-ils, qui infestaient les côtes de Norvège. Ce fait est néanmoins fort douteux.</ref>.
Quelque chose était en moi, qui me poussait.
— Dieu ne réside pas toujours dans tous ses ministres, répondit humblement
le saint vieillard. Vous voulez m’insulter, je voudrais pouvoir vous
défendre.
— Ta révérence perd son temps. Va demander à ton autre confrère
l’évêque de Scalholt, en Islande. Par Ingolphe, ce sera une chose étrange
que deux évêques aient pris soin de ma vie, l’un près de mon berceau, l’autre
près de mon sépulcre. — Évêque, tu es un vieux fou.
— Mon fils, croyez-vous en Dieu ?
— Pourquoi non ? Je veux qu’il soit un Dieu pour pouvoir blasphémer.
— Arrêtez, malheureux ! vous allez mourir, et vous ne baisez pas les
pieds du Christ !
Han d’Islande haussa les épaules.
— Si je le faisais, ce serait à la manière du gendarme de Roll, qui fit
tomber le roi en lui baisant le pied.
L’évêque se rassit, profondément ému.
— Allons, juges, poursuivit Han d’Islande, qu’attendez-vous ? Si j’avais
été à votre place et vous à la mienne, je ne vous aurais point fait attendre
si longtemps votre arrêt de mort.
Le tribunal se retira. Après une courte délibération, il rentra dans
l’audience, et le président lut à haute voix une sentence qui, selon les formules,
condamnait Han d’Islande ''à être pendu par le cou jusqu’à ce que mort s’ensuivît.''
— Voilà qui est bien, dit le brigand. Chancelier d’Ahlefeld, j’en sais
assez sur ton compte pour t’en faire obtenir autant. Mais vis, puisque tu fais
du mal aux hommes. — Allons, je suis sûr maintenant de ne point aller
dans le Nifflheim<ref>Selon les croyances populaires, le ''Nifflheim'' était l’enfer de ceux qui mouraient de maladie ou de vieillesse.</ref>.
Le secrétaire intime ordonna aux gardes qui l’emmenaient de le déposer
dans le donjon du Lion de Slesvig, pendant qu’on lui préparerait un cachot,
pour y attendre son exécution, dans le quartier des arquebusiers de Munckholm.
— Dans le quartier des arquebusiers de Munckholm ! répéta le monstre
avec un grondement de joie.
|marge=35}}
|3}}|marge=40}}
Cependant, avant l’aube du jour dans lequel nous sommes déjà assez
avancés, à l’heure même où la sentence d’Ordener se prononçait à Munckholm,
le nouveau gardien du Spladgest de Drontheim, l’ancien lieutenant
et le successeur actuel de Benignus Spiagudry, Oglypiglap, avait été brusquement
réveillé sur son grabat par le retentissement de la porte de l’édifice
sous plusieurs coups violents. Il s’était levé à regret, avait pris sa lampe de
cuivre dont la faible lumière blessait ses yeux endormis, et était allé, en
jurant de l’humidité de la salle des morts, ouvrir à ceux qui l’arrachaient
si tôt à son sommeil.
C’étaient des pêcheurs du lac de Sparbo, qui apportaient sur une litière
couverte de joncs, d’algues et de limoselle des marais, un cadavre trouvé
dans les eaux du lac.
Ils déposèrent leur fardeau dans l’intérieur de l’édifice funèbre, et Oglypiglap
leur donna un reçu du mort afin qu’ils pussent réclamer leur salaire.
Resté seul dans le Spladgest, il commença à déshabiller le cadavre, qui
était remarquable par sa longueur et sa maigreur. Le premier objet qui se
présenta à ses yeux, quand il eut soulevé le voile dont il était enveloppé,
fut une énorme perruque.
— En vérité, se dit-il, cette perruque de forme étrangère m’a déjà passé
par les mains, c’était celle de ce jeune élégant français… Mais, continua-t-il
en poursuivant ses opérations, voici les bottes fortes du pauvre postillon
Cramner que ses chevaux ont écrasé, et… — que diable est-ce que cela
signifie ? — l’habit noir complet du professeur Syngramtax, ce vieux savant
qui s’est noyé dernièrement. — Quel est donc ce nouveau venu qui m’arrive
avec la dépouille de toutes mes vieilles connaissances ?
Il promena sa lampe sur le visage du mort, mais inutilement ; les traits,
déjà décomposés, avaient perdu leur forme et leur couleur. Il fouilla dans
les poches de l’habit, et en tira quelques vieux parchemins imprégnés d’eau
et souillés de vase ; il les essuya fortement avec son tablier de cuir, et parvint
à lire sur l’un d’eux ces mots sans suite à demi effacés : « — Rudbeck, Saxon
le grammairien. Arngrim, évêque de Holum. — Il n’y a en Norvège que
deux comtés, Larvig et Jarlsberg, et une baronnie… — On ne trouve de
mines d’argent qu’à Konsberg ; de l’aimant, des aspestes, qu’à Sundmoër ;
de l’améthyste, qu’à Guldbranshal ; des calcédoines, des agates, du jaspe,
qu’aux îles Faroër. — À Noukahiva, en temps de famine, les hommes
mangent leurs femmes et leurs enfants. — Thormodus Thorfœus ; Isleif,
évêque de Scalholt, premier historien islandais. — Mercure joua aux échecs
avec la Lune, et lui gagna la soixante-douzième partie du jour. Malstrom,
gouffre. — ''Hirundo, hirudo''. — Cicéron, pois chiche ; gloire. — Frode le
savant. — Odin consultait la tête de Mimer, sage. — (Mahomet et son
pigeon, Sertorius et sa biche.) — Plus le sol… moins il renferme de gypse… »
— Je ne puis en croire mes yeux ! s’écria-t-il, laissant tomber le parchemin ;
c’est l’écriture de mon ancien maître, Benignus Spiagudry !
Alors, examinant de nouveau le cadavre, il reconnut les longues mains,
les cheveux rares, et toute l’habitude du corps de l’infortuné.
— Ce n’est pas à tort, pensa-t-il en secouant la tête, qu’on a lancé contre
lui une accusation de sacrilège et de nécromancie. Le diable l’a enlevé pour
le noyer dans le Sparbo. — Ce que c’est que de nous ! qui eût jamais pensé
que le docteur Spiagudry, après avoir si longtemps gardé les autres dans
cette hôtellerie des morts, viendrait un jour de loin s’y faire garder lui-même !
Le petit lapon philosophe soulevait le corps pour le porter sur l’une de
ses six couches de granit, lorsqu’il s’aperçut que quelque chose de lourd était
attaché par un lien de cuir au cou du malheureux Spiagudry.
— C’est sans doute la pierre avec laquelle le démon l’a précipité dans
le lac, murmura-t-il.
Il se trompait ; c’était une petite cassette de fer, sur laquelle, en la regardant
de près, après l’avoir soigneusement essuyée, il remarqua un large
fermoir en écusson.
— Il y a sans doute quelque diablerie dans cette boîte, se dit-il ; cet
homme était sacrilège et sorcier. Allons déposer cette cassette chez l’évêque,
elle renferme peut-être un démon.
Alors, la détachant du cadavre, qu’il déposa dans la salle d’exposition,
il sortit en toute hâte pour se rendre au palais épiscopal, murmurant en
chemin quelques prières contre la redoutable boîte qu’il portait.
|3}}|marge=35}}
Han d’Islande et Schumacker sont dans la même salle du donjon
de Slesvig. L’ex-chancelier absous se promène à pas lents, les yeux chargés
de pleurs amers ; le brigand condamné rit de ses chaînes, environné de gardes.
Les deux prisonniers s’observent longtemps en silence ; on dirait qu’ils
se sentent tous deux et se reconnaissent mutuellement ennemis des hommes.
— Qui es-tu ? demande enfin l’ex-chancelier au brigand.
— Je te dirai mon nom, reprit l’autre, pour te faire fuir. Je suis Han
d’Islande.
Schumacker s’avance vers lui :
— Prends ma main ! dit-il.
— Est-ce que tu veux que je la dévore ?
— Han d’Islande, reprend Schumacker, je t’aime parce que tu hais les
hommes.
— Voilà pourquoi je te hais.
— Écoute ; je hais les hommes, comme toi, parce que je leur ai fait
du bien, et qu’ils m’ont fait du mal.
— Tu ne les hais pas comme moi ; je les hais, moi, parce qu’ils m’ont
fait du bien, et que je leur ai rendu du mal.
Schumacker frémit du regard du monstre. Il a beau vaincre sa nature, son
âme ne peut sympathiser avec celle-là.
— Oui, s’écrie-t-il, j’exècre les hommes, parce qu’ils sont fourbes,
ingrats, cruels. Je leur ai dû tout le malheur de ma vie.
— Tant mieux ! — je leur ai dû, moi, tout le bonheur de la mienne.
— Quel bonheur ?
— Le bonheur de sentir des chairs palpitantes frémir sous ma dent, un
sang fumant réchauffer mon gosier altéré ; la volupté de briser des êtres
vivants contre des pointes de rochers, et d’entendre le cri de la victime se
mêler au bruit des membres fracassés. Voilà les plaisirs que m’ont procurés
les hommes.
Schumacker recula avec épouvante devant le monstre dont il s’était approché presque avec l’orgueil de lui ressembler. Pénétré de honte, il voila
son visage vénérable de ses mains ; car ses yeux étaient pleins de larmes d’indignation,
non contre la race humaine, mais contre lui-même. Son cœur
noble et grand commençait à s’effrayer de la haine qu’il portait aux hommes
depuis si longtemps en la voyant reproduite dans le cœur de Han d’Islande
comme par un miroir effrayant.
— Eh bien ! dit le monstre en riant, ennemi des hommes, oses-tu te
vanter d’être semblable à moi ?
Le vieillard frissonna.
— Ô Dieu ! plutôt que de les haïr comme toi, j’aimerais mieux les
aimer.
Les gardes vinrent chercher le monstre, pour l’emmener dans un cachot
plus sûr. Schumacker rêveur resta seul dans le donjon ; mais il n’y restait
plus d’ennemi des hommes.
|3}}|marge=35}}
|3}}|marge=35}}
L’heure fatale était arrivée ; le soleil ne montrait plus que la moitié de son
disque au-dessus de l’horizon. Les postes étaient doublés dans tout le château
fort de Munckholm ; devant chaque porte se promenaient des sentinelles
silencieuses et farouches. La rumeur de la ville arrivait plus tumultueuse et
plus bruyante aux sombres tours de la forteresse, livrée elle-même à une
agitation extraordinaire. On entendait dans toutes les cours le bruit lugubre
des tambours voilés de crêpes ; le canon de la tour basse grondait par intervalles ;
la lourde cloche du donjon se balançait lentement avec des sons graves
et prolongés, et, de tous les points du port, des embarcations chargées
de peuple se pressaient vers le redoutable rocher.
Un échafaud tendu de noir, autour duquel s’épaississait et se grossissait
sans cesse une foule impatiente, s’élevait dans la place d’armes du château,
au centre d’un carré de soldats. Sur l’échafaud se promenait un homme vêtu
de serge rouge, tantôt s’appuyant sur une hache qu’il tenait à la main,
tantôt remuant un billot et une claie que portait l’estrade funèbre. Près de là
était préparé un bûcher devant lequel brûlaient quelques torches de résine.
Entre l’échafaud et le bûcher, on avait planté un pieu auquel était suspendu
un écriteau : ''Ordener Guldenlew, traître''. — On apercevait, de la place
d’armes, flotter au haut du donjon de Slesvig un grand drapeau noir.
C’est dans ce moment que parut, devant le tribunal toujours assemblé
dans la salle d’audience, Ordener condamné. L’évêque seulement était
absent ; son ministère de défenseur avait cessé.
Le fils du vice-roi était vêtu de noir, et portait à son cou le collier de Danebrog. Son visage était pâle, mais fier. Il était seul ; car on était venu
le chercher pour le supplice avant que l’aumônier Athanase Munder fût
revenu dans son cachot.
Ordener avait déjà consommé intérieurement son sacrifice. Cependant
l’époux d’Éthel songeait encore avec quelque amertume à la vie, et eût
peut-être voulu pouvoir choisir pour sa première nuit de noces une autre
nuit que celle du tombeau. Il avait prié et surtout rêvé dans sa prison.
Maintenant il était debout devant le terme de toute prière et de tout rêve.
Il se sentait fort de la force que donnent Dieu et l’amour.
La foule, plus émue que le condamné, le considérait avec une attention
avide. L’éclat de son rang, l’horreur de son sort, éveillaient toutes les envies
et toutes les pitiés. Chacun assistait à son châtiment sans s’expliquer son
crime. Il y a au fond des hommes un sentiment étrange qui les pousse,
ainsi qu’à des plaisirs, au spectacle des supplices. Ils cherchent avec un horrible
empressement à saisir la pensée de la destruction sur les traits décomposés
de celui qui va mourir, comme si quelque révélation du ciel ou de
l’enfer devait apparaître, en ce moment solennel, dans les yeux du misérable ;
comme pour voir quelle ombre jette l’aile de la mort planant sur une tête
humaine ; comme pour examiner ce qui reste d’un homme quand l’espérance
l’a quitté. Cet être, plein de force et de santé, qui se meut, qui respire,
qui vit, et qui, dans un moment, cessera de se mouvoir, de respirer, de
vivre, environné d’êtres pareils à lui, auxquels il n’a rien fait, qui le
plaignent tous, et dont nul ne le secourra ; ce malheureux, mourant sans
être moribond, courbé à la fois sous une puissance matérielle et sous un
pouvoir invisible ; cette vie que la société n’a pu donner, et qu’elle prend
avec appareil, toute cette cérémonie imposante du meurtre judiciaire,
ébranlent vivement les imaginations. Condamnés tous à mort avec des
sursis indéfinis, c’est pour nous un objet de curiosité étrange et douloureuse,
que l’infortuné qui sait précisément à quelle heure son sursis doit être levé.
On se souvient qu’avant d’aller à l’échafaud Ordener devait être amené
devant le tribunal, pour être dégradé de ses titres et de ses honneurs. À peine
le mouvement excité dans l’assemblée par son arrivée eut-il fait place au
calme, que le président se fit apporter le livre héraldique des deux royaumes
et les statuts de l’ordre de Danebrog.
Alors, ayant invité le condamné à mettre un genou en terre, il recommanda
aux assistants le silence et le respect, ouvrit le livre des chevaliers
de Danebrog et commença à lire d’une voix haute et sévère :
« — Christiern, par la grâce et miséricorde du Tout-Puissant, roi de Danemark
et de Norvège, des Vandales et des Goths, duc de Slesvig, de Holstein,
de Stormarie et de Dytmarse, comte d’Oldenbourg et de Delmenhurst, savoir faisons — qu’ayant rétabli, sur la proposition de notre grand-chancelier,
comte de Griffenfeld (la voix du président passa si rapidement sur
ce nom qu’on l’entendit à peine), l’ordre royal de Dannebrog, fondé par
notre illustre aïeul saint Waldemar,
« Sur ce que nous avons considéré que cet ordre vénérable ayant été créé
en souvenir de l’étendard Danebrog, envoyé du ciel à notre royaume béni,
« Ce serait mentir à la divine institution de l’ordre si quelqu’un des chevaliers
pouvait impunément forfaire à l’honneur et aux saintes lois de l’église
et de l’état,
« Nous ordonnons, à genoux devant Dieu, que quiconque, parmi les
chevaliers de l’ordre, aura livré son âme au démon par quelque félonie ou
trahison, après avoir été blâmé publiquement par un juge, sera à jamais
dégradé du rang de chevalier de notre royal ordre de Danebrog. »
Le président referma le livre.
— Ordener Guldenlew, baron de Thorvick, chevalier de Danebrog,
vous vous êtes rendu coupable de haute trahison, crime pour lequel votre
tête va être tranchée, votre corps brûlé, et votre cendre jetée au vent. —
Ordener Guldenlew, traître, vous vous êtes rendu indigne de prendre rang
parmi les chevaliers de Danebrog. Je vous invite à vous humilier, car je vais
vous dégrader publiquement au nom du roi.
Le président étendit la main sur le livre de l’ordre, et s’apprêtait à prononcer
la formule fatale sur Ordener, calme et immobile, lorsqu’une porte
latérale s’ouvrit à droite du tribunal. Un huissier ecclésiastique parut, annonçant
sa révérence l’évêque de Drontheimhus.
C’était lui en effet. Il entra précipitamment dans la salle, accompagné
d’un autre ecclésiastique qui le soutenait.
— Arrêtez ! seigneur président, cria-t-il avec une force qui semblait
n’être plus de son âge ; arrêtez ! — Le ciel soit béni ! j’arrive à temps.
L’assemblée redoubla d’attention, prévoyant quelque nouvel événement.
Le président se tourna vers l’évêque avec humeur :
— Votre révérence me permettra de lui faire remarquer, que sa présence
est inutile ici. Le tribunal va dégrader le condamné, qui touche au moment
de subir sa peine.
— Gardez-vous, dit l’évêque, de toucher à celui qui est pur devant le
Seigneur. Ce condamné est innocent.
Rien ne peut se comparer au cri d’étonnement qui retentit dans l’auditoire,
si ce n’est le cri d’épouvante que poussèrent le président et le secrétaire
intime.
— Oui, tremblez, juges, poursuivit l’évêque avant que le président eût | 12,568 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8686520 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | Category:Rugby league competitions in New South Wales | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 38 | 110 | Category:Rugby league competitions in New South Wales
Wikimedia category
Category:Rugby league competitions in New South Wales instance of Wikimedia category
تصنيف:منافسات دوري رجبي في نيوساوث ويلز
تصنيف ويكيميديا
تصنيف:منافسات دوري رجبي في نيوساوث ويلز نموذج من تصنيف ويكيميديا | 21,634 |
BH/1885/BH_18850130/MM_01/0003.xml_1 | NewZealand-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,885 | None | None | English | Spoken | 6,338 | 8,226 | It's to their interest to return the best men — best in education, brains, and honesty of purpose — without regard being had to their occupations. If they chance to be mechanics or laborers, well and good; let them enter Parliament, but not because of their calling. There are many ways in which a Trades and Labour Congress may do good work in the interests of the classes it is supposed to represent, but it will be a nuisance, and at the same time a failure, if it be allowed to degenerate into a political club — especially a political club of the very worst sort. It seems almost to have come to this with these would-be reformers that the possession of wealth, property, or land, which may have been obtained as the result of many long years of hard and honest toil is to be regarded as a disqualification for a seat in Parliament, and only those are to be considered eligible who, through want of tact, or ability, have to keep their noses to the grindstone of daily work all the days of their life. It must be born in mind that the objections to hereditary legislators which obtain in England have no force in the colonies, neither have we here, as in the Old Country, an aristocracy the members of which step into the possession of vast wealth and accompanying honors irrespective of any efforts on their part or merits of their own. In the Colonies our wealthy leisured class are as a rule men who have literally made their money by the sweat of the brow, or the toil of the brain. Men as these, just because they do not happen at the time they seek to enter Parliamentary life to be working men. The fact is that nine-tenths of our aristocracy have been for the greater portion of their lives more genuinely working men than the members of these political organizations which make so much fuss about the representation of labor, and would serve the working man with more ability and zeal than any of those who talk so blatantly upon the subject. We do not believe in class representation, but it is not class representation to insist upon it that a member of Parliament shall be a gentleman of fair education, shall be in such a social position as to be able to mingle with all classes, shall be so situated as to be able to devote his time and energy, and, if necessary, his means, to the services of his country. But spite of all advice given him to the contrary, the sensible working man is not deceived by the sophistries of political agitators, and the results of elections, whether at Home or in the Colonies, fully prove that his aim is to return a representative of whom neither he nor his country need be ashamed, and the result is that spite of an extended franchise, which is almost equivalent to manhood suffrage, our Houses of Parliament are composed of the best men who place their services at the disposal of the country. At the meeting of householders for the election of a School Committee at "Waihola," there was a somewhat warm discussion as to whether a woman, whose husband was absent from home, was qualified to vote. The Act, in defining the word "householder," says "Householder means every adult male or female person who as owner, or tenant, lessee or occupier, occupies, | - uses, or resides in any dwellinghouse, shop, warehouse or other building in any district, or every parent or guardian who is liable to maintain, or has the actual custody of, any child." But is sufficiently distinct to prove that in the absence of her husband, a woman is entitled to vote in the election of a School Committee. At the same election, an objection was raised to the right of a young man to vote, who, although taking his meals with his father, slept in a separate dwelling. The Wesleyan Conference is still in session, but the business transacted since last report has been chiefly of a routine character, and of no particular interest except to the members of the Conference. Messrs Lindsay and Co.'s great sale of drapery, tea, &c, will be continued for a few days a longer. For price list, see advertisement elsewhere. Mr. W. Aitcheson notifies that he is now prepared to supply Kaitangata coal and dross, and doliver goods to and from the Station at reasonable rates. A meeting is to be held at Lawrence on February 4th, for the purpose of taking steps to urge the Government to extend the Lawrence branch line of railway to Boxburg, Ok Sunday next. Services will be conducted in the Milton Wesleyan Church in the morning by the Rev. W. J. Williams, formerly pastor of the Milton Church, and in the evening by the Rev. J. H. Simmonds, of Wanganui. An up-country town in N. S. Wales, called Nyngan, has a population of nearly 1000. To satisfy the wants of this handful of people, there are 12 hotels (all of which are doing a thriving business), 12 banks, and a lot of other public institutions. In Victoria, the system of State education is perhaps more elaborate and complete than in any other Colony, and yet in 12 years the Catholics of that Colony have spent nearly £250,000 on schools for their own children. Ada Mantua's Consultation on the Dun edin Cup,— Ada has much pleasure in forming her patrons that she has already disposed of over 3000 programmes on the above event. Early application necessary. — Advt. Twenty-two weeks and six stoats were sold by auction on behalf of the Government at Christchurch, on Wednesday. The former realized £3 each, and the latter £5 5s each. The remainder of the consignment brought by the lonia are to be liberated in the back of the country of Otago and Canterbury. From a report recently published. It appears that the number of aboriginals in Victoria is 885. In 1877 there were 1067. There has therefore been a decrease in seven years of about 20 per cent. During last year there were 20 born and 21 died on the stations. Fully one-fourth of the whole number are not full-blooded blacks, and some cannot be distinguished from Europeans. The firm of Gordon and Gotch, the world-renowned publishers, printers, &c, of Melbourne, has been formed into a joint-stock company under the name of Gordon and Gotch, Limited. All the shares have been taken up privately, and the employment of the Company participates in the business. This is the substance of a telegram from Melbourne published in a Sydney paper. We await further particulars with special interest. In an exhaustive article upon the subject, the 'Sydney Mail' shows that milk condensing has hitherto been a total failure in Australia. The failure is attributed to some peculiar constituent in the milk, the fermentative tendency of which could not be overcome by the process of condensing. No chemical experiments have yet been made to ascertain the cause of failure, and how to counteract it, if possible. At Cambridge, in the North Island, there is a dairy factory which is worked upon the Swiss system. The establishment appears to be conducted upon the most economical lines. Each gallon of milk produces 1 lb, of cheese, but before the whey is given to the pigs, three separate marketable products are made from it. What is the nature of these products we are unaware, but it would be worth while for the directors of our local factory to endeavour to ascertain. There are 30,000 acres of good land in the county of Essex which are tenantless. The reason is said to be that English farmers are being educated above their business, and desert the farm for the city. As a remedy for this, Lady Catherine Glaskell proposes that farmers and their wives and children be no longer educated, but allowed to grow up entirely illiterate and uncultivated. periodicals, &c, at the temporary desk in Union street. We examined the shelves the other day, and noticed that all the standard works on biblical and theological subjects were well represented. There are also a large number of popular books upon religious subjects, invaluable to Sunday School Teachers, and of intense interest to the general reader. As the Agency will only be open for a fortnight altogether, and a good portion of tbat time has now lapsed, we recommend intending purchasers to visit the doj Ofc without delay. The Bruce Cricket Club have made ar rangements with the Clinton Cricket Club to play a match on the Milton ground on Tues day next. The following will represent Clinton : — Couradi (Capt.), Mahoney, Aus tin, Lynch, Garden, Shaw, Scott, Simmons, M 'Donald, and Harrison. Emergencies, Garden, Connolly, Beatson. The Milton team will be seleoted from the following players : — Dr Reid, White, M'Laren, M'Gill, Waters, Golding, Fitzgerald, Cowan, Sprosen, Lock hart, Hay, Keen, Corston, and Gray. The Clinton Cricket Club will also play a match against Lawrence on the Bame day, on tbe Milton ground. We have sometimes thought that the facilities now existing for the export of fresh meat to the Home market may eventually result in so enhancing the price here as to render it almost impossible for persons whose means are limited enjoying the use of fresh meat to the extent they have been accustomed to. We observe that in the Hawke's Bay district, the supplies of sheep sent to Auckland for freezing pur poses have been so large tbat mutton now is quite a scarce, and a very expensive, article tp the residents. Unfortunately tbe profits of the frozen meat trade fall into a few hands, and while these enrich them selves, the general public have to pay a higher price for inferior meat — for of oourse only the very best carcases are sent Home. The Hauroto cleared from Port Chalmere for Sydney on Wednesday with 100 draught horses on board. Our most recent advices from Sydney show that the horse market there is in a declining Btate, and exporters from here are we believe holding on for the present. We are given to understand that Queensland offers inducements, nnd it is not improbable tbat drafts of horses will be for warded there shortly. There is, however, the difficulty that they would have to be trausbipped at Sydney, which would add materially to the cost of transport. If the Union s.s. Company could see its way clear to put on a direct steamer, say once a month, It would, we believe, prove a great public convenience, and pay the Company well. With regard to the crops, the Daily Times' Oamaru correspondent writes: — "Harvesting has been commenced in a few portions of the county, but as yet it is only in a small way. It will probably be fully a fortnight before harvesting is anything like general, the unseasonable weather of the last month having interfered with the ripening of the grain. It is reported from various parts of the county that the wind on Saturday had a good effect, and in some of the northern parts of the district the reapers will be at work next week. "Tuesday's heavy rain does not appear to have done very much harm, though some of the grain has been laid. The warm weather today (Wednesday) has had a good effect, and in some of the northern parts of the district the reapers will be at work next week. "At a dinner in the Coffee Palace, Dunedin, in connection with the session of the Wesloyan Conference, the Rev. Mr. Gaulter, the new pastor of the First Church, gave what might be called the first impression of a "new ohum" as to the state of affairs religiously in Dunedin. He said that two things had struck him much since his arrival. "One was the prominence here of infidelity — the cold negations of infidelity; and the other was the prominence of Popery — or its seeming future prominence, if they might judge by the magnificent building that was being erected in Dunedin. The people, it seemed to him, wanted earnest instruction in what really constituted the Gospel of Christ. He knew the Presbytery preached it well, but at the same time he would strongly recommend for all of us a study of Calvinism." The s.s. Austral was thrown open to visitors on a recent Sunday in Sydney, and boxes for donations to the Hospital placed in prominent positions. 10,000 people visited the ship during the day, and the collection amounted to the astonishing sum of 15s 9d and a brass button. Some persons regard collections for religious or charitable purposes as very objectionable, but the Apristle Paul refers to them in immediate connection with the sublime doctrine of the resurrection from the dead. Bearing in mind that the division of the Scripture into chapters and verse is a comparatively modern arrangement, we recommend those who object to collections to read the latter portion of the 15th and the first verse of the 16th chapters of the I Corinthians without pause. A country correspondent of a Sydney paper makes the following very sensible remarks, which are, in our opinion, very applicable to scholastic affairs in this country;— The efficiency of our school teaching is occasionally called in question. Too much time is said to be devoted to grammar and analyses, to the neglect of arithmetic, and this falls short of meeting the actual demand of business. Few boys on leaving school at 14 or 15, if set to take out the quantities of a building, or to measure a log and find its contents, are able to do it; and the test examinations are often wide of the practical work the boys have to do in after life. The colonial system requires placing on the track of the parish schools of Scotland. We suppose that dairy cows in this country are highly valuable, and in no way objectionable. It is certainly neither the most profitable or desirable feed for milch cows. The following, recommending the pumpkin in preference to the turnip, we clip from a Home paper: — "For dairy cows, the pumpkin is highly valuable, and in no way objectionable. It is rich in fat and sugar, tending to increase the yield, while its yellor color adds to the appearance of the butter. A well-known authority claims that a ton of pumpkins is more preferable for dairy cows than two tons of rutabagas, and several times as many white turnips. The following, recommending the pumpkin in preference to the turnip, we clip from a Home paper: — "For dairy cows, the pumpkin is highly valuable, and in no way objectionable. It is rich in fat and sugar, tending to increase the yield, while its yellor color adds to the appearance of the butter. A well-known authority claims that a ton of pumpkins is more preferable for dairy cows than two tons of rutabagas, and several times as many white turnips. The following, recommending the pumpkin in preference to the turnip, we clip from a Home paper: — "For dairy cows, the pumpkin is highly valuable, and in no way objectionable. It is rich in fat and sugar, tending to increase the yield, while its yellor color adds to the appearance of the butter. A well-known authority claims that a ton of pumpkins is more preferable for dairy cows than two tons of rutabagas, and several times as many white turnips. For farmers to have in a field than sixty-pound pumpkins." The Quakers, as they are nicknamed, or the Society of Friends, as they appropriately call themselves, are a denomination of the Christian Church than which none is more praiseworthy. For the last two centuries or more, they have maintained a stainless character, and we have never heard of a genuine Friend against whom a dog would even dare to lift up its tongue. A Home paper publishes as a startling piece of news that a Quakeress, Miss Beatrice Pease, is about to be married to a Viscount, and comments — "Those who knew the Friends of a generation ago will at once mark the great ness of the change." Knowing something of the Quakers, and also of the Pease family of Darlington, we hesitate not to say that the noble Viscount must have resolved to throw up his title before the lady would accept the offer of his hand. An extraordinary piece of electioneering is given by the London correspondent of the 'South Australian Register.' This is the selection of Mr. Lalmohun Ghose, the Indian orator, to contest the representation of Greenwich in the Liberal interest. This is really one of the most remarkable events in our modern political history. It is the first time that a member of an Asiatic race has to come forward to seek the suffrages of an English constituency, and six weeks previously it was doubtful whether there were many men in England sanguine enough to believe that Mr. Ghone would obtain sufficient support to justify him in appearing in the field as a candidate; Mr. Ghose was received with great enthusiasm by the Liberal Five Hundred, who unanimously passed a resolution inviting him to become one of the Liberal candidates for the borough. He spoke for upwards of an hour on English political topics, and many passages of his speech were very eloquent. His candidature for Greenwich will be an event in the history of the next; general election. In a sermon on "Fortitude," recently preached at Westminster Abbey, Archdeacon Farrar makes the following allusion to the late Henry Fawcett, the blind Postmaster-General of Great Britain: "I stood next to him once a few years ago on a memorable occasion in the House of Lords; the man who accompanied him was pointing out every incident and every person exactly as he would have done to one who was not thus afflicted." To each remark Mr. Fawcett answered "Yes, I see"; in point of fact he did see with the eyes of a serene and cheerful imagination. Manful and uncomplaining, he lived all his life as a man, and even as a man not blind. He walked with the same swinging stride; he fished in his native stream; he pulled stroke in the boat of his college; he skated for miles along the frozen river; he lectured as a University Professor; he rode fast in the streets of London; he addressed without a tremor tumultuous meetings; he took an independent part as a politician; he displayed high administrative ability as a member of the Government. A whole family living at a place called Bowna, in New South Wales, were recently poisoned by eating tinned fish. A neighbor happening to call in found them all very seriously ill. He at once telegraphed for a doctor, who, upon arrival, administered suitable remedies, and they all recovered. The case is very briefly reported in our Australian exchanges, but considering the gravity of the question raised, we think that every particular should have been given in detail. The poisoning might have been fatal, as it was it was very serious. An inquiry should have been instituted with the view of ascertaining whether the poisoning was caused by the fish not being in proper condition, or by the process of canning. It is well known that fish taken under certain conditions are extremely unwholesome, and that occasionally the chemicals used in connection with soldering up the cans communicate poison to their contents. Officials, and saying they may perhaps be necessary, the 'Argus' proceeds: "But, Pat, avic, what has the Hon. John Martin, M.L.C., to do with the inspection of hospitals and charitable institutions? He is not one of those Exeter Hall dispassioned persons who poke their nose into other people's business besides their own. He has no particular weakness as a social or moral reformer, and as for charitable aid or hospitals he probably never dreamed of Buch things in his life, or if by any chanco ho did, they would have less concern for him than to see that his silk hat was properly brushed. The puzzle, then, is to find ont what part ' Lord John ' takes in the Ministerial progress. Glad to see him, of course we shall be, the off-hand vieux roulitr that ho is with his never- failing amplitude of shirt front, and the inevitable floral favour in tho button-hole, at peace with nil men, aud perfectly at ease and supremely satisfied with himself. Some wise old fellow once said there was no new thing under the sun ; but to send round the Hon. John Martin, M.L.C.. as an inspector of hospitals and charitable institutions ia just about the newest and most delicious piece of officialism ever heard of." We are in receipt of the yearly volume of " Stone's Dunedin and Suburban Directory, for 1885." The present issue is » great im provement upon the previous. It contains a new and elaborate map of Dunedin and suburbs. The Directory proper bears traces of careful preparation, and is we believe re liable. With regard to Milton, there are one or two errors, but they are comparatively unimportant. The following short notice of last year's edition from ' The Scotsman " will show the appreciation in which the work is hold at Homo ;— " A striking proof of Anti podean progress and energy is furnished in tho publication of "Stone's Directory of Dunedin " for 1884. Tho capital of the pro vince of Otago 18 not yet 4.0 years old, but has already reached such a degree of impor tance and prosperity as to supply material for a directory occupying nearly 400 closely printed pages. Edinburgh poople who turn over the leaves of the book will bo con tinually reminded that Dunedin has borrowed more than its own name from the capital of Scotland. Tho street nomenclature is to a very great extent identical with our own. The Directory is equipped with a large map, and is in every respect adapted to be useful both to visitors and to residents. We have also received from Mr. Stone a couple of maps of the North and Middle Islands, published by him. They are capitally got up, and mounted with rollers, &c, suitable for hanging irons. They are without doubt the best maps of the Colony which have yet been brought out. "Ma, vomo," writes to the Christian Church Press from Wellington as follows: "It is not generally known that a leading citizen of Wellington narrowly escaped figuring as defendant for a breach of clause 3 (sub section 2), commonly known now as the perambulator clause. It seems that an energetic member of the force, who is not — or rather was not — familiar with the distinguished citizen's appearance, observing a bath chair being wheeled along the footpath near Government House, determined to show his zeal for the new law which was passed under the auspices of the Ministry controlled by Sir Julius Yogel. Marching up to the chair in which the portly figure of the distinguished citizen reclined, No. B 41 gruffly demanded the name of the party wheeling it, adding, "Me arders is to enforce the law against wheeling carriages on the footpaths, so I'll be after taking ye before the Court." The party behind was utterly flabbergasted at the bobby's audacity, while the party in the chair-well, I will let No. B 41 tell what happened in his own words — "Bedad, aorr, when I seen him look me over and over with them aigle oiyes, and then take out his focket-book, and ax me ma name, I triinbl Od like a lafe.'Faith, says the meself, Dinnis me boy, here put your fut in it this time, anyway.' A crowd collected in a jiffy, and that stuck up madoun Sargint Murphy coming up at the time, touches his hat to the nob in the chair, and, says he, were you wanting the perleece, Sir Julius?' I just had enough since left to hear the answer he got.'Yes, you can save me the trouble of making a note of this man's conduct. TELEGRAPHIC INTELLIGENCE. BRITISH AND FOREIGN. (By Cable.) (Recter's Special.) London, January 27. The Times' states today that a treaty has been concluded between France and Portugal, under which those countries agree to divide the Congo estuary, thus ignoring the decisions of the Berlin Conference on West African affairs. The Times' statement regarding the alleged Franco-Portuguese Congo treaty is declared to be quite unfounded. Lady Normanby died on Monday night. Her Ladyship has been suffering severely from bronchitis and an affection of the heart. The Marquis of Normanby is also well. January 28. The captains appointed to succeed those at present in charge of H.M.S. Miranda and Dart, on the Australian station, will sail for Australia tomorrow. Belul Bay, on the Red Sea, has been occupied by Italy. Honokong, January 27. In pursuance of orders from Home to enforce the neutrality of this port, the Colonial authorities have refused to allow the French warship Triomphante, now operating against China, to refit here. Cairo, January 27. In pursuance of orders from Home to enforce the neutrality of this port, the Colonial authorities have refused to allow the French warship Triomphante, now operating against China, to refit here. Cairo, January 27. In pursuance of orders from Home to enforce the neutrality of this port, the Colonial authorities have refused to allow the French warship Triomphante, now operating against China, to refit here. Melbourne, January 28. The "Argentine" today, in an article referring to Sir Julius Vogel's connection with the Telephone Construction Company, without considering the charges proved, declares that the reputation of New Zealand and the other Colonies demands that Sir Julius Bhould resign his Ministerial office and proceed to London to refute the accusation. Sydney, January 28. It has transpired that the Cabinet dissent from the view taken by Lord Derby regarding the exclusive liability of the Colonies for the maintenance of government in New Guinea. General Scratchley has arranged for six months' services of the Wolverene, and will leave for New Guinea in about a month's time. TERRIBLE RAILWAY ACCIDENT IN NEW SOUTH WALES. Sydney, January 26. A terrible accident occurred to the mail train last night near Cootamundra, on the Southern line. Owing to the heavy rains an embankment had given way, and the train in the darkness rushed into the gap and was completely wrecked. Many of the carriages were telescoped, and several passengers were killed or wounded. The scene was one of intense horror. Assistance has been sent for. The culvert which collapsed made a gap 50 yards wide and 9ft deep. The carriages were precipitated into the gap and fairly dammed the creek, and several persons were washed down the stream. Others were killed by the force of the concussion. Several miraculous escapes are reported to have occurred. Seven bodies have been recovered from the railway accident— viz., those of Crawford, railway employee; Willow, ditto; O'Dwyer, mail guard; Compeasby, a railway official; and a woman and two children, names unknown. January 27. Several of the sufferers by the railway accident have been removed to Goulburn; while others remain at Cootamundra, One of the injured, named Bergin, is not expected to recover. The wreck of the train presents a terrible scene. An inquest has been held on the bodies of those killed, but has been adjourned. January 28. The passenger Bergen, who was seriously injured in the Cootamundra railway accident, died today. E. M. COURT, BALCLUTHA. Tuesday, 27th January, 1885. (Before W. H. Revell, Esq., R.M.) ILLEGALLY RESCUING CATTLE. J. Darby and G. Dunn were charged, on the information of Allan H. Marshall, with illegally rescuing 11 head of cattle at Kaitangata on the 17th day of December. Mr Stewart appeared for the informant, and Mr D. Reid defended. Informant deposed that he found 11 head of cattle wandering on the County road leading from Tuakitoto to Kaitangata, and commenced driving them to the pound. On the way Mr Jarvey claimed two of the cattle, but as he had no money with him he went away to get one shilling, the amount of the fine. During Jarvey's absence he allowed the cattle to stray off the main road for a distance of 300 or 400 yards up a cross-road where they got mixed up with other cattle. As soon as he attempted to regain possession the defendants presented him. They threw clods of earth at him, and took the cattle away from him. Cross-examined by Mr Raid — He was in the habit of taking money from people who had seized while on his way to the pound. All fees so taken were not accounted for, but belonged to him. The 11 head he seized on the 17th December were ordinary cattle, but he could not describe any of them. The 11 head he seized on the 17th December were ordinary cattle, but he could not describe any of them. The 11 head he seized on the 17th December were ordinary cattle, but he could not describe any of them. The 11 head he seized on the 17th December were ordinary cattle, but he could not describe any of them. The 11 head he seized on the 17th December were ordinary cattle, but he could not describe any of them. The 11 head he seized on the 17th December were ordinary cattle, but he could not describe any of them. The 11 head he seized on the 17th December were ordinary cattle, but he could not describe any of them. The 11 head he seized on the 17th December were ordinary cattle, but he could not describe any of them. The 11 head he seized on the 17th December were ordinary cattle, but he could not describe any of them. The 11 head he seized on the 17th December were ordinary cattle, but he could not describe any of them. The 11 head he seized on the 17th December were ordinary cattle, but he could not describe any of them. By law, and asked the Bench to adjourn the case to admit of this being done. Mr. Reid offered no objections to an adjournment, provided the usual costs and witnesses expenses were allowed. Ultimately the information was withdrawn with costs to defendant £2 3s. ANDREW ALLAN V. D. CLARKE. Claim, £20 14s 4d, balance of wages. Mr. Reid appeared for plaintiff, and Mr. Stewart for defendant. From the evidence it appeared that plaintiff was engaged on July 12 for a term of 6 months at 20s per week. DISTRICT ROAD BOARD. INCH CLUTHA RIVER AND ROAD BOARD. The adjourned ordinary monthly meeting of the above Board was held in Houlston's Hotel on Thursday evening, the 22nd inst. Present—Messrs Mosley (Chairman) Anderson, Bell, Smaill, and M 'Donald. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and confirmed. The Chairman reported that the road past the Episcopalian Church, and along river bank road fronting Mr Wilson's towards Mr Mosley's bush required surfacing. It was moved by Mr Smaill, "That a day man be put on to fill up any low parts of the road." Seconded by Mr Anderson and carried. Mr Bell reported that Mr John Smith drew his attention to the stake of ditch on road leading to his place, and also to approaches to bridge on road. Mr Bell stated that the ditches would require to be cleaned out and the approaches to bridge made up. It was resolved, "That Messrs Bell and Anderson be empowered to see that the work be attended to." Mr Anderson drew the Board's attention to a dangerous break on the river bank road, near breach No. 2, Matau branch, and suggested that it be made up with scrub and clay. Mr Anderson was empowered to have the break repaired. With reference to sinking fund on loan, and alteration on same, a general discussion took place by all the members present, after which the Chairman was instructed to see Mr Gillies on the subject of alteration and new loan. Accounts passed:—Sinking fund, £100 ; John Bell, road-way across Lagoon near Balmoral, £6. The Board adjourned. A BEAUTIFUL PAINTING. Mr. G. U. Green, of Woodbury, New Jersey, U.S.A., is presenting to druggists and others in this country some very fine pictures in oil of his magnificent house and grounds and laboratory at that place. Mr. Green is the proprietor of Bouchee's German Syrup and Green's August Flower, two very valuable medicines, which are meeting with great favor, the first as a remedy for Pulmonary complaints, and the latter for Dyspepsia and disorders of the Liver. These preparations have attained an immense sale solely on their superior merits and are sold by all druggists throughout the world. The price is the same for each, $3.60 per bottle, or sample bottles for $6. The sample bottles enable sufferers to prove their value at a trifling cost. SCHOOL COMMITTEE ELECTIONS. WAHOLA. The annual meeting of householders was the largest ever held. There were fully 60 present. The retiring chairman presided. The following report of Committee was read and adopted: — On retiring from office, your Committee beg to submit their report and balance sheet for 1884. Buildings. —The School buildings, out offices, and grounds have been kept in good order, and are now handed over in thorough repair. Frizes.—A number of prizes were given at the end of the year, the money for them being raised in the district. Audit. —The Education Board again appointed Mr. Odell to audit all school accounts —our accounts have been certified as correct. Attendance. —The attendance for the year has not been satisfactory —the average, only reaching 77 5 — the lowest average for some years. The Inspector's report after examination was very good—$6 per cent. —the children having done credit to themselves and their teachers. The Committee held 11 meetings during the year, and the attendance on the whole was good. Balance sheet, keckets. Balance in Bank, 1884 £20 18 3 Grants?5 10 0 £56 8 3 EXPENDITURE. Cleaning school £15 9 6 Fuel 7 U 0 Repairs 6 14 8 Stationery and material...... 4 8 1 Balance 22 5 0 £56 8 3 Nominations were taken for the new Committee by follows: — J. C. Bannatyne, 345413335712437722 66 J. W. Wilson, 4322134732743233... 61 Hoy. G. Hall, 1111111323333221321333 44 W. Smith, 4341745771 43 A. Adams, 1111112223332133... 32 8. R. Quartley, 111111222212242122... 30 J. Borthwick. 71777.". 29 J. Crane, 343113731 2. The first seven on the above list were declared duly elected. A vote of thanks to the Chairman closed the meeting. LOVELL'S FLAT. The annual meeting of householders was held on Monday, Mr. A. Nelson in the chair. The following report of the retiring Committee was read, and adopted: — Your Committee have to report for the year ending 15th January, 1885, that it commenced with a balance of £3 9s Id, and that it received from the Education Board, for school purposes, £22 ; from the sale of old buildings, £23 2s Gd ; and from fees and concert, £8 17s 9d— making a total of £57 9a 4d. The expenditure has been £8 on school building, £2 4s for fuel, £10 15s repairs to school buildings, £8 15s fees to pupil teacher, and 17s 6J on furniture and stationery — leaving a balance of £26 17s 10d. Your Committee have also to state that a new schoolhouse has been erected during the year, and the Education Board very generously allowed us to sell the old building on conditions that the proceeds of same be expending in improving the school grounds. Specifications have been prepared, and tenders for the work for improving the ground will be opened at the first meeting. Your Committee have also to state that the school passed a very successful examination during the past year, and that the pupil teacher has also passed her examination for the second time. The sum of £3 15s was also raised for school prizes, which were distributed at the annual examination held in February. Your Committee would earnestly urge parents who have parents attending the school to send them as regularly as possible, and thereby gain all the advantages of the education provided for them, as no good results can be gained without a regular attendance, and that an extra effort be made during the present quarter to raise the attendance to 50, so as to entitle the school to a pupil teacher. which could easily be done from the number on the roll, 59, if the parents were a little more attentive in sending the children to the school, which would reduce the strain upon the Committee's funds under the present arrangements. The following were nominated for the ensuing year: — Messrs Nelson, Bryco, Tweed, Harvey, Bennett, Calder, Bowie, Fraser, and Butcher. STIRLING. The election of the School Committee for the Inch Chufcha School district, was held in the schoolhouse, Stirling, on Monday evening. There was a large attendance of house holders, over 50 being present. Mr. R. M'Kinlay in the chair. The following gentlemen were nominated: Messrs. B. M'Kinlay, Petrie, Boyd, and Harvey, members of the old Committee, and Messrs. Nelson, Raitt, Inglis, and Gilroy. On being put to the vote, the following were elected members of the new Committee: Nelson, 86; Raitt, 60; Inglis, 69; Oilroy, 56; R. M'Kinlay, 27; Petrie, 25; Harvey, 18. The first meeting of the Committee to be held on Friday evening. Friday, January 30, 1885. THE JBBOOE HERALD. (For continuation of news from the fourth page, 1 "Buohu-Paiba."—Quiek, complete cure all annoying Kidney, Bladder and Urinary Diseases. Druggists. Keinpthorne, Prosser, and Co. Agents, Dunedin. ; - ;/ Decline of Man.—Nervous Weakness, Dyspepsia, Impotence, Sexual Debility; cured by "Wells' Health Benewer." Drugists. Keinpthorne, Prosser and Co., Agents, Dunedin. | 42,163 |
https://github.com/adamhemzal/spaceship-game/blob/master/logika/PrikazObsahLodi.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | spaceship-game | adamhemzal | Java | Code | 169 | 499 | /* Soubor je ulozen v kodovani UTF-8.
* Kontrola kódování: Příliš žluťoučký kůň úpěl ďábelské ódy. */
package logika;
/*******************************************************************************
* Třída PrikazObsahLodi implementuje příkaz obsahLodi pro hru. Příkaz vypíše vložené věci v lodi.
*
* @author Adam Hemžal
* @version květen 2014/2015
*/
public class PrikazObsahLodi implements IPrikaz
{
private static final String NAZEV = "obsahLodi";
private HerniPlan plan;
/***************************************************************************
* Konstruktor třídy
*/
public PrikazObsahLodi(HerniPlan plan)
{
this.plan = plan;
}
/**
* Metoda vypíše seznam věcí vložených v lodi. hráč však musí být v prostoru spaceship,
* aby příkaz fungoval.
*
* @return seznam věcí v lodi
*/
public String proved(String... parametry)
{
String odpoved = "";
Prostor aktualni = plan.getAktualniProstor();
if(aktualni.getNazev().equals("spaceship"))
{
Vec opraveneCasti = aktualni.hledejVec("centralniPohonLodi");
odpoved = opraveneCasti.getVeci();
}
else
{
odpoved = "Nejsi v lodi, aby jsi mohl zkontrolovat vložené opravené části";
}
return odpoved;
}
/**
* Metoda vrací název příkazu (slovo které používá hráč pro jeho vyvolání)
*
* @return nazev prikazu
*/
public String getNazev()
{
return NAZEV;
}
}
| 22,508 |
https://github.com/Nobemasa/previa.solardosjovensdeontem.org.br/blob/master/resources/views/fotos/index.blade.php | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | previa.solardosjovensdeontem.org.br | Nobemasa | PHP | Code | 358 | 1,682 | @extends('layouts.app')
@section('content')
<div class='container mt-3'>
<h1>Fotos</h1>
<hr>
@if ($msg ?? '')
<div class="text-center alert alert-primary"> {{ $msg }}</div>
@endif
<!-- inicio card de cadastro -->
<div class="card text-center mb-3">
<div class="card-header">
Fotos em Exibição Online
</div>
<div class="card-body">
@foreach ($fotos as $foto )
<img class="p-3" src="{{ asset('storage/'.$foto->imagem) }}" width="200" height="200"/>
@endforeach
</div>
<div class="card-footer text-muted">
<div class="col-12 col-sm-3 float-right">
<button type="submit" class="form-control btn btn-primary float-right" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modalCadastrarFotos">Cadastrar novo</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Modal -->
<div class="modal fade" id="modalCadastrarFotos" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="exampleModalLabel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="modal-dialog" role="document">
<div class="modal-content">
<div class="modal-header">
<h5 class="modal-title" id="exampleModalLabel">Cadastrar nova foto</h5>
<button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Fechar">
<span aria-hidden="true">×</span>
</button>
</div>
<form method="post" action="{{route('add_fotos')}}" enctype="multipart/form-data">
@csrf
<div class="modal-body">
<input type="text" name="titulo" class="form-control" value='{{ old('inputTitulo') }}' placeholder="Título da Foto">
<small class="form-text text-muted">{{ $errors->has('inputTitulo') ? $errors->first('inputTitulo') : ''}}</small>
<input type="file" id="imagem" name="imagem" class="form-control">
<small class="form-text text-muted">{{ $errors->has('inputTitulo') ? $errors->first('inputTitulo') : ''}}</small>
</div>
<div class="modal-footer">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary" data-dismiss="modal">Fechar</button>
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">Salvar</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- inicio listagem -->
<div class="card">
<div class="card-header">
{{ $titulo_card ?? '5 Últimos Cadastros' }}
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<table class="table table-sm table-hover">
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col col-1">ID</th>
<th scope="col col-2">Data</th>
<th scope="col col-3">Título</th>
<th scope="col col-2">Imagem</th>
<th scope="col col-4"></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
@foreach ($fotos as $foto )
<tr>
<td class="col-1">{{$foto->id}}</td>
<td class="col-2">{{date( 'd/m/Y' , strtotime($foto->created_at))}}</td>
<td class="col-3">{{$foto->titulo}}</td>
<td class="col-2"><img src="{{ asset('storage/'.$foto->imagem) }}" width="50" height="50"></td>
<td class="col-4">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-4">
</div>
<div class="col-4">
<a href="#" class="btn btn-danger btn-sm btn-block" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modalExcluir" data-delfoto="{{$foto->id}}">Excluir</a>
</div>
<div class="col-4">
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
@endforeach
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div> {{-- div container --}}
{{-- Modal confirma exclusão --}}
<!-- Modal -->
<form method="post" action="{{ route('del_fotos', 'id') }}">
@csrf
@method('DELETE')
<div class="modal fade" id="modalExcluir" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="TituloModalLongoExemplo" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="modal-dialog" role="document">
<div class="modal-content">
<div class="modal-header">
<h5 class="modal-title" id="TituloModalLongoExemplo">Atenção</h5>
<button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Fechar">
<span aria-hidden="true">×</span>
</button>
</div>
<div class="modal-body">
<h5 class="text-center">Confirma a exclusão desse item? </h5>
<input name="id" id="id" type="hidden" value="">
</div>
<div class="modal-footer">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary" data-dismiss="modal">Cancelar</button>
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-danger">Excluir</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</form>
<script type="text/javascript">
// EXCLUI FOTO
$('#modalExcluir').on('show.bs.modal', function (event) {
var button = $(event.relatedTarget);
var foto_id = button.data('delfoto');
var modal = $(this)
console.log(foto_id)
modal.find('.modal-body #id').val(foto_id);
})
</script>
@endsection
| 12,719 |
https://github.com/STRML/JSXHint/blob/master/test/fixtures/jshint_parity.js | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,020 | JSXHint | STRML | JavaScript | Code | 78 | 379 | 'use strict'
var React = require('react-tools/build/modules/React');
var statusForm = React.createClass({displayName: 'statusForm',
render: function(){
if (var foo = true){
// linter will hate this
}
return React.DOM.form( {class:"form-horizontal", role:"form"},
React.DOM.div( {class:"form-group"},
React.DOM.label( {for:"brand-lead", class:"col-sm-4 control-label"}, "Brand lead:"),
React.DOM.div( {class:"col-sm-8"},
React.DOM.input( {class:"form-control",
placeholder:"brand lead",
type:"text",
id:"brand-lead",
ref:"brandLead",
'data-state':"brandLead"} )
)
),
React.DOM.div( {class:"form-group"},
React.DOM.label( {for:"status-text", class:"col-sm-4 control-label"}, "Status:"),
React.DOM.div( {class:"col-sm-8"},
React.DOM.textarea(
{id:"status-text",
class:"form-control",
rows:"40",
ref:"statusText",
'data-state':"statusText"})
)
),
React.DOM.input( {class:"btn btn-success", type:"submit", value:"Save status"})
)
}
});
module.exports = statusForm;
| 46,204 |
https://github.com/Rohit484/Distribution/blob/master/a/angular__compiler/src/main/scala/typings/angularCompiler/compilerOptionsMod/AotCompilerOptions.scala | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,020 | Distribution | Rohit484 | Scala | Code | 330 | 1,472 | package typings.angularCompiler.compilerOptionsMod
import typings.angularCompiler.angularCompilerStrings.ngtsc
import typings.angularCompiler.coreMod.MissingTranslationStrategy
import scala.scalajs.js
import scala.scalajs.js.`|`
import scala.scalajs.js.annotation.{JSGlobalScope, JSGlobal, JSImport, JSName, JSBracketAccess}
@js.native
trait AotCompilerOptions extends js.Object {
var allowEmptyCodegenFiles: js.UndefOr[Boolean] = js.native
var createExternalSymbolFactoryReexports: js.UndefOr[Boolean] = js.native
var enableIvy: js.UndefOr[Boolean | ngtsc] = js.native
var enableSummariesForJit: js.UndefOr[Boolean] = js.native
var fullTemplateTypeCheck: js.UndefOr[Boolean] = js.native
var i18nFormat: js.UndefOr[String] = js.native
var i18nUseExternalIds: js.UndefOr[Boolean] = js.native
var locale: js.UndefOr[String] = js.native
var missingTranslation: js.UndefOr[MissingTranslationStrategy] = js.native
var preserveWhitespaces: js.UndefOr[Boolean] = js.native
var strictInjectionParameters: js.UndefOr[Boolean] = js.native
var translations: js.UndefOr[String] = js.native
}
object AotCompilerOptions {
@scala.inline
def apply(): AotCompilerOptions = {
val __obj = js.Dynamic.literal()
__obj.asInstanceOf[AotCompilerOptions]
}
@scala.inline
implicit class AotCompilerOptionsOps[Self <: AotCompilerOptions] (val x: Self) extends AnyVal {
@scala.inline
def duplicate: Self = (js.Dynamic.global.Object.assign(js.Dynamic.literal(), x)).asInstanceOf[Self]
@scala.inline
def combineWith[Other <: js.Any](other: Other): Self with Other = (js.Dynamic.global.Object.assign(js.Dynamic.literal(), x, other.asInstanceOf[js.Any])).asInstanceOf[Self with Other]
@scala.inline
def set(key: String, value: js.Any): Self = {
x.asInstanceOf[js.Dynamic].updateDynamic(key)(value)
x
}
@scala.inline
def setAllowEmptyCodegenFiles(value: Boolean): Self = this.set("allowEmptyCodegenFiles", value.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
@scala.inline
def deleteAllowEmptyCodegenFiles: Self = this.set("allowEmptyCodegenFiles", js.undefined)
@scala.inline
def setCreateExternalSymbolFactoryReexports(value: Boolean): Self = this.set("createExternalSymbolFactoryReexports", value.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
@scala.inline
def deleteCreateExternalSymbolFactoryReexports: Self = this.set("createExternalSymbolFactoryReexports", js.undefined)
@scala.inline
def setEnableIvy(value: Boolean | ngtsc): Self = this.set("enableIvy", value.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
@scala.inline
def deleteEnableIvy: Self = this.set("enableIvy", js.undefined)
@scala.inline
def setEnableSummariesForJit(value: Boolean): Self = this.set("enableSummariesForJit", value.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
@scala.inline
def deleteEnableSummariesForJit: Self = this.set("enableSummariesForJit", js.undefined)
@scala.inline
def setFullTemplateTypeCheck(value: Boolean): Self = this.set("fullTemplateTypeCheck", value.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
@scala.inline
def deleteFullTemplateTypeCheck: Self = this.set("fullTemplateTypeCheck", js.undefined)
@scala.inline
def setI18nFormat(value: String): Self = this.set("i18nFormat", value.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
@scala.inline
def deleteI18nFormat: Self = this.set("i18nFormat", js.undefined)
@scala.inline
def setI18nUseExternalIds(value: Boolean): Self = this.set("i18nUseExternalIds", value.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
@scala.inline
def deleteI18nUseExternalIds: Self = this.set("i18nUseExternalIds", js.undefined)
@scala.inline
def setLocale(value: String): Self = this.set("locale", value.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
@scala.inline
def deleteLocale: Self = this.set("locale", js.undefined)
@scala.inline
def setMissingTranslation(value: MissingTranslationStrategy): Self = this.set("missingTranslation", value.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
@scala.inline
def deleteMissingTranslation: Self = this.set("missingTranslation", js.undefined)
@scala.inline
def setPreserveWhitespaces(value: Boolean): Self = this.set("preserveWhitespaces", value.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
@scala.inline
def deletePreserveWhitespaces: Self = this.set("preserveWhitespaces", js.undefined)
@scala.inline
def setStrictInjectionParameters(value: Boolean): Self = this.set("strictInjectionParameters", value.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
@scala.inline
def deleteStrictInjectionParameters: Self = this.set("strictInjectionParameters", js.undefined)
@scala.inline
def setTranslations(value: String): Self = this.set("translations", value.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
@scala.inline
def deleteTranslations: Self = this.set("translations", js.undefined)
}
}
| 24,318 |
https://github.com/yshen47/iq/blob/master/models/__init__.py | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,021 | iq | yshen47 | Python | Code | 4 | 8 | from .iq import IQ
| 40,395 |
https://github.com/stubbornella/make-time/blob/master/static/views/MakeTimeView.ts | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,018 | make-time | stubbornella | TypeScript | Code | 302 | 916 | import { AbstractThreadListView } from './AbstractThreadListView.js';
import { fetchThread } from '../main.js';
import { Labels } from '../Labels.js';
import { ThreadGroups } from '../ThreadGroups.js';
import { MailProcessor } from '../MailProcessor.js';
import { Thread } from '../Thread.js';
export class MakeTimeView extends AbstractThreadListView {
private vacation_: string;
constructor(threads: ThreadGroups, mailProcessor: MailProcessor, scrollContainer: HTMLElement, allLabels: Labels, vacation: string, updateTitleDelegate: any, setSubject: any, showBackArrow: any, allowedReplyLength: number, contacts: any, autoStartTimer: boolean, timerDuration: number) {
let countDown = false;
super(threads, allLabels, mailProcessor, scrollContainer, updateTitleDelegate, setSubject, showBackArrow, allowedReplyLength, contacts, autoStartTimer, countDown, timerDuration);
this.vacation_ = vacation;
this.appendButton('/triage', 'Back to Triaging');
}
compareRowGroups(a: any, b: any) {
return this.comparePriorities_(a.queue, b.queue);
}
comparePriorities_(a: any, b: any) {
let aOrder = Labels.SORTED_PRIORITIES.indexOf(a);
let bOrder = Labels.SORTED_PRIORITIES.indexOf(b);
return aOrder - bOrder;
}
async addThread(thread: Thread) {
let priority = await thread.getPriority();
// Only threads with a priority should be added and
// only show MUST_DO_LABEL when on vacation.
if (priority && (!this.vacation_ || priority == Labels.MUST_DO_LABEL))
super.addThread(thread);
}
async fetch(shouldBatch?: boolean) {
this.updateTitle('fetch', ' ');
let labels = await this.allLabels.getThreadCountForLabels((label: string) => {
return this.vacation_ ? label == Labels.MUST_DO_LABEL : Labels.isPriorityLabel(label);
});
let labelsToFetch = labels.filter(data => data.count).map(data => data.name);
labelsToFetch.sort((a, b) => this.comparePriorities_(Labels.removePriorityPrefix(a), Labels.removePriorityPrefix(b)));
await this.fetchLabels(labelsToFetch, shouldBatch);
this.updateTitle('fetch');
}
async handleUndo(thread: Thread) {
if (thread)
await this.removeThread(thread);
}
async handleTriaged(destination: string, triageResult: any, thread: Thread) {
// Setting priority adds the thread back into the triaged list at it's new priority.
if (!destination || !Labels.isPriorityLabel(destination))
return;
// Don't need to do a fetch if the markTriaged call didn't do anything.
if (triageResult) {
thread = await fetchThread(thread.id);
// Store this away so undo can grab the right thread.
triageResult.newThread = thread;
}
await this.addThread(thread);
}
async getDisplayableQueue(thread: Thread) {
let priority = await thread.getPriority();
if (priority)
return Labels.removePriorityPrefix(priority);
return Labels.MUST_DO_LABEL;
}
async getQueue(thread: Thread) {
return await thread.getPriority();
}
}
window.customElements.define('mt-make-time-view', MakeTimeView);
| 32,850 |
US-201313953911-A_1 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,013 | None | None | English | Spoken | 2,422 | 2,791 | Optical package module
ABSTRACT
The present invention provides an optical package module, which comprises a substrate, a light emitting element, a first molding compound, a second molding compound, a light sensing element, and a cap. The light emitting element and the light sensing element are disposed on the substrate, and the first molding compound and the second molding compound are respectively molded upon the light sensing element and the light emitting element. The first molding compound comprises a first optical structure corresponding to the light sensing element, and the second molding compound comprises a second optical structure corresponding to the light emitting element. By designing the first and second optical structure of the optical package module, it achieves the purposes of improving light emitting and sensing efficiency of the present invention.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an optical package module, and more particularly to an optical package module which can be utilized to increase both the light emitting and sensing efficiency.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Generally speaking, portable electronic devices nowadays, for example: smart phones, are usually equipped with at least one proximity optical sensing module in order to achieve the objectives of palm rejection and/or less power consumption. In other words, when the above-mentioned electronic device (i.e. smart phones) gets closed to a surface of a certain object, for example, a user's face, then the portable electronic device senses the surface and accordingly shuts down part of its power supply to decrease power consumption and/or to perform palm rejection. To be more specific, how the portable electronic device works is related to a light emitting integrated chip (IC) which is utilized to emit a light source. Then, the light being emitted will be refracted by an interactive media (i.e. the user's face) and be projected to its nearby light sensing integrated chip (IC). After receiving the light, the light sensing IC can transform the light signal into electrical signals for further process.
For example, prior arts have disclosed a kind of molding structure, which comprises a light sensing chip to be configured upon a lead frame and to form an active area and a non-active area thereof. The non-active area is disposed around the active area; a plurality of wires are connected to the light sensing chip and the lead frame; a cap package layer is opaque, disposed between the non-active area and the lead frame, and covers the non-active area, the plurality of wires and a portion of the lead frame so as to form an opening area which is corresponding to the active area.
However, it should be noticed that by employing the above mentioned structure proposed in the prior arts, since the active area of the light sensing chip is open-ended and not covered by any optical instruments, the light sensing efficiency thereof is not good enough. Besides, a great number of pollutants will be accumulated due to the open-ended area, thereby affecting its light sensing performance as well. Moreover, since the light sensing chip is exposed to air and not covered, it will be destroyed and damaged easily, thereby shortening its life time.
On account of above, it should be obvious that there is indeed an urgent need for the professionals in the field for a new package module to be developed that can effectively solve those above mentioned problem occurring in the prior design.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In order to overcome the above-mentioned disadvantages, one major objective in accordance with the present invention is provided for a novel optical package module. By employing the optical package module of the present invention, it can be utilized so as to increase both the light emitting and sensing efficiency.
For achieving the above mentioned objectives, the present invention provides an optical package module, which comprises at least a substrate, a light emitting element, a first molding compound, a second molding compound, a light sensing element, and a cap. The light emitting element and the light sensing element are disposed on the substrate, and the first molding compound and the second molding compound are respectively disposed upon the light sensing element and the light emitting element. The first molding compound comprises a first optical structure corresponding to the light sensing element, and the second molding compound comprises a second optical structure corresponding to the light emitting element. By designing the first and second optical structure of the optical package module, it achieves the purposes of improving light emitting and sensing efficiency of the present invention.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the first optical structure can be a convex lens or a concave lens. Alternatively, the second optical structure may also be a convex lens or a concave lens.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the cap may further comprise a protruding part which extends into a gap, and the gap is formed between the first molding compound and the second molding compound.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the substrate can be a printed circuit board (PCB) or a lead frame.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the first molding compound and the second molding compound can be made of transparent material, for example, transparent Epoxide Resin while the cap is made of opaque material, such as opaque Epoxide Resin.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the optical package module may further comprise a plurality of electrical connections disposed on the substrate such that the light emitting element and the light sensing element can be electrically connected to the plurality of electrical connections via at least one wire.
These and other objectives of the present invention will become obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art after reading the following detailed description of preferred embodiments.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary, and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the invention, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 shows a schematic drawing of an optical package module in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 shows another schematic drawing of an optical package module in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 shows a schematic drawing of an optical package module in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 shows a schematic drawing of an optical package module in accordance with a third embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 shows a schematic drawing of an optical package module in accordance with a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers are used in the drawings and the description to refer to the same or like parts.
The embodiments described below are illustrated to demonstrate the technical contents and characteristics of the present invention and to enable the persons skilled in the art to understand, make, and use the present invention. However, it shall be noticed that, it is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Therefore, any equivalent modification or variation according to the spirit of the present invention is to be also included within the scope of the present invention.
The present invention discloses an optical package module which can be utilized for increasing both the light sensing and emitting efficiency. Please refer to FIG. 1, which shows a schematic drawing of an optical package module in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 1, the optical package module 1 of the present invention comprises at least: a substrate 10, a light emitting element 20, a first molding compound 30, a second molding compound 40, a light sensing element 50, and a cap 70. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the light emitting element 20 is disposed on the substrate 10 and forms at least one light emitting area therefore. The light sensing element 50, on the other hand, is disposed on the substrate 10 and forms at lease one light sensing area. The light sensing element 50 may comprise one or more than one sensing integrated chips (IC), and the substrate 10, for example can be a printed circuit board (PCB) or a lead frame. According to one embodiment of the present invention, a plurality of electrical connections 11 are arranged on the substrate 10, such that the light emitting element 20 and the light sensing element 50 can be electrically connected to the electrical connections 11 via at least one wire 12.
According to the first embodiment of the present invention, the first molding compound 30 is formed and molded upon the light sensing element 50. The first molding compound 30 includes a first optical structure 31 which is corresponding to the light sensing element 50. Similarly, the second molding compound 40 is formed and molded upon the light emitting element 20. The second molding compound 40 includes a second optical structure 41 which is corresponding to the light emitting element 20.
As referring to FIG. 1, the cap 70 is molded and fixed to the substrate 10. According to the first embodiment of the present invention, the cap 70 may comprise a light sensing aperture 71, which is corresponding to the first optical structure 31, and a light emitting aperture 72, which is corresponding to the second optical structure 41. A gap 60 is formed between the first molding compound 30 and the second molding compound 40. The cap 70 further comprises a protruding part 73 which extends into the gap 60 so as to separate the light emitting element 20 and the light sensing element 50.
Please refer to FIG. 2 for further description. While in real process, the present invention provides a tooling die 81 for performing molding process such that the first molding compound 30 and the second molding compound 40 can be formed and molded upon the light sensing element 50 and the light emitting element 20, respectively. In one embodiment, the first molding compound 30 and the second molding compound 40 can be made of transparent material, such as transparent Epoxide Resin. Similarly, the cap 70 can also be formed and molded by another tooling die (not shown) and the cap 70, on the other hand, is made of opaque material, such as opaque Epoxide Resin so that light can not get through.
According to the first embodiment of the present invention, the first optical structure 31 and the second optical structure 41 may both be convex lens, such that the refraction efficiency of the light emitting element 20 and the light sensing element 50 can be highly increased due to the design of the first optical structure 31 and the second optical structure 41, thereby improving the light emitting and sensing efficiency of the optical package module of the present invention. Alternatively, as shown in the second embodiment in FIG. 3, the first optical structure 31 and the second optical structure 41 may also be both concave lens, or the first optical structure 31 is a concave lens while the second optical structure 41 is a convex lens as shown in the third embodiment in FIG. 4. Furthermore, according to the fourth embodiment which is FIG. 5 of the present invention, the first optical structure 31 may be designed to be a convex lens while the second optical structure 41 is designed to be a concave lens, which can also be used to implement the objectives of the present invention.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. In view of the foregoing, it is intended that the present invention cover modifications and variations of this invention provided they fall within the scope of the invention and its equivalent.
What is claimed is:
1. An optical package module, comprising: a substrate; a light sensing element disposed on said substrate for forming at least one light sensing area; a first molding compound, which is molded upon said light sensing element and comprises a first optical structure corresponding to said light sensing element; a light emitting element disposed on said substrate for forming at least one light emitting area; a second molding compound, which is molded upon said light emitting element and comprises a second optical structure corresponding to said light emitting element; and a cap, being fixed to said substrate and comprising a light sensing aperture corresponding to said first optical structure and a light emitting aperture corresponding to said second optical structure.
2. The optical package module of claim 1, wherein said first optical structure is a convex lens or a concave lens.
3. The optical package module of claim 1, wherein said second optical structure is a convex lens or a concave lens.
4. The optical package module of claim 2, wherein said second optical structure is a convex lens or a concave lens.
5. The optical package module of claim 4, wherein said cap further comprises a protruding part which extends into a gap, and said gap is formed between said first molding compound and said second molding compound.
6. The optical package module of claim 4, wherein said substrate is a printed circuit board (PCB).
7. The optical package module of claim 4, wherein said substrate is a lead frame.
8. The optical package module of claim 4, wherein said first molding compound and said second molding compound are made of transparent material, and said cap is made of opaque material or opaque Epoxide Resin.
9. The optical package module of claim 8, wherein said first molding compound and said second molding compound are transparent Epoxide Resin.
10. The optical package module of claim 4, further comprising a plurality of electrical connections disposed on said substrate such that said light emitting element and said light sensing element are electrically connected to said plurality of electrical connections via at least one wire..
| 31,912 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/34298630 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,015 | Stack Exchange | Dietmar Kühl, Elan Hickler, Jonathan Potter, KarenRei, M.M, hookenz, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1120273, https://stackoverflow.com/users/134702, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1505939, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2994459, https://stackoverflow.com/users/416650, https://stackoverflow.com/users/506413 | Norwegian Nynorsk | Spoken | 623 | 1,171 | C++ Return entire null separated string
I need to give a function a null terminated character sequence, but I can't figure out how to go from string literal ultimately to a char pointer. Problem is demonstrated here:
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
std::string str ("this\0is a\0null separated\0string");
std::cout << "The size of str is " << str.size() << " bytes.\n\n";
return 0;
}
my current code works..
std::string tmp = g_apidefs[i].ret_val +'.'+ g_apidefs[i].parm_types +'.'+ g_apidefs[i].parm_names +'.'+ g_apidefs[i].html_help;
size_t length = 1+strlen(tmp.c_str());
g_apidefs[i].dyn_def = new char[length];
memcpy(g_apidefs[i].dyn_def, tmp.c_str(), length);
char* p = g_apidefs[i].dyn_def;
while (*p) { if (*p=='.') *p='\0'; ++p; }
ok &= rec->Register(g_apidefs[i].regkey_def, g_apidefs[i].dyn_def) != 0;
...it turns . into \0, but is there any way to just have \0 in the first place? I was originally using strdup (a few less lines of code) but had some platform-specific incompatibility issues.
I'm wondering if there's a C++11 or C++14 way of dealing with this?
You need to tell std::string how long the initializer is. If you let it work it out itself it will stop counting chars at the first \0.
"String literal"? What language are you coming from?
std::string tolerates non-terminating \0 characters just fine - why do you find it necessary to replace them with . characters? Just pass a length in the constructor.
I guess I didn't know how to get the length of the string literal in the first place with null chars. Answer below shows how.
You'd call that a string with embedded nulls. They are often ended with a double null. I've seen these referred to as multistrings. There was another name to it as well, but I forgot what that is. It's a fairly atypical use.
You can use a char array and initialize your string using iterators to this array, e.g.:
template <int N>
std::string make_string(char const (&array)[N]) {
return std::string(array, array + N);
}
int main() {
std::string s = make_string("foo\0bar");
}
As defined the string will also contain the terminating null character. Just subtract 1 if that's not desired. This works with all versions of C++.
woah, never seen that kind of usage of template with <int N> and &array [N], where can I get more info on this kind of syntax?
It is a non-type template. That's fairly normal actually. The more interesting realization is the use of a reference to an array to figure out the length. That not a new idea, either: it is around nearly 20 years...
consider using size_t rather than int
ahh sorry, my questions wasn't clear. I actually need to do something like this: new_str = make_str(str1 + '\0' + str2). Can your function be tweaked to accomplish that?
Assuming str1 happens to be a std::string, you can do that anyway: there are operator+() overloaded for std::string taking a char, a char const* or a std::string. To get a char const* from that you can use c_str(). Note, however, that functions consuming just a char const* will stop reading upon the first embedded null character.
Here's the answer I really needed, it's really simple, not sure how I spent hours trying to figure it out
// str is a global variable, so it is safe to reference it with &
string str = str1 + '\0' + str2 + '\0' + str3 + '\0' + str4;
func_that_needs_null_separated_str(&str[0]);
Thanks @Dietmar Kühl for the little tip that finally lead me to this conclusion.
Well good. Now this Stackoverflow question has answers to two problems dealing with null characters.
I'm posting my own answer as an alternative just in case someone finds it useful:
std::vector<std::string> str_vect ={ str1,str2,str3,str4 };
std::vector<char> char_arr
for (const auto& str : str_vect) {
char_arr.insert(char_arr.end(), str.begin(), str.end());
char_arr.push_back('\0');
}
| 37,083 |
hal-02991508-Dumont_et_al_Gue-de-Velluire_preprint.txt_1 | French-Science-Pile | Open Science | Various open science | 2,020 | The Protohistoric sword from Le Gué-de-Velluire (Vendée, France): a pasticcio's history unveiled by archaeometrical research. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 2020, 34 (A), pp.102645. ⟨10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102645⟩. ⟨hal-02991508⟩ | None | English | Spoken | 6,486 | 10,902 | The Protohistoric sword from Le Gué-de-Velluire
(Vendée, France): a pasticcio’s history unveiled by
archaeometrical research
Léonard Dumont, Virginie Dupuy, Théophane Nicolas, Charlène Pelé-Meziani,
Guy de Mulder
To cite this version:
Léonard Dumont, Virginie Dupuy, Théophane Nicolas, Charlène Pelé-Meziani, Guy de Mulder. The
Protohistoric sword from Le Gué-de-Velluire (Vendée, France): a pasticcio’s history unveiled by
archaeometrical research. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 2020, 34 (A), pp.102645.
�10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102645�. �hal-02991508�
HAL Id: hal-02991508
https://u-bourgogne.hal.science/hal-02991508
Submitted on 6 Nov 2020
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access
archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from
teaching and research institutions in France or
abroad, or from public or private research centers.
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est
destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents
scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de
recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires
publics ou privés.
The Protohistoric sword from Le Gué-de-Velluire (Vendée, France): a pasticcio’s history
unveiled by archaeometrical research
Léonard Dumont, PhD Candidate
Ghent University, Department of Archaeology, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 35, 9000 Gent (Belgique)
Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, UMR 6298 ARTEHIS, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon
[email protected]
Virginie Dupuy, Curator
Musée Dobrée, Grand Patrimoine de Loire-Atlantique, 3 quai de Ceineray, CS 94109, 44041 Nantes
Cedex 01
[email protected]
Théophane Nicolas, Ceramics specialist
Inrap Grand Ouest, 37 rue du Bignon, 35 577 Cesson-Sévigné
[email protected]
Charlène Pelé-Meziani, Research engineer
Laboratoire Arc’Antique, Grand Patrimoine Loire-Atlantique, 26 Rue de la Haute Forêt, 44300 Nantes
[email protected]
Guy De Mulder, Associate professor
Ghent University, Department of Archaeology, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 35, 9000 Gent (Belgique)
[email protected]
Abstract: The Gué-de-Velluire sword (Vendée, France) is part of the Rochebrune collection collected
during the 19th and the 20th centuries and now preserved in the Dobrée Museum in Nantes (LoireAtlantique, France). The unusual shape of its hilt, its uncorroded rivets and the rather uncommon
combination of a bronze grip with an iron blade made this sword an exceptional object. It has been
depicted in a large number of papers since the 20th century, but the question of its authenticity has hardly
ever been tackled. New analyses performed with the support of the Dobrée Museum, the Arc’Antique
laboratory and Ghent University delivered new data enabling us to discuss this delicate question. First,
a CT-scan of the sword was performed by the BCRX company (Mordelles, Ille-et-Vilaine, France),
offering the opportunity to visualise the inner structure of the hilt and especially the way it is fixed to
the iron blade. Secondly, X-Ray Fluorescence analyses were performed by the Arc’Antique laboratory
(Nantes, Loire-Atlantique, France) to determine the composition of the different parts of the sword (hilt,
rivets and blade). Comparing the results of both analyses with Rochebrune’s archives allowed us to
assert this weapon is a fake, most likely consisting of two authentic archaeological artefacts, and to
reconstruct its production process, shedding light on early 20th century collector’s practices.
Keywords: Computed tomography, Pasticcio, Protohistory, Sword, X-Ray Fluorescence spectroscopy
1. Introduction
1
The protohistoric sword supposedly discovered at Le Gué-de-Velluire (Vendée, France; Figure 1) is said
to be found by a fisherman in the early 20th century in the Vendée river (Mortillet, 1913). Initially bought
by the count Raoul de Rochebrune (1849-1924), who owned a large collection of archaeological
artefacts, shortly after 1900, it was then given to the Dobrée Museum (Nantes, Loire-Atlantique, France)
in 1930 where it is still preserved today under the inventory number 930.1.194. The sword is 74.6 cm
long. It consists of a 12.9 cm long bronze hilt formed by a rounded guard with a U-shaped notch in its
centre, a thin grip with narrow shafts on each side and finally a 9.5 cm large curved pommel decorated
with triangles and motives resembling handles around the central spine. Five rivets are visible on the
hilt surface: two on the guard on each side of the notch and three on the grip, where the ones at the
bottom and at the top are completed with bronze rings forming discs with a diameter about 1 cm. The
63.7 cm iron blade is 4.0 cm wide and 0.6 cm thick with a rhomboidal section completed by a thin central
bulge framed by two thin grooves.
Figure 1: The “Gué-de-Velluire” sword (Vendée, France), Dobrée Museum (Nantes, France), 930.1.194.
© L. Dumont.
2
The study of the Gué-de-Velluire sword takes place within the framework of a joint PhD between the
University of Burgundy (Dijon, France) and Ghent University (Belgium) about Bronze Age solid-hilted
swords in western Europe. The production techniques being the middlepoint of this study, the Gué-deVelluire sword was CT scanned in order to study how the hilt was made and fixed to the blade. Doubts
were raised following this research concerning the authenticity of the artefact, pushing us to perform
further analyses on the composition of the different elements the sword is made of using portable X-Ray
Fluorescence Spectroscopy (pXRF).
Therefore, this article aims at discussing the authenticity of the Gué-de-Velluire sword through the lens
of archaeometric analyses. This is an important question considering the specific position of this sword
in the archaeological literature. It is often mentioned and represented for its singular shape (Coutil 1928,
58), to highlight the relations between western France and Scandinavia (Halbert 1954; Müller-Karpe
1961, pl. 44 A) or as one of the oldest iron objects in France (Gomez, Mohen 1981, 54; Pautreau 1984,
243; Milcent 2004, 51, 101; Gomez de Soto, Kerouanton 2009, 505) or even in Europe (Miketta 2017a,
163; Miketta 2017b, 265), without questioning its authenticity.
We will here demonstrate, using archive documents and archaeometric analyses, that the Gué-deVelluire sword is actually a modern chimera created by combining two archaeological artefacts from
two different periods, that were originally not designed to be used together. CT-scans and XRF analyses
enabled us, together with the documents from the archive about this sword, to reconstitute a part of this
object’s biography by documenting its transformation between the moment it was acquired by the count
de Rochebrune in 1904 and its actual state.
2. The Rochebrune collection in Dobrée Museum (Nantes, France)
2.1. The origins of the collection
Six years after his death, the count Raoul de Rochebrune’s weapons and enamel bronze panels collection
was given to the Dobrée Muséum in Nantes (Loire-Atlantique, France) in 1930. The 1024 objects from
this collection only represent a small portion of this Vendean aristocrat’s extensive personal collection,
but it is certainly the most prestigious, recognized as soon as the beginning of the 20th century as one of
the richest sets of ancient weapons of France, if not in Europe.
Born in 1848 in Fontenay-le-Comte (Vendée, France), Raoul de Rochebrune dedicated all his life at
enhancing and completing his collection of art objects and archaeological artefacts that he inherited from
his father, Octave de Rochebrune (1824-1900). He gathered around him at the beginning of the 1890’s
a vast network of collectors, art dealers, museum curators and other specialists, both at the local and the
national scales, who he consulted on a regular basis to buy or authenticate objects he was interested in.
He was also paying close attention to the scientific and social recognition this activity could provide
him, so much that he studied, described, photographed and set up the exhibition of the objects which he
3
owned, following his father footsteps who himself engraved the 400 weapons composing his own
collection (Fillon, Rochebrune 1863; Rochebrune 1880).
2.2 Inconsistencies around the Gué-de-Velluire sword
But both Rochebrune, father and son, also went beyond archaeological research. Technological
observations and archaeometric analyses recently performed on several objects of the collection enabled
to determine numerous restorations, re-assemblies and manipulations attributed to the Contemporary
period (Parpoil 2007; Barthet 2012). This strengthens the doubts, that have been previously mentioned,
for example by Émile Espérandien about the Roman grave from Jard-sur-Mer (Vendée, France), found
by Raoul de Rochebrune in 1878 and published as soon as 1879 (Espérandieu 1888). Discussions began
about these manipulations and possible forgeries, without having the capacity to identify those who were
responsible for it (middlemen before the acquisition, the Rochebrune father or son, Benjamin Fillon
etc.?) or their underlying aims (embellishment, clean-up, falsification?). Raoul de Rochebrune’s
personal correspondence, now preserved in the archives of the Dobrée Museum which were acquired in
1998, suggest that the latter “rehabilitated” and reassembled different kind of objects, like other
collectors at this period1. Some notes also highlight inconsistencies in the provenances and the way of
acquisition.
This is the case for the sword said to be from Le Gué-de-Velluire. The manuscript booklet written around
the years 1910 is the original version of the future printed catalogue of the collection (Rochebrune 1917)
and is giving us Rochebrune’s first comment on this object apparently bought in 1904:
“E. Wonderful Gallic sword hilt adorned with grooves in the shape of triangles casted in one piece with
antennae, protruding spikes and buttons; remarkable fabrication, an admirable fine and polished green
patina. End of the Bronze Age, ca. 900 BC. I saw it with the abbé Breuil at Bachereau in 1903. He was
selling it for 1200 francs. He did not want to give it to me for 1000 francs. The abbé Breuil, seeing this
extraordinary piece, was pushing me to take it; I offered him 1100 francs; he answered me it is sold. The
next year, 1904, Dazzi presented it to me. I buy it for 650 francs. It was sold to Daguerre who wanted
something else and resold it.”2
1
- Lettre from Jean-Jacques Reubell to Raoul de Rochebrune dated from the 14th of June 1910: “My dear
Friend, this is all I can do; the dagger was too cleaned-up, […] and unless using drastic means requiring time and
on which we cannot always rely on, we will have to let it in that state; it looks less like a new nail but in a few
days we can recover the patina of several centuries”. Private archives on the Dobrée Museum acquired in 1998
(box A).
2
- Raoul de Rochebrune, Catalogue des armes diverses réunies au château de Terre-Neuve, handwritten
booklet with photographic reproductions, ca. 1910. Private archives on the Dobrée Museum acquired in
1998 (box D).
4
The photo associated with the comment leaves no doubt on the identity of the object with caption E
(Figure 2). It however raises questions because the blade fragment on which the hilt is fixed shows
characteristic features of copper alloys. It cannot be compared to the complete iron blade on which the
hilt is now mounted.
Figure 2: Photograph of the sword in Raoul de Rochebrune’s archives. The blade, probably made in a
copper-based alloy, is different from the current iron one. © Grand Patrimoine de Loire-Atlantique,
Dobrée Museum.
Catherine Parpoil was the first to note the contradictions between Rochebrune’s comment and the one
made a few years later in the article by Mortillet (1913) and then in the catalogue of 1917 (Parpoil 2007,
vol. 5, 26-27) : “Later equipped with a blade, this piece become a sword to which A. de Mortillet
consecrated no less than 6 pages: this description will then be used in considerable detail by R. de R. in
the 1917 printed catalogue”. One of the key elements in the changing interpretation of this sword, from
a fake to a real archaeological artefact, concerns its provenance. According to Mortillet it would have
been discovered “in the municipality of Gué-de-Velluire […]. Found about ten years ago by a fisherman,
it was sold to a collector from the region […]. It is only after his death that his widow agreed in selling
it to Mr. de Rochebrune” (Mortillet 1913, 275). The perspective given by these two stories leaves us
sceptical and makes the discovery site of Le Gué-de-Velluire rather hypothetic. It is important to
emphasise that it is in Le Gué-de-Velluire Octave de Rochebrune and Benjamin Fillon realised the most
important part of their “archaeological excavations” in the middle of the 19th century. Among the
5
weapons from the Rochebrune collection, about 80 are said to come from this municipality: “Le Guéde-Velluire is the place where we made the most abundant and precious discoveries. But which causes
may have produced this concentration of weapons from such different periods? These causes are
revealed to us, at least for the period after Philippe de Valois’s reign, by written documents in which
many combats at that place are mentioned” (Fillon, Rochebrune 1863, chap. XXXVI, 4). Besides being
an important emotional archaeological site for Octave de Rochebrune, le Gué-de-Velluire also had a
special value for his son (Rochebrune 1917, 80, no 19). After the congratulations received following the
acquisition of the Salorges sword (Loire-Atlantique, France) in 1908 (Mortillet 1909, 230; Rochebrune
1917, 73), the collector probably wanted to make again an impression by presenting to the scientific
and collectors communities the Gué-de-Velluire sword, proof of the exceptional historical wealth of the
Vendean territory where he himself came from: “[…] all these weapons were found in our rivers from
the Poitou, Vendée and Loire-Atlantique; they never belonged to no other amateur. The contradictions between the information published by R. de Rochebrune and A. de Mortillet and the
old documents connected to this sword make us cautious about its provenance and demonstrate that its
actual state, a combination of a bronze hilt and an iron blade, is different from its state when it was
bought in 1904. In order to determine how the sword was customized and how the blade was replaced,
several methods were set up.
3. Methods
3.1. Computed tomography (CT-scan)
The CT scanner is a Siemens SOMATOM Sensation 16. It is owned by the French company B.C.R.X.
which provides services and expertise on X-Ray images and associated tools. The three-dimensional
explorations were performed through two acquisitions and 2D/3D images post-processing. The
acquisitions were a topogram for positioning the slices to be realized and a helix scan. The only
differences were in kV and mAs values, and in the resolution of the cutting map (XY) which depends
of the field of view, the matrix of the 2D slice images being constant (512x512 pixels) on the scanner
(Table 1). The scan generates a dataset under DICOM format (Mustra et al. 2008). The data generated
during the CT scan were processed with the open-source software Horos (horosproject.org), an image
processing application for Mac dedicated to DICOM images, under free software license. Many postprocessing functionalities of Horos were used in the current work, the 3D volume rendering or 3D
surface rendering and maximum intensity projection (MIP).
6
Pitch
Exposure
Quad
time
156,5x0.8mm
0,45
43.42s
200
769x0.8
1
96.19s
300
62x0.8
0.45
17.17s
Sword
KV
mAs
Collimation
Handle
140
300
140
140
Handle + blade
1mm
Handle end
Table 1: CT acquisition parameters
Computed Tomography contributes to the analysis of the "chaîne opératoire" of artefacts, especially in
bronze or iron. It provides a complete visual of the artefact its structure thus accessing pertinent
information for its technological study, which differs from a more superficial analysis restricted to the
study of the object and the surface marks linked to its manufacture (Mödlinger 2008; Stelzner 2016;
Dumont et al. 2020). This new method gives us the opportunity to see objects in 3D and to understand
the detail of their internal structure. Non-invasive tomodensitometry is an alternative method of analysis,
which involves the development and the study of a virtual model built from the object’s 3D scan. The
information from the 3D scan is used to firstly provide information to reconstruct an image of the whole
sword or of particular sections, also in order to complete this visual analysis, a quantitative approach of
density using mathematical software is also possible. For this study, the data projections (sections) and
the multiplanar reformation (MPR) (Figure 3) made it possible to characterize the different components.
Multiplanar reconstructions (MPR) in particular, allow a reconstruction of sections in selected planes,
linear or curved, offering the possibility of making concordant observations in the frontal and sagittal
planes.
3.2. X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF)
X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) is an elemental analyses technique generally used on diverse
materials: metals, ceramics, paintings, glasses… XRF enables the analyses of all chemical elements
from Beryllium (Be) to Uranium (U) with concentrations from a few ppm to 100% and with reproducible
results (Thirion-Merle 2016). The interpretation of the spectrums resulting from the XRF analyses only
allows to perform a qualitative analysis by identifying the different elements and getting an idea of their
relative proportions. The quantification relies on the standardisation of the device using standard
reference materials allowing to determine a percentage of presence of the detected elements. XRF
analysis is non-invasive and non-destructive for the object, making possible to analyse multiple points
and to optimise the representativeness of the measures.
7
Figure 3: Different cuts on the 3D model resulting from the CT-scan depicting the organisation of the
hilt, the blade tang and the rivets. © BCRX and T. Nicolas.
The device used in this study is a Bruker Tracer III-SD energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence
spectrometer (EDXRF). The measuring window was 3x4 mm. The device was used with 25 mA power,
a 25 kV tension and a 0.141 keV spectral resolution. Each spectre was measured during 30 seconds with
a 15 seconds time-out. 16 points were measured on the sword surface: 3 on the blade, 5 on the rivets and
8 on the hilt (Figure 4). As the device was not standardised for quantitative results the analyses were
limited to a qualitative determination of the elements composing the metals on the sword. Ni, Rh, Pd
and Ar are elements belonging to the device and are therefore no indicators of analysed points
composition.
8
[Figure 4: Location of the points measured using X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy. © L. Dumont.]
The main drawback of this investigation was the 12 mm2 measuring window which limited the relevance
of the elemental characterisation of smaller features as the rivet heads. To overcome this problem, a
relative approach was proposed by comparing the global analyse of the target (rivet head and hilt) and
the analyse of the hilt body alone. Ideal analyse conditions also imply a flat area, a condition which was
not always fulfilled, leading to a diminution of the signal. Results were then carefully manipulated and
interpreted.
4. Results
4.1. Construction of the sword
9
CT-scan enables a 3D visualisation of the inside of the bronze hilt and then a precise study of the way
the hilt and the iron blade were fixed one another (Figure 3). Both parts, made in different materials, can
perfectly be distinguished on the slices produced thanks to the tomography. The blade presents a guard
with rounded shoulders and two lateral notches in which the rivets located on the hilt guard are going
through. The blade is then extended inside the hilt by a narrow and bifid tang until the middle of the
grip, framing the two bottom rivets of this part. The third and upper one is taken in a massive metallic
bloc which occupies the upper third of the hilt. The pommel button’s nature is not certain: it could be
casted with the hilt, the upper part of the block previously described sticking out by a hole in the centre
of the pommel or a shaft inserted in this same metallic mass. Unfortunately, the metal thickness and
density of this area does not allow to precisely see how the different parts are organised here.
It seems that the hilt and the blade are only joined together thanks to the guard rivets the one from the
grips do not go through the blade tang and therefore they do not take part in the fixation of these two
elements.
4.2. Hilt, blade and rivets composition
In the frame of the Gué-de-Velluire sword’s study, XRF spectroscopy is only used as a qualitative
elemental analysis of the different sword’s parts through the examination of the produced spectrums
(Figure 5-8). Without the possibility to perform a calibration for the analysed matrix using reference
materials, the choice was made not to present any quantification of the measured elements using the
device’s built-in standardless calibration.
The blade mostly consists of iron (Fe) with few traces of Mn and Cu (Figure 5). The hilt and the rivets
located on the grip (M13, M17, M20, see Figure 4) appear to have a similar profile (Figure 6-7). They
are all made in a copper-based alloy with clear traces of Sn, Co, As and Pb. The P24 point clearly
contrasts with the other analyses performed on the hilt with strong Fe pikes that can be compared to the
ones on the blade spectrum (Figure 5). This is in all probability to be related to a mispositioning of the
device and an overlapping measuring window at the transition between the guard and the blade. The M7
point spectrum, corresponding to the pommel button, appears to be constantly below the other spectres
(Figure 6). This is probably due to the size of this part, which is smaller than the measuring window,
which leads to a signal loss for the device. These two points were excluded for computing the mean
spectrum of the hilt (Figure 8). As for the rivets, the three on the grip show a composition pattern very
similar to the hilt, whereas the two rivets located on the guard have a clearly different spectrum showing
the presence of zinc (Zn) and a slightly higher level of iron (Fe; Figure 7). They were made using brass,
contrasting with the rest of the rivets and the hilt which can be assimilated to bronze.
10
Blade
Fe
Fe
Pile-up Fe
1e+04
Ca
Rh
J30
{
Intensity (counts)
1e+05
J45
Mn
Ar
Ni
1e+03
Q30
Cu
1e+02
5
10
15
Energy (keV)
Figure 5: Spectrum resulting from the XRF measurements performed on the blade. © C. Pelé-Meziani
and L. Dumont.
Hilt
Cu
1e+05
Fe
1e+04
Sn
Ca
H7
As
Pb
Fe
L22
Pb
Co
Pile-up Cu
{
Intensity (counts)
Cu
Ni
M15
M18
M7
Rh Ar
As
P24
Pb
1e+03
R27
T5
1e+02
5
10
15
Energy (keV)
Figure 6: Spectrum resulting from the XRF measurements performed on the hilt. © C. Pelé-Meziani and
L. Dumont.
Cu
Rivets
1e+05
Cu
1e+04
Sn
As
Pb
Fe
Ca
Pile-up Cu
Pb
Ni
Rh Ar
IJ27
Co
M13
{
Intensity (counts)
Zn
M17
Zn
M20
As
1e+03
Pb
Q27
1e+02
5
10
15
Energy (keV)
Figure 7: Spectrum resulting from the XRF measurements performed on the rivets. © C. Pelé-Meziani
and L. Dumont.
11
Mean
Fe
1e+05
Cu
Fe
Cu
1e+04
As
Pb
Sn
Ca
Pile-up Cu
Pb
{
Rh
Pile-up Fe
Co
{
Intensity (counts)
Zn
hilt
rivets (grip)
Zn
Ar
blade
As
1e+03
rivets (guard)
Pb
1e+02
5
10
15
Energy (keV)
Figure 8: Mean spectrum of the different parts of the sword, excluding the M2 and P24 measuring points.
© C. Pelé-Meziani and L. Dumont.
5. Discussion
5.1. The making of a fake
The archival documentation connected to the Rochebrune collection and the archaeometric study
performed on the Gué-de-Velluire sword enable us to assess that this sword is actually a forgery or a
pasticcio consisting of two different genuine archaeological artefacts that were incorporated: a bronze
hilt and an iron blade that were never designed to work together. We are here dealing with an iron blade
which was customised and associated with a Bronze Age hilt made in a copper-based alloy. To do so,
one first had to remove the two rivets on the hilt guard. The blade tang was then hollowed out in its
centre to create the bifid shape it has nowadays and the notches on the side of the blade at the transition
between the tang and the cutting section were also created. By this way it was possible to insert the tang
inside the hilt without removing the grip rivets. The two parts were finally fastened by adding two new
brass rivets through the guard, with a different composition of the other protohistoric bronze rivets
(Figures 7-8). As zinc, and therefore brass, is not known by Bronze Age craftsmen, the presence of this
element associated to copper is a good marker to see the difference between modern copies or forgeries
and authentic archaeological Bronze Age artefacts (Schwab et al. 2010, 4). The bronze part visible inside
the hollow part of the hilt just below the pommel could consist in the last element remaining of the
original blade, whose tang could have been perfectly adapted to the hilt, as it is the case in the Fuglie
sword (Sweden), almost identical to the Gué-de-Velluire hilt (Thrane 1968, 169).
It is impossible that the blade and the hilt were associated during the protohistoric period. Although the
Rochebrune archives depict the hilt with another blade (see Figure 2), apparently made in a copperbased alloy, nothing enables us to affirm this was the original blade. The colour of the guard rivets,
which appears to be much brighter than the others on the grip with a darker patina, indicates that they
12
may have previously been replaced by brass rivets. The photograph may then depict an object which is
also a pasticcio associating two different objects. This contrast in colour does not exist anymore since
all rivets are bright and with a shiny golden colour. The original rivets may have been polished after the
blade was replaced to mask the colour contrast between the original and the new ones so that the sword
would look more authentic, with a better visual integration of the brass rivets.
Using the available information, it is unfortunately not possible to find out the provenance of the blade
and the hilt used to create the Gué-de-Velluire sword. The hilt shape finds parallels in two Scandinavian
swords, one coming from Fuglie (Sweden) and the other from Hundborg (Denmark; Halbert 1954).
Another sword dredged in the Seine river in Évry (Essonne, France) should also be mentioned
considering the likeness of the hilt and especially the shape of the grip (Guillaumet et al. 1999, 64). A
dating to the 10th or 9th century BC can be proposed based on these parallels and their shape.
The blade’s case is much more complicated. If the hilt has almost identical comparisons in southern
Scandinavia, the blade’s features are quite unique. Whereas La Tène blades are usually smooth, the
grooves on the Gué-de-Velluire can be compared to the sword coming from the Donges swamp (LoireAtlantique, France), dating back to the Hallstatt period, more precisely to the second half of the 7th or
the first half of the 6th century BC (Verger 1999; Lejars 2014, 48), or to the iron blade from Trentemoult
(Rezé, Loire-Atlantique, France), which dates back to the La Tène B1 period, corresponding to the first
half of the 4th century BC (Lejars 1999; Lejars 2014, 33). This last sword presents thin grooves framing
the narrow blade’s central bulge in a very similar way as the grooves on the Gué-de-Velluire sword’s
blade. The diamond-shaped section of the tang (see Figure 4) remains however unparalleled so far and
may be the result of a modification of this part when the blade was associated with the bronze hilt. This
iron blade could then have been produced in the late Hallstatt or Early La Tène period.
The allocation of this bronze hilt and this iron blade to Le Gué-de-Velluire is very unlikely considering
it was sold several times before it entered the Rochebrune collection and afterwards the Dobrée Museum
(see 2.2). Considering the attachment of count de Rochebrune to the Vendée region, the hypothesis of a
spurious provenance deliberately attributed to the sword in order to highlight the archaeological wealth
of this territory, and especially the Gué-de-Velluire municipality where Raoul de Rochebrune excavated,
is currently the most likely explanation for the publication of this counterfeit as an authentic
archaeological object (Mortillet 1913; Rochebrune 1917).
5.2. Copies and forged Bronze Age swords
Many Bronze Age sword copies and forgeries are known in museum collections. They can be classified
in different categories. Some museums made copies themselves in plaster or in metal in order to
complete their own collection, to exchange with other museums, to sell them or for teaching purposes,
like it was the case in the Musée d’Archéologie Nationale (Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France) in the 19th
and at the beginning of the 20th century (Dumont, Simon-Millot 2020).
13
Some counterfeits were nevertheless produced to serve less noble aims, such as financial gain. For
example, it seems to be the case of a Bronze Age solid-hilted sword conserved in the city museum of
Ghent (Belgium) and said to come from the surroundings of the municipality: it is actually a copy of a
sword found in Germany which was artificially corroded and on which damages were faked on the blade.
It is likely that the aspect of the copy was altered to make it look like an authentic Bronze Age sword,
possibly at the moment of its sale in Brussels in 1933: the invention of a local provenance enabled to
make it look less suspicious and sell it more easily (Dumont et al. 2020).
Finally, there are some fakes we could describe as ideological. The Oedt sword (Nordrhein-Westfalen,
Germany) for example fits in this category. It is composed of an authentic Bronze Age blade on which
a modern brass and a fire-gilded hilt was added. This pasticcio was produced before 1947, probably in
the National-Socialist context of Germany (Schwab et al. 2010; Joachim, Willer 2013). Production of
counterfeits may during this period have been linked to ideological purposes, here to highlight the skill
and the power of populations who once lived in the current German borders. As it was mentioned
previously (cf. 2.2 and 5.1), the Gué-de-Velluire sword may fit in this kind of forgeries. Although, it has
of course nothing to do with Nazi Germany, the idea to highlight the archaeological wealth of a territory
or of an archaeological site can be classified under the same falsification approach as the Oedt sword.
Unfortunately, it is not an easy task to see the difference between these fakes and actual archaeological
artefacts. A simple surface observation is not always sufficient, either because of an artificial patina or,
as in the case of the Gué-de-Velluire sword, which consists of a combination of genuine archaeological
pieces. The combination of imaging techniques and elemental analyses appears to be a suitable solution
for checking the authenticity of a suspicious artefact. Imaging techniques such as radiography or
tomography enable the researchers to identify the use of techniques unknown or very uncommon in the
Bronze Age, such as fire-gilding for the already mentioned Oedt sword (Schwab et al. 2010). Many
copies were also made by casting the hilt and the blade as one single piece with a very little degree of
porosity, which almost never occurs in the Bronze Age, where hilts and blades are usually made
separately with a porosity visible using X-rays. The sword at the Ghent Museum is a typical example of
a fake sword: it is casted in one piece without any porosity in the hilt area (Dumont et al. 2020).
Elemental analysis can also be helpful by detecting the presence of a high percentage of zinc, which is
not known in the Bronze Age (Schwab et al. 2010, 4). Its addition to the alloy of these objects makes it
possible to detect copies or forgeries. The absence of zinc is however not sufficient to prove the
authenticity of an object. It would be interesting to perform elemental analyses on a large number of
copies, fakes and forgeries in order to establish a framework to be able to see the difference between
archaeological and modern compositions.
6. Conclusion
14
CT-scan and XRF analyses enabled a better understanding of the biography of the so-called Gué-deVelluire sword and to answer questions that were raised by the archival documentation depicting it with
a different blade then the one which is currently associated with the bronze hilt. It is now possible to
asses this object as a modern pasticcio made after it was bought by R. de Rochebrune in 1904, and before
its publication by A. de Mortillet in 1913. It consists of a combination of a Bronze Age bronze hilt and
a Hallstatt or La Tène iron blade. Both appear to be real archaeological artefacts that were however never
designed to function together as a sword. In order that they could be fixed together, the blade tang was
hollowed out to insert it in the hilt without removing the grip rivets. The two original rivets on the guard
were however removed and replaced by modern brass rivets. It is not impossible that the original rivets
at the upper part of the hilt were polished in order to provide a better visual integration to the new shiny
golden rivets. Contrary to these elements containing a significant amount of zinc, all the other parts of
the hilt were made using a classic Bronze Age copper-based alloy.
Unfortunately, it is not possible to determine the actual provenance of the hilt and the blade. The
Rochebrune collection contains several suspicious pieces said to come from Le Gué-de-Velluire. This
sheds light on the 19th and early 20th century collectors’ practices, who did not seem interested in the
real provenance of the object they bought or about their authenticity. Many fake archaeological artefacts
were made in these times. Among them, swords occupy an important place. It is indeed a sought-after
object for its aesthetics and the power symbols attached to it, leading to the production of counterfeits
and forgeries which were meant to be sold or to be used as a proof of the archaeological wealth of a
territory. Archaeometric studies performed on the Gué-de-Velluire sword made it possible to give an
answer to the question of its authenticity but also to document the collectors’ practices which are at the
origin of many spurious objects in today’s public collections.
Acknowledgements
This study and the analyses were only possible thanks to the financial and material support of the Grand
Patrimoine de Loire-Atlantique services through the Dobrée Museum and the Arc’Antique laboratory,
as well as Ghent University by the BOF funded project “Production and diffusion of Bronze Age solidhilted swords in Western Europe”. The authors are also very grateful to Thierry Lejars (senior researcher,
CNRS) for his help with the study of the iron blade of the so-called Gué-de-Velluire sword.
Bibliography
Barthet, L., 2012. Retouches, trucages et remontages : la singulière fortune des épées de la collection
Rochebrune. Bulletin de la Société archéologique et historique de Nantes et de Loire-Atlantique 147,
15–31.
15
Coutil, L., 1928. Poignards, rapières et épées de l’âge du Bronze. L’Homme préhistorique 1928, 1-2,
11–64.
Dumont, L., De Kock, T., Lycke, S., Tack, P., Vandenabeele, P., 2020. The true and the fake:
archaeometric investigations on two Bronze Age solid-hilted swords from East-Flanders (Belgium).
Lunula. Archaeologia protohistorica 28, 79–87.
Dumont, L., Simon-Millot, R., 2020. Un exemple de moulage au Musée d’Archéologie Nationale de
Saint-Germain-en-Laye : l’épée perdue de Cléry-Saint-André (Loiret). Bulletin de l’APRAB 18, 14–21.
Espérandieu, É., 1888. Épigraphie romaine du Poitou et de la Saintonge. E. Lacuve, Melle.
Fillon, B., Rochebrune, O. de, 1863. Poitou et Vendée : études historiques et artistiques. L. Clouzot,
Niort.
Gomez, J., Mohen, J.-P., 1981. Les plus vieux objets en fer de France, in: Haefner, H. (Ed.), Frühes
Eisen in Europa. Presented at the Actes du 3e symposium des Comités pour la sidérurgie ancienne de
l’UISPP, Peter Meili, Schaffhausen, pp. 53–56.
Gomez de Soto, J., Kerouanton, I., 2009. Les premiers objets en fer en France, à l’âge du Bronze, in: De
l’âge du Bronze à l’âge du Fer en France et en Europe occidentale (Xe – VIIe siècle av. J.-C.).,
Supplément à la Revue archéologique de l’Est. Presented at the Actes du XXXe colloque international
de l’A.F.E.A.F., co-organisé avec l’A.P.R.A.B., Société archéologique de l’Est, Dijon, pp. 501–506.
Halbert, L., 1954. Un groupe particulier parmi les épées de l’âge du Bronze récent. Meddelanden från
Lunds universitets historiska museum 6, 413–426.
Joachim, H.-E., Willer, F., 2013. Alte Waffe mit neuem Griff. Das vermeintlich mittelbronzezeitliche
Schwert von Oedt. Bonner Jahrbücher 213, 9–16. https://doi.org/10.11588/bjb.2013.0.43966
Lejars, T., 1999. Épée à fourreau décoré, in: Santrot, M.-H., Meuret, J.-C. (Eds.), Nos ancêtres les
Gaulois aux marges de l’Armorique. Musée Dobrée, Nantes, pp. 117.
Lejars, T., 2014. Les armes gauloises du Pont-de-L’Ouen (dép. Loire-Atlantique / F) : une découverte
inattendue.
Jahrbuch
des
Römisch-Germanischen
Zentralmuseums
Mainz
61.1,
19–55.
https://doi.org/10.11588/jrgzm.2014.1.72367
Miketta, F., 2017a. Die ältesten Eisenartefakte Mitteleuropas, in: Mirossayová, E., Pare, C., StegmannRajtár, S. (Eds.), Das nördliche Karpatenbecken in der Hallstattzeit. Wirtschaft, Handel und
Kommunikation in früheisenzeitlichen Gesellschaften zwischen Ostalpen und Westpannonien.
Archaeolingua, Budapest, pp. 143–172.
Miketta, F., 2017b. Die bronzezeitliche Eisenartefakte aus Mittel- und Westeuropa. Chronologische,
typologische und chorologische Untersuchungen, Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen
Archäologie. Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt, Bonn.
16
Milcent, P.-Y., 2004. Le premier âge du Fer en France centrale, Mémoire de la Société préhistorique
française. Société préhistorique française, Paris.
Mortillet, A. de, 1913. Note sur une épée en fer trouvée en Vendée. Revue Anthropologique 23, 275–
280.
Mortillet, A. de, 1909. Épée en bronze trouvée dans la Loire. L’Homme préhistorique 7.8, 230–232.
Mödlinger, M., 2008. Micro-x-ray computer tomography in archaeology: analyses of a Bronze Age
sword. Insight 50.6, 323–325. https://doi.org/10.1784/insi.2008.50.6.323
Müller-Karpe, H., 1961. Die Vollgriffschwerter der Urnenfelderzeit aus Bayern, Münchner Beiträge zur
Vor- und Frühgeschichte. C. H. Beck, Munich.
Mustra, M., Delac, K., Grgić, M., 2008. Overview of the DICOM Standard, in: Grgić, M., Grgić, S.
(Eds.), ELMAR 2008, 50th International Symposium ELMAR, Croatian Society Electronics in Marine,
Zadar, pp. 39–44.
Parpoil, C., 2007. Petrimonalisation d’une collection : le legs de la collection Raoul de Rochebrune au
musée Dobrée (PhD thesis). Université Paul Valéry – Montpellier III, Montpellier.
Pautreau, J.-P., 1984. Le passage de l’âge du Bronze à l’âge du Fer en Poitou, in: Transition Bronze final
Hallstatt ancien : problèmes chronologiques et culturels. Presented at the Actes du 109e congrès national
des sociétés savantes, CTHS, Paris, pp. 229–249.
Rochebrune, O. de, 1880. Collections de Terre-Neuve appartenant à Octave de Rochebrune. Les armes
depuis l’âge celtique jusqu’au XVIIIe siècle. L. Clouzot, Niort.
Rochebrune, R. de, 1911. Les armes offensives à travers les âges jusqu’au XVIe siècle. Revue du BasPoitou, 81.96, 153-164.
Rochebrune, R. de, 1917. Collection du comte Raoul de Rochebrune, Château de la Court, Saint-Cyren-Talmondais (Vendée), S. Pacteau, Luçon.
Schwab, R., Willer, F., Meinel, D., Schmauder, M., Pernicka, E., 2010. The Oedt sword: A note on brass
and fire-gilding in the European Bronze Age. Historical Metallurgy 44.1, 1–9.
Stelzner, J., Gauß, F., Schuetz, F., 2016. X-ray computed tomography for non-destructive analysis of
early Medieval swords. Studies in Conservation 61.2, 86–101.
https://doi.org/10.1179/2047058414Y.0000000157
Thirion-Merle, V., 2014. Spectrométrie de fluorescence X, in: Dillmann, P., Bellot-Gurlet, L. (Eds.),
Circulation et provenance des matériaux dans les sociétés anciennes. Éditions des archives
contemporaines, Paris, pp. 291–297.
17
Thrane, H., 1968. Eingeführte Bronzeschwerter aus Dänemarks jüngerer Bronzezeit. Acta
Archaeologica 39, 143–218.
Verger, S., 1999. Épée à antennes, in: Santrot, M.-H., Meuret, J.-C. (Eds.), Nos ancêtres les Gaulois aux
marges de l’Armorique. Musée Dobrée, Nantes, pp. 114.
18.
| 3,082 |
https://openalex.org/W4225545886 | OpenAlex | Open Science | CC-By | 2,022 | Pulpotomy for the Management of Irreversible Pulpitis in Mature Teeth (PIP): a feasibility study | Jan E Clarkson | English | Spoken | 9,232 | 15,682 | Clarkson et al. Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2022) 8:77
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-022-01029-9 Open Access Pulpotomy for the Management
of Irreversible Pulpitis in Mature Teeth (PIP):
a feasibility study Jan E. Clarkson1,2, Craig R. Ramsay3, Francesco Mannocci4, Fadi Jarad5, Sondos Albadri5, David Ricketts1,
Carol Tait6, Avijit Banerjee7, Chris Deery8, Dwayne Boyers9, Zoe Marshman8, Beatriz Goulao3,
Alice R. Hamilton1* , Katie Banister10, Rosanne Bell1, Lori Brown1, David I. Conway11, Pina Donaldson1,
Anne Duncan3, Katharine Dunn12, Patrick Fee1, Mark Forrest3, Anne‑Marie Glenny13, Jill Gouick1, Ekta Gupta3,
Elisabet Jacobsen9, Jennifer Kettle8, Graeme MacLennan3, Lorna Macpherson1, Tina McGuff1, Fiona Mitchell1,
Marjon van der Pol9, Rebecca Moazzez14, Douglas Roberston11, Gabriella Wojewodka7, Linda Young2 and
Thomas Lamont1 © The Author(s) 2022, corrected publication 2022. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you
give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes
were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated
otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not
permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To
view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver
(http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a
credit line to the data. Abstract Background: Progression of dental caries can result in irreversible pulpal damage. Partial irreversible pulpitis is the
initial stage of this damage, confined to the coronal pulp whilst the radicular pulp shows little or no sign of infec‑
tion. Preserving the pulp with sustained vitality and developing minimally invasive biologically based therapies are
key themes within contemporary clinical practice. However, root canal treatment involving complete removal of the
pulp is often the only option (other than extraction) given to patients with irreversible pulpitis, with substantial NHS
and patient incurred costs. The European Society of Endodontology’s (ESE 2019) recent consensus statement recom‑
mends full pulpotomy, where the inflamed coronal pulp is removed with the goal of keeping the radicular pulp vital,
as a more minimally invasive technique, potentially avoiding complex root canal treatment. Although this tech‑
nique may be provided in secondary care, it has not been routinely implemented or evaluated in UK General Dental
Practice. Method: This feasibility study aims to identify and assess in a primary care setting the training needs of general
dental practitioners and clinical fidelity of the full pulpotomy intervention, estimate likely eligible patient pool and
develop recruitment materials ahead of the main randomised controlled trial comparing the clinical and cost-effec‑
tiveness of full pulpotomy compared to root canal treatment in pre/molar teeth of adults 16 years and older show‑
ing signs indicative of irreversible pulpitis. The feasibility study will recruit and train 10 primary care dentists in the
full pulpotomy technique. Dentists will recruit and provide full pulpotomy to 40 participants (four per practice) with
indications of partial irreversible pulpitis. Discussion: The Pulpotomy for the Management of Irreversible Pulpitis in Mature Teeth (PIP) study will address
the lack of high-quality evidence in the treatment of irreversible pulpitis, to aid dental practitioners, patients and *Correspondence: [email protected]
1 Dental Health Services Research Unit, Dundee Dental School, The
University of Dundee, 9th Floor, Park Place, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article *Correspondence: [email protected]
1 Dental Health Services Research Unit, Dundee Dental School, The
University of Dundee, 9th Floor, Park Place, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article Backgroundh suggests the total cost of this treatment may be in
excess of £71m per year. The economic burden of dental disease to the NHS,
patients and society is substantial, accounting for a
global expenditure of $544.41bn annually [1]. NHS
expenditure on dental care in England exceeds £3bn
per year and £527 million in Scotland [2]. Most of this
expenditure is due to dental caries, one of the most
prevalent non-communicable diseases worldwide [3–
6]. The consequences are cumulative [7, 8] and can neg-
atively impact the quality of life and productivity. Partial irreversible pulpitis is the initial stage of irre-
versible pulp damage, confined to the coronal (crown)
pulp whilst the radicular (root) pulp remains vital, i.e. a healthy blood supply is maintained to the pulp tis-
sue in the roots of the tooth. The full pulpotomy (FP)
technique of removing the coronal pulp may keep
the radicular pulp vital. Systematic reviews and ran-
domised controlled trials suggest that pulpotomy may
offer comparable treatment success rates and might be
a cost-effective alternative to RCTx, but the evidence
base is weak and sparse for the management of vital
mature teeth with clinical signs of irreversible pulpitis
in the UK NHS [13–16]. Two randomised controlled
trials conducted in an adult population reported a suc-
cess rate of pulpotomy comparable to RCTx (97.6% vs
98.3% at 1 year [17]; 85% vs 87.5% at 18 months [18]). However, both trials were conducted outside of the UK
and in the secondary care setting. These studies have
limited generalisability due to the lack of methodologi-
cal rigour, difference in the health systems and the clin-
ical approaches used. There is one ongoing trial in the
UK [19] looking at this research question in a second-
ary care setting. Most adults experience decay, and the National
Dental Epidemiology Programme for England 2018
reported that 90% of adults have at least one restoration
[9]. Dental caries results in localised and progressive
demineralisation of the dental hard tissue; if undis-
turbed, the bacterial insult will cause the pulp of the
tooth to become inflamed and persistent inflammation
can lead to irreversible pulpitis (when the vital inflamed
pulp is incapable of healing) [10], pulp necrosis and
abscess formation. Management of dental caries centres
around primary prevention and/or operative interven-
tion involving caries removal prior to the irreversible
pulpitis stage. policymakers in their decision-making. The PIP feasibility study will inform the main study on the practicality of provid‑
ing both training and provision of the full pulpotomy technique in general dental practice.
Trial registration: ISRCTN Registry, ISRCTN17973604. Registered on 28 January 2021. Protocol version: 1; date: 03.02.2021 Keywords: Irreversible pulpitis, Full pulpotomy, Root canal treatment, Primary care, Feasibility, Vital pulp therapy,
General dental practice, PPI, Training © The Author(s) 2022, corrected publication 2022. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you
give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes
were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated
otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not
permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To
view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver
(http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a
credit line to the data. Clarkson et al. Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2022) 8:77 (2022) 8:77 Clarkson et al. Pilot and Feasibility Studies Page 2 of 11 policymakers in their decision-making. The PIP feasibility study will inform the main study on the practicality of provid‑
ing both training and provision of the full pulpotomy technique in general dental practice. Trial registration: ISRCTN Registry, ISRCTN17973604. Registered on 28 January 2021. Protocol version
Protocol version: 1; date: 03.02.2021
Keywords: Irreversible pulpitis, Full pulpotomy, Root canal treatment, Primary care, Feasibility, Vital pulp therapy,
General dental practice, PPI, Training policymakers in their decision-making. The PIP feasibility study will inform the main study on the practicality of provid‑
ing both training and provision of the full pulpotomy technique in general dental practice. Trial registration: ISRCTN Registry, ISRCTN17973604. Registered on 28 January 2021. Backgroundh Preserving the pulp in a healthy state
with sustained vitality, preventing apical periodontitis
or abscess formation and developing minimally invasive
biologically based therapies are key themes within con-
temporary clinical practice. RCTx success rates vary considerably in the literature. A systematic review [20] together with recent studies
conducted internationally [21–23], including primary
and secondary care, concluded that the 2- to 10-year
survival outcomes of RCTx ranged from 72 to 94.4%. Treatment success rates in primary care dentistry in
Sweden, according to periapical status, was 62% imme-
diately after treatment [24]; however, a review on RCTx
survival in general dental services in England and
Wales estimated 74% of root canal treated teeth pass
through 10 years without re-treatment, apical surgery
or extraction, and the success rate is above 90% in the
first year [22]. Evidence from a systematic review and a
retrospective follow-up study suggests that the success
rate of pulpotomy for permanent posterior teeth may
be over 90% at 1-year follow-up, but the participants p
y
p
The recent position statement from the European
Society of Endodontology (ESE 2019) [11] explains the
challenge of managing deep caries and pulp exposure. If primary prevention and/or operative intervention
involving caries removal prior to irreversible pulpi-
tis fails, root canal treatment (RCTx) involving com-
plete removal of the pulp is the only option (other than
extraction) for patients with irreversible pulpitis, but
it is a technically demanding procedure, especially in
premolar and molar teeth and increases patient anxi-
ety [12]. It is also time-consuming and costly to the
NHS and patients. In Scotland, 111,000 RCTxs were
provided in 2017/2018, costing £8.9m, and approxi-
mately 80% of this cost relates to RCTxs on premolar
and molar teeth. Extrapolating these figures to England Clarkson et al. Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2022) 8:77 Clarkson et al. Pilot and Feasibility Studies Page 3 of 11 in the included studies were not representative of UK
NHS practice [13, 25]. of adults 16 years and older showing signs indicative of
irreversible pulpitis. p
p
The following are the feasibility study objectives: The recently published commissioning standard in
NHS England Restorative Dentistry defined the complex-
ity of clinical and technical procedures according to lev-
els of care 1, 2 and 3 (with increasing complexity). They
also reflected the competency of clinicians and the equip-
ment required to deliver care of that level of complexity
[26]. Backgroundh Complex RCTxs are considered levels 2 and 3 and
should be referred to specialists or dentists with special
interest. FP could make the management of complex
cases possible in primary care by general dental practi-
tioners (GDPs), avoiding the need for extraction or the
increased cost and burden on patients in referral. • To identify training needs of GDPs to undertake FP • To develop a clinical training package for study GDPs • To assess if the intervention can be optimally deliv-
ered in routine NHS practice • To estimate the number of eligible patients per prac-
tice for the main trial • To develop recruitment materials for the main trial
accounting for patient and dentist views FP is a novel technology for NHS primary dental care,
and the Pulpotomy for the Management of Irreversible
Pulpitis in Mature Teeth (PIP) feasibility study design has
benefited from considerable active and informative input
from patients in general dental practice, the Health Ser-
vices Research Unit (HSRU) public involvement group
and a national survey of GDPs and practitioners with
research experience. Recruitment of dentists We aim to recruit 10 GDPs with research experience
from across the UK via our partner research networks
and dentists who may or may not be active in other den-
tal trials. Working with research-ready and experienced
dentists will help us speedily identify training needs, ser-
vice requirements and criteria for successful intervention
delivery. A list of participating practices will be kept up to
date and provided on the public trial website: https://w3.
abdn.ac.uk/hsru/pip. The importance of this topic to GDPs in the UK is
clear from the responses to a survey hosted on the Scot-
tish Dental Practice Based Research Network (SDPBRN)
website, indicating that GDPs were very interested in the
health technology to be tested in PIP but that clinical
training would be required for both FP and RCTx. The
survey showed that pulpotomy was not offered to NHS
adult patients by 91% of the responding dentists with
many citing contract restrictions and the costs of bio-
ceramic materials as barriers. Overcoming these issues
for PIP had already been discussed with UK Chief Den-
tal Officers. Whilst the majority of dentists (97%) offered
RCTx for uncomplicated teeth, this reduced to 68% and
20% for teeth with a moderate or complex risk of adverse
outcomes, respectively. In addition, the PIP study team
engaged with patient representatives and the public who
highlighted the need to develop more modern dental
techniques which aim to preserve rather than remove
tooth tissue. Following the expression of interest, an appraisal of
each practice’s ability to recruit participants will be con-
ducted including evidence of a sufficient supply of eligible
patients from their routine patient base or new patient
population. Digital X-ray facilities at the practice will be
preferred but are not essential. Methods/designh The PIP feasibility study is a multi-centre non-ran-
domised intervention designed to determine if it is fea-
sible to carry out FP in the UK NHS primary care setting. Allocation • Haemostasis and disinfection should be achieved
by placing cotton pellets soaked with 5% sodium
hypochlorite over the pulp stump for up to 5 min. Treatment options for irreversible pulpitis will be dis-
cussed with the patient and each recruited participant
will be offered the FP treatment in the first instance. Should the dentist feel another treatment is more
appropriate or a recruited participant changes their
mind and does not want a FP, the appropriate alter-
native treatment should be carried out as per normal
practice. fi
Should the dentist feel another treatment is more
appropriate or a recruited participant changes their
mind and does not want a FP, the appropriate alter-
native treatment should be carried out as per normal
practice. • If haemostasis cannot be achieved after 5 min, the
tooth should undergo pulpectomy and RCTx as per
the clinician’s normal practice. • Once haemostasis has been achieved for all root
canals, a hydraulic calcium silicate cement should be
placed directly onto the pulp tissue.hi After the initial intervention, participants will receive
any treatment deemed clinically appropriate by their
dentist as per normal practice. • The tooth is definitively sealed immediately to pre-
vent micro-leakage. Immediate post-operative radio-
graph is taken for FP after the placement of definitive
restoration. This radiograph will be used to confirm
fidelity to the FP procedure to confirm that there is
adequate coverage and thickness of hydraulic calcium
silicate cement in the floor of the pulp chamber and
pulp stumps and absence of porosity and the tooth is
definitively sealed. Identifying and recruiting participants GDPs will identify patients presenting at their clinic/
practice with symptoms indicative of irreversible pulpi-
tis who meet the inclusion criteria. Patients with these
symptoms who contact the practice by telephone will be
informed the trial is taking place by the practice recep-
tionist. An appointment will be arranged for potentially
eligible patients (as per current clinical practice) for their
treatment, and those who express interest in the feasibil-
ity study will be given a participant information leaflet
(PIL) (Additional file 1). In the event that a patient pre-
sents at an appointment requiring immediate treatment,
sufficient time to make an informed decision regarding
willingness to participate will be given. At the treatment
visit, the patient will be given the opportunity to clarify The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact
on the provision of dental care. RCTx is commonly completed over several visits,
whereas FP treatment is usually completed in one. FP
may therefore reduce patient contact within a dental
practice, as well as reducing the volume and cost of per-
sonal protective equipment required. The PIP feasibility study has been designed to deter-
mine progression to a pragmatic, primary dental care,
multi-centre, two-arm patient randomised control trial
with an internal pilot comparing the clinical and cost-
effectiveness of FP compared to RCTx in pre/molar teeth Clarkson et al. Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2022) 8:77 Page 4 of 11 Clarkson et al. Pilot and Feasibility Studies any questions prior to informed consent being provided
on the study consent form (Additional file 2). any questions prior to informed consent being provided
on the study consent form (Additional file 2). coolant to remove the pulp to the level of the radicu-
lar/root canal orifices. i
• The dentist should confirm that all root canals are
vital. Interventionh The following are the full pulpotomy procedure: The following are the full pulpotomy procedure: • Adequate final restoration (no excess Biodentine on
the walls preventing peripheral seal). • Pre-operative peri-apical radiograph. • Access cavity preparation. Inclusion criteria One of the inclusion criteria is adults (16 years and older)
with symptoms indicative of irreversible pulpitis in a pre/
molar tooth with deep caries and/or a deep restoration
as defined by ESE as spontaneous, radiating pain that lin-
gers after removal of stimulus [11]. Exclusion criteriah Clinical fidelity to the protocol will be assessed by the
study’s clinical team. The clinical team will use the cri-
teria below to evaluate the post-operative radiographs
uploaded to the trial website by the participating den-
tists. Ultimately, the decision as to whether fidelity with
the protocol has been maintained is a clinical judgement,
made by the clinical team.hi The following are the exclusion criteria: • Tooth with immature roots, clinical or radiographic
signs of a necrotic pulp or a poor prognosis (e.g. internal or external resorption) • Presence of a sinus, tenderness to percussion, buc-
cal tenderness, pathological mobility or evidence of
pathology on a periapical radiographfi The following are the clinical fidelity criteria: • Access cavity preparation (complete removal of the
pulp chamber roof). • Insufficient tooth tissue for a restoration fi
• All treatment delivered under a private contract • Unable to give informed consent • Adaption of the calcium silicate cement (Biodentine). The cement should cover the floor or pulp stumps
and have an adequate thickness of 2mm, and no
porosities should be present.i Training in the delivery of intervention • Where caries removal is necessary, this should be
complete and carried out in a systematic way remov-
ing it completely at the periphery of the cavity then
progressively over the pulp, for a controlled reduc-
tion in the bacterial load preventing further bacterial
contamination of the pulp. Training will be provided over two sessions. One ses-
sion will be a remote training session in which all den-
tists recruited to the feasibility study will receive training
in the background and evidence for FP, diagnosis of irre-
versible pulpitis and study inclusion and exclusion crite-
ria, along with theoretical training in the FP technique. The next session will be a face-to-face training session at
each clinical centre. Study dentists will attend the face-
to-face training session at their nearest clinical centre. • Rubber dam should be applied prior to accessing the
pulp chamber. • Once the pulp has been reached, a new sterile bur or
sharp sterile excavator should be used with a water Page 5 of 11 Clarkson et al. Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2022) 8:77 Clarkson et al. Pilot and Feasibility Studies FP technique is a clinical judgement made by the study’s
clinical team. We will confirm and identify the training needs of GDPs
to inform the development of the training package for
the full trial. PPI members will be invited to the remote
training event to contribute to discussions of training and
recruitment. The following are the FP training criteria: • Access cavity preparation (complete removal of the
pulp chamber roof) As FP will be a new technology to most participants,
instruction will demonstrate the procedure and establish
the standard level of care. Instruction in access cavity
preparation and choice of materials will include a hydrau-
lic calcium silicate cement (e.g. Biodentine). Artificial 3D
printed teeth (Fig. 1) are routinely used for RCTx train-
ing, but their use in the training in the FP technique and
assessment of the success of training in the procedure is
novel. We estimate 4 teeth for each dentist will be suf-
ficient for them to feel confident and competent in the
technique. • Adaption of the calcium silicate cement (Biodentine)
(covers the floor or pulp stumps, adequate thickness
of 2mm, no porosity) y
• Adequate final restoration (no excess calcium silicate
cement (Biodentine) on the walls preventing periph-
eral seal) Primary outcome measures Feasibility outcomes are set out in Table 1. These cri-
teria will be assessed in the feasibility study in order
to determine the progression to the main trial and a
randomised controlled trial comparing the clinical-
effectiveness and cost-benefit of FP compared to
RCTx in pre/molar teeth of adults 16 years and older
showing signs indicative of irreversible pulpitis. The participating GDPs’ success in training will be
determined using the FP training criteria below to evalu-
ate both the FP procedure carried out on the 3D teeth
and the post-operative radiographs taken of the 3D teeth. Formative assessment for the dentists will include self-
assessment using a success checklist measuring success
against the same criteria. Ultimately, the decision as to
whether a dentist has been successfully trained in the Data collection and processing An anonymised screening log has been created for the
purposes of the PIP feasibility study data collection
assessing the number of potentially eligible patients seen
per month by each GDP. Fig. 1 Example of the sectioned Endo Reality 3D tooth showing FP Screening log data will either be entered into the data-
base by the designated team members working in each
site or sent to the Trial Office for entry into the database
depending on practice circumstances. The staff in the
Trial Office will work closely with the dental team mem-
bers to ensure that the data are as complete and accurate
as possible. Extensive range and consistency checks by the
Trial Office will further enhance the quality of the data. fi
Participants who lose the capacity to consent during the
study will be withdrawn. Identifiable data already collected
with consent would be retained and used in the study. No
further data will be collected or any other research proce-
dures carried out on or in relation to the participant. Green—automatic progression. Amber—identify remediable factors and submit a recovery plan to the funder with new targets for the following 6 months. Red—stop
the trial unless there is a strong case that unanticipated remediable factors have been identified and can be addressed Table 1 Feasibility criteria Green—automatic progression. Amber—identify remediable factors and submit a recovery plan to the funder with new targets for the following 6 months. Red—stop Green—automatic progression. Amber—identify remediable factors and submit a recovery plan to the funder with new targets for the following 6 months. Red—stop
the trial unless there is a strong case that unanticipated remediable factors have been identified and can be addressed Page 6 of 11 Page 6 of 11 Clarkson et al. Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2022) 8:77 Clarkson et al. Pilot and Feasibility Studies Baseline characteristics treatment using a question adapted from the patient-
reported experience measures (PREMs) outlined in the
NHS England Guide of Commissioning Dental Special-
ties [27]. The question is based on a scale ranging from
not satisfied to completely satisfied. The intervention
will be considered successful if the patient is somewhat
to completely satisfied with their treatment. Participants
will be contacted by their preferred method (phone,
text or email) by the study office from day 7 to answer 2
questions on their satisfaction with care, experience and
symptoms. Question 1: How satisfied are you with the
treatment you received? Question 2: Did you have any
problems in the hours after the treatment? Age and gender will be recorded on the participant
details form. Pre-operative periapical radiographs (if
clinically needed) will be collected as part of routine
care, but copies will be provided to the study team to
confirm the exclusion of signs of pulpal and apical
pathology. Trial process outcomesh The number of GDPs recruited will be assessed as the
total number of GDPs that accept to take part in the
study. Success on training in FP with 3D teeth will be assessed
according to the following criteria: Qualitative interviews Qualitative interviews will be conducted with dentists
and patient participants who have taken part in the fea-
sibility study to explore the appropriateness of the train-
ing, the feasibility of delivering the interventions and
the recruitment of participants to the trial. These will
also contribute to the design of the trial recruitment
strategies. • Access cavity preparation (complete removal of the
pulp chamber roof) • Adaption of the calcium silicate cement (Biodentine)
(covers the floor or pulp stumps, adequate thickness
of 2mm, no porosity) • Adequate final restoration (no excess calcium silicate
cement (Biodentine) on the walls preventing periph-
eral seal) For patient participants, the qualitative interview will
be part of the feasibility study, and all patient participants
will have the option to consent to the interview as part of
consenting to the feasibility study. If a patient participant
gives their consent, a suitable date and time for a remote
qualitative interview will be arranged after their follow-
up questionnaire has been completed. The interview will
be conducted by an experienced researcher and audio
recorded. The number of potentially eligible patients seen per
month per GDP will be assessed as the total number of
eligible patients recorded in the screening log by the GDP
divided by the total number of GDPs taking part in the
study. Clinical outcomes All dentists will be invited to take part in an interview. Dentists will be contacted directly by the qualitative
research team, informed about the qualitative study and
invited to take part in a remote interview at a convenient
time. Dentists will be contacted and interviewed at one
of three time points: shortly after training, after recruit-
ing 1–2 participants or after recruiting 3–4 participants
in order to capture a range of experiences. Dentists will
be asked to consent to take part in an interview. Clinical fidelity with FP intervention in the feasi-
bility study will be assessed by the study’s clinical
team. The clinical team will use the criteria below
to evaluate pre-operative and post-operative radio-
graphs uploaded to the trial website by the partici-
pating dentists. Digital radiographs will be forwarded
via the secure trial management system and digital
images of wet films made. Ultimately, the decision as
to whether fidelity with the protocol has been main-
tained is a clinical judgement, made by the clinical
team. Each patient, from a given dentist, will be clas-
sified as complying with the clinical fidelity criteria or
not. We will then calculate the percentage of patients,
for each dentist, that comply with clinical fidelity. All
dentists must reach the same clinical criteria set out
in training to assess the feasibility of clinical fidelity
with FP. The interviews will be guided by topic guides devel-
oped from the literature and other dental trials. The
topic guide for dentists will be guided by the Theoretical
Domains Framework [28] and focus on training, deliver-
ing the intervention, acceptability of the intervention and
recruitment. The topic guide for patient participants will
be informed by the Theoretical Framework of Acceptabil-
ity [29], focusing on the experiences of recruitment and
intervention, and acceptability of the intervention. Inter-
views will be audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data will be analysed using framework analysis [30]. The framework analysis will involve the following stages:
identifying initial themes, labelling the data, sorting the Process datah Demographic baseline characteristics, safety data and
feasibility outcomes will be summarised overall and
by centre if applicable and using appropriate descrip-
tive statistics. The flow of participants will be presented
as a diagram following adapted recommendations from
the CONSORT extension for feasibility and pilot trials
(https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/355/bmj.i5239.full.
pdf).h The details of treatment provided including adherence
to the protocol and pulpotomy treatment or alternative
treatment provided, duration of treatment, number of
visits to deliver treatment, equipment used and patient
charges will be recorded on the case report form (CRF). Participants remain in the trial unless they choose to
withdraw consent or if they are unable to continue for a
clinical reason. All changes in status, with the exception
of complete withdrawal of consent, means the participant
will still be followed up for all trial outcomes wherever
possible. All data collected through the screening log up
to the point of complete withdrawal may be retained and
used in the assessment of the feasibility study outcomes. There are no planned interim analyses. Sample size calculation Since this is a feasibility study and its aim is not to esti-
mate a treatment effect, a sample size calculation was
not performed. We aim to recruit 10 dentists and 40
patients because it was considered a large enough sam-
ple to inform training needs and recruitment to the
main trial. Participant reported outcomes Clinical success—participants satisfied with care—will
be determined by patient-reported satisfaction with Clarkson et al. Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2022) 8:77 Page 7 of 11 Clarkson et al. Pilot and Feasibility Studies Statistical analysis data by theme and synthesising the data. The interviews
will be conducted by an experienced research associate
who will also lead the data analysis. As the analysis pro-
gresses, regular meetings will be held with the research
team to discuss the emergent themes and consider the
implications of the results for the main trial. Patient and Public Involvement (PPI) The feasibility study design was developed with
input from a PPI partner on the project management
group and the plain language summary and patient-
facing materials developed with input from mem-
bers of the Health Services Research Unit (HSRU) Scheduling of eventsh The scheduling of events is presented in Table 2. Table 2 Scheduling of eventsf
General dental practice
approvals and training
Clinical
intervention
training
Screening Baseline (initial
treatment visit)
7-day
follow-up
Qualitative
interviews
Others
Number of general dental practition‑
ers recruited
■
■
Success on training in full pulpotomy
✓
Assessment for eligibility
¥
o
Informed consent
□
Socio-demographic characteristics
and eligibility for free treatment
o
Clinical fidelity of the full pulpotomy
intervention
o
●
Clinical success—participants satisfied
with care
∞
⊕
Dental pain and need for dental pain
relief
∞
Number of potentially eligible patients
seen per month per GDP
∇ Table 2 Scheduling of events
General dental practice
approvals and training
Clinical
intervention
training
Screening Baseline (initial
treatment visit)
7-day
follow-up
Qualitative
interviews
Others
Number of general dental practition‑
ers recruited
■
■
Success on training in full pulpotomy
✓
Assessment for eligibility
¥
o
Informed consent
□
Socio-demographic characteristics
and eligibility for free treatment
o
Clinical fidelity of the full pulpotomy
intervention
o
●
Clinical success—participants satisfied
with care
∞
⊕
Dental pain and need for dental pain
relief
∞
Number of potentially eligible patients
seen per month per GDP
∇ “■” indicates general dental practitioner (GDP) signed off as greenlighted—completion of the Site Initiation Questionnaire, study approvals and training (Good
Clinical Practice and clinical training)
“✓” indicates assessment by the study clinical team
“¥” indicates GDP completing the eligibility form
“o” indicates GDP completing case report form (CRF)
“□” indicates patient completing the consent form and countersigned by GDP
“●” indicates clinical post-operative radiographs
“∞” indicates phone call from the study team
“⊕” indicates qualitative interviews
“∇” indicates screening log “■” indicates general dental practitioner (GDP) signed off as greenlighted—completion of the Site Initiation Questionnaire, study approvals and training (Good
Clinical Practice and clinical training) “o” indicates GDP completing case report form (CRF) “□” indicates patient completing the consent form and countersigned by GDP “●” indicates clinical post-operative radiographs “∞” indicates phone call from the study team “⊕” indicates qualitative interviews “∇” indicates screening log Clarkson et al. Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2022) 8:77 Clarkson et al. Pilot and Feasibility Studies Page 8 of 11 to the principles). The three main groupings that con-
tribute to the governance arrangements for this study
are the Trial Management Committee, an independ-
ent Trial Steering Committee (TSC) and an independ-
ent Data Monitoring Committee (DMC). Adverse events Whilst a FP is a novel treatment in NHS primary care
clinical practice, in terms of clinical procedure, it is more
conservative than the established RCTx and could be
considered as the same technique that is used in the ini-
tial stage of a RCTx. We do not anticipate any safety con-
cerns with this treatment. The dentists taking part in the
feasibility study will be fully trained in the FP technique,
and patients will receive the usual standard of care treat-
ment from their dentist during and following the inter-
vention as normal.h Safety concerns
Wi hi
h
PIP Within the PIP feasibility study, only adverse events
(AEs) and serious adverse events (SAEs), as determined
by the site PI, that have a reasonable causal relationship
to the FP treatment in the study tooth will be recorded. These will be reported to the TM who will report/esca-
late as necessary. Data protection and archiving Patients will be reassured that all data which are col-
lected during the course of the research will be kept
strictly confidential. All personal data will be pseu-
donymised and processed in accordance with the Gen-
eral Data Protection Regulation Act 2018. The relevant
research documentation will be archived at the Uni-
versity of Dundee for at least 10 years after comple-
tion of the trial as required by the applicable regulatory
requirement(s). Scheduling of eventsh The TSC and
DMC will meet during the feasibility study to agree with
the terms of reference and other procedures. The DMEC
will report any recommendations to the Chair of the
Steering Committee. The University of Dundee will act
as a sponsor. public involvement partnership. For example, for
patient-facing documents such as the participant
information leaflet and sheet and consent form, it
was important to get the wording right around what
the study is. Language such as ‘irreversible pulpitis’
was found to be detrimental, whereas ‘severe tooth-
ache which your dentist will assess’ was easier to
understand. We have very good and thorough PPI
representatives who also ensure consistent message
delivery, alongside the study team. PPI partners will
contribute patient and public perspectives at the
dental training sessions. Arrangements for the day‑to‑day management of the trial
The TCOD based in the Dundee Dental School at the
University of Dundee will provide day-to-day support
for the clinical centres and sites. CHaRT, Health Ser-
vices Research Unit, Aberdeen University, will provide
the database applications and IT programming for the
TCOD and provide experienced trial management guid-
ance. The principal investigators (GDPs) will be respon-
sible for recruiting participants and performing full
pulpotomy treatment. A patient advisory group (facilitated by the PPI lead)
will meet during the feasibility phase to give patient
perspectives which can be incorporated in the main
trial development, and advise on content and routes for
engagement with and dissemination to patients and the
public. Additional PPI input will be provided by two PPI
partners on the independent steering committee. The
PPI lead and will support researchers and PPI partners
throughout the trial. The study will be supervised by a Project Management
Group (PMG). The co-chairs of this group will be the co-
chief investigators and will consist of grant holders and
representatives from the TCOD and CHaRT. The PMG
will meet at least monthly; however, meetings may be
more frequent. Ethical conduct of the trialh The trial will run under the auspices of the trial office in
Dundee Dental School and CHaRT in the University of
Aberdeen. CHaRT is a fully registered Clinical Trials Unit
with extensive expertise in running multicentre RCTs. Both institutions are committed to the highest stand-
ards of research governance and conform to all relevant
governance guidelines and codes of practice as detailed
in the Research Governance Framework and ICH guide-
lines for Good Clinical Practice (GCP). Dissemination and outputs On completion of the feasibility study, the feasibility
study data will be analysed and tabulated, and a clini-
cal trial report will be prepared. The findings of the
feasibility study will be published in a peer-reviewed
journal. • Dental infection associated with the feasibility study
tooth • Further treatment required (under local anaesthetic
and/or general anaesthetic) On completion of the feasibility study, if it has been
determined that progression to the main trial is possible,
the data from the feasibility study will be analysed and
tabulated, and a clinical trial report will be prepared in
conjunction with the clinical report of the main trial.h • Perforation • Perforation • Perforation • Hypochlorite leakage into the oral cavity • Hypochlorite injury This feasibility study investigates a treatment option
identified as being potentially able to generate a signifi-
cant cost saving for the NHS. We have found it to be of
high interest to practitioners and patients. We will pro-
duce new knowledge which will be valuable for these and
other key stakeholder groups both in the UK and interna-
tionally. We will use varied communication strategies to
ensure that all stakeholder groups are updated through-
out the feasibility study and aware of the feasibility study
outcome. NHSh The results of the feasibility study will be communicated
directly to all participating dental practices. Members of
the team may speak about the feasibility study at national
conferences for GDPs such as the British Dental Associa-
tion conference, meetings and conferences of the Faculty
of General Dental Practitioners and local practitioner
meetings. Our experience of conducting the feasibility
study will be used alongside our successful approach of Recording and reporting of adverse events From the time a participant consents to join the study until
the end of their follow-up, SAEs will be recorded on an SAE
form. Events that are serious but are not related to full pul-
potomy in the trial tooth will not be recorded as SAEs. The
local investigator (PI) should make an assessment of seri-
ousness as per the definitions of adverse events and serious
adverse events. SAEs will be recorded and reported to the
sponsor within 24 h of becoming aware of the event and
further follow-up information provided as soon as avail-
able. Site PI will determine whether it is an AE. Report to
TM who will report/escalate as necessary. Governance arrangements Research governance applies to everyone working in the
Dental Health Services & Research Unit and CHaRT. As
such, all research will be conducted within the appro-
priate legislative and regulatory environment and in
accordance with GCP. All staff involved in the trial at the
two centres will have undertaken appropriate GCP train-
ing (to a level of knowledge that reflects their exposure The following adverse events are not common but
potentially expected: • Further failure of tooth vitality with associated signs
or symptoms (e.g. pain, infection, swelling, periodon-
titis) Clarkson et al. Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2022) 8:77 Clarkson et al. Pilot and Feasibility Studies Page 9 of 11 • Failure due to peri-radicular pathology with associ-
ated signs or symptoms (e.g. pain, infection, swelling,
periodontitis) Dissemination and outputs Discussionh The authors would like to thank all the patients, dentists and dental team
members who are participating in the PIP Trial. We would also like to thank the
members of the TSC and DMEC. The PIP Trial is an NIHR HTA-funded trial being under-
taken across the UK and will begin to address the lack of
high-quality evidence to aid dental practitioners, patients
and policymakers in their decision-making. The PIP feasi-
bility study will inform the main study, which will be a prag-
matic, multi-centre, randomised, open trial with blinded
outcome evaluation. PIP aims to eradicate the uncertainty
that exists among dental practitioners when treating irre-
versible pulpitis by testing the interventions in the envi-
ronment that they will most often be delivered in, dental
primary care. We would like to acknowledge the funding for the project from the National
Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment Programme (Pro‑
ject Number NIHR129230). The views and opinions expressed herein are those
of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the HTA programme,
NIHR, NHS or the Department of Health. Sponsor: University of Dundee Sponsor: University of Dundee
Funder: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Health Technology
Assessment (HTA) Programme, Project number: NIHR129230
The PIP study group consists of the co-chief investigators, grant holders, project man‑
agement group and the Trial Management Committee as outlined as follows:
Co-chief investigators: Jan E Clarkson (JC) and Craig R Ramsay (CR)
Grant holders: Sondos Albradri (SA), Avijit Banerjee (AB), Katie Banister (KB), Dwayne
Boyers (DB), David Conway (DC), Chris Deery (CD), Beatriz Goulao (BG), Ekta Gupta
(EG), Fadi Jarad (FJ), Thomas Lamont (TL), Graeme MacLennan (GMacL), Francesco
Mannocci (FM) Zoe Marshmann (ZM), Tina McGuff (TMcG), David Ricketts (DR),
Douglas Robertson (DR) Marjon van der Pol (MvdP) and Linda Young (LY). AE: Adverse event; CCR: Complete caries removal; CHaRT: Centre for
Healthcare Randomised Trials; CI: Chief investigator; CONSORT: Consolidated
Standards of Reporting Trials; CRF: Case report form; CTU: Clinical trial unit;
DCE: Discrete choice experiment; DMC: Data Monitoring Committee; DMS:
Data Management System; EQ-5D-5L: EuroQOL Five Dimensions Question‑
naire; GCP: Good Clinical Practice; GDP: General dental practitioner; HRQoL: Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.
org/10.1186/s40814-022-01029-9. End of trial dissemination events Final dissemination events will be organised to report on
the decision to proceed to full trial after the feasibility
trial end. This will include key stakeholders (e.g. patients/
national patient advocates, clinicians, NHS England com-
missioners, GDP providers participating practices/partic-
ipants) to deliver the impact across a wide audience. Publicationh The results of the study will be reported first to study col-
laborators. The main report will be drafted by the PMG
and circulated to all clinical coordinators for comment
before a final version is considered for publication by the
steering committee. Fig. 2 Gantt chart outlining the project timeline and milestones Fig. 2 Gantt chart outlining the project timeline and milestones Clarkson et al. Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2022) 8:77 Clarkson et al. Pilot and Feasibility Studies Page 10 of 11 including participating practitioners to speak at meet-
ings, giving them an opportunity to raise awareness of
the rewards of research participation as well as increasing
visibility of the main trial. We will produce clinical sum-
mary papers for clinician-targeted journals. Health-related quality of life; HSRU: Health Services Research Unit; HTA: Health
technology assessment; ICF: Informed consent form; ISD: Information Statistics
Division; ISF: Investigator site file; ISRCTN: International Standard Randomised
Controlled Trial Number; IVR: Interactive voice response (randomisation);
OMG: Operations Management Group; MRC: Medical Research Council; NCT:
National Clinical Trial; NHS: National Health Service; NIHR: National Institute
Health Research; PI: Principal investigator; PIL: Patient information leaflet; PMG:
Project Management Group; PPI: Patient and Public Involvement; PQ: Patient
questionnaire; QALY: Quality-adjusted life year; RCT: Randomised controlled
trial; R&D: Research and Development; REC: Research Ethics Committee;
SAE: Serious adverse event; SAP: Statistical analysis plan; SCR: Selective caries
removal; SD: Standard deviation; SOP: Standard operating procedures; TCOD:
Trial Coordinating Office Dundee; TMF: Trial Master File; TSC: Trial Steering
Committee; UK: United Kingdom; UKCRC: United Kingdom Clinical Research
Collaboration; UoA: University of Aberdeen. Milestones for the PIP Trial Project timeline and milestones are outlined in Fig. 2 Additional file 1. Participant information leaflet (PIL). Additional file 2. Participant consent form. Additional file 1. Participant information leaflet (PIL). Additional file 2. Participant consent form. Dental practice recruitment began on 9 October 2020. Follow-up assessments will take place 7 days after deliv-
ery of the FP. Discussionh Trial Management Committee: Sondos Albradri (SA), Avijit Banerjee (AB),
Katie Banister (KB), Chris Deery (CD), Rosanne Bell (RB), David Conway (DC),
Dwayne Boyers (DB), Lori Brown (LB), Pina Donaldson (PD), Anne Duncan (AD),
Katharine Dunn (KD), Patrick Fee (PF), Mark Forrest (MF), Jill Gouick (JG), Beatriz
Goulao (BG), Ekta Gupta (EG), Alice Hamilton (AH), Fadi Jarad (FJ), Jennifer Ket‑
tle (JK), Thomas Lamont (TL), Graeme MacLennan (GMacL), Lorna Macpherson
(LM), Francesco Mannocci (FM), Zoe Marshmann (ZM), Fiona Mitchell (FM),
Tina McGuff (TMcG), David Ricketts (DR), Douglas Robertson (DR), Marjon van
der Pol (MvdP), Gabriella Wojewodka (GW) and Linda Young (LY) In order to ensure the results of this trial are widely appli-
cable, the geographical areas that are included in the PIP
Trial have been selected to yield a cross-section of practices,
operating in a range of different environments and circum-
stances (e.g. high-, middle- or low-income communities),
rural and urban, method of remuneration for GDPs (capita-
tion and fee for item of service or a banded payment system
based on Units of Dental Activity (UDA)). The study team is multidisciplinary and broad-based
and will be led by the teams at the Dental Health Ser-
vices Research Unit, Dundee, and the Centre for Health-
care Randomised Trials in Aberdeen. This will ensure
that whilst the trial design and conduct is of the highest
standard, it remains practical and pragmatic at all times. Authors’ contributions JC and CR are the co-chief investigators of the study. JC, CR, SA, AB, KB, DB,
DC, CD, BG, FJ, TL, GMcL, FM, ZM, TMcG, DR, DRo MvdP, LY, CT, RM and AMG
conceived the study design and led the protocol development. PD, AD, KD,
PF, JG, AH, LM, FM, MF, EG and JK assisted with the planning of the study and
protocol development. All authors have had input into the final protocol. The
authors have all read and approved the final manuscript. References 1. Righolt AJ, Jevdjevic M, Marcenes W, Listl S. Global-, regional-, and country-level
economic impacts of dental diseases in 2015. J Dent Res. 2018;97(5):501–7. 1. Righolt AJ, Jevdjevic M, Marcenes W, Listl S. Global-, regional-, and country-level
economic impacts of dental diseases in 2015. J Dent Res. 2018;97(5):501–7. 1. Righolt AJ, Jevdjevic M, Marcenes W, Listl S. Global-, regional-, and country-level
economic impacts of dental diseases in 2015. J Dent Res. 2018;97(5):501–7. 24. Koch M, Wolf E, Tegelberg Å, Petersson K. Effect of education intervention
on the quality and long-term outcomes of root canal treatment in general
practice. Int Endod J. 2015;48(7):680–9. 2. NHS England. Improving dental care and oral health – a call to action evi‑
dence resource pack. NHS England Dental Analytical Team; 2014. Available
from: https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/dental-
info-pack.pdf. Cited 2020 Nov 4. 2. NHS England. Improving dental care and oral health – a call to action evi‑
dence resource pack. NHS England Dental Analytical Team; 2014. Available
from: https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/dental-
info-pack.pdf. Cited 2020 Nov 4. 25. Kunert GG, Kunert IR, da Costa Filho LC, de Figueiredo JAP. Permanent teeth
pulpotomy survival analysis: retrospective follow-up. J Dent. 2015;43(9):1125–31. 3. GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with
disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-
2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Lond Engl. 2018;392(10159):1789–858. 26. NHS England. Commissioning standard for restorative dentistry. Office of
the Chief Dental Officer; 2019. Available from: https://www.england.nhs.
uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/commissioning-standard-for-restorative-
dentistry-v1.pdf. Cited 2020 Nov 4. 27. NHS England. Introductory guide for commissioning dental specialties. NHS
England; 2015. Available from: https://www.england.nhs.uk/commission
ing/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2015/09/intro-guide-comms-dent-specl.
pdf. Cited 2020 Apr 14. g
4. Bernabé E, Sheiham A. Extent of differences in dental caries in perma‑
nent teeth between childhood and adulthood in 26 countries. Int Dent J. 2014;64(5):241–5. 5. Bernabé E, Sheiham A. Age, period and cohort trends in caries of permanent
teeth in four developed countries. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(7):e115–21. 5. Bernabé E, Sheiham A. Age, period and cohort trends in caries of permanent
teeth in four developed countries. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(7):e115–21. 6. World Health Organisation. Oral Health Country/Area Profile Project (CAPP). In: Oral Health Database. Sweeden: Malmo University; 2006. 28. Michie S, Johnston M, Abraham C, Lawton R, Parker D, Walker A, et al. References Mak‑
ing psychological theory useful for implementing evidence based practice:
a consensus approach. Qual Saf Health Care. 2005;14(1):26–33. 6. World Health Organisation. Oral Health Country/Area Profile Project (CAPP). In: Oral Health Database. Sweeden: Malmo University; 2006. 29. Sekhon M, Cartwright M, Francis JJ. Acceptability of healthcare interven‑
tions: an overview of reviews and development of a theoretical framework. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;17(1):88. 7. Murray CJL, Richards MA, Newton JN, Fenton KA, Anderson HR, Atkinson C,
et al. UK health performance: findings of the Global Burden of Disease Study
2010. Lancet Lond Engl. 2013;381(9871):997–1020. 7. Murray CJL, Richards MA, Newton JN, Fenton KA, Anderson HR, Atkinson C,
et al. UK health performance: findings of the Global Burden of Disease Study
2010. Lancet Lond Engl. 2013;381(9871):997–1020. 30. Ritchie J, Spencer L, Spencer L. Qualitative data analysis for applied policy
research. Routledge; 2002. 173–94. Available from: https://www.taylorfran
cis.com/. Cited 2020 Nov 5. g
8. Clarkson JE, Ramsay CR, Eccles MP, Eldridge S, Grimshaw JM, Johnston
M, et al. The translation research in a dental setting (TRiaDS) programme
protocol. Implement Sci. 2010;5(1):57. 8. Clarkson JE, Ramsay CR, Eccles MP, Eldridge S, Grimshaw JM, Johnston
M, et al. The translation research in a dental setting (TRiaDS) programme
protocol. Implement Sci. 2010;5(1):57. p
p
9. National Dental Public Health Team. Oral health survey of adults attending
general dental practices 2018. Public Health England. Available from: https://
assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attac
hment_data/file/891208/AiP_survey_for_England_2018.pdf. Funding This study is funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)
Health Technology Assessment Program (project reference NIHR129230). The
views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the
NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. The funding body has had
no role in the design of the study and will have no role in the collection, analy‑
sis, and interpretation of the data and in the writing of any future manuscript. Page 11 of 11 Clarkson et al. Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2022 (2022) 8:77 Declarations 12. Khan S, Hamedy R, Lei Y, Ogawa RS, White SN. Anxiety related to nonsurgical
root canal treatment: a systematic review. J Endod. 2016;42(12):1726–36. Availability of data and materialsi Endodontists. Available from: https://www.aae.org/specialty/clinical-resou
rces/glossary-endodontic-terms/. Endodontists. Available from: https://www.aae.org/specialty/clinical-resou
rces/glossary-endodontic-terms/. The final trial data datasets will be available from chief investigator Jan Clark‑
son on reasonable request. 11. European Society of Endodontology (ESE) developed by, Duncan HF, Galler
KM, Tomson PL, Simon S, El-Karim I, et al. European Society of Endodontol‑
ogy position statement: management of deep caries and the exposed pulp. Int Endod J. 2019 Jul;52(7):923–34. Received: 23 September 2021 Accepted: 9 March 2022 Received: 23 September 2021 Accepted: 9 March 2022 Received: 23 September 2021 Accepted: 9 March 2022 21. Raedel M, Hartman A, Bohm S, Walter M. Three-year outcomes of root cana
treatment: mining an insurance database. J Dent. 2015;43(4):412–7. 21. Raedel M, Hartman A, Bohm S, Walter M. Three-year outcomes of root cana
treatment: mining an insurance database. J Dent. 2015;43(4):412–7. 21. Raedel M, Hartman A, Bohm S, Walter M. Three-year outcomes of root ca
treatment: mining an insurance database. J Dent. 2015;43(4):412–7. 22. Lumley PJ, Lucarotti PSK, Burke FJT. Ten-year outcome of root fillings in the
general dental services in England and Wales. Int Endod J. 2008;41(7):577–85. 23. Chen S-C, Chueh L-H, Hsiao CK, Tsai M-Y, Ho S-C, Chiang C-P. An epidemio‑
logic study of tooth retention after nonsurgical endodontic treatment in a
large population in Taiwan. J Endod. 2007;33(3):226–9. Competing interests 16. Cushley S, Duncan HF, Lappin MJ, Tomson PL, Lundy FT, Cooper P, et al. Pulpotomy for mature carious teeth with symptoms of irreversible pulpitis: a
systematic review. J Dent. 2019;88:103158. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Consent for publication Not applicable. Not applicable. Author details 17. Asgary S, Eghbal MJ, Ghoddusi J, Yazdani S. One-year results of vital
pulp therapy in permanent molars with irreversible pulpitis: an ongoing
multicenter, randomized, non-inferiority clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2013;17(2):431–9. 1 Dental Health Services Research Unit, Dundee Dental School, The Univer‑
sity of Dundee, 9th Floor, Park Place, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK. 2 NHS Educa‑
tion for Scotland, Edinburgh, UK. 3 Health Services Research Unit, University
of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK. 4 Centre for clinical and translational sciences,
King’s College London, London, UK. 5 School of Dentistry, University of Liv‑
erpool, Liverpool, UK. 6 Dundee Dental School, The University of Dundee,
Dundee, UK. 7 Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Services, Kings College
London, London, UK. 8 School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Shef‑
field, UK. 9 Health Economics Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen,
UK. 10 Patient and Public Involvement Health Services Research Unit, University
of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK. 11 School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing,
University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. 12 Edinburgh Dental Institute, NHS Lothian,
Edinburgh, UK. 13 Division of Dentistry, University of Manchester, Manchester,
UK. 14 Oral Clinical Research Unit, King’s College London, London, UK. 18. Galani M, Tewari S, Sangwan P, Mittal S, Kumar V, Duhan J. Comparative
evaluation of postoperative pain and success rate after pulpotomy and
root canal treatment in cariously exposed mature permanent molars: a
randomized controlled trial. J Endod. 2017;43(12):1953–62. 19. Mannocci F, Koller G, Kahn I, Scambler S, Patel S, Pimentel T, et al. Managing
irreversible pulpitis. The effectiveness of pulpotomy compared to root
canal treatment as a replacement for conventional root canal treatment: a
multicentre randomized controlled trial. NIHR Funding and Awards Search. Available from: https://www.fundingawards.nihr.ac.uk/award/PB-PG-0817-
20040. Cited 2020 Nov 5. 20. Ng Y-L, Mann V, Gulabivala K. Tooth survival following non-surgical root canal
treatment: a systematic review of the literature. Int Endod J. 2010;43(3):171–89. 20. Ng Y-L, Mann V, Gulabivala K. Tooth survival following non-surgical root canal
treatment: a systematic review of the literature. Int Endod J. 2010;43(3):171–89. Ethics approval and consent to participate 13. Alqaderi H, Lee C-T, Borzangy S, Pagonis TC. Coronal pulpotomy for cariously
exposed permanent posterior teeth with closed apices: a systematic review
and meta-analysis. J Dent. 2016;44:1–7. Favourable ethical opinion for the PIP study was confirmed by the West of
Scotland Research Ethics Committee (REC) on 9 March 2021. The West of Scot‑
land Research Ethics Committee (committee number WoSREC5) is governed
by the Health Research Authority. 14. Aguilar P, Linsuwanont P. Vital pulp therapy in vital permanent teeth with
cariously exposed pulp: a systematic review. J Endod. 2011;37(5):581–7. Informed written consent will be obtained from participants in the PIP study. Consent for publication 15. Asgary S, Eghbal MJ, Fazlyab M, Baghban AA, Ghoddusi J. Five-year results of
vital pulp therapy in permanent molars with irreversible pulpitis: a non-inferiority
multicenter randomized clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2015;19(2):335–41. Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in pub‑
lished maps and institutional affiliations. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in pub‑
lished maps and institutional affiliations. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in pub‑
lished maps and institutional affiliations. 10. Eleazer PD, Glickman GN, McClanahan SB, Webb TD, Justman BC, Berman
LH, et al. Glossary of endodontic terms. 10th ed. Americal Association of | 48,697 |
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm%20Glaser | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Wilhelm Glaser | https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm Glaser&action=history | German | Spoken | 26 | 62 | Wilhelm Glaser ist der Name folgender Personen:
* Wilhelm Glaser (Ingenieur) (1875–1961), deutscher Ingenieur und Industrieller
Wilhelm Glaser (Elektromeister) (1899–1968), deutscher Elektromeister und Erfinder der Ortsrufanlagen | 22,205 |
US-201313764596-A_3 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,013 | None | None | English | Spoken | 7,311 | 11,862 | In some embodiments, the improved ketoreductase polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence based on the sequence formula of SEQ ID NO:161, 162 or 163, or region thereof, such as residues 90-211, in which the amino acid sequence has at least the following features: amino acid residue corresponding to X145 is a polar residue, particularly serine; amino acid residue corresponding to X190 is a cysteine; and amino acid residue corresponding to X17 is a non-polar, aliphatic or polar residue, particularly glutamine. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptides can have additionally 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-18, 1-20, 1-22, 1-24, 1-26, 1-30, 1-35 or about 1-40 residue differences at other amino acid residues as compared to the reference sequence of SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160. In some embodiments, the number of differences can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 35 or about 40 residue differences at other amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the differences comprise conservative mutations. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence with at least the preceding features, and wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity as compared to a reference sequence based on SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160 with the preceding features.
In some embodiments, the improved ketoreductase polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence based on the sequence formula of SEQ ID NO:161, 162 or 163, or region thereof, such as residues 90-211, in which the amino acid sequence has at least the following features: amino acid residue corresponding to X145 is a polar residue, particularly serine; amino acid residue corresponding to X190 is a cysteine; and amino acid residue corresponding to X21 is a non-polar, aromatic, or hydrophobic residue, particularly phenylalanine. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptides can have additionally 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-18, 1-20, 1-22, 1-24, 1-26, 1-30, 1-35 or about 1-40 residue differences at other amino acid residues as compared to the reference sequence of SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160. In some embodiments, the number of differences can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 35 or about 40 residue differences at other amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the differences comprise conservative mutations. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence with at least the preceding features, and wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity as compared to a reference sequence based on SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160 with the preceding features.
In some embodiments, the improved ketoreductase polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence based on the sequence formula of SEQ ID NO:161, 162 or 163, or region thereof, such as residues 90-211, in which the amino acid sequence has at least the following features: amino acid residue corresponding to X145 is a polar residue, particularly serine; amino acid residue corresponding to X190 is a cysteine; and amino acid residue corresponding to X25 is an acidic, non-polar or polar residue, particularly threonine or serine. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptides can have additionally 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-18, 1-20, 1-22, 1-24, 1-26, 1-30, 1-35 or about 1-40 residue differences at other amino acid residues as compared to the reference sequence of SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160. In some embodiments, the number of differences can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 35 or about 40 residue differences at other amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the differences comprise conservative mutations. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence with at least the preceding features, and wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity as compared to a reference sequence based on SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160 with the preceding features.
In some embodiments, the improved ketoreductase polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence based on the sequence formula of SEQ ID NO:161, 162 or 163, or region thereof, such as residues 90-211, in which the amino acid sequence has at least the following features: amino acid residue corresponding to X145 is a polar residue, particularly serine; amino acid residue corresponding to X190 is a cysteine; and amino acid residue corresponding to X29 is an acidic, aliphatic or non-polar residue, particularly alanine or glycine. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptides can have additionally 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-18, 1-20, 1-22, 1-24, 1-26, 1-30, 1-35 or about 1-40 residue differences at other amino acid residues as compared to the reference sequence of SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160. In some embodiments, the number of differences can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 35 or about 40 residue differences at other amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the differences comprise conservative mutations. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence with at least the preceding features, and wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity as compared to a reference sequence based on SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160 with the preceding features.
In some embodiments, the improved ketoreductase polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence based on the sequence formula of SEQ ID NO:161, 162 or 163, or region thereof, such as residues 90-211, have at least the following features: amino acid residue corresponding to X145 is a polar residue, particularly serine; amino acid residue corresponding to X190 is a cysteine; and amino acid residue corresponding to X40 is a constrained, basic, or hydrophilic residue, particularly arginine. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptides can have additionally 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-18, 1-20, 1-22, 1-24, 1-26, 1-30, 1-35 or about 1-40 residue differences at other amino acid residues as compared to the reference sequence of SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160. In some embodiments, the number of differences can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 35 or about 40 residue differences at other amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the differences comprise conservative mutations. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence with at least the preceding features, and wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity as compared to a reference sequence based on SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160 with the preceding features.
In some embodiments, the improved ketoreductase polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence based on the sequence formula of SEQ ID NO:161, 162 or 163, or region thereof, such as residues 90-211, in which the amino acid sequence has at least the following features: amino acid residue corresponding to X145 is a polar residue, particularly serine; amino acid residue corresponding to X190 is a cysteine; and amino acid residue corresponding to X42 is an acidic or a non-polar residue, particularly glycine. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptides can have additionally 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-18, 1-20, 1-22, 1-24, 1-26, 1-30, 1-35 or about 1-40 residue differences at other amino acid residues as compared to the reference sequence of SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160. In some embodiments, the number of differences can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 35 or about 40 residue differences at other amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the differences comprise conservative mutations. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence with at least the preceding features, and wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity as compared to a reference sequence based on SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160 with the preceding features.
In some embodiments, the improved ketoreductase polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence based on the sequence formula of SEQ ID NO:161, 162 or 163, or region thereof, such as residues 90-211, in which the amino acid sequence has at least the following features: amino acid residue corresponding to X145 is a polar residue, particularly serine; amino acid residue corresponding to X190 is a cysteine; and amino acid residue corresponding to X53 is a non-polar or an acidic residue, particularly aspartic acid. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptides can have additionally 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-18, 1-20, 1-22, 1-24, 1-26, 1-30, 1-35 or about 1-40 residue differences at other amino acid residues as compared to the reference sequence of SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160. In some embodiments, the number of differences can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 35 or about 40 residue differences at other amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the differences comprise conservative mutations. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence with at least the preceding features, and wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity as compared to a reference sequence based on SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160 with the preceding features.
In some embodiments, the improved ketoreductase polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence based on the sequence formula of SEQ ID NO:161, 162 or 163, or region thereof, such as residues 90-211, in which the amino acid sequence has at least the following features: amino acid residue corresponding to X145 is a polar residue, particularly serine; amino acid residue corresponding to X190 is a cysteine; and amino acid residue corresponding to X75 is an acidic or polar residue, particularly asparagine. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptides can have additionally 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-18, 1-20, 1-22, 1-24, 1-26, 1-30, 1-35 or about 1-40 residue differences at other amino acid residues as compared to the reference sequence of SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160. In some embodiments, the number of differences can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 35 or about 40 residue differences at other amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the differences comprise conservative mutations. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence with at least the preceding features, and wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity as compared to a reference sequence based on SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160 with the preceding features.
In some embodiments, the improved ketoreductase polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence based on the sequence formula of SEQ ID NO:161, 162 or 163, or region thereof, such as residues 90-211, in which the amino acid sequence has at least the following features: amino acid residue corresponding to X145 is a polar residue, particularly serine; amino acid residue corresponding to X190 is a cysteine; and amino acid residue corresponding to X94 is a non-polar or a polar residue, particularly glycine, serine, or asparagine. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptides can have additionally 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-18, 1-20, 1-22, 1-24, 1-26, 1-30, 1-35 or about 1-40 residue differences at other amino acid residues as compared to the reference sequence of SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160. In some embodiments, the number of differences can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 35 or about 40 residue differences at other amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the differences comprise conservative mutations. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence with at least the preceding features, and wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity as compared to a reference sequence based on SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160 with the preceding features.
In some embodiments, the improved ketoreductase polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence based on the sequence formula of SEQ ID NO:161, 162, or 163, or region thereof, such as residues 90-211, in which the amino acid sequence has at least the following features: amino acid residue corresponding to X145 is a polar residue, particularly serine; amino acid residue corresponding to X190 is a cysteine; and the amino acid residue corresponding to X95 is a non-polar or aliphatic residue, particularly leucine or methionine. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptides can have additionally 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-18, 1-20, 1-22, 1-24, 1-26, 1-30, 1-35 or about 1-40 residue differences at other amino acid residues as compared to the reference sequence of SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160. In some embodiments, the number of differences can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 35 or about 40 residue differences at other amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the differences comprise conservative mutations. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence with at least the preceding features, and wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity as compared to a reference sequence based on SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160 with the preceding features.
In some embodiments, the improved ketoreductase polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence based on the sequence formula of SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160, or region thereof, such as residues 90-211, in which the amino acid sequence has at least the following features: amino acid residues corresponding to X145 is a polar residue, particularly serine; amino acid residue corresponding to X190 is a cysteine; and the amino acid residue corresponding to X96 is a polar residue, particularly threonine, asparagine or glutamine. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptides can have additionally 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-18, 1-20, 1-22, 1-24, 1-26, 1-30, 1-35 or about 1-40 residue differences at other amino acid residues as compared to the reference sequence of SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160. In some embodiments, the number of differences can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 35 or about 40 residue differences at other amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the differences comprise conservative mutations. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence with at least the preceding features, and wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity as compared to a reference sequence based on SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160 with the preceding features.
In some embodiments, the improved ketoreductase polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence based on the sequence formula of SEQ ID NO:161, 162 or 163, or region thereof, such as residues 90-211, in which the amino acid sequence has at least the following features: amino acid residue corresponding to X145 is a polar residue, particularly serine; amino acid residue corresponding to X190 is a cysteine; and amino acid residue corresponding to X101 is an acidic, non-polar, or a polar residue, particularly asparagine or glycine. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptides can have additionally 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-18, 1-20, 1-22, 1-24, 1-26, 1-30, 1-35 or about 1-40 residue differences at other amino acid residues as compared to the reference sequence of SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160. In some embodiments, the number of differences can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 35 or about 40 residue differences at other amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the differences comprise conservative mutations. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence with at least the preceding features, and wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity as compared to a reference sequence based on SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160 with the preceding features.
In some embodiments, the improved ketoreductase polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence based on the sequence formula of SEQ ID NO:161, 162 or 163, or region thereof, such as residues 90-211, in which the amino acid sequence has at least the following features: amino acid residue corresponding to X145 is a polar residue, particularly serine; amino acid residue corresponding to X190 is a cysteine; and amino acid residue corresponding to X105 is an acidic or non-polar residue, particularly glycine. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptides can have additionally 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-18, 1-20, 1-22, 1-24, 1-26, 1-30, 1-35 or about 1-40 residue differences at other amino acid residues as compared to the reference sequence of SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160. In some embodiments, the number of differences can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 35 or about 40 residue differences at other amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the differences comprise conservative mutations. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence with at least the preceding features, and wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity as compared to a reference sequence based on SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160 with the preceding features.
In some embodiments, the improved ketoreductase polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence based on the sequence formula of SEQ ID NO:161, 162 or 163, or region thereof, such as residues 90-211, in which the amino acid sequence has at least the following features: amino acid residue corresponding to X145 is a polar residue, particularly serine; amino acid residue corresponding to X190 is a cysteine; and amino acid residue corresponding to X108 is a hydrophilic, polar or constrained residue, particularly histidine, serine or asparagine. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptides can have additionally 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-18, 1-20, 1-22, 1-24, 1-26, 1-30, 1-35 or about 1-40 residue differences at other amino acid residues as compared to the reference sequence of SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160. In some embodiments, the number of differences can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 35 or about 40 residue differences at other amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the differences comprise conservative mutations. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence with at least the preceding features, and wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity as compared to a reference sequence based on SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160 with the preceding features.
In some embodiments, the improved ketoreductase polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence based on the sequence formula of SEQ ID NO:161, 162 or 163, or region thereof, such as residues 90-211, in which the amino acid sequence has at least the following features: amino acid residue corresponding to X145 is a polar residue, particularly serine; amino acid residue corresponding to X190 is a cysteine; and amino acid residue corresponding to X111 is a non-polar or aliphatic residue, particularly methionine. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptides can have additionally 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-18, 1-20, 1-22, 1-24, 1-26, 1-30, 1-35 or about 1-40 residue differences at other amino acid residues as compared to the reference sequence of SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160. In some embodiments, the number of differences can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 35 or about 40 residue differences at other amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the differences comprise conservative mutations. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence with at least the preceding features, and wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity as compared to a reference sequence based on SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160 with the preceding features.
In some embodiments, the improved ketoreductase polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence based on the sequence formula of SEQ ID NO:161, 162 or 163, or region thereof, such as residues 90-211, in which the amino acid sequence has at least the following features: amino acid residue corresponding to X145 is a polar residue, particularly serine; amino acid residue corresponding to X190 is a cysteine; and amino acid residue corresponding to X112 is an acidic or polar residue, particularly aspartic acid. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptides can have additionally 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-18, 1-20, 1-22, 1-24, 1-26, 1-30, 1-35 or about 1-40 residue differences at other amino acid residues as compared to the reference sequence of SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160. In some embodiments, the number of differences can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 35 or about 40 residue differences at other amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the differences comprise conservative mutations. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence with at least the preceding features, and wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity as compared to a reference sequence based on SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160 with the preceding features.
In some embodiments, the improved ketoreductase polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence based on the sequence formula of SEQ ID NO:161, 162 or 163, or region thereof, such as residues 90-211, in which the amino acid sequence has at least the following features: amino acid residues corresponding to X145 is a polar residue, particularly serine; amino acid residue corresponding to X190 is a cysteine; and amino acid residue corresponding to X113 is a non-polar or aliphatic residue, particularly alanine. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptides can have additionally 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-18, 1-20, 1-22, 1-24, 1-26, 1-30, 1-35 or about 1-40 residue differences at other amino acid residues as compared to the reference sequence of SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160. In some embodiments, the number of differences can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 35 or about 40 residue differences at other amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the differences comprise conservative mutations. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence with at least the preceding features, and wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity as compared to a reference sequence based on SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160 with the preceding features.
In some embodiments, the improved ketoreductase polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence based on the sequence formula of SEQ ID NO:161, 162 or 163, or region thereof, such as residues 90-211, in which the amino acid sequence has at least the following features: amino acid residue corresponding to X145 is a polar residue, particularly serine; amino acid residue corresponding to X190 is a cysteine; and amino acid residue corresponding to X117 is a non-polar or a polar residue, particularly serine. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptides can have additionally 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-18, 1-20, 1-22, 1-24, 1-26, 1-30, 1-35 or about 1-40 residue differences at other amino acid residues as compared to the reference sequence of SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160. In some embodiments, the number of differences can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 35 or about 40 residue differences at other amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the differences comprise conservative mutations. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence with at least the preceding features, and wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity as compared to a reference sequence based on SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160 with the preceding features.
In some embodiments, the improved ketoreductase polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence based on the sequence formula of SEQ ID NO:161, 162 or 163, or region thereof, such as residues 90-211, in which the amino acid sequence has at least the following features: amino acid residue corresponding to X145 is a polar residue, particularly serine; amino acid residue corresponding to X190 is a cysteine; and amino acid residue corresponding to X127 is a basic or polar residue, particularly arginine. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptides can have additionally 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-18, 1-20, 1-22, 1-24, 1-26, 1-30, 1-35 or about 1-40 residue differences at other amino acid residues as compared to the reference sequence of SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160. In some embodiments, the number of differences can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 35 or about 40 residue differences at other amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the differences comprise conservative mutations. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence with at least the preceding features, and wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity as compared to a reference sequence based on SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160 with the preceding features.
In some embodiments, the improved ketoreductase polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence based on the sequence formula of SEQ ID NO:161, 162 or 163, or region thereof, such as residues 90-211, in which the amino acid sequence has at least the following features: amino acid residue corresponding to X145 is a polar residue, particularly serine; amino acid residue corresponding to X190 is a cysteine; and amino acid residue corresponding to X147 is a non-polar, aliphatic, aromatic, or hydrophobic residue, particularly leucine. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptides can have additionally 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-18, 1-20, 1-22, 1-24, 1-26, 1-30, 1-35 or about 1-40 residue differences at other amino acid residues as compared to the reference sequence of SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160. In some embodiments, the number of differences can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 35 or about 40 residue differences at other amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the differences comprise conservative mutations. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence with at least the preceding features, and wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity as compared to a reference sequence based on SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160 with the preceding features.
In some embodiments, the improved ketoreductase polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence based on the sequence formula of SEQ ID NO:161, 162 or 163, or region thereof, such as residues 90-211, in which the amino acid sequence has at least the following features: amino acid residue corresponding to X145 is a polar residue, particularly serine; amino acid residue corresponding to X190 is a cysteine; and amino acid residue corresponding to X152 is a non-polar, basic residue, or hydrophilic residue, particularly, methionine or lysine. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptides can have additionally 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-18, 1-20, 1-22, 1-24, 1-26, 1-30, 1-35 or about 1-40 residue differences at other amino acid residues as compared to the reference sequence of SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160. In some embodiments, the number of differences can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 35 or about 40 residue differences at other amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the differences comprise conservative mutations. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence with at least the preceding features, and wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity as compared to a reference sequence based on SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160 with the preceding features.
In some embodiments, the improved ketoreductase polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence based on the sequence formula of SEQ ID NO:161, 162 or 163, or region thereof, such as residues 90-211, in which the amino acid sequence has at least the following features: amino acid residue corresponding to X145 is a polar residue, particularly serine; amino acid residue corresponding to X190 is a cysteine; and amino acid residue corresponding to X157 is a polar residue, particularly threonine or serine. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptides can have additionally 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-18, 1-20, 1-22, 1-24, 1-26, 1-30, 1-35 or about 1-40 residue differences at other amino acid residues as compared to the reference sequence of SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160. In some embodiments, the number of differences can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 35 or about 40 residue differences at other amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the differences comprise conservative mutations. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence with at least the preceding features, and wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity as compared to a reference sequence based on SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160 with the preceding features.
In some embodiments, the improved ketoreductase polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence based on the sequence formula of SEQ ID NO:161, 162 or 163, or region thereof, such as residues 90-211, in which the amino acid sequence has at least the following features: amino acid residue corresponding to X145 is a polar residue, particularly serine; amino acid residue corresponding to X190 is a cysteine; and amino acid residue corresponding to X163 is a non-polar or aliphatic residue, particularly isoleucine. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptides can have additionally 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-18, 1-20, 1-22, 1-24, 1-26, 1-30, 1-35 or about 1-40 residue differences at other amino acid residues as compared to the reference sequence of SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160. In some embodiments, the number of differences can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 35 or about 40 residue differences at other amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the differences comprise conservative mutations. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence with at least the preceding features, and wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity as compared to a reference sequence based on SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160 with the preceding features.
In some embodiments, the improved ketoreductase polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence based on the sequence formula of SEQ ID NO:161, 162 or 163, or region thereof, such as residues 90-211, in which the amino acid sequence has at least the following features: amino acid residue corresponding to X145 is a polar residue, particularly serine; amino acid residue corresponding to X190 is a cysteine; and amino acid residue corresponding to X176 is a non-polar or aliphatic residue, particularly valine. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptides can have additionally 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-18, 1-20, 1-22, 1-24, 1-26, 1-30, 1-35 or about 1-40 residue differences at other amino acid residues as compared to the reference sequence of SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160. In some embodiments, the number of differences can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 35 or about 40 residue differences at other amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the differences comprise conservative mutations. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence with at least the preceding features, and wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity as compared to a reference sequence based on SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160 with the preceding features.
In some embodiments, the improved ketoreductase polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence based on the sequence formula of SEQ ID NO:161, 162 or 163, or region thereof, such as residues 90-211, in which the amino acid sequence has at least the following features: amino acid residue corresponding to X145 is a polar residue, particularly serine; amino acid residue corresponding to X190 is a cysteine; and amino acid residue corresponding to X194 is a basic constrained, basic, or polar residue, particularly arginine or glutamine. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptides can have additionally 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-18, 1-20, 1-22, 1-24, 1-26, 1-30, 1-35 or about 1-40 residue differences at other amino acid residues as compared to the reference sequence of SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160. In some embodiments, the number of differences can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 35 or about 40 residue differences at other amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the differences comprise conservative mutations. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence with at least the preceding features, and wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity as compared to a reference sequence based on SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160 with the preceding features.
In some embodiments, the improved ketoreductase polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence based on the sequence formula of SEQ ID NO:161, 162 or 163, or region thereof, such as residues 90-211, in which the amino acid sequence has at least the following features: amino acid residue corresponding to X145 is a polar residue, particularly serine; amino acid residue corresponding to X190 is a cysteine; and amino acid residue corresponding to X197 is a hydrophilic, acidic, basic, aliphatic or a non-polar residue, particularly glutamic acid or valine. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptides can have additionally 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-18, 1-20, 1-22, 1-24, 1-26, 1-30, 1-35 or about 1-40 residue differences at other amino acid residues as compared to the reference sequence of SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160. In some embodiments, the number of differences can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 35 or about 40 residue differences at other amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the differences comprise conservative mutations. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence with at least the preceding features, and wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity as compared to a reference sequence based on SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160 with the preceding features.
In some embodiments, the improved ketoreductase polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence based on the sequence formula of SEQ ID NO:161, 162 or 163, or region thereof, such as residues 90-211, in which the amino acid sequence has at least the following features: amino acid residue corresponding to X145 is a polar residue, particularly serine; amino acid residue corresponding to X190 is a cysteine; and amino acid residue corresponding to X198 is an acidic, basic, hydrophilic, or non-polar residue, particularly glycine, lysine, or glutamic acid. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptides can have additionally 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-18, 1-20, 1-22, 1-24, 1-26, 1-30, 1-35 or about 1-40 residue differences at other amino acid residues as compared to the reference sequence of SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160. In some embodiments, the number of differences can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 35 or about 40 residue differences at other amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the differences comprise conservative mutations. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence with at least the preceding features, and wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity as compared to a reference sequence based on SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160 with the preceding features.
In some embodiments, the improved ketoreductase polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence based on the sequence formula of SEQ ID NO:161, 162 or 163, or region thereof, such as residues 90-211, in which the amino acid sequence has at least the following features: amino acid residue corresponding to X145 is a polar residue, particularly serine; amino acid residue corresponding to X190 is a cysteine; and amino acid residue corresponding to X199 is an acidic, aliphatic, or non-polar residue, and particularly aspartic acid. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptides can have additionally 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-18, 1-20, 1-22, 1-24, 1-26, 1-30, 1-35 or about 1-40 residue differences at other amino acid residues as compared to the reference sequence of SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160. In some embodiments, the number of differences can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 35 or about 40 residue differences at other amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the differences comprise conservative mutations. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence with at least the preceding features, and wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity as compared to a reference sequence based on SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160 with the preceding features.
In some embodiments, the improved ketoreductase polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence based on the sequence formula of SEQ ID NO:161, 162 or 163, or region thereof, such as residues 90-211, in which the amino acid sequence has at least the following features: amino acid residue corresponding to X145 is a polar residue, particularly serine; amino acid residue corresponding to X190 is a cysteine; and amino acid residue corresponding to X200 is an acidic or a constrained residue, particularly proline. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptides can have additionally 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-18, 1-20, 1-22, 1-24, 1-26, 1-30, 1-35 or about 1-40 residue differences at other amino acid residues as compared to the reference sequence of SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160. In some embodiments, the number of differences can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 35 or about 40 residue differences at other amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the differences comprise conservative mutations. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence with at least the preceding features, and wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity as compared to a reference sequence based on SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160 with the preceding features.
In some embodiments, the improved ketoreductase polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence based on the sequence formula of SEQ ID NO:161, 162 or 163, or region thereof, such as residues 90-211, in which the amino acid sequence has at least the following features: amino acid residue corresponding to X145 is a polar residue, particularly serine; amino acid residue corresponding to X190 is a cysteine; and amino acid residue corresponding to X202 is a non-polar residue, and particularly glycine. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptides can have additionally 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-18, 1-20, 1-22, 1-24, 1-26, 1-30, 1-35 or about 1-40 residue differences at other amino acid residues as compared to the reference sequence of SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160. In some embodiments, the number of differences can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 35 or about 40 residue differences at other amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the differences comprise conservative mutations. In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence with at least the preceding features, and wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity as compared to a reference sequence based on SEQ ID NO:128, 130, or 160 with the preceding features.
| 41,718 |
https://github.com/davidmuchiri/nakama/blob/master/console/ui/src/routes/storage/details.tsx | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,020 | nakama | davidmuchiri | TSX | Code | 665 | 3,061 | import React, {Component} from 'react';
import {RouteComponentProps} from 'react-router';
import {Link} from 'react-router-dom';
import {Dispatch} from 'redux';
import {connect} from 'react-redux';
import {ApplicationState, ConnectedReduxProps} from '../../store';
import * as storageActions from '../../store/storage/actions';
import {StorageObject, StorageObjectRequest} from '../../store/storage/types';
import {
Breadcrumb,
Button,
Column,
Control,
Dropdown,
Field,
Generic,
Icon,
Input,
Label,
Level,
Notification,
Section,
Select,
Textarea
} from 'rbx';
import {FontAwesomeIcon} from '@fortawesome/react-fontawesome';
import json_to_csv from '../../utils/json_to_csv';
import Header from '../../components/header';
import Sidebar from '../../components/sidebar';
/*
* https://dfee.github.io/rbx/
*/
interface PropsFromState {
loading: boolean,
errors: string | undefined,
updated: boolean,
data: StorageObject
}
interface PropsFromDispatch {
fetchRequest: typeof storageActions.storageFetchRequest,
updateRequest: typeof storageActions.storageUpdateRequest,
deleteRequest: typeof storageActions.storageDeleteRequest
}
type Props = RouteComponentProps & PropsFromState & PropsFromDispatch & ConnectedReduxProps;
type State = {};
class StorageDetails extends Component<Props, State> {
public componentDidMount() {
const {match} = this.props;
this.props.fetchRequest(match.params);
}
public key(prefix: string) {
const {data} = this.props;
return `${prefix}_${data.collection}_${data.key}_${data.user_id}_${data.update_time}`;
}
public update(event: React.FormEvent<HTMLFormElement>) {
event.preventDefault();
const data = new FormData(event.target as HTMLFormElement);
const payload = {
collection: data.get('collection') as string,
key: data.get('key') as string,
user_id: data.get('user_id') as string,
permission_read: parseInt(data.get('permission_read') as string),
permission_write: parseInt(data.get('permission_write') as string),
value: data.get('value') as string,
version: data.get('version') as string
};
this.props.updateRequest(payload);
}
public remove() {
const {match, history} = this.props;
if (confirm('Are you sure you want to delete this object?')) {
this.props.deleteRequest(match.params);
history.goBack();
}
}
public download(format: string) {
const {data} = this.props;
const element = document.createElement('a');
let file;
if (format === 'json') {
file = new Blob(
[JSON.stringify([data], null, 2)],
{type: 'application/json'}
);
} else {
file = new Blob(
[json_to_csv([data])],
{type: 'text/plain'}
);
}
element.href = URL.createObjectURL(file);
element.download = `export.${format}`;
document.body.appendChild(element);
element.click();
}
public render() {
const {data, updated, errors} = this.props;
return <Generic id="storage_details">
<Header/>
<Section>
<Column.Group>
<Sidebar active="storage"/>
<Column>
<Level>
<Level.Item align="left">
<Level.Item>
<Breadcrumb>
<Breadcrumb.Item as="span"><Link to="/storage">Storage</Link></Breadcrumb.Item>
<Breadcrumb.Item active>{data.collection}</Breadcrumb.Item>
<Breadcrumb.Item active>{data.key}</Breadcrumb.Item>
<Breadcrumb.Item active>{data.user_id}</Breadcrumb.Item>
</Breadcrumb>
</Level.Item>
</Level.Item>
<Level.Item align="right">
<Level.Item>
<Dropdown hoverable>
<Dropdown.Trigger>
<Button>
<span>Export</span>
<Icon>
<FontAwesomeIcon icon="angle-down"/>
</Icon>
</Button>
</Dropdown.Trigger>
<Dropdown.Menu>
<Dropdown.Content>
<Dropdown.Item
onClick={this.download.bind(this, 'csv')}
>
<Icon>
<FontAwesomeIcon icon="file-csv"/>
</Icon>
<span>Export with CSV</span>
</Dropdown.Item>
<Dropdown.Item
onClick={this.download.bind(this, 'json')}
>
<Icon>
<FontAwesomeIcon icon="file"/>
</Icon>
<span>Export with JSON</span>
</Dropdown.Item>
</Dropdown.Content>
</Dropdown.Menu>
</Dropdown>
</Level.Item>
<Level.Item>
<Button
onClick={this.remove.bind(this)}
>
<Icon>
<FontAwesomeIcon icon="trash"/>
</Icon>
<span>Delete</span>
</Button>
</Level.Item>
</Level.Item>
</Level>
<form onSubmit={this.update.bind(this)}>
<Column.Group>
<Column size={6}>
<Field horizontal>
<Field.Label size="normal">
<Label>Collection</Label>
</Field.Label>
<Field.Body>
<Field>
<Control>
<Input
static
key={this.key('collection')}
type="text"
name="collection"
defaultValue={data.collection}
/>
</Control>
</Field>
</Field.Body>
</Field>
<Field horizontal>
<Field.Label size="normal">
<Label>Key</Label>
</Field.Label>
<Field.Body>
<Field>
<Control>
<Input
static
key={this.key('key')}
type="text"
name="key"
defaultValue={data.key}
/>
</Control>
</Field>
</Field.Body>
</Field>
<Field horizontal>
<Field.Label size="normal">
<Label>User ID</Label>
</Field.Label>
<Field.Body>
<Field>
<Control>
<Input
static
key={this.key('user_id')}
type="text"
name="user_id"
defaultValue={data.user_id}
/>
</Control>
</Field>
</Field.Body>
</Field>
<Field horizontal>
<Field.Label size="normal">
<Label>Version</Label>
</Field.Label>
<Field.Body>
<Field>
<Control>
<Input
static
key={this.key('version')}
type="text"
name="version"
defaultValue={data.version}
/>
</Control>
</Field>
</Field.Body>
</Field>
<Field horizontal>
<Field.Label size="normal">
<Label>Read Permission</Label>
</Field.Label>
<Field.Body>
<Field>
<Control>
<Select.Container>
<Select
key={this.key('permission_read')}
name="permission_read"
defaultValue={data.permission_read}
>
<Select.Option value="0">No Read (0)</Select.Option>
<Select.Option value="1">Private Read (1)</Select.Option>
<Select.Option value="2">Public Read (2)</Select.Option>
</Select>
</Select.Container>
</Control>
</Field>
</Field.Body>
</Field>
<Field horizontal>
<Field.Label size="normal">
<Label>Write Permission</Label>
</Field.Label>
<Field.Body>
<Field>
<Control>
<Select.Container>
<Select
key={this.key('permission_write')}
name="permission_write"
defaultValue={data.permission_write}
>
<Select.Option value="0">No Write (0)</Select.Option>
<Select.Option value="1">Private Write (1)</Select.Option>
</Select>
</Select.Container>
</Control>
</Field>
</Field.Body>
</Field>
</Column>
</Column.Group>
<Column.Group>
<Column>
<Field>
<Label>Value</Label>
<Field>
<Control>
{
data.value ?
<Textarea
key={this.key('value')}
placeholder="Value"
rows={8}
name="value"
defaultValue={data.value}
/> :
null
}
</Control>
</Field>
</Field>
</Column>
</Column.Group>
<Column.Group>
<Column size={6}>
<Field horizontal>
<Field.Label size="normal">
<Label>Create Time</Label>
</Field.Label>
<Field.Body>
<Field>
<Control>
<Input
static
key={this.key('create_time')}
type="text"
name="create_time"
defaultValue={data.create_time}
/>
</Control>
</Field>
</Field.Body>
</Field>
<Field horizontal>
<Field.Label size="normal">
<Label>Update Time</Label>
</Field.Label>
<Field.Body>
<Field>
<Control>
<Input
static
key={this.key('update_time')}
type="text"
name="update_time"
defaultValue={data.update_time}
/>
</Control>
</Field>
</Field.Body>
</Field>
</Column>
</Column.Group>
<Field kind="group" align="right">
{
updated ?
<Notification color="success">Successfully updated storage record.</Notification> :
null
}
{
errors ?
<Notification color="danger">{errors}</Notification> :
null
}
<Control>
<Button color="info">Update</Button>
</Control>
</Field>
</form>
</Column>
</Column.Group>
</Section>
</Generic>;
}
}
const mapStateToProps = ({storage_details}: ApplicationState) => ({
loading: storage_details.loading,
errors: storage_details.errors,
updated: storage_details.updated,
data: storage_details.data
});
const mapDispatchToProps = (dispatch: Dispatch) => ({
fetchRequest: (data: StorageObjectRequest) => dispatch(
storageActions.storageFetchRequest(data)
),
updateRequest: (data: StorageObject) => dispatch(
storageActions.storageUpdateRequest(data)
),
deleteRequest: (data: StorageObjectRequest) => dispatch(
storageActions.storageDeleteRequest(data)
)
});
export default connect(
mapStateToProps,
mapDispatchToProps
)(StorageDetails);
| 31,339 |
bpt6k658030n_1 | French-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | L'Ouest-Éclair : journal quotidien d'informations, politique, littéraire, commercial | None | French | Spoken | 7,324 | 11,967 | A propos du surmenage scolaire Une commission, composée de professeurs et de médecins, poursuit, en ce moment, au ministère de l'Instruction publique, l'étude du surmenage scolaire qui préoccupe les familles françaises. Je ne -puis me retenir de dire mon mot sur cette grave question on trouvera peut-être que mes quarante-cinq ans d'enseignement universitaire m'en donnent le droit. Et d'abord, n'exagérons rien. N'oublions pas qu'il est des élèves et des étudiants que vous ne surmènerez jamais sans leur permission j'ai nommé les paresseux et les demi-paresseux qui sont innombrables. Que les programmes soient plus ou moins accablants, ces flâneurs n'en seront jamais malades, ce qui n'empêchera pas toujours leurs familles de crier très haut qu'on les écrase. Des traînardes de l'arrière passons au peloton d'avant-garde. Là se rencontrent souvent des intelligences vives, curieuses, déjà brillantes, qui, attentives surtout à ce qui flatte leur goût ou leur fantaisie, '« en prennent et en laissent s, comme on dit. avec les programmes. A leurs risques et périls, ces indépendants, ces francs-tireurs Jont je ne puis parler sans quelque sympa-' thie, suivent, avec une belle insouciance des examens, la pente naturelle de leur esprit. Ne les plaignee pas ils sont bien doués,ils ont le travail facile. Rassurez-vous, ils ne seront jamais très fatigués. Où sont donc les surmenés ? Au centre, au corps d'armée, parmi ces bons élèves qui travaillent honnêtement, lentement, consciencieusement, et qui, prenant au sérieux toutes les parties du programme et ne voulant rien négliger, s'efforcent péniblement de tout apprendre. Ces intelligences moyennes sont très dignes d'intérêt intelligences parfois endormies qu'il s'agit d'éveiller, intelligences latentes ou tardives qu'il importe de découvrir et de stimuler. Car il est entendu que le maître, qui a charge d'âmes, ne doit décourager que les incapables, les incurables, gé. Autrefois, on assignait comme but à l'enseignement secondaire la formation d'une élite polie et cultivée, c'està-dire la formation, sans hâte ni surmenage, d'intelligences ouvertes et souples, aimant la justesse, l'ordre et la mesure. C'était le temps où le philosophe Joubert pouvait écrire aM.de Fontanes Instruit avec quelque lenteur, sans grand appareil et d'une manière insensible, on se croyait peu savant et l'on se conservait modeste Et les générations successives, habituées aux plaisirs de l'esprit, amies du savoir, s'honoraient d'être riches en hommes de mérite, « espèce d'hommes, ajoutait Joubert, commune en France, presque inconnue ailleurs et si nécessaire à l'ornement du monde » Souhaitons que cette « espèce » ne devienne pas trop rare. Que nous le regrettions ou non, les préoccupations utilitaires ont étouffé, dans notre siècle de fer et d'argent. les aspirations désintéressées de culture intellectuelle. Une belle instruction n'est plus pour les fils ce qu'elle était pour les pères, une parure, une élégance, une distinction on y voit et l'on y cherche surtout une arme, un outil, un levier destiné à forcer les portes et à conquérir les places. L'orientation générale des études a suivi l'évoiutiop des idées c'est la préparation à la vie pratique qu'on leur demande. Et l'on entasse les unes sur les autres mille et mi1!e notions positives qui encombrent et alourdissent l'esprit. Oublieux de ce qu'est l'enfance, toute faite de mobilité, d'imagination, de mémoire et de foi, on a voulu qu'avant l'âge, elle observe, analyse, raisonne, critique et juge, et elle se fatigue. Sans souci des dures contraintes que l'on inflige à ces chers petits hommes pour leur donner un avant-goût de la science universelle, on les oblige à ̃'assimiler, conte que coùte, les prémisses de toutes les connaissances humaines, et ils en souffrent. A ces compressions imprudentes la nature des choses oppose d'insurmontables résistances journées trop courtes pour un travail trop long, têtes trop faibles pour un travail trop fort. D'abord, le temps fait défaut. A tout travail, que l'on veut productif, il faut une règle fixe et un horaire précis. Cela est vrai et nécessaire pour les petits comme pour les grands. Mgr Dupanloup disait familièrement i Une nation qui se coucherait à dix heures du soir, se lèverait à six heures du matin et travaillerait huit heures par jour serait la première nation du monde ». Mais on ne peut, montre en main, refuser aux élèves quatre heures par jour pour les repas et les récréations, ni réduire. par semaine, leurs deux jours de congé ou de demirepos. Et comme les journées n'ont, jusqu'à nouvel ordre, que vingt-quatre heures, ne pouvant les allonger, on l'est Imagine de faire entrer dana un même nombre d'heures un plus grand nombre de classes ou dans un même nombre de classes un plus grand nombre de matières, et plus diverses et plus difficiles Et, blessée, la nature proteste. Ajoutons que ces aggravations d'études sa.x uniformément imposées à des têtes d'enfants inégalement développées. Tous les élèves d'une même classe sont obligatoirement soumis au même programme. Et, pourtant, ces intelligences, dissemblables d'aptitude et de force, vous ne pouvez les ouvrir avec la même clef. Nos programmes sont donc faits pour des élèves abstraits, supposés de même développement d'esprit, de même capacité de travail. Cette méthode me rappelle ce personnage d'un roman de Dickens, M. Gratgreqn, le plus systématique des hommes, qui considérait une classe d'enfants comme une rangée de petits pots, dans lesquels il s'agissait d'introduire une même quantité de moutarde ou de confiture. Par ces deux mixtures entendons, si vous le voulez bien, la science austère et l'aimable littérature, et demandons-nous (qu'on me le pardonne) si la préparation au baccalauréat est souvent une opération beaucoup plus intelligente. En réalité, la contenance variable des cerveaux d'enfants s'accommode mal d'une commune mesure. Même les meilleurs comprennent plus ou moins bien et apprennent plus ou moins vite. I1s ne se ressemblent qu'en un point si dociles et si appliqués qu'on les suppose, ils ne peuvent donner au maître qu'une certaine somme d'attention et d'efforts. Avec des classes trop nombreuses ou trop longues, il est inévitable qu'un peu plus tôt ou un peu plus tard, ils s'énervent et s'épuisent. Pourquoi emmagasiner et accumuler en des têtes qui ne sont pas assez fortes pour les recevoir tant de choses qui, mal apprises, sont mal sues ? Qu'en reste-t-il ? Absorbé sans goût et sans appétit, cet excès prématuré de nourriture ne laisse à la jeunesse, qui en pâtit, qu'une santé souvent appauvrie, le dégoût de l'étude Et. le dédain du savoir. Si les bacheliers d'aujourd'hui sont plus forts en sciences que leurs devanciers, que de faiblesses par ailleurs Ecriture informe, orthographe boiteuse, ignorance de l'histoire et de la géographie, mépris du grec et du latin, offenses graves à la grammaire et a la langue françaises sont fautes communes et jugées peccadilles légères. « Vieilles histoires s disent nos jeunes émancipés. c Alors, s'écrient les pères et surtout les mères, réformons, réduisons les programmes Très bien. Moins de choses mieux apprises et mieux sues, voilà le but à atteindre. Y reviendrons-nous ? C'est une autre affaire. Si les programmes sont trop lourds, à qui la faute ? Au progrès des sciences d'abord, dont les découvertes et les applications émerveillent le monde et bouleversent la vie. Fermerez-vous aux générations qui montent l'accès de ces nouveautés prodigieuses ? Le domaine du savoir s'élargissant à l'infini, interdirez-vous aux jeunes d'en reconnaître et d'en admirer, même de loin, les majestueuses avenues ? La faute en est encore à l'esprit du siècle. Par l'institution des baccalauréats, par l'obligation des diplômes. par la multiplicité des concours, l'instruction ouvre les carrières les plus honorables et promet les satisfactions les plus enviables. Et, de fait, ce que nos futurs bacheliers entrevoient et cherchent entre les lignes de leurs manuels, ce ne sont pas les grâces d'un esprit orné et le charme délicieux des belles-lettres, c'est un débouché lucratif, une profession, a une situation », comme ils disent, que les candidats des deux sexes commencent à se disputer avec une telle émulation qu'il deviendra difficile de leur procurer à tous une égale satisfaction. Ils sont trop. Emile de Girardin avait, il est vrai, sa solution c Dans une société démocratique il n'y a qu'un moyen de donner une place à chacun c'est de mettre chacun à sa place Mais comment connaître et assigner à chacun la place qu'il lui faut ? Et, choisie ou subie, combien auront, dans notre temps d'impatiente et fiévreuse mobilité, la modestie de s'y tenir et la sagesse d'y rester ? En tout cas, s'il importe d'émonder, d'alléger, d'aérer les programmes, les maîtres savent qu'il leur appartiendra toujours d'assouplir les règlements et de défendre les humanités. Par leur savoir-faire et leur savoir-dire, ils ne manqueront pas de simplifier, de clarifier, d'illuminer leurs léçons. Au lieu de se disperser, de se répandre en détails même intéressants, ils se brideront, se ramasseront en formules concises et pleines. c Un bon résumé, me disait, un jour, Jules Lemaître, c'est le grand art. » Et surtout < de la clarté, de la clarté encore et toujours de la clarté a, insistait Anatole France. Il n'est que les imbéciles qui tiennent l'obscurité pour de la profondeur. Charles TURGEON, Doyen honoraire de la Faculté de Droit, Correspondant de institut. Illlllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllli T:= SOURIRES = On nous câble et l'information émane de la meilleure source qu'un policeman de New-York est fou de joie un de ses oncles, exilé à Berlin, vient de mourir en lui laissant un héritage qui s'évalue en chiffres astronomiques. C'est peut-étre la première Jois que nous lisons une nouvelle de ce genre. D'habitude, les vieux garçons faisaient le trajet de l'Est à l'Ouest, sur les flots berceurs, pour aller de France, d'Espagne ou d'Allemagne vers les somptueuses Amériques afin d'y collectionner des dollars au profit de leurs parents pauvres. Aujourd'hui, un mouvement contraire s'affirme c'est de l'Ouest à l'Est que I l'on émigré et ncus savons maintenantce que viennent faire chez nous, ou chez nos voisins, Ies gentlemen qui traversent l'Ocfian amasser des francs et des marks pour assurer le bonheur de leurs neveux restés à Chicago ou à Philadelphie. Nous assistons donc à une naissance celle de l'oncle d'Europe. On doit beaucoup parler de cet oncle national, chez les Yankees, le soir, autour des radiateurs, dans les gratte-ciel de la rnille et unième avenue. On en rêve, parbleu, lorsque, le porte-monnaie étant vide, on n'a plus un seul pfenning pour acheter du wisky. Cet oncle hypothétique fera peut-être connaître^ un jour, ses dernières volontés à un boy enthousiaste par l'intermédiaire d'un notaire parisien ou berlinois. Nous assistons également â un décès l'oncle d'Amérique, si cher aux Français, n'est plus. Il a été tué, nous dit-on, par Ies croups de Bourse de New-York, des coups a?vxquels on ne résiste pas. Sur le berceau de l'oncle d'Europe déposons pieusement nos voeux de prospérité, dé santé et de bonheur, mais n'oublions pas de verser quelques vleurs, malgré la sécheresse imposée par les Etats-Unis, sur la tombe de l'oncle d'Amérique. Cher oncle, tu étais le seul à pouvoir nous expédier d'Outre-Atlantique quelques stocks d'illusions. Puisse ton successeur nous faire croire sans trop de peine que l'Europe, est un pays de cocagne, car, vraiment, nous doutons encore de notre bonheur. Le Petit Grégoire (Wide World Photo.) UN JEUNE AUTEUR. DE 66 ANS M. Emile Chautard, typographe dans une imprimerie de la rue du Croissant, devient écrivain à l'âge de 66 ans. Il y a 45 ans que M. Chautard rêve d'écrire des livres et qu'il amasse des documents sur la vie de nos grands faubourgs ouvriers. Voici M. Chautard dans son atelier de composition. (Wlde World Photo.) M. HILFERDING. ministre des Finances en Allemagne, qui serait obligé de démissionner si l'on n'arrive à concilier les divergences de vues entre socialistes et populistes. illlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllillllllllllllllllllllllllll CHEZ LES ÉVOCATEURS FANTOMES « L'Ouest-Eclair t) commencera dimanche la publication d'un reportage dans le monde des spirites L'homme le plus instruit comme le plus ignare porte en lui l'instinct du surnaturel. Chaque fois qu'il ne comprend pas, il conclut à l'intervention de forces étranges. Ces puissances occultes, il prétend ensuite les asservir à sa volonté, les provoquer, au besoin, pour satisfaire sa soif de l'inconnu. A-t-il raison, a-t-ü tort de chercher ainsi dans .ces manifestations discutables les secrets d'un au-delà qui nous échappe, que la science est impuissante à éclairer et qui constitue un moyen, à l'encontre de la religion révélée qui est une fin ? Tel est le problème que pose le passionnant reportage entrepris par un spécialiste averti et courageux dans les milieux du spiritisme, de l'occultisme et de la « théosophie ». Cette enquête, dont nous commentcerons dimanche la publication, n'a pas été faite, certes, par un homme qui se pique de mots et qui craint les responsabilités. Pierre Goemaere, depuis de iongues années, s'est tenu au courant des progrès s étonnants de la € Science » occulte. Ses investigations Impartiales l'ont conduit à dépister sans cesse le truquage, la mauvaise foi ou l'extrême crédulité chez les adeptes d'une t religfon » bien fragile qui. à l'heure où nous vivons, se développe d'une façon pour le moins inquiétante dans les milieux les plus divers. Ces investigations, Pierre Goemaere, dans un style alerte, parfois mordant, va nous les raconter. Il nous fera part des réflexions qu'elles lui ont inspirées. Il discutera des affirmations et fera tomber des présomptions avec bonne raison et aussi avec bonne humeur. En un mot, il tirera de son enquête des conclusions qui ne manqueront pas d'intéresser profondément nos lecteurs et de les prévenir contre les jugements trop hâtifs. P. L. VOIR Et 2' PAGE LE COIN DES PECHEURS. Â la mémoire des 41 généraux îiés au feu Un monument, oeuvre du sculpteur breton Pierre Fetu, a été inauguré hier matin PARis, 12 décembre. (De notre rédaction parisienne). II y a des gens qui, pour les besoins de leur polémique, n'ont cessé d'affirmer pendant et après la guerre, que les généraux étaient toujours à l'abri et qu'ils faisaient tuer par conséquent leurs hommes, en toute liberté d'esprit, ces gens seront désormais bien embarrassés pour répéter un tel propos, depuis l'inauguration à laquelle nous avons assisté tout à l'heure. C'est au fond de l'église Saint-Louis, aux Invalides, dont la voûte est rendue invisible par la nappe retombante des centaines de drapeaux pris à l'ennemi, une chapelle modeste et semi-obscure. Une arcature en plein cintre, imposante et sobre, s'enfonce dans le mur, comme un immense portail. En bas, un grand rectangle de marbre y fait saillie. tel un troupeau. Une victoire en haut relief le domine. les ailes déployées, tenant un drapeau et des palmes dans ses mains. Sous ses bras, 41 noms sont creusés dans la pierre, le nom des 41 généraux tués à l'ennemi. Mgr Ginistry évêque de Verdun, est entré à 10 h. 30 dans l'église, ayant à ses côtés l'aumônier des Invalides et le R.P. Lhande, qui fut ami de Foch. Le chœur, illuminé, flambait de cierges. Des grands blessés, dans leur petite voiture, des mutilés, des aveugles s'y pressaient. D'un bout l'autre de la nef. les drapeaux cravatés de noir, des associations d'anciens comhattants faisaient une haie éclatante et tranquille. Devant le sanctuaire, un prêtre s'agenouilla pour officier L'abbé de Lespinay, qui fut colonel d'artillerie pendant la guerre. Dans le tonnerre des orgues. d'admirables chants liturgiques jaillirent, que cent généraux en grand uniforme, serrés autour de trois ministres, MM. Maginot. Gallet et Frarçois Poncet. et de trois maréchaux Pétain. Lyautey. Franchetd'Espérey entendirent debout. Cependant, autour du monument, dans la petite chapelle latérale, des femmes en deuil, agenouillées, priaient silencieusement les veuves des généraux dont les noms, gravés en lettres d'or, brillaient doucement devant elles. Quand Mgr Ginisty eut donné l'absoute et quand le R. P. Lhande eut prononcé son allocution, on se serra autour du mémorial, œuvre d'un breton, le sculpteur Pierre Fétu. Et très simplement, le monument fut inauguré, tandis que Mgr Ginisty lui donnait la bénédiction suprême. Un nouveau remous de foule, sans nul bruit, sans nulle bousculade, nous ramena autour de la stèle de pierre grise, couronnée d'un casque de tranchée, qui, dans .la chapelle des simples soldats, à l'entrée de l'église, contient des sachets de terre du front. Le colonel Picot, devant un groupe de Gueules cassées n, entourait ce touchant symbole. « Savez-vous qu'en outre des 41 généraux tués, 12 autres sont morts dessuites de leurs blessures et 40 de maladies contractées au front ? » me dit un « divisionnaire » amputé du bras droit. « Vous doutez-vous encore que nombre d'entre eux, tels Krien, Marquet, Plessier, Girodon avaient été blessés une et deux fois avant de mourir ? Et que 36.000 officiers ont été tués au feu ? n « Je ne me rappelais plus ces chiffres, mon général. Ils sont émouvants. Ils montrent une fois encore, mais cela a-t-il besoin d'être dit que tous ceux du front, ceux de c là haut n comme on disait, quels qu'ils fussent, ont fait plus que leur devoir pendant i guerre. Jacques LEFEBVRE. « L'Action Française » et le correspondant romain du « Temps » PARIS, 12 décembre. Nous avions signalé l'autre jour les méthodes du correspondant romain du Temps, un citoyen suisse, M. Gentizon, à propos particulièrement de ses correspondances sur les rapports entre M. Mussolini et le Saint-Siège. Nous avions souligné l'art de cet informateur qui n'hésite même pas à télégraphier de fausses nouvelles pour exciter l'opinion française contre la papauté, sur tous les terrains; exemple l'annonce, donnée par M. Gentizon, qu'un des livres les plus chers aux foules croyantes, l'Imitation de Jésus-Christ, avait été mis à l'index. Cette information. nous l'avons dit, le correspondant du Temps, lui-même, était obligé de la rectifier quelques jours après, précisant qu'il s'agissait d'une édition particulière et non pas de l'œuvre ellemême. Le Temps n'a pas cru devoir prendre la défense de son collaborateur; mais celui-ci a trouvé une avocat l'Action Française. Nous avions relevé, dans notre article, la concordance étonnante dans les colonnes du Temps, entre la prose de son correspondant et celle de l'org?.i.-> royaliste, le plus anticlérical des journaux français. L'ACtion Française réduit sa contreattaque à la rectification d'un détail l'édition de l'Imitation que M. Gentizon a fini par reconnaitre comme la seule enregistrée par l'Index, n'était pas, comme nous l'avons dit. de Voltaire c'était une édition, sortie d'une des sectes de l'église protestante à laquelle le correspondant du Temps ajv partient Dans sa noce ut aetense de son allié romain, le rédacteur de l'Action Française se hausse jusqu'à prétendre donner des leçons d'histoire littéraire aux « rédacteurs morutiers » dé l'Ouest-Eclair. Il veut rire L'Action Française, elle, a, dans sa rédaction. à côté de quelques évadés de l'Université, nombre de pauvre: primaires veut-elle que nous lui servions la liste des docteurs ès-lettres qui écrivent daas l'Ouest-Eclair'? « Morutiers ? » L'Action Française sait bien que nous sommes des écrivains et non pas des! pêcheurs. Elle veut, sans doute, en parlant de morue, faire allusion à ce fait, que l'Ouest-Eclair, ayant acheté des bateaux pour se procurer du papier pendant la guerre, les a employés pour l'industrie de la pêche, lorsque le prix du papier, en France, est redevenu normal. Comme il n'y a pas. nous semble-t-il dans la mer. des poissons plus nobles les uns que les autres. 9 n'y a aucune honte à ce que les bateaux de l'Ouest-Eclair aient servi à pêcher la morue plutôt oue la langouste. M. Pierre Tue, qui rabâche ces pauvres inepties, s'appelle de son vrai nom Lasserre: il a eu. si nous sommes bien informés, un père qui a exalté l'épopée de l'Evangile dans un livre célèbre. Il devrait donc savoir, au moins pour l'avoir appris dar*5 sa famille, qu'un des éléments les plus émouvants de cette épopée est que le mandat de répandre l'Evangile dans le monde fut confié à des plébéiens, à des pêcheurs. Morutiers », pêcheurs de morues. C'est un -titre d'honneur L'Action Française, si cela l'amuse, peut continuer à nous le servir.. L'ANNÉE DE TREIZE MOIS LoNDnEs, 12 décembre. On mand4 de New-York au « Morning Post » Pour se rendre compte de la valeur du projet consistant à diviser l'année en treize mois, une firme new-yorkaise annonce qu'à partir du 2 janvier elle organise ses affaires privées sur cette base. La comptabilité, les salaires, etc., seront calculés sur des mois de quatn semaines. Aucune dénomination n'a été encore choisie pour le treizième mois. (Wlde Worw Photo.) LE RAID PA RIS-SAIGON Un équipage d'élite se prépare d t enter le raid Paris-Saïgon L'itinéraire est Le Bourget, Bagdad, Karachi, AU ahabad, Akyab, Bangkok et Saigon. L'équipage se composera du lieutenant Victor Lassalle, de l'adjudant Marcel Rebord et de Raymond Faîtot. Notr e photo contre, de gauche à droite devant leur avion, Faltot, Lassalle et Rebart. M. TARDiEu EXPOSE DEVANT LE SENAT LE PROGRAMME DU GOUVERNEMENT Paris. 12 décembre. Le Sénat discute. aujourd'hui, le projet de loi adoj$é par la Chambredes députes portant ouverture et annulation de crédit sur l'exercice 1929 en conséquence des modifications apportees à la composition du gouvernement Il s'agit des crédits afférant à la création de ministères et de sous-secrétariats nouveaux M. Labrousse déclare qu'avec un cértain nombre de ses collègues, il s'abstiendra dans le vote sur le projet en discussion. Je ne pose pas, dit-1, la question ministérielle. Je suis, par auleurs, le partisan de l'existence de soussecrétariats d'Etat, mais rationnellement organisés M. Takdœc, président du Conseil Le Gouvernement est dans une situation fausse, car la loi de 1920 lui interdisait, comme aux gouvernements successifs. de fixer lui-même sa composition en créant de nouveaux ministères et sous-secrétariats d'Etat, mais M. Poincaré s'est autrefois explique sur ce même point. « L'ambition du gouvernement » M. Tardieu est alors amené à expliquer comment le Gouvernement comprend sa tâche. M. Tardietj. Depuis la guerre, la France a vécu dans l'idée juste que la victoire rend tout possible, mais elle n'a pu réaliser cette idée Juste. Nos esprits ne se sont pas dégagés des routines, nous avons projeté nos pensées sur l'écran du passé plutôt que sur l'avenir. La France n'a pas assez participé au mouvement dynamique de l'après-guerre. c L'ambition du Gouvernement on ne. gouverne pas sans ambition et l'ambition est un devoir (applaudissement*) c'est de mettre la France `Il mesure de réaliser ses destinées. > Politique de paix et d'édacation de la race M. TARD=. La France veut d'awrd la paix extérieure, c'est une volonté commune à tous les Français. Jette paix devra être créée par la franche elle-même. fondée sur notre position traditionnelle dans le moade 1 nous faut être conscients de nos roiis et de nos devoirs. c La France veut aussi la paix intéieure, l'Etat doit assurer la liberté et a tranquillité de chacun. La rue, bien commune, doit être à tous et non conluise par des organisations dirigées lu dehors. Les services publics doivent fonctionner dans l'intérêt public. La France veut conserver et développer l'avoir nationalUne politique économique devra aider les initiatives privées la solidarité sociale doit être non jn mot, mais une réalité. La France veut une politique d'éducation de la race. Les élites variées doivent être recrutées et pousser au progrès les masses hésitantes. c Mais l'équilibre budgétaire ne saurait être abandonné. Les dégrèvements, les dépenses nouvelles ne doivent pas remettre en question le bon Hat des finances publiques. « Nous avons le devoir d'entreprendre » c Passons aux moyens. Nous étonnons le monde entier par la lenteur de certains résultats (Interruptions à gauche). Ce sont là les difficultés, mais il y a aussi des virtualités, elles sont immenses. J'ai eu l'occasion, à ce sujet d'être accusé d'optimisme exagéré. c Cependant, sur la carte de l'Europe, à part la Russie, la France a le premier rang en étendue; son empire colonial énorme nous assure des possibilités presque infinies. Nous avons le devoir d'entreprendre. Pour cette entreprise, il est permis d'espérer et le Gouvernement qui est devant vous espère. c Le monde a reçu de la guerre la leçon qu'il ne faut pas croire les Français quand ils médisent d'eux-mêmes. Nos examens de conscience affirment notre foi dans la perfectibilité infinie du pays. de raisons générales, dont l'objet est de triompher des passions des partis. Notre ferme propos est de faire prévaloir la raison sur les passions (Trèsbien) a. Le Sénat est visiblement impressionné par le langage net et précis que lui tient le président du Conseil. Fréquemment interrompu par des applaudissements chaleureux. M. Tardieu poursuit en ces termes Les projets du gouvernement c J'ai regretté depuis cinq semaines le ne pouvoir m'expliquer devant le Sénat mais nous avons proposé des réformes, des méthodes, nous avons proposé de modifier le point de départ :le l'exercice 'îudçétp.ire ordinaire, pour que le Sénat ne se voie plus contraint d'examiner le budget dans les condi;ions d'autrefois (Applaudissements). c Nous avons aussi déposé un programme de grands travaux de 5 milliards. Nous vous avons demandé de voter des lois sur le blé et sur le sucre, nous vous en proposerons une sur le vin. Notre idéal est de faire la France plus prospère et plus heureuse. Chaque effort se développera dans le sens de cet idéal. C'est à la HauteAssemblée qu'il appartient d'aider de sa sympathie un gouvernement encore très jeune qui devra canaliser les fougues encore confuses des générations d'après-guerre. < Si vous nous appuyez aujourd'huf d'un vote signinpsti, ce sera notre meilleur appui. Si nous avons votre approbation, ce sera notre meilleure récompense. (Vifs applaudissements à droit, en centre et fut de nombreux bancs à gauche.i La discu«P'>.p générale est close. Les trois premiers articles du projet de ici sont adoptés Sur l'article 4 <mir.kt?rr de la Madne marchande), M. Rio retire l'aOMUdement qu'il avait déposé et l'ar L'ILE SAINT-PAUL ET SES HABITANTS UN PEU D'HISTOIRE Bordeaux, 12 décembre. (De notre correspondant particuLier). L'attention du monde entier a été attirée ces temps derniers sur l'ile Saint-Paul, perdue dans l'Océan Indien, à plus de 1.100 km de Kerguelen. On était sans nouvelles depuis plusieurs semaines, des 108 pécheurs et langoustiers qui l'habitent Les habitants, le vapeur Eurypide nous l'a appris, étaient sains et saufs. Un accident était survenu au poste de T. S. F., d'où le silence des Saint-Pauliens. Or, on l'a oublié et aucun journal ne l'a rappelé, c'est le capitaine bordelais Martin Dupeyrat. commandant le trois-mâts l'Olympe qui mouilla en 1843 devant l'ile et en prit possession au nom de la France. « Nous attestons ce jour 3 juillet 1843. dit un document certifié conforme que nous a montré M Dupeyrat. pharmacien, descendant du commandant. prendre possession au nom de la France, de l'ile dénommée Saint-Paul en présence des hommes sous les armes, qui ont rendu les honneurs d'uj sage et des principaux officiers de l'équipage de i'0lympe, qui ont signé avec nous» Une garnison fut laissée à St-Paut par Dupeyrat. Il fallut, pour assurer sa subsistance, lui donner 40 barils de vivres. Une maison provisoire fut bâj •tte par les premier habitants et l'Olympe s'éloigna vers l'île Bourbon, où, malgré une tempéte effroyable le bateau arriva sans pertes. Les notes laissées par Martin Dupeyrat méritent d'être rappelées. c Llle Sainpt-Paul, dit-il en substance, a 6.200 mètres de longueur, et 4.600 de largeur. Les rochers sont de pierre ponce pour la plupart. Nombreuses sont les sources d eau bouillante, beaucoup de cavernes revêtant des formes fantomatiques. « Rivage bordé de hautes et pittoresques falaises. Comme végétaux, de la bruyère et des arbres nains. Le règne animal n'est représenté que par une sorte de cochon sauvage et des oiseaux de mer. La pêche est abondante. La morue et la langouste sont l»s principaux poissons. » Depuis lors, llle Saint-Paul est à la France et nourrit une population d'une centaine de langoustiers. LA SOUVERAINE VERTU DU CIDRE Ovino, 12 décembre. Plusieurs cas de fièvre typhoïde ayant été constatés dans le village de Sama-de-Langres près d'Oviédo, les autorités locales firent immédiatement condamner les fontaines publiques contaminées ou présumées telles: La population se décida alors à utiliser le cidre que la région fournit en grandes quantités non seulement comme boisson mais aussi pour la cuisson des aliments à la place d'eau. C'est ainsi qu'en trois ou quatre semaines, plus de 200.000 litres de cidre furent consommés dans le village. Le péril a aujourd'hui disparu et cet excellent résultat est attribué pour une grande part à la substitution de cidre à l'eau. LES BANDITS DE MARSEILLE (4" journées du procès) Adc-eh-Phovekct:, 12 décembre. Ce matin, l'audition des témoins continue M. Sannara, directeur d'un établissement de crédit, donne des renseignements sur Ceccaldi qui fut, durant quatre ans, employé dans cet établissement et n'a donné lieu à aucune observation défavorable Le témoin a noté la présence de Ceccaldi aux obsèques de son collègue Loudier où il se fit remarquer par ses imprécations véhémentes contre les assassins Après la déposition du premier témoin à décharge, M. Bianco, le paj tron de Ricci. l'audience est levée. L'audience est reprise Il 14 h. 05. Un industriel de Marseille qui a employé i Ricci apporte les meilleurs renseignei ments sur lui. Sa sœur, Mme Vezani. dit que Ricci n'a cessé de fournir des subsides à ses frères et sœurs et a permis de les élever. De nombreux témoins viennent ensuite faire l'éloge de Senac. M' Français Bataille, du Barreau de Paris, partie civile au nom des' deux filles de Loudier, retrace en termes émouvants la scène du crime, puis l'audience est levée. ticle est adopté, ainsi que les suivants et l'ensemble du projet de loi est adopté après pointage par 203 voix contre 43. Pour les victimes de la tempête Le président fait connaître qu'il a |. été saisi par MM. de Kerguézec, Rio j et Lancien et un certain nombre de leurs collègues d'une proposition de résolution tendant à inviter le Gouvernement à venir en. aide aux victimes des récentes tempêtes. Le Sénat adopte plusieurs projets de loi et on arrive à la discussion de la proposition de loi de M. Victor Peytral tendant à modifier le projet de départ de l'exercice financier. Mais, en face d'un projet d'initiative gouvernementale, le Sénat doit donc attendre pour se prononcer que la Chambre ait, elle-même, statué à cet M. Clémentel, président de la Commission des Finances, le fait observer et il ajoute que si la Chambre repoussait le projet, le Sénat reprendrait la proposition. M. Briand propose la date du vendredi 20 décembre pour discuter l'interpellation de M.-Lémery concernant les accords de la Haye. M. Lémery accepte et le Sénat s'ajourne à demain 15 heures. LES POISSONS CARNASSIERS BROCHETS ET PERCHES La pêche au vif Les vifs La loche. Il y a trois Sortes de loches la loche franche, la loche de rivière et la loche d'étang. La loche franche appartient au genre cobitis barbatula qui ne contient dans nos eaux qu'une seule espèce. Elle porte différents noms usuels babette, barbot, barbotin, barbotte. bourbelotte, chatouille, iormille, aormiUon, endormille. loche iranche, lochon, loque, moustache motelle, moutelle, moutenille; mulotte. En Alsace on la désigne sous les noms de grund, grundel, schmerle Dans le midi elle est connue sous ceux de locho, lochon, loca. lauquéto, nauquéto, moussepaïre. En pays Basque elle est appelée louchia, lousoua. Elle a le dos et les flancs brunâtres ou jaunâtres tachés de brun de façon variable ventre bl ne, jaunâtre, souvent une bande noire verticale auprès de la caudale. Elle à six barbillons à la lèvre supérieure Elle fréquente surtout les petits ruisseaux clairs et tranquilles. Ne se pêche pas à la ligne on la prend sous les pierres où elle se cache Elle se capture à l'aide de petits filets ou de paniers avec lesquels on râole le fond en remontant le courant. La longueur de ce poisson dépsase rarement dix centimètres. La loche de rivière appartient au genre acanthopsis taenia (Lenné). Elle a les mêmes noms usuels que la précédente. Elle a le dos et les flancs brunâtres ou jaunâtres, tachés et pointillés de brun de façon variable selon les individus avec, dit M. L. Roule, une orientation fréquente de ces taches et de ces points par séries longitudinales, ventre blanc jaunâtre. Dépasse rarement odix centimètres. La loche d'étang appartient au genre misgurnus fossilis. Elle porte parfois les noms des espèces précédentes et aussi ceux de kerliche, misgvrne. Elle est plus forte que les autres puisqu'elle peut atteindre trente centimètres de longueur. En France, on ne la prend guère que dans le nord-est. Elle fréquente les eaux stagnantes et s'envase assez profondément l'hiver. Ne se pêche pas à la ligne, mais à l'aide de filets, de nasses et de verveux. Les loches sont d'excellents vifs d'été elles peuvent être employées quelle que soit leur taille. La lotte du genre Iota Iota appelée aussi barbo, barbotte, halotte, motelle, moutelle, mustèle et dans les dialectes méridionaux, ase moustello paImo. On ne le trouve guère, en France, que dans le bassin du Rhône, de la Seine et faiblement dans celui de la Loire. Elle habite les eaux peu courantes et stagnantes. Vif d'été, doit, pour être employée à la pêche des carnassiers, mesurer quatorze centimètres au minimum. On ne l'utilise que rarement, étant donné qu'elle est peu commune et ne se capture guère que la nuit dans des nasses. Le chabot appartient à la famile des cottidés, au genre cottus gobio. Ses noms usuels sont nombreux cabot, chansot, chapsot. chaboisseau et chavasseau (comme le chevesne). chaillot, échalot, sabot, sassot, séchot têtard, tétot, grosse tête, banot, bavard, ca/ard, chacot, gaud. gadet. gravelet, jacquart. Et dans le midi, cabo, cabetltas, cabeillot, cabeiré, cabouillat, chabau. Ses caractéristiques sont une épine saillante en arrière de chaque joue sur le début de l'opercule première nageoire' dorsale moins haute que la deuxième. Tête forte, plus large que le tronc le chabot c'est une tête et une queue. Dos gris foncé à taches brunes régulières. Les males ont un museau plus court, qui s'élargit avec l'âge et les femelles un museau plus pointu. Ce poisson dépasse rarement douze centimètres de longueur. Il est répandu dans les cours d'eau à truites. Il se tient sous les pierres, n pond un peu après l'hiver et au début du printemps de 600 à 800 œufs l'incubation, surveillée par le mâle, dure habituellement quatre semaines Le chabot, c'est ce vilain têtard que les gamins vont piquer dans le lit des ruisseaux, à l'aide d'une fourchette, après avoir prestement retourné la pierre sous laquelle ce petit poisson vorace et glouton se blottit dans l'attente d'une proie. La plupart des ouvrages halieutiques énoncent qu'il ne se pêche pas à la ligne. C'est une erreur, on le prend assez fréquemment en recherchant le 'vairon ou le goujon, mais pour en capturer de quoi composer une friture, nous vous conseillerons d'user du procédé suivant fort en honneur dans le nord-est du département de l'Aisne. notamment en Thierache. Prenez six. huit ou dix bouts de 0 m. 75 de longueur de très gros fil de fer, celui dont on se sert pour clôturer les pâtures convient parfaitement. A l'aide d'une forte pince, faites une boucle à chaque extrémité. Reliezles entre-elles par une ficelle assez forte mesurant 1 m. 50. de manière à former une sorte de potence à laquelle vous pendrez une dizaine environ d'empiles en florence ou en gut fin. munie chacune d'un hameçon n° 14. Au milieu de la ficelle reliant les deux bcuts du gros fil de fer porteur des empiles. adoptez une autre ficelle mesurant trois ou quatre mètres de long. (Voir fleure). Ceci exécuté, eschez les hameçons d'un ver de terreau et. à l'aide de lt petite fourche (G) en bois. déposez vos instruments de place en place com me des balances à écrevisses à travers le ruisseau et de préférence sur les graviers caillouteux. Quand le dernier engin sera installé, allumez une cigarette ou une pipe et aile» ensuite relever le premier, puis successivement teus les autres En raison de la gloutonnerie de ces poissons, presque tous auront l'hameçon au fond du gosier. Afin de ne point perdre de temps, n'essayez pas d'avoir votre hameçon, enlevez vos empiles que vous aurez eu soin de fixer sur la tige de fer par un nœud facile à détacher et remplacez-les par d'autres ^réparées et eschées à l'avance. Un endroit pèche, gagnez-en un autre un peu plus loin. Vous emplirez ainsi rapidement votre filoche. La chair du chabot est excellente. très bon, mais il a l'inconvénient de ne pas résister longtemps, surtout en été. Mort, il constitue pour le brochet et les autres poissons carnassiers un appât de tout premier choix en l'utilisant ainsi coupez-lui la tête sous les ouïes et passez l'hameçon au travers des épaules. Péchez au repos, à fond, exactement comme si vous opériez avec un goujon vivant. Choisissez de préférence comme coup, l'embouchure d'un ruisseau, d'un aqueduc, d'un égout ou bien encore un remou lent. Disons encore que le petit chevesne, mesurant au moins quatorze centimètres pour être en règle vis-à-vis de la loi, est parmi les meilleurs vifs à employer APPAREIL A PtCHSR LBS CHABOTS LAgehdb T Tige en fil de fer. E Empilée en gut. ,H Hameçon. F Ficelles. G Fourche en bols servant peeer l'appareil dans l'eau. La petite lamproie fluviatile appelée aussi amocette, lamprillon, est encore plus fameuse. On la nomme dans certaines régions suce cailloux, sept ceils, sept trous. On la trouve dans les petites rivières. Elle n'est employée que comme amorce de pêche. On ne la capture pas à la ligne ou très rarement. Le carpillon, de 14 centimètres, est un vif très résistant à employer en rivière et en canal, surtout pendant l'été quand les eaux sont limpides. La petite tanche, d'après certains. serait refusée par tous les carnassiers d'autres en font grand cas. Personnellement, nous n'avons encore pu nous faire une opinion. En hiver, la vandoise, la bremette, comme l'ablette réussissent bien en eaux troubles, de même que le gardonneau lequel a droit, quant à la taille. à la protection de la loi. La bouvière, rosière ou Péteut qui est très petite est surtout bonne pour la perche. Le brocheton vaut n'importe quel vif. Pour l'utiliser comme appât, Il doit mesurer au moins quatorze centimètres. C'est souvent avec de petits et moyens brochetons que se capturent les plus gros brochets. La gremille et la perchette ne sont pas fameuses en raison de leur nageoise dorsale épineuse. Enfin, faute de petits poissons, la grenouille qu'on laisse nager à la surface fait aussi prendre des brochets et des perches. Nous terminerons dans un proçhain numéro cette étude des vifs par des conseils sur les soins à leur donner au cours du transport de la maison aux lieux de pêche et nous donnerons les diverses façons de les fixer à l'hameçon. Fersahb BIGUET. LA PREMIÈRE SORTIE DE M. POINCARÉ Paris, 12 décembre. M. Raymond Poincaré a effectué, ce matin, sa première promenade dans le jardin de la clinique où il achèvera sa convalescence. La date de sa sortie de la clinique n'est pas encore fixée. LA BANQUE D'ANGLETERRE ABAISSE LE TAUX DE SON ESCOMPTE Londres, 12 décembre La Banque d'Angleterre a abaissé le taux de son escompte de 5 1/3 a S %> L'ORIENTATION DE LA MAJORITÉ PARts, 12 décembre. Tous les observateurs politiques, de quelque 6oole qu'ils se réclament, ont considéré la crise ministérielle des 22 octobre, 2 novembre, comme un événement des plus révélateurs de la vraie situation parlementaire, comme le très utile prélude de l'opération décisive qu'il convient de pratiquer cette année et qui est le renforcement du centrisme C'est pourquoi, revues, bulletins et journaux continuent à publier des précisions sur les prél'minaires ou les suites de la crise, des interprétations de tel refus de portefeuille, de telle acceptation, de telle hésitation. On analyse également la composition de la majorité: on discute des chiffres; on s'efforce de mesurer son dynamisme; on éprouve le besoin de savoir et de voir dans quelles conditions elle se fixera. A cet égard, il taut iue iei articles écrits à la Frnnce de Bordeaux, par M. Henri Guernut, député de l'Aisne, j inscrit aux indépendants de gauche, et votant à peu près constamment avec les radicaux et les socialistes. M. Guernut n'est ni un combinard, ni un arriviste. Secrétaire général de la Ligue des droits de l'homme cette institution qui aurait pu être un magnifique organisme au service de la justice sociale et qui n'est qu'un monument d'individualisme stérile, systématiquement en bataille contre l'Eglise catholique M. Guernut est un convaincu, un désintéressé, un généreux. Que de vigueur morale, que d'adresse intellectuelle, que de culture, chez cet homme, au service d'une cause qui n'est qu'un vaste sophisme. mais passons M. Guernut nous raconte donc que la Chambre est orientée à gauche; que seules les exigences Incompréhensibles de M Daladier et la surprenante précipitation de M. Clémentel ont fait échouer des combinaisons de gauche; qu'll y a, à la Chambre, une majorité de gauche d'environ trente voix. M. Guernut, je crois que vous vous trompez étrangement. Vous avez beau chiffrer et rechiffrer, remuer compas. sextants et tables de logarithmes, vous n'arriverez à ces trente voix qu'en faussant, au départ. les données du Le groupe dit « gauch.radicale », en effet, n'est que pour un quart de ses effectifts (13 sur 50), orienté vers ce qu'on entend communément par le mot de gauche. Pour le reste, il est nettement centriste, n fixe donc la majorité au centre et la porte à 315 voix au minimum et cette majorité. qui n'est réellement ni de gauche ni de droite, c'est en face, c'est droit devant soi, sans zigzag, qu'elle regarde et qu'elle veut marcher. EUe croit avoir trouvé l'homme qui la guidera vers l'utile et vers le juste, vers le social et vers le national, vers la liberté, la prospérité et 1R dbIx On verra bien Quoi qu'il en -son. et que vous le vouliez ou non, honorable Monsieur Guernut, votre conception de la c gauche », de l'orientation à gauche, est combative, jacobine, et même, disons le plus bas, un peu hargneuse, chicanière et tracassière. Le cartel aime embêter les gens. Ni la majorité parlementaire, ni le pays n'aiment ça. maintenant. On s'est suffisamment dénigré, injurié, accroché, brimé avant la guerre et même depuis. Fini, le régime de la rixe perpétuelle entre Français A chacun son droit de penser comme il lui plaît et de le dire; à chacun son droit de chercher où il lui plaît courage et idéal, et de le montrer. Cela étant acquis, que tous se donnent la main pour assurer la solidité et la commodité de la maison commune. la fertilité du champ commun. Voilà ce que désirent les quatre cinquièmes des habitants da splendide jardin qui s'appelle la France. Or, cela, Monsieur Guemut, vous avez beau dire et faire, ce n'est pas une conception de gauche L-A. PAGESL'HORRIBLE ASSASSINAT DUNE FILLETTE Rouen, 12 décembre. Il semblait bien que l'auteur du drame était Henri Verdières. Toute la nuit et dans la matinée la police l'a recherché. Elle a fini par le découvrir travaillant sur les quais. Arrêté, Henri Verdières a nié être l'auteur de l'épouvantable forfait. Nos marins a l'honneur. Belgrade, 1? décembre. On mande de SpJit que les fêtes organisées en l'honneur des officiers et marins français Ne poursuivent au milieu de l'enthousiasme de la population, qui ne cesse pas de manifester son attachement à la France. La discussion du budget de la Guerre s'est poursuivie devant la Chambre dans une atmosphère rassérénée Pams, 12 décembre A 15 h la séance est ouverte par M. Fernan Bouisson Aussitôt la Chambre se prononce sur l'amendement de M. Emile Faure. déposé hier, amendement amorçant une réduction de 21 à 15 jours des périodes de réserve, repoussé par la Commission et le Gouvernement qui pose la question de confiance. n ne s'agit plus, aujourd'hui, d'un scmtin Dublic à la tribune, mais d'un vote ordinaire nécessitant pointage. A 4 heures moins 25. le résultat en est iconnu. L'amendement est repoussé par i 316 voix contre 255 Un autre amendement a ce même chapitre 17 est déposé par M. Ema* I Flandin. Le député du Calvados reolame une amélioration de situation pour les sous-officiers de carrière. On peut croire un instant que les pénibles incidents d'hier vont recommence, l'orateur ayant cité l'opinion du c brave sergent Maginot ». La gauche s'esclaffe et M. Narcisse Boulenger s'indigne de ses quolibets. Fort heureusement, le président veille et tout rentre dans l'ordre. | 40,985 |
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microberotha%20macculloughi | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Microberotha macculloughi | https://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microberotha macculloughi&action=history | Vietnamese | Spoken | 28 | 63 | Microberotha macculloughi là một loài côn trùng trong họ Berothidae thuộc bộ Neuroptera. Loài này được Archibald & Makarkin miêu tả năm 2004.
Chú thích
Tham khảo
Microberotha | 48,056 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9284811 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,012 | Stack Exchange | Coding programmer, Francis Lewis, Gabriel Coutinho, George Hornsby, Jim Garrison, John V., Lola Flores, ONOJA STANLEY, Paul Dessert, Samuel Nathaniel, Scuzzy, Utkarsh Upreti, aletzo, finec, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1009116, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1204508, https://stackoverflow.com/users/18157, https://stackoverflow.com/users/21076562, https://stackoverflow.com/users/21076563, https://stackoverflow.com/users/21076564, https://stackoverflow.com/users/21076601, https://stackoverflow.com/users/21076618, https://stackoverflow.com/users/21076665, https://stackoverflow.com/users/21076730, https://stackoverflow.com/users/21076841, https://stackoverflow.com/users/21076860, https://stackoverflow.com/users/229044, https://stackoverflow.com/users/269493, https://stackoverflow.com/users/42139, https://stackoverflow.com/users/572014, https://stackoverflow.com/users/61795, https://stackoverflow.com/users/685022, https://stackoverflow.com/users/941656, jeroen, kazuki kobayashi, krizzo, tuff, user229044 | English | Spoken | 822 | 1,435 | PHP - Comparing hash with database is not working
Notes:
I'm still fairly new to php
This login form seems to work perfectly fine if I don't hash the password.
I've tried md5, sha256 and now I've left it at sha1. None of these work.
I first used echo sha1("password"); to find out what the hash for my password would be, I then copied that hash and pasted it manually with phpMyAdmin. I'm not sure if this is what the issue is or not.
Anyways here is the code:
<?php
session_start();
require("config.php");
if(isset($_POST['submit'])) {
$username = mysql_real_escape_string($_POST['username']);
$password = sha1(mysql_real_escape_string($_POST['password']));
$loginsql = "SELECT * FROM login WHERE username = '" . $username .
"' AND password = '" . $password . "'";
$loginresult = mysql_query($loginsql);
$loginnumrows = mysql_num_rows($loginresult);
if($loginnumrows == 1) {
$loginrow = mysql_fetch_assoc($loginresult);
session_register("USERNAME");
session_register("USERID");
$_SESSION['USERNAME'] = $loginrow['username'];
$_SESSION['USERID'] = $loginrow['id'];
header("Location: " . $config_basedir . "controlpanel.php");
}
else{
echo "<p>Incorrect Login, please try again!</p>";
}
}
else{
}
?>
I'm really not too sure where to go with this. I'm sure my code could be more efficient but as I mentioned in the notes, it does work when I don't hash the password. Thank you for reading.
how is password setup in your database?
You shouldn't be using mysql_real_escape_string until right before the data is sent to the database. Specifically, sha1(mysql_real_escape_string($_POST['password'])); should be mysql_real_escape_string(sha1($_POST['password']));. We also can't see how the stored password is hashed, so we can't really help you. Try selecting the record and var_dumping your password. Compare this with the value being posted to the server. These are basic debugging steps you should learn to follow.
Did you try $password = sha1($_POST['password']); ? No need for mysql_real_escape_string here.
It seems your passwords in the database are not hashed, you need to change that and your sign-up form so that all use the same hash method.
When you created the hash in the first place (to insert into the DB) did you also run the text through mysql_real_escape_string? If not, and your password contains special characters it could get mangled by mysql_real_escape_string. You need to do it the same way both times.
Compare the hash in the exact same way it's being inserted into the database in the first place.
Why escape the password if your taking the hash of it anyway? Did you escape it when you copied it?
I did try just hashing the password or escaping after hashing. None of that worked. What worked was basically what Scuzzy said, compare the hash in the exact same way it's being inserted into the database. Basically what I did was run echo sha1("password"); and inserted that into the database- this didn't work. When I used echo sha1($_POST['password']); and put the outcome of that into the database, it worked out well. Thanks for all the tips and advice though, I need it.
If it works when you don't hash the password, it sounds like your passwords are stored in the database as plaintext - that would be where I would check.
The other thing that might be happening is mysql_real_escape string should be used on the other side of the sha1 so it doesn't interfere with the exact input.
So it should be: mysql_real_escape_string(sha1($_POST['password']));
That might change things a bit.
Note: Although sha1 doesn't currently have any known security issues so it should be safe to put directly into the database without the mysql escape, somebody once told me to always make sure everything that goes into the database should be cast or escaped just in case a security vulnerability is found in something like sha1 or md5.
That is what I thought might be the problem, however I'm not sure how to change that.
i believe they mean it works when they don't hash the password in both places. (meaning plaintext in db and plaintext lookup)
Sorry, I missed that you had copied a sha1 and put it in the database.
I would try echo $password; after it's been through the sha1, then grab the result and insert that into the database and see if it works.
This will not work, if your password contains any ' or other escapeable characters.
$password = sha1(mysql_real_escape_string($_POST['password']));
You should hash first, then escape:
$password = mysql_real_escape_string(sha1($_POST['password']));
And as a SHA1 only contains [a-f0-9], you can as well skip the escpaing
$password = sha1($_POST['password']);
I agree this is the best answer. I noticed he was hashing after escaping.
I forgot to mention it, but I've already tried this and it isn't fixing my problem. Thanks though.
It seems your passwords in the database are not hashed, you need to change that and your sign-up form so that all use the same hash method.
You can change all passwords in the database using MySQLs SHA1() function.
The escaped password is not the same hash as the entered password. The has will not contain any special characters.
abc' sha1 != escaped abc\' sha1
| 48,768 |
https://github.com/machinable/notes/blob/master/src/app/user/Register.js | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,020 | notes | machinable | JavaScript | Code | 563 | 2,054 | import React, { Component } from 'react';
import PropTypes from 'prop-types';
import Avatar from '@material-ui/core/Avatar';
import Button from '@material-ui/core/Button';
import CssBaseline from '@material-ui/core/CssBaseline';
import FormControl from '@material-ui/core/FormControl';
import Input from '@material-ui/core/Input';
import InputLabel from '@material-ui/core/InputLabel';
import Notes from '@material-ui/icons/Notes';
import Paper from '@material-ui/core/Paper';
import Typography from '@material-ui/core/Typography';
import CircularProgress from '@material-ui/core/CircularProgress';
import withStyles from '@material-ui/core/styles/withStyles';
import { MuiThemeProvider, createMuiTheme } from '@material-ui/core/styles';
import Divider from '@material-ui/core/Divider';
import Machinable from '../../apiclient/';
let theme = createMuiTheme({
typography: {
useNextVariants: true,
h5: {
fontWeight: 500,
fontSize: 26,
letterSpacing: 0.5,
},
},
palette: {
primary: {
light: '#63ccff',
main: '#009be5',
dark: '#006db3',
},
},
shape: {
borderRadius: 8,
},
});
const styles = theme => ({
main: {
width: 'auto',
display: 'block', // Fix IE 11 issue.
marginLeft: theme.spacing.unit * 3,
marginRight: theme.spacing.unit * 3,
[theme.breakpoints.up(400 + theme.spacing.unit * 3 * 2)]: {
width: 400,
marginLeft: 'auto',
marginRight: 'auto',
},
},
paper: {
display: 'flex',
flexDirection: 'column',
alignItems: 'center',
padding: `${theme.spacing.unit * 2}px ${theme.spacing.unit * 3}px ${theme.spacing.unit * 3}px`,
},
form: {
width: '100%', // Fix IE 11 issue.
marginTop: theme.spacing.unit,
},
submit: {
marginTop: theme.spacing.unit * 3,
},
categoryHeader: {
paddingTop: 16,
paddingBottom: 16,
},
categoryHeaderPrimary: {
color: theme.palette.common.white,
},
itemActionable: {
'&:hover': {
backgroundColor: 'rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08)',
},
},
itemActiveItem: {
color: '#4fc3f7',
},
itemPrimary: {
color: 'inherit',
fontSize: theme.typography.fontSize,
'&$textDense': {
fontSize: theme.typography.fontSize,
},
},
textDense: {},
mainContent: {
flex: 1,
padding: '12px 24px 0',
background: '#eaeff1',
height: "100vh",
},
logo: {
marginTop: theme.spacing.unit * 8,
marginBottom: theme.spacing.unit * 4,
display: 'flex',
flexDirection: 'column',
alignItems: 'center',
},
largeAvatar: {
width: 64,
height: 64,
},
largeAvatarIcon: {
fontSize: 48
},
divider: {
margin: "12px 0px 12px 0px"
}
});
class Register extends Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = {
username: "",
password: "",
password_confirm: "",
errors: [],
loading: false
}
}
handleResponse = (response) => {
this.props.history.push('/login');
}
handleError = (err) => {
console.log(err);
var error = 'Issue registering, please try again.'
this.setState({
loading: false,
errors: [error]
});
}
onChange = (event) => {
const target = event.target;
const value = target.type === 'checkbox' ? target.checked : target.value;
const name = target.name;
this.setState({
[name]: value
});
}
onSubmit = (event) => {
console.log(event);
event.preventDefault();
var errors = [];
if(!this.state.username) {
errors.push('Invalid username');
}
if(!this.state.password) {
errors.push('Invalid password');
}
if(this.state.password !== this.state.password_confirm) {
errors.push('Passwords must match');
}
this.setState({
errors: errors
});
var arr = errors.map(function(k) { return k });
if(arr.join('').length === 0) {
var pw = this.state.password;
var un = this.state.username;
this.setState({
loading: true
});
Machinable.user().register(un, pw).then(this.handleResponse).catch(this.handleError);
}
}
navLogin = () => {
this.props.history.push('/login');
}
render = () => {
const { classes } = this.props;
return (
<MuiThemeProvider theme={theme}>
<main className={classes.mainContent}>
<div className={classes.main}>
<CssBaseline />
<div className={classes.logo}>
<Avatar className={classes.largeAvatar}>
<Notes className={classes.largeAvatarIcon}/>
</Avatar>
</div>
<Paper className={classes.paper}>
<Typography component="h1" variant="h5">
Register
</Typography>
{this.state.errors.map(function(v, i){
return (
<Typography key={"error_"+i} color="error">{v}</Typography>
)
})}
<form className={classes.form}>
<FormControl margin="normal" required fullWidth>
<InputLabel htmlFor="username">Username</InputLabel>
<Input onChange={this.onChange} id="username" name="username" autoComplete="username" autoFocus />
</FormControl>
<FormControl margin="normal" required fullWidth>
<InputLabel htmlFor="password">Password</InputLabel>
<Input onChange={this.onChange} name="password" type="password" id="password" autoComplete="current-password" />
</FormControl>
<FormControl margin="normal" required fullWidth>
<InputLabel htmlFor="password_confirm">Confirm Password</InputLabel>
<Input onChange={this.onChange} name="password_confirm" type="password" id="password_confirm" autoComplete="password_confirm" />
</FormControl>
{this.state.loading && <div className="center-items mt15"><CircularProgress/></div>}
{!this.state.loading &&
<>
<Button
type="submit"
fullWidth
variant="contained"
color="primary"
className={classes.submit}
onClick={this.onSubmit}
>
Register
</Button>
<Divider light variant="middle" className={classes.divider} />
<Button fullWidth color="primary" className={classes.button} onClick={this.navLogin}>
Login
</Button>
</>}
</form>
</Paper>
</div>
</main>
</MuiThemeProvider>
);
}
}
Register.propTypes = {
classes: PropTypes.object.isRequired,
};
export default withStyles(styles)(Register); | 9,711 |
https://github.com/interactord/AStore-mvc/blob/master/AStore/Controller/Apps/Details/PreviewScreenshotsController.swift | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,019 | AStore-mvc | interactord | Swift | Code | 153 | 505 | //
// PreviewScreenshotsController.swift
// AStore
//
// Created by SANGBONG MOON on 22/04/2019.
// Copyright © 2019 Scott Moon. All rights reserved.
//
import UIKit
class PreviewScreenshotsController: HorizontalSnappingController {
private let cellId = "cellId"
private let padding: UIEdgeInsets = .init(top: 0, left: 16, bottom: 0, right: 16)
var app: SearchResultResponse? {
didSet {
collectionView.reloadData()
}
}
override func viewDidLoad() {
super.viewDidLoad()
collectionView.backgroundColor = .white
collectionView.contentInset = padding
collectionView.register(ScreenshotCell.self, forCellWithReuseIdentifier: cellId)
}
override func collectionView(_ collectionView: UICollectionView, numberOfItemsInSection section: Int) -> Int {
return app?.screenshotUrls?.count ?? 0
}
override func collectionView(_ collectionView: UICollectionView, cellForItemAt indexPath: IndexPath) -> UICollectionViewCell {
let cell = collectionView.dequeueReusableCell(withReuseIdentifier: cellId, for: indexPath)
guard
let screenShotCell = cell as? ScreenshotCell,
let screenshotUrl = app?.screenshotUrls?[indexPath.item]
else {
return cell
}
screenShotCell.imageView.sd_setImage(with: URL(string: screenshotUrl))
return screenShotCell
}
}
extension PreviewScreenshotsController: UICollectionViewDelegateFlowLayout {
public func collectionView(_ collectionView: UICollectionView, layout collectionViewLayout: UICollectionViewLayout, sizeForItemAt indexPath: IndexPath) -> CGSize {
return .init(width: 250, height: view.frame.height)
}
}
| 30,875 |
US-51098804-A_2 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,003 | None | None | English | Spoken | 148 | 174 | 21. The signal processing device of claim 20, wherein the data output control means selects the output of the Viterbi decoding means when the asymmetry amount is smaller than a predetermined value and selects the output of the binarization means when the asymmetry amount is equal to or larger than the predetermined value.
22. A signal processing method for reproducing recorded information on an information recording medium, comprising the steps of: controlling a gain and an offset of an operational amplifier means for amplifying a reproduction signal of the recorded information in a feedback loop so that an amplitude and an offset of an output of the operational amplifier means are set at a predetermined value, respectively; extracting a direct-current component information of the reproduction signal from signals of the feedback loop; and supplying the direct-current component information as information indicating an asymmetry amount of the reproduction signal..
| 22,050 |
<urn:uuid:54e78346-a0f1-451e-8a5c-3e338c9c9172> | French Open Data | Open Government | Various open data | 2,015 | https://www.economie.gouv.fr/daj/ordonnance-n-2015-899-23-juillet-2015-relative-aux-marches-publics | economie.gouv.fr | French | Spoken | 985 | 1,708 | Ordonnance n° 2015-899 du 23 juillet 2015...
Ordonnance n° 2015-899 du 23 juillet 2015 relative aux marchés publics
Pour télécharger le sommaire en format PDF, cliquer sur l'icône ci-après :
TITRE PRÉLIMINAIRE (articles 1 à 3)
PREMIÈRE PARTIE : DISPOSITIONS GÉNÉRALES
TITRE IER : CHAMP D'APPLICATION
Chapitre Ier : Marchés publics et acheteurs soumis à la présente ordonnance
Section 1 : Définition des marchés publics (articles 4 à 7)
Section 2 : Définition du concours (article 8)
Section 3 : Définition des acheteurs soumis à la présente ordonnance (articles 9 à 11)
Section 4 : Définition des activités d'opérateur de réseaux (article 12)
Section 5 : Définition des opérateurs économiques, candidats et soumissionnaires (article 13)
Chapitre II : Marchés publics exclus
Section 1 : Exclusions applicables aux marchés publics passés par les pouvoirs adjudicateurs (article 14)
Section 2 : Exclusions applicables aux marchés publics passés par les entités adjudicatrices (article 15)
Section 3 : Exclusions propres aux marchés publics de défense ou de sécurité (article 16)
Sous-section 1 : Quasi-régie (article 17)
Sous-section 2 : Coopération entre pouvoirs adjudicateurs (article 18)
Sous-section 3 : Marchés publics attribués par une entité adjudicatrice à une entreprise liée (article 19)
Sous-section 4 : Marchés publics attribués par une entité adjudicatrice à une coentreprise (article 20)
Chapitre III : Contrats particuliers
Section 1 : Contrats subventionnés par des pouvoirs adjudicateurs (article 21)
Section 2 : Contrats mixtes (articles 22 à 25)
TITRE II : PASSATION DES MARCHÉS PUBLICS
Section 1 : Achats centralisés et groupés
Sous-section 1 : Centrales d'achat (articles 26 à 27)
Sous-section 2 : Groupements de commandes (article 28)
Sous-section 3 : Entités communes transnationales (article 29)
Section 2 : Définition préalable des besoins (articles 30 à 31)
Section 3 : Allotissement (article 32)
Section 4 : Marchés publics globaux
Sous-section 1 : Marchés publics de conception-réalisation (article 33)
Sous-section 2 : Marchés publics globaux de performance (article 34)
Sous-section 3 : Marchés publics globaux sectoriels (article 35)
Section 5 : Marchés publics réservés
Sous-section 1 : Réservation de marchés publics aux opérateurs économiques qui emploient des travailleurs handicapés ou défavorisés (article 36)
Sous-section 2 : Réservation de marchés publics aux entreprises de l'économie sociale et solidaire (article 37)
Section 6 : Contenu des marchés publics (articles 38 à 39)
Section 1 : Evaluation préalable du mode de réalisation du projet (article 40)
Section 2 : Règles de publicité et de mise en concurrence
Sous-section 1 : Publicité préalable (article 41)
Sous-section 2 : Procédures de mise en concurrence (article 42)
Section 3 : Communications électroniques (article 43)
Section 4 : Confidentialité (article 44)
Section 5 : Interdictions de soumissionner
Sous-section 1 : Interdictions de soumissionner obligatoires et générales (article 45)
Sous-section 2 : Interdictions de soumissionner obligatoires propres aux marchés publics de défense ou de sécurité (article 46)
Sous-section 3 : Dérogation justifiée par l'intérêt général (article 47)
Sous-section 4 : Interdictions de soumissionner facultatives (article 48)
Sous-section 5 : Incidences d'un changement de situation des opérateurs économiques au regard des interdictions de soumissionner (article 49)
Sous-section 6 : Hypothèse des groupements d'opérateurs économiques et des sous-traitants (article 50)
Section 6 : Sélection des candidats (article 51)
Section 7 : Choix de l'offre
Sous-section 1 : Critères d'attribution (article 52)
Sous-section 2 : Offres anormalement basses (article 53)
Sous-section 3 : Offres contenant des produits originaires des Etats tiers pour les marchés publics de fournitures des entités adjudicatrices (article 54)
Section 8 : Information des candidats et soumissionnaires évincés (article 55)
Section 9 : Transparence (article 56)
Section 10 : Conservation des documents (article 57)
Section 11 : Résiliation en raison d'un manquement constaté par la Cour de justice de l'Union européenne (article 58)
TITRE III : EXÉCUTION DES MARCHÉS PUBLICS
Chapitre Ier : Régime financier
Section 1 : Règlements, avances et acomptes (articles 59 à 60)
Section 2 : Garanties (article 61)
Chapitre II : Dispositions relatives à la sous-traitance et aux sous-contrats
Section 1 : Dispositions relatives à la sous-traitance (article 62)
Section 2 : Dispositions relatives aux sous-contrats dans les marchés publics de défense ou de sécurité (article 63)
Chapitre III : Contrôle des coûts de revient (article 64)
Chapitre IV : Modification du marché public (article 65)
DEUXIÈME PARTIE : DISPOSITIONS SPÉCIFIQUES AUX MARCHÉS DE PARTENARIAT (article 66)
TITRE IER : DÉFINITIONS ET CHAMP D'APPLICATION (articles 67 à 73)
TITRE II : DISPOSITIONS PARTICULIÈRES RELATIVES À LA PASSATION DES MARCHÉS DE PARTENARIAT
Chapitre Ier : Conditions de lancement de la procédure
Section 1 : Evaluation et étude préalables (article 74)
Section 2 : Conditions de recours (article 75)
Section 3 : Avis et autorisation préalables (articles 76 à 77)
Chapitre II : Obligations relatives à l'achèvement de la procédure
Section 1 : Accord préalable à la signature (article 78)
Section 2 : Transmission à l'organisme expert (article 79)
TITRE III : FINANCEMENT DU PROJET ET RÉMUNÉRATION DU TITULAIRE
Chapitre Ier : Financement des investissements (articles 80 à 82)
Chapitre II : Rémunération du titulaire par l'acheteur
Section 1 : Modalités de détermination de la rémunération du titulaire (article 83)
Section 2 : Cessions de créance, crédits-bails, hypothèques (article 84)
TITRE IV : DISPOSITIONS RELATIVES À L'OCCUPATION DOMANIALE (articles 85 à 86)
TITRE V : DISPOSITIONS PARTICULIÈRES RELATIVES À L'EXÉCUTION DES MARCHÉS DE PARTENARIAT (articles 87 à 90)
TROISIÈME PARTIE : DISPOSITIONS RELATIVES À L'OUTRE-MER
TITRE IER : DISPOSITIONS GÉNÉRALES APPLICABLES À L'OUTRE-MER (article 91)
TITRE II : DISPOSITIONS PARTICULIÈRES À MAYOTTE. (article 92)
TITRE III : DISPOSITIONS PARTICULIÈRES À SAINT-BARTHÉLEMY, SAINT-MARTIN ET SAINT-PIERRE-ET-MIQUELON (articles 93 à 95)
TITRE IV : DISPOSITIONS APPLICABLES EN NOUVELLE-CALÉDONIE (article 96)
TITRE V : DISPOSITIONS APPLICABLES EN POLYNÉSIE FRANÇAISE (article 97)
TITRE VI : DISPOSITIONS APPLICABLES DANS LES ÎLES WALLIS ET FUTUNA (article 98)
TITRE VII : DISPOSITIONS APPLICABLES DANS LES TERRES AUSTRALES ET ANTARCTIQUES FRANÇAISES (article 99)
QUATRIÈME PARTIE : DISPOSITIONS DIVERSES (articles 100 à 102)
CINQUIÈME PARTIE : DISPOSITIONS FINALES (articles 103 à 104) | 19,468 |
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Schweitzer | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | David Schweitzer | https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David Schweitzer&action=history | Portuguese | Spoken | 88 | 171 | David Schweitzer (18 de julho de 1925 - 17 de agosto de 1997) foi um futebolista e treinador de futebol israelense.
Carreira
David Schweitzer não foi um jogador de destaque no futebol israelense, que ainda engatinhava mesmo antes do estado judeu ser criado, em 1948. Se destacou como treinador da Seleção Israelense de Futebol entre 1973–1977 que levou a equipe as Olimpíadas de 1976
Futebolistas de Israel
Treinadores de futebol de Israel
Treinadores da Seleção Israelense de Futebol
Jogadores da Seleção Israelense de Futebol
Naturais de Tel Aviv | 49,555 |
patrologythelive00obaruoft_31 | English-PD | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,908 | Patrology : the lives and works of the fathers of the church | Bardenhewer, Otto, 1851-1935 | Shahan, Thomas J. (Thomas Joseph), 1857-1932 | English | Spoken | 6,887 | 10,628 | § 85. Firmicus Maternus. Julius Firmicus Maternus is the name, vouched for by the only extant manuscript (cod. Vaticano-Palatinus, saec. x.), of the author of a work De er ore prof am rum religionum in which the emperors Constantius (337 — 361) and Constans (337 — 350) are urged to deal a death blow to decadent heathenism. Our knowledge of the author is confined to what we can glean from the solitary manuscript of his work, mutilated moreover at the beginning, where the two outer leaves of the first quaternio are wanting. It was very probably composed about 347, if we are to judge from the reference (c. 29, 3) to the illness of the Persians in their war against Rome; it is also possible that the vicinity of Henna in Sicily was the home or residence of the author, at least he shows a rather exact knowledge of that place. There is a growing inclination to attribute the work to a certain Julius Firmicus Maternus Junior Siculus Author of a heathen astrological work entitled Mathesis; since Mommsen settled the date of this latter heathen compilation, the above-mentioned view is gaining ground. A very strong argument in favor of identity of authorship is found in the striking similarity of style. We should have to suppose, of course, that after the composition of his pagan work (334 — 337) Firmicus Maternus was converted to the Christian religion. The Christian work is a direct attack on the mysteries, in which heathenism was making its last stand; the crass superstition and the unnatural immorality often exhibited in them are laid bare (cc g — 17). The author attempts to prove that the pass-words, signa vel symbola, by which the initiated recognized one another, are only diabolical imitations of biblical expressions, more particularly of the sayings of the prophets (cc. 18 — 27). At the end (cc. 28 29) the duty of both emperors is laid down with emphatic appeals to the old Testament: they must root out the remnants of heathenism; in return God will reward them by new proofs of His mercy, which has otherwise been so largely vouchsafed to them because of their faith. The little work exhibits a certain fanaticism, and does not hesitate to urge violent measures. Nevertheless, the author is concerned for the true interest Of the heathens: once the sick man is restored to health, he recognizes gratefully the useful character of remedies otherwise disagreeable and painful (c. 16, 4 — 5). The heathenism of the fourth century was probably never described in a more true and reliable manner than in this work. From a dogmatico-historical point of view, the long passage on the Blessed Eucharist (c. 18) is especially important. The style of the work is very lively and emphatic, and the diction quite pure, though not free from plebeian expressions. The famous Codex Vaticano-Palatinus is described by A. Reifferscheid, Bibl. Patrum Lat. Italica, i. 268—269. The first edition is that of M. Flaccus Illyricus, Strassburg, 1562, often reprinted with more or less exactness; it is found also in Gallandi, Bibl. vet. Patr., v. 21 — 39, and in Migne, PL., xii. 971 — 1050. New editions based on fresh collations of the Codex are due to C. Bursian, Leipzig, 1856, and C. Halm, Vienna, 1867 (Corpus script, eccles. lat. ii). Cf. CL H. Moore, Julius Firmicus Maternus, der Heide und der Christ (Inaug.-Diss.), Munich, 1897. A new edition of the pagan work (a complete theory of astrology) was undertaken by W. Kroll and F. Skutsch: Julii Firmici Materni Matheseos libri viii, fasc. i, Leipzig, 1897. For the date of composition of this latter work, see Th. Mommsen, in Hermes (1894). xxix. 468 ff., and Moore, 1. c., pp. 2 ff. C. Weyman, Pastrologie dans le Dei errore de Firmicus (c. 17, i), in Revue d'hist. et de littérature religieuses (1898), iii. 383—384. A. Becker, Julius Firmicus Maternus und Pseudo-Quintilian, in Philologus, new series (1902), xv. 476—478. § 86. St. Hilary of Poitiers. I. HIS LIFE. The Arian discords were far-reaching enough to disturb profoundly even the Western Church. Jerome could write a prop of the results of the double synod of Seleucia-Rimini (359): Ingenuatur totus orbis et Arianum se esse miratus est. When Arianism, § 86. ST. HILARY OF POITIERS. 403 or rather Semiarianism, was at the acme of its career, a brilliant star arose in Gaul and began to diffuse its sweet and tranquil light amid the storms of that sad time; this was St. Hilary of Poitiers, a theologian of wonderful profundity of thought, of cogent and forcible diction, but also gentle and affectionate in sentiment and of kingly courage. He is often called "the Athanasius of the West," a title that belongs more appropriately to Hosius of Cordova (§ 87, i). Certainly, Hilary was one of the principal instruments of divine Providence in the extirpation of Arianism from Gaul, and in the preservation of the true Christian faith. Born of a noble heathen family of Poitiers (Pictavi in Aquitania), probably between 310 and 320, he devoted all his attention from childhood to the study of Latin and Greek. As he grew up, it seemed to him that the heathen philosophy furnished no sufficient answer to the problem of human destiny; it was almost by accident that he was led to the Holy Scriptures wherein he was to find the object of his longing. In the opening lines of his greatest work, he has discussed the manner in which he was made to see the truth and become a Christian. It is probable that shortly after his baptism, which he did not long delay, the clergy and people of Poitiers chose him unanimously for their bishop. By the year 355 he had been a bishop already for some time (aliquantisper) 2. Though he did not take part in the synod of Milan, he did not take part in the synod of Milan. An (355) at which the emperor Constantius effected in so harsh and despotic a way the condemnation of Athanasius, he was destined to suffer the consequences of this step. Saturninus, bishop of Aries, an Arian sympathizer, was desirous of profiting by this victory in order to consolidate in Gaul the standing of Arianism. He found in Hilary a vigorous opponent and a man capable of rallying around the standard of orthodoxy all the right-minded bishops of Gaul; they renounced the communion of the Arians. Saturninus replied by accusing Hilary and his friends of political intrigues against the emperor. The mendacious report of a synod convoked by Saturninus at Biterrae (Beziers in Languedoc), in the spring of 356, caused the emperor to banish Hilary from Gaul to Asia Minor. He was allowed, however, to retain a certain personal freedom, and seems to have spent most of his exile in Phrygia. Here he became more thoroughly acquainted with the writings of the Greek Fathers, through the study of which his powers of speculative thought rapidly matured. It was in this exile that he wrote the most important of his works; he also found there the inspiration for his hymns. The Arians now caused him to be sent home to Gaul as a disturber of the peace of the East; quasi discordiae seminarium et perturbator Orientis redire ad Gallias iubetur, absque exilii indulgentia. Early in 360 he returned to his fatherland by way of Italy and was everywhere received with great joy. His immediate concern was the healing of the grave wounds inflicted on the Church of Gaul, chiefly by Saturninus. Many bishops had accepted the Arian creed either through ignorance or through fear; the mild and considerate policy of Hilary made it easy for them to return to the Catholic fold. At the national council of Paris (361), that had been preceded by several provincial councils, he was able to unite nearly all the bishops of Gaul on the basis of the Nicene Creed and to bring about the deposition of Saturninus. Sulpicius Severus closes his account of this event with the following words: Illud apud omnes constitit unius Hilarii beneficio Gallias nostras piaculo haeresis liberatas. The influence of the great bishop was felt even throughout Italy. He presided over the synod of Milan in 364, at which there was question of the orthodoxy of Auxentius, the Arian bishop of that city. The After, however, was able to deceive the emperor Valentinian, and Hilary was compelled to quit Milan. He died in his native city in the sixth year after his return, i.e. in the year 366. Posterity has been unanimous in its admiration for this great Christian. St. Jerome, writing in 384, sums up in the following words: "The merit of his confession (of the faith), the activity of his life, and the splendor of his eloquence will be celebrated wherever the name of Rome is heard (ubicumque Romanum nomen est). 2. HIS WORK DE TRINITATE. THE STYLE OF ST. HILARY. - - The principal work of our author is entitled: De trinitate libri xii5, a superscription current since the sixth century; the original title was: De fide or De fide adversus Arianos. The work was composed during 356 — 359 in Asia Minor; its purpose is to define and establish in a scientific way against Arianism the ecclesiastical teaching concerning, the God-Man. In the first book are set forth the necessity and the happiness of a true knowledge of God; then follows a summary of all twelve books. The second book takes as its basis the baptismal formula and describes the mystery of the divine generation of the Son: sacramentum edocet divinae generationis (i. 21). In the third book he undertakes to illustrate, apropos of John x. 38: ego in Patre et Patre in me, the consubstantiality of the Son and the Father. The following four books attack the teachings of the heretics and refute their objections. Against the divinity of the Son. In the eighth book, he proves that the dogma of monotheism is not affected by the recognition of the Son of God: octavus liber totus. Sulp. Sev., Chron., ii. 45, 4. 2 Ib. Ep. 34, 3. Migne, PL., x. 25—472. § 86. ST. HILARY OF POITIERS. 405 In unius Dei demonstratione detentus est (i. 28). The ninth book refutes the objection of the heretics against the eternal birth of the Son from the Father: nonus liber totus in repellendis iis quae ad infirmandam Unigeniti Dei nativitatem (not: divinitatem) ab impiis usurpantur, intentus est (i. 29). The tenth book undertakes to reconcile with Christian faith in the true divinity of the Son the evidences of pain on the part of Christ; the eleventh book treats of the subordination of Christ referred to in John xx. 17 and I Cor. xv. 27 — 28. In the twelfth book, finally, he undertakes to illustrate as far as human reason may do, how completely different is the eternal birth of the Son from that of any temporal being. The entire work is a sustained and intensely enthusiastic plea for the faith of the Church. In the domain of early ecclesiastical literature, it is certainly the most imposing of all the works written against Arianism. It is true that he bases his arguments on the speculative thought of the Greek Fathers, but he does not, therefore, cease to be a writer of independence and originality. He was the first to act as an intermediary between the theology of the East and that of the West; thereby he contributed to the latter many new germs of thought and method, the influence of which was afterwards visible in the admirable development of Latin theology. The peculiarities of his christological doctrine will be touched on below (no. 6). Hilary paid very great attention to the literary finish of his work. In the prayer for divine aid with which the first book (i. 38) closes, he says: Tribue ergo nobis verborum significationem, intelligentiae lumen, dictorum honorem, veritatis fidem. His diction is always pithy and dignified. In his judgment on the style of the great bishop of Poitiers, Jerome Betrays certain narrowness: "Saint Hilary," he says, "paces so firmly along clothed in the Gallic buskin, he adorns himself with the flowers of Hellas and frequently becomes involved in his long periods; hence he is a writer not at all suited to the needs of the less cultured among our brethren." What lends a certain solemnity and sublimity to the language of Hilary is not a love of rhetorical pomp, but the sincerity and warmth of his convictions. Robust vigor and a stout unyielding heart, intellectual force and solidity of character are visible all through his work. If we miss in his style the qualities of delicacy and grace, their absence is amply compensated for by his powerful personality and his charming originality. It is true that the average reader of Hilary finds his language difficult, but this, however, is to be attributed not to obscurity of style, but to the depth and the boldness of the ideas he is expressing. 3. HISTORICO-POLEMICAL WRITINGS. - He was often compelled, like Athanasius, to defend the truth of history against the falsifications of history. and misrepresentations of Arian writers. In the first treatise addressed (355) to the emperor Constantius (Ad Constantium Augustum, lib. i.) he defended with the eloquence of a clear conscience his political innocence from the malicious insinuations of Saturninus and his fellow-Arians. In a memorial addressed (360) to the same emperor (Ad Constantium Augustum, lib. II) 2, he petitioned for an audience with the ruler of the Roman world in the presence of Saturninus; he offered to compel the latter to confess then and there his mendacity and his intrigues (ad confessionem falsorum quae gessit, c. 3). His confidence in the emperor was soon shaken; the latter turned a willing ear to the Arians alone. Hilary gave vent to the pain and wrath of his soul in an attack on the emperor (Contra Constantium) 3, written at Constantinople in 360, but not published until after the death of the emperor (Nov. 3., 361). It is at once a cry of anguish and a note of alarm forced from the depths of his spirit by The imminent peril of the faith. In the very first chapters (cc. I ff.) he denounces Constantius as Antichrist; later on he compares him to Nero, Decius and Maximian (cc. 7ff.) When Constantius convoked the double synod of the East at Seleucia and of the West at Rimini, Hilary wrote in the spring of 359 his: De synodis seu De fide Orientalium. It is addressed primarily to the Western bishops, but is meant likewise for their brethren in the East, its object being to ensure harmonious cooperation of all defenders of the Nicene Creed during the impending synods. Hilary saw in the ignorance of the Western bishops concerning the history of the Eastern synods since the gathering at Nicsea (325) the chief cause of the existing tension; he, therefore, describes at length what took place in the subsequent synods. Many other letters of St. Hilary written during his exile to the bishops of Gaul are lost. He was obliged to defend the conciliatory letter just described from the attacks of The quarrelsome Lucifer, bishop of Calaris (§ 87, 2); this he did in a special work that is now known to us only through insignificant fragments: Apologetica ad reprehensores libri de synodis responsa. Jerome mentions 8 two polemical works of Hilary that have not reached us: Liber adversum Valentem et Ursacium, historiam Ariminensis et Seleuciensis synodi continens, and: Ad praefectum Sallustium sive contra Dioscorum. The: Fragmenta ex op ere historico, which the defenders of their authenticity usually describe as remnants of the first mentioned of these two works, are, with the exception of Migne, PL., x. 557—564. 2 Ib., x. 563—572. 3 Ib., x. 577—606. 4 Ib., x. 479—546. 5 De syn. c. j. Migne, PL., x. 545—548. 7 Ib., x. 609—618. 3 De viris ill., c. 100. 9 Migne, PL., x. 627—724. § 86. ST. HILARY OF POITIERS. 407 The first fragment, probably spurious in their entirety. Of the second of these works Jerome says: Hilarius brevi libello. quern scripsit contra Dioscorum medicum, quid in litteris possit, ostendit. EXEGETICAL WRITINGS. — Hilary is a pioneer in the field of scholarly exegesis in the West. Before him, the Western Church possessed but few commentators: Victorinus of Pettus, Reticius of Autun (§ 58), and Fortunatianus of Aquileia. The commentaries of the rhetorician Marius Victorinus belong probably to a later period (§ 87, 8). The earliest work of St. Hilary is a commentary on Matthew, composed about 355, at a time when he had not yet become involved in the Arian conflict. The textual exposition is based on the theory that all Scripture offers a prophetic or typical character: typica ratio xvii. 8, xix. i; causae interiores xii. 12; caelestis intelligentia xx. 2. It is the duty of the commentator to recognize and set forth this profounder meaning of the sacred text. Hilary does not consider it necessary to treat of the historico-grammatical meaning, nor does he take into consideration the Greek text of the Scripture. Somewhat different is his attitude in the commentary on the Psalms: Tractatus super Psalms, written probably in the last years of his life. It is always the celestial sense, the prophetic contents of the text, that he aims at disengaging from the letter; nevertheless, he recognizes the claims of the literal sense, and frequently compares various Greek and Latin translations. He also makes mention of earlier commentators. When St. Jerome remarks that Hilary imitated Origen, but added something of his own, he is certainly unjust to the former. It is very probable that this commentary once included all the Psalms, but in the shape in which it was known to St. Jerome the commentary treated only of Psalms 12:51 — 62:118 — 150. The later editions (Migne, Zingerle) offer commentaries on Psalms 129:13:14:51 — 69:91:118 — 150, also an appendix of fragmentary or spurious treatises on some other Psalms. Both these commentaries of Hilary were highly esteemed in later ages and contributed greatly to spread throughout the West the allegorizing method in the interpretation of Scripture. Only two small fragments are extant. Of his Tractatus in Job, which was according to St. Jerome's only a translation of Origen. St. Jerome had also heard from others of the existence of a commentary of Hilary on the Canticle of canticles. 3 Migne, PL., ix. 917 — 1078. 4 Ib., ix. 231 — 908. 5 Instr., c. i; In Ps. liv. 9; In Ps. cxxiv. i. 6 De viris ill., c. 100; cf. Ep. 61, 2. 7 Migne, PL., x. 723 — 724. 8 De viris ill., c. 100. 9 Ib. 408 SECOND PERIOD. THIRD SECTION. murrini in 1887, to the exegetical writings; it must have been a treatise on prophetical types of the Old Testament and not a liturgy, as was formerly thought. Mai published in 1852 treatises on the beginning of the first and the beginning of the fourth Gospels, also on the man sick of the palsy; though attributed to Hilary, they are spurious. 5. HYMNS OF HILARY. -- St. Jerome says that Hilary composed a hymn-book (Liber hymnorum) and according to St. Isidore of Seville, he was the first to excel in the composition of hymns: hymorum carmine floruit primus. In the eleventh-century manuscript, whence Gamurrini took his fragments of the "Book of Mysteries", there are remnants of the "Book of Hymns", i.e. of three hymns, in an incomplete and mutilated condition. All three hymns celebrate the redemption of the human race by the God-Man. The second hymn is not, as Gamurrini imagined, composed by a woman, but rather by Hilary for a woman. Each of the three hymns exhibits a distinct metre; the first two are in acrostichs, i.e. each strophe begins with a letter of the alphabet; errors of prosody abound. Other hymns have long been current under the name of Hilary, e.g. The lovely morning song Lucis largitor splendide, and the vesper song Ad caeli clara non sum dignus sidera. Their genuineness, however, has been much disputed. In any case, the discovery of Gamurrini shows that one must not ask from St. Hilary too rigorous an adhesion to the fixed rules of classic prosody. Hilary caught from the Greeks of Asia Minor his love of hymns; for he had frequent occasion during his exile to hear the hymns of the Christians sung in their churches. His hymns (either all, or some) were written for the public liturgical service, a fact quite reconcilable with the opinion of Christian antiquity that made St. Ambrose the father of Christian hymns in the West (§ 90, 8). After all, the efforts of Hilary to introduce the hymn-service proved almost fruitless; he was obliged to admit that his fellow-citizens of Gaul were not desirous of knowing more about his hymns: in hymnorum carmine indociles. The writings of Hilary are dominated by one leading thought: the defence and illustration of the faith of Christians in the divinity of Jesus Christ. He looks upon this doctrine as the very corner-stone of the Church: Haec fides ecclesiae fundamentum est, per hanc fidem infirmes adversus earn sunt portae inferorum, haec fides regni coelestis habet claves. In his speculative argument, he dwells with especial interest on the eternal generation of the Son by the Father: Quis dubitat quin indifferentem naturam nativitas consequatur? Hinc enim est sola Mt. ix. 2 ff. De viris ill., c. 100. 3 De eccl. off., i. 6. Hier., Comm. in Gal., lib. ii., init. 5 Mt. xvi. 13 ff. De trin., vi. 37. § 86. ST. HILARY OF POITIERS. 409 ilia quae vere esse possit aequalitas. The unity of the divine nature is not affected by the personal properties of fatherhood and sonship respectively, for they are essentially connected with the act of generation: Licet paternae nuncupationis proprietas differat, tamen natura non differt: natus enim a Deo Deus non dissimilis est a gignente substantia. Though the Son is God from all eternity, He became man in time: Hunc igitur assumpsisse corpus et hominem factum esse perfecta confessio est... ut sicut Dei filium, ita et filium hominis memorimus: quia alterum sine altero nihil spei tribuit ad salutem. He often reminds his readers that God the Son took the two essential elements of our human nature, a body and a soul: Naturam in se universae carnis assumpsit; nostri corporis atque animae homo; carnis atque animae homo ac Deus, habens in se et totum verumque quod homo est et totum verumque quod Deus est. This incarnation of the Logos is explained in two ways. The Son of God had to put off the forma Dei: In forma servi veniens evacuavit se ex Dei forma, nam in forma hominis exsistere manens in Dei forma qui potuit? Theologians have asked themselves what Hilary meant by the ovacuatio ex Dei forma. The commentary on the sixty-eighth Psalm shows with sufficient clearness that Hilary speaks of the voluntary renunciation by the Logos, during His life on earth, of the public manifestation and splendor that belong by right to Him as God: Abolero Dei forma, ut tantum servi. Ise esset forma, non potuit. Ipse enim est et se ex forma Dei inaniens et formam hominis assumens, qui neque evacuatio ilia ex Dei forma naturae caelestis interitus est, neque formae servilis assumptio tanquam genuinae originis conditionisque natura est. To the self-debasement of the Son of God corresponds, however, an elevation of human nature. The manhood of Jesus Christ is of heavenly origin: Primus enim homo de limo terrae; et secundus Adam in huius limi profundum de caelis descendens se ipsum tamquam ex alto veniens defixit. Through His own power the Logos took His own body from the Virgin Mary, and created His own soul out of nothing: Ut per se sibi assumpsit ex virgine corpus, ita ex se sibi animam assumpsit. The body of the Lord is a celestial body (caeleste corpus) and therefore endowed with extraordinary excellencies. It is true, According to Hilary, that it shares whatever is essential to our human bodies: there can be no question of the reality of the sufferings and death of Christ. Nevertheless, by its constitution the body of Christ was in every way superior to all human needs (of food and rest) and to all sense of pain and sorrow; it was only by a voluntary act of self-humiliation that the body of Christ was in every way superior to all human needs. In Ps. lii. 16, In Ps. liii. 8, De trin., x. 19. In Ps. est, quod in celestem gloriam conformatur in monte, quod attactu suo fugat febres, quod de sputo suo format oculos, and again: Non ambiguum est in naturae eius corporis infirmitatem naturae corporeae non fuisse, cuui in virtute naturae merit omnem corporum depellere infirmitatem. There can be no doubt that this teaching puts in a new light the free and meritorious character of the sufferings of Christ; at the same time it is also true that such teaching makes a very sharp turn around the headland of Docetism. The first complete editions of Hilary were published by D. Erasmus, Basel, 1523 (1526 1553); L. Miraeus, Paris, 1544; M. Lipsius, Basel, 1550 (1570). The Benedictine P. Constant (1721) opened a new epoch in the critical study of the writings of Hilary. His edition (Paris, 1693) merits a place of eminence among all the Maurine editions; an improved edition was made by the Marchese Scipione Maffei, Verona, 1730 (Venice, 1750 — 1750), 2 vols. Maffei owed to new manuscripts his emendations of the text of De Trinitate and of the commentary on the Psalms. The Migne edition of Hilary (PL., ix — x, Paris, 1844 — 1845) contains additions to the reprint of Maffei but is otherwise very faulty. G. Mercati, Un foglio dell' Ilario papiraceo di Vienna (Bibliotheca Barberiniana on the text of De Trin., iv. 16 17), in Note di letteratura biblica e cristiana antica (Testi e studi v), Rome, 1901, pp. 99 — 112. Selected works of St. Hilary have been translated into German by J. Fisch, Kempten, 1878 (Bibliothek der Kirchenv After, and into English: A select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, series II, vol. ix, New York, 1899. - The De Trinitate is reprinted in H. Hurter, Ss. Patr. opusc. se., series II, 4, Innsbruck, 1888; cf. y. Stix, Zum Sprachgebrauch des hi. Hilarius von Poitiers in seiner Schrift De Trinitate (Progr.), Rottweil, 1891. The De Trinitate is part also of the Bibliotheca Sanctorum Patrum (series V, vol. i— iv), Rome, 1903 — 1904. In the Vienna codex the De Trinitate is followed by a mutilated text entitled contra Arianos. It was edited by M. Denis, Codd. Mss. theologici latini bibliothecae Palatinae Vindobonensis, Vienna, 1799, ii i, 1102 — mi (not printed in Migne), and attributed by him to Hilary. On a new edition of the same see H. S. Sedlmayer, Der Tractattis contra Arianos in der Wiener Hilarius-Handschrift, in Sitzungsberichte der k. Akademie der Wiss. zu Wien, philol.-hist. Klasse (1903), cxlv. G. Morin, in Revue Benedictine (1903), xx. 125 — 127, attributed it to the Ambrosiaster whom he identifies with Hilarianus Hilarius (§ 90, 10). U. Manned has edited the Adversus haereses (i — iii) in the Bibliotheca Sanctorum Patrum (series II, vol. iii), Rome, 1907. — A. Zingerle published an excellent edition of the commentary on the Psalms, Vienna, 1891 (Corpus script, eccl. lat. xxii); unfortunately he missed a very ancient text-witness, the Cod. Lugd. 381 saec. vi; consult, however, Zingerle's study, Der Hilarius-Codex von Lyon, Vienna, 1893, in Sitzungsberichte der phil.-hist. Klasse der k. Akad. der Wissensch. zu Wien, cxxviii. — Rationem afferendi locos litterarum divinarum, quam in tractatibus super Psalms sequi videtur S. Hilarius, illustravit Fr. Schellauf, Gratz, 1898. The commentary on the minor epistles of St. Paul, published by Pitra in 1852 under the name of St. Hilary, is the work of Theodore of Mopsuestia (§ 73, 4). For the spurious treatises on Matt, i, John i, and Matt, ix, 2 if. cf. A. Mai, Nova Patrum Bibl., part I, Rome, 1852, i. 477 — 490. Pr. Liverani, Spicilegium Liberianum, Florence, 1863, pp. 113 — 114, published a spurious homily of Hilary. The pretended letter of St. Hilary in Migne, PL., x. 733 — 750, is discussed by G. Morin, in Revue Benedictine (1898), xv. 97 — 99. S. Hilarii tractatus de mysteriis et Hymni et S. Sylviae Aquitanae Peregrinatio ad loca sancta. Quae inedita ex codice Arretino deprompsit y. F. Gamburini, Rome, 1887, in Biblioteca dell' Accademia storico-giuridica iv; cf. § 88, 10 for the Peregrinatio S. Sylviae. F. Cabrol, Le manuscrit d'Arezzo. Ecrits inedits de Saint-Hilaire et Pelerinage d'une dame gauloise du IVe siecle aux lieux saints, Paris, 1888 (reprint from the Revue du monde catholique). -- G. M. Dreves, Das Hymnenbuch des hi. Hilarius, in Zeitschr. f. kath. Theol. (1888), xii. 358 — 369. The hymns current under the name of Hilary are critically discussed by B. Hoelscher, De Ss. Damasi Papae et Hilarii Episc. Pictaviensis qui feruntur hymnis sacris (Progr.), Minister, 1858; J. Kayser, Beitrage zur Geschichte und Erklarung der altesten Kirchenhymnen, 2. ed., Paderborn, 1881, pp. 52 — 88. On a new edition of the hymn Ad caeli clara non Sum dignus sidera cf. Pitra, Analecta sacra et classica, Paris, 1888, part i, pp. 138 — 141, also Zeitschr. f. kath. Theol. (1889), xiii. 737 — 740. The verses Hymnum dicat turba fratrum are wrongly attributed to Hilary; cf. W. Meyer, Das Turiner Bruchstück der altesten irischen Liturgie, in Gottinger Nachrichten, philol.-hist. Klasse (1903), pp. 204 — 208. A. Jf. Mason, The First Latin Christian Poet, in Journal of Theol. Studies (1904), v. 413 — 432; Id., The Text of the Hymn of Hilary, ib., v. 636. A. S. Walpole, Hymns attributed to Hilary of Poitiers, in Journal of Theol. Studies (1905), vi. 599 — 603. WORKS ON SAINT HILARY. Ad. Viehhouser, Hilarius Pictaviensis geschildert in seinem Kampfe gegen den Arianismus, Klagenfurt, 1860. H. Reinkens, Hilarius von Poitiers, Schaffhausen, 1864. Dormagen, St. Hilaire de Poitiers et I'Arianisme (These), Paris, 1864. V. Hansen, Vie de St. Hilaire, cheque de Poitiers et docteur de l'eglise, Luxemburg, 1875. Largent, St. Hilaire, Paris, 1802 (Les Saints). J. B. Wirthmiiller, Die Lehre des hi. Hilarius von Poitiers iiber die Selbstentausserung Christi, verteidigt gegen die Entstellungen neuerer protestantischer Theologen, Ratisbon, 1865. Baltzer, Die Theologie des hi. Hilarius von Poitiers (Progr.), Rottweil, 1879. Id., Die Christologie des hi. Hilarius von Poitiers (Progr.), ib., 1889. A. Beck, Die Trinitatslehre des hi. Hilarius von Poitiers, in Forschungen zur Litt.- und Dogmengeschichte, Mainz, 1903, iii. 2 — 3. Id., Kirchliche Studien und Quellen, Amberg, 1903. pp. 82 — 102: Die Lehre des h. Hilarius von Poitiers über die Leidensfahigkeit des Leibes Christi. Th. Forster, Zur Theologie des Hilarius, in Theol. Studien und Kritiken (1888), Ixi. 645 — 686. J. A. Quillacq, Quomodo latina usus sit S. Hilarius Pictav. episc. (These), Tours, 1903. R. de la Broise, Saint Hilaire, in Dictionnaire de la Bible, Paris, 1903, iii. 707 — 712. ARIAN LITERATURE. Under the name of Potamius, Arian bishop of Olisipo (Lisbon), the author of the second formula of Sirmium of the year 357, concisely defined as a blasphemia by Hilary, there are current three brief writings: Tractatus de Lazaro, Tractatus de martyrio Isaiae prophetae, Epistola ad Athanasium (Gallandi, Bibl. vet. Patr., v. 96 — 99; Migne, PL., viii. 1411 — 1418). The letter to Athanasius, however, professes the faith of the latter, and must have been written while Potamius still adhered to the Nicene faith; cf. Schoenemann, Bibl. hist.-litt. Patr. lat, i. 307 — 309. P. B. Gams, Die Kirchengeschichte von Spanien, Ratisbon, 1864, ii i, 315—317. The Arian Candidus left a treatise De generatione divina, and a letter, both addressed to the rhetorician Marius Victorinus (§ 87, 8). and published among the works of the latter (Migne, PL., viii. 1013 — 1020 1035 — 1040). Clearly Arian in origin and tendency are the fragments of a commentary on Luke (pp. 191 — 207) and dogmatic treatises (pp. 208—237) found by Mai, in codices rescripti, and published by him (Script, vet. nova Coll., Rome, 1828, part 2, iii. 186 — 237): reprinted in Migne, 1. c., xiii. 593 — 628). It is probable that the commentary on Luke was composed about 370 by Ulfilas, the apostle of the Goths (f 383), and the dogmatic treatises by his disciple Auxentius, bishop of Dorostorum (Silistria). Cf. G. L. Krafft, Commentatio historica de fontibus Ulfilaearianismi ex fragments Bobiensibus erutis (Progr.), Bonn, 1860. G. Mercati, Antiche reliquie liturgiche (Studii e testi vii), Rome, 1902, pp. 47 — 71. A fifth-century Paris manuscript, written by a later hand on the margins of some loose leaves, contains a Dissertatio Maximilini contra Ambrosium and a correlated text, known as Epistola Auxentii Dorostorensis de fide, vita et obitu Ulfilae. These texts were partially made known by G. Waitz, tiber das Leben und die Lehre des Ulfila, Hannover, 1840; they are printed entire, as far as legible, by Fr. Kauffmann, in his Tritte und Untersuchungen zur altgermanischen Religionsgesch., Strassburg, 1899, i. Cf. L. Saltet, Un texte nouveau: la Dissertatio Maximilini contra Ambrosium, in Bulletin de littérature ecclesiastique (1900), ii. 118 — 129. H. Boehmer-Romundt, Der literarische Nachlass des Wulfila und seiner Schule, in Zeitschrift f. wissensch. Theol. (1903), xlvi. 233—269 361—407; Id., Ein neues Werk des Wulfila? in Neue Jahrb. f. das Klass. Altertum (1903), viii. 272 to 288. St. Augustine gives in his reply to an anonymous Quidam sermo Arianorum a brief exposition to the Arian doctrine (cf. § 94, 7). We have already said (§ 74, 10) that the so-called Opus imperfectum in Matthaeum is of Arian origin, as is likewise the Anonymus in Job (cf. the works of Origen, Migne, PG., xvii. 371—522) and § 61, i to which section mention of it properly belongs. § 87. Other opponents of Arianism. I. HOSIUS OF CORDOVA. - - He was one of the most famous, but also one of the most persecuted, among the Western champions of the Catholic faith during the conflict with Arianism. This great Christian, who was probably president of the Council of Nicaea, was born about 256, and became bishop of Corduba (Cordova in Southern Spain) in 296, and died Aug. 27, 357. He may be justly called the Athanasius of the West (§ 86, i). He labored for the faith more by word and deeds than by his writings. In his Historia Arianorum, Athanasius made known a letter in Greek of the brave old martyr of the faith, written in 354 or 355 to the emperor Constantius, frank and bold in its confession of the Catholic faith, but moderate in form. Isidore of Se ville says that he wrote an Epistola ad sororem suam de laude virginitatis, and an Opus de interpretatione vestium sacerdotalium quae sunt in Veteri Testamento. Pitra published in 1888 short sentences under the title: Doctrina Hosii episcopi de observatione disciplinae Dominicae. The Doctrina is found in Pitra, Analecta sacra et classica, Paris, 1888, part i, p. 117. P. B. Gams, Die Kirchengeschichte von Spanien, Ratisbon, 1864, ii i, 137 — 309: Hositis von Corduba. LUCIFER OF CALARIS. - Lucifer, bishop of Calaris or Caralis (Cagliari in Sardinia), was sent in 354 by Pope Liberius on an embassy to the military quarters of the emperor Constantius at Aries. At the Synod of Milan (355) he refused to condemn St. Athanasius or, as St. Jerome puts it, sub nomine Athanasii Nicaenam fidem. Consequently, he was banished by Constantius to the East, whence he did not return until the reign of Julian (361–363). During his exile (§ 86, 3) and especially after his return, Lucifer became involved in conflicts with his former friends and allies in the episcopate. By the consecration of a new bishop (Paulinus) of Antioch he not only failed to heal the existing schism, but increased its bitterness. The mild and conciliatory measures of the Synod of Alexandria (362) with regard to the penitent Arians were so little to his taste that he seems to have broken off communion with the members of that Synod. It is certain that those who after his death (370 or 371) advocated the exclusion of former Arians from all church offices adopted the name of Luciferians; their schism, however, was of short duration. During his exile (356–361), Lucifer composed several works, and addressed them to the emperor Constantius. They were probably written in the following order: De non conveniendo cum haereticis, in proof. Of the thesis that the orthodox must avoid all communion with the Arians; De regibus apostaticis, against the assertion of Constantius that the felicity of his reign was a proof of divine approval, for many an impious and God-forgetting king of Israel had enjoyed long life and great prosperity; De Sancto Athanasio (originally perhaps entitled: Quia absentem nemo debet iudicare nee damnare) liber I — II5, written to demonstrate the supreme injustice of the imperial order to the bishops at Milan to condemn Athanasius unheard. Apropos of these three works arose very probably the correspondence between Lucifer and Florentius, an officer of the emperor's household. Through the latter the emperor asks Lucifer 3 Migne, PL., xiii. 767 — 794. 4 Ib., xiii. 793 — 5 Ib., xiii. 935—936. SECOND PERIOD. THIRD SECTION. If he be the author of the said invectives, and Lucifer replies with pride in the affirmative. Perhaps there is some connexion between this correspondence and the De non parcendo in De non parcendo in De delinquentibus, in which Lucifer essays a justification of his language toward the emperor; he quotes principally the examples of the prophets of the Old Testament. Finally, not earlier than 360, and perhaps in 361, he wrote the: Moriendum esse pro Dei filio, in which he manifests his great desire for the death of a martyr. Several letters have been lost. A baptismal discourse entitled: Exhortatio S. Ambrosii episc. ad neophytos de symbolo, attributed to Lucifer, and edited (1869) by Caspari, is of doubtful provenance. The chief characteristic of Lucifer is... His very discourteous language toward the emperor. His vocabulary is largely taken from the current language of the people; at the same time, any connexion of thought is entirely lacking. There is no better representative of the Latin folk-speech of his day; by reason, moreover, of the very great copiousness of his scriptural quotations, he is an important witness to the pre-Hieronymus Bible-text. The certainly genuine works of Lucifer have come down by means of a single manuscript (cod. Vat. 133, saec. ix or x). The editio princeps is owing to Tilius, bishop of Meaux, Paris, 1568 (Gallandi, Bibl. vet. Patr. [1770], vi. 153 — 260). A better edition was brought out by the brothers J. D. and Y. Coleti, Venice, 1778, reprinted in Migne, PL., xiii. 1845. The most recent and best edition is that of W. Hartel, Vienna, 1886 (Corpus script, eccles. lat. xiv). Cf. Hartel, Lucifer von Cagliari und sein Latein, in Archiv für lat. Lexikogr. u. Gramm. (1886), iii. i — 58, also G. Kriiger, Lucifer, Bischof von Calaris, und das Schisma der Luciferianer, Leipzig, 1886. The baptismal discourse is in C. P. Caspari, Ungedruckte Quellen zur Gesch. des Taufsymbols und der Glaubensregel, Christiania, 1869, "J32 — 140, and also in Alte und neue Quellen, Christiania, 1879, pp. 186—195. Kruger undertakes (1. c., pp. 118—130) to prove against Caspari in his first work (pp. 175—182) that the real author of the baptismal discourse is Eusebius of Vercellae (see no. 9). FAUSTINUS AND MARCELLINUS. - - A priest named Faustinus, of the party of the Luciferians, but Otherwise, otherwise unknown to us, presented to the emperor Theodosius at Constantinople, probably in the autumn of 383, a profession of faith, in order to free himself from the charge of Sabellianism: Fides Theodosius imp. oblata. Together with another priest and sympathizer named Marcellinus, he presented to Valentinian II., Theodosius and Arcadius, a memorial in favor of the persecuted Luciferians: Libellus precum ad imperatores. At the request of the empress Flaccilla he also wrote about 384 an anti-Arian exposition of the Catholic Trinitarian faith: De trinitate sive de fide contra Arianos. Migne, PL., xiii. 935—1008. 2 Ib., xiii. 1007—1038. 3 Ib., xiii. 79—80. 4 Ib., xiii. 83—107. Other OPPONENTS OF ARIANISM. Patr., vii. 439 — 474. The Libellus precum, probably called by its authors De confessione verae fidei et ostentatione sacrae communionis et persecutione adversantium veritati is also found in the Collectio Avellana, ed. O. Guenther (Vienna, 1895 — 1898: Corpus script, eccles. lat. xxxv), pp. 5 to 44; cf. Guenther, Avellana-Studien (Vienna, 1896), pp. 69 — 86. For the history of Faustinus and Marcellinus see G. Kriiger, Lucifer, Bischof von Calaris, pp. 62 — 63 82 — 86 94 — 96. 4. GREGORY OF ELIBERIS. — After Lucifer the principal leader of the Luciferian faction was Gregory, bishop of Eliberis in Baetica (Elvira near Granada), f after 392. St. Jerome says that he composed: diversos mediocri sermone tractatus et de fide elegantem librum. The latter work is probably identical with: De fide orthodoxa contra Arianos, a pole. In the case of the Synod of Rimini (359), by others attributed to Phoebadius, bishop of Agen (see no. 6). | 44,689 |
https://github.com/Gyebro/cell-mapping/blob/master/cpp/reload-project-release.sh | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,021 | cell-mapping | Gyebro | Shell | Code | 8 | 36 | mkdir -p cmake-build-release
cd cmake-build-release
cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release ../
| 39,684 |
US-201816147677-A_3 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,018 | None | None | English | Spoken | 1,608 | 2,771 | What is claimed is:
1. 2. The single-focus optical system according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the second sub lens unit and the third sub lens unit moves along an optical axis at a time of focusing.
3. The single-focus optical system according to claim 1, wherein: the third sub lens unit includes only the predetermined positive lens component, or includes, in order from the enlargement side, one lens component and the predetermined positive lens component, and an absolute value of a refractive power of the one lens component is smaller than an absolute value of a refractive power of the predetermined positive lens component.
4. The single-focus optical system according to claim 1, wherein one positive lens of the plurality of positive lenses is positioned closest to the reduction side.
5. The single-focus optical system according to claim 1, wherein lens components up to a second lens component counted from the closest reduction side include two lens surfaces that are convex toward the reduction side.
6. The single-focus optical system according to claim 1, wherein the following conditional expression (1) is satisfied: |0.51−θgF _(3N)|/(70−νd _(3N))<1.950 ·10⁻³ (1) where, θgF_(3N) denotes a partial dispersion ratio for the first predetermined negative lens, vd_(3N) denotes Abbe number for the first predetermined negative lens, θgF _(3N)=(ng _(3N) −nF _(3N))/(nF _(3N) −nC _(3N)) νd _(3N)=(nd _(3N)−1)/(nF _(3N) −nC _(3N)), and here nd_(3N), nF_(3N), nC_(3N), and ng_(3N) are a refractive index for a d-line, a refractive index for an F-line, a refractive index for a C-line, and a refractive index for a g-line respectively.
7. The single-focus optical system according to claim 1, wherein the following conditional expression (2) is satisfied: |θgF _(3P)−0.6|/(νd _(3P)−30)<2.000 ·10⁻³ (2) where, θgF_(3P) denotes a partial dispersion ratio for the predetermined positive lens, vd_(3P) denotes Abbe number for the predetermined positive lens, θgF _(3P)=(ng _(3P) −nF _(3P))/(nF _(3P) −nC _(3P)) νd _(3P)=(nd _(3P)−1)/(nF _(3P) −nC _(3P)), and here nd_(3P), nF_(3P), nC_(3P), and ng_(3P) are a refractive index for a d-line, a refractive index for an F-line, a refractive index for a C-line, and a refractive index for a g-line respectively, and the predetermined positive lens is at least one positive lens positioned on the reduction side of the first predetermined negative lens, of the plurality of positive lenses.
8. The single-focus optical system according to claim 1, wherein the following conditional expression (4) is satisfied: −1.2<(R _(3NF) +R _(3NR))/(R _(3NF) −R _(3NR))<1.0 (4) where, R_(3NF) denotes a paraxial radius of curvature of an enlargement-side lens surface of the first predetermined negative lens, and R_(3NR) denotes a paraxial radius of curvature of a reduction-side lens surface of the first predetermined negative lens.
9. The single-focus optical system according to claim 1, wherein the following conditional expression (5) is satisfied: 0.50<(R _(21F) +R _(21R))/(R _(21F) −R _(21R))<100 (5) where, R_(21F) denotes a paraxial radius of curvature of a lens surface positioned closest to the enlargement side of the enlargement-side meniscus lens component, and R_(21R) denotes a paraxial radius of curvature of a lens surface positioned closest to the reduction side of the enlargement-side meniscus lens component.
10. The single-focus optical system according to claim 1, wherein the following conditional expression (6) is satisfied: −0.8<(R _(21R) +R _(22F))/(R _(21R) −R _(22F))<0.5 (6) where, R_(21R) denotes a paraxial radius of curvature of a lens surface positioned closest to the reduction side of the enlargement-side meniscus lens component, and R_(22F) denotes a paraxial radius of curvature of a lens surface positioned closest to the enlargement side of the reduction-side meniscus lens component.
11. The single-focus optical system according to claim 1, wherein the following conditional expression (8) is satisfied: −1.0<SF _(3F) −SF _(3R)<10.0 (8) where, SF _(3F)=(R _(3FF) +R _(3FR))/(R _(3FF) −R _(3FR)), SF _(3R)=(R _(3RF) +R _(3RR))/(R _(3RF) −R _(3RR)), and here R_(3FF) denotes a paraxial radius of curvature of an enlargement-side lens surface of an enlargement-side positive lens, R_(3FR) denotes a paraxial radius of curvature of a reduction-side lens surface of the enlargement-side positive lens, R_(3RF) denotes a paraxial radius of curvature of an enlargement-side lens surface of a reduction-side positive lens, R_(3RR) denotes a paraxial radius of curvature of a reduction-side lens surface of the reduction-side positive lens, where the enlargement-side positive lens is a positive lens which is positioned closest to the enlargement side, of the plurality of positive lenses, and the reduction-side positive lens is a positive lens which is positioned closest to the reduction side, of the plurality of positive lenses.
12. The single-focus optical system according to claim 1, wherein the following conditional expression (9) is satisfied: −1.0<(R _(41F) +R _(41R))/(R _(41F) −R _(41R))<10.0 (9) where, R_(41F) denotes a paraxial radius of curvature of a lens surface positioned closest to the enlargement side of the predetermined negative lens component, and R_(41R) denotes a paraxial radius of curvature of a lens surface positioned closest to the reduction side of the predetermined negative lens component.
13. The single-focus optical system according to claim 1, wherein the following conditional expression (10) is satisfied: −1.0<(R _(51F)+R_(51R))/(R _(51F) −R _(51R))<2.0 (10) where, R_(51F) denotes a paraxial radius of curvature of a lens surface positioned closest to the enlargement side of the predetermined positive lens component, and R_(51R) denotes a paraxial radius of curvature of a lens surface positioned closest to the reduction side of the predetermined positive lens component.
14. The single-focus optical system according to claim 1, wherein in an orthogonal coordinate system in which a horizontal axis is let to be Nd_(3PR) and a vertical axis is let to be νd_(3PR), when a straight line indicated by Nd_(3PR)=α·νd_(3PR)+β_(3PR), where α=−0.01, is set, Nd_(3PR) and νd_(3PR) of a reduction-side positive lens are included in both of an area determined by a straight line when a lower limit value β_(3PR) of a range of the following conditional expression (11) is β_(3PR)=2.25, and an area determined by the following conditional expressions (12) and (13): 2.25≤β_(3PR) (11) 1.40<Nd _(3PR) (12) 35<νd _(3PR) (13) where, Nd_(3PR) denotes a refractive index of the reduction-side positive lens for a d-line, νd_(3PR) denotes Abbe number for the reduction-side positive lens, and the reduction-side positive lens is a positive lens positioned closest to the reduction side, of the plurality of positive lenses.
15. The single-focus optical system according to claim 1, wherein: the predetermined negative lens component includes a second predetermined negative lens, and in an orthogonal coordinate system in which a horizontal axis is let to be Nd_(4NF) and a vertical axis is let to be νd_(4NF), when a straight line indicated by Nd_(4NF)=α·νd_(4NF)+β_(4NF), where α=−0.01, is set, Nd_(4NF) and vd_(4NF) of the predetermined negative lens are included in both of an area determined by a straight line when a lower limit value β_(4NF) of a range of the following conditional expression (14) is β_(4NF)=1.95, and an area determined by the following conditional expressions (15) and (16): 1.95≤β_(4NF) (14) 1.60<Nd _(4NF) (15) 23<νd _(4NF) (16) where, Nd_(4NF) denotes a refractive index of the second predetermined negative lens for a d-line, and νd_(4NF) denotes Abbe number for the second predetermined negative lens.
16. The single-focus optical system according to claim 1, wherein: the enlargement-side sub lens unit includes an enlargement-side negative lens component closest to the enlargement side, and the following conditional expression (A) is satisfied: 0<f/e _(N1F)<2 (A) where, f denotes a focal length of the overall single-focus optical system at the time of focusing to an object at infinity, and e_(N1F) denotes a maximum effective aperture of the enlargement-side negative lens component in the first lens unit.
17. The single-focus optical system according to claim 1, comprising: an aperture stop, wherein the following conditional expression (B) is satisfied: 0<(f/e _(AS))/Fno<2 (B) where, f denotes a focal length of the overall single-focus optical system at the time of focusing to an object at infinity, e_(AS) denotes a maximum diameter of the aperture stop, and Fno denotes an F-number for the overall single-focus optical system at the time of focusing to an object at infinity.
18. The single-focus optical system according to claim 1, wherein the following conditional expression (C) is satisfied: 0<T _(air_max) /Σd≤0.27 (C) where, T_(air_max) is a largest axial air space in the range from a surface positioned closest to the enlargement side to a surface positioned closest to the reduction side in the single-focus optical system, and Σd is an axial distance from the surface positioned closest to the enlargement side to the surface positioned closest to the reduction side in the single-focus optical system.
19. An optical apparatus, comprising: an optical system; and an image pickup element which is disposed on a reduction side, wherein the image pickup element has an image pickup surface, and converts an image formed on the image pickup surface by the optical system to an electric signal, and the optical system is the single-focus optical system according to claim
1. 20. An optical apparatus, comprising: an optical system; and a display element which is disposed on a reduction side, wherein the display element has a display surface, and an image displayed on the display surface is projected on the enlargement side by the optical system, and the optical system is the single-focus optical system according to claim
1. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. The single-focus optical system according to claim 24, wherein the following conditional expression (3) is satisfied: 0.65<(R _(11F) −R _(11R))/(R _(11F) −R _(11R))<4.0 (3) where, R_(11F) denotes a paraxial radius of curvature of a lens surface positioned closest to the enlargement side of the enlargement-side negative lens component, and R_(11R) denotes a paraxial radius of curvature of a lens surface positioned closest to the reduction side of the enlargement-side negative lens component..
| 8,707 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20Conservation%20Service%20Site%20128%20Reservoir | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Soil Conservation Service Site 128 Reservoir | https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soil Conservation Service Site 128 Reservoir&action=history | Cebuano | Spoken | 52 | 94 | Ang Soil Conservation Service Site 128 Reservoir ngalan niining mga mosunod:
Heyograpiya
Tinipong Bansa
Soil Conservation Service Site 128 Reservoir (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, Navarro County), Texas,
Soil Conservation Service Site 128 Reservoir (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, Van Zandt County), Texas,
Pagklaro paghimo ni bot 2017-02
Pagklaro paghimo ni bot Tinipong Bansa | 20,994 |
sn88064176_1917-08-18_1_4_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | None | None | English | Spoken | 2,452 | 3,933 | Premium List of Grant Parish Fair Continued from last wask CLASS 18. JUNIOR TENSION. 193. Ten ears any other variety. 194. One bushel, any variety. (100 ears.) 195. Highest yield per acre. 196. Profit on acre of corn. 197. Best record and report. 198. Best male hog, any breed. 199. Best female hog, any breed. 200. Best pig, any sex or breed. 201. Best report. 20!2. Best variety canned products. 203. Best yield tomatoes on tenth acre. 204. Best report. 2115. Best pen chickens. 206. Best dozen eggs. 207. Best report. CHAMPIONSHIPS. Rleserve championship in adult corn show. Reserve championship in boys corn club show. Grand championship selected from the two reserves. Champion bull, any breed. Champion cow, any breed. Reserve I'hampion boar, adult classes. Reserve Champion sow, adult classes. Reserve ('harnlpion hoar. boys classes. Reserve Champion sow, boys classes. (;rand ('hamnpion sow. Grand ('hampion boar. (;rand lChampion stallion. Grand Champion mare. LADIES' DEPARTMENT RULES. 1. All exhibits must be labeled. 2. No exhibit will be accepted that has been exhibited before. 3. Canned articles must be put up in any size jars available or small glasses. 4. All cooking will be tasted. 5. Ladies and girls will have separate departments for cooking. 1-TABLE LINEN 1. Centerpiece, (a) crochet; (b) embroidered. 2. Napkins, (a) hemstitched; (b) embroidered. 3. Tablecloth, (a) plain; (b) fancy. --HOUSEHOLD LINEN. 1. Dresser scarf, (a) tatted; (b) embroidered; (c) crocheted. 2. Bed Spreads, (a) crocheted; (b) knitted; (c) embroidered. 3. Towels, (a) bath towel; (b) guest towel. 4. Pillow eases, (a) hemstitched; (b) fancy. 5. Table runner, (a) crocheted; (b) hematitched. Best piece of crochet. Best piece of tatting. Best piece of embroidery. Best piece of knitting. Best buttonholes, six. 5. ARTICLES MADE UP. 1. Corset cover, (a) plain; (b) fancy. 2. Niuht gown, (a) plain; (b) fancy. 3. Under skirt, (a) plain; (b) trimmed. 4. Set of underwear. 5. Fancy wast. 6. Tailored waist. 7. Dress, (a) school or work; (b) lingerie. 6. BABY SECTION. 1. Baby dress. 2. Sacque. 3. Cap. 7. BAGS. 1. Laundry. 2. Handbag. 8. RUGS AND QUILTS. 1. Hand made rug. 2. Patch work quilt. COOKING 1. BREAD AND OAKES. 1. Loaf of wheat bread. 2. Loaf of corn bread. 3. 1 dozen cream puffs. 4. 1 dozen doughnuts. 5. 1 dozen cookies. 6. Gingercake. 7. Loaf cake. 8. Layer cake. 9.. Pie, (a) fruit; (b) custard., 2. OllCANNED PRODUCTS. 1. Pickled cucumbers. 2. Pickled onions. 3. Chow chow. 4. Tomato catsup. 5. Chili sauce. 6. Pear pickle. 7. Tomato pickle. 8. Strawberry preserves. 9. Blackberry preserves. 10. Plum preserves. 11. Peach preserves. 12. Fig preserves. 13:. Watermelon preserves. 14. Apple butter. 13. Blackberry jelly. Iti. Plum jelly. 17. Mayhaw jelly. 18. Apple jelly. 19. Grape jelly. 20. Canned apples. 21. Canned peaches. 22. Canned pears. 23. Canned tomatoes. ' " 24. Canned beans. I ~T 25. Canned beets. 26. Canned okra. 3. CANDIES. 1. Best box home made candy. SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 1. Buttonholes, six. ' 2. Hemmed napkins. 3. Darned stocking. 4. Patch. S5. Set of underwear. 6. School dress. 7. OAngerie waist. 8. Cook apron. 0001E[!. : L Doughnuts. . Bread, 1 lost. nA ettes, (a) salmon; (b) riee. ' powder biscuit. (a) eueumber; (b) pear. Couldn't Raise His Right Arm to Head Rhamatis Disappears After Taking Tanlac and He's Now in Fine Shape "When I began taking Tanlac, I had rheumatism in my arm and shoulder so bad I couldn't raise my right arm to my head, but now I can do as much work as any man in my shop," said S.W. McCallum, the popular proprietor of the "Shoe Hospital" in the Orndorff Hotel block, 308 Mesa avenue, El Paso, Texas, recently. "You can certainly class me among your many Tanlac boosters, for it sure did fix me up alright. It requires a good, strong arm to keep up my line of business and unless a man is left handed he has to use his right arm more than most men do in their work, and right there was the seat of my trouble. For 3 years I had been bothered with rheumatism in my right arm and shoulder and sometimes the muscles in my neck and arm would be so sore and stiff I could hardly do work. Besides this I was very nervous most of the time, and could hardly sleep. I lost my appetite and in a short time I was in a mighty run-down condition. I read so much about Tanlac in the El Paso papers, I decided to get a bottle and give it a trial, and after taking it about ten days, I noticed a decided improvement in my condition, but I could still feel a pain every now and then shooting up my arm so I kept on taking it. I am on my seventh bottle now and just feel fine and don't know what it is to have a pain in my neck or arm anymore. My appetite is great and I sleep well all night long and I can get up in the morning and go to my shop and do as much work as I could ever do, before. You see that big pile of leather up there? Well, it took some pretty tall reaching to put that up, and I did it all with my right arm. That is the best evidence that I can give you of what Tanlac has done for me, and it shows plainly what a great medicine it really is. Tanlac is sold in Colfax, exclusively by Dixie Pharmacy, in Selma by Selma Drug Co., in Pollock by Pollock Drug Co., and in Packton by E. M. Melton and Sons. -Advt. WANTED - To establish agency at once for DELCO-LIGHT PRODUCTS and ACCESSORIES for Grant, Winn, LaSalle and Catahoula parish. This is the simplest to operate, and most economical home electric lighting system on the market. This line can be handled in connection with an automobile agency. A good contract to right parties. Don't answer unless you mean business. L. S. Melton, Dealer, 919 8th Street, Alexandria, La. au4-St Any Doctor will tell you a fellow's constitution won't last forever - and in these strenuous times needs a good overhauling occasionally. Mineral Wells, Texas, offers EXCURSION RATES DAILY. Two or three weeks there will make you look and feel like new. Better go while the going is over. V. P. & P. -v. DALt., A9 L'A9 How's This? We offer One Hundred Dollars Reward for any case of Catarrh that cannot be cured by Hall's Catarrh Cure. F. J. CHENEY & CO., Toledo O. We, the undersigned, have known F. J. Cheney for the last 15 years, and believe him perfectly honorable in all business transactions and financially able to carry out any obligations made by his firm. NATIONAL BANK OF COMMERCIAL Toledo, O. Hall's Catarrh Cure is taken internally, acting directly upon the blood and mucous surfaces of the system. Testimonials sent free. Price 75 cents per bottle. Sold by all Druggists. Gists. Take Hall's Family Pills for coughs at once. Town Tax Sales IMMOVABLE PROPERTY Town of Colfax vs. Delinquent Tax Debtors, Parish of Grant, Louisiana TAX COLLECTOR'S OFFICE Town of Colfax, La., July 24, 1917. By virtue of the authority vested in me by the constitution and laws of the State of Louisiana, I will sell at the principal front door of the courthouse in which the civil district court of Grant parish is held, within the legal hours for judicial sales, beginning at 11 o'clock a.m. on Saturday, Sept. 1, 1917, and continuing on each succeeding day until said sales are completed, all immovable property on which taxes are now due to the Town of Colfax, Louisiana, to enforce collection of taxes assessed for the year 1916, together with interest thereon from the 31st day of December, 1916, at the rate of 10 percent per annum until paid, and all costs. The names of said delinquent taxpayers, the amount of taxes due by each on the assessment of said year, and the immovable property assessed to each, to be offered for sale, is as follows: Boyd, W C-lot 19 block 2 in East Colfax, lot 12 block 2 Teal's Woodland addition to Colfax, lot 4 Jonesville addition to Colfax, 1915 taxes $7.36, interest and cost $1.15, 1916 taxes $7.36, interest and cost 91c, advertising $300. Total $19.78. Boyd, Nep-Lots 14 and 16 block 1 Teal's Woodland addition to Colfax, 1916 taxes $2.00, interest and cost 60c, 1916 taxes $2.00, interest and cost 48, advertising $8.00. Total $8.04. Dwellingham, Amos-Lots 84 and 85 Teal's Woodland addition to Taxes 80c, interest and cost 40c, advertising 88. Total $4.20. Jackson, John E-Lot 5 block 2 of Teal's Woodland addition to Colfax. Taxes $1.00, interest and cost 41c, advertising $3. Total $6.00. Jones, Charlotte-East half lot 13 block 1 East Colfax. 1915 taxes 24c. Last text and cost 87c, 1916 taxes 24c, interest and cost 36c, advertising $.00. Total $4.21. Luther, E W-Lots 27 and 8 block 88 Acme addition to Colfax. Taxes $2.00, interest and cost 43c, advertising $3.00. Total $.48. Murphy, Jim-East qr of a 3rd block 2 East Colfax, a certain piece of land commencing at se cor block 1 LeSage addition to Colfax, running n 182 ft, s 100 ft, e 132, thence to place of beginning, e qr of w qr of a third of lot 2 of Mast Colfax. Taxes $7.26, interest and cost 98c, advertising $8. Total $11.19. Nash, Pompey-Lot 25 block 2 Teal's Woodland addition to Colfax. Taxes $1.00, interest and cost 41c, advertising $3 Total $4.91. Nelson, Elizabeth-Lot 16 block 2 of Teal's Woodland addition to Colfax. 1916 taxes $1.60, interest and cost 51c. 1916 taxes $1.60, interest and cost 48c, advertising $8.00. Total $7.14. Nelson, Guymore-Lots 1, 2 and 8 of LeSage addition to Colfax. Taxes $8.26, interest and cost 48c, advertising $8.00. Total $6.74. Thomas, C H-Block 3 Joneville addition to Colfax. Taxes $2.08, interest and cost 43c, adv $8. Total $.51. Vaughn, Hulda- Lot 8 block 1 Teal's Woodland addition to Colfax. Taxes $2.40, interest and cost $46c, advertising $3.00. Total $6.86. Watkins, Peter-Lot 9 of block 8 LeSage addition to Colfax. Taxes $1.00, interest and cost $42c, advertising $08. Total $5.08. Leindecker, CE estate-Lots 11 and 12 block 88 Aeme addition to Colfax. Taxes $4.00, interest and cost $51c, advertising $3.00. Total $7.61. On said day of sale, I will sell such portions of said property as each debt or will point out, and in case the debt will not point out sufficient property, I will at once and without further delay, sell the least quantity of said property of any debtor which any debtor will buy for the amount of the taxes, interest and costs due by said debtor. The sale will be without appraisement for cash in legal tender money of the United States, and the property sold shall be redeemable at any time for the space of one year, by paying the price given, including all costs and twenty (20) percent thereon. J. D. GIVENS, Marshal and Tax Collector, Town of Colfax, La. Notice to Mortgage Creditors. State of Louisiana, Parish of Grant, Marshal and Tax Collector's Office, Colfax, Ill., July 24, 1917. In conformity with section 68, Act 85, of 1888, notice is hereby given to all parties holding mortgages on real estate in the Town of Colfax, on which taxes for the year 1916 have not been paid, I will begin the sale of same at the courthouse in Colfax, La., on Saturday, Sept. 1, A. D. 1917, and that a number of pieces so delinquent are now being advertised in the public tax list. The attention of the mortgaged property is especially called to the following: Taxes for the year 1916 will be paid at the courthouse in Colfax, La., on Saturday, Sept. 1, A. D. 1917. warned to take such steps prior to the sale, may be necessary to protect their right. J. D. GIVEN-DRAWS, Marshal and Tax Commissioner, Tows CL. When you have backache, the liver or kidney are sure to be out of gear. Try Sanol, it does wonders for the liver, kidneys and bladder. A trial of 86c bottle will convince you. Get it at the drug store. John A. Williams LAWYER Will practice in all the Courts. COLFAX............... LOUISIANA J. B. Roberts Attorney and Counselor AL- Law. Will practice in State and United States Courts. NOTARY IN OFFICE COLFAX - - LOUISIANA Sum's un SOULE COMEDY On the same line as the Southern Pacific, the Southern Pacific, and the Southern Pacific. The Popular Route Louisiana & Florida R. Co. Affords Fast Daily Freight and Passenger Service Between HOPE, STAMPS, ARK., SHREVEPORT, SIB. LEY, WINNFIELD, ALEXANDRIA and VIDALIA, LA., and NATCHEZ, MISS. The Best Route Between Louisiana Points as Well as Points Beyond in Texas, Arkansas, Oklahoma and Mississippi. Write Nearest Representative or the Undemanded-for Way From Our Solid St. Louis Passengers Folly Adds Safety to Yield. When You Route Your Shipments via L & A. W. The Rates Given Attention and Harled Through C. F. SCHMIDT & S. ATRINSON A. G. F. & P. A. Trae Manager Texarkana, Ark. Texarkana, Ark. NOTICE Change in Schedule, Effective August 5 Edenborn Line Louisiana Ry. & Navigation Co. No. 8 No. 1 No. e. 4 - 70m. e am...:.. 0 pm Lv......... port......... s :m0 m...... SiP 1102 am...... 92:5 pm ar........... Colfax........l.... 80 am...... 4 p 1206 pm:..... 1028 pm ar......... p a Ale ndria.........Iv T:19 u...... p : 62S pm...... 4:47 am ar.... Ba ou........al 844 pg......18* Pt 80 pm...... 8065 am ar...... New Orleans...:..iv p...... Tdli " (Terminal Station) For information, please refer to "p6 5 J.. Agent, Cubi, or address E. O. D. MARSHALL..: Ree rQ all gsa arm I. L. Every one from Coa vity who brings this statement and has as as a $10.0 of Domestic will refund rates are now ways. MODERN.. DENTISTRY OF. AIt a POSITIVE GUARANTEE: tractically responsible persons: Pure bred Du Ji7~ "U' 4 Two Der Pisem rsmas S" I have them, Sfeawr s eo as in the town of Dry I rasP friIe, They are located in Main both have all necessary a r Priced both or L. to jy24 The orders for the sale of 400 acres of land for sale, as per the plans and specifications, are available. Two 40-acre tracts, with a hill land with a timber cut of one forty-two feet, showing a good land. Half interest, one acre in body, hill land with a timber cut of one forty-two feet, and some mixed timber, some of it good land. This will be sold at bargain. | 39,796 |
sn88076421_1916-07-20_1_1_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | None | None | English | Spoken | 4,613 | 5,991 | This Issue 20 Pages McCoy Leases Anderson Block New Furniture Store Will Occupy the Entire Main Floor and Basement of Five Story Building. Paul V. McCoy, president of the McCoy Furniture Co., the new $50,000 corporation which will soon be in readiness for business, has just closed a lease for the main floor and basement of Frank Anderson's block, now under construction, just opposite the Federal building. The furniture store will occupy the entire main floor of the building, which is 60 feet wide running back the entire length of the lot. The building is now up to the second story and will be rushed to completion. Mr. McCoy left Saturday for Chicago to join the manager of the store, I. C. Cooksey, with whom he will spend several days buying the complete new stock of furniture and furnishings for the store. They intend to visit Grand Rapids, Mich. The store will be opened on or before Sept. 1. WAR IS MURDER New York Sun: To Professor Lyon Phelps of Yale university belongs the honor of giving the doctrine of peace at any price its best because briefest est expression. The professor compressed mountains of pacifist oratory into this tabloid form of courage and wisdom in equal parts: "World peace is to be obtained only through the ignominy, for its sake, of a martyred nation. I hope our nation will be that one. Patriotism is an illusion. To spill blood on the flag degrades it more than to spit on it. War is murder If we take up arms, we should give up religion. War will go the way of dueling, not because it is brutal, but because it is silly. It is an anarchism, a reversion to barbarism. Whatever the pacifists are, they are not cowards." GEORGE S. LOFTUS EQUITY LEADER DIES AT ST. PAUL Passed Away Sunday Night at home of Sister in St. Paul After Year's Illness from Cancer of Bowels George S. Loftus, sales manager of the Equity Co-operative Exchange, died Sunday night at 8:50 o'clock at the home of his sister in St. Paul, after an illness of almost a year. The death of Mr. Loftus, while not unexpected, comes as a great shock to a large number of people over the state of North Dakota, especially so to the members of the Equity, whose battles Mr. Loftus had been fighting since he became connected with the organization. A telegram received at Equity headquarters stated that Mr. Loftus suffered terribly toward the last, his ailment being one that caused great suffering all during his illness. His death was due to cancer of the bowels. Mr. Loftus was 43 or 44 years of age. He leaves a wife, three daughters and one son, in the immediate family, all of whom were with him at the time of his death. The deceased was born in Wisconsin. For a number of years he was connected with one of the leading western railroads and was considered one of the greatest rate experts of the northwest. After leaving the railroad business Mr. Loftus entered the commission business, being an active member of the firm of Loftus-Hubbard Co. In July, 1912, he became sales manager of the Equity, and after His connection with that organization traveled considerably through the state of North Dakota, where he became known to practically every farmer of the commonwealth. Mr. Loftus was taken ill at Minot Aug. 5, 1915. He had spoken at a big Equity meeting at New Rockford the day before and had just arrived in Minot when he became quite ill. He was eating lunch with the writer when he complained of feeling very ill and left to consult a physician. He went to Florida for his health, spending all of last winter there. There were times during his illness when he was not expected to recover, but his remarkable constitution pulled him through each occasion. Of late, he has been receiving treatment from a specialist in New York city. The funeral was held Wednesday afternoon at 2 o'clock, a large number of friends from over the northwest attending the sad rites. Mr. Loftus was born in De Soto, Wis., Aug. 26, 1873, and came with his parents to Minneapolis in 1882. During his first year in Minneapolis he worked as a newsboy, but at 10 years of age he got a place as messenger for the freight department of the Minneapolis & St. Louis. He was chief clerk in the department at 20. Later he went to the St. Paul and Duluth as assistant general freight agent. When that road was absorbed into the Northern Pacific system Mr. Loftus was 27 years old. He decided to go into business, and became associated with Vol. 15: No. 14, Minot, Ward County, North Dakota. F. Hubbard, former governor of Minnesota, in the Loftus-Hubbard company, dealing in grain and hay. The company first operated in St. Paul, but later moved its offices to Minneapolis. Mr. Loftus soon came in conflict with the railroad companies on rate matters. He first attacked some of the roads for rebating practices, securing the conviction of three roads for violating the federal law. He took up the question of "reciprocal demurrage" and got laws enacted by Minnesota and several other states, requiring railroad companies to pay shippers for delays in furnishing cars but these laws were declared invalid by the courts. Fights Sleeping Car Rates Better success attended Mr. Loftus' tilt with the sleeping car companies. He filed a complaint with the interstate commerce commission attacking the prevailing rates for berths as excessive. This finally resulted in an order applying the country over, making upper berths 20 percent cheaper than "lowers." Mr. Loftus was active in the campaign for lower freight and passenger rates in Minnesota, which resulted in the rate laws of 1907, later upheld by the supreme court of the United States. He became interested in politics and came into contact with R. M. LaFollette, then governor and now senator from Wisconsin. They became warm personal friends, and in the campaigns of 1908 and 1912 Mr. Loftus worked hard for LaFollette's nomination as president. He served for years as president of the Progressive Republican League of Minnesota. Mr. Loftus backed Senator B. E. Sundberg of Kennedy, Minn., in his famous complaint against excessive express rates, which resulted in sweeping rate reductions some time before the parcel post legislation was enacted. Opposes Chamber of Commerce The latter years of Mr. Loftus' administration. Active work were devoted to work as manager for the Equity Co-operative exchange. The funeral was held from the Gethsemane Episcopal church in Minneapolis, and interment took place at Lakewood cemetery in Minneapolis. Pall-bearers were J. C. Leum of Mayville, Louis Noltmeier, Valley City F. B. Wood, Deering; Magnus Johnson, Kimball, Minn. Benjamin Drake, Minneapolis, and James Manahan, St. Paul. JAIL CHARGE CUTS THROAT Resident of Ray Suicides in Williston With "Razor Given Him to Shave With." Williston, N. D., July 19.—James Wheeler, who was confined in the county jail at this place on a charge of blind pigging, and who was a resident of Ray, committed suicide in the jail by nearly severing his head from his body with a razor. He had been given a razor several times with which to shave himself, and no one thought of him having suicidal ideas. After shaving he handed the razor back to the attendant, but asked for it again, as he had not gotten a good shave. When he received the razor the second time he immediately slashed his throat, dying almost immediately. FOXHOLM FARMER DROWNED IN THE MOUSE Albert Olson, Aged 38 Years, Met Death While Bathing Sunday Evening. Albert Olson, aged 38 years, one of the old settlers up Mouse river northeast of Foxholm, met death from drowning in Mouse river while bathing Sunday evening. The body was not recovered until Monday afternoon. The funeral was held Tuesday, interment being made in the Vagen cemetery near the old Questad post office. . Olson and his wife's brother, Sam Vaagen, had gone to the river to bathe. Olson, who was a good swimmer, started to swim across the river, which is quite wide at this point, when he sank beneath the alkaline surface of the stream. It is believed that he had heart failure or was taken with cramps. Mr. Olson had lived in that vicinity for the past fourteen years. He leaves a wife and four children who have the sympathy of a host of friends. RAISING ASSESSMENTS IN ALL TOWNSHIPS The county commissioners sitting as a board of equalization will complete their work this week. They are raising the assessments in all townships on farm lands an average of about 20 percent, and are also raising the personal taxes to meet the requirements of the state board of equalization. All assessment books are now in. Old Degenerate Guilty of Attacking Babe. James Connor, the old degenerate who attacked the little four-year-old Britton girl in a Soo box car recently, was tried in district court this week. After the state had introduced its revolting testimony, Connor changed his plea to guilty of an attempt to commit rape. The old man is 60 years old and instead of being sent to the penitentiary, he should spend the remainder of his worthless days in an insane asylum. Auslander Injured When Car Upsets Henry Auslander was quite badly injured Monday evening in an auto accident on the way to his farm south of the city. He was running along at a rapid speed when his car went off a grade. He was pinned under. The car and his arm and shoulder were painfully injured. The machine was badly wrecked. THE WARD COUNTY INDEPENDENT WILL DEDICATE LARGE MEMORIAL ORGAN Beautiful Instrument Presented by E. Ellison and Family to First Lutheran Church Is Installed The work of installing the large, beautifully toned instrument was completed Wednesday. The organ was manufactured by the Hinner Organ Co., of Pekin, Ill., and contains over 800 pipes. Experts who have played it state that no better organ is manufactured. Rev. Sigurd Visaker, Ph. D., professor at the Decorah, Iowa, Lutheran college, will deliver the dedicatory address in the Norwegian language Sunday morning. He is a brother of the late Mrs. Larsen, wife of Rev. Larsen, for many years pastor of the First Lutheran church. He spent considerable time in Minot, having charge of the church for a time while Mr. and Mrs. Larsen were in the west and was a close personal friend of the popular young men in whose memory the organ is erected. Rev. T. F. Gullison, the popular pastor of the church, will direct the choir of thirty voices at the morning services and also in the concerts Sunday and Monday evening. Wilhelm Ellison was born June 7, 1894, and died at Decorah, Iowa, while at school, Oct. 7, 1912. Dr. Edward O. Ellison was born July 11, 1889 and died in this city Aug. 13, 1915, being the victim of drowning. Both of these young men were most popular in the city. They had taken great interest in church work and had often Expressing the wish that a pipe organ might someday be installed. Two organ recitals will be given, one Sunday evening and the other on Monday evening, by Prof. Carl Ruprecht, a musician of note, who has appeared at the Chicago Auditorium and other well-known places. He is on his way to Glacier park for an outing. THE INDEPENDENT HAS THE LARGEST CIRCULATION OF ANY WEEKLY PAPER IN THE STATE The beautiful memorial pipe organ presented to the First Lutheran church by Mr. E. Elision and family in memory of their deceased sons, Wilhelm and Edward O., will be dedicated next Sunday morning. FIRST LUTHERAN CHURCH The program for Monday evening will include: Concert Overture—A. Hollins. Toccata in C—J. S. Bach. Andante Cantabile from Fourth Symphony—C. M. Widor. Caprice in Flat—A. Guilmant. Vocal Solo, "Come Unto Me"—Miss Ruth Ellison. Sonata No. 6.—F. Mendelssohn. Variations de Concert—J. Bonnet. 126th Psalm, Wennerberg—By Miss Martha Reishus and Chorus. Psalm 94—J. Reubke. Meditation—Morandi. Bell Rondo—Morandi. Vocal Solo, "O Divine Redeemer"—Miss Olia Stromrud. Marche Funebre et Chant Seraphique—A Guilmant. The Holy Night—D. Buck. Pomp and Circumstances—E. Elgar. At Monday's recital there will be three numbers by Mr. Rupprecht, several by the chorus and vocal solos will be rendered by Miss Sigrid Reishus and Miss Nora Fauchald, the latter just back from Brooklyn, where she has received musical training. ORPET ACQUITTED OF MURDERING LAMBERT GIRL Wm. Orpet, the Madison, Wis., university student, charged with the murder of his former sweetheart, Marian Lambert, was found not guilty after the jury had been out five hours. On the first ballot, the vote stood 11 to 1 for acquittal. Detectives Dismissed Stocking and McGillcuddy, the G. N. detectives who were arrested on a charge of shooting at Joe Romatka and wife, were released by Judge Lynch at their hearing Wednesday. The men had been hasty in shooting at the machinist and his wife, but they were not guilty of any intent at wrong. Thursday, July TO BE ERECTED of Auto Co. Have Plans for New $85,000 Building, 100 Foot Front Two Acre Floor Space Plans have been drawn by Architect Frost for a new five story fireproof building for the Minot Auto Co. with a 100-foot front at an approximate cost of $85,000, the erection of which will be under way within the next two weeks and will be pushed to completion at the earliest possible date. This new building will be erected north of the present quarters of the Minot Auto company and will give them 225 feet frontage and a floor space of nearly two acres. Their new quarters will be in an ideal location, a wholesale standpoint, as the Soo Line already has a side track along one side of the building. It is also splendidly located from a retail standpoint on account of being located at the head of the viaduct. One of the busiest corners in Minot. The Minot Auto company has found it necessary to erect this new building on account of the wonderful growth of its Overland business during the past three years. They now have one of the largest distributing contracts under the Overland factory, having sold over 2,500 Overland automobiles during the past twelve months. This building will be equipped with an elevator, will be practically all class on three sides, and when finished it will, together with their present quarters, which will still be used, provide the Minot Auto company with the most complete and up-to-date automobiles establishment in the middle west. The entire ground floor will be used for show room, offices, and stock room. The show room will occupy a space approximately 50x100 feet. It will be equipped with tile floors. Plate glass windows will be used along the entire north side facing the viaduct leading to the Great Northern passenger depot and plate glass windows will stop Second street. It is the Minot company's intention to have a show room that will rival in beauty and convenience any display room of its kind in this part of the country—a display room that will be sufficiently large and attractive to properly display all the new Overland models. The entrance to the offices will also front on Second Street and they will be spacious and fully in keeping with the size and progressiveness of the Minot Auto company. A large portion of the ground floor will be used for stock room, in which will be carried a large stock of parts for all Overland and Willys-Knight models. It is the aim of the Minot Auto company to be able to supply all Overland cars in their territory with any repair parts that ever may be needed, promptly. They deem it one of the most important features of the automobile business to be equipped so that they can give immediate service to owners of Overland cars. All the partitions will be removed from the present garage floor. This will give them 100 square feet space for transient storage. It is their intention also to use one entire floor of their new building for transient storage. This will provide facilities for storing at least 200 cars. In this department will be carried a complete line of automobile supplies for the convenience of motorists. Another entire floor of the new building will be given over to the use of the repair department and will be completely fitted with all modern equipment. It is the intention of the management to secure a corps of expert mechanics, who are specialists in their respective branches of automobile repair work. On the top floor two wash racks will be placed in charge of competent men. These will be fitted so that warm water will be provided, which has been found to give much better results for washing cars. This feature of the Minot Auto company's service will fill a long felt want in Minot, as it has hitherto been practically impossible for an owner to have his car washed without a great deal of delay. The paint shop will also be located on the top floor and will be fitted with a dust-proof drying room and will be in charge of an experienced and competent painter. This will afford an opportunity for car owners in Minot to have their machines refinished and made as attractive in appearance as they were when first turned out from the factory. This feature will be very much appreciated by car owners of Minot, as heretofore it has not been possible to have refinishing done in a thoroughly satisfactory manner. When the Minot Auto company is established in their new quarters they estimate that they will employ between seventy-five and a hundred people and as practically all branches of the automobile business require experienced help or in other words, high-salaried people, they estimate that their annual payroll will run very close to $100,000 per year. This will without doubt greatly exceed the Day roll of any other private undertaking in the City of Minot. As every dollar of this money is being spent among Minot business firms, this should entitle the Minot Auto company to the most hearty support of Minot business interests. 20, 1916. Subscription $1.50 Per Annum Thos. Waddick Joins the Benedicts Tom Waddick, manager of Myers & Co., grain commission brokers of this city, stole a march on the knowing ones by slipping away quietly about ten days ago, returning Wednesday evening with his bride, formerly Miss Helga Holt of Fargo. The happy couple journeyed to Hudson, Wis., where they were quietly married last Saturday. Hudson was the scene of their courtship when they were children at school and naturally its romantic associations held many memories that were dear to them, consequently it was selected as the place to plight their vows. On account of a press of work at this time it was not convenient for them to take an extended wedding trip but later they plan a delightful trip west, intending to spend a few months on the coast and possibly a trip to Honolulu. The Independent extends heartiest congratulations and best wishes to Mr. and Mrs. Waddick. SCARCITY OF FIRST CLASS WORKMEN So Many Buildings Under Construction That Labor is Scarce—Many Fine Buildings Planned. Architect Woodruff informs the Independent that building operations are being hampered greatly by a shortage of skilled workmen. In spite of the fact that they are paying first-class bricklayers 85 cents an hour and 65 cents for first-class carpenters at the present time, contractors of this city are bending every energy to secure a sufficient supply of workmen. The plans are now in readiness for the new A. Baker block which will be erected on East Central avenue. This building will be 40 by 70 feet in size, with Two stories and full basement. Fronting on Central avenue and Third street, on Third street will be one store and on Central avenue there will be two. The upper floor will be occupied by apartments. This building will add quite materially to the general appearance of this section of the city. Other buildings for which plans have been drawn are the Shaw-Brunner block on First street S.E., which will be 140 by 37 1-2 feet and two stories in height—the front portion will be three stories. A full basement will afford the Emerson-Todd Auto Co every facility for storage purposes. The first floor will be occupied by them as a salesroom and for office quarters. Work is progressing nicely on the extension of the Minot Transfer Co.'s block adjoining the Shaw-Brunner block and it is expected that the building will be ready for occupancy by August 1. The big McCoy block on S. Main street will be started within a few days. This block will have a frontage of 50 feet and a depth of 134 feet. It will be three stories with full basement. Mrs. M. E. Dwire has had plans drawn for a fine building which she will erect at the corner of S. Main and Third avenue. This building will be two stories and basement, but the plans call for walls capable of supporting two additional floors, which will be added later. The first floor will contain stores while the upper floors will be fitted up as apartments. CARNIVAL MAN WAS ARRESTED AT CARPIO E. T. Baird Pays Fine of $10 and Costs for Operating Skin Games in Connection With His Shows. E. T. Baird, who had charge of a carnival show which appeared at Carlton Tuesday, was arrested and brought to Minot that afternoon by Deputy Sheriffs Vandenoever and Shirley, charged with operating several gambling devices. The gambling paraphernalia was confiscated. Baird pleaded guilty before Judge Murray, who gave him a fine of $10 with $24 costs. The complaint was made by Rev. C. W. Finwall, who is working with Watkins. Baird's devices were very crude. There were posts and rings, so many throws for a dime. The sheriff says he could not drive one of those rings over the post with a sledgehammer. Negro Pleads Guilty to Assault. James Butler, colored, who in a jealous fit cut the throat of his sweetheart, Marie Richardson, at a Fourth of July picnic, pleaded guilty to assault with a dangerous weapon with intent to do great bodily harm. The woman has about recovered. COST OF PRINT MAKES REMARKABLE LEAP PRICE MORE THAN DOUBLES DURING FOUR MONTHS Print paper has just taken another tremendous leap. The Independent has just placed an order for a car-load of print at the remarkably high price of $5.50 per hundred weight, which with freight added will make this print cost us $6.00 per hundred. We were fortunate to get the acceptance of this order under any circumstances, for we are large users of print and we are determined to keep in the game regardless of cost. The car of print which we have just ordered will cost us fully $1,000 more than the last car which we received. We use nearly three carloads of print paper each year, more than any other exclusive weekly newspaper in North Dakota. At this rate, our print will cost us approximately $3,000 more per year, in addition to a great increase in the cost of ink, and other printing materials. The Independent has been compelled to increase its subscription price from $1.00 per year to $1.50—not much of an increase, but enough to enable us to keep running. Were we not to do this, it would be impossible to continue the publication, for we should do so at a great loss. With the new price in effect, we will be enabled to keep on giving our readers the best weekly newspaper in northwestern North Dakota, which we propose to do. This increase is but very slight, an average of only a penny a week, but we believe that our readers will agree with us that it is quite necessary. All who are paid in advance, naturally, will not be effected by this increase until the expiration, but from this date on, the subscription price of the Independent will be $1.50 per year. All who are in arrears will be charged up to the present time at the old rate, $1.00 per year, but the price in advance of this date is $1.50. Canadian subscriptions received at the rate of $2.00 per annum. BOARD OF SCHOOL MAKES $1,000,000 L. J. Palda, New Chairman of Board— T. F. Ienwald and Mrs. Youmans Library Board. The annual meeting of the board of education of the Minot Special school district was held Tuesday evening. The reports of the secretary and treasurer were accepted. L. J. Palda was elected chairman of the board for the ensuing year. L. J. Byerly was elected secretary and Soren O. Hagen, treasurer. Mrs. T. N. Yeomans and T. F. Renwald are the new members of the public library board. The board of education levied $113,000 for school purposes and named the Second National bank as depositary for the ensuing year. NEWCOMER ATTEMPTS SUICIDE S. Korden of Minneapolis Drank Four Ounces of Lysol But Lives to Tell the Tale—Trouble Over Ring S. Korden, a recent arrival in Minot, attempted to commit suicide at 11:30 o'clock Monday morning at his home just west of the Home hotel. He wrote a lengthy note to his wife and then drank the contents of a four ounce bottle of Lysol. When a doctor arrived 30 minutes later, Korden was unconscious. He was taken to the hospital where he regained consciousness after several hours. He is recovering nicely and will probably be taken home today. He appears to be sorry for his act and it is believed that he hasn't the sand to try the feat over. Korden lives in one of the small houses in the west end of the city with a woman he claims is his wife and with his sister. It appears that he had taken possession of a diamond ring belonging to the woman he calls his sister. This caused a rumpus and he grew despondent and decided to shuffle off. The man and the women returned to their homes. Recently came to Minot from the Twin Cities. In his note, Korden said he was nothing but a criminal anyway and had nothing to live for. GREAT JULY SALE AT Complete Announcement of Big Event Made This Week—Will Attract Buvers from Long Distance. Complete announcement of the annual July Clearance Sale at the McCoy Department stores, appears in this issue. This sale will prove the greatest July event in the history of the state. The business at Minot's fast-growing store has been growing each month and the stocks are larger and better than ever. Bargains will be given in every one of the eleven departments and the sale will undoubtedly attract a great many buyers from along distance. Richardson Guilty of Pettit Larceny Wm. Richardson, charged with grand larceny, was convicted in district court Wednesday on a lesser charge, petit larceny. Richardson was charged with stealing a copper boiler from the Granite Springs Products company. He claimed he had bought the boiler from hoboes. It was shown that he had visited the company twice endeavoring to buy the old boiler, which was worth nearly $100. Received Both Nominations. Wm. Murray, candidate for county judge and R. W. Kennard for county auditor, have received their certificates of nomination on both the republican and democratic county tickets and their names will appear on both ballots at the November election. FIRST SECTION. | 36,006 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32521540 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | Kategori:Serietidningar startade 2003 | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 17 | 61 | Kategori:Serietidningar startade 2003
Wikimedia-kategori
Kategori:Serietidningar startade 2003 instans av Wikimedia-kategori
Kategori:Serietidningar startade 2003 kategorin kombinerar ämnen 2003 | 17,775 |
http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/a2fb2aa6-c85d-4223-9880-403cc5c1daa2_6938 | Eurovoc | Open Government | CC-By | 2,011 | 2011/265/EU: Neuvoston päätös, annettu 16 päivänä syyskuuta 2010 , Euroopan unionin ja sen jäsenvaltioiden sekä Korean tasavallan välisen vapaakauppasopimuksen allekirjoittamisesta Euroopan unionin puolesta ja sen väliaikaisesta soveltamisesta#Komission lausumat#Euroopan unionin ja sen jäsenvaltioiden sekä Korean tasavallan välinen vapaakauppasopimus#Pöytäkirja käsitteen ’alkuperätuotteet’ määrittelystä ja hallinnollisen yhteistyön menetelmistä#Pöytäkirja keskinäisestä hallinnollisesta avunannosta tulliasioissa#Pöytäkirja kulttuuriyhteistyöstä | None | Spanish | Spoken | 10,930 | 15,972 | Subsección CIndicaciones geográficasEn la presente subsección, indicación geográfica hace referencia a:(a)las indicaciones geográficas, denominaciones de origen, vinos de calidad producidos en una región especificada y vinos de mesa con indicación geográfica contemplados en el Reglamento (CE) no 510/2006 del Consejo, de 20 de marzo de 2006; el Reglamento (CE) no 110/2008 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 15 de enero de 2008; el Reglamento (CEE) no 1601/1991 del Consejo, de 10 de junio de 1991; el Reglamento (CE) no 1493/1999 del Consejo, de 17 de mayo de 1999; y el Reglamento (CE) no 1234/2007 del Consejo, de 22 de octubre de 2007, o en las disposiciones que sustituyan a dichos Reglamentos, y(b)las indicaciones geográficas amparadas por la Ley de control de la calidad de los productos agrícolas (Agricultural Products Quality Control Act en inglés), Ley no 9759, de 9 de junio de 2009, y la Ley de la fiscalidad de las bebidas alcohólicas (Liquor Tax Act en inglés), Ley no 8852, de 29 de febrero de 2008, de Corea. ,La protección de una indicación geográfica con arreglo a la presente subsección se aplicará sin perjuicio de las demás disposiciones del presente Acuerdo. Artículo 10. 18Reconocimiento de indicaciones geográficas de productos agrícolas y alimenticios y vinos1. Tras haber examinado la Ley de control de la calidad de los productos agrícolas (Agricultural Products Quality Control Act en inglés), así como sus normas de desarrollo, en lo que respecta al registro, el control y la protección de las indicaciones geográficas de productos agrícolas y alimenticios en Corea, la Unión Europea concluye que dicho acto legislativo cumple los elementos fijados en el apartado 6. 2. Tras haber examinado el Reglamento (CEE) no 510/2006 del Consejo, así como sus normas de desarrollo, en lo que respecta al registro, el control y la protección de las indicaciones geográficas de productos agrícolas y alimenticios en la Unión Europea, así como el Reglamento (CE) no 1234/2007 del Consejo, sobre la organización común del mercado vitivinícola, Corea concluye que dicho acto legislativo cumple los elementos fijados en el apartado 6. 3. Tras haber examinado un resumen de las especificaciones de los productos agrícolas y alimenticios correspondiente a las indicaciones geográficas de Corea enumeradas en el anexo 10-A, registradas por Corea con arreglo a la legislación contemplada en el apartado 1, la Unión Europea se compromete a proteger las indicaciones geográficas de Corea enumeradas en el anexo 10-A conforme al nivel de protección fijado en el presente capítulo. 4. Tras haber examinado un resumen de las especificaciones de los productos agrícolas y alimenticios correspondiente a las indicaciones geográficas de la Unión Europea enumeradas en el anexo 10-A, registradas por la Unión Europea con arreglo a la legislación contemplada en el apartado 2, Corea se compromete a proteger las indicaciones geográficas de la Unión Europea enumeradas en el anexo 10-A conforme al nivel de protección fijado en el presente capítulo. 5. El apartado 3 se aplicará a las indicaciones geográficas de los vinos en lo que respecta a las indicaciones geográficas añadidas con arreglo al artículo 10. 24. 6. La Unión Europea y Corea acuerdan los elementos siguientes para el registro y control de las indicaciones geográficas contempladas en los apartados 1 y 2:a)un registro que enumere las indicaciones geográficas protegidas en sus territorios respectivos;b)un proceso administrativo que permita verificar que las indicaciones geográficas que identifiquen a un producto como originario de un territorio, una región o una localidad de cualquiera de las Partes, en caso de que la calidad, reputación u otras características determinadas del producto sean imputables fundamentalmente a su origen geográfico;c)la obligación de que las denominaciones registradas correspondan a un producto o a productos específicos para los que esté prevista una especificación de producto que solo pueda modificarse mediante el correspondiente proceso administrativo;d)las disposiciones de control aplicables a la producción;e)las disposiciones jurídicas que establezcan que una denominación registrada podrá ser utilizada por cualquier agente económico que comercialice el producto agrícola o alimenticio conforme al pliego de condiciones correspondiente, yf)un procedimiento de oposición que permita tener en cuenta los intereses legítimos de los anteriores usuarios de las denominaciones, independientemente de que dichas denominaciones estén o no protegidas en forma de propiedad intelectual. Artículo 10. 19Reconocimiento de indicaciones geográficas específicas de vinosA efectos de la presente subsección, se entenderá por vinos los productos de la partida 22. 04 del SA que:a)cumplan lo dispuesto en el Reglamento (CE) no 1234/2007 del Consejo, de 22 de octubre de 2007, el Reglamento (CE) no 606/2009 de la Comisión, de 10 de julio de 2009, el Reglamento (CE) no 607/2009 de la Comisión, de 14 de julio de 2009, o la legislación que los sustituya, ob)cumplan lo dispuesto en la Ley de control de la calidad de los productos agrícolas (Ley no 9759, de 9 de junio de 2009) y la Ley de la fiscalidad de las bebidas alcohólicas (Ley no 8852, de 29 de febrero de 2008), de Corea. , vinos aromatizadosA efectos de la presente subsección, se entenderá por vinos aromatizados los productos de la partida 22. 05 del SA que:(a)cumplan lo dispuesto en el Reglamento (CEE) no 1601/1991 del Consejo, de 10 de junio de 1991, o la legislación que lo sustituya, o(b)cumplan lo dispuesto en la Ley de control de la calidad de los productos agrícolas (Ley no 9759, de 9 de junio de 2009) y la Ley de la fiscalidad de las bebidas alcohólicas (Ley no 8852, de 29 de febrero de 2008), de Corea. y bebidas espirituosasA efectos de la presente subsección, se entenderá por bebidas espirituosas los productos de la partida 22,08 del SA que:(a)cumplan lo dispuesto en el Reglamento (CE) no 110/2008 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 15 de enero de 2008, y el Reglamento (CEE) no 1014/90 de la Comisión, de 24 de abril de 1990, o la legislación que los sustituya, o(b)cumplan lo dispuesto en la Ley de control de la calidad de los productos agrícolas (Ley no 9759, de 9 de junio de 2009) y la Ley de la fiscalidad de las bebidas alcohólicas (Ley no 8852, de 29 de febrero de 2008), de Corea. 1. En Corea, las indicaciones geográficas de la Unión Europea enumeradas en el anexo 10-B estarán protegidas para los productos que utilicen dichas indicaciones geográficas con arreglo a la legislación pertinente de la Unión Europea en materia de indicaciones geográficas. 2. En la Unión Europea, las indicaciones geográficas de Corea enumeradas en el anexo 10-B estarán protegidas para los productos que utilicen dichas indicaciones geográficas con arreglo a la legislación pertinente de Corea en materia de indicaciones geográficas. Artículo 10. 20Derecho de usoLas denominaciones protegidas con arreglo a la presente subsección podrán ser utilizadas por cualquier agente económico que comercialice productos agrícolas, alimentos, vinos, vinos aromatizados o bebidas espirituosas que se ajusten al pliego de condiciones correspondiente. Artículo 10. 21Ámbito de protección1. Las indicaciones geográficas mencionadas en los artículos 10. 18 y 10. 19 estarán protegidas contra:a)la utilización de cualquier medio que, en la designación o presentación del producto, indique o sugiera que el producto de que se trate proviene de una región geográfica distinta del verdadero lugar de origen, de modo que induzca al público a error en cuanto al origen geográfico del producto;b)la utilización de una indicación geográfica que identifique un producto por un producto análogoPara todas las mercancías, el término producto análogo se interpretará conforme al artículo 23, apartado 1, del Acuerdo sobre los ADPIC, relativo a la utilización de una indicación geográfica que identifique vinos para productos de ese género que no sean originarios del lugar designado por la indicación geográfica de que se trate, o que identifique bebidas espirituosas para productos de ese género que no sean originarios del lugar designado por la indicación geográfica en cuestión. que no sea originario del lugar designado por la indicación geográfica de que se trate, incluso cuando se indique el verdadero origen del producto o se utilice la indicación geográfica traducida o transcrita o acompañada de expresiones tales como clase, tipo, estilo, imitación u otras análogas, yc)cualquier otra utilización que constituya un acto de competencia desleal, a tenor del artículo 10 bis del Convenio de París. 2. El presente Acuerdo no prejuzgará en modo alguno el derecho de cualquier persona a usar, en el curso de operaciones comerciales, su nombre o el nombre de su antecesor en la actividad comercial, excepto cuando ese nombre se use de manera que induzca a error al consumidor. 3. Si las indicaciones geográficas de las Partes son homónimas, la protección abarcará a cada una de ellas, siempre que se haya utilizado de buena fe. El Grupo de Trabajo de Indicaciones Geográficas decidirá las condiciones prácticas de utilización que permitirán diferenciar las indicaciones geográficas homónimas, teniendo en cuenta la necesidad de garantizar un trato equitativo a los productores interesados y no inducir a error a los consumidores. Cuando alguna de las indicaciones geográficas protegidas en el presente Acuerdo sea homónima de una indicación geográfica de un país tercero, cada una de las Partes decidirá las condiciones prácticas de utilización que permitirán diferenciar las indicaciones geográficas homónimas, teniendo en cuenta la necesidad de garantizar un trato equitativo a los productores interesados y no inducir a error a los consumidores. 4. Ni la Unión Europea ni Corea quedarán obligadas por ninguna disposición del presente Acuerdo a proteger una indicación geográfica que no esté protegida en su país de origen, que haya dejado de estar protegida o que haya caído en desuso en dicho país. 5. La protección de una indicación geográfica con arreglo al presente artículo de una marca que haya sido solicitada, registrada o establecida por el uso no supondrá un obstáculo para que se siga utilizando, si dicha posibilidad existe en la legislación aplicable, en el territorio de una Parte antes de la fecha de aplicación de la protección o del reconocimiento de la indicación geográfica, a condición de que no existan motivos de nulidad o revocación de la marca en la legislación de la Parte en cuestión. La fecha de solicitud de la protección o del reconocimiento de la indicación geográfica se determina de conformidad con el artículo 10. 23, apartado 2. Artículo 10. 22Aplicación efectiva de la protecciónLas Partes harán cumplir la protección prevista en los artículos 10. 18 a 10. 23 por propia iniciativa mediante la intervención apropiada de sus autoridades. También harán cumplir tal protección a petición de una parte interesada. Artículo 10. 23Relación con las marcas1. El registro de una marca que corresponda a una de las situaciones mencionadas en el artículo 10. 21, apartado 1, en relación con una indicación geográfica protegida para productos similares será rechazado o invalidado por las Partes, a condición de que se haya presentado una solicitud de registro de la marca después de la fecha de solicitud de la protección o del reconocimiento de la indicación geográfica en el territorio en cuestión. 2. A efectos del apartado 1:a)para las indicaciones geográficas contempladas en los artículos 10. 18 y 10. 19, la fecha de solicitud de la protección o del reconocimiento será la fecha de entrada en vigor del presente Acuerdo, yb)para las indicaciones geográficas contempladas en el artículo 10. 24, la fecha de la solicitud de la protección o del reconocimiento será la fecha en que una Parte reciba una solicitud de la otra Parte para proteger o reconocer una indicación geográfica. Artículo 10. 24Adición de indicaciones geográficas para su protecciónCuando una solicitud emane:a)de Corea para un producto originario que entre dentro del ámbito de aplicación de la legislación de la Unión Europea contemplada en el artículo 10. 18, apartado 2, y las notas a pie de página del artículo 10. 19, ob)de la Unión Europea para un producto originario que entre dentro del ámbito de aplicación de la legislación de Corea contemplada en el artículo 10. 18, apartado 1, y las notas a pie de página del artículo 10. 19;para añadir una denominación de origen al presente Acuerdo reconocida por cualquier Parte como indicación geográfica a tenor del artículo 22, apartado 1, del Acuerdo sobre los ADPIC a través de legislación de cualquier Parte con excepción de la mencionada en el artículo 10. 18, apartados 1, y las notas a pie de página del artículo 10. 19, las Partes acuerden examinar si la indicación geográfica puede añadirse al presente Acuerdo con arreglo a la presente subsección. 1. La Unión Europea y Corea acuerdan añadir las indicaciones geográficas que deben ser protegidas a los anexos 10-A y 10-B con arreglo al procedimiento fijado en el artículo 10. 25. 2. La Unión Europea y Corea acuerdan tratar sin demoras indebidas las solicitudes, presentadas por la otra Parte, de que se añadan en los anexos las indicaciones geográficas que deben protegerse. 3. Una denominación no podrá registrarse como indicación geográfica cuando entre en conflicto con el nombre de una obtención vegetal, incluida una variedad de uva, o una raza animal y, por dicho motivo, pueda inducir a error al consumidor por lo que se refiere al verdadero origen del producto. Artículo 10. 25Grupo de Trabajo de Indicaciones Geográficas1. El Grupo de Trabajo de Indicaciones Geográficas establecido de conformidad con el artículo 15. 3, apartado 1 (Grupos de trabajo) se reunirá, según lo mutuamente acordado o a petición de una Parte, para intensificar la cooperación entre las Partes y el diálogo en materia de indicaciones geográficas. El Grupo de Trabajo podrá hacer recomendaciones y adoptar decisiones por consenso. 2. El lugar de reunión se alternará entre las Partes. El Grupo de Trabajo se reunirá en un lugar, en una fecha y de una forma (que podrá ser por videoconferencia), determinados mutuamente por las Partes, a más tardar noventa días después de la presentación de la solicitud. 3. El Grupo de Trabajo podrá decidir:a)modificar los anexos 10-A y 10-B para añadir indicaciones geográficas individuales de la Unión Europea o de Corea que, tras haber completado el procedimiento pertinente mencionado en el artículo 10. 18, apartados 3 y 4, si procede, constituyan también, en opinión de la otra Parte, indicaciones geográficas, y serán protegidas en el territorio de esa otra Parte;b)modificarSe trata de modificar la indicación geográfica como tal, incluso la denominación y la categoría del producto. Las modificaciones de las especificaciones mencionadas en los artículos 10. 18, apartados 3 y 4, o las modificaciones de los organismos de control responsables mencionados en el artículo 10. 18, apartado 6, letra d), siguen siendo responsabilidad única de la Parte de la que proviene la indicación geográfica. Tales modificaciones pueden comunicarse con fines informativos. los anexos mencionados en la letra a) para suprimir las indicaciones geográficas individuales que dejen de protegerse en la Parte de origenLa decisión de dejar de proteger una indicación geográfica sigue siendo responsabilidad única de la Parte de la que proviene la indicación geográfica. o que, de conformidad con la legislación aplicable, ya no cumplan las condiciones para ser consideradas una indicación geográfica en la otra Parte, yc)que una referencia a un acto jurídico del presente Acuerdo debe entenderse hecha a ese acto jurídico en su versión modificada y sustituida, y vigente en una fecha concreta posterior a la entrada en vigor del presente Acuerdo. 4. El Grupo de Trabajo velará asimismo por el correcto funcionamiento de la presente subsección y podrá examinar todas las cuestiones relacionadas con su ejecución y funcionamiento. En particular, se encargará de:a)intercambiar información sobre la evolución legislativa y política en materia de indicaciones geográficas;b)intercambiar información sobre indicaciones geográficas individuales con el fin de considerar su protección de conformidad con el presente Acuerdo; ec)intercambiar información para optimizar la aplicación del presente Acuerdo. 5. El Grupo de Trabajo podrá examinar cualquier asunto de interés mutuo relacionado con las indicaciones geográficas. Artículo 10. 26Solicitudes individuales de protección de indicaciones geográficasLas disposiciones de la presente subsección se entenderán sin perjuicio del derecho de solicitar el reconocimiento y la protección de una indicación geográfica con arreglo a la legislación pertinente de la Unión Europea o de Corea. Subsección DDibujos y modelosArtículo 10. 27Protección de dibujos y modelos registrados1. La Unión Europea y Corea ofrecerán protección de los dibujos y modelos creados independientemente, que sean nuevos y que sean originales o tengan carácter individualCorea considera que un dibujo o modelo no es nuevo si un dibujo o modelo idéntico o similar se ha hecho público o se ha concebido públicamente antes de que se haya presentado la solicitud de registro del dibujo o modelo. Corea considera que un dibujo o modelo no es original si puede haber sido creado fácilmente a partir de una combinación de dibujos o modelos que se han hecho públicos o se han concebido públicamente antes de que se haya presentado la solicitud de registro del dibujo o modelo. La Unión Europea considera que un dibujo o modelo no es nuevo si un dibujo o modelo idéntico se ha hecho público antes de la fecha de presentación de un dibujo o modelo registrado o antes de la fecha de divulgación de un dibujo o modelo no registrado. La Unión Europea considera que un dibujo o modelo no tiene carácter individual si la impresión general que produce a los usuarios informados no difiere de la impresión general que produce a dichos usuarios cualquier otro dibujo o modelo hecho público. 2. Dicha protección se otorgará mediante el registro y conferirá derechos exclusivos a sus titulares de conformidad con lo dispuesto en la presente subsección. Artículo 10. 28Derechos conferidos por el registroEl propietario de un dibujo o modelo protegido tendrá derecho, como mínimo, a impedir que terceros que no tengan autorización del propietario fabriquen, ofrezcan para la venta, vendan, importen, exporten o utilicen artículos que lleven o incorporen el dibujo o modelo protegido si dichos actos se realizan con fines comerciales, perjudican indebidamente la explotación normal del dibujo o modelo o no son compatibles con los usos comerciales. Artículo 10. 29Protección otorgada a la apariencia no registradaLa Unión Europea y Corea establecerán medios jurídicos para evitar la utilización de la apariencia no registrada de un producto únicamente si la utilización impugnada resulta de copiar la apariencia no registrada de dicho productoA efectos del presente artículo, la Unión Europea y Corea consideran que los términos dibujo o modelo no registrado y apariencia no registrada tienen un significado similar. Las condiciones de protección de un dibujo o modelo no registrado o una apariencia no registrada están previstas:a)por Corea en la Ley de prevención de la competencia desleal y de secreto comercial (en inglés, Unfair Competition Prevention and Trade Secret Protection Act Prevention), Ley no 8767, de 21 de diciembre de 2007, yb)por la Unión Europea en el Reglamento (CE) no 6/2002 del Consejo, de 12 de diciembre de 2001, sobre los dibujos y modelos comunitarios, modificado en último lugar por el Reglamento (CE) no 1891/2006 del Consejo, de 18 de diciembre de 2006. Dicha utilización cubrirá al menos la presentaciónA efectos del presente artículo, la Unión Europea considera que presentación significa oferta o puesta en el mercado, y Corea considera que presentación significa cesión, leasing o exhibición para su cesión o leasing. , la importación o la exportación de mercancías. Artículo 10. 30Plazo de protección1. La duración de la protección disponible en las Partes tras el registro será de al menos quince años. 2. La duración de la protección disponible en la Unión Europea y Corea para la apariencia no registrada será de al menos tres años. Artículo 10. 31Excepciones1. La Unión Europea y Corea podrán establecer excepciones limitadas de la protección de los dibujos y modelos, a condición de que tales excepciones no contravengan de manera injustificada la explotación normal de los dibujos y modelos protegidos ni causen un perjuicio injustificado a los legítimos intereses del titular del dibujo o modelo protegido, teniendo en cuenta los intereses legítimos de terceros. 2. La protección de los dibujos y modelos no se extenderá a los dibujos y modelos dictados esencialmente por consideraciones técnicas o funcionales. 3. No podrá reconocerse un derecho sobre un dibujo o modelo a un dibujo o modelo que sea contrario al orden público o a las buenas costumbres. Artículo 10. 32Relación con los derechos de autorLos dibujos y modelos protegidos por un derecho sobre un dibujo o modelo registrado en la Unión Europea o en Corea con arreglo a la presente subsección podrán acogerse asimismo a la protección conferida por la legislación sobre derechos de autor aplicable en el territorio de las Partes a partir de la fecha en que el dibujo o modelo hubiere sido creado o fijado sobre cualquier soporteLa protección de un dibujo o modelo con arreglo a la legislación sobre derechos de autor no se concede automáticamente, sino únicamente si el dibujo o modelo cumple los requisitos para obtener la protección con arreglo a la legislación sobre derechos de autor. Subsección EPatentesArtículo 10. 33Acuerdo internacionalLas Partes harán todos los esfuerzos razonables para cumplir los artículos 1 a 16 del Tratado sobre el Derecho de Patentes (2000). Artículo 10. 34Patentes y salud pública1. Las Partes reconocen la importancia de la Declaración relativa al Acuerdo sobre los ADPIC y la Salud Pública, adoptada el 14 de noviembre de 2001 (denominada en lo sucesivo Declaración de Doha) por la Conferencia Ministerial de la OMC. Para la interpretación y aplicación de los derechos y las obligaciones con arreglo a la presente subsección, las Partes tienen derecho a basarse en la Declaración de Doha. 2. Cada Parte cumplirá y contribuirá a la aplicación de la Decisión del Consejo General de la OMC, de 30 de agosto de 2003, sobre el apartado 6 de la Declaración de Doha, así como del Protocolo por el que se enmienda el Acuerdo sobre los ADPIC, celebrado en Ginebra el 6 de diciembre de 2005. Artículo 10. 35Prórroga de la duración de los derechos conferidos por la protección de patentes1. Las Partes reconocen que los productos farmacéuticosSegún la definición del anexo 2-D (Productos Farmacéuticos y Sanitarios). y los productos fitosanitariosLos productos fitosanitarios, en la forma en que se suministran al usuario, contienen o están compuestos de sustancias activas, protectores o sinergistas, y están destinados a uno de los usos siguientes:a)proteger los vegetales o los productos vegetales de todos los organismos nocivos o evitar la acción de estos, excepto cuando dichos productos se utilicen principalmente por motivos de higiene y no para la protección de vegetales o productos vegetales;b)influir en los procesos vitales de los vegetales como, por ejemplo, las sustancias que influyen en su crecimiento, pero de forma distinta de los nutrientes;c)conservar los productos vegetales, siempre y cuando dichas sustancias o dichos productos no estén sujetos a las disposiciones particulares de la Unión Europea sobre conservantes;d)destruir vegetales o partes de vegetales no deseados, excepto las algas, a menos que los productos sean aplicados en el suelo o el agua para proteger los vegetales, oe)controlar o evitar el crecimiento no deseado de vegetales, excepto las algas, a menos que los productos sean aplicados en el suelo o el agua para proteger los vegetales. protegidos por una patente en sus respectivos territorios están sujetos a una autorización administrativa o un procedimiento de registro antes de su comercialización. 2. Las Partes establecerán, a petición del titular de la patente, la prórroga de la duración de los derechos conferidos por la protección de la patente a fin de compensar al titular de la patente por la reducción de la duración de vida efectiva de la patente como resultado de la primera autorización de comercialización del producto en sus mercados respectivos. La prórroga de la duración de los derechos conferidos por la protección de la patente no podrá exceder de cinco añosSin perjuicio de una eventual extensión para uso pediátrico, si las Partes prevén dicha posibilidad. Artículo 10. 36Protección de los datos comunicados para obtener una autorización de comercialización de productos farmacéuticosSegún la definición del anexo 2-D (Productos Farmacéuticos y Sanitarios). 1. Las Partes garantizarán la confidencialidad, la no divulgación y la no utilización de los datos comunicados para obtener la autorización de comercialización un producto farmacéutico. 2. A tal fin, las Partes garantizarán, en su legislación respectiva, que los datos contemplados en el artículo 39 del Acuerdo de los ADPIC, relativas a la seguridad y la eficacia, comunicados por primera vez por un solicitante para obtener una autorización de comercialización de un producto farmacéutico nuevo en el territorio de las Partes respectivas no se utilicen para conceder otra autorización de comercialización de un producto farmacéutico, a menos que se aporten evidencias del consentimiento explícito del titular de la autorización de comercialización para utilizar dichos datos. 3. El período de protección de la información será de al menos cinco años a partir de la fecha de obtención de la primera autorización de comercialización en el territorio de las Partes respectivas. Artículo 10. 37Protección de los datos comunicados para obtener una autorización de comercialización de productos fitosanitarios1. Las Partes fijarán los requisitos de seguridad y eficacia antes de autorizar la comercialización de productos fitosanitarios en sus respectivos mercados. 2. Las Partes garantizarán que los ensayos, los informes de estudio o la información facilitada por primera vez por un solicitante para obtener una autorización de comercialización de un producto fitosanitario no sean utilizadas por terceros o por las autoridades pertinentes en beneficio de otra persona que pretenda obtener una autorización de comercialización de un producto fitosanitario, a menos que se aporten pruebas del consentimiento explícito del primer solicitante para utilizar dichos datos. En lo sucesivo, dicha protección se denominará protección de datos. 3. El período de protección de la información será de al menos diez años a partir de la fecha de la primera autorización de comercialización en las Partes respectivas. Artículo 10. 38AplicaciónLas Partes tomarán las medidas necesarias para garantizar la plena efectividad de la protección prevista la presente subsección, y cooperarán activamente y entablarán un diálogo constructivo a este respecto. Subsección FOtras disposicionesArtículo 10. 39Obtenciones vegetalesCada una de las Partes protegerá las obtenciones vegetales y cumplirá el Convenio Internacional para la Protección de las Obtenciones Vegetales (1991). Artículo 10. 40Recursos genéticos, conocimientos tradicionales y folclore1. Sin perjuicio de lo dispuesto en su legislación, las Partes respetarán, preservarán y mantendrán los conocimientos, las innovaciones y las prácticas de las comunidades indígenas y locales que entrañen estilos tradicionales de vida pertinentes para la conservación y utilización sostenible de la diversidad biológica, promoverán una mayor aplicación con la aprobación y participación de quienes posean esos conocimientos, innovaciones y prácticas, y fomentarán que los beneficios derivados de la utilización de esos conocimientos, innovaciones y prácticas se compartan equitativamente. 2. Las Partes acuerdan intercambiar periódicamente puntos de vista e información en los debates multilaterales pertinentes:a)en la OMPI, sobre las cuestiones tratadas en el marco del Comité Intergubernamental sobre Recursos Genéticos, Conocimientos Tradicionales y Folclore;b)en la OMC, sobre las cuestiones relativas a la relación entre el Acuerdo sobre los ADPIC y el Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica (denominado en lo sucesivo CDB), y la protección de los conocimientos tradicionales y el folclore, yc)en el CDB, sobre las cuestiones relativas al régimen internacional de acceso a los recursos genéticos y de participación en los beneficios. 3. Tras la conclusión de los debates multilaterales pertinentes mencionados en el apartado 2, las Partes acuerdan, a petición de cualquiera de las Partes, reconsiderar el presente artículo en el Comité de Comercio, habida cuenta de los resultados y de las conclusiones de dichos debates multilaterales. El Comité de Comercio podrá adoptar cualquier decisión necesaria para dar efecto a los resultados de la reconsideración. SECCIÓN CAplicación efectiva de los derechos de propiedad intelectualArtículo 10. 41Obligaciones generales1. Las Partes confirman sus compromisos en virtud del Acuerdo sobre los ADPIC, en particular su parte III, y garantizarán que su legislación incluya las medidas, los procedimientos y los recursos complementarios siguientes, a fin de permitir una acción efectiva contra cualquier infracción de los derechos de propiedad intelectualSegún se define en el artículo 10. 2, apartado 2, letras a) a h). amparados por el presente Acuerdo. 2. Tales medidas, procedimientos y recursos:a)incluirán recursos expeditivos para impedir las infracciones, así como recursos que constituyan una disuasión de nuevas infracciones;b)serán justos y equitativos;c)no serán innecesariamente complejos o gravosos, ni comportarán plazos injustificables ni retrasos indebidos, yd)serán efectivos, proporcionados y disuasorios, y se aplicarán de forma que impidan la creación de obstáculos al comercio legítimo y establezcan salvaguardias contra su abuso. Artículo 10. 42Solicitantes legitimadosCada una de las Partes reconocerá como personas legitimadas para solicitar la aplicación de las medidas, los procedimientos y los recursos mencionados en la presente sección y en la parte III del Acuerdo sobre los ADPIC a:a)los titulares de derechos de propiedad intelectual, con arreglo a lo dispuesto en la legislación aplicable;b)todas las demás personas autorizadas a utilizar estos derechos, en particular los licenciatarios, en la medida en que lo permita la legislación aplicable y con arreglo a lo dispuesto en ella;c)los organismos de gestión de derechos colectivos de propiedad intelectual a los que se haya reconocido regularmente el derecho de representar a los titulares de derechos de propiedad intelectual, en la medida en que lo permita la legislación aplicable y con arreglo a lo dispuesto en ella, yd)una federación o asociación que tenga autoridad y capacidad jurídica para hacer valer tales derechos, en la medida en que lo permita la legislación aplicable y con arreglo a lo dispuesto en ella. Subsección AMedidas, procedimientos y recursos civilesArtículo 10. 43Medios de pruebaEn caso de infracción de un derecho de propiedad intelectual cometida a escala comercial, cada una de las Partes tomará las medidas necesarias para permitir a las autoridades judiciales competentes, cuando corresponda y a instancia de una parte, que se ordene la presentación de documentos bancarios, financieros o comerciales que se encuentren bajo control de la parte contraria, a condición de que se proteja la información confidencial. Artículo 10. 44Medidas provisionales de protección de pruebas1. Cada una de las Partes garantizará que, antes incluso de iniciarse un procedimiento sobre el fondo, las autoridades judiciales competentes puedan, a instancia de una de las partes que haya presentado pruebas razonables para respaldar sus alegaciones de que su derecho de propiedad intelectual ha sido o va a ser infringido, dictar medidas provisionales rápidas y eficaces para proteger las pruebas pertinentes con respecto a la supuesta infracción, a condición de que se proteja la información confidencial. 2. Cada una de las Partes garantizará que dichas medidas incluyan la descripción detallada, con o sin toma de muestras, o la incautación efectiva de los productos ilícitos y, en los casos en que proceda, de los materiales e instrumentos utilizados en la producción o distribución de dichos productos y de los documentos relacionados con las mismas. Estas medidas se tomarán, en caso de ser necesario sin que sea oída la otra parte, en particular cuando sea probable que el retraso vaya a ocasionar daños irreparables al titular del derecho o cuando exista un riesgo demostrable de que se destruyan pruebas. Artículo 10. 45Derecho de información1. Cada una de las Partes garantizará que, en el contexto de los procedimientos relativos a una infracción de un derecho de propiedad intelectual y en respuesta a una petición justificada y proporcionada del demandante, las autoridades judiciales competentes puedan ordenar al infractor, o a cualquier otra persona que sea parte en un litigio o un testigo en el mismo, que facilite datos sobre el origen y las redes de distribución de los productos o servicios que infringen un derecho de propiedad intelectual. a)En el presente apartado, se entenderá por cualquier otra persona, la persona que:i)haya sido hallada en posesión de los productos ilícitos a escala comercial,ii)haya sido hallada utilizando los servicios ilícitos a escala comercial,iii)haya sido hallada prestando a escala comercial servicios utilizados en actividades ilícitas, oiv)haya sido señalada por la persona a que se refiere la presente letra como implicada en la producción, fabricación o distribución de dichos productos o en la prestación de dichos servicios. b)La información incluirá, según proceda:i)los nombres y las direcciones de los productores, fabricantes, distribuidores, proveedores y otros poseedores anteriores de los productos o servicios, así como de los mayoristas y minoristas destinatarios, oii)información sobre las cantidades producidas, fabricadas, entregadas, recibidas o encargadas, así como sobre el precio obtenido por los productos o servicios de que se trate. 2. El presente artículo se aplicará sin perjuicio de otras disposiciones jurídicas que:a)concedan al titular el derecho a recibir información más amplia;b)regulen la utilización de los datos que se comuniquen con arreglo al presente artículo en procedimientos civiles o penales;c)regulen la responsabilidad por mala utilización del derecho de información;d)ofrezcan la posibilidad de negarse a facilitar información que obligaría a la persona a la que se refiere el apartado 1 a admitir su propia participación o la de sus parientes cercanos en una infracción de un derecho de propiedad intelectual, oe)regulen la protección de la confidencialidad de las fuentes de información o el tratamiento de los datos personales. Artículo 10. 46Medidas provisionales y cautelares1. Cada una de las Partes garantizará que, a instancias del solicitante, las autoridades judiciales puedan dictar un mandamiento cautelar destinado a impedir cualquier infracción inminente de un derecho de propiedad intelectual, a prohibir, con carácter provisional y, cuando proceda, si así lo dispone su legislación, bajo pago de multa coercitiva, la continuación de las supuestas infracciones de ese derecho, o a supeditar tal continuación a la presentación de garantías destinadas a asegurar la indemnización del titular del derecho. También podrá dictarse un mandamiento cautelar contra el intermediarioA efectos del presente apartado, el alcance de intermediario se determina en la legislación de cada Parte, pero incluye las personas que entregan o distribuyen los productos ilícitos y, en su caso, también a los proveedores de servicios en línea. cuyos servicios sean utilizados por un tercero para infringir derechos de autor, derechos afines, marcas o indicaciones geográficas. 2. También podrá dictarse un mandamiento cautelar para ordenar la incautación de productos sospechosos de infringir un derecho de propiedad intelectual, a fin de impedir su introducción o circulación en los circuitos comerciales. 3. En caso de infracciones cometidas a escala comercial, cada Parte garantizará que las autoridades judiciales puedan ordenar, si el solicitante justifica circunstancias que puedan poner en peligro el cobro de los daños y perjuicios, el embargo preventivo de los bienes muebles e inmuebles del supuesto infractor, incluido el bloqueo de sus cuentas bancarias y otros activos. Artículo 10. 47Medidas correctoras1. Sin perjuicio de cualesquiera daños y perjuicios adeudados al titular del derecho a causa de la infracción, y sin indemnización de ninguna clase, cada una de las Partes garantizará que las autoridades judiciales competentes puedan ordenar, a instancias del solicitante, la destrucción de los productos que dichas autoridades hayan constatado que infringen un derecho de propiedad intelectual o cualquier otra medida para apartar definitivamente dichos productos de los circuitos comerciales. Si procede, las autoridades judiciales competentes podrán también solicitar la destrucción de los materiales e instrumentos que hayan servido principalmente para la creación o fabricación de los productos en cuestión. 2. Las autoridades judiciales ordenarán que dichas medidas se ejecuten a expensas del infractor, salvo si se alegan razones concretas para que no sea así. 3. Al considerar una solicitud de medidas correctoras deberán tenerse en cuenta tanto la necesidad de que las medidas ordenadas sean proporcionales a la gravedad de la infracción como los intereses de terceros. Artículo 10. 48Mandamientos judiciales1. Cada una de las Partes garantizará que, cuando se haya adoptado una decisión judicial al constatar una infracción de un derecho de propiedad intelectual, las autoridades judiciales puedan dictar contra el infractor un mandamiento judicial destinado a impedir la continuación de la infracción. 2. Cuando así lo disponga la legislación, el incumplimiento de un mandamiento judicial estará sujeto, cuando proceda, al pago de una multa coercitiva destinada a asegurar su cumplimiento. Cada una de las Partes garantizará asimismo que los titulares de derechos tengan la posibilidad de solicitar que se dicte un mandamiento judicial contra los intermediariosA efectos del presente apartado, el alcance de intermediario se determina en la legislación de cada Parte, pero incluye las personas que entregan o distribuyen los productos ilícitos y, en su caso, también a los proveedores de servicios en línea. cuyos servicios sean utilizados por terceros para infringir derechos de autor, derechos afines, marcas o indicaciones geográficas. Artículo 10. 49Medidas alternativasCada una de las Partes podrá disponer que, cuando proceda y a instancias de la persona a la que se puedan aplicar las medidas establecidas en los artículos 10. 47 o 10. 48, las autoridades judiciales competentes puedan ordenar el pago de una reparación pecuniaria a la parte perjudicada, en lugar de aplicar las medidas previstas en los artículos 10. 47 o 10. 48, si dicha persona no hubiere actuado intencionada ni negligentemente, si la ejecución de dichas medidas pudiere causarle un perjuicio desproporcionado y si la parte perjudicada pudiere ser razonablemente resarcida mediante una compensación pecuniaria. Artículo 10. 50Daños y perjuicios1. Cada Parte garantizará que, cuando las autoridades judiciales fijen los daños y perjuicios:a)tengan en cuenta todos los aspectos pertinentes, como las consecuencias económicas negativas, entre ellas el lucro cesante, que haya sufrido la parte perjudicada, cualesquiera beneficios ilegítimos obtenidos por el infractor y, cuando proceda, elementos distintos de los factores económicos, como el perjuicio moral causado al titular del derecho por la infracción, ob)como alternativa a lo dispuesto en la letra a), podrán, cuando proceda, fijar los daños y perjuicios mediante una cantidad a tanto alzado sobre la base de elementos como, por lo menos, el importe de los cánones o las tasas que se le adeudarían si el infractor hubiera pedido autorización para utilizar el derecho de propiedad intelectual en cuestión. 2. En caso de que el infractor no supiera o no tuviera motivos razonables para saber que participaba en una actividad ilícita, las Partes podrán establecer que las autoridades judiciales puedan ordenar la recuperación de los beneficios o el pago de daños y perjuicios susceptibles de ser preestablecidos. 3. En los procedimientos judiciales civiles, cada una de las Partes, al menos en lo que respecta a las obras, los fonogramas y las actuaciones protegidos por derechos de autor y derechos afines, así como en los casos de falsificación de marcas, podrá establecer o mantener el resarcimiento por daños y perjuicios preestablecido, que estará disponible a elección del titular del derecho. Artículo 10. 51Costas procesalesCada una de las Partes garantizará que las costas procesales, siempre que sean razonables y proporcionadas, y demás gastos en que haya podido incurrir la parte vencedora corran, como regla general, a cargo de la parte perdedora, salvo que sea contrario a la equidad. Artículo 10. 52Publicación de las resoluciones judicialesEn los casos de infracción de derechos de propiedad intelectual, cada una de las Partes garantizará que las autoridades judiciales puedan ordenar, cuando proceda, a instancias del solicitante y a expensas del infractor, las medidas necesarias para difundir la información relativa a la resolución, incluida la divulgación de la resolución y su publicación total o parcial. Cada una de las Partes podrá establecer otras medidas de publicidad adicionales que sean adecuadas a las circunstancias de cada caso, incluidos anuncios de manera destacada. Artículo 10. 53Presunción de autoría o propiedadEn los procedimientos civiles relativos a derechos de autor o derechos afines, cada una de las Partes establecerá la presunción de que, salvo prueba en contrario, la persona o entidad cuyo nombre se indique como autor o titular del derecho afín de la obra o del trabajo de forma habitual es el titular designado del derecho de dicha obra o dicho trabajo. Subsección BSanciones penalesArtículo 10. 54Alcance de la sanción penalCada una de las Partes establecerá procedimientos y sanciones penales al menos para los casos de falsificación dolosa de marcas y de piratería lesiva del derecho de autor y derechos afinesEl término derechos afines está definido por cada Parte de conformidad con sus obligaciones internacionales. a escala comercial. Artículo 10. 55Falsificación de indicaciones geográficas y dibujos o modelosCon arreglo a su derecho constitucional o su legislación y normativa nacional, cada una de las Partes considerará la posibilidad de adoptar medidas para establecer la responsabilidad penal por la falsificación de indicaciones geográficas y dibujos o modelos. Artículo 10. 56Responsabilidad de las personas jurídicas1. Cada una de las Partes adoptará las medidas necesarias, con arreglo a sus principios jurídicos, para establecer la responsabilidad de las personas jurídicas por las infracciones contempladas en el artículo 10. 54. 2. Dicha responsabilidad se entenderá sin perjuicio de la responsabilidad penal de las personas físicas que han cometido los delitos. Artículo 10. 57ComplicidadLas disposiciones de la presente subsección se aplicarán a la complicidad en las infracciones contempladas en el artículo 10. 54. Artículo 10. 58EmbargoEn el caso de las infracciones contempladas en el artículo 10. 54, cada una de las Partes establecerá que sus autoridades competentes están autorizadas a ordenar el embargo de los productos de marca presuntamente falsificados o de los productos pirateados protegidos por derechos de autor, así como de todos los materiales e instrumentos relacionados que hayan sido utilizados principalmente para cometer la supuesta infracción, de las pruebas documentales pertinentes relativas a dicha infracción y de los activos que se hayan derivado de la actividad infractora o se hayan obtenido directa o indirectamente a través de ella. Artículo 10. 59SancionesPara las infracciones contempladas en el artículo 10. 54, cada una de las Partes establecerá sanciones que incluyan penas de prisión y/o la imposición de sanciones pecuniarias efectivas, proporcionadas y disuasorias. Artículo 10. 60Decomiso1. En el caso de las infracciones contempladas en el artículo 10. 54, cada una de las Partes establecerá que sus autoridades competentes están autorizadas a ordenar el decomiso y/o la destrucción de todos los productos de marca falsificados o de los productos pirateados protegidos por derechos de autor, así como de todos los materiales e instrumentos relacionados que hayan sido utilizados principalmente en la creación de productos de marca falsificados o productos pirateados protegidos por derechos de autor y de los activos que se hayan derivado de la actividad infractora o se hayan obtenido directa o indirectamente a través de ella. 2. Cada Parte garantizará que los productos de marca falsificados, así como los productos pirateados protegidos por derechos de autor, decomisados con arreglo al presente artículo que no hayan sido destruidos sean apartados de los canales comerciales, a condición de que dichos productos no sean peligrosos para la salud y seguridad de las personas. 3. Cada una de las Partes garantizará también que el decomiso y la destrucción previstas en el presente artículo se realizará sin indemnización de ninguna clase para el demandado. 4. Cada una de las Partes establecerá que sus autoridades judiciales estén autorizadas a ordenar el decomiso de activos cuyo valor corresponda a los activos que se hayan derivado de la actividad infractora o se hayan obtenido directa o indirectamente a través de ella. Artículo 10. 61Derechos de tercerosCada una de las Partes garantizará que se protejan y garanticen debidamente los derechos de terceros. Subsección CResponsabilidad de los proveedores de servicios en líneaArtículo 10. 62Responsabilidad de los proveedores de servicios en líneaA efectos de la función contemplada en el artículo 10. 63, por proveedor de servicios se entenderá el proveedor de servicios de transmisión, enrutamiento o conexiones para las comunicaciones digitales en línea, sin modificación de su contenido, entre puntos especificados por el usuario del material a su elección, y a efectos de las funciones contempladas en los artículos 10. 64 0. 65, por proveedor de servicios se entenderá el proveedor u operador de instalaciones de servicios en línea o de acceso a la red. Las Partes reconocen que los terceros pueden utilizar los servicios de intermediarios para llevar a cabo actividades ilícitas. Para garantizar la libre circulación de los servicios de información y, al mismo tiempo, hacer cumplir los derechos de propiedad intelectual en el entorno digital, cada Parte adoptará las medidas fijadas en los artículos 10. 63 a 10. 66 en relación con los proveedores de servicios de intermediarios si no están implicados de ningún modo en la información transmitida. Artículo 10. 63Responsabilidad de los proveedores de servicios en línea: Mera transmisión1. Las Partes garantizarán que, en el caso de un servicio de la sociedad de la información que consista en transmitir en una red de comunicaciones, datos facilitados por el destinatario del servicio o en facilitar acceso a una red de comunicaciones, no se pueda considerar al proveedor de servicios de este tipo responsable de los datos transmitidos, a condición de que el proveedor:a)no inicie la transmisión;b)no seleccione al destinatario de la transmisión, yc)no seleccione ni modifique los datos transmitidos. 2. Las actividades de transmisión y concesión de acceso enumeradas en el apartado 1 engloban el almacenamiento automático, provisional y transitorio de los datos transmitidos siempre que dicho almacenamiento sirva exclusivamente para ejecutar la transmisión en la red de comunicaciones y que su duración no supere el tiempo razonablemente necesario para dicha transmisión. 3. El presente artículo no afectará a la posibilidad de que un tribunal o una autoridad administrativa, de conformidad con los sistemas jurídicos de las Partes, exijan al proveedor de servicios que ponga fin a una infracción o la impida. Artículo 10. 64Responsabilidad de los proveedores de servicios en línea: Memoria tampón (Caching)1. Las Partes garantizarán que, cuando se preste un servicio de la sociedad de la información consistente en transmitir por una red de comunicaciones datos facilitados por el destinatario del servicio, el proveedor del servicio no pueda ser considerado responsable del almacenamiento automático, provisional y temporal de esta información, realizado con la única finalidad de hacer más eficaz la transmisión ulterior de la información a otros destinatarios del servicio, a petición de estos, a condición de que el proveedor:a)no modifique la información;b)cumpla las condiciones de acceso a la información;c)cumpla las normas relativas a la actualización de la información, especificadas de manera ampliamente reconocida y utilizada por el sector;d)no interfiera en la utilización lícita de tecnología ampliamente reconocida y utilizada por el sector, con el fin de obtener datos sobre la utilización de la información, ye)actúe con prontitud para retirar la información que haya almacenado, o hacer que el acceso a ella sea imposible, en cuanto tenga conocimiento efectivo del hecho de que la información ha sido retirada del lugar de la red en que se encontraba inicialmente, de que se ha imposibilitado el acceso a dicha información o de que un tribunal o una autoridad administrativa ha ordenado retirarla o impedir que se acceda a ella. 2. El presente artículo no afectará a la posibilidad de que un tribunal o una autoridad administrativa, de conformidad con los sistemas jurídicos de las Partes, exijan al proveedor de servicios que ponga fin a una infracción o la impida. Artículo 10. 65Responsabilidad de los proveedores de servicios en línea: Alojamiento de datos1. Las Partes garantizarán que, cuando se preste un servicio de la sociedad de la información consistente en almacenar datos facilitados por el destinatario del servicio, el proveedor de servicios no pueda ser considerado responsable de los datos almacenados a petición del destinatario, a condición de que el proveedor:a)no tenga conocimiento efectivo de que la actividad o la información es ilícita y, en lo que se refiere a una acción por daños y perjuicios, no tenga conocimiento de hechos o circunstancias por los que la actividad o la información revele su carácter ilícito, ob)en cuanto tenga conocimiento de estos puntos actúe con prontitud para retirar los datos o hacer que el acceso a ellos sea imposible. 2. El apartado 1 no se aplicará cuando el destinatario del servicio actúe bajo la autoridad o control del proveedor de servicios. 3. El presente artículo no afectará la posibilidad de que un tribunal o una autoridad administrativa, de conformidad con los sistemas jurídicos de las Partes, exijan al proveedor de servicios que ponga fin a una infracción o la impida, ni a la posibilidad de que las Partes establezcan procedimientos por los que se rija la retirada de datos o se impida el acceso a ellos. Artículo 10. 66Inexistencia de obligación general de supervisión1. Las Partes no impondrán a los proveedores de servicios una obligación general de supervisar los datos que transmitan o almacenen, ni una obligación general de realizar búsquedas activas de hechos o circunstancias que indiquen actividades ilícitas, respecto de los servicios contemplados en los artículos 10. 63 a 10. 65. 2. Las Partes podrán establecer, para los proveedores de servicios de la sociedad de la información, la obligación de informar rápidamente a las autoridades competentes de las supuestas actividades ilícitas ejercidas o de la información proporcionada por los beneficiarios de su servicio, o de comunicar a las autoridades competentes, a petición de estas, la información que permita identificar a los beneficiarios de su servicio con quienes tienen acuerdos de almacenamiento. Subsección DOtras disposicionesArtículo 10. 67Medidas fronterizas1. Salvo cuando se disponga lo contrario en la presente sección, cada Parte adoptará procedimientosQueda entendido que no habrá obligación de aplicar estos procedimientos a las importaciones de mercancías comercializadas en otro país por el titular del derecho o con su consentimiento. para que el titular de un derecho que tenga motivos válidos para sospechar que se prepara la importación, la exportación, la reexportación, el tránsito en aduana, el transbordo, la colocación en zona francaTránsito en aduana, transbordo y colocación en zona franca según lo definido en el Convenio de Kioto. , la inclusión en régimen de suspensiónPara Corea, la inclusión en un régimen de suspensión incluye la importación temporal y la fábrica-almacén. Para la Unión Europea, la inclusión en un régimen de suspensión incluye la importación temporal y las operaciones de perfeccionamiento activo o de transformación bajo control aduanero. o un depósito franco de mercancías que infringen un derecho de propiedad intelectualA efectos del presente artículo, se entiende por mercancías que vulneran un derecho de propiedad intelectual:a)mercancías falsificadas, que sean:i)mercancías, incluido el embalaje, en las que figure sin autorización una marca idéntica a la marca registrada de forma válida para los mismos tipos de mercancías, o que no pueda distinguirse en sus aspectos esenciales de esta marca y que, por tanto, vulnere los derechos del titular de la marca,ii)todo signo de marca (logotipo, etiqueta, autoadhesivo, folleto, manual de empleo o documento de garantía), incluso presentado por separado, en las mismas condiciones que las mercancías contempladas en la letra a), inciso i), oiii)los embalajes donde figuren marcas de las mercancías falsificadas, presentados por separado y en las mismas condiciones que las mercancías contempladas en la letra a), inciso i);b)los productos pirateados sean o contengas copias fabricadas sin el consentimiento del titular, o de una persona debidamente autorizada por el titular del derecho en el país de producción, de derechos de autor o derechos afines, registrado o no según la legislación de cada Parte, oc)las mercancías que, con arreglo a la legislación de la Parte donde se presente la solicitud de intervención de las autoridades aduaneras, vulneren:i)una patente,ii)una protección de las obtenciones vegetales,iii)un dibujo o modelo registrado, oiv)una indicación geográfica. pueda presentar a las autoridades competentes, administrativas o judiciales, una solicitud por escrito de que las autoridades de aduanas suspendan el despacho de esas mercancías para su libre circulación o las incauten. 2. Las Partes establecerán que, cuando las autoridades aduaneras tengan suficientes razones para sospechar, en el curso de sus operaciones y antes de que un titular de derechos haya presentado una solicitud o antes de que haya sido aprobada, que determinados productos infringen un derecho de propiedad intelectual, podrán suspender la circulación de las mercancías o retenerlas para permitir al titular del derecho que presente una solicitud de intervención con arreglo al apartado 1. 3. Todos los derechos y las obligaciones establecidos en aplicación de la sección 4 de la parte III del Acuerdo sobre los ADPIC en relación con el importador también serán aplicables al exportador o, si es necesario, al tenedorIncluida, al menos, la persona que es propietaria de las mercancías o tiene un derecho similar de disponer de ellas. de las mercancías. 4. Corea implementará plenamente la obligación que le incumbe con arreglo a los apartados 1 y 2 en lo que respecta a la letra c), incisos i) y iii), de la nota a pie de página 27 en el plazo de dos años a partir de la entrada en vigor del presente Acuerdo. Artículo 10. 68Códigos de conductaLas Partes fomentarána)la elaboración por las asociaciones u organizaciones empresariales o profesionales de códigos de conducta destinados a contribuir al respeto de los derechos de propiedad intelectual, principalmente preconizando la utilización en los discos ópticos de un código que permita identificar el origen de su fabricación, yb)la transmisión a las autoridades competentes de las Partes de los proyectos de códigos de conducta y de las posibles evaluaciones relativas a la aplicación de dichos códigos de conducta. Artículo 10. 69Cooperación1. Las Partes acuerdan cooperar para facilitar la implementación de los compromisos y las obligaciones contraídos en virtud de lo dispuesto en el presente capítulo. Los ámbitos de cooperación incluyen, pero no están limitados a, las siguientes actividades:a)el intercambio de información sobre el marco jurídico relativo a los derechos de propiedad intelectual y las normas pertinentes de protección y aplicación efectiva; el intercambio de experiencias sobre la evolución legislativa;b)el intercambio de experiencias sobre las medidas adoptadas para hacer cumplir los derechos de propiedad intelectual;c)el intercambio de experiencias sobre las actividades de aplicación efectiva, a nivel central y subcentral por parte de las aduanas, la policía, y los organismos administrativos y judiciales; la coordinación para impedir las exportaciones de productos falsificados, incluso con otros países;d)el desarrollo de capacidades, ye)el fomento y la difusión de información sobre los derechos de propiedad intelectual, en particular entre las empresas y la sociedad civil; el fomento de la sensibilización de los consumidores y de los titulares de derechos. 2. No obstante lo dispuesto en el apartado 1, y a fin de complementarlo, la Unión Europea y Corea acuerdan establecer y mantener un diálogo efectivo sobre cuestiones relativas a los derechos de propiedad intelectual a fin de tratar los temas pertinentes relativos a la protección y cumplimiento de los derechos de propiedad intelectual amparados por el presente capítulo, así como cualquier otra cuestión pertinente. CAPÍTULO ONCECOMPETENCIASECCIÓN ACompetenciaArtículo 11. 1Principios1. Las Partes reconocen la importancia de la competencia libre y sin distorsiones en sus relaciones comerciales. Las Partes se comprometen a aplicar sus respectivas legislaciones sobre competencia para evitar que los beneficios obtenidos por la liberalización del comercio de bienes y servicios y del establecimiento se vean suprimidos o eliminados por conductas empresariales contrarias a la competencia o por transacciones contrarias a la competencia. 2. Las Partes mantendrán, en sus territorios respectivos, una legislación completa sobre competencia que les permita combatir eficazmente los acuerdos restrictivos, las prácticas concertadasLa aplicación del presente artículo a las prácticas concertadas está determinado por la legislación de cada Parte en materia de competencia. y el abuso de posición dominante por parte de una o varias empresas, así como controlar eficazmente las concentraciones de empresas. 3. Las Partes están de acuerdo en que las actividades restrictivas de la competencia que se mencionan a continuación son incompatibles con el correcto funcionamiento del presente Acuerdo, en la medida en que puedan afectar al comercio entre ellas:a)los acuerdos entre empresas, las decisiones de asociaciones de empresas y las prácticas concertadas cuyo objetivo o efecto sea impedir, restringir o distorsionar la competencia en la totalidad o en una parte importante del territorio de cualquiera de las Partes;b)el abuso de posición dominante por parte de una o varias empresas en la totalidad o en una parte importante del territorio de cualquiera de las Partes, oc)las concentraciones de empresas que impidan significativamente una competencia efectiva, en particular como resultado de la creación o del refuerzo de una posición dominante en la totalidad o en una parte importante del territorio de cualquiera de las Partes. Artículo 11. 2DefinicionesA efectos de la presente sección, por legislaciones sobre competencia se entenderá:a)para la Unión Europea, los artículos 101, 102 y 106 del Tratado de Funcionamiento de la Unión Europea, el Reglamento (CE) no 139/2004 del Consejo, sobre el control de las concentraciones de empresas, así como su normativa de aplicación y sus modificaciones;b)para Corea, el Reglamento sobre monopolios y la Ley de comercio justo, así como su normativa de aplicación y sus modificaciones, yc)todas las modificaciones de los instrumentos mencionados en el presente artículo que puedan producirse tras la entrada en vigor del presente Acuerdo. Artículo 11. 3Aplicación1. Las Partes mantendrán una autoridad o varias autoridades responsables de la aplicación de la legislación sobre competencia mencionada en el artículo 11. 2 y les dotarán de los medios apropiados. 2. Las Partes reconocen la importancia de aplicar sus respectivas legislaciones sobre competencia de forma transparente, oportuna y no discriminatoria, respetando los principios de equidad procedimental y los derechos de defensa de las partes implicadas. 3. A petición de una Parte, la otra Parte le facilitara la información pública acerca de sus medidas para hacer cumplir la legislación sobre competencia y su legislación sobre las obligaciones amparadas por la presente sección. Artículo 11. 4Empresas públicas y empresas titulares de derechos especialesUna Parte concede derechos especiales cuando designa o limita a dos o más el número de empresas autorizadas a suministrar mercancías o servicios, según criterios que no son objetivos, proporcionales y no discriminatorios, o concede a determinadas empresas ventajas jurídicas o reglamentarias que afectan sustancialmente a la capacidad de cualquier otra empresa de suministrar los mismos bienes o servicios. o exclusivos1. Con respecto a las empresas públicas y empresas titulares de derechos especiales o exclusivos:a)ninguna de las Partes adoptará o mantendrá medidas contrarias a los principios contemplados en el artículo 11. 1, yb)las Partes garantizarán que dichas empresas están sujetas a la legislación sobre competencia mencionada en el artículo 11. 2,siempre que la aplicación de tales principios y de la legislación sobre competencia no obstruya la ejecución, de derecho o de facto, de las funciones concretas asignadas a dichas empresas. 2. Ninguna disposición del apartado 1 se interpretará en el sentido de impedir que una Parte cree o mantenga una empresa pública, otorgue a empresas derechos especiales o exclusivos o mantenga dichos derechos. Artículo 11. 5Monopolios estatales1. Cada Parte adecuará los monopolios estatales de carácter comercial de tal modo que quede garantizado que no existan medidas discriminatoriasMedidas discriminatorias son las que no son conformes con el trato nacional definido en las disposiciones pertinentes del presente Acuerdo, incluidas las modalidades y condiciones fijadas en sus anexos pertinentes. respecto de las condiciones de abastecimiento y comercialización de las mercancías entre las personas físicas o jurídicas de las Partes. 2. Ninguna disposición del apartado 1 se interpretará en el sentido de impedir que una Parte cree o mantenga un monopolio estatal. 3. El presente artículo se entenderá sin perjuicio de los derechos y las obligaciones fijados conforme al capítulo nueve (Contratación pública). Artículo 11. 6Cooperación1. Las Partes reconocen la importancia de la cooperación y coordinación entre sus autoridades de competencia respectivas para hacer cumplir mejor la legislación sobre competencia y para alcanzar los objetivos del presente Acuerdo a través del fomento de la competencia y la reducción de las conductas empresariales contrarias a la competencia o las transacciones contrarias a la competencia. 2. Las Partes cooperarán en relación con sus políticas respectivas para hacer cumplir la legislación y para hacer cumplir sus respectivas legislaciones sobre competencia, incluso mediante la cooperación sobre esta materia, la notificación, la consulta y el intercambio de información no confidencial sobre la base del Acuerdo entre la Comunidad Europea y el Gobierno de la República de Corea sobre cooperación en materia de actividades contrarias a la competencia, firmado el 23 de mayo de 2009. Artículo 11. 7Consulta1. A falta de normas más específicas en el Acuerdo mencionado en el artículo 11. 6, apartado 2, una Parte, a petición de la otra Parte, entablará consultas sobre las observaciones realizadas por la otra Parte para fomentar el entendimiento mutuo o tratar cuestiones específicas que puedan surgir en el marco de la presente sección. En su solicitud, la otra Parte indicará, si procede, cómo afecta la cuestión al comercio entre las Partes. 2. Las Partes abordarán con celeridad, previa solicitud de una de las Partes, cualquier cuestión relativa a la interpretación o aplicación de la presente sección. 3. A fin de facilitar el examen de la cuestión objeto de consultas, cada Parte procurará facilitar a la otra Parte la información no confidencial que sea pertinente. Artículo 11. 8Solución de diferenciasNinguna de las Partes podrá recurrir al capítulo catorce (Solución de diferencias) en relación con cualquier cuestión que surja en el marco de la presente sección. SECCIÓN BSubvencionesArtículo 11. 9PrincipiosLas Partes acuerdan hacer todo lo que esté en su poder para resolver o eliminar, mediante la aplicación de su legislación en materia de competencia o por cualquier otro medio, las distorsiones de la competencia causadas por las subvenciones en la medida en que afecten al comercio internacional, así como para evitar que se produzcan dichas situaciones. Artículo 11. 10Definiciones de subvención y especificidad1. Una subvención es una medida que cumple las condiciones fijadas en el artículo 1. 1 del Acuerdo SMC. 2. Una subvención es específica si entra en el ámbito de aplicación del artículo 2 del Acuerdo SMC. Una subvención solo estará sujeta a lo dispuesto en la presente sección si es específica a tenor del artículo 2 del Acuerdo SMC. Artículo 11. 11Subvenciones prohibidasLas Partes acuerdan que el presente artículo solo se aplica a las subvenciones recibidas después de la fecha de entrada en vigor del presente Acuerdo. ,A efectos del presente Acuerdo, las subvenciones concedidas a las pequeñas y medianas empresas con arreglo a criterios o condiciones de carácter objetivo, tal como se prevé en el artículo 2. 1, letra b), así como en la nota 2, del Acuerdo SMC no estarán sujetas a lo dispuesto en el presente artículo. Se considerará que las siguientes subvenciones son específicas con arreglo a las condiciones del artículo 2 del Acuerdo SMC y se prohibirán a efectos del presente Acuerdo si perjudican al comercio internacional entre las PartesEl comercio internacional de las Partes abarca los mercados nacionales y las exportaciones. :a)las subvenciones concedidas con arreglo a cualquier mecanismo jurídico en virtud del cual un gobierno u organismo público es responsable de cubrir las deudas o los créditos de determinadas empresas a tenor del artículo 2. 1 del Acuerdo SMC sin ninguna limitación, de derecho o de facto, en cuanto al importe de dichas deudas o dichos créditos o a la duración de tal responsabilidad, yb)las subvenciones (como los préstamos y las garantías, las subvenciones en efectivo, las inyecciones de capital, las aportaciones de activos por debajo del precio de mercado o las exenciones fiscales) concedidas a una empresa insolvente o en dificultades, sin un plan de reestructuración creíble basado en hipótesis realistas que permita a dicha empresa insolvente o en dificultades recobrar en un plazo razonable una viabilidad a largo plazo, y sin que la empresa contribuya de forma significativa a hacer frente a los gastos de reestructuración. Esto no impide a las Partes conceder subvenciones mediante ayudas temporales de liquidez en forma de garantías de créditos o de préstamos que se limiten al importe necesario para que una empresa en dificultades permanezca en activo durante el tiempo necesario para definir un plan de restructuración o liquidación. El presente párrafo no se aplicará a las subvenciones concedidas en contraprestación de las obligaciones de servicio público ni a la industria del carbón. Artículo 11. 12Transparencia1. Cada Parte garantizará la transparencia en materia de subvenciones. A tal fin, cada Parte informará anualmente a la otra Parte del importe total, los tipos y la distribución sectorial de las subvenciones que sean específicas y puedan afectar al comercio internacional. Debe facilitarse información sobre el objetivo, las formas, el importe o el presupuesto y, cuando sea posible, sobre el beneficiario de la subvención concedida por un gobierno u organismo público. 2. Se considerará que se ha facilitado dicha información si se ha enviado a la otra Parte o si la información pertinente está disponible en un sitio web de acceso público antes del 31 de diciembre del siguiente año civil. 3. A petición de una de las Partes, la otra Parte facilitará más información sobre cualquier régimen de subvención y sobre casos particulares de subvenciones específicas. Las Partes intercambiarán dicha información teniendo en cuenta las limitaciones que imponen las necesidades del secreto profesional y empresarial. Artículo 11. 13Relaciones con el Acuerdo de la OMCLas disposiciones de la presente sección se entenderán sin perjuicio de los derechos de una Parte, con arreglo a las disposiciones pertinentes del Acuerdo de la OMC, a aplicar medidas comerciales, solucionar diferencias o adoptar cualquier otra acción apropiada frente a una subvención concedida por la otra Parte. Artículo 11. 14Supervisión y reconsideraciónLas Partes realizarán un seguimiento continuo de las cuestiones a las que hace referencia la presente sección. Cada una de las Partes podrá remitir dichas cuestiones al Comité de Comercio. Las Partes acuerdan reconsiderar los avances realizados en la implementación de la presente sección cada dos años a partir de la entrada en vigor del presente Acuerdo, salvo que ambas Partes acuerden otra cosa. Artículo 11. 15Ámbito de aplicación1. Las disposiciones de los artículos 11. 9 a 11. 14 se aplicarán a las subvenciones concedidas a las mercancías, con excepción de las subvenciones concedidas al sector de la pesca, las subvenciones relativas a los productos amparados por el anexo 1 del Acuerdo sobre la Agricultura y las demás subvenciones amparadas por el Acuerdo sobre la Agricultura. 2. Las Partes harán todo lo posible por elaborar normas aplicables a las subvenciones relativas a los servicios, teniendo en cuenta la evolución de la situación a nivel multilateral, así como por intercambiar información a petición de cualquiera de las Partes. Estas acuerdan mantener el primer intercambio de opiniones sobre las subvenciones relativas a los servicios en el plazo de tres años a partir de la entrada en vigor del presente Acuerdo. CAPÍTULO DOCETRANSPARENCIAArtículo 12. | 24,239 |
cu31924092344088_14 | English-PD | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,900 | The Expositor's Bible | Nicoll, W. Robertson (William Robertson), Sir, 1851-1923 | English | Spoken | 6,856 | 8,573 | It may very possibly be asked, by way of further objection to this interpretation of these laws : Upon this understanding of the immediate purpose of these laws, how can we account for the selection of such test marks of the clean and the unclean as the chewing of the cud, and the dividing of the hoof, or having scales and fins ? What can the presence or absence of these peculiarities have to do with the greater or less free- dom from parasitic disease of the animals included or excluded in the several classes? To which question the answer may fairly be given, that the object of the law was not to give accurately distributed categories of animals, scientifically arranged, according to hygienic principles, but was purely practical ; namely, to secure, so far as possible, the observance by the whole people of such a dietary as in the land of Palestine would, on the whole, best tend to secure perfect bodily health. It is not affirmed that every individual animal which by xi. 1-47.] CLEAN AND UNCLEAN ANIMALS. , 297 these tests may be excluded from permitted food is therefore to be held specially liable to disease ; but only that the limitation of the diet by these test marks, as a practical measure, would, on the whole, secure the greatest degree of immunity from disease to those who kept the law. It may be objected, again, by some who have looked into this question, that, according to recent researches, it appears that cattle, which occupy the foremost place in the permitted diet of the Hebrews, are found to be especially liable to tubercular disease, and capable, apparently, under certain conditions, of communicating it to those who feed upon their flesh. And it has been even urged that to this source is due a large part of the consumption which is responsible for so large part of our mortality. To which objection two answers may be given. First, and most important, is the observation that we have as yet no statistics as to the prevalence of disease of this kind among cattle in Palestine ; and that, presumably, if we may argue from the climatic conditions of its prevalence among men, it would be found far less frequently there among cattle than in Europe and America. Further, it must be remembered that, in the case even of clean cattle, the law very strictly provides elsewhere that the clean animal which is slain for food shall be absolutely free from disease ; so that still we see here, no less than elsewhere, the hygienic principles ruling the dietary law. It will be perhaps objected, again, that if all this be true, then, since abstinence from unwholesome food is a moral duty, the law concerning clean and unclean meats should be of universal and perpetual obligation ; whereas, in fact, it is explicitly abrogated in the New 298 THE BOOK OF LEVITICUS. Testament, and is not held to be now binding on any one. But the abrogation of the law of Moses touching clean and unclean food can be easily explained, in perfect accord with all that has been said as to its nature and intent. In the first place, it is to be remembered that it is a fundamental characteristic of the New Testament law as contrasted with that of the Old, that on all points it leaves much more to the Uberty of the individual, allowing him to act according to the exercise of an enlightened judgment, under the law of supreme love to the Lord, in many matters which, in the Old Testament day, were made a subject of specific regulation. This is true, for instance, regarding all that relates to the public worship of God, and also many things in the government and administration of the Church, not to speak of other examples. This does not indeed mean that it is of no consequence what a man or a Church may do in matters of this kind ; but it is intended thus to give the individual and the whole Church a discipline of a higher order than is possible under a system which prescribes a large part of the details of human action. Subjection to these "rudi- ments " of the law, according to the Apostle, belongs to a condition of religious minority (Gal. iv. I-3), and passes away when the individual, or the Church, so to speak, attains majority. Precisely so it is in the case of these dietary and other laws, which, indeed, are selected by the Apostle Paul (Col. ii. 20-22) in illustra- tion of this characteristic of the new dispensation. That such matters of detail should no longer be made matter of specific command is only what we should expect according to the analogy of the whole system of Christian law. This is not, indeed, saying that it is of no consequence in a religious point of view what a man xi. 1-47.] CLEAN AND UNCLEAN ANIMALS. « 299 eats ; whether, for instance, he eat carrion or not, though this, which was forbidden in the Old Testa- ment, is nowhere expressly prohibited in the New. But still, as supplying a training of higher order, the New Testament uniformly refrains from giving detailed commandments in matters of this kind. But, aside from considerations of this kind, there is a specific reason why these laws of Moses con- cerning diet and defilement by dead bodies, if hygienic in character, should not have been made, in the New Testament, of universal obligation, however excellent they might be. For it is to be remembered that these laws were delivered for a people few in number, living in a small country, under certain definite climatic conditions. But it is well known that what is un- wholesome for food in one part of the world may be, and often is, necessary to the maintenance of health elsewhere. A class of animals which under the climatic conditions of Palestine may be specially liable to certain forms of parasitic disease, under different climatic conditions may be comparatively free from them. Abstinence from fat is commanded in the law of Moses (iii. 17), and great moderation in this matter is necessary to health in hot climates ; but, on the contrary, to eat fat largely is necessary to life in the polar regions. From such facts as these it would follow, of necessity, that when the Church of God, as under the new dispensation, was now to become a world- wide organisation, still to have insisted on a dietetic law perfectly adapted only to Palestine would have been to defeat the physical object, and by consequence the moral end, for which that law was given. Under these conditions, except a special law were to be given for each land and climate, there was and could te, if we 30O THE BOOK OF LEVITICUS. J have before us the true conception of the ground of these regulations, no alternative but to abrogate the law. This exposition has been much prolonged ; but not until we have before us a definite conception as to the principle underlying these regulations, and the relation of their observance to the holiness of Israel, are we in a position to see and appreciate the moral and spiritual lessons which they may still have for us. As it is, if the conclusions to which our exposition has conducted be accepted, such lessons lie clearly before us. While we have here a law which, as to the letter, is con- fessedly abrogated, and which is supposed by the most to be utterly removed from any present-day use for practical instruction, it is now evident that, annulled as to the letter, it is yet, as to the spirit and intention of it, in full force and vital consequence to holiness of life in all ages. In the first place, this exposition being granted, it follows, as a present-day lesson of great moment, that the holiness which God requires has to do with the body as well as the soul, even with such common- place matters as our eating and drinking. This is so, because the body is the instrument and organ of the soul, with which it must do all its work on earth for God, and because, as such, the body, no less than the soul, has been redeemed unto God by the blood of His Son. There is, therefore, no religion in neglecting the body, and ignoring the requirements for its health, as ascetics have in all ages imagined. Neither is there religion in pampering, and thus abusing, the body, after the manner of the sensual in all ages. The principle which inspires this chapter is that which is expressed in the New Testament by the words : " Whether xi. 1-47.] CLEAN AND UNCLEAN ANIMALS. *3oi tlierefore ye eat, or drink, or whatsoever ye do, do all to the glory of God" (i Cor. x. 31). If, therefore, a man needlessly eats such things, or in such a manner, as may be injurious to health, he sins, and has come short of the law of perfect holiness. It is therefore not merely a matter of earthly prudence to observe the laws of health in food and drink and recreation, in a word, in all that has to do with the appetite and desires of the body, but it is essential to holiness. We are in all these things to seek to glorify God, not only in our souls, but also in our bodies. The momentous importance of this thought will the more clearly appear when we recall to mind that, according to the law of Moses (v. 2), if a man was defiled by any unclean thing, and neglected the cleansing ordered by this law, even though it were through ignorance or forgetfulness, he was held to have incurred guilt before God. For it was therein declared that when a man defiled by contact with the dead, or any unclean thing, should for any reason have omitted the cleansing ordered, his covenant relation with God could only be re-established on his presentation of a sin-offering. By parity of reasoning it follows that the case is the same now ; and that God will hold no man guiltless who violates any of those laws which He has established in nature as the conditions of bodily health. He who does this is guilty of a sin which requires the application of the great atonement. How needful it is even in our day to remind men of all this, could not be better illustrated than by the already mentioned argument of many expositors, that hygienic principles cannot have dominated and deter- mined the details of these laws, because the law declares that they are grounded, not in hygiene, but in 302 THE BOOK OF LEVITICUS. religion, and have to do with hoHness. As if these two were exclusive, one of the other, and as if it made no difference in respect to holiness of character whether a man took care to have a sound body or not I No less needful is the lesson of this law to many who are at the opposite extreme. For as there are those who are so taken up with the soul and its health, that they ignore its relation to the body, and the bearing of bodily conditions upon character ; so there are others who are so preoccupied with questions of bodily health, sanitation and hygiene, regarded merely as prudential measures, from an earthly point of view, that they forget that man has a soul as well as a body, and that such questions of sanitation and hygiene only find their proper place when it is recognised that health and perfection of the body are not to be sought merely that man may become a more perfect animal, but in order that thus, with a sound mind in a sound body, he may the more perfectly serve the Lord in the life of holiness to which we are called. Thus it appears that this forgotten law of the clean and the unclean in food, so far from being, at the best, puerile, and for us now certainly quite useless, still teaches us the very important lesson that a due regard to wholeness and health of body is essential to the right and symmetrical development of holiness of character. In every dispensation, the law of God combines the bodily and the spiritual in a sacred synthesis. If in the New Testament we are directed to glorify God in our spirits, we are no less explicitly commanded to glorify God in our bodies (i Cor. vi. 20). And thus is given to the laws of health the high sanction of the Divine obligation of the xi. i-47.] CLEAN AND UNCLEAN ANIMALS. • 303 moral law, as summed up in the closing words of this chapter : " Be ye holy ; for I am holy." This law concerning things unclean, and clean and unclean animals, as thus expounded, is also an apolo- getic of no small value. Is it probable that Moses knew about these things three thousand years ago? Certainly, the more we study the matter, the more we must feel that this is not to be supposed. It is common, indeed, to explain much that seems very wise in the law of Moses by referring to the fact that he was a highly educated man, " instructed in all the wisdom of the Egyptians." But it is just this fact of his Egyptian education that makes it in the last degree improbable that he should have derived the ideas of this law from Egypt. Could he have taken his ideas with regard, for instance, to defilement by the dead, from a system of education which taught the contrary, and which, so far from regarding those who had to do with the dead as unclean, held them especially sacred ? And so with regard to the dietetic laws : these are not the laws of Egypt ; nor have we any evidence that those were determined, like these Hebrew laws, by 304 THE BOOK OF LEVITICUS. such scientific facts as those to which we have referred.^ In this day, when, at last, men of all schools, and those with most scientific knowledge, most of all, are joining to extol the exact wisdom of this ancient law, a wisdom which has no parallel in Uke laws among other nations, is it not in place to press this question ? Whence had this man this unique wisdom, three thousand years in advance of his times ? There are many who will feel compelled to answer, even as Holy Scripture answers ; even as Moses, according to the record, answers. The secret of this wisdom will be found, not in the court of Pharaoh, but in the holy tent of meeting ; it is all explained if we but assume that what is written in the first verse of this chapter is true : " The Lord spake unto Moses and unto Aaron." ' See above, p. 290-292, CHAPTER XV. OF THE UNCLEANNESS OF ISSUES. Lev. XV. 1-33. INASMUCH as the law concerning defilement from issues is presupposed and referred to in that con- cerning the defilement of child-bearing, in chap, xii., it will be well to consider this before the latter. For this order there is the more reason, because, as will appear, although the two sections are separated, in the present arrangement of the book, by the law concerning defile- ment by leprosy (xiii., xiv.), they both refer to the same general topic, and are based upon the same moral conceptions. The arrangement ot the law in chap. xv. is very simple. Verses 2-18 deal with the cases of ceremonial defilement by issues in men ; vv. 19-30, with analogous cases in women. The principle in both classes is one and the same ; the issue, whether normal or abnormal, rendered the person affected unclean ; only, when ab- normal, the defilement was regarded as more serious than in other cases, not only in a physical, but also in a ceremonial and legal aspect. In all such cases, in addition to the washing with water which was always required, it was commanded that on the eighth day from the time of the cess'ation of the issue, the person who had been so affected should come before the priset 20 306 THE BOOK OF LEVITICUS. and present for his cleansing a sin-offering and a burnt- offering. What now is the principle which underlies these* regulations ? In seeking the answer to this question, we at once note the suggestive fact that this law concerning issues takes cognisance only of such as are connected with the sexual organisation. All others, however, in them- selves, from a merely physical point of view, equally un- wholesome or loathsome, are outside the purview of the Mosaic code. They do not render the person affected, according to the law, ceremonially unclean. It is there- fore evident that the lawgiver must have had before him something other than merely the physical peculiarities of these defilements, and that, for the true meaning of this part of the law, we must look deeper than the surface. It should also be observed here that this characteristic of the law just mentioned, places the law of issues under the same general category with the law (chap, xii.) concerning the uncleanness of child- , bearing, as indeed the latter itself intimates (xii. 2). The question thus arises: Why are these particular cases, and such as these only, regarded as ceremonially defiling ? To see the reason of this, we must recur to facts which have already come before us. When our first parents sinned, death was denounced against them as the penalty of their sin. Such had been the threat : " In the day that thou eatest thereof, thou shalt die." The death denounced indeed affected the whole being, the spiritual as well as the physical nature of man ; but it comprehended the death of the body, which thus became, what it still is, the most impressive manifesta- tion of the presence of sin in every person who dies. XV. 1-33.] OF THE UNCLEANNESS OF ISSUES. 307 Hence, as we have seen, the law kept this connection between sin and death steadily before the mind, in that it constantly applied the principle that the dead defiles. Not only so, but, for this reason, such things as tended to bring death were also reckoned unclean ; and thus the regulations of the law concerning clean and unclean meats, while strictly hygienic in character, were yet grounded in this profound ethical fact of the connection between sin and death ; had man not sinned, nothing in the world had been able to bring in death, and all things had been clean. For the same reason, again, leprosy, as exemplifying in a vivid and terrible way disease as a progressive death, a living manifestation of the presence of the curse of God, and therefore of the presence of sin, a type of all disease, was regarded as involving ceremonial defilement, and therefore as requiring sacrificial cleansing. But in the curse denounced upon our first parents was yet more. It was specially taught that the curse should affect the generative power of the race. For we read (Gen. iii. 16) : " Unto the woman He said, I will greatly multiply thy sorrow and thy conception ; in sorrow thou shalt bring forth children." Whatever these words may precisely mean, it is plain that they are intended to teach that, because of sin, the curse of God fell in some mysterious way upon the sexual organi- sation. And although the woman only is specifically mentioned, as being "first in the transgression," that the curse fell also upon the same part of man's nature is plain from the words in Gen. v. 3, where the long mortuary record of the antediluvians is introduced by the profoundly significant statement that Adam began the long line, with its inheritance of death, by begetting a son " in his own likeness, after his image." Fallen 3o8 THE BOOK OF LEVITICUS. himself under the curse of death, physical and spiritual, he therewith lost the capacity to beget a creature like himself in his original state, in the image of God, and could only be the means of bringing into the world a creature who was an inheritor of physical weakness and spiritual and bodily death. In the light of this ancient record, which must have been before the mind of the Hebrew lawgiver, we can now see why the law concerning unclean issues should have had special relation to that part of man's physical organisation which has to do with the propagation of the race. Just as death defiled, because it was a visible representation of the presence of the curse of God, and thus of sin, as the ground of the curse, even so was it with all the issues specified in this law. They were regarded as making a man unclean, because they were manifestations of the curse in a part of man's nature which, according to the Word of God, sin has specially affected. For this reason they fell under the same law as death. They separated the person thus affected from the congregation, and excluded him from the public worship of a holy God, as making him " unclean." It is impossible now to miss the spiritual meaning of these laws concerning issues of this class. In that these alone, out of many others, which from a merely physical point of view are equally offensive, were taken under the cognisance of this law, the fact was thereby symbolically emphasised that the fountain of life in man is defiled. To be a sinner were bad enough, if it only involved the voluntary and habitual practice of sin. But this law of issues testifies to us, even now, that, as God sees man's case, it is far worse than this. The evil of sin is so deeply seated that it could lie no deeper. The curse has in such manner fallen on our XV. 1-33.] OF THE UNCLEANNESS OF ISSUES. 309 » being, as that in man and woman the powers and faculties which concern the propagation of their kind have fallen under the blight. All that any son of Adam can now do is to beget a son in his own physical and moral image, an heir of death, and by nature unclean and unholy. Sufficiently distasteful this truth is in all ages ; but in none perhaps ever more so than our own, in which it has become a fundamental postulate of much popular theology, and of popular politics as well, that man is naturally not bad, but good, and, on the whole, is doing as well as under the law of evolution, and considering his environment, can reasonably be expected. The spiritual principle which underlies the law concerning defilement by issues, as also that con- cerning the unclean ness of child-bearing, assumes the exact opposite. It is indeed true that similar causes of ceremonial uncleanness have been recognised in ancient and in modern times among many other peoples. But this is no objection to the truth of the interpretation of the Mosaic law here given. For in so far as there is genuine agreement, the fact may rather confirm than weaken the argument for this view of the case, as showing that there is an ineradicable instinct in the heart of man which connects all that directly or in- directly has to do with the continuance of our race, in a peculiar degree, with the ideas of uncleanness and shame. And, on the other hand, the differences in such cases from the Mosaic law show us just what we should expect,— a degree of moral confusion and a deadening of the moral sense among the heathen nations, which is most significant. As has been justly remarked, the Hindoo has one law on this subject for the Brahman, another for others; the outcast for 310 THE BOOK OF LEVITICUS. some deadly sin, often of a purely frivolous nature, and a new-born child, are reckoned equally unclean. Or, — to take the case of a people contemporary with the Hebrews, — among the ancient Chaldeans, while these same issues were accounted ceremonially defiling, as in the law of Moses, with these were also reckoned in the same category, as unclean, whatsoever -was separated from the body, even to the cuttings of the hair and the parings of the nails. Evidently, we thus have here, not likeness, but a profound and most sug- gestive moral contrast between the Chaldean and the Hebrew law. Of the profound ethical truth which vitalises and gives deep significance to the law faf Moses, we find no trace in the other system. And it is no wonder if, indeed, the one law is, as declared, a revelation from the holy God, and the other the work of sinful and sin-blinded man. It is another moral lesson which is brought before us in these laws that, as God looks at the matter, sin pertains not only to action, but also to being. Not only actions, from which we can abstain, but operations of nature which we cannot help, ahke defile; defile in such a manner and degree as to require, even as voluntary acts of sin, the cleansing of water, and the expiatory blood of a sin-offering. One could not avoid many of the defilements mentioned in this chapter, but that made no difference ; he was unclean. For the lesser grades of uncleanness it sufficed that one be purified by washing with water ; and a sin-offering was only required when this purification had been neglected; but in all cases where the defilement assumed its extreme form, the sin-offering and the burnt-offering must be brought, and be offered for the unclean person by the priest. So is it, we are taught, with that sin of ^v.i-33.] OF THE UNCLEANNESS OF ISSUES. . 311 nature which these cases symbolised ; we cannot help it, and yet the washing of regeneration and the cleans- ing of the blood of Christ is required for its removal. Very impressive in its teaching now becomes the miracle in which our Lord healed the poor woman afQicted with the issue of blood (Mark v. 25-34), for which she had vainly sought cure. It was a case like that covered by the law in chap. xv. 25-27; and he who will read and consider the provisions of that law will understand, as otherwise he could not, how great her trial and how heavy her burden must have been. He will wonder also, as never before, at the boldness of her faith, who, although, according to the law, her touch should defile the Lord, yet ventured to believe that not only should this not be so, but that the healing power which went forth from Him should neutralise the defilement, and carry healing virtue to the very centre of her life. Thus, if other miracles represent our Lord as meeting the evil of sin in its various mani- festations in action, this miracle represents His healing power as reaching to the very source and fountain of life, where it is needed no less. The law concerning the removal of these defilements, after all that has preceded, will admit only of one interpretation. The washing of water is the uniform symbol of the cleansing of the soul from pollution by the power of the Holy Ghost ; the sacrifices point to the sacrifice of Christ, in its twofold aspect as burnt- offering and sin-offering, as required by and availing for the removal of the sinful defilement which, in the mind of God, attaches even to that in human nature which is not under the control of the will. At the same time, whereas in all these cases the sin-offering prescribed is the smallest known to the law, it is sym- 3ia THE BOOK OF LEVITICUS. bolised, in full accord with the teaching of conscience, that the gravity of the defilement, where there has not been the active concurrence of the will, is less than where the will has seconded nature. In all cases of prolonged defilement from these sources, it was required that the aflfected person should still be regarded as unclean for seven days after the cessation of the infirmity, and on the eighth day came the sacrificial cleansing. The significance of the seven as the covenant number, the number also wherein was com- pleted the old creation, has been already before us: that of " the eighth " will best be considered in con- nection with the provisions of chap, xii., to which we next turn our attention. The law of this chapter has a formal closing, in which are used these words (ver. 31) : "Thus shall ye separ- ate the children of Israel from their uncleanness ; that they die not in their uncleanness, when they defile My tabernacle that is in the midst of them." Of which the natural meaning is this, that the defile- ments mentioned, as conspicuous signs of man's fallen condition, were so offensive before a holy God, as apart from these purifications to have called down the judg- ment of death on those in whom they were found. In these words lies also the deeper spiritual thought — if we have rightly apprehended the symbolic import of these regulations — that not only, as in former cases mentioned under the law of offerings, do voluntary acts of sin separate from God and if unatoned for call down His judgment, but that even our infirmities and the in- voluntary motions of sin in our nature have the same effect, and, apart from the cleansing of the Holy Spirit and the blood of the Lord Jesus Christ, ensure the final judgment of death. CHAPTER XVI. THE UNCLEANNESS OF CHILD-BEARING. Lev. xii. 1-8. THE reference in xii. 2 to the regulations given in XV. 19, as remarked in the preceding chapter, shows us that the author of these laws regarded the circumstances attending child-birth as falling under the same general category, in a ceremonial and symbolic aspect, as the law of issues. As a special case, how- ever, the law concerning child-birth presents some very distinctive and instructive features. The period during which the mother was regarded as unclean, in the full comprehension of that term, was seven days, as in the analogous case mentioned in XV. 19, with the remarkable exception, that when she had borne a daughter this period was doubled. At the expiration of this period of seven days, her cere- monial uncleanness was regarded as in so far lessened that the restrictions affecting the ordinary relations of life, as ordered, xv. 19-23, were removed. She was not, however, yet allowed to touch any hallowed thing or to come into the sanctuary, until she had fulfilled, from the time of the birth of the child, if a son, forty days ; if a daughter, twice forty, or eighty days. At the expiration of the longer period, she was to bring, as in the law concerning the prolonged issue of blood (xv. 25-30), a burnt-offering and a sin-offering unto THE BOOK OF LEVITICUS^ ~~ . ,v.(»rewith the priest the door of the tent of meetmg whe ^^^^ ^^^ was to make an atonement for ner , should be accounted clean, and restored to full cove- nant privileges. The only difference from the similar law in chap. xv. is in regard to the burnt-offering com- manded, which was larger and more costly,— a lamb, instead of a turtle dove, or a young pigeon. Still, in the same spirit of gracious accommodation to the poor which was illustrated in the general law of the sin- offering, it was ordered (ver. 8.) : " If her means sufBce not for a lamb, then she shall take two turtledoves, or two young pigeons ; the one for a burnt offering, and the other for a sin offering." The law then applied, according to xv. 29, 30. A gracious provision this was, as all will remember, of which the mother of our Lord availed herself (Luke ii. 22-24), as being one of those who were too poor to bring a Iamb for a burnt- offering. To the meaning of these regulations, the key is found in the same conceptions which we have seen to underlie the law concerning issues. In the birth of a child, the special original curse against the woman is regarded by the law as reaching its fullest, most con- summate and significant expression. For the extreme evil of the state of sin into which the first woman, by that first sin, brought all womanhood, is seen most of all in this, that now woman, by means of those powers given her for good and blessing, can bring into the world only a child of sin. And it is, apparently, because we here see the operation of this curse in its most conspicuous form, that the time of her enforced separation from the tabernacle worship is prolonged to a period either of forty or eighty days. It has been usual to speak of the time of the mother's xii.3.] THE UNCLEANNESS OF CHILD-BEARING. • 315 uncleanness, and subsequent continued exclusion from the tabernacle worship, as being doubled in the case of the birth of a daughter ; but it were, perhaps, more accurate to regard the normal length of these periods as being respectively fourteen and eighty days, of which the former is double of that required in xv. 28. This normal period would then be more properly regarded as shortened by one half in the case of a male child, in virtue of his circumcision on the eighth day. The Ordinance of Circumcision. xii. 3. " And in the eighth day the flesh of his foreskin shall be circum- cised." Although the rite of circumcision here receives a new and special sanction, it had been appointed long before by God as the sign of His covenant with Abraham (Gen. xvii. 10-14). Nor was circumcision, probably, even then a new thing. That the ancient Egyptians practised it is well known ; so also did the Arabs and Phoenicians ; in fact, the custom has been very exten- sively observed, not only by nations with whom the Israehtes came in contact, but by others who have not had, in historic times, connection with any civilised peoples; as, for example, the Congo negroes, and cer- tain Indian tribes in South America. The fundamental idea connected with circumcision, by most of the peoples who have practised it, appears to have been physical purification ; indeed, the Arabs call it by the name tatur, which has this precise mean- ing. And it deserves to be noticed that for this idea regarding circumcision there is so much reason in fact, that high medical authorities have attributed to it a real hygienic value, especially in warm climates. 3i6 THE BOOK OF LEVITICUS. No one need feel any difficulty in supposing that this common conception attached to the rite also in the minds of the Hebrews. Rather all the more fitting it was, if there was a basis in fact for this familiar opinion, that God should thus have taken a ceremony already known to the surrounding peoples, and in itself of a wholesome physical effect, and constituted it for Abraham and his seed a symbol of an analogous spiritual fact; namely, the purification of sin at its fountain-head, the cleansing of the evil nature with which we all are born. It should be plain enough that it makes nothing against this as the true interpretation of the rite, even if that be granted which some have claimed, that it has had, in some instances, a connection with the phallic worship so common in the East, or that it has been regarded by some as a sacrificial ceremony. Only the more noteworthy would it thus appear that the Hebrews should have held strictly to that view of its significance which had a solid basis in physical fact, — a fact, moreover, which made it a pecu- liarly fitting symbol of the spiritual grace which the Biblical writers connect with it. For that it was so regarded by them will not be disputed. In this very book (xxvi. 41) we read of ap " un circumcised heart;" as also in Deuteronomy, the prophecies of Jeremiah and Ezekiel, and other books of Scripture. All this, as intimating the signification of circumcision as here enjoined, is further established by the New Testament references. Of these the most formal is perhaps that in Col. ii. 10, 11, where we read that believers in Christ, in virtue of their union with Him in whom the unclean nature has been made clean, are said to be " circumcised with a circumcision not made with hands, in the putting off of the body of the xii.3.] THE UNCLEANNESS OF CHILD-BEARING. 3:7 « flesh, in the circumcision of Christ ; " so that Paul else- where writes to the Philippians (iii. 3) : " We are the circumcision, who worship by the Spirit of God, and glory in Christ Jesus, and have no confidence in the flesh." And that God, in selecting this ancient rite to be the sign of His covenant in the flesh of Abraham and his seed (Gen. xvii. 13), had regard to the deep spiritual meaning which it could so naturally carry is exphcitly declared by the Apostle Paul (Rom. iv. 1 1), who tells us that this sign of circumcision was " a seal of the righteousness of faith," even the righteousness and the faith concerning which, in the previous context, he was arguing; and which are still, for all men, the one, the ground, and the other, the condition, of salvation. It is truly strange that, in the presence of these plain words of the Apostle, any should still cling to the idea that circumcision had reference only to the covenant with Israel as a nation, and not, above all, to this profound spiritual truth which is basal to salvation, whether for the Jew or for the Gentile. And so, when the Hebrew infant was circumcised, it signified for him and for his parents these spiritual realities. It was an outward sign and seal of the covenant of God with Abraham and with his seed, to be a God to him and to his seed after him; and it signified further that this covenant of God was to be carried out and made effectual only through the putting away of the flesh, the corrupt nature with which we are born, and of all that belongs to it, in order that, thus circumcised with the circumcision of the heart, every child of Abraham might indeed be an Israelite in whom there should be no guile. And the law commands, in accord with the original 3i8 THE BOOK OF LEVITICUS. command to Abraham, that the circumcision should take place on the eighth day. This is the more notice- able, that among other nations which practised, or still practise, the rite, the time is different. The Egyptians, for example, circumcised their sons between the sixth and tenth years, and the modern Mohammedans be- tween the twelfth and fourteenth year. What is the significance of this eighth day ? In the first place, it is easy to see that we have in this direction a provision of God's mercy ; for if delayed beyond infancy or early childhood, as among many other peoples, the operation is much more serious, and may even involve some danger ; while in so early infancy it is comparatively trifling, and attended with no risk. Further, by the administration of circumcision at the very opening of life, it is suggested that in the Divine ideal the grace which was signified thereby, of the cleansing of nature, was to be bestowed upon the child, not first at a late period of life, but from its very beginning, thus anticipating the earliest awakening of the principle of inborn sin. It was thus signified that before ever the child knew, or could know, the grace that was seeking to save him, he was to be taken into covenant relation with God. So even under the strange form of this ordinance we discover the same mind that was in Him who said concerning infant children (Luke xviii. l6) : " Suffer the little children to come unto Me, and forbid them not : for of such is the kingdom of God." Thus we may well recollect, in passing, that, although the law has passed away in the Levitical form, the mind of the Lawgiver concerning the little children of His people, is still the same. | 31,070 |
bub_gb_Bf9alir-HoAC_7 | French-PD-diverse | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,804 | Geographie physique, historique, statistique et topographique de la France, en cent huit departemens, et de ses colonies; avec 132 tableaux, et une carte nouvelle, grand infolio, dressee par Lapie, ingenieurgeographe, et gravee par P. F. Tardieu Edme Mentelle | Edme Mentelle | French | Spoken | 7,930 | 14,544 | .Chacune partagée par le méridien de Pari» en paîtie orientale et partie occidentale. REGION du nord. IL REGION du milieu. III. RÉGION du midi. IV. POSSESSIONS ( et colonies françaises. Partir occidentale renfermant tG départe mens. Partie orientale , renfermant 25 départemens. [ Partie occidentale renfermant 17 départemens. Partie orientale, renfermant 18 départemens. Partie occidentale renfermant 12 départemens. Partie orientale renfermant no dépaxtemens. En Asie | formant 1 départ. En Afrique , formant 2 départemens. En Amérique. {Pas-de-CnIais. Seine-Inférieure , Somme. Manche , Calvados, Orne,Eare, Oise. Finisterre , Côtes-du-Nord , Ille-et-Vilaine , Mayenne , Sarthe , Eure-et-Loir , Scine-et-Oise , Sriue. Nord , Lys , Escaut , Deux-Nètbes , Meuse-Inférieure , Roer , Jemmapes, Dvle, Ourtbe. Samhre-et-Meuse , Forêts, Sarre, Rhin-el-Moselle. Aisne , Ardennes , Moselle , Mont Tonnerre. Seioeret -Marne , Marne, Meuse, Meurthe, Bax-Rhiu. Aube , Haute-Marne , Vosges. ! Morbihan, Loire-Iufé rien re , Maine-et Loire, Indre-et Loire, Loir-et-Cher, Loiret. Vendée, Deux Sèvres, Vienne, Indre, Cher. Charente-Inferieure , Charente, Haute-Vienne , Creuse. Dordogne, Corrèze. {Yonne , Côte-d’Or , Haute-Saône , Doubs , Haut-Rhin. , Nièvre , Saône-et-Loire , Jura. AUier , Ain , Léman. Puy-de-Dôme , Loire , Rhô#e , Isère , Mont-Blanc , Doire, Sesia. {Gironde , Lot-et-Garonne, Lot. Landes , Gers , Tarn. Basses-Pyrénées , Hantes-Pyrénées , Haute-Garonne , Arriege , Aude , Pyrénées-Orientales. {Cantal , Haute-Loire , Ardèche , Drôme , Hautes-Alpej , Pô , Tanaro , Marengo. Aveiron , Lozère , Gard , Vaucluse , Basses-Alpes , Alpes-maritimes , Stura. Hérault , Bouches-du-Rhône , Var. Golo , Liamoue. Ces deux derniers formés de l’Isla da Corse. ►Pondicbéri , Karical , Mahé , Chandernagor. 'Les Islesde-France, do la Réunion on Boarbon , Ro drigue , Sechelles , et les établissemens de Mada gascar. |Le Sénégal et ses dépendances. Les comptoirs de la Calle , et Bonne , près Tunis. ^Saint-Domingue , divisé en cinq départemens. ILa Martinique, Sainte-I.ucie. |Lu Guadeloupe , 1| Desirade , Marie-Galante, et moitié do Saint-Martin. I La Gniane française et Cayenne, formant un départ. ' Les Islesde Saint-Pierre , et les hliqueluns , prés Terre Neuve. DE LA FRANCE. i5i i.Dép. du PAS-DE-CALAI S, Chef-lieu , Arras. Bornes. Î'au N. le Pat-de-Calais. à PE. le département du Nord, au S. le département de la Somme, à l’O. la Manche. ... .. (latitude , du 5cc au 5tc degré. * , f £' ma 'élira iques : j0 |rav _ar ]e méridien de Paris. Etendue en. .< (kilfcarrés. 7,t.<2 5oe. f mesures géodésiques|^euL s ean<ei .'.’tf, 5a c. Direction du sud au nord. Bassin fait partie du bassin de l’Escaut. Inclinaison. .... à l’est et à l’ouest. L’Aa , la Lys , la Lave , la Scarpe , la Seille , l’iane , la Canche , l’Authie. Rivières. et X « fl’ J Y1 / Arrondissement . f Chef s-J. ieux. 1 Calais . , Boulogne, 1 Guigne. 6 cantons < "“'T1'*' lBOULOCNE I7,r42ik.c. [ 7L-304 hab. baint-Omer, K 6 cantons Divisions. (Pesvres Samer {Andruick Tournebeiu SAINT-OMER ... Lrtmltre Aire Fanquemlu-rg .... ✓La Venthie. ...... I Norreat. ......... kil. c, 1 1 3a kil. c. 96,765 liab. 41 cantons 933 comni Rapport aux anciennes Provinces Artois , Picardie , Pays reconquis , Boulonnais. Béthune , 5 arrondis! I8 c,Blons Kc«mbrin 14,669 h. 1 JCorvin 1 V Houdoin. ... f V Lena ....... {Hucqueliers. Eiap'e* ... MOKTBSUIl U 240 lll. O. *rue« f 70.882 hab. Campagne y ' * Heidiu .. /Heucbin. Saint-Pol , fe“v.ëoi...... 1187 I k. e. Auxi-ia-Réuuiou. J%nj Yi,ry AKSA9 Beaumetr I 1482 •; k. C. c3?“'.::::[i36t38° b ■ Marquion . .. Ba paume. ... Ber tin court. Population totale du département 566, 000 bah. 6 casions. Digitized by Google i5a • GÉOGRAPHIE RÉGION DU NORD DE LA FRANCE.. Partie de l’Ouest , contenant 16 Départemens. i. DÉPARTEMENT DU PAS-DE-CALAIS. Arras, cheflieu. Seizième? division militaire. Arrondissemens : Boulogne, Saint-Omer, Béthune, Montreuil, Saint-Pol et Arras. Arrondissement de Boulogne , ch. 1. de cantons. — Calais, ( Calesium ) forte v. avec un bon port et une citadelle, à io 1. de Dunkerque. Les Anglais la prirent en 1347 > et *a g*» dèrent aoo ans. Le passage en Angleterre n’est que de 7 1. ; ce qui rend ce port très-fréquenté. La pêche du hareng et du maquereau y est très -considérable. Patrie de Laplace, homme delettres. Pop. , 6,700 hab. • — Gaines, à 6 1. de Bou logne. Pop. , a, 600 hab. — Marquise , b. assez considérable, à 51. de Boulogne. Pop. , 1,400 hab.*Boulogne-sur-Mer, à l’emb. de 1’Iane, belle ville, avec un port, à 8 1. de Calais, siège d’une sous-préfecture , avec tribunaux de première instance et de commerce. Cette ville est ancienne s on a de fortes raisons de croire que son port est le decius portas dont parle César. Il y a des manufactures de bonneterie et des fabriques de savon : elle est divisée en haute et basse ville ; la première est bien bâtie, et ornée de places et de fontaines ; le port n’est pas très-commode ; il est défendu par une tour , ou petit fort. L’ancienne citadelle a été rasée en 1690, avec les for tifications extérieures de la ville. Patrie du sculpteur Le comte. Pop., 1,000 hab. Desvres , très-petite ville à 4 1. de Boulogne. Pop. , 2000 hab. — Samer, b. à 3 1. de Bou logne. Pop. , 1,600 hab. Arrondissement de Saint-Omer , ch. 1. de cantons. — An druick, b. à 4l.de Calais. Pop., 2,000 hab. — Tournehem, b.à 4 L. de Saint-Omer. Pop., 700 hab. — Saiht-Omkr, diviséeen •. Digitized by Google *55 DE LA FRANCE. deux arrondissemens de justices de paix , ville fotte et con sidérable sur 1 Aa , à ni. de Boulogne , ch. 1. de sous préfecture, et siège d’un évêché et de tribunaux de pre mière instance et de commerce : elle a de forts beaux édi fices; il J a des manufactures de draps, de toiles de co ton , etc. Ses environs produisent des grains , du lin , du chanvre : on y élève des chevaux et des moutons. On voit , près de Saint-Omer , des îles flottantes. Pop. , 2,900 hab. — Lumbre, b. à deux 1. de Saint-Omer. Pop. , 5oo hab. — Aire, v. très-forte, à 3 1. de Saint-Omer , sur la Lys, par laquelle on communique au fort Saint François , à portée du canon. En 1 676 , cette ville fut prise sur les Es pagnols par le maréch. d Humières. Pop. 6,800. — Frawjuembergues , à 5 1. de Saint-Omer. Pop. , 1,000 hab. Arrondissement de. Béthune , ch. 1. decantons. — La Ven thie, p. v. à 4l.de Béthune. Pop. , 1 ,000 hab.--LiUers j b. à 3 1. de Béthune, sur la Navez. Ses fortifications ont été démo lies. Pop., 4,000 hab. Béthune, v. forte, à 9 1. de Saint-Omer , sur la petite rivière de Bette , ch. 1. de sous-préfecture, tribunal de i‘° instance ; elle a été prise plusieurs fois , et est passée définitivement à la France par le traité d’Utrecht. Pop., 5,ooo hab. . Cambrin, b. à z 1. de Béthune. Pop. , ^5 00 hab. — Carvin Espinoy , p. v. à 5 1. de Béthune. Pop.,4,ooohab.— * Houdain, p. v.à31.deBéthune.Pop. i,ooohab. — Lens,p. v. à 4 1. de Béthune, sur le ruisseau de Souchets. Ses fortifica tions ont été rasées. Eu 1648, le prince de Condé remporta, sous ses murs, une victoire sur les Espagnols. Pop. , 2,000 hab. Arrondissement de Montreuil , ch. 1. de cantons. — Hue— quelierSj v. à 4L de Montreuil. Pop., 7,000 hab. — Etaples , v* sur la Canche, à 3 1. de Montreuil. Pop., 1,000 hab. Montreuil, v. considérable , à 7 1. de Boulogne, for tifiée , avec un château sur ‘uqe colline , près de la Canche , 11 i54 GÉOGRAPHIE ch. 1. d’une sous-pvéfecture , tribunal de i” instance. Pop., 5,5oo hab. — * Fruges , p. v. à 7 1. de Montreuil. Pop. , 2,700 hab. — Campagne , b. à 3 1. de Montreuil. Pop., 1,200 hab. — Hes din, sur la Canche, v. forte, à 5 1. de Montreuil : elle fut prise par Louis XIII , et cédée à la France par le traité des Pyrénées. Patrie de l'abbé Prévost, homme de lettres. Pop. , 3,700 hab. Arrondissement de Saint-Pol , ch. I. decantons. — Heu chin, b. à 3 1. de Saint-Pol. Pop., 5oo hab. — •IPr ail, b. à 4 1. de Saint-Pol. Pop., 5oohab. — Saint-Pol, v. à 61. d'Arras, siège d’une sous-préfecture et d’un tribunal dei" instance : elleades eaux minérales. Pop. , 5, 000 hab. — Aubigny, b. considérable à4l. de Saint-Pol. Pop., 600 hab. — Avesne, p.v., maisforte, sur la rivière d’Hèpre , à 5 1. de Saint-Pol , ch. 1. d’une sous préfecture, tribunal de 1 11 instance. Cette ville fut cédée aux Français en 1609. Ses fortifications ont été réparées par Vau ban. Pop., 1 ,200 hab. — Au xy-la-Réu mon, autrefois Auxy-le Château , p. v. à 6 1. de Saint-Pol. Pop. , 2,000 hab. Arrondissement d' Arras , ch. 1. decantons. — Vimy, b. à al. d’Arras. [Pop., 1 ,000 hab. — Vitry, b. à 4I. d’Arras. Pop., 1,000 hab. Arras, sur la Scarpe, à 38 1. de Paris, ch. 1. du dépar tement et de la préfecture, avec tribunaux de 1" instance et de commirce , siège d’un évêché , grande, belle et forte ville remarquable par la beauté de ses bâtimens et ses fortifi cations. La citadelle est une des meilleures du pays. Arras est divisée en deux parties ; l’une , nommée la cite', et l’autre, „ la ville. César l’appelle Atrebatum : .elle passa à la France avec tout l’Artois , en 1 180 , par le mariage de Philippe-Au guste avec Isabelle de Hainaut. En 1494, la ville fut livréeà l’empereur. En 1640 , Louis XIII la soumit avec tout le pays voisin. Patrie du jurisconsulte Baldius ou Baudouin , de Charles l’Ecluse , de Damiens et de Robespierre. Le com merce de cette ville est sur-tout eu blé : on y fabrique des huiles, des calmandes , des camelots j il y a des raffineries j , Digitized by Google DE LA FRANCE. x55 on trouve dans ses environs des carrières de marbre très beau , mais de formation trop moderne. Pop. ao,ooo. — Beaumetz, village à 3 1. d’Arras. Pop. 900. — Fou quevilliers , b. à 5 1. d’Arras. Pop. , 800 hab. — Croisilles, b. à 3 1. d’Arras. Pop. 900. — Marquion , b. à 6 1. d’Arras. Pop., 600 hab. — Bapaume, forte v. à 6 1. d’Arras : elle est demeurée à la France par le traité des Pyrénées. Pop. , 5,ooo hab. — Bertincourt, b. à 7 1. d’Arras. Pop., 1,000 habitaus. * • Digitized by Google io6 GÉOGRAPHIE Bornes Dép. de la SEINE-INFERIEURE. Chef-lieu , Rouen. rau N. la Manche. les départemens de la Somme et de l’Oise, le département de l’Eure, la Manche. | lat. da 4g' J au 5o' Etendue en ‘ Direction. ...... de l’est à l’ouest. Bassin faisant partie du bassin de la Seine , à son embouchure. Inclinaison de l’est à l’ouest. fia Bresle , la Béthune, l’Arques , le Durdan , la Rmètes { Seine ( à son embouchure ) , i’Eple. / Arrondi Siemens. /** -hématies . Jduo °au 2'. . j kilomètres carrés 6, f mesures géodésiques . i ^ carrà;3 3^ 372. 332 58. DIVISIONS. 5 arrondisssemens. 44 cantons 954 communes Dieppe. 8 cantons. . .. Le Havre. Chefs-IZieux. Eu DIEPPE OfFranville I237 ï k c« Longueville / I O 6, OOO il. Bacqueville.. fiellencombre. Totea. Frcamp Criquctot Godervillo .... Bolbec.. . 1 q35 kil. car. canton» / HoutinUun >„ ,. LE Bavas (lt7i70a “• Saint-Romain.. Ingouville Lillebone ..... Saint-Valéry. .. Fontainedun 1 __ -Cany YvetOt. f Valmont I TTnr7 *. V P Doude ville Fauville-en-Caux. Y er ville YVETOT Caudebec ÎBlangia ........... Londinièrea Aumale.. NEUFCHATEL ... Saint-Saen Forgi’-lea-Kaux . .. Argucuil.. Gournay Cletrea ............ Pavilly Buchy Ducler Marommes z o canton» rouik Darnetal. ......... Booa Grand-Couronne. . . ] Elbeuf. Population totale du département. .642,800 bab. Roppert aux anciennes Provinces. N$rmandie , Vexin Nor mand, Paya de Caax, Bray. 9 cantons. Neufcliâtel. 8 cantons Rouen. v '129,200 b. [1620 kil. c. f 82,5oo h. l i55 kil. car. ^207,200 h. Digitized by Google ... — .. DE LA FRANCE. *5 2. DÉPARTEMENT DE LA SEINE INFÉRIEURE. Rouen, chef-lieu. Quinzième division militaire.. Arrondissemens : Dieppe, le Havre, Yvetot, Neufchâtel et Rouen. Arrondissement de Dieppe , ch. 1. de cantons. — Eu, v. sur la Breste , à 7 1. de Dieppe , avec un beau château : elle a eu le titre de comté-pairie. Son principal commerce consiste en serges et dentelles ; il y a un tribunal de commerce. Pop. , 5,400 hab. — Dieppe , belle, riche et grande v. à i3 1. de Rouen, à l’embouchure de la rivière de Béthone , avec un château , un bon port et deux belles jetées; d’une tour de l’église de Saint-Jacques on découvre, dit-on, les côtes d’Angleterre. Le commerce de cette ville consiste en hareng3, merlans, maquereaux, etc. , et ouvrages de dentelles et d’ivoire : elle aune sous-préfecture, des tribunaux de 1" instance et de commerce. Eu 16 94, elle fut bombardée par les Anglais. La bataille d’ Arques, entre Henri IV et le duc de Mayenne , fut donnée sous ses murs ; mais elle est presque entièrement rétablie, et ses rues sont tirées au cordeau. Patrie de Pec quet, Richard Simon et laMartinière. Pop., 20,000 hab. — Offranville , b. à une 1. de Dieppe. Pop., i,5oo hab. — Longueville , b. à 4 h de Dieppe. Patrie de l’abbé de Reyrac. Pop., 43o hab. — Bacqueville , b. à 3 1. d’Arles. Pop., 3,000 hab. • — Bellencombre , p. v. à 6 1. de Dieppe. Pop. , 200 hab.. Arrondissement du Havre, ch. 1. de cantons. — FJcamp , v. à 9 1. du Havre : elle fait un commerce considérable ; aile a un portsur la Manche. Pop. , 7,000 hab. — Criquetot Les neval, b. à 5 1. duHavre. Pop. , 1.600 hab. — Goden’ille, b. à 31.del’Océan. Pop., 600 hab. — Bolbec , b. à 51. du Havre de Grâce. On y fabrique des cuirs, de la dentelle et des étoiles Digitized by Google 1 58 GÉOGRAPHIE de laine. Pop., 5,ooo hab. — Montivilliers , v.àal. du Havre de Grâce. Pop. , 4,000 hab. Le Havre di Grâce, v. à 18 1. de Rouen, ch. 1. de sous-préfecture, avec tribunaux de i" instance et de com merce, et préfecture maritime ; ville riche , avec un excellent port très fréquenté et une citadelle *fortifiée : elle est à l’embouchure de la Seine ; il y a un arsenal pour la marine , des manufactures de tabac , de cordages , de faïence, des fabriques de papier et de carton «et des raffineries de sucre : on y fait de la dentelle. Patrie de Scudérietdesasœur. Pop., 1 6,000 hab. — Saint-Romain , v. à 4 h du Havre. Pop. , 1,200 hab. — Ingmville, b. près du Havre. Pop. , 5, 000 hab. — LU leb/mne , v. à 8 1. du Havre. Pop. , 600 hab. Arrondissement d'Yvetot , ch. 1. decantons. — Saint-Valéry en-Cau.r, p. v. à 6 1. de Dieppe : elle a un port et un tribunal de commerce. Guillaume sy embarqua pour aller conquérir l’Angleierre. Pop. 5, 000. — Cany v. sur la rivière de Dourdan et près de la mer , à 2 1. de Saint-Valéry. Pop., 1,400 hab. — Valmont, vil. à 5 l. d’Yvetot. Pop., 200 hab. — Doudrville , b. à 9 1. de Rouen. Pop., 2,900 hab. ■ — Fauxvilleen-Caux , b. à une 1. d’Évreux. Pop. , i,3cfo. — Yerville, à 6 1. de Rouen. Pop., i,3oo hab. Yvïtot, g. b. à 7 1. de Rouen , ch. 1. de sous-préfecture, tribunal de 1" instance. On y fabrique des toiles, des sia moises et des velours de coton ; on y fait un commerce de grains assez considérable. Pop., 10,000 hab. * — Caudebec, riche v. située au pied d’une montagne près de la Seine, à 10 l. du Havre de Grâce. O11 y fabrique beaucoup de chapeaux et de toiles. Pop. , 2,800 hab. Arrondissement de. Neufchâtel , ch. 1. decantons. — Blan gy , b. à 4 1. d’Eu , sur la 'Bresle. Pop. , 1 ,800 hab. — Lon dinières , b. à 3 1. de Neufchâtel. Pop. , 700 hab. — • Aumale, ou Albemaire, v. sur le penchant d’uue colline, arrosée Digitized by Google / DE LA FRANCE. i5«> par la Bresle , à 14 1. de Rouen. Son commerce est en aerges fort estimées. Pop. , 1,700 hab. Neufchâtel , v. à 7 1. de Dieppe , bâtie sur un ruisseau qui se joint à la Béthune , ch. 1. de sous-préfecture , avec tribunal de 1" instance. Cette ville résista à Henri IV pen dant les guerres de la Ligue. Pop. , 3, 800 hab. — Saint-Saen , b. à 3 1. de NeuFchâlel. Pop. , 2,5oo hab. — Forge-les-Eaux , b. à 3 1. de Neufchâtel , renommé par ses eaux minérales. Pop. , 1,200 hab. — Argueuil , b. à 6 1. de Neufchâtel. Pop., 3oo. — Gournay, p. v. à 8 1. de Rouen, célèbre par son beurre. Pop. , 3,5oo hab. Arrondissement de Rouen, ch. 1. decantons. — Cleres , b. à 4 1. de Rouen. Pop. , 400 hab. — Pavilly, b. à 4 b 8e Rouen. Pop. , 2,200 hab. — Ducler, b. à 4 1. de Rouen. Pop., i,5oo. — Marommes , b. à une 1. de Rouen. Pop., 1 ,400 hab. Rouen, ch. 1., sur la rive droite de la Seine , à 27 1. de Paris , siège de la préfecture , d’un archevêché , de tribunaux criminel, de i,e instance, de commerce et d’ap pel , divisée en six justices de paix. Il y a un beau pont de ba teaux , qui monte et descend avec les marées , et qui s'ouvre pour laisser passer les vaisseaux : elle a un port commode , où les vaisseaux de i5o à 200 tonneaux peuvent aborder dans la marée. Rouen est une des villes les plus grandes, les plus riches et les plus commerçantes de la France : elle était la ca pitale delà Normandie , et déjà illustre du temps de Théodoser elle appartient à laFrance depuis que la Neustrie lui est incor porée : elle eut des ducs particuliers : elle est environnée de montagnes d’où sortent de petites rivières : elle a plusieurs beaux monumens , fontaines, palais, églises, entre autres, la salle de justice, la cathédrale, et des tombeaux dignes de la curiosité des voyageurs. Le port de Rouen est fréquenté par un grand nombre de vaisseaux : on y fabrique et on y manufacture beaucoup d’étoffes de laine et de toiles , et des porcelaines ou faïences ; il y a des raffineries de sucre. Latrie de Pierre et de Thomas Corneille, de Sanadon , do Digitized by Google j6o GÉOGRAPHIE Daniel, Basnage, Lémery, Fontenelle, Pradon, l'abbé du Resnel , Danchet , SaintArnaud , Saiut-Gelais fils , mes dames le Prince de Beaumont et ,du Boccage. Les eaux minérales de Saint-Paul ne sont pas loin de la ville. Pop. , 87,000 hab. — Demetal, p. v. à une 1. de Rouen. Pop., 5, 000 hab. — E os , b. à a 1. de Rouen. Pop. , 600 hab. — Grand Couronne , p. v. à a 1. de Rouen. Pop. , 8,000 hab. — El heuf pros b. sur la Seine, à 4 1. de Rouen. Il y a une célèbre manufacture de drap. Pop. , 7,400 hab. -US*. DE LA FRANCE. 3. Dép. de la SOMME. Chef-lieu, Amiens. 161 Bornes , !au N. le d à l’E. les c au S. les < à l’O. la Étendue en. [■au N. le département du Pas-de-Calais. # ' ' .les départemens du N ord et de l’Aisne. ; dép. de l’Oise , de la Seine-Inferieure. Manche. ,,, ... .. flatit. du 40' au 5o*. fdég. mathématiques. . } ,ong trav^ar ,e raërid. de Parij. i , { kilomètres carrés 6,5ia (.mesures géodesiques..jIieues carr-es 3^ 66 Direction de l’ouest à l’est. Bassin faisant partie du bassin de la Somme Inclinaison de l’est à l’ouest. rl’Anthie, la Somme (à son embouchure) qui reçoit Rivière* / à gauche la Seille , l’Aure , avec le Don et la Noyé ; lia r . Bresle. I Arrondissement, Divisions. 5 arrondi scemens.. 37 cantons 848 communes Abbeville, xo cantons . . .. Doulens. 4 cantons . .. [ T 732 j k. c. 1114,600 b. f 7^5 kil/car, (45,600 hab. Rapport aux anciennes Amiens. Provinces . I10 cantons.. Picardie , Vimeax , Pon thieu, Amienois, San terre. Péronne. 8 cantons.. I Montdidier. 5 cantons ». . . , Chefs-Lieux. Rue Crécy Nouvion Saint-Valéry. , .. Ault Abbbvili e . .. Moyenneville . , . . j Ailly-le-Clocher .. Gamacbes -Hall encourt ! Doulens Berna ville Acbenx Doroart. ...... • Villers-Bocage. .. Oisemont Piqnigny . ..... Corbie. ......... Amiens.. ...... Vi865 kil. o. MoHens-Vidame . . / 1 5 1,200 h. Horooy.. Sains. . .. Poix .... ,Co*y. .. ^Combles. I Albert.. ‘PjÊR0KNE • bâb. lChaulnes. I Neslc. . .. '-Ham . .. ^Rosières. iMo™'1 (962) kil. Ailly-sur-Noye . . . é6, 6oo Roye 1 ’ Most-Diuikr. e. hab. Population totale du département 466,900 liab. Digitized by Google 1 62 GÉOGRAPHIE 3. DÉPARTEMENT DE LA’SOMME. Amiens, cheflieu. Quinzième division militaire. A r rond, is se me ns : Abbeville , Doulens , Amiens , Péronne , Mont-Didier. Arrondissement d'Abbeville , ch. 1. decantons. — Rue , p. v. sur la Mage. Pop. , i ,5oo. — Crécy, p. v. à 4 1. d'A miens , célèbre par la bataille entre Philippe de Valois et le roi d'Angleterre. Pop., i,5oohab. — Nouvion , b. à 2 1. d’Abbeville. Pop., 600 hab. — Saint-Valéry , v. très-com merçante, à l'embouchure de la Somme , et à 4 I. d’Abbe ville : elle a un tribunal de commerce. Pop. , 3,3oo hab. — Ault , b. à 7 1. d’Abbeville. Pop., 1,100. — Abbeville, v. considérable sur la Somme , à 10 1. d’Amiens, ch. 1. de sous-préfecture , avec tribunaux de 1 rt instance et de com merce. Hugues Capet la fit fortifier en 992. Il y a une ma nufacture de draps , plusieurs autres d’étoffes , et une fa brique de moquette. Cette dernière est unique en France : il y en a d’autres de pannes , de serges , de bouracans , de pin chinats, de savon gras, et de cordages. Les campagnes voi sines produisent des grains, du chanvre et du lin. Pop., 18.000 hab. — Moyenneville , b. à 2 1. d’Abbeville. Pop., 900 hab. — Ailly le haut Clocher, b. à 3 1. d’Abbeville. Pop. , 1.000 hab. — Gamaches , b. sur la Bresle , à 6 1. d’Abbe ville. Patrie de François Valable, célèbre professeur d’hé breu. Pop., 1,000 hsÉ). — Hallencourt , b. à 3 1. d’Amiens. Pop. , 1,200 hab. Arrondissement de Doulens , ch. 1. decantons. — Dou lens , p, v. à 6 1. d’Ainieus , sur l’Aulhie , ch. 1. de sous préfecture, avec un tribunal de ire instance. Pop., 3, 000 hab. — Bernaville , b. à 4 1. de Doulens. Pop. , 900 hab. — Acheux , vil. à 3 1. de Doulens. Pop. , 600 hab. — Domart, p. v. à 5 1. de Doulens. Pop., 1,000 hab. Arrondissement d’Amiens . ch. I. de cantons. — Villers Digitized by Google DE LA FRANCE. i63 Bocage , b. à 2 1. d’Amiens. Pop., 1,200 hab. — Pecquigny, p. v. sur la Somme, à 3 l. d’Amiens , célèbre par l’entrevue de Louis XI et d’Edouard d’Angleterre , sur un pont fait ex près. Pop. , 1,200 hab. — Corbie, v. sur la Somme, à 4 1. d’Amiens : elle avait des fortifications : Louis XIV la fit dé manteler. Pop. , 1 ,900 hab. Amiens , ch. 1. de département, grande et belle v. sur la Somme , à a5 1. de Paris , siège de la préfecture , avec un tribunal d’appel , et tribunaux criminel , de irc instance et de commerce , et un évêché. Amiens est une des anciennes villes de France. César y établit un magasin pour ses ar mées : elle souffrit beaucoup dans les différentes irruptions des Alains et des Normands ; elle était le siège de l’empire sous Clodion. Philippe de Valois en commença les fortifica tions. Les Espagnols s’en étaient emparés j mais Henri IV la reprit. Sa cathédrale est une des plus belles églises de l’Eu rope. Les promenades des remparts, les rues et la disposition des maisons , y sont très-agréables. Colbert y a établi des manufactures qui employaient trente mille ouvriers , tant de la ville que des campagnes environnantes. Patrie de Voi ture , deRohault , de Gresset, de Selis. Pop. , 3o,ooo hab. — Molli tns Vidame , b. à 5 1. d’Amiens. Pop., 800. — Homoy b. à 7 1. d’Amiens. Pop., 1,100. — Pdix , p. v. sur la rivière de ce nom, à 6 1. d Amiens : elle avait titre de principauté. Pop. , 700 hab. — Conty, p, v. sur la Seille , 34!. d’Amiens : elle avait titre de principauté. Pop. , 700 hab. Arrondissement de Pdronne, ch. I. decantons. — « Combles , b. à 4 1. dePéronne. Pop. , i,5oo hab. — Albert, p. v. à 5 1. de Péi’onne. Pop. , 2,000 hab. — Bray, p. v. à 5 1. de Pé ronne. Pop., 1,000 hab. — Ro i selle , b. à 3 1. dePéronne. Pop., 1,100 hab. • Péronne, p. v., mais forte, sur la Somme, à 10 1. d’Amiens. Ou lui a donné Je surnom de Pucelle , parce quelle n’a jamais été prise. Siège d'une sous -préfecture, avec tribunal de i,e instance. Le prince Nassau fut con Digitized by Google GEOGRAPHIE 164 traint d’en lever le siège en i556. C’est dans son château que Charles le Simple a été détenu et a fini ses jours. Louis XI y fut aussi retenu prisonnier pendant trois jours, par le duc de Bourgogne. Pop. , 5,700. — • Nesle , p. v. sur le Lingo , à 3 1. de Roye : elle avait titre de premier marquisat de France. En 147a, elle soutint plusieurs assauts, et fut prise enfin par Charles, dernier duc de Bourgogne. Pop., i,5oohal>. — Ham p. v. , avec un château fort, sur la Somme, à 5 1. de Ni von : elle fut prise par les Espagnols , après la ba taille de Saint -Quentin , en i55y ; mais elle fut rendue par le traité de Cateau-Cambresis. Patrie de Vadé. Pop., i,5oo habitans. Arrondissement de Mont-Didier , ch. 1. de cantons. — Rosière, gros b. à 5 1. de Mont-Didier. Pop. , 2,700 hab. — Moreuil, b. sur l’Aurègue , à 3 1. de Mont-Didier. Pop., i,4oohab. — Ailly-sur-Noye , b. à 3 1. de Mont-Didier. Pop., 800 hab. — R ye , v. forte, à 3 1. de Nesle : elle fait un commerce assez considérable, sur-tout en blé. Pop., 5,roo hab. Mont-Didier, ancienne v. sur une montagne , à 2 1. d’Amiens , ch. 1. d'une sous préfecture , avec tribunaux de 1" instance et de commerce : elle a été le séjour de quel ques rois de la première race. Patrie de Capperonier , cé lèbre professeur de grec, mort eu 1744. Pop., 4,000 hah. On remarque Saint-Ricquier, p. et ancienne v. de France , au canton d’Ailly le haut Clocher , à 5 1. d’Amiens , et le Cre tois , p. v. autrefois fortifiée , à l’embouchure de la Somme , qui a une promenade très-agréable ; Saint-Clair sur Epte , b. sur la rivière de ce nom, où fut signé, en 945, un traité de paix entre Richard II , duc de Normandie , et Louis IV d’Outre-Mer, roi de France. # Digitized by Google iG3 DE LA FRANCE. 4. Dép. Bornes. Îau N. la Mi à l’E. la Mi au S. 1rs dé à l’O. l’Océa de la M A N C H E , Chef-lieu , Saint-Lô. rau N. la Manche. Manche et le département du Calvados, dép. de la Mayenne et d’Ille-et-Vilaine. ,’Ocoau. ( deg. mathématiques. . i du .fi f « r Étendue en. J H lden,‘ du d' au 4' deg Direction de l’est à l’ouest. Bassin faisant partie du hassin de la Seine. Inclinaison de l’est à l’ouest. t La Vire avec l’Ouve, la Soûle arec la Sienne, Rivières. la Sée avec la Sélune et le Beuvron , l’Ardée , le ICoesnon / A rrondissemens. Valogne. 12 cantons. . .. Divisions. 5 arrondiuemens. 48 cantons 66 9 comniunei . . . .. Coutances. z o cantons.. .. Rapport aux anciennes Propinces. Normandie , diocèse de Cou taaceajdioc, d’Aviancheî. Saint-Lô. 9 cantons. Avranches. 9 cantons Mortain. 8 cuuoat. . .. Chefs-Z>ieux. Beaumont Sainl -Pierre-Eglise. . J Cherbourg Octeville Quettehou Lespieux 4 Valogne .... Briquebec Montebourg Barneville. ...... S. Sauveur-s. -Ouve. Sainte-Mère-Eglise.. __ •La Hayo du Puits. Lessay i Pericrs S. Sauveur-I-andelin | Coutances. Ariay-la-Salle.. S. Malo-De-la-Lande| Mont -Martin. Brehal Gavray . ..... Carentan... .. Saint-Clair. .. Marigny SAINT-LÔ... Cnnisy Sain»-Jenn-de»Daye. j Thorigny Tesay Percy i Granville. Ville-Dieu..... ... La Haye-Pesnel . .. Sartilly Bcrcey Avranches .... , Ducé Pontoraon. SaintJames 4 {Saint-Poix. Sourde vol. Juvigny y| MORTAIN I*ig»y Barenton. . . , S.Hiljire-trBarcourl | L ï65 kil. car. 12,700 hah. 120 kil. car. 11,900 hah. i65 kil. car. I2,3oo hah. 100 kil. car. 10,200 hah. 125 kil. car, 8,000 hah. *Le T tilleul.. Population totale du département 528,900 hah. Digitized by Google t66 GÉOGRAPHIE 4. DÉPARTEMENT DE LA MANCHE. Saiht-Lô, chef-lieu. Quatorzième division militaire. Arrondissemens : Valogne , Coutances , Saint-Lô, Avranches , Mortain. Arrondissement de Valogne , ch. 1. de cantons. — Beau mont, b. à 8 1. de Valogne. Pop. , 5oo hab. — Saint-Pierre Eglise, p. v. à 4 1. de Valogne. Pop., 1,600 hab. — Cherbourg, v. maritime, à i5 1. de Coutances, avec un port très-vaste et très-commode , et qui a rétabli le com merce de la ville ; il est éclairé par un fanal. Cherbourg a un tribunal de commerce; il fut pillé en 1298, par les troupes de Philippe le Bel, et en 1758, par les Anglais. En 1692 , il y eut , dans cette ville , entre les Anglais et les Français, un combat naval très-célèbre. C’est la dernière ville de France qui soit restée au pouvoir des Anglais sous Charles VII, roi de France. On y fabrique des glaces, de la verrerie et de la soude. Son marché fournit beaucoup de bœufs et du lard salé. Pop. , 1 i,3oo hab. — Octeville, b. àunel. deMontivilliers. Pop., 800 hab. — Quettehou, b. à 4 l. de Valogne. Pop. , 1,291 hab. — Les pieux, b. à 4 1. de Cherbourg. Pop. , 1 ,3oo hab. Valogne , sur un ruisseau, à 3 1. de la mer, ch. 1. d’une sous-préfecture , avec tribunal de i,e instance. Patrie de Jean de Launoy et de Letoumeur. Pop. , 6,700 hab. — Briquebec , b. considérable, à 3 1. de Valogne. Pop., 4,000 hab Montebourg , b. à une I. de Valogne. Pop. , 2,3oohab. — Barneville, b. à 5 1. de Valogne. Pop., 800 hab. — Saint-Sauveur-sur-Ouve , b. à 2 1. de Valogne. Pop. , 2,000 hab. — Sainte-MèreEglise , b. à 3 1. de Va logne. Pop. , 1,400 hab. Arrondissement de Coutances, ch. 1. decantons. — La Haye duPuits, b. à 5 1. de Coutances. Pop. , 1,000 hab. — Lessay, b. à 4 I. de Coutances. Pop., i,5oo hab. — Periers , b. Digitized by Google DE LA FRANCE. 167 à 3 I. de Coutances. Pop. , 2,5oo hab. — Saint-Sauveur Landelin, b. à 2 1. de Coutances. Pop., 2,000 hab. Cogtancbs, à 9 1. d’Avranches et près de la mer, an cienne et considérable ville; sous-préfecture, évêché, tri bunal de 1” instance et tribunal de commerce. Ses envi rons fournissent d’excellent bétail et de très-bons chevaux. Pop., 8,5oo hab. — Cerisy-la-Salle , b. à 4 1. de Bajeux. Pop. , 2,400 hab. — Saint-Malode-la-Lan.de , b. à une 1. de Coutances. Pop., 400 hab. — • Mmt-Martin-sur-Mer , b. à une 1. de Coutances. Pop., 1,100 hab. — Bréhal, b. à 4 1. de Cou tances. Pop. , x,3oo hab. — Cavray, b. à 4 1. de Coutances. Pop. , 1 ,800 hab. Arrondissement de. Saint-Lô, ch. 1. de cantons. — Caren tan , v. à 6 1. de Coutances , et à 3 1. de la mer : elle a un an cien château. Pop. , 2,800 hab. — Saint-Clair , b. à 2 1. de Saint-Lô. Pop. , 600 hab. — Marigny , b. à 2 1. de Saint-Lô. Pop. , 1 ,200 hab. Sainï-Lô, ch. 1. du département, ville considérable sur la Vire, à 65 1. de Paris, et à 6 1. de Coutances; siège de la préfecture, avec tribunal de 1" instance : elle a des manu factures d’étofiès et de galons ; son commerce est assez étendu. Pop., 6,900 hab. — Canisy, b. à 2 1. de Saint-Lô. Pop. , 800. — Saint Jean-de-Daye , b. à 3 1. de Saint-Lô. Pop. , 100 hab. — Thorigny, ou Torigny , p. v. à 5 1. de Saint-Lô. Pop., 2,200 hab. — Te>sy., b. sur la rivière de Vire , à 4 1. de Saint-Lô. Pop., 1,600 hab. — * Percy , b. à 5 1. de Saint-Lô Pop. , 3,ooo hab. Arrondissement dAvranches , ch. 1. ile cantons. — Gran ville , v. maritime , en partie sur un rocher , avec un port construit sous Charles VIII ; tribunal de commerce. On trouve, dans ses environs, des carrières de granit. Pop., 5,400 hab. — Villedieu , gros b. à 6 1. de Vire. Il s'y fait un grand commerce de poêlerie. Pop. , 2,600 hab. — La Haye Pesnel, b. à 3 1. de Granville. Pop. , g 00 hab. — Sartilly, Digitized by Google iô8 GÉOGRAPHIE p. v. à 3 1. d’Avranches. Pop. , r ,000 hab. — Berce y, gros b. à 4 1. de Mortain. Pop., 2,100 hab. Avranches , v. ancienne et forte, sur une montagne, au pied de laquelle passe la S°ez , à une demi-lieue de la mer, et à 8 1. de Murtain; siège d’une sous-préfecture, avec tribunal de 1" instance. Pop., 0,400 hab. — Duct1 , b. à u 1. d’Avranches. Pop. , 1 ,600 hab. — Pon torson , p. v. sur la rivière de Coesnon , à 3 1. d’Avran ches : elle a arrêté autrefois plusieurs incursions des Bre tons; aujourd’hui démantelée. Ily a des fabriques de toiles. Pop., i,3oohab. — Saint-James , p. v. à 3 1. de Pontorson. Pop., 5,5oo hab. Arrondissement de Mortain , ch. 1. de cantons. — Saint Poix , b. à 4 1. de Mortain. Pop. , 6 00 hab. — Sourdeval , b. à 2 1. de Mortain. Pop., 4,000 hab. — Juvigny, b. à 2 1. de Mortain. Pop. , 600 hab. Mortain , p. v. à 8 I. d’Avranches , sur la rivière d’Ance : elle est presque tout environnée de rochers , sur lesquels la rivière d’Ance tombe et forme naturellement des cascades. Sous-préfecture , tribunal de 1" instance. Pop. , 2,600 hab. — Isigny, b. à 4 1. de Mortain. Pop., 5oohab. — Ba~ re.nton , p. v. à 5 1. de Domfront. Pop. , 3, 000 hab. — Saint Hilaire-d' Harcourt , b. à 4 1. de Mortain. Pop. , 2,000 hab. — Leteilleul, b. à 3 1. de Mortain. Pop. , 2,5oo hab. Le mont Saint-Michel , célèbre prison d’état dans le temps de la monarchie. Il est sur un rocher dans des sables, où l’on ne peut aborder que dans la basse mer. . — Qigitized by Google DE LA FRANCE. 5. Dép. du CALVADOS. Chef-lieu , Caen. 16g Bornes. au N. la Manche. à l’E. le déparlement de l’Eure. au S. les départemens de l’Orne et de la Manche. à l’O.le département de la Manche. Étendue en. |dég. mathématiques.. du 3 „ 3» au 4° deg. '1 , ... I kilomètres carrés 5,640 (mesures géodésiques. . j lieuej ^5* Direction . . i . . . . de l’ouest à l’est. Bassin faisant partie du bassin de la Seine. Inclinaison du sud au nord. ! la Vire, la Drôme avec l’Aura t le JVoireau à sa source, l’Ornequi reçoità g. l’Odon , àd.la Laize . la Dive avec la Vie et l’Oudou ; la Touque, qui reçoit à d. l’Orbec. / Arrondissement . , thcfs-Li.ux, I IRyes.. Bayeu*. l'Wt lioiatk. c. Br^px:::::::^4!9o«habJ I Bslleroy. Caumont, , ÎCrenilly.. Douvres.. Tilly-iur-Seulles. . J Caen V rn5 kil. c * Troarn [ 122,800 h. Bonrgüebus. Evrecy .... Villers-Bocage . .. Divisions. 6 arroudissemens. 34 cantons 687 communes Rapport aux anciennes Provinces. Normandie , diocèse de Li j fieux f dioc. de Bayeux. ^ v» tï-A a {Honfltur Pont-1 Evêque. 1 pont-l’Évèque. I , ü cartlnns / r: tPoaT-r.KvCQOE.l-ga . kn. e )Zly:::::::::(6°»ooohah Cambremer. / Vire. cantons. . , i ïalaiie. | 4 cantons fAunay. lBeuibocage. .<v»Isy V37ï^. c* ISaim-Sever / 1 1,200 uah. I VIBÏ I xCondé-sur-Noireau / i Bretteville Thuty-Harcoort. . f 865 kil. c. Conlibœuf fÔÇjÔCOiiab. Falaise ) {Lisieux.. .. ... MtJ?idnn 040 kil. car# orL^r“:::(^oohab' Population totale du département , ...480,000 bah. ï* Lisieux. , 5 cautonj. . .. Digitized by Google tjo GÉOGRAPHIE 5. DÉPARTEMENT DU CALVADOS. Caen, chef lieu. Quatorzième division militaire. Arrondisscmcns : Bayeux , Caen, Pont-l’Évêque, Vire, Falaise, Lisieux. Arrondissement de Bayeux , ch. 1. de cantons. — Isigny , gros b. à 6 1. de Bayeux. Il a une grande réputation pour se» salines , son cidre et son beurre ; un tribunal de commerce. Pop., i,8oo hab. — Trevière s, b. à 5 1. de Bayeux. Pop., 1.000 hab. Bayeux, grande v. avec un château, sur la petite ri vière d’Aure , à 7 1. de Caen et à a 1. de la mer , ch. 1. d’une sous préfecture , avec un tribunal de ire instance et de commerce. Son marché fournit considérablement de boeufs , de moutons, et de beurre : elle fait un grand com merce de dentelles , de chanvre et de fil , et elle a des fa briques de toiles, de draps et velours de coton. Pop., 10.000 hab. — Balleroy, b. à 3 1. de Bayeux. Pop. , 1,100 hab. — Cau mont, b. à 5 1. de Bayeux. Pop. , 2,000 hab. Arrondissement de Caen , ch. 1. de cantons. — Creuilly, b. à 4 h de Caen. Pop. , 1,000 hab. — Douvres , p. v. à 5 1. de Caen. Pop., a, 200 hab. — Til/y-sur-Seulles , b. à 4l.de Caen. Pop., 1,000 hab. Caen , ch. 1. du département , préfecture, avec tribunaux, criminel , d’appel et de commerce. L’évêché est à Bayeux. Caen est une grande et belle ville sur l’Orne , très-com merçante , à 5a 1. de Paris : elle atfait autrefois uuiversité et académie. On y fabrique des draps , des serges, desfutaines, des dentelles, des bonneteries et des chapeaux. Patrie de Malherbe, deSégrais, de mylord Bolinbroke , de Huet et de Guillaume le conquérant. Pop. , 30,900 hab. — Troarn , b. à 3 1. de Caen. Pop. , 900 hab. — ■ Bourgue bus , b. à a 1, de Caen. Pop. , 400 hab. — Evrecy, b. à 5 1. Digitizéd by Google DE LA FRANCE. 171 de Caen. Pop. , 800 hab. — V illers-Bocage , b. à 5 1. de Caen. Pop. , 700 hab. Arrondissement de Pont-l’Evêjue , ch. 1. de cantons. — Honfleur ,y. assez considérable, à 3 1. de Pontl'Évêque , sur la rive de la Seine , avec un bon port. Il s’y fait un com merce considérable de dentelles. Tribunal de commerce. Pop., 1,000 hab. Poht-l’Évéque, p. v. à 10 1. de Caen et à 3 L de la mer ; sous préfecture , aveo tribunal de 1" instance. Pop. , a,5oo hab. — Dives , b. à 1 embouchure de la ri vière de ce nom , à 5 1. de Pont-l’Évêque. Pop. , 400 hab. — Blangy, b. à 3 1. de Lisieux. Pop. , 800 hab. — Cambre mer, p. v.à 5 1. de Pont-l’Évdque. Pop. , i,aoo hab. Arrondissement de Vire , ch. 1. de cantons. — Aunay, b. à 5 1. de Bayeux. Pop. , 1 ,800 hab. — Benibocage , b. à 3 1. de Vire. Pop. , 700 hab. — Vassy, gros b. à 4 1. de Vire. Pop. , 3oo hab. — Saiat-Sever , b. dans une forêt , à 3 1. de Vire. Pop., i,5oohab. Vire, v. assez considérable, à i3 1. de Caen, sur la rivière de Vire , ch. 1. d’une sous-préfecture , et avec tri bunaux de 1" instance et de commerce : elle a des fa briques de toiles fines, de draps et de papiers. Patrie de Duhamel. Pop., 7,000 hab. — Condé-sur-Noireau , p. v. sur le Noireau , à 5 1. de Vire. Pop. , i,5oo hab. Arrondissement de Falaise , ch. 1. de cantons. — B rete ville-sur-l' Aize , p. v. à 5 1. de Falaise. Pop. , 800 hab. — Thury Harcourt , p. v. à 5 1. de Falaise. Pop., 400 hab. — Coulibœuf, b. à 2 1. de Falaise. Pop. , 400 hab. Falaise, belle v.à 81. de Caen, sur l’An té, avec un ancien château fort et une tour regardée comme une des plus belles de France ; sous-préfecture , tribunaux de rr* instance et de commerce. La célèbre foire de Guibrai se tient dans ses faubourgs. Son commerce consiste en toiles , fils et den telles. Pop. , 14,000 hab. Airondissement de Lisieux, ch. 1. de cantons. — «Lisieux, v. ancienne, belle et considérable , au confluent de Touges Jt7* GÉOGRAPHIE et de la rivière d’Orbec, à 16 1. de Rouen 5 sous-préfecture et tribunal de i1® instance : elle a beaucoup de très-beaux édifices , des fabriques de toiles et de flanelles. Ses envi rons sont fertiles en blé, lin, chanvre, pommes, bois de construction et de chauffage. Pop. , 10,000 hab. — Mézidon, b. sur la Dive, à 4 1. de Falaise. Pop. , 5oo hab. — Saint-Pierre-sur-Dive , b. à 4 1. de Falaise. Pop., i,5oo hab. — • Orbec , p. v. sur une petite rivière qui tombe dans la Touque , à 4 1. de Lisieux. Pop. , 3, 600 hab. — Li varot , b. à 4 1. de Lisieux , renommé pour ses fromages» Pop. , x,200 hab. Digitized by Google DE LA FRANCE. 6. Dép. de l’ORNE. Chef-lieu, Alençon. 173 Bornes. ! au N. le dép. du Calvados , et partie du d. de l’Eure* à l’E. les dép. de l’Eure et Eure-et-Loir, au S. les dép. de la Mayenne et de la Sarthe. à l’Q. le dép. de la Manche. / , tl_ , . (latitude, du 48e au 49e degré. ( deg. mathématiques. . I , oc’ciden7. du au 3e deg. Etendue en.,. < . t kilomètres carrés 6,37s ^mesures géodéSiques..|Ueues 3^ 73 Direction de l’ouest à. l’est.. , , _. Bassin faisant partie des bassins de la Seine et de la Loire. Inclinaison du nord au sud. , , j l’Orne ( à sa source) avec le Noireau ; la JJive , la Rivières < Vire , la Rille, la Sarthe (à sa source } l’Huisn. à sa source.) Chejs-Li eux. Virnoutters ..... Trnn Laferté-Fresnel. Gacé.. r947kil. C. h Briouze • ..... Ecouchë Merleranlt «... Mortré ÎAtbis Tinchebray I S.Gerv.de-Messfy.l j3i5 kil. 0. L»fer»d-Macé....S 5ao h. DOMï'RONT I 7 Javigny * I Passais ......... s /Courtomer I |0„0 h, h. / Arrondissement. Argentan. Il cantons . .. Divisions* 4 arrondisseroens Domfront. 34 cantons 7 cantons 5oi communes , ' Rapport aux anciennes Provinces . , Alençon. Normandie, diocèse de J 5 cantons. Sera. Mortagne, x i cantons .... ( Alençon ) Laigle. Mon I i ns-la Marche. Touronvre. Bazoches... I Mnrtagn. t 2043 ^ k. E. Longny >Il3,530 h. 1 Pcrv enchères. 1 l Rt malard. Bclesme. .. Nocé .Letheil . . • Population totale du département .407,000 hab. Digitized by Google 17 4 GÉOGRAPHIE 6. DÉPARTEMENT DE L'ORNE. I Alençon , chef-lieu. Quatorzième division militaire. Arrondissement : Argentan , Domfront , Alençon , Mortagne. Arrondissement d' Argentan , ch. 1. decantons. — Vimou tiers , b. sur la Vire, dans une valide ièriile en pâturage : on y fait un commerce de toile et de cuirs. Pop. , 3,ioo hab. — Trun , b.sur laDive, à 7 1. de Dive. Pop., 1,400 hab. — Lnfertê-Fresnel , b. à 2 I. de l’Aigle. Pop., 5oo hab. — Cacê , b. sur la Tongue, à 5 I. de Séez. Pop., 1,100 hab. — Putange, b. à 4 1. d’Argentau. Pop. , 5oo hab. — Exmes, Ou Bien, es . b. à 4 1. de Séez. Pop. , 600 hab Arsentan , v. sur une hauteur , à 5 1. de Falaise ; siège d’une sous-préfecture, avec tribunal de i1* instance relie fait «n commerce considérable de dentelles , nommées point d* France. Pop. , 5, 600 hab. — Briouze, b. à 5 1. de Falaise. Pop. , 900 hab. — Ecnu chd, b. à s 1. d’ Argentan. Pop. , 1,400 hab. — Merle rault , p. v. à 6 1. d'Argentan. Pop. , 5oo hab. — 1 Mortrée , b. à 51. d’Aiençon. Pop. , 1,000 hab. A rrondissement de Domfront , ch. 1. de cantons. — Athis , b. à 5 1. de Vire. Pop., 5, 000 hab. — Tinchebray , b. à 3 I. de Mortain. On y fait un grand commerce de toiles et de fil j tribunal de commerce. Le duc Robert fut défait sous se* murs en 1 100 par son frère roi d’Angleterre. Pop., 5, 000 hab. — >Saint-Gervais-de-Messey, p. v. à 4 1. de Domfront. Pop., s,aoo hab. — Lafertë-Macé , b. à 8 1. d’Alençon. Pop. , 3,8oo hab. Domtront, p. v. sur une montagne, à 14 1. d’Alençon; ch 1. d’une sous-préfecture, tribunal de 1" instance. Pop., i,5oohab. — duvigny, b. à al.de Domfront. Pop., 2,000 hab. — Passais , p. v. à 3 1. de Domfront. Pop. , 2,200 hab. Arrondissement d'Alençon , ch. 1. de cantons. — Courto mer, b. avec un château, à 2 1. d’Alençon. Pop. , 800 hab* Digitized by Google DE LA FRANCE. i75 — ■ Sdez, v. ancienne et jadis considérable, sur l'Orne, dans une campagne fertile , près de la forêt d’Escouves , à 3 1. d’ Argentan ; son ancienne cathédrale est fort belle ; il y a une fabrique de bas tricotés. Pop. , 5, 400 hab. — Carrouges, b. à 5 1. d’Alençon. Pop., 1,900 hab. — Mesle-sur-Sarthe , b. à 4 h d'Alençon. Pop. , 600 hab. | 8,530 |
https://github.com/lukaszkalnik/arrow/blob/master/arrow-libs/optics/arrow-optics-ksp-plugin/src/test/kotlin/arrow/optics/plugin/DSLTests.kt | Github Open Source | Open Source | BSD-3-Clause, MIT, Apache-2.0 | 2,022 | arrow | lukaszkalnik | Kotlin | Code | 79 | 298 | package arrow.optics.plugin
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
class DSLTests {
@Test
fun `DSL is generated for complex model with Every`() {
"""
|$imports
|$dslModel
|$dslValues
|val modify = Employees.employees.every(Every.list()).company.address
| .street.name.modify(employees, String::toUpperCase)
|val r = modify.employees.map { it.company?.address?.street?.name }.toString()
""".evals("r" to "[LAMBDA STREET, LAMBDA STREET]")
}
@Test
fun `DSL is generated for complex model with At`() {
"""
|$imports
|$dslModel
|$dslValues
|val modify = Db.content.at(At.map(), One).set(db, None)
|val r = modify.toString()
""".evals("r" to "Db(content={Two=two, Three=three, Four=four})")
}
// Db.content.at(At.map(), One).set(db, None)
}
| 46,705 |
https://github.com/crodriguezanton/photoboard-django/blob/master/education/migrations/0002_auto_20161005_1514.py | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,016 | photoboard-django | crodriguezanton | Python | Code | 69 | 362 | # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Generated by Django 1.10.2 on 2016-10-05 15:14
from __future__ import unicode_literals
from django.db import migrations, models
import django.db.models.deletion
class Migration(migrations.Migration):
dependencies = [
('education', '0001_initial'),
]
operations = [
migrations.RenameField(
model_name='semester',
old_name='university',
new_name='faculty',
),
migrations.AddField(
model_name='degree',
name='faculty',
field=models.ForeignKey(blank=True, null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='education.Faculty'),
),
migrations.AddField(
model_name='faculty',
name='university',
field=models.ForeignKey(blank=True, null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='education.University'),
),
migrations.AlterField(
model_name='semester',
name='end',
field=models.DateField(blank=True, null=True),
),
migrations.AlterField(
model_name='semester',
name='start',
field=models.DateField(blank=True, null=True),
),
]
| 17,555 |
https://github.com/Ashvith07/gwl-adventum-user/blob/master/node_modules/mdi-material-ui/StackOverflow.js | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | gwl-adventum-user | Ashvith07 | JavaScript | Code | 51 | 388 | 'use strict';
Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", {
value: true
});
var _react = require('react');
var _react2 = _interopRequireDefault(_react);
var _createIcon = require('./util/createIcon');
var _createIcon2 = _interopRequireDefault(_createIcon);
function _interopRequireDefault(obj) { return obj && obj.__esModule ? obj : { default: obj }; }
exports.default = (0, _createIcon2.default)(_react2.default.createElement(
'g',
null,
_react2.default.createElement('path', { d: 'M17.36,20.2V14.82H19.15V22H3V14.82H4.8V20.2H17.36M6.77,14.32L7.14,12.56L15.93,14.41L15.56,16.17L6.77,14.32M7.93,10.11L8.69,8.5L16.83,12.28L16.07,13.9L7.93,10.11M10.19,6.12L11.34,4.74L18.24,10.5L17.09,11.87L10.19,6.12M14.64,1.87L20,9.08L18.56,10.15L13.2,2.94L14.64,1.87M6.59,18.41V16.61H15.57V18.41H6.59Z' })
)); | 49,648 |
709f71ba1b8bd7b90b643360092e03c9 | French Open Data | Open Government | Licence ouverte | 2,001 | Code pénal, article 442-5 | LEGI | French | Spoken | 54 | 73 | La fabrication, l'emploi ou la détention sans autorisation des matières, instruments, programmes informatiques ou de tout autre élément spécialement destinés à la fabrication ou à la protection contre la contrefaçon ou la falsification des billets de banque ou des pièces de monnaie sont punis de deux ans d'emprisonnement et de 30 000 euros d'amende. | 22,044 |
https://github.com/iguerra94/WeatherNow/blob/master/app/src/main/java/com/iguerra94/weathernow/db/daos/UserDao.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | null | WeatherNow | iguerra94 | Java | Code | 54 | 172 | package com.iguerra94.weathernow.db.daos;
import androidx.room.Dao;
import androidx.room.Insert;
import androidx.room.Query;
import androidx.room.Update;
import com.iguerra94.weathernow.db.entities.User;
@Dao
public interface UserDao {
@Insert
Long insert(User user);
@Update
Integer update(User user);
@Query("SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = :email")
User findByEmail(String email);
@Query("SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = :email AND password = :password")
User findByEmailAndPassword(String email, String password);
} | 50,041 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenzhuang%20Zhen | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Chenzhuang Zhen | https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chenzhuang Zhen&action=history | Cebuano | Spoken | 50 | 114 | Ang Chenzhuang Zhen ngalan niining mga mosunod:
Republikang Popular sa Tsina
Chenzhuang (baranggay sa Republikang Popular sa Tsina, Shandong Sheng, lat 37,01, long 117,91),
Chenzhuang (baranggay sa Republikang Popular sa Tsina, Shandong Sheng, lat 37,68, long 118,48),
Pagklaro paghimo ni bot 2016-03
Pagklaro paghimo ni bot Republikang Popular sa Tsina | 7,498 |
AS/1887/AS_18870707/MM_01/0004.xml_1 | NewZealand-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,887 | None | None | English | Spoken | 4,597 | 7,224 | SHIPPING. Sunset—This evening, 4.51. Sunrise—Tomorrow morning, 7.17. Moon's Age—Last Quarter, 13th, 6.36 p.m. HIGH WATER. Auckland — This evening, 8.20; tomorrow morning, 8.10. Manukatj Heads.—This evening, 11; tomorrow morning, -11.20. Kaipara Heads.—This evening, —; tomorrow morning, 0.20. ARRIVALS. Orpheus, schr., from Norfolk Islands STEAMERS TO ARRIVE. Coromandel, from Coromandel, today, 1 p.m. Enterprise, from Thames, Friday, 1.00. Doric, from Plymouth, due July 31 Alameda, from San Francisco, July 21 Rotomahana, from Thames, Friday, 0.30 p.m. SAILING VESSELS EXPECTED. Crusader, sli., from London Rangitikei, sh., left London May 3 Lutterworth, bq., left London April 7 Routenbeck, bq., NTQS, left Dunedin July 2 Elinor Vernon, sell., JSFK, left New York Feb. 5, at Dunedin Star of the East, from New York, via Dunedin, Arab, bq., to leave New York April 2, via "Dunedin Dana";, bq., to leave Java April 16 Victoria, Rarotonga Olive, schr., from a cruise Omaha, bn., from Chatham Islands Maile, schr., from Tonga Magellan Cloud, bn., from Lyttolton PROJECTED DEPARTURES. Hermione, sh.; for London, loading Nellie M. Slade, for New York, early Wanaka (Onehuiiga), for South, Friday, 11:30 a.m. EXPORTS. Per Mission barque Southern Cross, for a cruise: 79 bags rice, 20 cases kerosene, 15 packages tea, MS packages hardware, 43 packages drapery, 105 packages sugar, 104 packages groceries, 84 packages oilmen's stores, 26 boxes soap, 4,000 bricks, 99 packages biscuits, 09 bags flour, 199 packages sundries, 4,000 feet timber. The barque Northern Chief arrived, at Melbourne, from Auckland, after a passage of 18 days. The schooner Three Cheers goes hence to Mercury Bay to load for Brisbane, in charge of Captain G. McKenzie. The schooner Orpheus arrived from Norfolk Island last evening after a fine weather passage of five days. Passengers: Messrs McDougall and Peacock. The brigantine Magellan Cloud (Richards) left Lyttelton for this port on June 30th with 782 sacks potatoes, 457 sacks flour, 400 bags flour, 4 bundles sacks, The Melanesian Mission schooner South Cross takes the following passengers for Norfolk Island: Bishop Selwyn, Mr. Lodge, Miss Lodge, J. Lodge, Mrs. Ashwell, Miss Brothers, and 12 natives. TELEGRAPHIC SHIPPING. Opotiki, this day. - The wind is blowing strongly from the North, and there is a heavy sea on the bar. The Chelmsford will not be able to leave today. Adelaide, July 9.—Arrived: The s.s. Potosi, from Plymouth. COMMERCIAL. Evening Star Office, this day. The Auckland Grocers' Association quotes the wholesale price of fresh butter is per lb., and fresh eggs is 3d per dozen, delivered, for the week ending July 14th. The above quotations refer to prime quality 01 »iy.,,,.'. Notice to Correspondents. Eden.—Your inquiry is answered in our first local tonight. J.M. —No good end is ever gained by personal abuse. It can never be a substitute for argument. For the future in the distance, And the good that we can do. THURSDAY, JULY 7, 1887. Our morning contemporary has been exercising itself a good deal in the attempt to settle to its own satisfaction and that of its readers, what the pending elections are meant to decide. This morning it seems to have arrived at the conclusion that the only thing the electors have to do is to elect men who will turn the present Government out of office. The Ministry, it argues, have been defeated, and have appealed to the country; they ask the electors whether the verdict of the House is the verdict of the country, and that is all the answer the constituencies have to make. If that were so, then their duties would be very simple indeed. All they would have to do would be to ask candidates, are you for or against the Government 1 and record their votes accordingly. In England this is, in fact, the position of affairs. But colonial politics are very different. As between the share of blame for the cause of the present difficulties of...New Zealand charges against the leaders of the Government and the Opposition parties, it is pretty well six of one and a half-a-dozen of the other. The fight for the Treasury Benches is about the least interesting question raised in connection with the impending struggle. That fight, renewed session after session, has been the cause of more jobbery and corruption in New Zealand politics than all the other evil agencies put together. It is pretty well six of one and a half-a-dozen of the other. The fight for the Treasury Benches is about the least interesting question raised in connection with the impending struggle. Of the Continental Ministry comes into power. We declare, without a moment's hesitation, that if the choice were between a Stout-Vogel combination and the return of a- Hall - Atkinson - Bryce - Rolleston - Connelly Executive to power, the new Parliament would give the present Ministry such a majority as no Ministry ever had before. There is, therefore, a good deal more to be considered than whether a candidate is for or against the present Ministry. That is, indeed, the very smallest question the electors have to ask him. What they want to know is whether he is for or against sound measures, and will either wring them from any and every Ministry that may get into power, or vote to put them out. The heterogeneous composition of the present Cabinet, which has reduced party Government to a farce, has been condemned emphatically by public opinion throughout the colony, and we hope that the first act of the new Parliament will be to bring it to an end. But in preparing to pull down, we must see to it that we have the right men to build up. Take any one of the important questions which are uppermost in the minds of the electors just now. Say that of encouragement to local industries, or village settlements, or reduction of the number of members and retrenchment: is the elector who holds strong opinions on these subjects to suppress them entirely in exercising his vote, and to ask the candidate merely whether he will put the present Government out or not. The suggestion is absurd. What the conscientious elector has to do is to pick out the very best men — the men whose opinions and pledges and public career, so far as they are known, are most in accordance with his own political views; to pledge the candidate to give these views effect, and to put out not only this, but every succeeding Government which fails to give effect to them. The election of the elector has also to bear in mind that ability must go with good intentions. If Auckland is to exercise an influence in Parliament, we must send our very best men. See to it that they are honest and sound politically, and hold them answerable if they go astray. One word about the solicitations which are proceeding on every side for political support for different candidates. We would strongly urge the electors to refuse to give any pledges which hamper their perfect freedom of action until they see and hear all the candidates who offer themselves. This is only fair to themselves and to the men who are seeking their suffrages. Many voters regret at the eleventh hour a hasty promise which they feel to be binding upon their consciences. When the time for polling approaches they will be very much better qualified to give their vote intelligently and for the good of the country than they are now. Probably six weeks or more - will elapse before the rolls under the altered electoral divisions are completed and the elections can take place, and by then the electors will have pretty well made up their minds who are the best fitted to represent them. PAYMENT OF PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATIVES. While many of the electors and politicians of New Zealand are joining in a cry for the reduction or abolition of the honorarium paid to members of the Legislature, a movement in quite the opposite direction is going on in New South Wales. Our cable message states that the bill for the payment of members in the latter colony has just passed through all stages of the Legislative Assembly and the first reading in the Council. There can scarcely be any two opinions as to the principle of paying legislators being an essential ally democratic one. It is the only effectual check to legislative functions drifting into the hands of the privileged leged classes. The worst that can be alleged against it is that it may en courage the growth of a class of professional politicians and cause a lowering of the intellectual and moral tone of Parliament. Certainly such an accusation is not borne out by the comparative status of the Australasian Legis latures. The New South Wales members, who have hitherto received no salary, have gained an unenviable pre-eminence for rowdyism in marked contrast to those of Victoria, who are paid £300 a year. If our experience in New Zealand of the character of the men returned has been somewhat mixed, it is more due to the fact that the number of representatives is excessive in proportion to the population rather than to the fact that they receive salaries for their services. The number of members in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly is also too large, being 108, against 86 in Victoria. So far as experience goes, it would appear that the true way to get men of character and ability in the Legislature is to pay them fairly and keep their number down. Higher standard of men that would be elected, and by the weeding out of the needy axe-grinders who take office, not so much for the salary as for the "pickings" of another kind that they hope to secure. As we are being flooded by letters rela tive to the elections, Aye may save the writers some trouble and disappointment by stating two or three journalistic rules which will be rigidly adhered to during the coming contest —1. Letters written in the interests of particular candidates will only be in serted as advertisements. 2. While allow ing all the space we can lafford to the, dis cussion of the public acts and opinions expressed by candidates, the proper place to ask questions of candidates and to challenge their fitness for office is at the election meetings heldan the district. These w_p be reported hy due course, but the claims made by -uch meetings on our space will o?tolSa^' o^% that an can g_gP»A» t impossible waiting on the'-hS ,-<»» is, may not come before tn„„.- *hicV These remarks are not correspondents; we am °li° dlSCOuia §9 receive , letters , and hhwT &*■ * ' one of the most" ValS : *>W> of a newspaper. ™w| bl ° JfW&Eil hint to our nU p „ f L e _ ? ly ..«;. mght y which must be rf _ 0 hel 4 perative that lfc «!«_, 'A Chamber sitting wnrllke^^ 1 -: Supreme Court to-morrot fr at Honor Mr Justice wSteT notices received u_ tntU ? , c ? i vnll be dealt with* three odock *4& Ifc appears that Mr R v„-i ', " ' "" railway Worm i W attlv 6S Syeteiil «* ---in the old country 'A?V ?in ? night : in the V.M c A R- - stated that some tbie'ai art c c to the « which ■ his ideas wereW in length, t effect that the editor had^_-f? y Jto M SedXtSS^^fe was something i article wouldnothavetSceSr^l SSlesattmtS?S« Borough Council to levy a Jffitf ife L e ', £ !? n rateable.property!,tht l borough,; for the purpose of ShS'rS l £5,000 already- sanctioned for a :w_tfr supply.; The voting was. as follows :-S : the proposal, 173; against,. 46: total, 2ir' As there are 421 burgesses on the 2"' 211 were required to vote in favour to'S the proposal and it is therefore 'unsahfc turned;.". Captain Galbraith was theßefura,. -mg Umcer. w. ~,.. ~\. ! Foley's entertainment at the Opera Houif was again fairly patronbed;, lastv.nfeh? everything going off satisfactorily, 'and the audience being well pleased with what they saw. A meeting in connection with the Wesleyan Foreign Missions was held last night in the Grafton Road Church, where there was, considering the beautiful, a remarkably low attendance. Sir William Fox and with him upon the platform formed a very interesting program. After singing a hymn, the meeting opened with prayer, the Rev. Mr. Taylor leading. The choir then sang fahl anthem, and Sir William Fox gave an interesting address upon the work being done in the South Sea Islands, comparing their present stated with that of past years. The Rev. Mr. Taylor then rose and gave a short, pithy report upon the various missions, including statistics showing the progress made. He made a special reference to the advance of the work in the Chinese settlement in Victoria, the Fijian Group there, was, the reverend gentleman pointed out, a population of 110,000 souls; of these, 101,000; attended Wesleyan places of worship. The remainder of the population attended other places of worship, and that in the Group there was a singing class of the Christian Church. The Rev. C. the speaker gave one of his thoughtful addresses; entitled "Missionary Spirit," and showed it should. Opera. Several other speakers followed, the choir at inter vals rendering certain musical selections. A collection in aid of the Mission Fund was made at this close of the proceedings. A number of officers in the various Volunters were examined by the Board of Examiners yesterday in a course of subjects according to their grade. The results will shortly be published. The Salvation Prison Brigade reports for the period ending July 4th shows: —Meals given, 272; bedsupplied, 72; persons admitted, 10; discharged, 11; still in the Home, 8. Articles received: Bag-of, sugar, Mr Prime; LI, Dr. Maunsell; bacon; and cheese, Mr Taylor; bread, Mr Buchanan; and Mr Gibbs, Napier-street; bag of boots, Mr Holdsworth; pumpkins, Mr Dowden; bag of potatoes, Mr R. Bew; a box of tea from a Remuera gentleman as a Jubilee gift; a bag of clothing left jail. Barracks. We are very thankful for, and we are still in need of more. ' "• ■ > ■■■'■< ■!: > tarn. .... ....... ~- .-,...„.. -, !<••>-s:>? " There good attendance lash' evening, in the AgriculturaTHall'to witness: Max Rinkle's entert-inmeht. same,, programme as on the previous evening wai,, ■ presented, and was well received by tha audience. To the Editor : Sir,—ln last night's issue-;: you refer to Mr Abbott's "wordcompete tion," and inter aha remark on the loose-; ness in which many lists are made : up. v li may inform you that the. competitor.who sent in 3,634 words did not put oae word: down that could hot he found in some Eng-v lish dictionary. .If geographical words or; Biblical names were not allowed, .it is a* nitv Mr Abbott did not say so, and thus save time and trouble. In the listirefenedi to they were obtained from Websters-ic-! tionary.—Yours, &_., Dictionaby. •, " * On Friday evening the rink management!.: are giving the first social of- the A, laree nutnber of:'invitations bave.beea, come extremely popular m the -large citea, of Australia. In Sydney .especially i, v » common spectacle to see the the vicinity of the.Columbia Rink hnedgh ; carriages. Special arrangements are being; made lor the entertainment of the guests of, Friday evening. To-nightthe rink ».nn--. engagement of the hall for, Sir ..George, Grey's meeting. '...„;■-. ~.;■ .: -':^':,_^ The tenth annual general meeting of Union Insurance Company: W Tuesday last, sth :inst, at, the.he* amounted to L150,00815s penditure (after making m prouaion. i , unadjusted losses) to L 133 313 Us *j, leaving an availab c balance of L16.695gaa, was proposed tobedeal^ as follows l-To payment of dividend am rate 0f,,16. ; per, cent, per carried fonvard to next yeaxLC 890 g The directors in their^rtdrew atte«. , to the fact that the particularly, trying .one,.to going insurance business m New Zeawg,. the losses from fire having been «*J ni excess of those of any. mmm.Jg under which circumstances i factory to find the Company able to.par usual dividend of 10 per cent, and Meg a substantial balance forward to. The monthly meeting of Tabernacle Band ".of Hope Society* held to-morrow schoolroom,when addresses^™s Pastor Spurgeon and Mr Ihcu- _r iun. A varied programme of,imu<V U tations, etc, will be rendered. .. ■ - "j ,_ r THE AUGK_LAJfI> : :.EVENING STAR, THURSDAY, '3VLY 7, 1887; 4 SPECIAL CHEAP LINES IN DRA PERY, Etc., at WILLIAM R. BRIDGMAN'S. 250 White Shetland Wool Squares, large size, at 7d, Is, Is 3d, Is 9d, worth double the price; good Cotton Tick, -jd; Union Tick, Is Id; heavy Linen Tick, Is Id; strong Brown Holland, 4jd! White Calico, 2_d yard; very wide Grey Calico, 2d yard; large White Turkish Towels, 7}d, lO.d, Is; splendid assortment Flannels, all prices; very strong line Flannel, 32in wide, ll.d yard; 50 Ladies' Black Cloth Jackets, half-price, to dear; 15s Jackets for 7s Cd; 20s ditto for 10s; 30s flitto for 15s; 10s ditto for 20s (the above are splendid cloth and a great bargain); 40 Maids' and Women's Ulsters, last season's goods. to clear at a great reduction; strong Blue Serge, lid. Is; 25 Colored Bed Quilts, Is lid, 2s (id, 3s 3d; White Honeycomb Quilts, 3s 3d, 3s lid. 5s Gd, very cheap; 1,700 pairs Girls' and Women's Hose, from 3d per pair; Girls' and Ladies' Macintosh Fur Capes at low prices; Splendid Stock of Blankets, all prices from 5s (id to _Us pair; New Velveteens (black and coloured); also, Choice Assortment Striped Plushes, Check Velvets, etc., for trimmings;, 20,000 yards of Choice Dress Materials, all prices from 4Jd (moat of these having been bought job, cannot be under sold); Green Fingering Wool, Is Cd head, half price; Men's Overcoats. From 13s 9d; Youths' Do. (good line), 10s 9d; Men's Macintoshes, reduced in price: Men's Molo Trousers, 4s lid: 750 Men's Silk Windsor Scarfs, 6d; Boys' Felt Hats, 6d; V, MANUFACTURERS' AGENT AND WHOLESALE GLASS MERCHANT. ORDERS INDENTED GOODS IMPORTED DIRECT. QUALITY GUARANTEED. Window Glass Plate Glass, Portland Cement, Chinaware, etc. FOR SALE, 1000 CASES WINDOW GLASS (assorted sizes) WANTED. We wish our name connected in your mind with TEA, because we are the only firm in Auckland dealing in nothing but TEA, and at our Establishment, 207, Queen-street, may be seen samples of TEA from every Tea-growing Country in the World. We have TEA from India—TEA from China TEA from China TEA from China TEA from Formosa TEA in Half-chests TEA in Half-chests TEA in Quarter-chests TEA in Boxes, TEA in Caddies TEA in Tins TEA. in Packets. And as we devoto our whole time to TEA and TEA-TASTING, we can give tea-drinkers better value for their money than they can get anywhere else. Any storekeeper may of course mix his teas according to the price paid for them and the profit he requires, but only the skilled tea ex (lert can properly proportion the peculiar characteristics of each tea. and so produce a Genuine Blended Tea, grateful to The palate and refreshing to the nervous system. This we claim to be able to do, and our Pure Blend Teas have become a source of pleasure to our numerous customers all over New Zealand. Post Office Box 206. Agents wanted where not already represented. JOHN EARLE & CO., TEA MERCHANTS, 207, QUEEN-STREET, AUCKLAND. Established 1880. "W" ANTED KNOWN. JUBLEE EATING S. We have just opened out an IMMENSE SHIPMENT of WINTER GOODS Comprising everything Now and Choice in JUBLEE TWEEDS, Specially to our order (can't be got anywhere else in Auckland). JUBLEE WORSTEDS JUBILEE SUITINGS JUBILEE OVERCOATINGS JUBLEE TROUSERINGS The demand for above goods has exceeded our most sanguine expectations. Customers will kindly book their orders early and prevent disappointment. NO ADVANCE IN PRICE. SPECIAL LINE OF MOSCIEL (for a few weeks only), to measure, $3 per suit. Everyone can afford to be Well-dressed for Her Majesty's Jubilee. 3 FIT, STYLE, AND WORKMANSHIP GUARANTEED. The Ladies of Auckland, if your Perambulators are out of Repair, send them to men that are practical in every branch of the trade. — Copeland and Clegg, 34 and 36, Grey-street. "POTATO MANURE." Freezing Co.'s, £810s, of all merchants. DAY MILNE & CHOYCE'S GREAT CASH SALE. On FRIDAY, July 8, the whole of the immense number of 47% which have accumulated during the sale will be cleared out. The public are requested to call early and secure the bargains. N.B.—Shop closes at 9 o'clock on Saturdays during the Sale. THOMAS AND CHOYCE, General Drapers, QUEEN STREET. WANTED KNOWN.—Ladies' and Children's Underclothing is being sold by the Executors of Thomas Short, Queen street, Auckland, and Grahamstown, Thames, at greatly reduced prices. Chemise, from 1s to 2s. JEWELRY, WATCHES, CLOCKS, ELECTRO-PLATE, AND SILVERWARE. H. KOHN, Having purchased the Bankrupt Stock of A. Alky at a heavy discount, now offers the whole of the same at a reduced reduction off first cost. Being about to relinquish his Auckland business, and having purchased the old established business of B. Peterson & Co., Christchurch, he has determined to include in the sale the whole of his large and valuable stock at a DISCOUNT OF THIRTY PER CENT. OFF MARKED PRICES. This is a good opportunity for acquiring really good articles and High-class Jewellery for Wedding and Birthday Gifts, considerably under original cost. H. KOHN, JEWELER, QUEEN-STREET. JELLING OFF! CELLING OFF! LAST MONTH OF SALE. FURTHER REDUCTIONS. MISS BACON, 255, Queen-street, is leaving for Melbourne in July. Her Stock of Fancy Goods, Wools Silks, etc., must be cleared. Butterick's Paper Patterns, half price. FIXTURES FOR SALE, etc. WHEAT-GROWERS, Etc. W.S. LAURIE & Co. DOCTORS Differ. They do, but the "exception proves the rule. They all agree that Wolfe's Schnapps is the best stimulant procurable. SPLENDID Winter Tweeds at J. H. Dalton's, Tailor, Victoria-street East. DEW'S CELEBRATED TEA, Is 10d PER POUND, SIX POUNDS FOR TEN SHILLINGS, Is a high-class Blended Tea, combining the Teas of India, China, and Ceylon thick, rich, and mellow, with fine refreshing qualities. TRY REW'S FAMOUS COFFEES, Fresh ground daily. WHOLESALE GROCERY STORES, VICTORIA-STREET. ANTED KNOWN. The undersigned is now offering an excellent assortment of - WINTER DRAPERY & MILLINERY AT VERY MODERATE PRICES. Imported direct from leading British manufacturers. A choice assortment of - MILLINERY, DRESS FABRICS in all the most useful textures from Old. FLANNELS from 6d to 1s 9d. BLANKETS all sizes, At value. Cash buyers will find here the best value obtainable. A. LOVETT, WELLESLEY STREET. TO ANTED KNOW N. GEORGE GREGORY, PHOTOGRAPHER, Quick's Buildings (Near Three Lamps), PONSONBY ROAD, Is now producing First-class Photographs at the following reasonable rates:-Carto do Visite, 10a Od per doz.; Cabinets, £1 is per doz. Children's at same price. High-class Enamelling at a moderate advance on above prices. Tram cars pass the door regularly. BETTER BUFF NEW GOODS AT OUR PRICES THAN FAULTY ONES AT A LUCTION. HALF-PRICE LACE CURTAINS. - 200 Pairs at GARLICK AND CRANWELL'S. PATENT SPRING ROLLER WINDOW BLINDS, from 3s 6d.-GARLICK AND CRANWELL. MADRAS MUSLIN CURTAINS, at Half-price, now being sold by GARLICK AND CRANWELL. IRON BEDSTEADS, slightly damaged; very cheap. A few left at GARLICK AND CRANWELL. IRON BEDSTEADS, slightly damaged; very cheap. A few left at GARLICK AND CRANWELL'S. TAPESTRY CARPETS, from 1s 6d per yard. At GARLICK AND CRANWELL'S. TAPESTRY CARPETS, from 1s 6d per yard. At GARLICK AND CRANWELL'S. TAPESTRY CARPETS, from 12s 3d per yard. At GARLICK AND CRANWELL. "BEDDING of all kinds ready for delivery. Blankets, Sheets, Quilts, etc., etc. ALF - TESTER, FRENCH, AND STUMP BEDSTEADS, at prices to suit the times.—G. &C. OILCLOTHS, from 1s per yard. Cash price.-GARLICK AND CRANWELL. HOUSES FURNISHED THROUGHOUT. DINING AND DRAWING ROOM FURNITURE. BEDROOM AND KITCHEN FURNITURE. CHURCH AND OFFICE FURNITURE. GARLICK AND CRANWELL'S. IS THE CHEAP FURNISHING HOUSE IN AUCKLAND. BETTER BUY NEW GOODS AT OUR PRICES THAN FAULTY ONES AT AUCTION. JOHN T. O. L. A. R. D. Begs to inform his friends and the public generally that he has commenced business in Auckland as ESTATE AND COMMISSION AGENT, VALUATOR, ETC., And trusts he will merit a fair share of public patronage. J. S., having many years' experience as a "VALUER OF REAL ESTATE, LIVE STOCK, ETC., Is in a position to advise buyer and seller for their mutual benefit, J. S., also, having received a thorough agricultural and pastoral training in the United Kingdom, and having 25 years' experience as a farmer in Auckland, is capable of PURCHASING ALL KINDS OF STOCK, FARM SEEDS, ARTIFICIAL MANURE, AND IMPLEMENTS, ETC., For his farming friends who live at a distance from the principal markets. JOHN BOLLARD, ESTATE AND COMMISSION AGENT. Office: Durham-street West, Auckland. WHY send so far for Football Jerseys when you can get them made at Spedding's Knitting Establishment, Karanga hapoßoad?. A D V E R T I SEES ABBOTT'S OPERA HOUSE. The Proprietor of the above has decided to let a few Valuable Positions inside Abbott's Opera House for advertising purposes. For particulars as to price, position, etc., apply to J. H. WITHEFORD, Shortland-street. THOSE WHO WANT MONEY. Sums of £100 to £1000 can be had at per cent, if FIRST-CLASS SECURITY. Sums over £1000 can be had at 7 per cent, on. Apply J. H. WITHEFORD, Shortland-street. Volcanic Land, with House of four rooms, out buildings, etc. Price and particulars at J. H. Withetord's, Shortland Street AXE TAKAPUNA. — For Sale, 10 Acres of Land, near Hurstmere, sea beach frontage, steamer passes twice a week, close to main road to Devonport. Price, £150. Land in the immediate neighbourhood sells, at £100 per acre.—J. H. Witheford, Shortland-street. FOR SALE OR TO LET, at Remuera, top of Green Lane, a 6-roomed House and scullery, good well and tank, quarter-acre Allotment, all fenced and planted with choice fruit trees. Magnificent view from property.—J. H. Witheford. Shortland-street VALUABLE BLOCK OF SHOPS in the City for £8,500, £2,000 to £3,000 cash, the balance can remain at 6 percent.—Apply J. H. Witheford. Residence, Remuera, near Mr V Morrin's. Price, £375. House alone cost £100. Terms easy.—J. H. Witheford. Two Acres of Level Land adjoining the school, all laid down to orchard, strawberries; 300-feet frontage to main road, very easy terms.—J. H. Witheford. LET, 8-roomed House (new), St. Mary's Road, rent, 145.-J. H. Witheford, Shortland-street. LET, nice Homestead, near Birkenhead, on main road, nine acres: rent, 15s ww-R'flOk. with purchasing class.-J. H. Witheford, for 3&p-tl a - d - st^ - et The above are superior to the imported article, being recently prepared. Antibilious Pills, suitable to the climate; are purely vegetable; give speedy relief. From 1 to 2d. Prescriptions and Family Recipes faithfully prepared. J.G.H.'s Worm Powders and Mixture are the most effectual remedies known to medical science. Experience teaches that Wolfe's Schnapps is more suited to the Colonies than either brandy or whisky. DR. WILKINS, In the present depressed times, has reduced his fee to 5s for advice and medicine, both in general and special practice. P.S.-Arranges Spectacles for all kinds of bad sight. EDUCTION OF MEDICAL FEES TO ALL ENGLISH KATES. Dr. ROBERT HALL BAKEWELL, M.D., M.R.C.S., Eng., and L.M., Hobson-street, Auckland (two doors from corner of Cook street), late Visiting Physician Christchurch Hospital. Fees for consultation, including medicine, 2s 6d; for visits, including medicine, ss. All fees strictly cash; no booking. DR. J. MURRAY MOORE, M.D., M.R.C.S. Hours for Consultation: 11 to 1 p.m., at Pond's Homoeopathic Pharmacy, 103. Queen-street; 2 to 3 p.m., and 7 to 8 p.m., at Residence, Lower Symonds-street. | 32,335 |
https://github.com/invokemedia/Invoke-CLI/blob/master/resources/hapi-docker/develop | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,018 | Invoke-CLI | invokemedia | Shell | Code | 149 | 432 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
# Set environment variables for dev
export APP_PORT=${APP_PORT:-3000}
export DYNAMO_PORT=${DYNAMO_PORT:-8000}
export DB_PORT=${DB_PORT:-3306}
export DB_ROOT_PASS=${DB_ROOT_PASS:-secret}
export DB_NAME=${DB_NAME:-homestead}
export DB_USER=${DB_USER:-homestead}
export DB_PASS=${DB_PASS:-secret}
# Decide which docker-compose file to use
COMPOSE_FILE="dev"
# Disable pseudo-TTY allocation for CI (Travis)
TTY=""
# Change settings for Travis CI
if [ ! -z "$CI" ]; then
COMPOSE_FILE="ci"
TTY="-T"
fi
COMPOSE="docker-compose -f docker-compose.${COMPOSE_FILE}.yml"
# If we pass any arguments...
if [ $# -gt 0 ];then
# If "npm" is used, run npm
# from our node container
if [ "$1" == "npm" ]; then
shift 1
$COMPOSE run --rm $TTY \
-w /app \
app \
npm "$@"
# If "gulp" is used, run gulp
# from our node container
elif [ "$1" == "yarn" ]; then
shift 1
$COMPOSE run --rm $TTY \
-w /app \
app \
yarn "$@"
# Else, pass-thru args to docker-compose
else
$COMPOSE "$@"
fi
else
$COMPOSE ps
fi | 50,216 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3293570 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | Mario Tannaï | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 1,897 | 4,375 | Mario Tannaï
footballeur français
Mario Tannaï occupation footballeur
Mario Tannaï pays de nationalité France
Mario Tannaï sexe ou genre masculin
Mario Tannaï nature de l’élément être humain
Mario Tannaï prénom Mario
Mario Tannaï date de naissance 1965
Mario Tannaï membre de l'équipe de sport Le Mans Football Club, date de début 1993, date de fin 1997
Mario Tannaï membre de l'équipe de sport USL Dunkerque, date de début 1983, date de fin 1991
Mario Tannaï membre de l'équipe de sport RC Ancenis-Saint-Géréon, date de début 1991, date de fin 1993
Mario Tannaï membre de l'équipe de sport Grenoble Foot 38, date de début 1997, date de fin 1998
Mario Tannaï membre de l'équipe de sport Union sportive du Pays de Saint-Omer, date de début 1999, date de fin 2000
Mario Tannaï sport football
Mario Tannaï position de jeu ou spécialité défenseur
Mario Tannaï identifiant FootballDatabase.eu 14880
Mario Tannaï identifiant Transfermarkt d'un joueur 525469
Mario Tannaï identifiant du Google Knowledge Graph /g/11h1swlj3
Mario Tannaï langues parlées, écrites ou signées français
Mario Tannaï
fransk fotballspiller
Mario Tannaï beskjeftigelse fotballspiller
Mario Tannaï statsborgerskap Frankrike
Mario Tannaï kjønn mann
Mario Tannaï forekomst av menneske
Mario Tannaï fornavn Mario
Mario Tannaï fødselsdato 1965
Mario Tannaï medlem av idrettslag Le Mans FC, startdato 1993, sluttdato 1997
Mario Tannaï medlem av idrettslag Grenoble Foot 38, startdato 1997, sluttdato 1998
Mario Tannaï idrettsgren fotball
Mario Tannaï posisjon på laget forsvarsspiller
Mario Tannaï FootballDatabase.eu spiller-ID 14880
Mario Tannaï Transfermarkt spiller-ID 525469
Mario Tannaï Google Knowledge Graph-ID /g/11h1swlj3
Mario Tannaï talte eller skrevne språk fransk
Mario Tannaï
fransk fodboldspiller
Mario Tannaï beskæftigelse fodboldspiller
Mario Tannaï statsborgerskab Frankrig
Mario Tannaï køn mand
Mario Tannaï tilfælde af menneske
Mario Tannaï fornavn Mario
Mario Tannaï fødselsdato 1965
Mario Tannaï medlem af sportshold Le Mans FC, starttidspunkt 1993, sluttidspunkt 1997
Mario Tannaï medlem af sportshold Grenoble Foot 38, starttidspunkt 1997, sluttidspunkt 1998
Mario Tannaï sport fodbold
Mario Tannaï position på holdet forsvarsspiller
Mario Tannaï FootballDatabase.eu spiller-ID 14880
Mario Tannaï transfermarkt spiller-ID 525469
Mario Tannaï Google Knowledge Graph /g/11h1swlj3
Mario Tannaï talte sprog fransk
Mario Tannaï
fransk fotballspelar
Mario Tannaï yrke fotballspelar
Mario Tannaï statsborgarskap Frankrike
Mario Tannaï kjønn mann
Mario Tannaï førekomst av menneske
Mario Tannaï førenamn Mario
Mario Tannaï fødselsdato 1965
Mario Tannaï idrettsgrein fotball
Mario Tannaï spelarposisjon forsvarsspelar
Mario Tannaï Transfermarkt fotballspiller ID 525469
Mario Tannaï talte eller skrivne språk fransk
Mario Tannaï
fransk fotbollsspelare
Mario Tannaï sysselsättning fotbollsspelare
Mario Tannaï medborgare i Frankrike
Mario Tannaï kön man
Mario Tannaï instans av människa
Mario Tannaï förnamn Mario
Mario Tannaï födelsedatum 1965
Mario Tannaï medlem i idrottslag Le Mans UC72, startdatum 1993, slutdatum 1997
Mario Tannaï medlem i idrottslag Grenoble Foot 38, startdatum 1997, slutdatum 1998
Mario Tannaï idrott fotboll
Mario Tannaï spelarposition försvarare
Mario Tannaï FootballDatabase.eu spelar-ID 14880
Mario Tannaï transfermarkt.com spelar-ID 525469
Mario Tannaï Google Knowledge Graph-ID /g/11h1swlj3
Mario Tannaï talade, skrivna eller tecknade språk franska
Mario Tannaï
French association football player
Mario Tannaï occupation association football player
Mario Tannaï country of citizenship France
Mario Tannaï sex or gender male
Mario Tannaï instance of human
Mario Tannaï given name Mario
Mario Tannaï date of birth 1965
Mario Tannaï member of sports team Le Mans F.C., start time 1993, end time 1997
Mario Tannaï member of sports team USL Dunkerque, start time 1983, end time 1991
Mario Tannaï member of sports team RC Ancenis, start time 1991, end time 1993
Mario Tannaï member of sports team Grenoble Foot 38, start time 1997, end time 1998
Mario Tannaï member of sports team US Saint-Omer, start time 1999, end time 2000
Mario Tannaï sport association football
Mario Tannaï position played on team / speciality defender
Mario Tannaï FootballDatabase.eu person ID 14880
Mario Tannaï Transfermarkt player ID 525469
Mario Tannaï Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/11h1swlj3
Mario Tannaï languages spoken, written or signed French
Mario Tannaï
Mario Tannaï foglalkozás labdarúgó
Mario Tannaï állampolgárság Franciaország
Mario Tannaï nem férfi
Mario Tannaï osztály, amelynek példánya ember
Mario Tannaï utónév Mario
Mario Tannaï születési idő 1965
Mario Tannaï sportcsapat Le Mans UC 72, kezdet ideje 1993, befejezés ideje 1997
Mario Tannaï sportcsapat USL Dunkerque, kezdet ideje 1983, befejezés ideje 1991
Mario Tannaï sportcsapat Grenoble Foot 38, kezdet ideje 1997, befejezés ideje 1998
Mario Tannaï sportág labdarúgás
Mario Tannaï poszt hátvéd
Mario Tannaï FootballDatabase.eu-azonosító 14880
Mario Tannaï transfermarkt.com-labdarúgóazonosító 525469
Mario Tannaï Google Tudásgráf-azonosító /g/11h1swlj3
Mario Tannaï beszélt nyelvek francia
Mario Tannaï
französischer Fußballspieler
Mario Tannaï Tätigkeit Fußballspieler
Mario Tannaï Land der Staatsangehörigkeit Frankreich
Mario Tannaï Geschlecht männlich
Mario Tannaï ist ein(e) Mensch
Mario Tannaï Vorname Mario
Mario Tannaï Geburtsdatum 1965
Mario Tannaï Mitglied von Sportmannschaft oder -verein Le Mans FC, Startzeitpunkt 1993, Endzeitpunkt 1997
Mario Tannaï Mitglied von Sportmannschaft oder -verein USL Dunkerque, Startzeitpunkt 1983, Endzeitpunkt 1991
Mario Tannaï Mitglied von Sportmannschaft oder -verein Grenoble Foot, Startzeitpunkt 1997, Endzeitpunkt 1998
Mario Tannaï Sportart Fußball
Mario Tannaï Spielerposition/Spezialität Abwehrspieler
Mario Tannaï FootballDatabase.eu-Spieler-ID 14880
Mario Tannaï Transfermarkt-Spieler-ID 525469
Mario Tannaï Google-Knowledge-Graph-Kennung /g/11h1swlj3
Mario Tannaï gesprochene oder publizierte Sprachen Französisch
Mario Tannaï
Mario Tannaï poklic nogometaš
Mario Tannaï država državljanstva Francija
Mario Tannaï spol moški
Mario Tannaï primerek od človek
Mario Tannaï ime Mario
Mario Tannaï datum rojstva 1965
Mario Tannaï član športne ekipe ali društva Grenoble Foot 38, čas začetka 1997, čas konca 1998
Mario Tannaï šport nogomet
Mario Tannaï igralni položaj branilec
Mario Tannaï Transfermarkt player ID 525469
Mario Tannaï oznaka Google Knowledge Graph /g/11h1swlj3
Mario Tannaï govorjeni, pisani ali kretani jeziki francoščina
Mario Tannaï
Frans voetballer
Mario Tannaï beroep voetballer
Mario Tannaï land van nationaliteit Frankrijk
Mario Tannaï sekse of geslacht mannelijk
Mario Tannaï is een mens
Mario Tannaï voornaam Mario
Mario Tannaï geboortedatum 1965
Mario Tannaï lid van sportteam of club Le Mans FC, begindatum 1993, einddatum 1997
Mario Tannaï lid van sportteam of club USL Dunkerque, begindatum 1983, einddatum 1991
Mario Tannaï lid van sportteam of club Grenoble Foot 38, begindatum 1997, einddatum 1998
Mario Tannaï sport voetbal
Mario Tannaï positie van speler / specialiteit verdediger
Mario Tannaï FootballDatabase.eu-identificatiecode 14880
Mario Tannaï Transfermarkt-identificatiecode voor voetballer 525469
Mario Tannaï Google Knowledge Graph-identificatiecode /g/11h1swlj3
Mario Tannaï taalbeheersing Frans
Mario Tannaï
futbolista francès
Mario Tannaï ocupació futbolista
Mario Tannaï ciutadania França
Mario Tannaï sexe o gènere masculí
Mario Tannaï instància de ésser humà
Mario Tannaï prenom Mario
Mario Tannaï data de naixement 1965
Mario Tannaï membre de l'equip esportiu Le Mans UC, data d'inici 1993, data de finalització 1997
Mario Tannaï membre de l'equip esportiu USL Dunkerque, data d'inici 1983, data de finalització 1991
Mario Tannaï membre de l'equip esportiu Grenoble Foot 38, data d'inici 1997, data de finalització 1998
Mario Tannaï esport futbol
Mario Tannaï posició a l'equip defensa
Mario Tannaï identificador FootballDatabase.eu 14880
Mario Tannaï identificador Transfermarkt de futbolista 525469
Mario Tannaï identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/11h1swlj3
Mario Tannaï llengua parlada, escrita o signada francès
Mario Tannaï
futbolista francés
Mario Tannaï ocupación futbolista
Mario Tannaï país de nacionalidá Francia
Mario Tannaï sexu masculín
Mario Tannaï instancia de humanu
Mario Tannaï nome Mario
Mario Tannaï fecha de nacimientu 1965
Mario Tannaï deporte fútbol
Mario Tannaï posición de xuegu defensa
Mario Tannaï identificador Transfermarkt d'un futbolista 525469
Mario Tannaï llingües falaes francés
Mario Tannaï
futbolista francés
Mario Tannaï ocupación futbolista
Mario Tannaï país de nacionalidad Francia
Mario Tannaï sexo o género masculino
Mario Tannaï instancia de ser humano
Mario Tannaï nombre de pila Mario
Mario Tannaï fecha de nacimiento 1965
Mario Tannaï miembro del equipo deportivo Le Mans Football Club, fecha de inicio 1993, fecha de fin 1997
Mario Tannaï miembro del equipo deportivo USL Dunkerque, fecha de inicio 1983, fecha de fin 1991
Mario Tannaï miembro del equipo deportivo Grenoble Foot 38, fecha de inicio 1997, fecha de fin 1998
Mario Tannaï deporte fútbol
Mario Tannaï posición de juego defensa
Mario Tannaï identificador FootballDatabase.eu 14880
Mario Tannaï identificador de jugador de Transfermarkt 525469
Mario Tannaï identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/11h1swlj3
Mario Tannaï lenguas habladas, escritas o signadas francés
Mario Tannaï
futbolista franses
Mario Tannaï okupashon futbolista
Mario Tannaï pais di nashonalidat Fransia
Mario Tannaï sekso o género maskulino
Mario Tannaï ta un hende
Mario Tannaï nòmber di dilanti Mario
Mario Tannaï fecha di nasementu 1965
Mario Tannaï deporte futbòl
Mario Tannaï posishon defensor
Mario Tannaï dominio di idioma franses
Mario Tannaï
calciatore francese
Mario Tannaï occupazione calciatore
Mario Tannaï paese di cittadinanza Francia
Mario Tannaï sesso o genere maschio
Mario Tannaï istanza di umano
Mario Tannaï prenome Mario
Mario Tannaï data di nascita 1965
Mario Tannaï membro della squadra sportiva Le Mans Football Club, data di inizio 1993, data di fine 1997
Mario Tannaï membro della squadra sportiva USL Dunkerque, data di inizio 1983, data di fine 1991
Mario Tannaï membro della squadra sportiva Grenoble Foot 38, data di inizio 1997, data di fine 1998
Mario Tannaï membro della squadra sportiva US Saint-Omer, data di inizio 1999, data di fine 2000
Mario Tannaï sport calcio
Mario Tannaï ruolo (nella squadra) difensore
Mario Tannaï identificativo FootballDatabase.eu di un giocatore 14880
Mario Tannaï identificativo Transfermarkt di un calciatore 525469
Mario Tannaï identificativo Google Knowledge Graph /g/11h1swlj3
Mario Tannaï lingue parlate o scritte francese
Mario Tannaï
French association football player
Mario Tannaï occupation soccer player
Mario Tannaï sex or gender male
Mario Tannaï instance of human
Mario Tannaï given name Mario
Mario Tannaï date of birth 1965
Mario Tannaï FootballDatabase.eu ID 14880
Mario Tannaï Google Knowledge Graph identifier /g/11h1swlj3
Mario Tannaï languages spoken, written or signed French
Mario Tannaï
Mario Tannaï ocupação futebolista
Mario Tannaï país de cidadania França
Mario Tannaï sexo ou gênero masculino
Mario Tannaï instância de ser humano
Mario Tannaï primeiro nome Mario
Mario Tannaï data de nascimento 1965
Mario Tannaï esporte futebol
Mario Tannaï posição zagueiro
Mario Tannaï identificador do painel de informações do Google /g/11h1swlj3
Mario Tannaï línguas faladas ou escritas francês
Mario Tannaï
French association football player
Mario Tannaï occupation association football player
Mario Tannaï sex or gender male
Mario Tannaï instance of human
Mario Tannaï given name Mario
Mario Tannaï date of birth 1965
Mario Tannaï sport association football
Mario Tannaï position (on team) defender
Mario Tannaï FootballDatabase.eu ID 14880
Mario Tannaï Google Knowledge Graph identifier /g/11h1swlj3
Mario Tannaï languages spoken, written or signed French
Mario Tannaï
futebolista francês
Mario Tannaï ocupação futebolista
Mario Tannaï país de nacionalidade França
Mario Tannaï sexo ou género masculino
Mario Tannaï instância de ser humano
Mario Tannaï primeiro nome Mario
Mario Tannaï data de nascimento 1965
Mario Tannaï membro da equipa desportiva Le Mans Football Club, data inicial 1993, data final 1997
Mario Tannaï membro da equipa desportiva Union Sportive du Littoral de Dunkerque, data inicial 1983, data final 1991
Mario Tannaï membro da equipa desportiva Grenoble Foot 38, data inicial 1997, data final 1998
Mario Tannaï membro da equipa desportiva US Saint-Omer, data inicial 1999, data final 2000
Mario Tannaï desporto futebol
Mario Tannaï posição defesa
Mario Tannaï identificador do painel de informações do Google /g/11h1swlj3
Mario Tannaï línguas faladas, escritas ou assinadas francês
Mario Tannaï
Fransız futbolcu (d. 1965)
Mario Tannaï mesleği futbolcu
Mario Tannaï vatandaşlığı Fransa
Mario Tannaï cinsiyeti erkek
Mario Tannaï nedir insan
Mario Tannaï ön adı Mario
Mario Tannaï doğum tarihi 1965
Mario Tannaï takımı Le Mans FC, başlangıç zamanı 1993, bitiş zamanı 1997
Mario Tannaï takımı USL Dunkerque, başlangıç zamanı 1983, bitiş zamanı 1991
Mario Tannaï takımı Grenoble Foot 38, başlangıç zamanı 1997, bitiş zamanı 1998
Mario Tannaï spor dalı futbol
Mario Tannaï oynadığı pozisyon savunma
Mario Tannaï FootballDatabase.eu oyuncu kimliği 14880
Mario Tannaï Transfermarkt futbolcu kimliği 525469
Mario Tannaï Google Bilgi Grafiği kimliği /g/11h1swlj3
Mario Tannaï konuştuğu, yazdığı diller Fransızca | 33,045 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17211566 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | KNBニュースプラス1 | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 4 | 46 | KNBニュースプラス1
KNBニュースプラス1 グーグル・ナレッジ・グラフ識別子 /g/121y4_hl | 21,352 |
2014/62009TA0489_3/62009TA0489_FR.txt_1 | Eurlex | Open Government | CC-By | 2,014 | None | None | French | Spoken | 357 | 810 | C_2015034FR.01002101.xml
2.2.2015
FR
Journal officiel de l'Union européenne
C 34/21
Arrêt du Tribunal du 9 décembre 2014 — Leali et Acciaierie e Ferriere Leali Luigi/Commission
(Affaires T-489/09, T-490/09 et T-56/10) (1)
([«Concurrence - Ententes - Marché des ronds à béton en barres ou en rouleaux - Décision constatant une infraction à l’article 65 CA, après l’expiration du traité CECA, sur le fondement du règlement (CE) no 1/2003 - Fixation des prix et des délais de paiement - Limitation ou contrôle de la production ou des ventes - Violation des formes substantielles - Base juridique - Excès de pouvoir et détournement de procédure - Amendes - Durée de l’infraction - Proportionnalité - Prescription - Recours en annulation - Décision de modification - Irrecevabilité»])
(2015/C 034/22)
Langue de procédure: l’italien
Parties
Parties requérantes: Leali SpA (Odolo, Italie) (affaires T-489/09 et T-56/10); et Acciaierie e Ferriere Leali Luigi SpA (Brescia, Italie) (affaires T-490/09 et T-56/10) (représentant: G. Bellotti, avocat)
Partie défenderesse: Commission européenne (représentants: dans les affaires T-489/09 et T-490/09, initialement R. Sauer et V. Di Bucci, puis R. Sauer et B. Gencarelli, et enfin R. Sauer et R. Striani, et, dans l’affaire T-56/10, initialement R. Sauer et B. Gencarelli, puis R. Sauer et R. Striani, agents, assistés de M. Moretto, avocat)
Objet
Dans les affaires T-489/09 et T-490/09, demandes d’annulation de la décision C (2009) 7492 final de la Commission, du 30 septembre 2009, relative à une procédure d’application de l’article 65 CA (affaire COMP/37.956 — Ronds à béton armé, réadoption), et, à titre subsidiaire, demandes de réduction du montant de l’amende infligée aux requérantes et, dans l’affaire T-56/10, demande d’annulation de la décision C (2009) 9912 final de la Commission, du 8 décembre 2009, modifiant la décision C (2009) 7492 final.
Dispositif
1)
Les affaires T-489/09, T-490/09 et T-56/10 sont jointes aux fins du présent arrêt.
2)
Les recours sont rejetés.
3)
Dans l’affaire T-489/09, Leali SpA est condamnée aux dépens.
4)
Dans l’affaire T-490/09, les Acciaierie e Ferriere Leali Luigi SpA sont condamnées aux dépens.
5)
Dans l’affaire T-56/10, Leali et les Acciaierie e Ferriere Leali Luigi sont condamnées aux dépens.
(1) JO C 37 du 13.2.2010.
| 20,438 |
6725396f23f7c7f353bf0efa8a453535 | French Open Data | Open Government | Licence ouverte | 2,000 | Code de la santé publique, article L5124-1 | LEGI | French | Spoken | 71 | 116 | La fabrication, l'importation, l'exportation et la distribution en gros des médicaments, produits et objets mentionnés à l'article L. 4211-1, la fabrication, l'importation et la distribution des médicaments destinés à être expérimentés sur l'homme ainsi que l'exploitation de spécialités pharmaceutiques ou autres médicaments, de générateurs, trousses ou précurseurs définis aux 8°, 9° et 10° de l'article L. 5121-1 ne peuvent être effectuées que dans des établissements pharmaceutiques régis par le présent chapitre. | 19,520 |
sn85053157_1903-08-19_1_4_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | None | None | English | Spoken | 2,679 | 3,684 | The River Press. Terms of Subucriptioii : payable in advance. One year $2 00 Six months 1 00 All letters and communications containing mat ter Intended for publication in this paper should be addressed to " The Jli ver 1'r• #*," and the nam* of the writer must he jliven to insure attention. Local advertisements will In inserted in these alliums at the rate often cents per line from transient and fire cents per lim from regular ad vertisers. WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 19, 1908. HOT SHOT F HO. M SANDI.KS. When Col. Sanders, the weil known Montana pioneer and republican poli tician, submits to a newspaper inter view be generally has something'inter esting- to say, and his recent talk with a reporter of the Spokesman Review is well worth perusal by the Montana public. His sweeping allegation against Montana newspapers, how ever, calls for correction: most of them, it is true, are owned or con trolled by corporate interests, but a considerable proportion—and may their number never grow less—are free from such inlluences aud endeav or to represent to the best of their ability the interests of the people. Col. Sanders is reported by the Spo kane paper to this effect: "The people of Montana are honest. Left to themselves they would soon re form the rotten political conditions which have brought the state into such unpleasant notoriety. But they are being constantly interfered with by extraneous inlluences. The Amal gamated Copper company, the Stand ard Oil company, the railroads, all of them outside corporations, have so many irons in the fire that they find it necessary to put serviceable tools in places of public trust. And they are willing to go to auy length to accom plish their ends. "I must confess," continued Col. Sanders, "that the political reforma tion of the state is a long ways off. That it will come in the long run 1 have no doubt. I sometimes think, however, that we will have to get still worse than we are, if that be possible, in order to bring about the necessary reaction. "The corporations control all the newspapers of Montana. Republican, democratic, socialist and populistic newspapers are all the same to them. They may lease them until such time as an emergency arises when they need them, but at no time can the paper» be depended upon to tell the truth about politics or about the corporation in terests which'own them. "The corporations have a corps of editors, aud they keep switching them about from paper to paper. If an ed itor gets tired of one town, or it is deemed advisable to transfer him, he ie sent to another town. The able edi tors are perfectly at home whether on a republican, democratic, socialistic or labor union newspaper." "Flow is the prosperity of the state?" Colonel Sanders was asked. "While limes are generally good," was the reply, "the state is not pro gressing as rapidly as tier sister west ern states. The corruption of politics, and the notoriety which that corrup tion has achieved, lias hurt the state abroad and has deterred immigration to some extent. Then the labor unions have hurt prosperity immeasurably by their extortionate demands. Un ionism has given Montana a black eye. The state is the stoi m center for the troubles which have occurred in Ca'ur d'Aleues. They have fostered a socialistic spirit which is bad for the progress of the community, and they have made all kinds of unreason able demands." "How about the state politically?" "The lights between corporate inter ests Have virtually obliterated party lines," said Colonel Sanders, "and one hardly knows where the state stands politically. There is more so cialism and populism and the like than any other single political element, 1 think. Vet. without fusion on the part of the opposition the state is safely republican. It is particularly so on the taritl issue. No party that advo cated a lowering of the tariff would stand a ghost of a chance in Mon tau a. "Will Senator Clark be able to re turn to the senate?" "Well, ' replied Colonel Sanders with a s mile, "that depends a good deal on how bad he wants to go. ile still has four vears to serve." l Ul Al I/lNc; ASSI:SSMI.N IS. From every county in Montana comes reports of proceedings of boards of equalization, whose duty it is to review the assessment lists re turned by the county assessor. 1'n der the law these boards have author ity to correct any error made in ap praising taxable property, to reduce or increase valuations, to strike front the tax roll any property that is wrongly assessed, and to add to the list any taxable property that may have escaped the eyes of the assessor. In most of the counties the work of these equalization boards appears to have been done in a manner satisfac tory to all interests affected, and the mm ' n &&. HOW A MAN EATING TIGER LOOKS JUST AFTER HE IS SHOT. This magnificent man eating tiger was recently shot in India by a member of Viceroy Ctirzon's shooting party, and its beautiful hide will soon adorn the floor of a British country house. The tiger was on" of the largest brought down in recent years by sportsmen in India, land of big game and mystery. From its bewhiskered muzzle to the 1ip of its t.-iil it: measured over ten feet, and its weight was about 500 pounds. tax roll has been slightly increased from the original figures. In Deer Lodge county, however, there was a very peculiar aud compli cated problem, aud the way it was solved promises to become a local po litical issue in that part of the state. In Governor Toole's message to the state legislature last winter, reference was made to the assessment of Deer Lodge county as a striking illustra tion of the defects in our tax laws, the message calling attention to the fact that the total assessment of the county last year was less than the cash value of the property of one corporation do iug business in that part of Montana. A new assessor was elected in Deer Lodge county last November, and he proceeded to value taxable property at what he considered it to be worth, irrespective of the views of his prede cessor in office. As a result of the work of Assessor Levengood, the tax roil of Deer Lodge county was increased to nearly six teen million dollars, or more than twice the valuation of 1DU2, most of the increase being represented by higher values placed upon the Washoe smelter and other property owned by the Anaconda company. The cash value of this property, in the opinion of the assessor, was in excess of the sum of nine million dollars. But the Deer Lodge board of equal ization, at its meeting last week, cut down the assessor's figures by reduc ing them more than two-thirds. The entire property of the Anaconda com pany, including smelting works that are said to have recently cost over seven million dollars, was considered by the board to be worth only 059 for purposes of taxation, and that is the valuation upon which its taxes will be levied. In defense of this ac tion on the part of the Deer Lodge equalization board it is explained that having valued this property at a cer tain figure in former years, it could not consistently endorse the higher valuation placed upon it by Assessor Levengood. While this assessment controversy in Deer Lodge county more particu larly affects the taxpayers of that lo cality, it is of some interest to the gen eral public throughout the state. A county board of equalization is a tri bunal to which an appeal may be made by aggrieved taxpayers who conclude they have been unfairly treated by the county assessor, but there is no pro vision for appeal against the action of the board itself. A county board of equalization can change the assess ment at its own sweet will: it can raise or lower valuations with or without just cause, and show favoritism to auy individual or corporation that owns taxable property within its jurisdic tion. Here is a defect in our tax laws that certainly needs attention at the hands of some future legislative assembly. llricf and l'ertincnt. Chicago Tribune: An Iowa popu list who has nothing else to do expects to go to Des Moines some time next month and hold a state convention. Omaha Bee: A New York woman has been sent to jail and fined *.">0 for beating her husband. There's a court to tie to, benedicts. May its frowns and liues never grow less. Missoulian: A Missoula socialist says that there is nothing in socialism that teaches that you should divide with your neighbor. Certainly not: it teaches that your neighbor should divide with you. Atlanta Journal: Now that Mr. Roosevelt has heard two brass bauds play ditlerent tunes at the same time, he can doubtless appreciate the feeling of Mr. Cleveland when Mr. Bryan and Mr. \\ atterson open up simultaneous ly. WHY WALSH KILLED TRI A\. Both Men Said to Have lïccn Connected With the Curry Gang. The recent murder of Josh Truax by Bob Walsh at Hinsdale was gener ally supposed to be the result of a quarrel over the branding of some calves owned by Walsh, but the Glas gow Review tells a story that connects the crime with the Wagner train rob bery of two years ago. The Glasgow paper says: It appears that for nearly a week prior to the holdup "Deaf" Charley, Kid Curry and Longbaugh had been living in an obscure out of the way place in the vicinity of Truax's and Walsh's ranches. While there they had frequent interviews with these two parties and it was finally agreed that Walsh and Truax were to furnish the horse» with which the bandits were to ride out of the country. After tile holdup was effected it was generally supposed that the robbers had gone to the Little Koekies and the theory was accepted by nearly every one in the county. It proved false, however, as they are known to have spent their first night out in the vicin ity of the Truax ranch and in the darkness of the following night they rode south and crossed the river at the First point of the Missouri river. That was about the last heard or seen of them in the country. In due time Walsh's hordes were returned, but it is not known whether lie was ever reimbursed for his part in the play. Truax's horses were never returned and after asking Walsh for an explanation on several occas ions their previous friendly relations were severely ruptured. A week before Truax was killed tie called at the home of a well known rancher living on the north side of the river and told of the transaction, adding "that he believed it wa- his duty to give Walsh away in this mat ter as lie had not acted square with him." Walsh got wind of what Truax intended to do and it is said purpose ly provoked the quarrel that ended in tile killing of tlie I alter. When you want a phytic tlia". is mild aud gentle, easy to take and cer tain to act, always use Chamberlain's Stomach and Liver Tablets. For sale by 1). G. Lockwood, druggist. WÊÊ I iff HEALTH IS GAINED The story of a great deal of the unhappiness of women is a story of lost health. Women wonder how it is that little by little the form loses plumpness, the cheeks grow hol I low and sallow, and they feel tired and worn-out all the time. In a large pro portion of cases when women are weak, run-down and falling off in flesh and looks, the root of the trouble can be traced to womanly diseases which under mine the general health. The proof of ! this is that women who have been cured of painful womanly diseases by the use ! of Dr. Pierce's Favorite Prescription I have recovered their general health, ! gained in flesh and in appearance. ! Dr. Pierce's Favorite Prescription cures ! the womanly diseases which sap the geu ! eral health. It establishes regularity, dries weakening drains, heals inflamma tion and ulceration aud cures female weakness. " I suffered for three years with ovarian trouble." writes Mrs. Anna On inn (Treasurer Woman's Athletic Club), of 602 Sycamore St., Milwaukee, Wis. "The treatment I took ilia not ilo me a particle of good, until a good neigh bor who had been using l)r. Pierce's Favorite Prescription advised me to give it a trial. The next day took my first dose, and it was my first stop toward recovery. In nine weeks 1 was a different woman ; my flesh which had been flabby became firm, complexion clear and my eyes bright. It was simply an indication of the great change within from "pain aud suffering to health and happiness." " Favorite Prescription " makes weak women strong, sick women well. Ac cept no substitute for the medicine which works wonders for weak women. Dr. Pierce's Pleasant Pellets invigorate itomach, liver aud bowels. st % à Â 4.."' Most R WE HAVE JUST RECEIVED A CARLOAD ...OF... Wagons Made. s» \ 'm ««aw! m They Are The Bain and the Schuttler Two as good Wagons as experienced workmen and best material can produce. We carry 2 1-2, 2 3-4, 3, 3 1-4 and 3 1-2 in each kind and sell as follows: S92.5Q S97.50, $1QO, $1Q5, $115. WE ALSO CARRY The Electric Truck Which is the best one we have ever handled, as it has 1-2x4 inch tires and is adapted to heavy work over rough roads. Our price is $40.00. Our line of Spring Wagons, Covered and Open=Top Buggies and Road Wagons is very complete, and at popular prices. .... Benton Hardware Co. C. H. RAGLAND & CO., Live Stock Commission, B ank B cildimg, Fort Benton, - Mont. JERE SULLIVAN, U. S. Commissioner and Notary Pubiic. Land Filings and Proofs. Cl. T-iT BENTON, - - MONTANA ÇHAS. h. BOYLE, United States Commissioner, '• iiKNTON, MUNT. ii^.- .mi roots. Abstract of land tiling» •tût 1 proofs kept. oldier-" Land Scrip for s ale and located. P E. STRANAHAN, Attorney-at-Law. Fi'.KT 1Ü:NTON, - MONTANA. ( Lille of the Helena liar.) H E. FAPNUM, A. B .7 Sur veyor and Irrigation bnjrineer. Reservoirs, ukn I Locations for stock Hanches, Etc., Etc. HARLEM, MONTANA. LLOYD ü. SMITH, Surveyor and Civil Engineer. Prices reasonable, and jjood work guaranteed. Reservoir Work ;< Specialty. CHINOOK. : : MONTANA SHORT ROUTE FAST TIME MINNEAPOLIS ST. PAUL. t'onneetinjr w\:h all railways for New York. Chicago, and "all points Has: and South. Hnsthour.il Westbound 4:-.'4 t.m BENTON 3:01 a m. A. 0. KfKCHFIELP, Agent. .M .II a um a nn. Pr<= f. c. I 'm:ston , Vice-J'res il D kai'ek . Sec. e/?£/ir GRE.AT FALLS . MONTANA. Tenth Year. Fall Term Opens Sept. i. School of Bookkeeping, Shorthand and Typewriting, English Department, Penmanship. Business Practice, Correspondence, Business Arithmetic, Ger mai], Musical Instruction—Piano, String and Band Instruments. New pupils may enter any time. Instruction private and class. For further information write or send for catalogue. School all year. Telephone 241A Grand Union Hotel... HH fry fit Fort Benton, MDnt. Iii ft *^ rst Class Hotel in the City Steam Heat. Rooms Singly or en Suite, electric lights. Baths and Closets on each Floor. Rates: $1 .50, $2.00 and $2.50 per day COMMODIOUS SAMPLE ROOMS. JOHN H. GREEN, Proprietor. The New HODGE MOWER, Hay Rake and Special Alfalfa Rake Manufactured by the Acme Manufacturing i' i.. i Vorut. Illinois. Call and Examine Before Purchasing. THE AEB,MOTOR, The best wind machine cn earth. All steel der. rick. Both wheel and derrick galvanized and therefore indestructible. W. 0. DEXTER. Agent, Fort Benton, Mont. Correspondence solicited Send for catalogue and price6.. | 875 |
3285859_1 | Court Listener | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,016 | None | None | English | Spoken | 2,184 | 2,886 | This is an action to recover damages for personal injuries suffered by plaintiff as a result of an automobile collision which occurred in San Jose on January 6, 1924, between an automobile driven by E.L. Emery and owned by his wife, Mrs. Harriet E. Emery, in which plaintiff was riding, and one driven by the defendant Raley, Jr., *Page 702
and belonging to his father. The jury rendered a verdict in plaintiff's favor for the sum of $1,245, and judgment was entered thereon, from which defendants have appealed.
It appears from the evidence that Mrs. Emery, the owner of the automobile in which plaintiff was riding, was covered by a policy of public liability insurance issued by a company represented by one of plaintiff's attorneys, and that shortly after the accident and while plaintiff was still confined in the hospital said attorney paid plaintiff $380.27, which payment was evidenced by a written agreement, signed by plaintiff and witnessed by one of the insurance company's agents. These facts were developed by defendants at the trial, during the cross-examination of plaintiff, and thereupon defendants asked and were granted leave to amend their answer so as to plead said payment as a satisfaction for the injuries plaintiff received and as a discharge of these defendants from any liability for the tort sued upon. The cause was submitted to the jury with instructions to render one general and three special verdicts, the latter being in the following forms: First, was any alleged injury to plaintiff proximately caused by the negligence of Mr. Emery? Second, was any alleged injury to plaintiff proximately caused by the negligence of Mrs. A.L. Emery? Third, was any alleged injury to plaintiff proximately caused by the negligence of the defendant Walter Raley, Jr.? The jury answered the first and second special verdicts in the negative, and the third in the affirmative, and consequently rendered a general verdict against defendants for the sum of $1,245.
It is contended by the defendants here, as it was before the trial court, that the effect of said payment to plaintiff and the execution by her of said agreement was to extinguish the cause of action sued upon, the contention being based upon the rule which declares that payment by and the release of one of two or more joint tort-feasors operates as a release of all and estops the injured party from asserting that the person released was not in fault and not liable for the injury (Tompkins v. Clay StreetR.R. Co., 66 Cal. 163 [4 P. 1165]; Chetwood v. CaliforniaNat. Bank, 113 Cal. 414 [45 P. 704]; Flynn v. Manson,19 Cal.App. 400 [126 P. 181]; Urton v. Price, 57 Cal. 270). *Page 703
Plaintiff does not dispute the legal rule above mentioned, but contends that the present case is exempt therefrom, first, for the reason that the document executed by her did not constitute a release and satisfaction, but was merely a covenant not to sue Mrs. Emery, and therefore did not operate to extinguish the cause of action sued upon.
The document reads as follows: "Agreement Not To Sue. Whereas, Mrs. E.W. Hawber, on the sixth day of January, 1924, was a passenger in an automobile owned by Mrs. Harriet T. Emery, and Whereas, at the intersection of Sixth Street with William Street, San Jose, California, said automobile collided with another automobile, and Whereas, the said Mrs. E.W. Hawber did, on account of said collision, then and there receive personal injuries and damages to property; now Therefore, in consideration of the payment of Three Hundred Eighty and twenty-seven hundreths ($380.27) Dollars, to the said Mrs. E.W. Hawber paid by the said Mrs. Harriet E. Emery, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged by the said Mrs. E.W. Hawber, the said Mrs. E.W. Hawber covenants and agrees that she will not institute claim, demand, or suit at law, against the said Mrs. Harriet E. Emery in consequence of said collision. It Is Further Agreed and Understood between the parties hereto that the payment of the amount above stated is not to be construed as an admission on the part of said Mrs. Harriet E. Emery of any liability whatever in consequence of said collision. And It Is Further Understood and Agreed, that should the said Mrs. E.W. Hawber at any time in the future institute claim, demand, or suit at law, against the said Mrs. Harriet E. Emery, the said Mrs. Harriet E. Emery may plead this agreement in full satisfaction and release of said claim, demand, or suit at law. In Witness Whereof the said Mrs. E.W. Hawber has hereunto set her hand and seal this twenty-third day of January, 1924. Witnesseth: J.A. Stewart (signed) (Mrs.) Elletta W. Hawber (Seal)."
In dealing with the question of the legal effect of a covenant not to sue as contradistinguished from a release and satisfaction, Ruling Case Law (vol. 23, p. 408) states: "The authorities almost uniformly hold that a covenant or agreement not to sue one of several joint tort-feasors made on a sufficient consideration is not a technical release of the damages sustained, and will not be held to release either, *Page 704 but the person with whom the agreement or covenant was made mustbe left to his action on it." (Italics ours.) And upon the same subject Cyc. (vol. 34, p. 1090) declares: "An absolute covenant not to sue one or less than all of several joint tort feasors never operates as a release, and not even the covenantee canplead it as a defense, for such a covenant does not extinguish the cause of action, but he must seek his remedy in an action onhis covenant." (Italics ours.) In other words, as said in Cityof Chicago v. Babcock, 143 Ill. 358 [32 N.E. 271], "the legal effect of such a covenant (not to sue) is not the same as that of a release. A covenant not to sue a sole tort feasor is, to avoid circuity of action, considered in law a discharge, and a bar to an action against such tort feasor. But the rule is otherwise where there are two or more tort feasors, and the covenant is with one of them not to sue him. In such case the covenant does not operate as a release of either the covenantee or the other tort feasors, but the former must resort to his suit for breach of covenant and the latter cannot invoke the covenant as a bar to the action against them."
[1] It would therefore appear to be a rule of construction that where two or more tort-feasors are involved and the document is such that the covenantee may plead the same in abatement of any action which the covenantor might subsequently commence in breach of the obligation contained in said document and the remedy thereunder is not restricted to an action on the covenant, the document constitutes a release and satisfaction, and not a mere covenant not to sue. An inspection of the document in question here discloses that by its very terms it was agreed "that should the said Mrs. E.W. Hawber at any time in the future institute claim, demand, or suit at law against the said Mrs. Harriet E. Emery the said Mrs. Harriet E. Emery may plead this agreement in full satisfaction and release of said claim, demand, or suit at law," and it would follow, therefore, under the rule of the authorities above cited, that said document constitutes a full release and satisfaction for the injuries received by plaintiff, and that the same is not merely a covenant not to sue. [2] Upon this latter question the authorities are apparently not agreed, but whatever may be the law elsewhere, the rule seems to obtain in this state that irrespective of the source from whence the compensation for the injury is accepted, the payment will operate as a satisfaction, which in equity and good conscience does not permit the party so compensated to recover again for the same injury, the ground of the rule being that the validity of the release is in no way dependent upon the validity of the claim, and that therefore it is immaterial whether the person from whom the satisfaction came was or was not legally liable (Tompkins v. Clay Street R.R. Co., supra; Chetwood v.California Nat. Bank, supra); nor does it make any difference however small the compensation thus paid may have been (Flynn
v. Manson, supra; Chetwood v. California Nat. Bank, supra). The bar arises not from any particular form that the proceeding assumes, but from the fact that the injured party has actually received satisfaction or what the law deems is the equivalent (Urton v. Price, supra). Cooley on Torts, 3d ed., vol. 1, p. 236, states the same proposition in the following language: ". this rule it held to apply even though the one released is not in fact liable. `It does not lie in the mouth of such a plaintiff to say he had no cause of action against one who paid him for his injuries'"; and in Cyc. (vol. 34, p. 1088), the rule is given thus: "If the release is given on a consideration received in complete satisfaction of the injury, then of course it is immaterial that the releasee was not a guilty party, nor even claimed to be such. In any event an action against the real tort feasor is barred, since the person injured is entitled to but one satisfaction." The above rule finds support also in the federal jurisdiction, for in the case of Lovejoy v. Murray, 3 Wall. (U.S.) 1 [18 L.Ed. 129, see, also, Rose's U.S. In further support of her position that the present case is not controlled by the general rule above mentioned, plaintiff points out that in those cases arising in this jurisdiction wherein the rule has been applied the releases were obtained subsequent to the commencement of the actions, whereas in the case at bar no action ever was instituted against Mrs. Emery, on behalf of whom the payment was made. We think this distinction cannot be held to alter the application of the rule, however, for it will be found that in a number of well-considered cases from other jurisdictions the rule has been applied notwithstanding the party from whom the satisfaction was accepted was not sued or even claimed to be liable (Cleveland etc. Ry. Co. v. Hilligoss,171 Ind. 417 *Page 707
[131 Am. St. Rep. 258, 86 N.E. 485]; Cormier v. WorcesterConsol. St. Ry. Co., 234 Mass. 193 [125 N.E. 549]; Carpenter
v. McElwain Co., 78 N.H. 118 [97 A. 560]; Muse v. DeVito,243 Mass. 384 [137 N.E. 730]).
Nor does it matter, as plaintiff urges, that the settlement was made with Mrs. Emery, the owner of the automobile in which plaintiff was riding, and not with Mr. Emery, who was driving the same, for, as already shown, the application of the rule is based upon the fundamental fact that where there is a single injury there is but one cause of action, indivisible and inseparable, for which both in law and good conscience there can be but one satisfaction. It is immaterial, therefore, from what source the satisfaction may come (Lovejoy v. Murray, supra; Hunt v.Ziegler (Tex. Civ. App.), 271 S.W. 936). It appears from the testimony of plaintiff in the case before us that the money was paid to her by the insurance company on behalf of Mrs. Emery while she was in the hospital, so that she might be able to meet the expenses for medical services and hospitalization; and the record discloses that these same items of expense were included in her demand for damages against these defendants, which the trial court instructed the jury she was entitled to recover, providing it found that the defendants were negligent. Presumably the jury followed the instructions and included these elements of damage in its verdict. It would seem clear, therefore, that if the judgment herein is allowed to stand, plaintiff will be twice compensated for the same elements of damage. True, she may have received from Mrs. Emery only a part of the damages accruing from her injuries, but, as said in Tompkins v. Clay Street R.R.Co., supra: "Damages resulting from the same wrongful transaction are ordinarily inseparable; she could not recover part from one and part from another defendant"; and again inFlynn v. Manson, supra, as follows: "However conflicting may be the current of authorities in respect to the proper construction of a release of the kind in question, it is a well-settled principle of law that in actions ex delicto
plaintiff can recover compensation but once. Where the demand is unliquidated, as in the case here, the court cannot hold that the payment of any sum, however small, in consideration of a release does not or can not operate as compensation for the alleged injuries." *Page 708
The same proposition is aptly stated in the case of Abb v.Northern Pac. R. Co., 28 Wn. 428 [92 Am. St. Rep. 864, 58 L.R.A. Tyler, P.J., and Cashin, J., concurred..
| 1,067 |
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adeagbo | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Adeagbo | https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adeagbo&action=history | German | Spoken | 21 | 55 | Adeagbo oder Adéagbo ist der Familienname der folgenden Personen:
Georges Adéagbo (* 1942), beninischer Installationskünstler
Simidele Adeagbo (* 1981), nigerianische Skeletonfahrerin | 16,767 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/43292287 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,017 | Stack Exchange | Adarsh Madrecha, Albert D. Kallal, Gustav, https://stackoverflow.com/users/10527, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3527297, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4050261 | English | Spoken | 406 | 853 | MS Access bound to TIME filed sql server
I have made an Attendance form which records attendance InTime I am using MS Access 2016 and linked table is connected to Azure SQL server.
Access doesn't have a Time data type, so when it links to a SQL Server time column it maps that column as Text. That's why any Date/Time Format specifier you try to apply to the linked table value has no effect: as far as Access is concerned it's a string.
Based on Answer >> https://stackoverflow.com/a/20212179/4050261
I have added 2 txt fields txtTimeIn (unbound) and TimeIn (bound). But I am still getting the error
Const accessDate0 = "1899-12-30 " ' <- note trailing space
Dim startTimeAsDateTime As Date
Private Sub Form_AfterUpdate()
Me.Requery
End Sub
Private Sub Form_Current()
Me.txtTimeIn.Value = CDate(accessDate0 & Left(Me.TimeIn, 8))
End Sub
Private Sub txtTimeIn_AfterUpdate()
Me.TimeIn.Value = Format(startTimeAsDateTime, "hh:mm:ss")
End Sub
Private Sub txtTimeIn_BeforeUpdate(Cancel As Integer)
On Error GoTo txtTimeIn_BeforeUpdate_Error
startTimeAsDateTime = CDate(accessDate0 & Me.txtTimeIn.Value)
Exit Sub
txtTimeIn_BeforeUpdate_Error:
MsgBox "Start Time appears to be invalid."
Cancel = True
End Sub
SQL Server Table Setup
Keep in mind that if you use the default SQL driver, then ALL datetime2 columns from SQL server will map as text columns to Access. You might want to consider using the native 11 drivers - such columns will then map correct as datetime in Access. So what you see on the Access client in terms of column type will depend on the SQL driver you use to link to SQL server.
The date part is not needed:
Private Sub Form_AfterUpdate()
Me!txtTimeIn.Requery
End Sub
Private Sub Form_Current()
Me!txtTimeIn.Value = TimeValue(Me!TimeIn.Value)
End Sub
Private Sub txtTimeIn_AfterUpdate()
Me!TimeIn.Value = Format(Me!TimeIn.Value, "hh\:mm\:ss")
End Sub
Private Sub txtTimeIn_BeforeUpdate(Cancel As Integer)
On Error GoTo txtTimeIn_BeforeUpdate_Error
Debug.Print Format(Me!txtTimeIn.Value, "hh\:mm\:ss")
Me!TimeIn.Value = Format(Me!txtTimeIn.Value, "hh\:mm\:ss")
Exit Sub
txtTimeIn_BeforeUpdate_Error:
MsgBox "Start Time appears to be invalid."
Cancel = True
End Sub
However, the simple solution if possible, is to change the time fields to data type DateTime.
Update:2017-04-09 (by Adarsh) - There was a small error, in referencing.
Me!TimeIn.Value = Format(Me!TimeIn.Value, "hh:mm:ss")
Me!TimeIn.Value = Format(Me!txtTimeIn.Value, "hh:mm:ss")
Since the development is in it's very initial days. I have an option to change the database structure. Please elaborate on the simple solution if possible, is to change the time fields to data type DateTime.
Implemented your solution, it works. There was a small error in referencing control, Have edited your answer. Thanks a ton.
Thanks for the feedback.
| 14,295 |
bpt6k3200643w_3 | French-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | Les Ailes : journal hebdomadaire de la locomotion aérienne | None | French | Spoken | 8,436 | 13,695 | atterrissages courts, des prises de terrain mono-moteur et des ™ 1 ! s. de nu it. A l’issue de ces vingt-cinq heures, il est « lâche » de jour et de nuit ; çn r„ Un cycle de conférences sur 1 avion utilisé et la réglementation propre à l’Aviation ae Transport. Le pilote rejoint alors sa Formation où va débuter pour lui transnor°t de d '? accout umance le Sr 5 à QU V a P0Ur but d * transnS? • la P rat iQue du cetfe P n^L aer i en ’ Au cours de S s v o a » contrAlp T lpage et sous leconfirmé, i" Stert PU 0t 1 transport'* deS “"«“e et "éil mr,t?7 nd un Premier “t reei contact avec ]pq nhonn mènes météorologiques dont il n’avait jusqu’à ce jour qu’une connaissance livresque ; nuages, orages, givrage, vent de Sable ’ (Front intertropical) , en meme temps, il s’initie progressivement au travail mission 11 ^ 6 ' Après Chaque mission, le premier pilote qui 1 a « pris en double » et sous la coupe duquel il restera, autant 2ériodr ib ' e V dUrant toute c^Lte période, note sur une fiche progrès d so S n S P ° intS faibles ’ ses dans ,nP e Lf éanc f s d’instruction au sol, suivies de « tests » et des exercices d’entrainement en tprw et aux Procédures d’athiïïi SSage i par mauvaise visinnî£ ^ alem ent soigneusement histruct/nn nePt compléter cette contS°” QU1 fait rob Jet d’un contrôle permanent de la nart Celu e e a i de 5 f° te de c/eiui-ci, e est une rèe-lp an est choisi Si les moniteurs du C.I.E.T ■ n est SJ «lieux a même de conduire 1 instruction des jeunes oui lui les Méthodes standard mises au point par’ antituJp T '4 1 de Juger de ] eur aptitude a suivre avec profit transport ! “ e ‘“ ,aMi ° a Uon Le S.Q.T. marque, en effet 1 aboutissement logique de la’ ëuotës d T ; nst î uctlon des jeunes pilotes. Il est aussi le point de départ obhgatoire de toute carrière de navigant confirmé de 1 Aviation de Transport. Son SL 6SSen P el est S’attribuer à qha SP. e Phote de transport une qualification reflétant son andu r e MJÏ5 ctuer Ies du G.M.M.T.A. Dans le ciel de Chypre : les Nord'-2.50l du G.M.M.T.A. furent présents. Sur le terrain d’Ouargla, dans le Sud-Algérien, un camion-citerne fait le plein d’un Nord-2.501 du G.M.M.T.A, L’INSTRUCTION ET LE MAINTIEN EN CONDITION DES EQUIPAGES DU G. M. M. T. A. (Suite de la page 13). de vols de groupe, et une partie « instruction en équipage », au cours de laquelle, sous la direction d’un équipage moniteur. le pilote-élève, associé à un navigateur et un radio navigant également stagiaires, effectue quatre voyages contrôlés d’une durée totale de 40 heures. Ln pratique du « parachutage lourd » fait l’objet d’un stage spécial de quinze jours à l’Escadrille des Troupes Aéroportées de Pau, où l’étude des différents équipements utilisés pour le parachutage des matériels lourds, est menée de pair avec des séances de vol d'une durée totale de 12 h. au cours desquelles sont enseignées les dernières techniques de parachutage des charges lourdes de 1 à 2 tonnes : mortier de 120 mm, canons de 75 mm, jeep, etc. Arrive enfin l’épreuve décisive, le test final qui va faire du stagiaire un premier pilote du G.M.M.T.A. : en premier lieu, un test au sol, composé de soixante questions, portant sur toutes les matières qui lui ont été enseignées et auxquelles il devra répondre très vite : une minute trente secondes par question ; une moyenne de 16/20 pour être reçu. Ensuite l’épreuvè en vol : 3 heures pendant lesquelles il ne sera pas ménagé : pannes de moteur au décollage, dans les nuages, rétablissements de positions inusuelles en P.S.V., panne commandée des instruments de contrôle de vol I.F.R. et trois percées par des moyens différents ; radio compas, ILS., G.C.A... Ensuite un voyage contrôlé de plusieurs jours qui le fera atterrir successivement au Bourget, à Istres, à Alger, et sur différents terrains de l’Union Française : Gao, Bamako, Dakar. Ayant fait la preuve de son aptitude à voler en toute sécurité de jour et de nuit, quel que soit le temps, il retourne à son unité, titu laire de la « carte blanche » et de la qualification transport. Il est prêt à être lâché sur les routes aériennes du G.M.M.T.A., seul pilote responsable à bord pour, un voyage qui durera peut-être plusieurs semaines ; toutes les difficultés qui se présenteront, c'est lui qui les résoudra, et le regard interrogateur qu’il lançait naguère à son instructeur, c’est à lui maintenant qu’on l’adressera. FORMATION DES NAVIGATEURS ET RADIO NAVIGANTS La méthode est sensiblement la même, avec cette différence toutefois, que la transformation transport ne donne pas lieu à un stage particulier, analogue au S.T.T. MAINTIEN DE LA QUALIFICATION TRANSPORT Ainsi le jeune navigant qui termine son S.Q.T. est apte à effectuer toutes les missions du G.M.M.T.A. En fait, la qualification transport qu’il a acquise au C.I.E.T. est double : — qualification « sur ligne » pour toutes les missions dont les procédés s’apparentent à ceux en usage dans l’Aviation commerciale ; — qualification « opérationnelle », en vue des missions orientées vers l’appui des Forces terrestres, aériennes et maritimes, c'est-à-dire parachutage de personnel, de matériel, ravitaillement par air, opérations d’aérotransport, toutes missions également appelées « tactiques » et qui peuvent être exécutées soit par avion isolé, soit en vol de groupe. Cette double qualification, il s’agit de la conserver, de la maintenir au niveau minimum de sortie du C.I.E.T., sinon de l’améliorer. A cet effet, il existe dans chaque unité un officier responsable de l’instruction et, par conséquent, du maintien de la qualification de chaque catégorie de navigant ; ce sont les « Leaders » : — Leader pilote, Leader navigateur, Leader radio. Le « Leader-pilote » de chaque unité est systématiquement un ancien moniteur du C.I.E.T. De plus, les « Leaders » de spécialités suivent, chaque année au C.I.E.T., un stage au cours duquel la mise au point de la doctrine est effectuée et les aménagements jugés indispensables définis ; à l’issue de ce stage, chaque « Leader » retourne dans son unité porteur de la « bonne parole ». Un crédit mensuel de 100 heures de vol, soit environ S heures par équipage, est mis à leur disposition pour effec tuer sous leur contrôle, les exercices nécessaires au maintien en condition des équipages confirmés. Ces exercices sont répertoriés dans un document établi par le G.M.M.T.A., qui fixe également, d’une part la progression d’entraînement, compte tenu du degré de qualification caractérisant chaque catégorie du Personnel Navigant, et, d’autre part, pour chaque séance, la fréquence minimum au-dessous de laquelle le degré d’entraînement des navigants risque de devenir insuffisant ; ainsi par exemple, les procédés de sécurité, monomoteur au décollage, en vol, à l’atterrissage, font l'objet d’un contrôle en vol trimestriel pour chaque pilote, alors que la fréquence mini mum de contrôle des décollages et atterrissages par mauvaise visibilité est semestrielle. Enfin, chaque année un test général, identique à celui subi en fin de progression S.Q.T. CONNAISSONS LES CHEFS DE L'ARMÉE DE L’AIR IMPOSANTES PRISES D^ARMES LE II SEPTEMBRE LE GÉNÉRAL BERNARD CHALLE IL Y A QUARANTE-ET-UN ANS GEORGES GUYNEMER DISPARAISSAIT... C OMME il est dit à la page précédente. le Général Bernard Challe vient d'être promu Général de Division Aérienne. Titulaire du baccalauréat LatinSciences, Bernard Challe est né à Commercy dans la Meuse, le 16 octobre 1906; il lut admis à l'Ecole de Saint-Cyr à la suite du concours de 1927. Il en sort Sous-Lieutenant le l‘ 8r octobre 1929. Il est aussitôt dirigé sur l'Ecole Militaire et d'Application de l'Aéronautique. Il obtient les brevets d'observateur en avion et en ballon le 12 juillet 1930. Il part ensuite à l'Ecole Pratique d’Aviation d’Avord où le 13 novembre 1930, il est breveté pilote militaire d’avion. Il est alors affecté au 2 e Régiment d'Aviation de Chasse, l re Escadrille, et passe Lieutenant le 1 er octobre 1931. En novembre 1932, le Lieutenant Challe part au Maroc au 37 e Régiment d'Aviation et rejoint la 1" Escadrille à Ksares Souk, participant aux opérations dé pacification. Dès son arrivée, il se fait remarquer par son allant exceptionnel et son cran raisonné. Le 9 août 1933. il est blessé, à bord de son avion, au cours d'une mission dans le Grand Atlas. Il est fait Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur le 28 juin 1935 puis est promu Capitaine le 15 décembre 1936. Il reste au Maroc jusqu'en 1938 et, après son congé de rapatriement, est nomme a la 3 e Escadre de Chasse où il prend le commandement de la 2 e Escadrille. A la mobilisation, le Capitaine Challe part avec son Groupe auquel il reste attaché ; il y demeure jusqu'à l'armistice. Son courage et son sangfroid font l'admiration de tous. Toujours à la tête de son Unité, il abat le 14 mai 1940 un avion ennemi. Durant l'hiver 1939-1940. le Groupe abat trente avions ennemis dont dix-sept en trois jours. Continuant à être un exemple pour son Escadrille, le Capitaine Challe abat personnellement le 15 mai, deux Les Ailes s’efforcent de refléter la vie de toute l’Aéronautique. Elles s’efforcent aussi de défendre la cause de l’Aviatipn, qui est votre cause. Appuyez leur action en les soutenant, c’est-à-dire en comptant au nombre de leurs abonnés fidèles... «Mil I II I ' .JT"*** — Le Général Bernard Challe. avions de bombardement ennemis, ce qui porte à trois, le nombre de ses victoires. Le Groupe se distingue à nouveau le 9 juin 1940 et donne, ce jour-là, la plus belle preuve de son courage et de son exceptionnelle valeur tactique, en abattant, le matin, quatre Me-109 en une sortie et l'aprèsmidi en une seconde sortie, trois Dornier-17, deux Ju-87 et trois Me-109, soit au total douze avions ennemis, sans avoir un seul de ses avions touchés. Commandant d'Escadrille hors pair, il continue à fournir chaque jour des exemples de son cran et de son ardeur. Le 3 juin 1940, il atteint et abat probablement un bombardier ennemi. Le 9 juin, il mène ses patrouilles à la victoire. En effet, à la suite d'une manœuvre hardie, il réussit à surprendre un important peloton de bombardiers ennemis protégés par la Chasse. Dix d'entre eux sont sûrement abattus ; la chute des quatre autres avions ennemis gravement touchés ne peut être observée. Le Capitaine Challe attaque lui-même deux bombardiers ennemis dont l'un d'eux est abattu et l'autre sérieusement touché. Le 24 juin 1940, le Capitaine Challe est fait Officier de la Légion d'Honneur. Il reste à la 3 e Escadre jusqu'en décembre 1941 et est alors affecté au Dépôt du Personnel de la T Région Aérienne à Toulouse. Quelques jours après, il passe Commandant. En juin 1942, il est muté au Groupe de Chasse 1/8 comme Commandant de Groupe. Mais alors qu'il lui eût été facile de gagner l'Afrique du Nord où il aurait pu prendre dans l'Aviation de Chasse la place que lui avaient gagné ses services antérieurs, sa valeur et son intrépidité, le Commandant Challe n'hésite pas à se lancer sans réserve dans l'action périlleuse et pénible de la Résistance en France métropolitaine. Il remplit pendant huit mois les fonctions de Chef Régional de la Résistance de l'Armée et, en dépit des difficultés les plus grandes, y fait preuve d'une activité inlassable et d'un sang-froid jamais en défaut. Arrêté une première fois en 1943 par la Gestapo, puis relâché, il est transporté en Allemagne au Camp de Buchenwald où par son attitude, il exerce une profonde influence morale sur les Français de son entourage. Il est rapatrié le '27 avril 1945. A la date du 25 mars 1945, le Commandant Challe est promu Lieutenant-Colonel. Après un congé de huit mois, il devient Inspecteur Tactique à l'Inspection Générale. C OMME chaque année, le I 1 septembre dernier, date anniversaire de la mort de Georges Guynemer, l'Armée de l'Air a commémoré avec solennité le souvenir du grand pilote glorieusement disparu en 1917. Sur toutes les Bases aériennes, une prise d’armes a eu lieu et la dernière citation du « héros légendaire mort en plein ciel, de gloire » a été lue devant les troupes. A Paris, dans la cour d'honneur du Ministère des Armées Air, boulevard Victor, une brève cérémonie s’est déroulée sous la présidence du Généra) d’Armée Aérienne Bailly, Inspecteur Général de l’Armée de l’Air, avec la participation du Bataillon de U NE importante prise d’armes a eu lieu le 1 1 septembre également sur fa Base Aérienne du Bourget-du-Lac : le drapeau de la Division d’instruction « Hélicoptères » de l'Armée de l’Air quittait, ce jour-là, la Métropole pour l'Algérie, où il sera remis pour un an à l'Escadron d’Hélicoptères N® 3. La cérémonie était présidée par le Général Venot, Major. Général de l’Armée de l'Air, représentant le Général Gelée, Chef d’Etat-Major de l’Armée de l’Air, qu’accompagnait le Général Viguier, commandant la 4 e Région Aérienne. A ce départ, s’ajoutait celui du Commandant Santini, qui dirigeait l’Ecole d’Hélicoptères de l’Armée de l’Air depuis sa création, dont il fut le promoteur. Le Commandant Santini va rejoindre un poste important à l’Etat-Major de la 5 e Région Aérienne j Alger où il aura la responsabilité des Escadrons d’Hélicoptères de l’Armée de l’Air engagés en Algérie. Premier pilote d’hélicoptères de l’Armée de l’Air, le Commandant Santini est un spécialiste des évacuations sanitaires et des sauvetages i’Air ! 17 commandé par le Colonel Leclercq et avec le concours de la Musique de l’Air. A Compiègne. ville natale du Capitaine Georges Guynemer, le Général d’Armée Aérienne Valin, membre des Conseils Supérieurs des Forces Armées et de l'Air, a déposé une gerbe devant la statue de Guynemer en présence de la famille de l'illustre aviateur et des hautes autorités civiles et militaires. A l'issue de la prise d'armes, la Général Valin a remis les insignes de Grand Officier de la Légion d’Honneur au Général de Boysson, de Commandeur au Commandant Fuhrer, des Commandos de l’Air, et d'Officier au Capitaine Bonnard. Le Commandant Santini. où il totalise plus d’un millier, soit en Extrême-Orient, soit dans la région des Alpes, notamment lors de l’accident des alpinistes Vincendon et Henry, en décembre 1956. PAKE II A1GERIE, Il DRAPEAU DE LA DIVISION D’INSTRUCTION ‘HÉUCOPTÈRES” EST C01EIÉ A L’ESCADRON 1° ) I 37BOULEVARD DE MONTMORENCY . PARIS (16 e ) r TEL. ; BAG. 84-00 §UD AVIATION CORP. 500 FIFTH AVENUE ? NEW-YORIC 36. N.Y W..SA EXTRAIT D’UNE LETTRE ADRESSEE A MONSIEUR G. HEREIL, PRESIDENT DE SUD AVIATION PAR UNE PERSONNALITE BIEN CONNUE DES MILIEUX AERONAUTIQUES : MONSIEUR OLOF CARLSTEIN VICE-PRESIDENT DE LA S.A.S. AU SUJET DES COURS D’INSTRUCTION QUE VIENNENT DE TERMINER SUR " CARAVELLE " LES PILOTES DE LA S A S. "Nos pilotes se sont déclarés très satisfaits des caractéristiques de vol de l'avion . Ils ont constaté que "CARAVELLE" était plus facile à manier que nos appareils actuellement en service w L UCIEN BOSSOUTROT, qui fut certainement l'un des plus grands pilotes français, est mort Commandeur de la Légion d'Honneur alors que, depuis plusieurs années, il aurait dû être élevé à la dignité de Grand Officier. Ce fut aussi le cas d'Henri Farman De très hautes personnalités avaient demandé que cette distinction lui fut accordée en janvier dernier lors du cinquantième anniversaire de son vol mémorable. Comme Bossoutrot, Henri Farman est mort sans avoir reçu ce témoignage de la reconnaissance nationale qu'il avait pourtant bien mérité. On sait que le Général Maginel, disparu au début de ce mois, ne dut de mourir Grand Officier de la Légion d'Honnèur qu'à la signature d'un décret tardivement sorti la veille même de sa mort et dont on eut la pudeur de faire remonter la prise de rang au 15 juin précédent. Il y a encore beaucoup de grands jnoms de l'Aviation, pionniers authentiques des heures héroïques, qui sont proposés depuis des mois, voire des années, au grade supérieur de la Légion d'Honnèur et dont la promotion dort dans un dossier. Attendra-ton qu'il soit trop tard pour que l’on se décide à l'en extraire ? p COUPS D AILES.. nautique, qui savait que la promotion du mourant était attendue d'un instant à l'autre mais qu elle arriverait tout de même après le fatal dénouement,,, Alors la résolution de l'ami fut vite prise Profitant des derniers moments de lucidité du malade, il lui annonça que sa promotion venait enfin de faire l'objet d'un décret gouvernemental et qu’il était fait Grand Officier de la Légion d'Honnèur. Pieux et respectable mensonge qui honore. son auteur mais il est tout de même navrant qu'il ait été obligé de s'en rendre coupable par la négligence ou la lenteur des Bureaux, plongeait dans la désolation en nous apprenant que notre écho ne lui avait « pas convenu du tout », Il paraît aussi que si nous n'avons pas été prévenus de ce voyage « c'est vraiment que nous ne l'avons pas voulu... », affirmation qui nous plonge dans un. abîme de perplexité. En fait, le « secret » dont nous l'a si bien compris qu'elle accompagne certaines des photographies qu elle envoie aux journaux français d'un avis comportant ce s mots : « Cette photographie n’a été envoyée à aucun autre journal aéronautique de France, » Le journal qui les reçoit est d'autant plus disposé à les repro nous étions étonnés s'explique duïre qu'il sait qu'il sera le seul V ILLLISpcécède, OUR MIEUX TRER ce qui on peut rapporter ici ce que nous contait tout récemment un de nos amis. Un de nos plus valeureux grands chefs de la première guerre mondiale, au nom connu et vénéré de l'Aviation entière, avait été proposé depuis fort longtemps pour la dignité de Grand Officier, Personne ne doutait qu'il avait cent fois plus de titres qu'il n'en fallait pour recevoir cette haute distinction et tout le monde, au sein même du Gouvernement, était d'accord pour la lui accorder. Et cependant, cet homme, universellement connu, qui avait commandé pendant la guerre la plus prestigieuse de nos formations, se trouva sur son lit de mort sans avoir encore reçu l'ultime récompense. sans nous voir TOUJOURS 100 VOITURES DE 30 à 500.000 troncs AUTO-DIDEROT 131, boulevard Diderot — PARIS (Métro Nation) DID. 87-87 — DOR. 38-87 OUVERT DE 8 A 21 HEURES MEME LES DIMANCHES LE SUPER-TECHNICIEN Samedi 27 septembre — Il parait, Monsieur Wing, que sans vouloir rien en avouer, les ingénieurs de Detroit sont oexés du succès remporté aux Etats-Unis par les voitures européennes, « On leur fait des bagnoles de 7 m de long — qu’ils disent, eux, parlant de leurs compatriotes — avec des moteurs de 350 CV où ils peuvent tenir à une bonne douzaine et ils vont acheter des quatre chevaux ! Ingrats... Puisque le K-8 ne leur plaît plus, on va se lancer dans le moteur à plat, en aluminium et à refroidissement par air par-dessus le marché. Ah ! mais... » — Je ne doute pas, La Goupille, que les ingénieurs américains ne soient capables de faire de très bonnes choses. Mais il leur manquera toujours cette direction aveugle et inconsciente, tout en étant sourde et imperturbable qu’exerce en France, à travers les âges, le Contrôleur des Contributions. Car le grand maître de la Technique, en France, c’est le Ministre des Finances. C’est parce qu’il a décidé, à l’aube de ce siècle, que la puissance fiscale des moteurs, base des impositions, était fonction du carré de l’alésage, que les constructeurs ont augmenté d’année en année le nombre de tours, obtenant du même coup la légèreté, le faible encombrement et le rendement. Sans le Contrôleur des Contributions, les Ooitures de 1959 auraient peut-être un moteur à plat, mais ce serait un monocylindre de 350 d’alésage et 900 de course, tournant à 700 tours... — Mais alors, Monsieur Wing, il est excellent que le Contrôleur des Contributions s’occupe enfin de la puissance des moteurs de l'Aviation privée. On m’a dit qu’il venait de porter de 25.000 à 50.000 fr. F indice-cheval servant à calculer le signe extérieur de richesse. Qu est-ce que ça va faire faire comme progrès ! — C’est une catastrophe, La Goupille, car contrairement à l’automobile qui jouit d’une puissance fiscale sam aucun rapport avec la réalité, le Contrôleur des Contributions a décidé d’utiliser pour L Aviation la paissance réelle du moteur, celle du catalogue, mieux même, la puissance que le moteur devait donner dans sa prime jeunesse. — Oh ! Mais c’est pas de jeu f — Vous pouvez dès lors penser que si le fisc a eu un rôle bénéfique et inconscient dans l’automobile, ce rôle sera extrêmement néfaste, sanglant même, pour !’Aviation. Je m’explique. Imaginezvous, La Goupille, que le propriétaire d’un 90 CV Continental sera imposé sur un revenu de 4.500,000 francs ? Comme il n’en gagne, en moyenne, à peine la moitié', la seule solution, imposée par le Ministre des Finances, consistera à monter un 45 C V quelconque. Moralité : on va se casser la figure au premier virage mal négocié. Comme quoi, en Voulant trop gagner, et trop vite, l’Etat va faire disparaître un charmant volatile qui aurait pu devenir, plus tard, la poule aux œufs d’or. Et il tue le pilote avec... WING. à le faire dans son pays et les documents n'en ont pour lui que plus de valeur. Surtout que la qualité de ces documents est souvent remarquable... Fred Nicole, dont nous soti" lignions encore récemment [ a reprise brillante des activités aériennes, n'avait pas seulement été grièvement blessé dans 1 3Ç" cldent d’automobile que l'on n 3 pas oublié, mais cet accident avait eu aussi comme conséquence t»» e sérieuse maladie de cœur. Or, en dépit de ce que lui ont dît tous les médecins au sujet d? cette maladie de cœur, Freo Nicole en est à son 100‘‘ mè e ' ting, au cours de chacun des-' quels il accumule et multiplie les acrobaties ! Et il a bien l’intention de continuer,,. C'est rassurant, mais, ajoutant notre voix d'ami à celle infini ment plus autorisée des médecinS' nous demandons cependant a Fred Nicole de ne pas y « a^ ef trop fort », LIE NOS AMIS « TOUBIBS » nous pardonnent mais les cardiaques trouveront quelque réconfort dans cet écho. Q Demandez... CHAMPAGNE et VIN NATURE Blanc de Blancs Lucien VAZART CHOUILLY (Marne) AR CONTRE, une grande firme britannique vient de prendre, dans le domaine de l'information, une initiative qui prouve sa compréhension des désirs de la Presse. Il est bien évident qu’une photographie, communiquée par un industriel à une publication, présente d'autant plus d’intérêt pour celle-ci, qu'elle est la première à la publier et que ses confrères, dont la périodicité est plus fréquente ne l'ont pas devancée. La grande firme britannique Le 28 septembre 1933, on lisait dans LES AILES JOURNAL HEBDOMADAIRE DE LA LOCOMOTION AERIENNE ' RtOACTIUt (N CHJ* J 77. Rouuvmb MaujkImu • •«HCl.., VN tji.i « nt CEORCES HOUARD PARIS I8*> ITIANCU OH AN IT «. LE BRÉGUET « BIZERTE » Cet .hydravion d’exploration a, donné naissance à un dérivé commercial, le Bréguet « Saigon ». Plan supérieur de 35 m. 13 d'envergure, constitué de cinq, éléments, dont le bord de fuite est partagé entre les ailerons et les volets de courbure, les uns et les autres du système élastiqueBréguet et commandés par des petites 'surface?' auxiliaires, Plan inférieur de 18 m. 89 d’envergure renfermant les réservoirs d’essence et constitué de deux ailes fixées à. la coque. Structure entièrement en tubes. Commandes des moteurs de type Tampier ainsi que celles des lance-bombes. Longueur totale : 20 ni. 33. De l’avant vers l’arrière sont disposés : le poste du mitrailleur bombardier, l’habitacle de commandement vitré, le poste. dé pilotage à double commande côte-à-côte également vitré, le compartiment du radio à tribord, une cabine à. deux couchettes et un cabinet de toilette à bâbord, le carré. des officiers contenant deux couchettes, la cuisine, l'atelier, la € JT ltUBL.TlL.fib, G en duralumin composée de trois longerons, de profilés de croisillonnage et de nervures. Revêtement en toile excepté les bords d’attaque et, les parties de l’extrados du plan inférieur situées sous les moteurs qui sont métalliques. Mâture en tubes de duralumin ronds caréné s. Croisülonnage souple. Moteurs GnômeRhône 14. Krsd de 845 CV, entraînant des hélices tribales métalliques de 3 ni. 47 de diamètre et montés sur des bâtis réserve d’eau douce, une tourelle supérieure puis, à la suite de l’empennage, la tourelle d’étambot. Structure en duralumin constituée de trois couples-caissons principaux, de cadres et de iiéses. Revêtement en acier inoxydable pour le fond, en duralumin pour le reste de la coque. Ballonnets à un seul redan, concourant au déjaugeage,, comprenant structure et pontage en duraluminét fond en acier inoxydable; Empennage à struc ture en duralumin et revêtement en toile comprenant un plan fixe contreventé par des mâts inférieurs en N et quatre haubans supérieurs, des gouvernes à volets compensateurs automatiques ou commandés. Poids à vide équipé : 8.122 kg. : poids normal : 13.50(1 kg. Vitesse maximum : 240 km.-h. à 1.50(1 m. Plafond : 7.500 m. Autonomie normale : 1.800 km. • VIE AERIENNE ♦ A Guyancourt, Charles Fauvel poursuit la mise au point de son A.V.-2 « aile volante » monoplace à moteur A.8.C. « Scorpion », dont la construction commencée par Guerchais .a été terminée par Oàudron. Maid détail il y, a Mnyt-cinq and, O N N’ARRETE PAS LE PROGRES I La firme américaine Chance Vought a découvert que, pour débarrasser les avions terminés, des copeaux métalliques, écrous perdus et débris de toute sorte qui s’accumulent dans le fuselage, il valait mieux, plutôt que d’employer un aspirateur, prendre l’appareil, et le retourner sens, dessus-dessous en le secouant. On a donc inventé un appareil baptisé Rock’n roll qui opère, nous dit-on, comme une broche à rôtir les poulets. L’avion « embroché » fait une rotation au rythme d’un tour complet toutes les dix secondes et un « vibrateur » le secoue en même temps. ' C’est simple (hum) ? Il suffisait d’y penser. N OUS NOUS SOMMES SOUVENT ELEVES, ici-même, contre le charabia qui sévit dans 1 Aviation (comme ailleurs ! ). Un nouvel exemple nous tombe sous les yeux. Il s’agit des tarifs d’une compagnie privée bien française. Ce document a été rédigé par quelqu’un qui ne paraît savoir ni le français ni l’anglais, mais qui doit être particulièrement ferré en volapuk. On nous donne les tarifs « domestiques » et on nous avise que les tarifs Passagers Paris-Bora-Bora-PaPeete sont utilisables « seulement e n trafic domestique et non endossables sur compagnie étrangère », Passe encore pour la syntaxe, mais l’honorable Monsieur qui a Pondu ces lignes devrait savoir qu’en français « domestique » signifie : « de la maison » et qu’en nnglais « domestic trafic » veut dire simplement « trafic métropolitain ». U N LECTEUR CANADIEN nous écrit poui nous raconter (entre autres) l’incident qui interrompit quelque temps les essais d^ 1 « Arrow-Head », dernier-né de la firme Avro-Çanada. L’appareil, au cours des essais n fait un atterrissage sur le ventre ù l’aéroport de Malton. Ce sonl des choses qui arrivent... Mais le jour même, à la grande surprise des dirigeants d’AvroCanada, la nouvelle était annoncée par le poste de Radio régional/ On eut vite l’explication de h rapidité avec laquelle cette information avait été diffusée : le Poste diffusa le nom des gagnants du concours permanent ouvert entre les auditeurs. En effet, ce Poste offre une prime à tout auditeur qui lui communiquera dans * e plus bref délai une nouvelle Importante. Un employé d’AvroOanada avait téléphoné la nouvelle et reçu la prime... Mais, le lendemain, il était licencié ! Franchement on comprenc Avro-Canada ! Evidemment, ces choses là ne se passeraient pas én France. Quoiqu’on se demande parfois comment certaines nouvelles parviennent à certains organes et pas à d’autres... GAGNEZ 20 °/o % Sur les grandes marques Photo et Cinéma. Q Appareils neufs, garantis et du dernier modèle. 9 Prix détaxés pour outremer. Tari) 1958 jranco sur demande adressée à : STUDIO-PASCAL 38, rue Pascal PARIS ! 3 e LE VOL A VOILE SUR LES PENTES DE VAUVILLE déclenchées sur la pente portent souvent les planeurs à 400, 500 mètres et plus : on a même atteint 910 mètres dans ces conditions ; cela permet des « raids » en mer sur plusieurs kilomètres. Bien sûr, il faut gagner cette récompense, car le manque de vent, ou sa mauvaise direction, ou encore la formation de nuages baignant le plateau, ne sont pas, helas ! exceptionnels (on vient de voir cela en août), mais les plaisirs de la plage et les promenades rappellent, dans ce cas, que l’on est en vacances. Doté jusqu’à maintenant d’un biplace C-25 et d’un monoplace C-301, T Aéro-Club de Cherbourg, animé à Vau ville par C. Napoléon, moniteur bénévole, et Chanu, dépassait déjà en août, les 200 heures de vol, soit plus de 100 heures par planeur. , Dès Pâques, l’Aéro-Club de Rouen y avait envoyé une équipe ainsi qu’en août, le Groupe « l’Air » qui, malgré une période désastreuse, totalisa cependant 70 heures, avec un C-311 et un N-1300, venus de Paris en double remorqué. Des épreuves de 5 h. furent accomplies par ces clubs. Déjà bien équipé, le camp Maneyrol aura franchi en 1958 une nouvelle étape : les pistes sont en cours de remise en état par l’équipe de terrassement mécanique du S.T.B.A. ; elles seront notablement allongées, par accord amiable des propriétaires riverains. Par ailleurs, le courant électrique a enfin été amené dans les locaux Un N.-1.300 en vol sur la pente Clichés G. Abrial. et le club-house. Enfin, l’Aéro-Club de Cherbourg vient de bénéficier de la cession, par le' S.F.A.S.A., de deux planeurs supplémentaires. Tout permet donc d’espérer que, dès l’an prochain, des résultats encore supérieurs seront obtenus à Vauville. G. ABRIAL. LES " ANCIENS DU TOUR AÉRIEN DE LA FRANCE” L E Camp Maneyrol, station de pente fondée par l’Association Française Aérienne en 1923 et reconstruite en 1951, après les dégâts de la guerre, sur des bases plus modernes, continue à être le théâtre fréquentent temporairement, y font connaissance avec le lancement au treuil et le vol sur pente, de moins en moins pratiqués, mais fort utiles à connaître pour être un vélivole complet. A Vauville : les planeurs de l’Aéro-Club de Cherbourg et du Croupe « L’Air » d’une activité, sans doute modeste en regard de celle des grands Centres géographiquement mieux situés, mais qui, du moins, permet la pratique du planeur dans le Nord-Cotentin, surtout par l’Aéro-Club de Cherbourg, tout proche. Les autres clubs, qui le Quand le vent d’Ouest frappe cette pente haute de 120 mètres, les pilotes peuvent survoler longuement l’admirable baie de Vauville, développant ses falaises et ses plages sur les 15 kilomètres séparant Jobourg de Dielette. Les ascendances thermodynamiques L’AVIATION LEGERE ET SPORTIVE L’AVIATION DANS LE COTENTIN Diversité dans la Production Aéronautique Les compagnies de Havilland, tant en Grande-Bretagne que dans les territoires d’outre-mer, reposent largement sur le champ, maintenant considérable, de l’industrie aéronautique. Leur production courante comprend les avions de ligne à réaction, les avions à réaction militaires et navals, les multimoteurs légers pour transport de passagers, les appareils de transport à décollage court, les réacteurs, les moteurs fusées, l’équipement nucléaire, les moteurs à pistons, les armes air-air à guidage par rayons infra-rouges, les alternateurs, les circuits d’air conditionné, les radars de détection, les matières plastiques, les hélices pour toute la gamme des moteurs et les engins balistiques à longue portée. Il existe en Grande-Bretagne une douzaine d’usines principales des compagnies de Havilland (cellule, moteurs, hélices) employant plus de trente mille personnes. Les compagnies d’outre-mer ont des usines au Canada et en Australie; il y a des établissements en Nouvelle Zélande, en Afrique du Sud et aux Etats-Unis et il existe depuis longtemps une organisation de distribution et d’entretien qui a ses ramifications dans tout le monde libre, de Havilland a eu une large part dans les exportations de l’industrie aéronautique britannique depuis la guerre. DE HAVILLAND WORLD ENTERPRISE 53 53 53 53 I j•$*!Iîj»j; •!*•! «Ji-;V-jfti sJ*! ! fî*jjjii•»$« fiji !Vji 1 j|« | De nombreux participants au dernier Tour Aérien de la France ont souhaité, à leur arrivée à Toussusle-Noble, la création d’une « Amicale des Anciens du Tour ». En vue de réaliser ce vœu, un groupe s’est formé qui a jeté Jes bases essentielles de cette association. La première réunion de celle-ci, en vue, notamment d’élire le Bureau, se tiendra le mardi 7 octobre à 19 h. au siège de la Fédération Nationale Aéronautique, 7, avenue Raymond-Poincaré à Paris-16°. Les promoteurs de cette Amicale invitent tous les participants du Tour, à quelque titre que ce soit, à assister à cette réunion et prient ceux qui ne pourront s’y rendre de leu» adresser leurs suggestions. Toute la correspondance doit être adressée à M. Jean Fournel, 30, avenue Gambetta à Sèvres (Seine-etOise). LE 20 OCTOBRE, DATE LIMITE POUR LE “ CONCOURS DE L’AVION DE GRANDE VULGARISATION ” La date limite de remise des dossiers , d’avant-projet du « Concours de l’Avion de Grande Vulgarisation », organisé par le S.F.A.S.A., est fixée au 20 octobre prochain (voir Les Ailes n° 1.692 du 2 août, pages..22 et 23),. . Les avant-projets et projets émanant d’ëtrangèrs rie poüi'ront être pris en considération que s’ils sont présentés par une personne physique ou morale de nationalité française. Il est rappelé que ces concurrents peuvent se procurer gratuitement le programme et le règlement de ce concours soit à l’Union Syndicale des Industries Aéronautiques, 4, rue Galilée, Pàris-16* soit au Service de la Formation Aéronautique; et des Sports Aériens (2 e et 4° Bureau), 155, nie de la Croix-Nivert, Paris-15'’. • LE 7 . COMMANDANT CHAPELIER, Chef du Centre de l’Aéro-Club d’Algérie, a reçu le mois dernier, au cours d’une réception, les insignes de Commandeur de la Légion d’Honneur que lui a remis M. Rén4 SaintAndré, Président de l’A.-C. A. Au cours de la même réunion, on a fêté les nouveaux pilotes récemment brevetés au club. En particulier, M. Michon, Ingénieur de l’infrastructure, a remis au Lieutenant Louis Chilliard le , brçvet de pilbte, le premier dont les épreuves ont:été passées sur l’aérodrorne de Chéraigas qui est, désormais, le Centre d’AViation Légère d’Alger. i R0UCHAUD *** GAZINET (Gironde) LE CHAR A VOILE, PRÉLUDE DE L’AVION TRENTE-SIX CONCURRENTS A LA PANNE L Ailes ont annoncé les •ses de chars à voile disses cet été en Belgique, sur la plage de La Panne, les 10, 11 et 12 août. Elles ont mis en présence trente-six concurrents, dont quatre Français, venus de Paris-Plage et de Bray-Dunes, et trois Anglais. Les Français avaient amené un joli matériel, handicapé par la section plus grosse des pneus. Les pilotes belges s’adjugèrent ainsi les premières places, les Français se classant 13* et 14' dans la première course (30 km en circuit fermé). 6' et 8' dans la seconde (La Panne-Malo et retour : 36 km.) et 9" et 14* dans la troisième (La PanneBray-Dunes et retour parcouru, deux fois : 24 km.). Les concurrents britanniques avaient un matériel pouvant rouler sur les pistes bétonnées des aérodromes, mais très insuffisants pour la plage. Ayant l’expérience d’une dizaine de chars, que j’ai construits entre 1907 et 1939, j’estime que des perfectionnements importants pourraient encore être apportés à leur conception. W. COPPENS DE KOUTHULST L’AMITIÉ AÉRONAUTIQUE FRANCO-BELGE Les Français au Championnat de Voltige de Coventry. De gauche à droite : Léon Biancotto, le Chevalier d’Orgeïx et le moniteur Verette. Il visite des “Vieilles-Racines” à Bruxelles GUL»e N® 111 GRATUIT S OIXANTE DIX de nos « Vieilles-Racines » ont fait l’autre semaine une visite à Bruxelles. Deux auto-cars assurant leur transport ont quitté le samedi 6 septembre à 7 h. la Place de l’Opéra et ont débarqué leurs voyageurs à 13 h. à Bruxelles où les attendaient le Président Lucien Hatton. Joseph Frantz et leurs amis des « Vieilles Racines » belges. L’après-midi fut occupée par la visite de i’exposjtion de Bruxelles ; elle débuta par le tour de l’exposition effectuée en quelque vingt-cinq minutes par le déjà célèbre petit train circulaire. Le lendemain dimanche, les « Vieilles Racines » furent très amicalement reçues par la compagnie S.A.B.E.N.A. Réception marquée, comme on le pense, par de très nombreux « discutages de coups ». Paul Deville évoqua la première liaison Paris-Bruxelles accomplie le 10 février 1919 par un bimoteur Caudron C-23, équipé de deux Salmson 230 CV, piloté par Georges Boulard accompagné du mécanicien Guislain, et qui trans porta aussi plusieurs journalistes dont Edouard Hesley, Frantz Reir chel, etc. Un petit bimoteur Caudron C 21 à deux moteurs Rhône 80 CV, monté par Pierre Chanteloup et Paul Deville, accompagna l’avion de transport, se posa, lui aussi, » Bruxelles et rentra le soir même à Paris. Le dimanche 1 septembre avait lieu le banquet annuel des «VieillesRacines » de Belgique. C’est même ce banquet qui avait été l’occasion, du déplacement des Français, ce jour-là, à Bruxelles. Ils y furent l’objet d’une réception chaleureuse. La Médaille des « Vieilles-Racines » belges fut remise, à la grande surprise des deux récipiendaires,, très touchés de ce geste amical, à Georges Barbot et à Louis Janoir, présents à la manifestation. A 17 h. 30, les deux cars reprirent le chemin de Paris où nos anus débarquaient à minuit 30, heureux de ces deux journées fatigantes, mais fort agréables où l’amitié aéronautique franco-belge avait eu, une fois de plus, l’occasion de se manifester. UN MATCH-REFERENDUM DE VOLTIGE AÉRIENNE ET Aeirazuir UN NOUVEAU SUCCES DE LÉON BIANCOTTO A M0NTM0RILL0N tre où les deux pilotes s’en donnèrent à coeur joie. Et le public fut invité ensuite à voter pour l’un ou pour l’autre. Chaque programme contenait un bulletin de vote. Le public non-connaisseur a cependant confirmé le verdict du jury de techniciens qui, quelques semaines S lus tôt, à Coventry, avait sacré Léon iancotto Champion du Monde de Voltige : le public de Montmorillon accorda 622 suffrages à Biancotto contre 586 à d’Orgeix. Et le soir, M. Schmitt, Sous-Préfet de Montmorillon, remit à Léon Biancotto la Coupe du Poitou qui constituait l’enjeu du match. Ajoutons que le meeting de l’AéroClub de Montmorillon fut également l’occasion de la belle présentation acrobatique d’un planeur monté par le chef-pilote des « Ailes Montlùçonnaises » Sapaoui-Meki et à une descente de 3.2(19 m. du parachutiste Sam Chasak qui enthousiasma l’assistance. B IEN que plus d’un mois se «oit écoulé depuis le meeting organisé par î’Aéro-Ciub de Montmorillon, il faut y revenir car ce meeting a comporté un match de voltige, le premier — sauf erreur — depuis la guerre qui ait eu lieu en France, Il mit aux prises, d’une part, Léon Biancotto, sur Bücker-« jungmann », et le Chevalier d’Orgeix sur Stampe SV-4 La particularité de ce match était que le vainqueur devait être et fut effectivement désigné, non par un jury composé d’experts en la matière, mais par le public lui-même. On peut dire, évidemment, que le public, composé en majeure partie de nonconnaisseurs, n’est pas particulièrement qualtfté pour apprécier la valeur d’une figure de voltige aérienne, la qualité de son exécution et la difficulté de celle-ci. Mais il ne s’agissait pa3 d’une compétition technique ; il s’agissait, pour le public, de désigner le pilote dont les évolutions lui avait paru les plus remarquables et il ne pouvait y avoir, dans ces conditions, meilleur juge que lui-même. Pour la première manche, les deux pilotes décollaient simultanément. Ils devaient exécuter sept figures imposées : renversement, boucle, retournement. tonneau lent, nœud de Savoie, tonneau à facettes et tonneau déclenché. Biancotto et d’Orgeix les exécutèrent magnifiquement. La deuxième manche donna lieu à deux présentations distinctes, présentations libres, faites l’une après l’au Confribuez vous aussi aux progrès de l'aviation,en faisant CHEZ VOUS dé sérieuses ETUDES qui vous mèneront à une belle situation. CANOTS RADEAUX GILETS PNEUMATIQUES PARACHUTES DE TOUS TYPES 10. Rue Marignan — PARIS (8 e ) — BAL 02-50 HISPANO SUIZA RUE PU' CÀPITA INE-OUYNEMER • B OIS-CO LO MB ES « FRANCE USINES : Issy-Les Moulineaux, Gennevülieis et Cognac les ailes N* .1696 — 27-9-1958 — PAGE W J E suppose que les lecteurs de mes « Libres Propos » ont lu aussi le programme du concours du S.F.A.S.A., qui a été publie ici-même. A moins de me déjuger, on comprendra que je ne puisse pas y applaudir sans réserves. Et j’ai l'impression que mes petits projets parus dans ces colonnes n’ont aucune chance dans cette eom Fîgure 1 Pétition. Nous ne sommes pas p® ïa même longueur d’onde. ~’ ar conséquent, je considère toute critique de ma part voire sans objet. ^ convient cependant de ^connaître à ce concours le r" e ^te qu’il a d’exister, et je "^unaite, malgré tout, qu’il nous procure, en I960, les avions susceptibles de faire enfin démarer l’Aviation Légère des Français. ' Cela dit, passons à un autre constitué par la recherche de solutions au vol humain moteur. La correspondanque je reçois me prouve hU ils sont, encore nombreux ceux qui caressent ce rêve milenaire. Car, malgré les stupénantes performances des avions y, tous genres, la conquête de ^air ne me semble pas devoir complète tant que rhomne pourra pas voler de ses P*°pres ailes, avec ses propres muscles. Dans un précédent article, J ai exposé quelques idées pour améliorer la finesse des ailes de javiette par des modifications structure, destinées à rédiri1®. les pertes d'énergie occasionnées par les tourbillons détaches. Je voudrais aujourd’hui me Placer à un point de vue plus «ynamique, et examiner eer* a 'ihs mouvements de faible amplitude, susceptibles de donà l’aile des caractères qui ® apparaissent pas en écoulement permanent. L’utilisation de l’effet Katzmayr me semble fort intéressante, à ce point de vue. Et, comme ce phénomène est peu 9°hnu i c t pas du tout utilisé Jusqu’ici, je crois bon d’exposer u'abortl un résumé de la question. lorsqu’un vent change périodiquement de direction dans le Plan vertical, de part et d’autr e d’une direction moyenne, dhe aile qui y est plongée peut Recevoir une poussée dans le sens contraire au vent moyen, devenir auto-propulsive. Cet effet, découvert expérimentalement en Allemagne par Katzmayr et Betz, peut être reproduit facilement en sou f fieLa figure 1 indique un sehé?ha de montage qui a été réa«sé à l’Institut Aérotechnique de Saint-Cyr, pour des expériences effectuées sous la direction du regretté Professeur Toussaint, De dispositif, installé dans la soufflerie de 2 m. de diamètre, en veine libre, comportait un ensemble de treize palettes à Profil biconvexe symétrique, oscillant autour d’axes horizontaux passant par leurs bords d’attaque. L’oscillation des palettes était commandée par un ensemble de leviers articulés, reliés, par une bielle, à un arore manivelle entraîné par un moteur électrique. Le méeanisrne permettait de faire varier la période et l’amplitude des oscillations des palettes. Dans ces conditions de fonctionnement, la masse d’air de la soufflerie prend une forme ondulée, comme le jet d’eau sortant de la lance d’un arroseur Qhi l’agite de bas en haut et de haut en bas. On a constaté, par ailleurs, que le vent naturel pos LIBRES PROPOS AÉRONAUTIQUES L’EFFET KATZMAYR ET LA SOLUTION DE VOL A MUSCLES sède ce degré de liberté, et qu'il présente fréquemment des oscillations en direction dans le plan vertical. Sans m’étendre sur le détail des essais effectués à Saint-Cyr, la figure 2 donne une justification saisissante des résultats qui ont été obtenus. Les expériences ont été faites avec î’aile 17-A, de dimensions 720 x 120 mm. La polaire en trait plein est celle de l’aile en présence des palettes au repos. Pour les trois polaires en trait interrompu, les palettes étaient animées d’une oscillation d'amplitude moyenne + 10°, et la fréquence a été de 1,17, 6 et 11 oscillations par seconde. On voit que, même pour de très faibles fréquences, l’aile soumise à l’effet Katzmayr devient nettement autopropulsive. Et on constate aussi que l’augmentation de vitesse des oscillations, c’est-à-dire la diminution de la longueur d’onde, n’apporte pas d’amélioration correspondante, et se traduit par une atténuation de l'intensité relative de l’effet Katzmayr. Par contre, l'influence de On pourrait croire que l’effet Katzmayr du vent oscillant sur une aile fixe pourrait être inversement obtenu, en faisant osciller une aile, en incidence dans un vent de direction constante. Il n'en est rien. En effet, un vent continu agissant sur une aile, sous n'importe quelle incidence, produit toujours une traînée dans le sens dans lequel il souffle, et une simple oscillation d’incidence de l’aile n’y ehange rien. L'aile vibrante Moineau est une aile animée uniquement d'un mouvement alternatif ra pide, de faible amplitude, qui peut être obtenu par des balourds placés à l’intérieur de l'aile, ou par une commande extérieure, à excentrique par exemple. Le dispositif ne comporte aucune variation mécanique de l’incidence de l’aile pendant le battement. M. Marcel Chabonat, le sympathique Directeur du Laboratoire Eiffel, qui a collaboré aux essais de l’aile Moineau, cite des expériences faites en manège avec une aile portée par un bras, et qui pouvait tourner comme une pale d’hélicoptère. Un arbre moteur entraînait la rotation d’un petit balourd en plomb, placé à l’extrémité de l’aile. Sous l’action des vibrations engendrées par le balourd, l’aile se mettait à tourner autour de l'axe vertical lui servant de support, tout en produisant une sustentation appréciable. Cette aile fut transformée en un petit planeur, par l'adjonction d’en empennage ; un moteur caoutchouc faisait tourner un petit balourd en plomb juste derrière le bord de fuite de l'aile. Lorsque le balourd n’était pas en rotation, l’appareil se conduisait comme un modèle réduit ordinaire, et descendait en vol plané. Lorsque le balourd tournait, on obtenait des vols horizontaux. Et, puisque j’en suis à exhumer des idées que je n’hésite pas à qualifier de géniales, tout au moins du point de vue qui nous occupe, je rappellerai encore le système Budig, dans lequel le déplacement de l’aile s’effectue latéralement, réalisant ce que son auteur a appelé « l’attaque oblique ». L’aile battante de Budig oscille autour d’un axe O, non contenu dans son plan (figure 3), De cette façon, un point tel que A de l'aile ne s'abaisse pas simplement selon la verticale V* mais décrit une courbe V i. L'aile n’attaque plus l’air orthogonaïement, mais obliquement. Il apparaît alors, comme dans l’aile Moineau, une composante propulsive, et non une traînée. On notera que le mouvement de l’aile n’est accompagné, ici non plus, d’aucun gauchissement ou distribution d’incidence, ce qui rend fort simple la réalisation mécanique. Budig prétendait que son « attaque oblique » * devait permettre de voler avec une puissance très faible, et il était convaincu que cela aboutirait finalement à la solution du vol humain. Moineau et Budig sont morts tous deux, mais les « avietteurs » peuvent toujours se lancer dans la voie tracée par ces précurseurs. CHEZ LES FERVENTS DE L'AILE BATTANTE VISITE A FRANÇOIS ORQUERA l’amplitude des oscillations est très nette. Ainsi, pour une amplitude de 4 8 e , le Ci maximum négatif (ou propulsion) est de — 1,7 alors que, pour une amplitude de ± 13°, il passe à — 5,2 et à — 7,5 pour une amplitude de ± 17°. Comme le vent naturel est fréquemment animé d'oscillations verticales de ce genre, comment se fait-il que l’effet Katzmayr ne se manifeste pas sur les avions et les planeurs ? La raison en est, sans doute, que la fréquence des oscillations du vent est trop grande, et la longueur d'onde trop faible par rapport à la profondeur de leurs surfaces sustentatrices. Les ailes des avions ne sont pas accordées sur la longueur d’onde du vent. De même, dans les essais de Saint-Cyr, l'aile expérimentale de 12 cm. de corde, était bien adaptée à la faible vitesse de 1,17 oscillation par seconde, et sans doute déjà trop profonde pour un vent de II oscillations par seconde. Or, le Dr Magnan a mesuré, par exemple, les variations de la direction instantanée, dans le plan vertical, du mistral soufflant sur la Crau. 11 a trouvé que les changements de direction se produisent plusieurs fois par seconde, les amplitudes atteignant parfois 30°, avec une oscillation moyenne de 15° environ. Il semble donc bien que l’effet Katzmayr dans le vent naturel ne sera utilisable qu’avec des surfaces étroites, et ceci est à rapprocher de la conformation de l’aile de l’oiseau, qui se termine par dés rémiges. P ARMI les quelques chercheurs qui *’intéressent encore, dans notre pays, au problème du vol musculaire, il en est un qui tient une place à part, car c’est actuellement le seul à posséder une machine conçue et réalisée par lui, avec laquelle il a u procéder à des essais méthodiques, s’agit de François Orquera, qui a déjà donné ici, il y a quelques mois (1), une description de son planeur à ailes battantes, dont les premières études remontent à 1948. Les premiers essais, effectués Tan dernier dans la Drôme, avaient révélé la bonne stabilité de l’appareil, mais aussi une trop forte charge alaire, ne permettant que d’entretenir, pendant une vingtaine de secondes, au ras du sol, un vol plané obtenu en descendant une pente, et cela au prix d’un effort physique très important. Orquera a apporté, depuis, quelques modifications à son prototype, mais un changement de domicile l’a empêché de mener à bien de nouveaux essais ; il habite maintenant Toulon, où il n’a pas trouvé, jusqu’ici, les conditions favorables à la poursuite de son expérimentation, et 1’ « oiseau » ne sort que rarement du sous-sol où il est garé, ailes démontées. L’envol nécessite, en effet, un terrain uni ou une route en pente — pas trop raide — et un vent nul ou faible. Le pilote, assis sur une sangle dans la structure en tubes qui tient lieu de fuselage, peut également s’y tenir debout, pieds à terre ; partant du haut de la pente, il prend de la vitesse en courant, et, dès qu’il sent le planeur s’alléger, il s’asseoit, pose les pieds sur des pédales qui commandent l’une la profondeur, l’autre la direction,, et (J) Les Miles n® 1675 du S avril s’efforce d’entretenir son vol, en commandant, par l’intermédiaire de leviers, le battement des ailes, battement qui, sur ce premier modèle, s’effectue uniquement dans le plan vertical, la flexibilité des nervures de 1 aile devant assurer à la fois la propulsion et la sustentation. La région toulonnaise ne manque pas de pentes, mais elles sont, généralement, fort mal pavées, et François Orquera n’a pas encore trouvé le terrain qui lui permettrait de reprendre ses essais ; il serait reconnaissant à toute personne qui pourrait lui indiquer un lieu favorable, le plus près possible de Toulon. | 31,373 |
historyoftexaste04john_89 | English-PD | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,914 | A history of Texas and Texans | Johnson, Francis White, 1799-1884 | Barker, Eugene Campbell, 1874-1956, ed | Winkler, Ernest William, 1875-1960 | English | Spoken | 7,674 | 9,723 | Garrettson and a native of Illinois. They were married in 1868 in Oden, Illinois, and Mrs. White died m 1908 at San Diego, California, at the age of fifty-nine. Three children were born to Mr. and Mrs. White, and of these Frank A. White was the youngest. Frank A. White went to school in Kansas City and in Lees Summit, Missouri. He had to leave school at the age of twelve, however, and he gained the remainder of his education by studying by himself and by wide reading. As a boy he sold papers in Kansas City and in Lees Summit, and he also worked as a messenger boy. His first real position of any importance was with the Home Telegraph and Signal Company, of Kansas City, with whom he was apprenticed to learn the business. He next entered the employ of the Postal Telegraph Company as delivery clerk and upon leaving their em- ploy he' entered that of the Interstate Electric Light Company, being employed in the battery department. He never lost an opportunity in any of these positions to learn everything he could' about the business and he was so valuable an employee that when the company failed he had no difficulty 'in securing a place with the Edison Electric Light and Power Company, which is now known as the Kansas City Electric Light Company. He entered their offices as station office boy and re- mained with them for sixteen and a half years. He was steadily promoted for efficiency, working in turn m everv department, until in 1906 when he left the employ of this company he was assistant to the general manager and one of the' influential men in the company. In August, 1906, he determined to resign to go into business for himself. He entered the business world as a manufacturer of chandeliers and brasses in Kansas City, but the business proved a failure and Mr. White lost all that he had saved. He then removed to Texas and came to Amarillo in the summer of 1907 to take charge of the Amarillo Water, Light and Power Com- pany. This company is now known as the City Light and Water Company and the capital is owned by eastern investors. Mr. White is now serving as general manager and his work while with this company has won much admiration, for the position has been a difficult one. In March, 1909, the company was put into the hands of Mr. White, as receiver, by the United States courts, he having been manager for eighteen months. In the month of June, 1912, he was able to return the company to its original owners, having increased the business fourfold. He was able to liquidate every indebtedness, giving one hundred cents on the dollar, and giving a very nice dividend to the stockholders. It was a big task and he handled it in a masterly manner. In addition to his work as general manager of the above company, he is vice president of the First State Bank and also a director and general manager of the Amarillo Street Eailway Company. He is a member of the Chamber of Commerce and has been treasurer of the traffic bureau for the past five years. In politics Mr. White is a member of the Democratic party. He has never cared to hold office and of late has taken no active part in politics. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias, of the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks, and of the Eejuvenated Sons of Jove. In religious matters he is a member of the Presbyterian church. He cares little for fraternal or social affairs, being devoted to his family and finding his recreation in his home. Mr. White was married in Leavenworth, Kansas, on the 12th of September, 1893, to Miss Isabel Stone, who was a native of Oakland, California, and a daughter of Jefferson and Minnie Stone. Five children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. White: Euth Katherine, born June 24, 1895, died at the age of three years; Eugene G. was born in Leavenworth, Kansas, on the 3rd of October, 1898; Harry Morton, born December 30, 1901, died aged ten years; Frank A., Jr., was born in Ama- rillo, October 18. 1908; James L. is also a native of Amarillo, where he was born on the 8th of January, 1912. Thomas Jefferson McCamant, M. D. One of the best known residents in this section of Texas is Thomas Jefferson McCamant, of El Paso, Texas. He has been for many vears engaged in the practice of his profession in this pa'rt of the state and has won a reputation for skillful work and for closely following the high ideals of his profession. He has held a number of public posi- tions, being keenly interested in politics and in civic matters, and he has filled each post with honor to him- self and to the great satisfaction of his many and warm friends. Thomas Jefferson McCamant was born at Glenrose, Texas, on the 27th of November, 1874. He is a son of William Graham McCamant, who was born in Old Town, Virginia. William McCamant left his native state in 1854 and came to Texas overland, making the journey in a prairie schooner. He wa-s a well known civil and mechanical engineer and was the government surveyor for the counties of Erath, Hood and Somerville, living during that time in the three counties, but never changed his repidence. because Hood and Somerville were orig- inally contained in Erath. He was the first settler in Somerville county, and previous to locating in this county he lived for a time at Greenville, Texas. He was in the frontier service against the Indians under the command of Major Valentine, and was in a number of Indian raids, in all of which he was so fortunate as TEXAS AND TEXANS 2055 to come out unscathed. He was later a member of one of tlie Texas regiments that fought on the side of the Confederacy during the Civil war. He died at Glen- rose, Texas, in 1S84. William MeCamant married Susan Gardner, who was born and reared in Virginia, and there received her education. She was married in her native state and came to Texas with her husband, being an able helper to him in those early pioneer days. She was the first member of the Presbyterian church to settle in Somervilie county, and when that church was organized in the county there were only two members, Mrs. Me- Camant and a gentleman by the name of Mr. David- son. During the war she made many of the clothes that were worn by the Texas soldiers at the front. Mrs. Me- Camant died" in Glenrose in 1SS6 at the age of sixty- three. Three children were born to William MeCamant and his wife. The eldest, Mrs. lola Graham Thompson, was born at Cranberry, Texas, and died in Meridian, Texas, in 1S98. Mrs. Margerie Bobinson, the second child, is still living in the old homestead at Glenrote. Doctor MeCamant was the youngest of the three chil- dren, and, although he was born where Glenrose is now located, at the time of his birth it was a single log cabin a half mile southwest of Barnum's Mill. He attended the old school, known as Presbyterian College, at Glen- rose, and here he was graduated in 1894 with the degree of B. S. After this he worked for a few years in a drug store in Glenrose and then determined to pursue his scientific studies further and become a physician. He therefore took up the study of medicine in the medical department of Port Worth University, and in 1902 was graduated with a cum laude, a high honor. He began to practice in Aspermont, Texas, and remained there for nine years, during which time he built up a flourish- ing practice. While living in Aspermont he took an ac- tive part in the political affairs of the community and was chairman of the Democratic committee for Stone- wall county. He was also campaign manager in Stone- wall county for W. E. Smith in both of his campaigns for Congress. In 1911 he was appointed state quarantine officer by Governor Colquitt, and in February of that year he came to El Paso, making this city his headquarters. He has taken up his general practice also since coming here and this, together with the duties attaching to his public position, make him a very busy man. He has a large practice and is generally recognized as one of the most successful physicians in /this city. The doctor is a member of the American Medical As- sociation, of the Texas State Medical Society and of the El Paso County Medical Society. In politics he is a member of the Democratic party. He has always taken a deep interest in the various fraternal societies to which he belongs and he has lieen an active member of the Masons for nianv vcais. He is a mi'inlicr nt' llu' Knights Templar of ll:isi;'rll, Trx^is is .-i XoLlr ..( 111,. Mv.stic Shrine, beli.ii-m- to y\:,\.]:, Tfiiipl.., m i:i l':,-.i. imd he is also a Eoyal Ar.-h Masuu, Ijelougiiii; to Ludyr No. 1.57. He holds membership in the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, No. 187. of El Paso, and the Loyal "Order of the MooFe. No. .526. In 1912 Doctor MeCamant won much praise and made a number of bitter enemies through his work as the in- vestigator of the illegal practitioners of medicine, an investigation that resulted in the indictment of ten illegal practitioners and in the departure of several from the'citv. On the 13th of May, 1901, Doctor MeCamant was married to Miss Helen Livermore, of Denver, Colorado, the only daughter of W. B. Livermore, who now lives in ■^^Tiillets, California. Doctor and Mrs. MeCamant have no children. Doctor MeCamant believes that El Paso will become the leading city in the state in time, and he is especially enthusiastic over the local administration, saying that it is one of the best governed cities in the state, every improvement that has been made having been carried by the vote of the people. Personally he hopes that he may spend the balance of his life in this city, where he has made so many friends. William K. Schutz. A solid business enterprise of El Paso has a history of its own which illustrates both the progress of the town and the career of one of its foremost citizens. This is the El Paso Piano Company, of which Mr. William E. Schutz is proprietor and sole owner, and which is the largest concern of its kind in western Texas. Mr. Schutz in 1900 entered the employ of this piano company at a salary of $30 per month. In 190-i he had so thoroughly learned the business and become so energetic a factor therein that he was made a partner, and in 1908 became its sole owner. In 1910 he bought the piano department in the general business of the W. G. Walz Company, and in the same year erected his own building on his lots at the corner of Myrtle and Campbell streets. William E. Schutz was born in Hanover, Germany, May 15, 1883, a son of S. C. and Frieda Schutz. Both parents were natives of Germany, the father being a prosperous merchant. The father" first came to Texas in 1865 and located at El Paso when it was a small village, consisting of only a few buildings and inhabited almost entirely by Mexicans. He crossed the plains from San Antonio, and it required six weeks for his wagons to make the overland trip, during which several encounters were had with the hostile Indians on the way. Several years later the father returned to Germany, where he remained a number of years. He subsequently returned to El Paso, when it was beginning its modern develop- ment, and was at one time mayor of the city, besides holding various other places of responsibility and trust. The father, who is still living, is now a resident of Mexico City, at the age of sixty-eight years. He is president of the Los Ocotes Mining and Milling Com- pany, whose offices are in Mexico City, and the mines located in the state of Michoacan, Mexico. The mines are silver and gold property, and exceedingly profitable. The mother died in El Paso in 1899 at the age of forty- eight, and of their six children one is now deceased and the others are named as follows: Mrs. Dr. Gustav Hof- gaard, of Fredrikshald, Norway; A. E. Schutz, of El Paso; H. H. Schutz, of Los Lumas, New Mexico; Wil- liam R., of El Paso, and Mrs. J. E. Dutcher, of El Paso. Mr. W. E. Schutz was reared in El Paso, attended the local schools and immediately after his graduation from the high school in 1900 entered the employ of the Piano Company and began his rapid rise to business success and independence. He is affiliated with the Order of Elks in El Paso. In politics he is independent. He enjoys a large circle of friends, is very popular in the young society circles of the city, and his principal di- version is automobiling. H.\RWOOD J. SiMMOXS. Successively chief engineer, superintendent, and now general manager of the El Paso & .'-Southwesforn Bailway System, Mr. Simmons began his career as an engineer when aliout twenty years of age, and has been identified in similar capacities with some of the largest railway systems of the southwest. Harwood J. Simmons was born near Adairsville, in Logan county, Kentucky, one of the two children of Bichard M. and Nannie (Farmer) Simmons, natives respectively of Kentucky and Tennessee, and both now deceased. The mother died when Mr. Simmons was four years of age. The father was for four years a soldier in the Confederate army, serving under General Forrest and being wounded at the battle of Shiloh. After the war he became a successful mill owner and planter in Logan county and at Adairsville. The other child in the family was Lennie, now the wife of J. S. I7ambert, a resident of Bay Minette, Alabama. Harwood J. Simmons attained his early education in 2056 TEXAS AND TEXANS private schools in Kentucky and Birmingham, Alabama. He followed his profession of engineering in various capacities up to August, 1893. At that time he was ap- pointed expert civU engineer for the railroad commis- sion of Texas, and rendered services to the commission until 1895. He resigned and accepted a place as chief engineer for the Galveston, LaPorte & Houston Railroad Company. In March, 1899, Mr. Simmons resigned this position to go as superintendent for the Arizona & New Mexico Railroad Company, with headquarters at Clifton, Arizona. That work held him during 1900 and 1901, and then in the sjiring of 1902 he resigned and came to El Paso as chief engineer for the El Paso & Southwestern Eailroad. In the fall of the same year he was appointed general superintendent, and then, in December of 1906, became general manager of the system. Mr. Simmons is a member of the Toltec and the El Paso Country Club, and he delights in outdoor sports and athletics of all kinds. He was married June 12, 1897, to Miss Nannie Christian, a native of Austin, Texas, and a daughter of Edward Christian, who was one of the pioneer settlers of Texas and formerly a well known business man at Austin. The two children of their marriage are Harwood and Edward Simmons. Mr. Simmons is a member of the State Historical Society. He owns a pleasant home at 1029 Eio Grande street, in El Paso. In politics he is a Democrat. Both he and his wife are fond of travel and they spend their va- cations usually in California. Otto H. Thorman. On the basis of work performed and patronage accorded, Mr. Thorman is one of the most successful architects in the southwest, and yet a young man of but twenty-six years, and is really only at the beginning of a career which promises a very wide and useful field of professional service. Otto H. Thorman was born April 12, 1887, at Wash- ington, Missouri, a son of Frederick and Fannie (Langenberg) Thorman, of German stock and natives of Washington, Missouri, where they have spent all their lives. Frederick Thorman, the father, has been for many years engaged in the wholesale commission business at Washington, and his other son, Walter T. Thorman, is associated with him in business. Otto H. Thorman graduated from the high school in Washing- ton, Missouri, and then entered the Washington Uni- versity at St. Louis, subsequently becoming a student in the St. Louis Art Institute. During his career in college and university he devoted a jaart of his time to practical work as a draughtsman. His first practical experience in the line of his profession was with Mauran, Eussell & Garden at St. Louis, and from this varied employment he paid his way through school. At nine- teen he began for himself, having in the meantime demonstrated his thorough talents and ability in archi- tecture and the related arts. The first field of his efforts was in Albuquerque, New Mexico, where he established his oflSce. During the first two years at Albuquerque he drew the plans for a number of the high class and costly buildings, including the Shortle Sanitarium, cost- ing thirty thousand dollars; the Masonic Temple, cost- ing sixty thousand dollars; the Doctor Clark residence at a cost of twenty-five thousand dollars. In November, 1911, Mr. Thorman opened offices in El Paso, however, retaining the original establishment and his assistants in Albuquerque. He has a fine suite of rooms in the Eobert Banner Building at El Paso, and has enjoyed even greater success here than in Albuquerque. Mr. Thorman has recently, in February, 1913, secured the work of designing and supervising the construction of the New Commercial National Bank and Office Build- ing, a structure which is to cost two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, and will be completed during 1913. He has been architect for an apartment building con- structed in this city at a cost of thirty thousand dollars, the Western Woodenware Company's warehouse at a cost of thirty thousand dollars; the residence of Charles Davis, of the Mexican style of architecture, costing twenty-five thousand dollars, and for many other buildings. Mr. Thorman was one of the successful young archi- tects of the city, is very popular in business and social circles. He has membership in the El Paso Country Club and is especially fond of golf. He has a cultured taste in music and is an accomplished performer on the piano. El Paso, he thinks, is the greatest city of its size in the world, and is glad to give his assistance to any project for the continued advancement of this metropolis. William Killgoke. One of the big men of Gaines- ville, Texas, big in every way — physically, mentally, morally and financially — is William Killgore, president and general manager of one of the most important houses of Gainesville. He has won his success by taking the hard road, industry, close attention to details, abso- lute honesty being some of the qualities through which he has won success. No one is more admired nor more thoroughly liked in Gainesville than is Mr. Killgore, for he has not only a fine personality but he is very public spirited and generous hearted, with many warm friends and admirers. William Killgore was born in 1817 in east Tennessee, a son of James and Mary (Foucher) Killgore, both of whom were natives of Tennessee. James Killgore was a harness and saddle maker and did not come to Texas until after his son had moved here to live. It was in 1876 that the father came and he lived here until his death, which occurred in Gainesville in 1884. The mother died in Tennessee in 1852. They were the parents of four children, namely, Eliza J., who married a Mr. Holden and died in 1875, leaving two children who have since been orphaned by the death of the father; Laura, who became the wife of a Mr. McDonald and died in 1909, leaving one child; William and Hugh M., who died in 1884. William Killgore grew np in Tennessee, where he received his education. He married Miss Mary Dobson in 1868, and with his young bride set out in the fol- lowing year for Texas. ' His brother Hugh accompanied them and they located near Dodd City, Texas, renting land from Major Dodd. Here they farmed for two years and then Mr. Killgore mOved to Grayson, Texas, where he bought some land. He afterwards purchased one hundred and sixty acres of land near Grayson and went info the cattle business. He continued in this line until 1881, when misfortune overtook him and he lost his money and was forced to give up his ranch. It was at this time that he came to Gainesville and here opened a small grocery store, his capital being $275. He was a hard worker, however, and soon his business began to increase. It continued to grow, for people began to discover where the best groceries and best serv- ice could be found. In 1902 he incorporated the busi- ness under the name of William Killgore Company, In- corporated, with a capital of $60,000, which he had made by his own efforts alone. In the meantime he had been building up a large trade throughout the surrounding country, shipping goods all over this section. He was elected president and general manager at the time of the incorporation, and has held these offices ever since. Mr. Killgore also organized a branch house at Marietta, Oklahoma, under the same firm name, but he has since sold this business and devotes his attention to the Gainesville business, which is the largest general mer- cantile establishment in the city. Mr. Killgore takes the keenest interest in his landed estates and" spends much time planning and carrying out improvements and in the management of his two large places. He owns an eighteen hundred-acre cattle ranch four miles from Gainesville, five hundred acres of AP^^^^t^(^r-^ TEXAS AND TEXANS 2057 which are under cultivation. All of this land has been paid for and is worth $100,000. Here he raises wheat and oats and has made the place his hobby. He spends much of his time here and has added so many improve- ments that he has made it a show place in this section. At present he is building a $500 fish tank and expects to stock it with government fish. He also owns a smaller place of three hundred and fifty acres four miles south of the city which is worth $75 an acre. In addition to these properties, Mr. Killgore has built a whole block of brick buildings in the business section of Gainesville and he owns other business properties. He is also the owner of five residences which he rents and of his own beautiful home. IMr. Killgore has always been very active in religious affairs. He is a member of the Christian church and has been for thirty-eight years, and is now a deacon in this church. He is one of the advisory board of Christian University in Fort Worth, Texas, and gives a great deal of money as well as time and personal inter- est to this institution. Politically he belongs to the Democratic party and he has served in the city council of Gainesville for two terms. In the fraternal world he is a member of the Ancient Free and Accepted Masons and has been for many years. He also belongs to the Knights of Pythias. Mrs. Killgore was a native of Kentucky. Her father died in that state years ago and her mother died in Gainesville at the home of Mr. Killgore in 1902. Mrs. Killgore was one of seven children and her death oc- curred on the 19th of April, 1911. Two children were adopted by Mrs. Killgore, namely, Maggie, who is the wife of Val Horton, a stockholder in the William Kill- gore Comijany, Incorporated, and Lucy A., who was married and had one child, both mother and child being now deceased. On September 21, 1913, Mr. Killgore married Miss Lucy Spires, who was born August 12, 1S94, in Faulkner county, Arkansas, and there was raised and received her early education. She came to Texas in 1905 where she finished her education in St. Mary's Day School. She is a daughter of G. W. and Gertrude (Danley) Spires, the father a native of Mississippi and the mother of Arkansas. By occupation he is a farmer and they reside on their ranch north of Gainesville. Mrs. Killgore was the sixth in order of birth in a family of seven children, four daughters and three sons. Aaron Stolaroff. As a citizen and business builder of El Paso, none have been better known or regarded with greater esteem than Aaron Stolaroff. In the busi- ness district at 112 San Antonio street is located the china palace of which he is proprietor. This is a whole- sale and retail establishment carrying a splendid stock of crockery, glassware, graniteware, tinware, and house furnishing goods. This establishment is not only a center of trade where the annual volume of sales repre- sent a tidy little fortune, but to a large number of El Paso citizens this store stands for the business home of a man of sterling character and one who came to El Paso a little more than twenty years ago a poor young man from a foreign land and whose energy and integrity have won him a splendid success. Aaron Stolaroff was born August 24, 1862, at Ko- idanow, in Minisk, Russia, a son of Fabian and Toibe Stolaroff. The father, who was a cabinetmaker, fol- lowed his trade and lived quietly in his native city until death came to him there in 1873. The riiother is now a resident at Jerusalem, in Palestine. There were three sons who composed this worthy family, and the other two were Joaquim, who is owner of the large Boston Department Store at El Paso, and Isaac, who is a Jewish rabbi and a prominent author and religious au- thority among his people. Mr. Aaron Stolaroff received such education as the primary schools in his home city afforded. Lack of advantages, however, have interfered little with a man Vol. rv— 30 whose intellectual energy has never been dulled, and who has carried with him through all his experiences a natural curiosity which he has satisfied by extensive observation and by almost constant reading in the litera- ture of various tongues. He has devoted all his spare time to study and reading, and is thoroughly versed in history, and speaks fluently five languages — English, German, Hebrew, Spanish and Russian. Mr. Stolaroff" arrived at New York City on the 10th of May, 1S90, and received his first impression of America and experiences in New York City, where he remained six months. From that city he came west to El Paso, arriving here with practically no capital, al- though with considerable business experience, which at once became valuable to him. His brother Joaquim had come to El Paso in 1886, and was already established in the china and glassware business. Under his brother, Aarou began his career in El Paso, and at the end of eiglit months as a clerk had progressed so far that his brother turned over to him the management of the busi- ness. At that time Aarou bought a half interest in the establishment, and at the end of five years had become sole owner. He has built up a splendid establishment and there is nothing superior to it in the entire south- west. They have lately established a new warehouse with over four thousand square feet, and a new store with six thousand square feet of floor space, located at 109 South Oregon street, in the rear of their present china parlors. Fourteen people find steady employment in this store. The average value of stock carried is more than forty thousand dollars, and a large wholesale trade is carried on throughout Texas, Mexico, New Mexico, and Arizona. Along with his success as a business man and merchant, Mr. Stolaroff has acquired large and valuable interests in real estate and residence properties in El Paso and at Cloudcroft, in Mexico, and is one of the large stockholders in the Ascot Valley Land and Improvement Company. The secret of Mr. Stolaroff 's success as a merchant is not only due to his native ability in trade, but per- haps even more to his unusual energy and application. For twenty-three years, ever since coming to El Paso, he has been on duty at his place of business at seven 0 'rlock in the morning, every day, with only one ex- ception, the period spent in 1912 on a vacation travel, when he traveled throughout Europe and the Holy Land, visiting his mother in Jerusalem. Mr. Stolaroff" has a life membership in the Elks Club of El Paso, is a Mason with thirty-two degrees of the Scottish Eite, and a member of the Mystic Shrine; also a member of the Maccabees and one of the founders of the Jewish Syna- gogue at El Paso. Both socially and in business circles there is no citizen of El Paso who enjoys more thorough respect and esteem than Mr. Stolaroff. He delights in his home and family, and is said to possess one of the finest and largest private libraries in this city. In this modern world, when men are so ab- sorbed in business activities, it is a pleasure to eon- template the life of a man whose own energies have been so persistently directed to business, and yet who has found time and opportunity amid the many dis- tracting cares of business life to devote hours to study and the wholesome recreation furnished by books. Mr. Stolaroff was married in his native city in Russia on November 1, 1888, to Miss Sarah Schnarzbord. They are properly proud of their fine family of four children, whose names and positions are briefly mentioned as fol- lows: Annie, who is a graduate of the Institute of Musical Art of New Y'ork City with the class of 1910, and an accomplished young lady is a leader in El Paso society; Mary, who graduated from the El Paso High School and the State Normal at San Marcos, Texas, is also an accomplished musician, and is now the wife of Harry Hyman, of Waco; Rose is a graduate of the Stat« Normal and now a student in the University of Texas, at Austin, she having graduated from the 2058 TEXAS AND TEXANS Normal College at the age of seventeen ; Solomon, the only son, is now a student in the eighth grade of the El Paso public schools. Le Baron. Texas in the eyes of George E. Le Baron, of El Paso, is certainly the land for young men. He is barely thirty and is ranked among the live and successful business men of that city. He is filled with the modern spirit of progress and with the en- thusiasm which belongs to young men has handled his real estate business in such a way as to merit and win the admiration and respect of his business associates. Wath the solid foundation of real value which the real estate business in Texas, or at least in the section in which he operates, is built upon, Mr. Le Baron, with the use of energy, good advertising, a thorough knowl- edge of the field, and tireless attention to business, has been the cause of considerable exchange of property, with the resultant benefits to the city. George E. Le Baron was born in Pensaeola, Florida, on the 2.5th of October, 1881. 'He passed an uneventful boyhood, except that his ambition always urged him to get out into the world and accomplish something. He received his elementary education in the public schools of Pensaeola, but he had to leave school as a young boy. Feeling that he would never make anything of himself with so scanty an education, he went to work and earned the money to go through St. Barnard's School, at Cullman, Alabama, and also to take a special course at this school. He later had a course in Eock Hill College, in Baltimore, Maryland. Upon leaving school he returned to his home in Florida and found employment in a small real estate office in Pensaeola. He remained here until he was twenty years of age, when he went to Alabama and entered the iron and steel business. He was thus engaged for about two years, at the end of which time he returned to Pensa- eola, this time only for a short stay of one year. He came to Texas in 1905 and located in El Paso, en- tering the employ of the El Paso Foundry and Ma- chine Company. He remained with this company for five years, after a time becoming secretary and manager and purchasing agent for the supply department. He saw the advantages of this section of the country and the possibilities in the undeveloped resources of the whole section, and his desire to enter this rich field for himself finally led to his resignation from the El Paso Foundry and Machine Company. He entered into part- nership with H. W. Broaddusl and the firm of Broad- dus and Le Baron opened for business. This firm does a general real e'state, insurance and investment business, and the push and energy of the two partners has made the business a success from the very beginning. The older men in the business world of El Paso, if asked to point out the men whom they believe will eventually become men of power and influence in the business affairs of the city, will be sure to mention Mr. Le Baron among the number, so good a showing has he already made. In politics, although believing in the principles of the Democratic party, Mr. Le Baron prefers to vote independently rather than for any man the party chooses to put up. In religious matters he is a com- municant of the Eoman Catholic church. He belongs to the Knights of Columbus and is a past grand knight. He is a member of the chamber of commerce, and the high regard in which he is held by the business men is shown in the fact that he was a member of the board of directors in 1911. In the social world of El Paso, Mr. Le Baron is just as popular as in other fields. He is a member of the Toltec Club, the Country Club, and the El Paso Social Club. He occupies beautiful offices, and here his friends are always welcome, though he has too large a business to be able to take very much time for other matters. Mr. Le Baron has no use for lazy men, but he says that for any one who is energetic and willing to apply himself there is room and opportunity in western Texas. Any one coming out here will be measured by himself and not by his ancestors, and, as Mr. Le Baron says, it is a country for strong men and a country where the future is brighter than the past. Mr. Le Baron was married in El Paso, Texas, on the 20th of April, 1910, to Miss Laura Townsend, a daugh- ter of Judge and Mrs. J. E. Townsend, of El Paso. One daughter, Florence Eohmer, has been born to this Charles L. A'owell. A member of the Texas bar tor nearly a quarter of a century, Mr. Vowell had a successful career in practice and in public affairs for many years at Sherman, and more recently has located at El Paso, where he is regarded as one of the strongest members of the local bar. Charles L. Vowell was born in Grayson county, Texas, August 9, 1868, a son of Dr. John L. and Martha Jane Vowell. There were five children in the parents' family, and Charles L. was the fourth and youngest son. His early education was attained in the private schools of Grayson county, it being followed by a high school course, and subsequently he was a student in the Sam Houston Normal Institute, at Huutsville, where he graduated in 1886. As a boy he was ambitious for higher attainments and worked industriously in order to acquire the means for his higher education. It was with the earnings from his personal industry that he was able to attend the Sam Houston Normal, and after his graduation there he engaged in teaching school until he was twenty-one years of age. At that time he had per- fected himself in the law and was admitted to the bar. He began his practice in Sherman, and that was his home until September, 1909, at which date he located at El Paso and established his office here. Mr. Vowell was married at Sherman, December 20, 1S97, to Miss Edna Caruthers, a daughter of M. J. Caruthers, of Sherman. Mrs. Vowell is also a native of Texas. The three children, two sons and one daugh- ter, born to their marriage are named as follows: Edna Eyrline, Jack Caruthers and Fulton Vowell. Mr. Vowell and family are members of the Christian church, and he is affiliated with the Masonic Order, the Knights of Pythias, the Woodmen of the World, the Maccabees and the Order of Elks. In the line of his profession he has membership in the Texas State Bar Association. Mr. Vowell has always been an active Democrat and has taken an active interest in both national and state affairs, and problems connected with the political situa- tion. Duriiio his residence in Sherman he had numerous politi.jl ili^tiihtidiis. He served as city attorney, was for fniii y, Mi^ :i>^istant district attorney, and then was eleiti-.i di^tih r. uttorney, and during his administration in the latter office he secured a larger percentage of convictions according to the number of cases brought before the court than was true in any other county of the state at that time. He was also a member of the school board while residing at Sherman. Mr. Vowell is a man of culture and broad interests, is a thorough student of the law, and excellently well versed in its practice. He takes much pleasure in the resources of his private library, is a man of outdoor interests, and likes hunting and fishing, and in his home community responds readily to every movement for the betterment and advancement of this city. Ch.\rles E. Eoss. of El Paso, Texas, is one of the many men who have found success in this section of the state of Texas. Mr. Eoss belongs to that type of man which is to be found nowhere in the world save in America, the man who learns a trade with the inten- tion of using it merely as a stepping-stone to an inde- pendent business of his own. That Mr. Eoss has suc- ceeded in gratifying his ambitions has been due to the TEXAS AND TEXANS 2059 fact that he was skilled in his Hue of work no less than to his willingness to work, and to work hard. North Carolina is the native state of Charles E. EoES, his birth having taken place in Union county on the 7th of October, 1!?77. His father is James E. Koss, who now resides at Montgomery, Alabama, where he is a prominent business man. His mother, Emma Ross, IS also living. Charles E. lioss lived in his native state until he was about twelve years old, and then his par- ents moved into South Carolina, living there about four years, at the end of which time they moved to Jackson- ville, Florida. The education of the lad was therefore rather interrupted, and the best years of his schooling were had in the city of Jacksonville. It was in the latter city that he first started out as a wage-earner. His first position was as delivery boy for one of the evening pajiers, and, after about a year of this work, he decided that the best thing for a boy without any capital was to learn some trade, so he aj)- prenticed himself to learn the trade of a carriage painter. For three years he worked for the firm of McMurry and Baker, in Jacksonville, and became an expert in his line. He then entered the employ of Smith and Xeil, of the same city, remaining with them for two years and a half. At the end of this time he went to Montgomery, Alabama, and went to work at his trade. He remained in this city for eighteen months and then returned to Florida and located in Pensacola, remaining there for a year. It was in 1905 that he came to El Paso, and he has lived here since that time. He first went to work on a salary, but by carefully saving his money he was able in five years to establish himself in a business of his own. This was in 1910, and he has been in this business ever since. He has a painting shop in which all kinds of high class painting is done, but he devotes himself especially to the. paint- ing of carriages and automobiles. He has among his customers the best people in the city and has a large patronage. His shop is furnished with modern equip- ment throughout and he has a reputation for putting out finely finished work. In religious matters Mr. Ross is a member of no church, but he has a tendency toward the Methodist church. He is a member of the Odd Fellows, the Knights of Pythias, and the Loyal Order of Moose. In politics he is a member of the Democratic party, but takes no active part in politics, although he is keenly interested in local affairs. Mr. Ross says that he likes El Paso and western Texas because they have been good to him; that he has been very successful here and will make this city his permanent home. He says that when he first came here he expected to remain only a few months, but that he soon realized that the city had a great future and he decided to remain. In his opinion there is no better city in the United States, and he advises all those seeking a permanent location to come and investigate. J. Frank Slat. Since 1888 a resident of Armstrong county, of which he has the distinction of serving as first assessor, Mr. Slay has for a number of years been identified with the hardware business at Claude and has the largest establishment in that line in the city. J. Frank Slay was born September 6, 1860, in Sabine parish, Louisiana, the third of eight children born to Erastus B. and Frances (Smith) Slay, both of whom were natives of Georgia. The father "was a child when his family moved to Alabama, in which state he was educated, and in 1863'he moved to eastern Texas, locat- ing in Van Zandt county. Immediately upon arriving in that county he enlisted in a Texas regiment which did guard duty until the close of the war. He was a cripple and was unable to take part in any of the active campaigns. His death occurred in 1899 in Montague county, but at the time he was a resident of Armstrong county. His regular occupation throughout his career was farming, but owing to his infirmities he never be- came to any degree affluent and died a poor man. In politics he was a Democrat and a member of the Baptist church. The mother came to Texas with her husband and is now living in Carson county at the age of seventy- four. J. Frank Slay had a primary education in Van Zandt and Wise counties, comprising a few months at school. For some years he contributed his work to the support of the famil}' and was performing a man 's part on the home farm when many of his age were in school. His first work on his own account was as a cowboy and he spent a year in riding herd over the western cattle range, and from that occupation branched out into the freight- ing business, which was a large and important enterprise in west Texas before the days of the railroad. He trans- ported many loads of merchandise and supplies between Wichita Falls and Old Clarendon, a distance of two hun- dred miles. The completion of the Fort Worth & Denver Railroad put an end to the business and in 1886 he entered the employ of the railroad company with which he continued for two years. He was next identified with a line of work of hardly less importance in the pan- handle country, in drilling wells. He was one of those who sunk the first well in the panhandle country and continued the work for twelve years. In 1888 he became a permanent resident of Armstrong count}-, and on the organization of the county government was elected tax assessor, in which he served for two terms. He later served a term of county treasurer. In 1899 he began the lumber business, which he followed for three years, and then established himself in the hardware trade which he has followed to the present time, with particular success. He now carries a stock of general hardware valued at about twenty thousand dollars and has an excellent store building twenty-five by one hundred feet with a warehouse forty by one hundred and forty feet. | 8,974 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18080927 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,013 | Stack Exchange | Bathsheba, Casey, David, Joel, Lochemage, Yochai Timmer, dyp, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2380830, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2464809, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2598093, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2656728, https://stackoverflow.com/users/420683, https://stackoverflow.com/users/536086, https://stackoverflow.com/users/923854 | English | Spoken | 813 | 1,206 | Casts in C++ with templates
i'm really struggeling with a problem in c++ that i'm really frustrated about:
the problem is that while i'm coding there are no errors, everything looks fine (i'm using Vs2012) but when i try to compile it there are many errors, depending how i'm varying the code.
i really can't get this to work and i hope that you could help me, this should be easy for an expert! this is basicly a bit of my code, all includes are finde and the project is setup properly:
class someclass //that stores the references
{
public:
// ..........
template <typename T>
T* getComponent(string name)
// headers and cpp files are actually seperated
{
auto itr = _map.find(name);
if (itr == _map.end())
return 0;
return dynamic_cast<T*>(itr->second);
}
private:
unordered_map<string, Baseclass*> _map;
}
the way i'm trying to call it is something like:
DerivedFromBase* d = someclass->getComponent<DerivedFromBase>("derived");
i dont know if i'm misunderstanding templates pretty bad or i'm just a minor step away from the solution that is why i'm posting my question here, i hope an expert my give me a hint.
i was just trying to polish my code a little bit, without templates it looks like this (and it works):
class someclass
{
Base* getComponent(string) //...
};
and the way i call it is:
Derived* d = (Derived*) someclass->getComponent(name);
this actually works but i thought the concept with templates would be superior, but again, i don't know if i misunderstand it pretty bad. thank you in advance for any kind of help!
thank you for your hints. i really forgot the brackets here but they were in my code. btw sorry for my bad english i hope you can understand what i mean ;) do i have to cast to T or T* (the actual returntype or does the cast already give me a T* so that my cast in T* actually results in T*? i have the definition of template in both, my cpp and my headerfile,this could be the error, cause when i leave it in the c++-file it says something like "unknown type-specifier T", but if i put this on top of my .h-file my whole class is considered to be a templateclass (which is not what i want because i need several derived classes (lkie derived1, derived2* etc.. of different types). i hope this was somehow useful, thanks again for alle the effort!
What are error are you getting?
And btw, the template implementation must be in the header, not in the cpp file (unless of course it's a specialization that will be used only there).
Don't forget the brackets: dynamic_cast<T*>(itr->second);
thank you, but how do i put the template<typename or class? T> definition in the header that i dont have to create am templateclass but just a template for the function? and again do i have to cast to T or T*? i have added my thoughts in the question above, it would be very nice if someone could help me!
Without seeing the definition of Baseclass, the only problem in the code you've posted here is that it says map.find instead of _map.find, and that may just be a typo. When I tried this myself, I originally got error C2683 because I didn't put any virtual functions in Baseclass. But when I did that it compiled. What error are you getting?
when i put no additional definition of template in the cpp-file it says (i'm trying to translate it) "default int is not supported, it puts a red line under T* in the cpp file. i added a abstract method to Basclass but it still does not work. _map was a typo. the error that i get when i put another template definition in the cpp file is "unresolved reference to " the function of "someclass" in "file "where i wanted to call it. hope i could help!
With the _map typo corrected, this code works correctly.
Be aware that using containers of the Standard Library storing owning raw pointers is error prone. If you currently delete the pointers in _map, consider using smart pointers instead as the value_type of the map.
I think some problems are occouring because of automatic conversions done by cpp compiler.
Try using template (left ang bracket) class mytype (right ang bracket)
Try defining your template T as a class:
template <class T>
Without some solid error messages, I can't really help beyond that, it looks more or less ok to me at a glance.
In most cases there is nothing different about the two, but that's not true in all cases. The compiler interprets them differently and in some cases it will cause a logic error when using one over the other. I'm not saying this is the problem he's having, I'm just suggesting that he try this to see if his error relates to this.
| 18,739 |
https://github.com/cbekar/DRL_HW2/blob/master/blg604ehw2/a3c/train.py | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | DRL_HW2 | cbekar | Python | Code | 562 | 1,573 | """ Worker functions for training and testing """
import time
import torch
import gym
import numpy as np
from collections import namedtuple, deque
import torch.multiprocessing as mp
from blg604ehw2.utils import LoadingBar
# Hyperparamteres of A3C
A3C_args = namedtuple("A3C_args",
"""
maxtimestep
maxlen
nstep
gamma
lr
beta
device
""")
def train_worker(args, globalmodel, optim, envfunc, agentfunc, t, tc, logger):
""" Training worker function.
Train until the maximum time step is reached.
Arguments:
- args: Hyperparameters
- globalmodel: Global(shared) agent for
synchronization.
- optim: Shared optimizer
- envfunc: Environment generating function
- agentfunc: Agent generating function
- lock: Lock for shared memory
- logger: Namedtuple of shared objects for
logging purposes
"""
#import pdb;pdb.set_trace()
env = envfunc()
agent = agentfunc()
agent.train()
### YOUR CODE HERE ###
# Remember Logger has the shared time step value
# Worker should be in a loop that terminates when
# the shared time step value is higher than the
# maximum time step.
# Logger = namedtuple("Logger", "eps_reward best_reward best_model time_steps time")
tstep = 0
while logger.time.value < args.maxtimestep:
agent.zero_grad()
s = env.reset()
buffer_s, buffer_a, buffer_r = [], [], []
ep_r = 0.
time_start = tstep
for step in range(args.maxlen):
a = agent.soft_policy(agent.serialize(s))
s_, r, done, _ = env.step(a.squeeze())
if tstep - time_start == args.maxlen - 1:
done = True
ep_r += r #todo pushpull içinden al
buffer_s.append(agent.serialize(s))
buffer_a.append(agent.serialize(a))
buffer_r.append(r)
if tstep % args.nstep == 0 or done: # update global and assign to local net
agent.synchronize(globalmodel.state_dict())
agent.push_and_pull(optim, globalmodel, done,
s_, buffer_s, buffer_a, buffer_r, args.gamma, args.beta)
buffer_s, buffer_a, buffer_r = [], [], []
if done: # done and print information
if logger.eps_reward[t] == None:
logger.eps_reward[t] = ep_r
logger.best_reward[t] = ep_r
else:
logger.eps_reward[t] = (logger.eps_reward[t] * (tc-1) + ep_r)/tc
if logger.eps_reward[t] > logger.best_reward[t]:
logger.best_reward.append(logger.eps_reward[t])
logger.best_model.synchronize(agent.state_dict())
else:
logger.best_reward.append(logger.eps_reward[t-1])
break
s = s_
tstep += 1
logger.time.value += 1
logger.time_steps.append(tstep)
### END ###
def test_worker(args, globalmodel, envfunc, agentfunc, lock, logger,
monitor_path=None, render=False):
""" Evaluation worker function.
Test the greedy agent until max time step is
reached. After every episode, synchronize the
agent. Loading bar is used to track learning
process in the notebook.
Arguments:
- args: Hyperparameters
- globalmodel: Global(shared) agent for
synchronization.
- envfunc: Environment generating function
- agentfunc: Agent generating function
- lock: Lock for shared memory
- logger: Namedtuple of shared objects for
logging purposes
- monitor_path: Path for monitoring. If not
given environment will not be monitored
(default=None)
- render: If true render the environment
(default=False)
"""
env = envfunc()
agent = agentfunc()
agent.eval()
bar = LoadingBar(args.maxtimestep, "Time step")
### YOUR CODE HERE ###
#import pdb;pdb.set_trace()
state = env.reset()
state = agent.serialize(state)
reward_sum = 0
max_rew = -200.
done = True
# a quick hack to prevent the agent from stucking
actions = deque(maxlen=100)
episode_length = 0
while logger.time.value < args.maxtimestep:
if logger.time.value > 0:
episode_length += 1
if done:
cx = torch.zeros(1, 128)
hx = torch.zeros(1, 128)
else:
cx = cx.detach()
hx = hx.detach()
#print("start", episode_length)
with torch.no_grad():
dist, value, (hx, cx) = logger.best_model.network(state, (hx, cx))
action = dist.sample().squeeze().numpy()
state, reward, done, _ = env.step(action)
done = done or episode_length >= args.maxtimestep
reward_sum += reward
# a quick hack to prevent the agent from stucking
actions.append(action)
if len(actions) == actions.maxlen:
done = True
if done:
reward_sum = 0
actions.clear()
state = env.reset()
if max_rew < reward_sum:
max_rew = reward_sum
state = agent.serialize(state)
print("train steps", logger.time.value, "test steps" ,episode_length, "max reward", max_rew)
bar.progress(episode_length, max_rew)
else:
time.sleep(1)
### END ### | 19,611 |
https://github.com/donovanjamesl/gke-tracing-demo/blob/master/.gitignore | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,018 | gke-tracing-demo | donovanjamesl | Ignore List | Code | 4 | 22 | account.json
__pycache__/
venv/
.vscode/
| 39,676 |
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martino%20Caroli | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Martino Caroli | https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martino Caroli&action=history | Italian | Spoken | 54 | 88 | Primo presidente della Provincia di Lecce dal 1951 al 1958, è stato senatore per tre legislature dal 1958 al 1972.
Altri progetti
Collegamenti esterni
Politici della Democrazia Cristiana
Senatori della III legislatura della Repubblica Italiana
Senatori della IV legislatura della Repubblica Italiana
Senatori della V legislatura della Repubblica Italiana
Presidenti della Provincia di Lecce | 40,374 |
12451696_1 | Caselaw Access Project | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,016 | None | None | English | Spoken | 34 | 71 | Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court for Cowlitz County, No. 15-1-00451-1, Stephen M. Warning, J., entered July 16,2015. Remanded by unpublished opinion per Maxa, A.C.J., concurred in by Worswick and Lee, JJ..
| 25,607 |
5743046_1 | Court Listener | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,022 | None | None | English | Spoken | 49 | 73 | Order unanimously affirmed, without costs of this appeal to either party. (Appeal from order of Erie Special Term denying plaintiff’s motion inter alia to set aside a stipulation and to modify the judgment of separation in this action.) Present — Williams, P. J., Bastow, Goldman, Ilalpern and Henry, JJ.
| 9,837 |
oeuvresposthume00martgoog_42 | French-PD-diverse | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,840 | Œuvres posthumes de Jacques-Henri-Bernardin de Saint-Pierre | Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de, 1737-1814 | Martin, Louis Aimé, 1786-1847, [from old catalog] ed | French | Spoken | 6,682 | 10,287 | Examinez bien maintenant toutes les circonstances de la description de Spitzberg, ses grands rochers de couleur réverbérante, dont les flancs sont perpendiculaires, et quelques-uns évidés, la chaleur qui s'en exhale; ses hautes montagnes de glaces, dont les sommets doivent être de niveau, et qui affectent la forme pyramidale que par l’action des feux de leurs rochers collatéraux. Mettez-la à la place de ces grands rochers disposés en rond des plaines ou de simples collines, comme dans nos climats : la neige, entassée à des certaines de toises de hauteur par un hiver de neuf mois, n'en laissera jamais apercevoir le sol ; il n'y aura ni plantes, ni oiseaux, ni quadrupèdes, ni hommes qui puissent y vivre. Les glaces s'y accumuleront de siècle en siècle; les mers se fixeront tout entières sur les pôles; et le globe ayant perdu ses mobiles contre-poids, ne présentera plus au soleil que sa zone torride desséchée. Mais supposez dans les zones glaciales des monts réverbères, et les autres agents de la chaleur employés par la nature : dès que le soleil apparaît sur l'horizon, ses rayons se reflètent en teintes de rose sur leurs vastes neiges; leurs montagnes de glace, échauffées par des feux de roche, fument de toutes parts, elles se fondent, prennent la forme pyramidale à leurs sommets, et se détachent de leurs bases; elles glissent dans leurs entonnoirs déclivés, se précipitent avec des bruits épouvantables au sein de l'Océan, et, entourées de brumes, de parages et d'arcs-en-ciel, elles voguent vers les régions solaires, au sein des ondes assurées, comme les comètes nébuleuses que l'on voit au milieu des nuits sereines traverser les cieux. Les navigateurs du nord trouveraient peut-être en hiver quelques asiles tempérés dans les foyers de ces montagnes liés au réverbère maritime. Il est remarquable que les Hollandais qui passèrent, avec le pilote Barents, l'hiver à la Nouvelle-Zélande, vers le soixante-onzième degré de latitude, pensèrent y mourir de froid, et que la cabane qu'ils y bâtirent n'était pas encore dégagée des glaces au mois de juin, tandis qu'à la même époque il n'y en avait pas au Spitzberg, dans le fond de la baie appelée la Cuisine de Harlem, située par le soixante-dix-septième degré et demi, où les pêcheurs de baleine ont bâti des maisons. C'est sans doute dans des semblables sites que les Finnois et les Lapons placent leurs villages, à en juger par celui de Pello, situé vers le soixante-septième degré nord, dont les habitants doivent la température de leur site au ruisseau de la montagne Kittis, qui coule pendant tout l'hiver. Enfin, il est possible que la nature ait disséminé les monts à réverbère à travers les zones glaciales jusque sous le pôle, comme elle a projeté les montagnes volcaniques à travers les zones torrides jusque sous l'équateur. Ces deux genres de montagnes, dont les dispositions sont très différentes, présentent quelques usages qui leur sont communs : toutes deux tempèrent la chaleur du soleil dans les contrées méridionales ; les premières, par leurs glaciers flottants ; les secondes, par leurs glaciers permanents. J'appelle "montagnes" hyémales celles qui, étant couvertes de glace toute l'année, ont un hiver éternel sur leurs sommets. Elles diffèrent entièrement des montagnes à réverbère du nord par leur construction. Celles-ci portent leurs glaces entourées de rochers perpendiculaires ou taillés en creux, au fond de leurs vallées en pente; celles-là sur des sommets très élevés, dont les lits sont disposés autour d'un pic comme des feuilles d'artichaut, afin qu'elles ne glissent pas. Les premières semblent taillées dans le noyau graniteux de la terre; les secondes, de même matière, sont saillantes et élevées au-dessus de sa circonférence: il est remarquable cependant que les montagnes à réverbère sont remplies de parties spéculaires, et que c'est dans leur sein qu'on trouve le talc, si commun au nord, qu'on appelle verre de Moscovie. Elles sont agrégées en rond, et les hyémales sont projetées par longues chaînes. On peut voir, d'un coup d’œil, des différences essentielles de leurs formes et de leurs glaciers dans les estampes du Voyage de Martens au Spitzberg, et dans celles des différents voyages des Alpes, mais surtout dans les observations savantes et pittoresques dont Ramond a enrichi le mauvais ouvrage de Goxe. Les montagnes hyémales réunissent une partie des caractères que nous attribuons aux autres montagnes, en prenant pour exemple les Gordilleuses. Elles sont quelquefois volcaniques, malgré les glaces qui les couvrent assez souvent ; elles sont éolennes et anti-éolienne, car il en sort des vents réguliers, et elles servent aussi de remparts aux vents généraux de la zone torride ; mais elles sont essentiellement aquatiques, car elles attirent les vapeurs de l'atmosphère, qu'elles fixent en glaces sur leurs crêtes : elles sont pour cet effet ordonnées aux mers, dont elles reçoivent les émanations. Ainsi la chaîne des Cordillères, qui va du nord au sud, est en harmonie avec l'océan Atlantique ; et celle de l'Atlas et du Taurus, qui va obliquement de l'ouest à l'est, avec les mers des Indes. Elles projettent, de plus, de longs bras en correspondance avec les grands golfes et les méridiennes. Nous remarquerons, à ce sujet, qu'elles attirent chaque jour autant d'eau qu'il en faut pour l'entretien journalier des fleuves qui en découler; et qu'elles en ont en réserve au moins autant en glaces et en neiges sur leurs crêtes ; car lorsqu'une partie vient à fondre par le voisinage du soleil, les fleuves qui en descendent débordent de toutes parts et inondent le terrain qu'ils arrosent : c'est ce qui arrive à l'Amazone et à l'Orénoque, en Amérique ; au Nil en Afrique, et à plusieurs autres fleuves en Asie. Il est donc à présumer que si les glaciers de toutes les montagnes hymales fondaient entièrement, les fleuves qui en descendent submergeraient tout à fait les contrées qu'ils arrosent, les montagnes exceptées. Enfin, les « montagnes » n'appartiennent guère moins aux autres puissances de la nature, car elles offrent, pour ainsi dire, lorsqu'elles sont sous la ligne, une échelle de minéraux, de végétaux, d'animaux et d'hommes, depuis les bords de l'Océan jusqu'aux sommets de leurs glaciers, laquelle correspond à la distance qu'il peut y avoir depuis la ligne jusqu'au pôle même. En effet, chaque trente toises d'élévation dans ces montagnes équatoriales équivaut à vingt-cinq lieues ou à un degré de latitude ; de sorte que le terme de la glace y est permanent à une lieue de l'antique, comme il l'est, sur le globe, au quartier-nord, et à la soixantaine et seizième degré sud. On en conclut que ces montagnes sont les lieux du monde les plus favorables pour étudier la nature. Toutes les foisiles de la terre doivent s'y montrer à découverte, ainsi que toutes ses plantes, et on n'aurait point besoin d'y creuser des puits profonds pour y chercher des connaissances minérales ; car leurs pieds sont, selon moi, dans la partie la plus basse du globe, les pôles en formant la plus élevée. Ce sont des petits hémisphères qui ont l'été à leurs pieds, l'automne et le printemps sur leurs flancs, et l'hiver sur leurs sommets. C'est à cause de ces caractères généraux que je les range au nombre des montagnes solaires, étant à la fois, comme le globe, en harmonie positive et négative avec l'astre du Jour. Cependant, quoique les montagnes hydrauliques puissent réunir toutes les productions de la terre, elles en ont qui leur sont propres : celles de la zone torride renferment les pierres précieuses, telles que les diamants et les rubis, qu'on ne trouve point ailleurs. C'est aussi autour de leurs sommets que vole le condor, le plus grand des oiseaux. Mais, sans sortir de nos climats, nous trouvons dans les Alpes une foule de plantes qui leur appartiennent en propre, et auxquelles on a donné le surnom d'alpines. Quoique leurs glaciers, souvent sillonnés par les feux des orages, semblent inhabitable, le cèdre en ombrage les neiges de sa sombre verdure, le bouquetin en franchit les précipices, et l'aigle plane en silence autour de leurs mers immobiles, qui retentissent des bruits du tonnerre. Ainsi la nature, qui a placé dans de coulants donjons de la terre les foyers de ses harmonies élémentaires, y amène aussi les symboles de sa puissance dans les êtres organisés, l'arbre, roi des forêts, et l'oiseau de la foudre, souverain des airs. C'est aussi dans le voisinage de ces mêmes lieux que l'homme libre cherche des asiles : le sage Helvétien, au sommet des Alpes; le sauvage indompté du Chili, sur ce lieu des Cordilières ; et l'innocent Samoïde, dans les contrées voisines du pôle. C'est là que l'homme a brisé, non seulement les liens de la politique, mais ceux des superstitions, de la cupidité et de toutes les passions qui torturent la vie. C'est là que le soleil, dégagé des vapeurs de la terre, apparaît dans tout son éclat, et l'âme, secouant toutes ses chaîns, semble recouvrer sa liberté primitive. Si les montagnes hyemale ou à glace se rapportent particulièrement à l'Harmonie négative du sol, les montagnes volcaniques ou au feu peuvent se rapporter à son harmonie positive, parce que tout feu émane de lui dans son origine. Cependant, les uns et les autres sont coordonnés aux eaux : les premières, pour les attirer à leurs sommets; les secondes, pour les épurer à leurs foyers. Chaque puissance de la nature est une roue à plusieurs crans, et elles s'engrenent les unes dans les autres. Les montagnes volcaniques sont destinées, comme nous l'avons vu dans nos Études, à consommer les soufres et les bitumes des végétaux et des animaux qui nagent dans la mer, et que les fleuves y charrient sans cesse du sein des terres. On trouve des amas inépuissables de bitume marin tout formé, à l'embouchure de l'Orénoque, sur les rivages de l'île de la Trinité, suivant le témoignage du P. Joseph de Gumilla ; ils y sont connus sous le nom de fontaines de goudron. Il y en a aussi en plusieurs endroits sur les côtes de la mer du Sud. Les marins s'en servent pour espalmer leurs vaisseaux. On en trouve des sources bouillantes à la Solfatare, près de Naples. Je suis porté à croire que ce bitume, dans l'état de fluidité, s'introduit avec l'eau de la mer même, à travers les couches de sable des rivages, et une certaine distance dans les terres, et que, lorsqu'il vient à s'en flammer par la fermentation des parties ferrugineuses que les vases marins y déposent, par celle des huiles et des soufres qui y pénètrent également, par les pluies qui tombent sur les grèves après une saison sèche, ou enfin par d'autres moyens, il devient la cause première des tremblements de terre, qui, ainsi que les volcans, n'ont leur foyer que dans le voisinage de la mer ou des grands lacs. Les "montagnes volcaniques" sont "toujours" coniques, ou en forme de "pain de sucre". Leur sommet est tronqué, et on y trouve une grande cavité, de figure parabolique, que l'on nomme "cratère", d'un mot grec qui signifie "coupe". C'est du fond de ce cratère, formé par leurs explosions, qu'elles émettent leurs feux. Cependant, leurs laves ou pierres liquéfiées sortent souvent par leurs flancs, d'où elles vont se rendre à la mer. Leurs cratères sont tous de grandes élévations considérables dans l'atmosphère. Si les volcans brûlaient à la flore de la terre, les vents en rabatraient les fumées sur les campagnes, qui en seraient infectées à de grandes distances, et rendues tout à fait stériles; tandis qu'au contraire, les plaines qui en sont voisines, comme celles de Naples, sont remarquables par leur grande fécondité. Les bords de leurs cratères contribuent à la résolution de leurs feux et de leurs fumées dans l'atmosphère, en empêchant les vents de s'opposer à leur sortie. On réussirait peut-être, par le même moyen, à empêcher nos cheminées de fumer en les couronnant de cratères, auxquels on peut donner à l'extérieur les formes de vases les plus agréables. J'ai vu, dans la campagne, un pavillon produire un effet charmant par une semblable décoration. Le haut des cheminées qui entouraient son dôme était masqué par des groupes de génies qui tenaient dans leurs mains des vases dont les couvercles étaient percés de trous. La fumée qui passait à travers ces trous semblait sortir d'un énorme encens, et s'élevait vers un Apollon qui couronnait le haut du dôme. On me dit que ce pavillon avait été construit sur les dessins de l'architecte de Vaulx. Je m'étonne que quelque artiste logé plus haut, n'ait pas tiré parti de nos gouttières, qui inondent les passants dans nos villes. On pourrait faire jaillir les eaux de pluie en gerbes et en jets d'eau autour des toits de nos édifices et de nos temples; et, lorsque les fumées de leurs cheminées s'élèveraient en même temps du fond de leurs cratères vers le ciel, il en résulterait des effets charmants. L'agrément s'y trouverait réuni à l'utilité, comme dans les ouvrages de la nature. Je n'ai jamais vu de volcans, quoique j'aie cherché plusieurs fois à satisfaire, à ce sujet, ma curiosité; mais quand j'en aurais vu, il me serait impossible d'en faire une description comparable à celle que Virgile nous a donnée de celui de l'Etna : Interea fessos ventus cum sole relicte est : solarique vis, Cyclopum allabimur oris. Portus ab accessu ventorum immotus et iusserat pie ; sed horrificis jacque tuoat Etna ruinas, Interdumque atrata prompit ad sterxa nubem Turbine fumantem ploeo, et candente favilla ; Alnitque globos flammaram, et sidera Urabit. Interdum necipulos aquae vis cera montis Erigit emines. Utque factaque nequiququam saxa sob auras Cum gemittu glomerat. fandoque exstat imo. Cependant le vent tombe au coucher du soleil, et nous laisse accablés des fatigues. Inamovibles de notre route, nous rebons sur les rivages des Cyclopes. Nous y trouvons un port immense, tranquille, inaccessible aux vents; mais près de l'Etna, entouré de ruines effrayantes, fait gronder son tonnerre. Tantôt il lance d'affreux nuages, comme des tourbillons de fumée bitumineuse et de cendre tout étincelante, suivi de longues flammes qui semblent lécher les deux ; tantôt il vomit, avec un bruit épouvantable, des roches arrachées de ses entrailles; il roule en gémissant leurs laves incandescentes dans son sein et les fait couler, tout enflammées, de ses flancs éclatants. terre, que les volcans étaient les dépurateurs des eaux, et qu'ils étaient situés, non seulement dans le voisinage des mers et des grands lacs, mais à l'extrémité de leurs courants et dans les foyers de leurs remous. Par exemple, le mont Etna, en Sicile, est au débouché de l'ancien détroit de Charybde et de Scylla, ainsi que le décrit Virgile dans les vers qui précèdent ceux que nous venons de citer. Le Vésuve est au fond de la baie de Naples, c'est-à-dire dans un lieu favorable aux alluvions, comme le sont la plupart des baies. Le mont Hécla, en Islande, est au confluent du courant général de l'Atlantique, qui descend du pôle nord en été et y remonte en hiver, et des contre-courants ou marées qui y déposent les bitumes et les huiles qui proviennent des fleuves du nord de l'Europe et de l'Amérique. Ces dépôts sont si constants et si réguliers, qu'on y trouve chaque année des amas considérables de bois, qui servent au chauffage des habitants de cette île, dépourvue de ses anciennes forêts. On trouve aussi sur ses rivages quantité de terres à tourbes, qui sont formées, comme l'on sait, de débris de plantes déposées par les eaux. Les dix-huit volcans qui sont rangés à la suite les uns des autres sur les rivages occidentaux de l'Amérique méridionale sont pareillement dans les remous de la mer Pacifique. Les contre-courants des pôles qui en baignent les pieds, et le vent du sud, qui y souffle toute l'année, y ramènent tous les corps qui nagent en dissolution dans cette vaste mer. Il en résulte que ses côtes ne sont abordables que derrière des îles, et qu'elles sont sujettes à de fréquents tremblements. Les volcans des autres parties du monde occupent des positions similaires : tels sont ceux des îles de Sumatra, des Philippines, de la Nouvelle-Guinée. La plupart sont situés dans la zone torride, et surtout vers son milieu, cause du renflement prétendu de la terre sous l'équateur, mais plutôt à cause de sa dépression dans cette zone, où l'Océan s'étend sur un plus grand diamètre, comme dans le lieu le plus bas du globe. Les cot|ran(s*généraux des pôles y déposent, d'ail leurs, la plupart de leurs alluvions, comme on peut le voir aux sables et aux hauts-fonds qui en tourent au loin la Nouvelle-Hollande, et en ren dent les rivages inaccessibles aux grands vaisseaux. C'est aussi dans cette zone que la mer du Sud se couronne d'îles naissantes , (ondées , non sur des sables, mais i l'extrémité de cônes d'une profon deur incommensurable, élevés par des insectes in visibles , qui construisent des roches énormes de madrépores avec les tritus lapîdiflques des eaux. Enfin le nombre considérable de volcans situés au DU SOLEIL ET DE LA LUNE. ^18 lein dis mera (orridteBiies prouve que la naturene ] lesjamultipliésquepouraccélérerleurdcpuratioD. Il est très remarquable qu'autrefois il y a eu plus d'étoiles allumées qu'à présent. On en trouve plusieurs éteintes dans les îles de la mer du Sud et sur les côtes du Pérou. Le pic de Ténériffe et le mont Étna, dont Virgile et Pline le naturaliste nous ont fait des descriptions effrayantes, ne brûlent presque plus. Je présume que la diminution de leurs feux provient de la diminution des forêts dont l'Europe inhabitée était autrefois couverte, et peut-être de celle de l'Océan lui-même. Quant aux montagnes volcanisées qui sont au sein des continents, comme celles du Vivarais, du Bas-Languedoc et de l'Auvergne, je pense, si j'ose le dire, qu'elles ont été autrefois au milieu des mers torrides, lorsque les pôles se trouvaient vers l'équateur de Panama et le détroit de Java. Les débris affreux de leurs hautes montagnes et de leurs îles escarpées, placées aux extrémités du même diamètre, semblent être les antiques essieux du globe, brisés par les glaces et les torrents des hivers. Si vous tracez entre ces deux pôles anciens une zone qui en soit à égale distance, vous la ferez passer par les pôles actuels, et elle sera toute parcachée de monuments torridiens. La Sibérie vous montrera des mines d'or et des squelettes d'éléphants enfouis sur les bords du Nil ; la Hollande, des débris de palmiers près d'Amsterdam, et des mâchoires de crocodiles dans les carrières de Maastricht ; l'Angleterre, les dépouilles de rhinocéros ; la Normandie, la tuile, cette grande coquille des Moluques ; les collines de Montmartre, des squelettes sans nombre d'un animal de l'espèce du tapir, mais dont le pied est trifourche ; la Bourgogne, des os d'éléphant, au point le plus élevé du canal que vient d'y construire le savant ingénieur Gautreau ; enfin l'Auvergne, le Vivarais, le Bas-Languedoc, élèvent vers les cieux leurs monts volcanisés, qui ont dû nécessairement se trouver jadis aux bords des mers. Je ne présente ici qu'un arc de cette ancienne route du soleil allant du nord au sud, avant celle qu'il parcourt aujourd'hui de l'est à l'ouest. Les pierres brisées dont toutes ces terres sont couvertes semblent y indiquer l’action prolongée des plus rudes hivers. Si la retraite subite du feu dans un corps solide peut en opérer la fracture, comme nous en avons l'expérience, la même cause peut opérer la réunion des corps fluides, comme nous le voyons dans la congélation et la cristallisation, qui l'une et l'autre affectent des formes régulières convergentes à un même centre. Si une goutte d'eau évaporée est frappée du froid, elle se change en étoile de neige à six rayons en hiver, et en polyèdre de grêle à six pans en été. Une goutte de verre liquéfiée par le feu, frappée par l'eau, produit un phénomène plus étonnant : celui de la larme batavique, dont l'épaisseur résiste au marteau, et se laisse en tamiser par la lime sans se détruire, et qui se réduit sur-le-champ en poudre si on en rompt le petit bout. Il semble que ce soit une cristallisation dont le foyer est, non au centre de la roue, mais dans la queue, qui est sensiblement plus raide qu'un fil de verre du même diamètre. Ce phénomène si commun m'a toujours paru inexplicable, malgré les explications des physiciens. Tout ce que je veux en conclure ici, c'est que les colonnes de basalte à cinq, six, sept pans, que l'on trouve si fréquemment en Auvergne, dans l'Ile de Staffa, et dans la chaussée des Géants en Écosse, ne sont peut-être, dans l'origine, que des masses d'une matière terrestre vitrifiée par les volcans, refroidies et cristallisées tout à coup par l'eau de la mer, où elles se sont écoulées. Il est possible encore que des masses semblables, liquéfiées par le feu en se plongeant dans l'eau, se soient cristallisées à la manière des larmes bataviques, et produisent dans le sein de la terre, en venant à se rompre, ces affreux tremblements et ces explosions subites, dont les commotions se font sentir à des centaines de lieues de distance. Je sais bien que j'ai présenté ailleurs d'autres explications de ces phénomènes ; mais on ne peut trop les varier. Nous sommes des aveugles qui tirent à un but : plus on lance de flèches, plus il y a de probabilités de l'atteindre. D'ailleurs, tout ce que nos arts découvrent en petite existe en grand dans la nature. Les montagnes volcaniques ont, comme les autres montagnes, des minéraux qui leur sont propre et qui les caractérisent comme leurs formes. Cependant, quoique leurs feux et leurs cendres brûlantes frappent autour d'elles la terre de stérilité, leurs bases et une partie de leurs flancs se recouvrent promptement d'un humus très fécond : en épurant les eaux, elles volatilisent dans les airs les sels, les huiles, les esprits et tous les éléments du système végétal, dont elles sont à la fois le tombeau sur le bord de la mer, et le berceau dans l'atmosphère. On connaît la fécondité et la bonne température des vallées du Pérou, couronnées à la fois de montagnes de glaces et de montagnes à feu. C'est sur les flancs du Vésuve que se recueille la délicieuse grappe de lacrime-christi ; c'est sur les bords de son golfe que les plus voluptueux habitants de Rome plantaient leurs jardins. Ce fut aussi dans les plaines de la Sicile, au pied des croupes de l'Eina, surmontées de vignes, d'oliviers et d'enormes châtaigniers, que l'Europe éleva, au milieu des moissons, les premiers autels à Gères ; je dis l'Europe, car on y envoyait des offrandes du fond du nord, du pays des Hyperboreens, ainsi que le rapporte Plutarque. J'ignore si ces montagnes volcaniques ont quelques végétaux qui leur soient propres, mais elles ont des animaux qu'on ne trouve point ailleurs. Le père Duterche, dans la description qu'il nous a donnée de la Guadeloupe, île de volcan, qu'il appelle la plus belle et la meilleure des Antilles, parle d'un oiseau fort extraordinaire qui habite la montagne de son volcan, appelée la Soufrière. Cet oiseau, que les habitants nomment diable à cause de sa laideur, est à la fois un oiseau de nuit et de mer. Pendant le jour il n'y voit point; il se réfugie alors au haut de la montagne, où il a son nid dans la terre, et où il pond ses œufs. Il vole et va à la pêche pendant la nuit. « Sa chair est si délicate, ajoute le père Duterche, qu'il ne retourne point de chasseur de la Soufrière qui ne souhaite de bon cœur d'avoir une douzaine de ces diables pendus à son cou. » La description de ce voyageur est confirmée et amplifiée par son confrère Labat. Celui-ci dit que « le diable de la Soufrière a des membranes aux pattes comme un canard, et des griffes comme un oiseau de proie, un bec pointu et courbé, de grands yeux qui ne peuvent supporter la lumière du jour ni discerner les objets : de sorte que, quand il est surpris le jour hors de sa retraite, il heurte contre tout ce qu'il rencontre et tombe à terre; mais la nuit, il va pêcher sur la mer. » Il ajoute que c'est un oiseau de passage. On croit que c'est une espèce de pétrel, je me suis quelquefois amusé à voir des pêcheurs prendre du poisson la nuit à la clarté d'une torche de paille ; mais voilà un oiseau de marine plus ingénieux, qui pêche à la lueur des volcans, et couve ses œufs à la chaleur de leur souffrière. Ainsi la nature a destiné des habitants aux sites les plus épouvantables. Les divers sites de la terre ont chacun leur espèce de nom, mais l'homme seul étend sur les lieux son empire. Le Lapon habite, comme le renne, les monts à réverbères du nord ; l'Abyssin, comme le singe, les monts à parasol de l'Éthiopie ; le Chinois, comme le lama, les glaciers des Cordillères ; et les Siciliens ont vu le philosophe Empédocle s'établir sur le sommet de l'Etna, où ils vont encore visiter sa petite tour. La terre a sans doute encore d'autres harmonies avec le soleil, dont la plupart nous sont inconnues ; mais nous terminerons celle-ci en jetant un coup d'œil sur les harmonies qu'elle a avec la lune. Il n'y a pas de doute qu'elle ne lui renvoie une partie de la lumière solaire, mais beaucoup moins vive que celle qu'elle en reçoit, quoique quatre fois plus étendue. Comme je l'ai déjà observé, la lumière des satellites est plus forte que celle qui réjaillit de leur planète, parce qu'ils sont disposés en réverbères, et qu'ils lui présentent toujours la même face ; cependant la planète, à son tour, étant plus grande et tournant sur elle-même, elle renvoie une lumière plus spacieuse, mais plus divergente, ce qui forme compensation. J'ai lieu de présumer que la plupart des effets de la lune sur la terre sont environ douze fois moins grands que ceux du soleil sous l'équateur, et environ seize fois moins vers les cercles polaires. Il est singulier que les métaux synonymiques de ces deux astres, tels que l'or et l'argent, aient à peu près les mêmes proportions de valeur parmi les hommes dans ces différents climats. En parlant des harmonies lunaires de la terre, j'ai réfuté Bouguer, qui affirme que la lumière de la lune est trois cent mille fois moindre que celle du soleil. En effet, cet académicien s'est prodigieusement trompé dans l'expérience et les calculs dont il s'applique. Si, au lieu de verres superposés pour réduire la lumière du soleil à celle d'un clair de lune, il avait employé simplement les couches de l'atmosphère, il aurait reconnu bientôt son énorme erreur. Selon lui, il s'ensuivrait qu'une cerise, visible à une toise de distance, au clair de la lune, le serait encore à trois cent mille toises, ou à cent quarante lieues, à la lumière du soleil, trois cent mille fois plus forte. Je crois, au contraire, avoir observé qu'un objet éclairé du soleil, à l'horizon, s'apercevait aussi distinctement éclairé par la pleine lune, lorsqu'il était, en été douze fois, et en hiver seize fois plus près de nous. Ces distances varient alors dans les mêmes proportions que des objets placés sous la ligne et sous les cercles polaires. On voit, à la fêlée de la pleine lune, une montagne, à un quart de lieue, aussi distinctement que à trois ou quatre lieues, à la lumière du soleil. Je ignore si la chaleur de la lune est dans les mêmes rapports, mais il est certain qu'elle influence toutes les puissances de la nature. Un capitaine anglais, dont la relation est insérée dans l'Histoire générale des Voyages, assure de la manière la plus positive que la chaleur de la lune est très sensible en Guyane. Pline, que j'ai cité, assure qu'elle résout les neiges et les glaces. C'est sans doute à la chaleur des rayons solaires qu'elle reflete sur les glaces des pôles, surtout lorsqu'elle est nouvelle et pleine, qu'il faut attribuer l'accentuement des marées à ces deux époques, comme je l'ai dit ailleurs. Enfin, tous nos laboureurs savent combien ces mêmes phases accélèrent la germination des plantes et les générations des animaux. Les "monts" à "réverbère", "à parasol", "à glace" et "à feu" en reçoivent de nouveaux effets. Ils prennent sous ses rayons des teintes et des formes magiques; le soleil en peint les paysages avec des couleurs, la lune avec du noir et du blanc : le premier en fait des tableaux, et le second des estampes. Cependant, chacun de ces monts en reçoit une harmonie nouvelle. Ceux à réverbère jettent sur les rochers et les arbres voisins, intermédiaires entre la lune et eux, des gerbes de lumière qui en dissipent les ombres et les font paraître lumineux dans toute leur circonférence; les monts à parasol, au contraire, éclairés seulement sur les plateaux, étalent sur leurs flancs et leurs pieds des ombres plus obscures qui, contrastant fortement avec leur lumière, les font paraître plus près la nuit que le jour. C'est un effet bien connu des gens de mer, et que nous éprouvâmes en approchant, la nuit, des montagnes de la Corse. Nous nous en crûmes si près, dans l'obscurité, que nous nous hâTIMES de nous en éloigner, en tournant de bord; mais une heure après, au lever de l'aurore, nous les vîmes bien loin derrière nous, et elles semblaient fuir à mesure que le jour s'élevait. Les monts à glace paraissent couleur de rose au coucher du soleil, et argentés au lever de la lune. Les monts volcaniques ne laissent apercevoir au soleil que leurs épaisses fumées ; mais au clair de la lune on voit briller leurs feux, qui rougeissent les vastes horizons. La nature semble ne les avoir placés sur les rivages des mers que pour servir de phares aux navigateurs sur la terre, comme la lune leur en sert dans les cieux. HARMONIES TERRESTRES DE L'AIR. Nous avons montré, aux harmonies aériennes de la terre, comment les montagnes se réparent par la médiation des vents; nous allons indiquer ici comment l'air se renouvelle par la médiation des montagnes. Jusqu'ici la terre nue ne nous a offert que des couleurs et des formes diverses, ou des bruits épouvantables, tels que ceux de ses volcans; elle va parler à notre âme par des sons enchanteurs, de doux murmures et des échos produits par les rochers et les vents. Je distingue deux espèces de montagnes qui ont des harmonies avec l'air : l'une en a de négatives, et l'autre de positives. Je donne aux premières le nom d'anti-éoliennes, parce qu'elles mettent les végétaux et les animaux à l'abri des vents. On conçoit facilement que les montagnes doivent être communes dans les pays où des vents réguliers soufflent pendant l'année entière : toute élévation qui n'est pas dans la direction de ces vents doit avoir un côté exposé à leur influence, et un autre qui en soit à l'abri. C'est par rapport à ces harmonies terrestres de l'air que la plupart des îles dans la zone torride se distinguent en deux parties principales, l'une appelée au vent, et l'autre sous le vent. La partie qui est au vent s'élève pour l'ordinaire en pente douce, depuis les bords de la mer jusqu'aux sommets des montagnes, situées presque toujours vers la partie qui est sous le vent; c'est sur la partie qui est au vent que coulent la plupart des rivières, parce que c'est de ces côtés que les vents charrient les vapeurs et les nuages qu'ils puisent au sein des mers. La partie qui est sous le vent, au contraire, est très élevée, et manque ordinairement d'eau; mais elle offre des abris aux vaisseaux, et quelquefois des ports que la nature y a pratiqués. On peut se former en grand une image de ces disposions topographiques, avec une carte de l'Amérique méridionale : on y verra, du côté où soufflent les vents réguliers de l'est, tout le continent s'élever depuis les bords de l'océan Atlantique jusqu'aux sommets des Cordilières, rangées sur les bords de la mer du Sud. Ce vaste amphithéâtre, qui a plus de seize cents lieues de développement, est arrosé par une multitude de rivières et de fleuves, dont quelques-uns, comme l'Amazone, ont plus de cent vingt lieues d'embouchure. Au contraire, il ne descend des Cordilières à la mer que quelques ruisseaux qui, après avoir arrosé les vallées étroites du Pérou, vont se perdre pour la plupart dans des sables. Il y a des montagnes animales qui ont des caractères encore plus déterminés. Je les appelle collines k'ondes, à cause de leur peu d'élévation, et de la régularité de leurs formes. Elles n'ont point d'angles saillants et rentrants en correspondance, comme celles qui servent de digues naturelles à nos rivières ; mais elles sont parallèles entre elles : telles sont celles qui sillonnent les plaines du Tibét, et qui, dans cette partie de la terre, une des plus élevées de l'Asie, présentent l'aspect de flots d'une mer agitée. On en trouve aussi de semblables dans plusieurs endroits de la Tartarie. Elles paraissent destinées à abriter, dans leurs vallées petites et fréquentes, leurs végétaux du souffle des vents, qui sont violents dans ces contrées élevées. C'est sur leurs ados et au fond de leurs fossés que se plaisent la rhubarbe au large feuillage, et le ginseng, si vanté des Chinois pour le rétablissement des forces épuisées. Elles sont pour l'ordinaire habitées par des troupeaux de moutons sauvages, qui y sont de la plus belle et de la plus vigoureuse espèce qu'il y ait au monde. Ils surpassent les chevaux et les chiens à la course. Quelques naturalistes même croient que le mouton est originaire de ces contrées, comme le chameau de l'Arabie, et le caméléon léopard ou girafe de l'Amérique méridionale. Cet animal si utile, qui se plaît sur nos collines aérées bien plus que dans nos plaines, est encore plus protégé des vents que du froid par sa toison frisée. Les animaux qui habitent les pays froids, comme les loups, les martres, les renards, ont les poils de leur fourrure longs, touffus et soyeux ; mais ils ne les ont pas crépus comme les poils de la laine, dont les entrelacs forment une toison d'une seule pièce, impénétrable aux vents ; d'ailleurs le mouton n'est point un animal du nord, car il y dégénère. Enfin les vents soufflent plus violemment dans les pays tempérés et dans les méridionaux que dans les pays froids, comme nous allons le voir. Il y a des montagnes qui, au lieu de protéger les terres contre les vents, produisent au contraire des vents dans le temps le plus calme. Telles sont celles qu'on appelle, en Italie, monts éoliens, qui sont situés près de la ville de Cuesison. Ces monts sont remplis de cavernes. Quand le soleil échauffe et rarifie l'air des environs, celui qui est dans les cavernes se dilate, et sort avec violence par des soupiraux, et surtout par une porte que les habitants de Cuesison y ont pratiquée. Les montagnes des Îles Antilles produisent des effets semblables, et encore plus grands; car il en sort régulièrement toutes les nuits des vents appelés vents de terre, qui soufflent en divergeant du centre de chaque lieu de 21 à plusieurs lieues en mer. D'un autre côté, le vent de mer y souffle tout le jour. Le marin Dampier cite, dans son Traité des Vents, beaucoup d'endroits semblables situés dans la zone torride, où ces vents de mer et de terre ont lieu alternativement le jour et la nuit : tels sont, en Amérique, l'isthme de Darien, où la nuit le vent de terre vient de l'intérieur même du continent, la baie de Panama, Guayaquil, Panama, la baie de Cumbeste, deux petits archipels d'îles au midi de Cuba, la Jamaïque, etc. ; et en Asie, Bantam dans l'île de Java, Achem dans l'Île de Sumatra, la côte de Coromandel dans le continent de l'Inde, etc. J'y dois joindre sans doute les plages torridiennes de l'Afrique, et surtout celles de la Guinée, que le vent de mer vient rafraîchir régulièrement tous les jours, depuis les huit heures du matin jusque vers le coucher du soleil ; vent qui est suivi d'un calme, après lequel le vent de terre souffle toute la nuit jusqu'au point du jour. Quelques naturalistes célèbres ont expliqué ce flux et reflux des vents de terre et de mer, connus des marins sous le nom de brises de terre et de brises du large, en supposant que les montagnes d'où ils sortent sont caverneuses, comme les monts éoliens de Cosa. Ils disent donc qu'elles se remplissent pendant le jour du vent de mer qui y souffle, et qu'elles le dégorgent ensuite pendant la nuit. Je n'adopte pas du tout leur explication. Elle suppose, dans des effets si communs, deux causes, dont l'une, à mon avis, est fort rare, et l'autre est tout à fait inconcevable. La première, c'est que ces montagnes au vent sont caverneuses. Je crois les cavernes naturelles fort rares et fort petites dans tout pays, quoi qu'en disent les poètes et les philosophes, qui expliquent par leur moyen une multitude d'effets physiques, et qui y logent même les premiers hommes de toutes les nations. J'ai un peu voyagé, et je n'ai jamais vu qu'une seule caverne naturelle, si toutefois on peut appeler ainsi le canal d'un fleuve souterrain, rempli d'eau dans la saison des pluies. C'était à l'Ile-de-France. Ce canal vient de l'intérieur de l'île, et se rend à la mer à un endroit de la côte appelé la pointe des Caves. J'y descendis, une lieue environ du rivage, par un trou extérieur qui s'était formé dans sa voûte; j'en parcourus environ cent cinquante toises sous la voûte des flambeaux. ne se colle la lumière de jour que par son ébolement. Elle est donc inhabitable aux hommes, et même aux animaux, attendu qu'il est plein d'eau dans la saison des pluies, où ils auraient le plus besoin d'abri. La seconde cause, que je ne saurais concevoir dans l'hypothèse des cavernes éoliennes des Iles à vent, c'est qu'il faut supposer qu'elles sont d'une grandeur prodigieuse, et que les vents de mer, qui y soufflent pendant le jour, s'y entassent et s'y compriment d'eux-mêmes, pour souffler cependant toute la nuit à plusieurs lieues de distance de la mer avec des rafales capables souvent de démâter les vaisseaux. C'est sans doute à cause de leur violence que les marins leur donnent le nom de brises, et de brises carabinées quand elles sont très fortes. Il faut ensuite supposer qu'il y a dans les flancs de ces montagnes cavernesuses des soupiraux très nombreux, pour que ces vents souflent dans toute l'étendue d'une côte; et de plus, qu'il y a dans ces terres, brûlées du soleil pendant tout le jour, des glaciers qui rafraîchissent ces vents nocturnes; car ils sont si froids, que ceux qui couchent à l'air, sans se couvrir au moins la poitrine, deviennent quelquefois perclus de tous les membres. Il est bien certain qu'on ne trouve aucun de ces accessoires mécaniques dans les montagnes que j'appelle éoliennes. Les physiciens expliquent le jeu de leurs machines par les lois de la nature, et ils ont sans doute raison; mais ils expliquent aussi les phénomènes de la nature par le jeu de leurs machines, et c'est en quoi ils se trompent souvent. Quoique je n'entre pas dans mon plan de rechercher les causes de tous les phénomènes, lorsque je rejette quelque une de celles dont nos cabinets de physique nous amusent, je tâche de la remplacer par quelque autre qui soit dans la nature même, et dont nous puissions nous assurer par l'expérience. Je hasarderai donc ici une courte explication de la cause des vents diurnes de mer, et nocturnes de terre, dans les Îles des pays chauds. Elle nous convaincra des harmonies qui règnent entre toutes les parties du globe, et de la nécessité d'étudier la géographie, comme une science qui a des principes certains. Nous poserons d'abord comme un fait évident que, partout où l'air est dilaté, l'air environnant y fuit, et y produit un courant qu'on appelle vent. | 33,794 |
18480823_00000.txt_3 | Spanish-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,848 | None | None | Spanish | Spoken | 1,059 | 1,861 | sentará en el teatro del principe lin drama del señor sean, valiéndose de un traumiento sencillo, cómodo y llore calle de Bailón. , Zorrilla para inaugurar la segunda temporada del preMuy señores nuestros; Ya que on la sección de corde todo mal resiütado. No necesitan ver i los enferaaos. sente año cómico. reo de provincias de su apreciable periódiso, número COMUAICADOS. También curan los zaratanes y lobanillo» con solo medioe 190J, correspondiente al 11 del actual, se htfl servido PARA MANILA CON ESCALA EN CÁDIZ. farmacéuticos,y sin necesidad déla estirpacion. Consulta» — Parece que muy en breve veremos trabaVds. dedicar algunas lineasen elogio de lo» proyectos Saldrá del puerto de Barcelona el dia i. " de setiembre de doce á una, calle Angosta de San Bernardo, DÚO. 7 cuar' Señom redactores del HERALD >. jar en al Circo de Paul ei i:ó!ebre John Lees y sus giay plano di reconstrucción de los edificios asolado» por próximo la sólida y Telera frsfata espiliola nombrada AMA- to principal.—i. (ii3i) ' ,. ciociós niños. Muy señores míos: Con esta fecha digo á los del Cla- el horroroso incendio ocurrido en esta Villa en julio ItLK CARMtLA ante» QUERIDA, para cuyo punto admite BUENA COLOCACIÓN DE UNOS OCHEiftX mor Público lo siguiente: del año interior, los que suscnbimos , vecinosde la carga á (lele, como igualmeaia paiagero», á Ip» cuales, ade—ElJueves llegó á esta corte, procedente A CIEN MIL REALES.—El dueño de uno» estliblseimeá«Señores redactores del C/araor PiíWico.—Muy se- misma, nos lomamos lalibertad, que la bondadde Vds, mas do las comudidadei qiie brindan sus espiciosas cámaras, tusde fama, conocidos hace años en Madridí y de hermotle Jtalia, la apreciable cantante española señorita doofrece su capitán, D. Tomás Hernadas, el esmerado trati sabrá disotnsarnos, de comunicarles algunas noticias ña Jo»efa Ansólegui, la cual, después de haber hecho ñores mios: En el número 1268 de su periódico he leí- respecto del mismo asunto para que Vds. y sus lectores que liene acreditado. Para su ajuste podrán dirigirse eo Bar- sos productos, desea cederlos ó tomar uo (icio (|ua le ayude •US primeros estudios en nuestro conservatorio de iiiú- do, con la sorpresa é indignación tan naturales en un se convenzan de que los habitantes de las Navas no celona al espresado capitán ó ásUi coosignatirios lo» •?& ire< en su» muchas ocupaciones y aoe prop»rciooo de ochenta k lit», pasó á coHiinuarlos al de París, en donde, y' ea fiijo pundonoroso que vé mancillar el nombre de su dejan de tener que desear, ya en cuanto á la actividad Q. y M. Martoreil; en Cádií á l^sSres. Altarzuia hermano, cien mil reales con objete de dar mayor impulso á la» opealgunos leatros do Italia, pero sobre todo en el de Tu- indefensj y desgraciado padre, el párrafo en que, to con que se ha procedido eael proyecto de recons- y en esta corte á D. eedfo Marliner. Garde, Carrera de San raciones de los mismos. Gomo estas consisten en un comermandóse por pretesto un hecho falso, se lleva la incio lucraiivo y corriente, no tiene reparo el dueño de ellos rin, ha cantado con general aceptación. Oerónimo, núm. 17, y en la dirección de la sociedad Hispa humanidad al estremo de ensangrentarse óontra «I que Iruccijn, ya en cuanto á las conveniencias y ventaja* no Filipina.—8 en m cerrar trato ninguno d* sociedad con la peraou que ' ("SQ facilite aquellos fondos, haíta que jior sí ó por persona de —El viernes próximo á las tres de la lar- en estos momentos solo el nombre de victima puede que el plano que Vds. encomian les ofrece. Abierta en virtud de real orden una suscricion por su eonJianza, tr»il>»j»ndo i su lado, ad(|uier8 el conveDci» de se verificará en el palacio del real sitio de la Gran- merecer. Hijo del que Vds. apellidan ex-director del Colección de obras de dlbtijo ja el besamanos con motivo da los días de S. A. la se- Iris,no debo consentir, ni por un solo momento, cor- toda» las provincias á favor de estos desgraciados LIINEAL, con aplicación i las arte» é industria, publicados miento da las ventajas y beneficios potilivos que dan dieboa irenísima señora infanta doña iVIaria Luisa Fernanda. ran sin refutación en la opinión pública las imputacio- moradores según hemos llegado á entender, parece que por difíronles autores.—Primera serie, que comprende el establecimientos y para prevenir el raso fyi/s el que haga el ¡jíi señora» asistirán con vestido redondo. nes injuriosas que en aquel párrafo se le hacen, mien- han ascendido las sumat recogidas hasta el dia á la Trnlado de geometría y dibujo lineal á simple vista ó con anticipo ire quiera tomar participación directa en loa esUi tras que el injuriado, el que hoy ni oír ni leer puede, cantid^id de 7,000 duros aproximadamente, cuya instfumr.ntos aplicados d la agrimensura, aries de construc- lileciniiedos, se hipotecarán estos con sus mucha» existeor y menos, por consiguiente, defenderse, se halle en el mayor parle hace ya muchos meses que obraba depo- ción e industria. Traducción hecha por el profesor D. Juan ciaa. al dar el dinero, para garantía del reintegro, el cual »• caso de rechazar aquellas calumnias, por los medios titadaen el banco de San Fernando y á fuerza de ins< Bautista Pcyronnet. Obra ademada con So lámina» grabada» verificará en el tiempo y con lo» rédito» que »e eBtl(wlan. igualmente pagar el trabajo de capacidad y utilidad TRlBUiSALES E S P A S O L K S. que las leyuj poseen en sus manos y de que no puede tanciasy reclamaciones se consiguió del gobierno la eo aceío, y en la que el testo colocado al lado de ellas, i«- como orden para que fuese librada, y lo fué en efecto, hace dica el molo de construir la» figura». Esta coleccionar trata- que habrá prestado la persona puetta por la que dará lof nacer uso en la actualidad. fondos. • ,, , Al llenar un deber tan sagrado para mí, no puedo, acaso mas dedos meses, a favor del jefe político de ' do rrferido están adoptados para la enseñanza y servir de La perdona que gutte entrar *n trate, nuede diri|i|rse i í'Jl'HKÜQ rUlBCNAL pK JUSTICIA. menos de lamentar la falta de examen con que esa re- Avila, como presidente (lela junta de reparación nom- te.lo en les establecimientos da instrucción primaria por el D. | 13,518 |
https://github.com/BrunoKM/station-b-libraries/blob/master/FsStationB/BCKG/REST/src/PyClient/__init__.py | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,021 | station-b-libraries | BrunoKM | Python | Code | 115 | 413 | """
Biological Knowledge Graph (BCKG) v1.0
This is the initial implementation of the BCKG API.
Generated by Python OpenAPI Parser v0.2.4
"""
from .client import *
from collections import namedtuple
__title__ = 'biological-knowledge-graph-bck-g'
__author__ = 'openapi-parser-0.2.4'
__license__ = 'Unlicensed'
__copyright__ = 'Copyright 2020 Station-B'
__version__ = '1.0'
VersionInfo = namedtuple('VersionInfo', 'major minor micro releaselevel serial')
version_info = VersionInfo(*__version__.split('.'), releaselevel='alpha', serial=0)
__all__ = \
[
'version_info',
'__title__',
'__author__',
'__license__',
'__copyright__',
'__version__',
]
__pdoc__ = { }
__pdoc_extras__ = [ ]
_submodules = \
[
client,
]
for _submodule in _submodules:
_submodule_name = _submodule.__name__.partition(f'{__name__}.')[-1]
__all__.extend(_submodule.__all__)
__pdoc__[_submodule_name] = True
_submodule.__pdoc__ = getattr(_submodule, '__pdoc__', dict())
_extras = getattr(_submodule, '__pdoc_extras__', list())
for _element in _submodule.__all__:
__pdoc__[_element] = _element in _extras
| 46,276 |
bilderausdemser01schegoog_6 | German-PD | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,882 | Bilder aus dem serbischen Volks- und Familienleben | Franz Scherer | German | Spoken | 3,705 | 7,567 | Bedienstete weiblichen Geschlechtes ver- mochte man in früheren Jahren in einem ser- bischen Hause alten Styles nur äusserst selten anzutreffen ; in der neuesten Zeit huldigt jedoch -die Kragujevacer Gesellschaft in dieser Rich- tung fast ausschliesslich westeuropäischen Mu- stern. Gewöhnlich war es in früheren Jahren ein handfester „Momak," der in solch' einem Hause nebst dem wichtigen Amte eines „Aksia" auch noch die Stelle eines Leibdieners zu versehen hatte. Diese dienenden Geister pflegte man in Serbien in der guten alten Zeit durchwegs auf ein Jahr zu dingen ; erst nach Ablauf dieses Jahres konnte ein solches Dienstverhältniss nach vorangegangener entsprechender Kündigung wie- der gelöst oder erneuert werden. Die Tage der Lösung oder Erneuerung der in Serbien übü- chen Dienstverhältnisse gewöhnlich „Gjurgjev- dan" und „Mitrovdan": das sind die beiden cibyGoogle Kragüjevac. 195 Tage Set. Georg (Frühling) und Erz. Michael (Herbst), wie man also in Nieder - Österreich kurzweg sagen würde die beiden Termine : Georgi und Michaeli. An diesen beiden Tagen wurde auch vom Dienstgeber der JahresJohn ausbezahlt. „Gjur- gjevdan" und „Mitrovdan" waren somit in ei- ner serbischen Stadt immer die beiden grossen Tage des allgemeinen „Rafiun" (Rechnung). Da wurde gewöhnUch von dem betreffen- den dienstbeflissenen Momaken der „Rabus"*) auf dem gewöhnlich der bisher seitens des Dienstgebers genommene Vorschuss gar sorg- fältig durch einzelne eingeschnittene Kreuzlein bezeichnet war, aus der untersten Tiefe der Kleidertruhe hervorgezogen, dann wurde mit dem „Gazda" (Herri^ genau verglichen und gerechnet, und war man mit einander gegen- seitig zufrieden, so wurde dann das Dienstver- hältniss auf ein ferneres Jahr wieder erneuert. Auch bei den serbischen Gewerbsleuten, Handwerkern und Trgovcen alten Schlages herrschte die gleich löbliche Sitte. Glückliches Serbien ! Ob es wol auch noch heute in deinen Gauen dienstbeflissene Moma- ken gibt, die es ein volles Jahr hindurch bei einem einzigen Herrn aushalten? *_) Eine Erklärung des „Rabug" befindet sich in der V. Abtheilung dieses Buches „Arangjelovac Kisela Voda." cibyGoogle 196 Kragujevac. Gjurgjevdan und Mitrovdau, das waren in Serbien die beiden grossen Festtage des die- nenden Volkes. In der Carsia einer serbischen Stadt herrschte an diesen beiden irohen Ta-' gen stets und überall ein überaus reges Leben. War der dienstbeflissene Momak das ganze liebe Jahr hindurch auch noch so nüchtern ge- wesen, an diesen beiden frohen Tagen da hatte er gewiss sein Räuschchen. Für die musizirenden Zigeuner solch' einer Stadt oder solch' eines Städtchens waren dies stets die herrlichsten Tage. Fast aus jeder der Mehanen und Kafanen tönte da Musik heraus, producirt von einer Musikkapelle, die gar lieb- lich anzuhören war und wie ich eine solche in einem der vorhergehenden Kapitel „Serbische Frauen" dem freundlichen Leser bereits ge- schildert. Dazu wurde von den fröhlichen Momaken mochte nun die Gaststube auch noch so klein sein, „Kolo" getanzt; manchmal aber auch förmlich gestrampft, wie es eben kam, so, dass man manchmal zu wähnen glaubte, die ganze ehrbare alte Ordnung sei plötzlich auf den Kopf gestellt. Auch der gestrenge Herr Kapetan (Stadt- hauptmann}, der an solchen Tagen, gefolgt von seinen beiden, bis an die Zähne bewaffneten Panduren, gar fleissig die Runde zu machen pflegte, — pflegte bei solchen Gelegenheiten HcstcdbyGoOgle gerne ein, ja manchmal sogar beide Augen zu- zudrücken; (mein Gott, wer wird auch seines Amtes immer mit voller Strenge walten!). — Gjurgjevdan sowol als auch Mitrovdan, jeder dieser beiden frohen Tage kommt im Kalender des Jahres nur einmal, leider, oder vielleicht zmn Glücke allerruheliebenden serbischen Bur- ger — nur ein einziges Mal vor. Ein merkwürdiges Völkchen sind auch die serbischen Zigeuner. Die Zigeuner wohnen in den serbischen Städten in eigenen Stadttheilen „Zigeuner-Viertel," Man pflegt in Serbien manch- mal auch zu sagen; Dieser oder Jener wohnt unter den „Kovacen," also unter den Schmie- den, was so viel sagen will, als: der Betref- fende wohnt unter den Zigeunern, — da in Ser- bien fast der grösste Theil der sesshaften Zi- geuner des edlen Handwerkes kundig ist. Doch nicht alle serbischen Zigeuner be- treiben dieses ihr erlerntes Handwerk, viele derselben betreiben einen höchst schwungvollen Pferdehandel. Andere wieder betreiben das oft nicht minder einträgliche Geschäft eines Kocsiaschen*) wieder andere verdienen sich ihr Brod als Mu- siker oder verdingen sich als Diener. Die in Serbien in festen Wohnsitzen also in den Zi- geunervierteln der verschiedenen serbischen * Siehe Kapitel I „Aus meiner Reisenmappe" — Ziegeunerkoöias. cibyGoogle 198 Kragujevac. Städte und Flecken wohnenden Zigeuner be- kennen sich durchwegs zum Christenthume. Sie haben in ihrem Zigeunerviertel ihren eige- nen Ortsvorstand zugleich Richter (Kmetj und herrscht unter ihnen strenge Zucht und Ord- nung denn so ein Zigeuner-Kmet versteht noch weniger einen Spass als etwa der ehren- werthe Kapetan in der Carsia wo er den ge- bührenden Respeckt vor dem Gesetze nament- hch aber vor seinem eigenen Ich als „Amts- person" in seiner Gemeinde nicht findet, dort weiss er sich denselben in einer für die Be- treffenden stets äusserst empfmdlichen Weise zu verschaffen, denn wozu gäbe es dem sonst auch „Aps" (Arest) und Battina (Prügel). — Die Reinlichkeit solch eines serbischen Zigeunervirtels, die hegt freilich manchesmal ein wenig im Argen, nichtsdestoweniger hält der serbische Zigeuner aufsein „Viertel" grosse Stücke, sAs echter Natursohn hat er jedoch noch immer für etwaige allzugrosse Reinlich- keitsgelüste dieses oder jenes seiner Nachbarn höchstens ein verächtliches Lächeln. In solch einem serbischen Zigeunerviertel herrscht oft ein recht abenteuerliches Leben. Aus den zahlreichen Schmieden die sich ge- wöhnlich in solch einem Viertel befinden dringt das Pochen der Hämmer heraus auf die Strasse und eint sich hier harmonisch mit dem Krei- schen der Weiber und Schreien der Kinder, cibyGoogle Kragujevac. 199 ab und zu unterbrochen von dem lieblichen Quiken der zahlreich auf der Strasse sich he- rumtummelnden Ferkel, dem Gakern der Hüh- ner und Krähen der Hähne. Da lässt vor seinem Hause ein alter Zi- geuner mit- lang herabfallenden silbergrauen Haupthaare, einen abgemagerten Gaul Revue passiren, — ein • anderer jüngerer Stammes- genosse huft wieder sein Rösslein bei einem der in der sCaräia" befindlichen „Kovaien" (Schmieden). Ein Dritter wieder reparirt vor seinem Hause eben seine Taljige,*) kurz es herrscht unter diesem Zigeuner-Völkchen überall wo man hinblickt stets eine rege Thätigkeit. Die liebe Zigeunerjugend wälzt und balgt sich auf der Strasse, theils halbnackt, theils in zerfetzte Lumpen gehüllt herum während schlanke hübsche geschmückte Zigeunermädchen neben runzeligen Tabak kauenden und Tabak schmau- chenden alten Hexen ihren Rocken spinnend vor ihren baufälligen von einem schweren Ce- ramida-Dache**) belasteten Hütten sitzen. So eine jugendliche „Ziganka" aus solch *) Taijige nennt man in Serbien auch im 1 einen leicht gebauten Leiterwagen. **) Ceramida nennt man die in Serbien als Deck- material üblichen Dachziegel. Es sind dies Hohl- ziegel die beim Eindecken eines Hauses immer mehrfach übereinander gelegt werden. ibyGoogle w 200 Kra.guje¥ac. einem serbischen Zigeunerviertel könnte sich manchmal aber auch ganz gut in der Caräia der Stadt selbst sehen lassen um ihre präch- tigen schwarzen Haarflechten" dürfte sie dort wol falls sie sich sehen liese von so manchem feurigen Augenpaare beneidet werden. Von Kragujevac aus lühren auch einzelne gut gebaute Strassen nach allen übrigen Thei- len des Landes. Kragujevac ist mithin auch als Handels- platz bedeutend, denn es bildet vermöge seiner günstigen Lage sozusagen den Mittelpunkt des serbischen Verkehres. Wenn einmal das schwerfallige Kola (Last- wagen) des Rabad^ija*} bisher nahezu das ein- zig dankbare Waarentransportmittel Serbiens durch die Lokomotive ersetzt sein wird, wenn der serbische Seijak (Bauer) ferner einmal ge- lernt haben wird, gleich seinem Staatsgenossen im Westen" — den Segen einer rationellen Be- wirthung seines bisher nur schlecht gepflegten trotz dem aber äusserst furchtbaren Grund und Bodens kennen zu lernen, die Entwickelung des serbischen Gewerbefleisses ferner — im Gegensatze zu dem bisher herrschendem Drange nach möglichst mühelosen Erwerbe, gleichen Schritt halten wird, mit der politisch ziemlich weit vorgeschrittenen Entwicklung des neuen *) „Aus meiner cibyGoogle Kragujevac. SOI Serbenreiches, dann wird aucii Kragujevac zu jenem bedeutenden Aufschwünge gelangen — zu dem es vermöge seiner überaus günstigen Lage im Herzen Serbiens jedenfalls berufen scheint. ibyGoogle VIII. Belgrad. An die duftigen Märchen der „Seherasa- de" darf man wol nicht denken, wenn man den Bord des Semllner Localdampfers verlassend, die Savestadt (Waaserstadt) Belgrad betritt, und dann die hundert so und so viel Stufen em- porsteigt, welche vom Belgrader Hafenplatze aus zur Oberstadt, der serbischen Residenz emporfuhren. Die „goldene Zeit" der orientalischen Mär- chen ist für Belgrad längst dahingeschwunden; ihr lolgte, fast mit dem gänzlichen Abzüge der Türken aus Serbien zugleich {1867), wie dem Traume die Ernüchterung, — das Zeitalter der werkthätigen, menschenveredelnden Arbeit. Von dem alten Belgrad der Türken, der „Pforte der Religionskriege," ist heute mit Aus- nahme der altehrwürdigen Veste, kaum mehr eine Spur vorhanden. An Stelle der ehemaligen Türkenstadt der „Dorcol," erhebt sich heute ein nahezu neuer Stadttheil. Sind auch die hier aufgeführten neuen Baulichkeiten nicht alle nach unseren westeuro- päischen Begriffen, einer Residenzstadt entspre- chend, grossartig angelegt, so gewähren die zumeist nett getünchten, wenn auch zumeist cibyGoogle Belgrad. 203 nur bescheiden grossen Häuser und Häuschen die man hier antrifft, im Gegensatze zu den einst fast durchwegs abenteuerlich zerfetzten Ba- raken der Türken an der gleichen Stelle, - — doch immerhin noch einen recht leidlichen Anblick. Auch der einst zwischen Stadt und Veste Belgrad verödet dagelegene wüste Platz, der „Kalemegdan" ist heute bereits zu einer schat- tigen Parkanlage umgewandelt. In der nächsten Nähe dieser Parkanlage befindet sich auch das Hotel zur „serbischen Krone," wo man , iür verhältnissmässig wenig Geld ganz anständig zu speisen vermag, vor- ausgesetzt jedoch, dass man in seinen Ansprü- chen recht bescheiden ist. Einen hübschen Anblick gewährt die Bel- grader Kathedrale mit ihrem schlanken Glo- ckenthurme, der mit einem überaus reich ver- goldeten, kühn geschwungenen Kupferhelme bedeckt ist. In der unmittelbaren Nähe dieser grössten Kirche Belgrad's, welche dem Erz. St. Michael geweiht ist, befindet sich auch der „Konak" des serbischen Metropoliten und das Seminar. Die schönste Strasse der serbischen Haupt- stadt ist die „Terasia", doch hat man von der Savestadt aus einen ziemlich beschwerlichen Weg empor zu klettern bis man sich seines Spazierganges auf dem Belgrader „Boulevard" zu erfreuen vermag. Hcstcdbv Google 304 Belgrad. Die „Terasia" schmückt nebst einer von prächtigen Kastanienbäumen gebildeten Allee auch noch ein von Fürst MiloS Obrenovic er- bauter monumentaler Brunnen Auf der „Terasia" befinden sich auch die einzelnen Hotels der verschiedenen Gesand- schaften am Belgrader Hofe ; ferner auch der „Konak" des Fürsten und in der unmittelbaren Nähe des „Konak" auch die verschiedenen Ministerien, ferner auch das Senatsgebäude nebst noch mehreren anderen Staatsgebäuden, Das prachtvollste Gebäude Belgrads ist bis heute noch immer das Universitäts-Gebäude auf der „velika Piaca" (grossen Platze) gelegen und vom Volke kurzweg „Kapetan Misino zdanije" genannt; denn ein reicher Serbe Major Misa, der, der Volkssage nach ursprünglich ein armer Schiffsknecht gewesen sein soll, hat diesen prächtigen Palast seinem Vaterlande zum Ge- schenke gemacht. Der eben erwähnte Palast soll den Erbau- er ungefähr eine halbe Million gekostet haben. Eine goldene Innschrift über dem Mittel- Risalit der Hauptfront, verkündet der Nach- welt diesen Akt der Grossmuth eines serbischen Bürgers ungefähr mit folgenden Worten; „Miäa Anastasijevic seinem Vaterlande." Die Architek- tur des prächtigen Baues ist eine ziemlich ab- wechslungsreiche. Das umfangreiche Gebäude entfällt nebst der Belgrader Hochschule auch cibyGoOgle Belgrad. 205 noch die National-Bibliothek, ferner das Natio- nal-Museum und eine überaus reichhaltige Mün- zensammlung Von dem ziemlich hoch liegenden Pavillon des serbischen Universitäts-Gebäudes aus, zu dem eine schön gebaute Stiege emporführt vermag man auch einen herrlichen Ausblick zu geniesen. An dem gegenüberliegenden Stromufer sieht man die schmucken Dampfer der Donau- Dampfschifffahrtsgesellschaft, dicht vor dem schattigen Donauufer- Parke des freundlichen Semlin, vor Anker liegen, umgeben von ein- zelnen schwer beladenen Schleppschiffen. Leider wird man bei längerer Betrachtung des majestätisch dahinrauschenden Danaustrom- mes, der von der Belgrader hohen Warte aus , gesehen mit seiner Umgebung einen überaus prächtigen Anblick gewährt, durch den überaus schwachen Schiffsverkehr auf seinem silber- glänzenden Fluthen fast unwillkührlich auch daran erinnert dass hier noch für die umlie- genden Donauuferstaaten, eine gewaltige Aul- gabe ihrer Lösung harre. An bedeutenden durch ihre Grösse oder ihren architektorischen Schmuck hervorragen- der Bauten ist die serbische Königs-Residenz noch keineswegs reich. Der Belgrader Bürger ist bis heute noch immer so glücklich, auch wenn er nicht immer HcstcdbyGoOgle Belgrad. ; ein wolhabender Mann ist sein eigenes Heim besitzen zu können. Solch ein bürgerliches Familien-Wohnhaus, in welches sich in den meisten Fällen auch ein kleines Hausgärtchen anschliesst enthält ausser denjenigen Räunllichkeiten, welche der Besitzer als Wohnräume für sich und seine Fa- milie, oder etwa auch noch als Betriebslokale für sein Geschäft oder sein Gewerbe benöthigt nur äusserst selten auch noch einige wenige Wohnungen für fremde Miethparteien. Mit vielen Partheien in ein und demselben Hause beisammen zu wohnen, mit solch' einem Gedanken kann sich der Belgrader Bürger noch immer nicht befreunden. Die Folge davon ist, dass Belgrad wol von Jahr zu Jahr an Ausdehnung zunimmt; an stattlichen Gebäuden jedoch nur wenig gewinnt; mit Ausnahme jener Neubauten, welche eben unbedingt schon des Zweckes halber, dem sie nach ihrer Vollendung zu dienen haben, eine grössere, als die sonst übliche Anlage erheischen. Im Jahre 1854 zählte Belgrad 16.733 Ein- wohner, darunter 14.486 Serben und etwa 1000 österr. Staatsbürger. 18 Jahre später (1872) zählte Belgrad 26.674 Einw., darunter etwa an 50O0 Katholiken (zumeist österr. Staatsbürger) etwa 500 Protestanten (Deutsche, Slaven, auch Ungarn) und 1600 Juden. Heute dürfte Belgrad ungefähr 30.000 Einwohner zählen.' Noch kurz cibyGoogle Belgrad. 207 vor dem Abzüge der Türken waren tüchtige einheimische Handwerker in Belgrad selten; sämmtliche Gewerbszweige ruhten zu jener Zeit fast ausschliesslich noch in Händen fremder, zumeist deutscher Handwerker; heute jedoch, also nach kaum 15 Jahren, kann man in Bel- grad fast auf allen modernen Gewerbszweigen auch tüchtige serbische Handwerker bereits thätig fmden. Es gibt in Belgrad ungefähr 17 grössere Gasthöfe, die alle den stolzen Titel „Hotel" führen. So kenne ich ein Hotel: „Paris," „Kö- nig von Serbien," „Kronprinz," „Serbische Krone," „Balkan," „Europa," „National," „Ma- cedonien." „Bajloni," „London," „Löwe," „Gol- denes Kreuz," »Kragujevac" u. a. m. Findet man unter den oben erwähnten verschiedenartigen Aushängschilden auch nicht immer das, was man vielleicht dahinter zu su- chen, berechtigt wäre, so bekundet doch auch schon das blosse Vorhandensein dieser grösse- ren Gasthöfe mit einem Rückblicke auf das einstige Belgrad, immerhin schon einen bedeu- tenden Aufschwung. Kafanen, Mehanen und Kaufläden gibt es auch in Belgrad selbstverständlich eine Un- zahl nur herrscht in diesem verschiedenartigen • Geschäftslokalen nicht immer jenes ungezwun- gene Treiben wie in den ähnlichen Lokalen der serbischen Provinzstädte, denn der Belgra- clbyGOOglC 208 Belgrad. der Trgovac spielt sich bereits mit Vorliebe ^uf den Grosstädter hinaus, was ihm jedoch nicht immer recht gelingen will. Den beliebtesten Sommerausflug der Bel- grader bildet entweder ein Spaziergang nach dem etwa 6 Kilometer von der serbischen Hauptstadt entfernt liegenden „Topschider" oder aber ein solcher nach dem „Tasch mai- dan" dem Belgrader Steinbruch. Besonders an Sonn- und Festtagen herrscht im Lustgarten von Topschider und ganz be- sonders um die „haiducka Cesma" (Heiduken Ouelle) herum ein überaus fröhliches Leben. Man gibt sich hier wessen Geschlechtes man auch ist, ungezwungen dem allgemeinen Ver- gnügen hin. Verschiedene Gesellschaftsspiele, Gesang und Tanz, ein Spaziergang durch den präch- tigen Park, dazu heiteres Geplauder etwa auch noch ein klein wenig Stadtklatsch, vermögen solch einen frohen Nachmittag wol ganz zweck- entsprechend auszufüllen. — Einer ganz besonderen Beliebtheit erfreuen sich in Belgrad auch die Militär- Concerte, be- sonders bei den schönen Belgraderinnen. Da vermag man so manchesmal bei solch' einem Concerte, wenn oft plötzlich eine der beliebten nationalen Weisen in die, eines noch viel beliebteren Kolo umschlägt, an dem Auf- blitzen so manches feurigen Augenpaares an Ho.tcdbyGoOgle belgrad. 20« den Bewegungen so manches ungeduldigen Füss- chens, zu erkennen, dass man allem fremdar- tigen Aufputze zum Trotze, der da bei sol- chen Gelegenheiten zur Schau getragen zu werden pflegt, noch immer echte Töchter Ser- biens vor sich habe. Auch ein Nationaltheater besitzt Belgrad, ein ganz hübsches Gebäude, welches ungefähr an der Stelle der einstigen „Stambul-Kapija"*) erbaut ist. In der, hinter dem Theater liegenden „Diamija" (türkische Moschee) ist der Gasome- ter des Theaters angebracht. Das Belgrader Theater hat nämlich seine eigene Gasbeleuch- tung, während die serbische Residenz selbst einer regelrechten Beleuchtung noch immer ent- gegensieht. Die sociale Stellung der am Belgrader Na- tionaltheater angestellten Schauspieler ist eine ganz ähnliche, als die unserer Hofschauspieler. Sie sind gewissermassen Beamte des Staates, und als solche pensionsfähig. Das serbische Theaterrepertoir ist ziem- lich reichhaltig. Nebst vielen, theils aus dem Französischen, theils aus dem Deutschen übersetzten Stücken enthält es bereits auch so manches vortrefflich *) Daa alte Belgrad hatte nämlich vier Thore ; Sava- VaroS-, yidiii- und Stanibul-Kapija. Letzteres wur- de von Österreich erbaut. o.ifdbv Google.. 210 Belgrad. gearbeitete heimische Lustspiel, Reich ist das serbische Theaterrepertoir an nationalen Hel- denstüclten; die beliebten Stücke: „Car Lazar^" „Miloä Obilic," „Nemanja" u.a.m. finden a.ich heute noch immer ein dankbares Publikum, Am Tage des St. Markus {25. April a St.) da wird in Belgrad auf dem grossen Platze der Palelula, dort, wo die hübsche Palelulakirche*) sich erhebt, welche dem St. Markus geweiht ist, — alljährig ein grosses Volksfest abgehalten, Wer an diesem Tage Belgrad besucht, der wird an dem fröhlichen Treiben, das er an die- sem allgemeinen F"esttage in der serbischen Haupt- stadt anzutreffen vermag, gewiss Gefallen finden Den Glanzpunkt dieses alljährig wiederkeh renden Volksfestes bildet selbstverständlich eben- so, wie dies bei ähnlichen FestUchkeiten im In- nern Serbiens der Fall ist, ein fröhlicher Kolo. In Belgrad erscheinen gegenwärtig an 20 ver- schiedene Zeitungen. An politischen Journalen u.a., z. B.: „Srpske Novine," „Istok," „Hriican- ski Vesnik," „Samouprava," „Srpska Nezavis-* nost, " „ Videlo, " „Radnik, " „Srpska Kraljevina, " *) Belgrad liat 3 griechische Kirchen u: z die scfaon erwähnte Kathedrale, dann die ebeu ei-wähute Palelulakirche (Palelula, ein Stadttheil Belgrad's) und die von Fürst Michael Obrenovic III. erbaute Belgrader Gamisonskirche'. Ausserdem gibt es in Belgrad noch eine evangelieche, Kii-che, ferner eine katholische Kapelle im öaterr.-ungar. Consulatsge- bäude, zwei Synagogen und eine türkische Moschee. cibyGoogle Belgrad. 211 „Otacbina",,Naroclno Zdravlje," „Dar-Mar" (hu- mor,) u.a.m. Aber nicht alle serbischen Blätter er- scheinen gerade in Belgrad, einige kommen wol auch aus dem benachbarten Ungarn herüber; soz. B. das beliebte und ganz vortrefflich redigirte, in Neusatz erscheinende älteste serbische Fa- tnilienblatt „Javor," in welchem sich nicht nur zahlreiche hübsche Dichtungen serbischer Dich- ter und Dichterinnen von dies- und jenseits der Donau und Save vorfinden, nebst ganz hübsch gehaltenen Novellen und Erzählungen, ferner auch Berichten über Theater, Kunst und Lite- ratur, — sondern auch deutsche Dichter fin- den da durch einzelne vortreffliche Übersetzun- gen aus ihren Werken — verdiente Anerkenunng, Aber auch deutsche Zeitungen werden in Belgrad gelesen man findet namentlich die grös- seren Wiener Journale, wol auch einige unga- rische Blätter, fast in allen bedeutenderen öf- fenthchen Lokalen aufliegen. Dass sich seit Jahren bereits auch unsere illustrirten Zeitschriften, darunter namentlich ^Gartenlaube," „Über Land und Meer," „liust- rirte Welt," „Neue Wiener lUustrirte Zeitung" u. a. m. — in Belgrad Eingang verschafft ha- ben, ■ ist nahezu selbstverständlich. Wohnt ja doch auch so manche deutsche Familie in Bel- grad, und einer solchen ist ebenso gut, als den gebildeten Serben selbst, ein gutes FamlHenblatt nahezu unentbehrlich. clbyGoÖ^IC 219 Es läge nun, bei einem kurzen Rückblicke auf das über Belgrad bisher Gesagte, die Versuchung nahe, auch ein klein wenig Politik zu treiben. Doch ich schweige. — Eingedenkt des, diesem bescheidenen Wer- ke vorangesetzten Titels: „Bilder aus dem ser- bischen Volks- und Familienleben" breche ich meine Schilderungen in dem Augenblicke ab, als ich, die mir selbst gezogene Grenze zu überschreiten, gezwungen wäre; vielleicht ist es mir jedoqh bei einer anderen Gelegenheit ge- gönnt, das etwa Versäumte nachzuholen. In der v. Millerischen Erzgiesserei (königl. Erzgiesserei) in München geht ein prächtiges Denkmal seiner Vollendung entgegen; es ist die für Belgrad bestimmte Reiterstatue des, um sein Vaterland hochverdienten Serbenfürsten Michael Obrenovic III, (geboren i6. September 1823, + 10. Juni 1868). Möge dieses kunstvolle Erzbild, wenn es einmal seinen Ehrenplatz in der serbischen Kö- nigs-Residenz einnimmt, vori dort aus dem strebsamen Serbenvolke, indem es dasselbe an die hervorragenden Tugenden seines einstigen Fürsten erinnert, - — als immerwährendes Vor- bild dienen, in den bitteren Tagen der Noth und Parteizerklüftung sowol, als auch in den sonnigen Tagen des Glückes. cibyGoogle W WHSBREM f. ^atkm. -vlt 3a» eKön-iatfi.wiM. in Set-tietv otocla- ■"tnit-t, Mnä |cfioM «in «etico cBucfk iV{>M. I Srali«». Sa. i-ft lool m.4t afc Sufo«, «i.3 Je I ina-n 3etvfi«tv; -u-ttS 9ocft. vtt'» wwt tcinet. Zu- ^aii, da^o Saa i§t|c^ai4w«. Sw -uot^ieijenSen ^lf«tfie» ■fo nafie -m-it See ^t^il-Miing evn«. 3ec ■['e'fi.wtkft'ftcii ^ICü-H-fcfia 3e& -ftta-fila^neu Se■^t<■Mvo(^Us »iv|aiit-m6n- ttij^. ^!U?äfiMnB da-fu^ in den atmeten 3^tMJ^6o^Jc«. 9ea vot^eijeM.3Mv cBu-cfi-e» itofft hn-mM, e»itiue3e* «oit einetn jjS^iWj'teM-t^Vu+ne Sct-fcicti." oSeis au<k etwa «i- ne-m- ij&M-fiwn-fts^Miatsicfi.e" 9ie eÄe3& i|t, wiijata in 9en. fetbte«. Sw^cfttoaew 9e* ««wen cRaHaea&t^- WM«a 3ea j-iVtia-Cl'eM öKomowtcfies 9s* oßaWow-Fia-ft- ■iM^et älöcfi.n-wna aettagett ivitSin. ®c* |MM.n9'Eicfi.6 £el^ ii;ii9 Saites ae^eten, an a-Wen ieiwn Ste-f-wn, ■u)o et vei Set Stdtütc etwa 9as jj^ftönia-teitfu Sc!.- ti«w" «etwi^fcH foWte, ^-ic^ 9^1« mancjilndi Se«*icfi.- nwntj 'ftati: 9c5 aih^in vitt'iiandcnen feftat ft-vw^w- *w96n6«n, cibyGoogle ;^ci<finel: .wE ^u^ §cnÜi^c Saffm ^itd: ,ßilitt AUS öfiti fcrbtftliEii Mffllis- un& ^farnüKnlebeit" &• et- üEttlgt mit 9aliet, an 9wfet SCaWe n-ut -wocfi. a^^!&^^ a^K/^ «leine» teiSew ffteu«3en un3 «y^egetn füt. 9ie ft,iv6^(Ae ßCiw^aWutig., it>e^cfve fie 9ein -uot-twaen- 3en Wczfie. üu $h:H w>Bt9e.t ^foen. SUloge e» 3cmv feinen, «if^e-j in- 3ie •^eU antteten liiiS eine fwM..v3- ■tiiA« clulnafctne ^nSe-n. Dien, Öftctfonntag. iSS?. cibyGoogle Izila.alt. I. Aus meii II. Die serbische Familieiiverfassung und das Fest des Hauspatron die Siava. III. Das serbische Haus 1. Das Haus des Städters 2. Der serbische Bauernhof IV. Serbische Frauen V. Ai'augjelovac-Kisela-Voda VI. Manastir Draca VlI. Kragujevac Vm. Belgrad. Seite 3 100 U2 173 yoü dby Google^ „Google <' £BKICHTZI}üna£I. Seite Zeile von anstatt soll richtig heissen 7 11 oben Amte Ernte 16 3 unten Gefährten Gefährtes 17 5 oben nun nur 19 14 j, Terain Ten-ain 7 unten die eine um eine zO 13 oben mittelst den mittelst den an den a4 2 ^ so sind in den so sind dann kaum 8 Waai-enswertb Waarenvorrath ^ 9 j, Auslände Auslände beziehen y 28 9 ^ Kehle Kelle ( 30 7 " Hartnäckigkeit Hartnäckigkeit henimatreiten 34 36 7 ^ diess dies 37 4 unten diessmal diesmal 42 4 7 oben dir Dir 6 du Du 58 10 unten diess dies 59 10 oben <Uess dies 5 iint«n im im «2 11 oben geworden geworden 66 5 „ gedüncht getüncht 79 1 beobachtet beachtet „ 3 j, Auf allen Zweige n In allen Zweigen " Industie Industrie ? n 13 beihilflich behilflich 86 10 ^ glanzvoll prunkvoll 90 6 Tambor Tambour 100 1 ^ dem treundiicheu den freundlichen 101 3 j, durchgewacht durchwacht 104 1 " Kreutz Kreuz ^«Googtgi MlCJfX. ^ HonodbyGoOgIc. | 37,392 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/36787544 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,016 | Stack Exchange | English | Spoken | 222 | 474 | Doctrine - I'm getting Entity class instead of Repository class
I create instance of entity manager
$this->em = Connection::MainMySql()->GetEntityManager();
After some queries I try to get object from a Repository class.
$usersArray = $this->em->createQueryBuilder()
->select("us")
->from('Model\Repo\mytables\User', "us")
->where("us.idUser = :idUser")
->setParameter("idUser", $idUser)
->getQuery()
->execute();
Why do I then get list of objects of class Model\Entity\mytables\User instead of Model\Repo\mytables\User even after I specify desired class in from(...) section?
In fact, a repository cannot be used as a representation of a database entry.
In other words, Repositories should contain methods to retrieve/create/update/delete database entries represented by entities.
This is why the EntityManager is called Entity Manager, it manages Entities and not Repository classes.
For instance, you can perfectly do:
// Return an instance of the Repository Model\Repo\mytables\User
$repository = $this->em->getRepository('Model\Entity\mytables\User');
// The repository is used to create the QueryBuilder, so the from statement is already filled by doctrine as model\Entity\mytables\User
$query = $repository->createQueryBuilder('u')
// ...
This is also why you can do:
$repository = $this->em->getRepository('Model\Entity\mytables\User');
// Return all entries of the 'users' table as Model\Entity\mytables\User instances
$users = $repository->findAll();
I'm surprised that the from statement of your query doesn't produce an error such as "Model\Entity\mytables\User is not a valid entity".
Also, your structure looks confusing, you must differentiate properly Repositories (the Models) from Entities in order to use them according to their respective roles.
| 23,191 |
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%82%20%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BF%20%28%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%20%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%2C%20%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F%29 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Пойнт Тауншип (округ Нортамберленд, Пенсільванія) | https://uk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Пойнт Тауншип (округ Нортамберленд, Пенсільванія)&action=history | Ukrainian | Spoken | 215 | 602 | Пойнт Тауншип () — селище () в США, в окрузі Нортамберленд штату Пенсільванія. Населення — осіб (2010).
Демографія
Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у селищі мешкало осіб у домогосподарствах у складі родин. Було 1689 помешкань
Расовий склад населення:
До двох чи більше рас належало 1,0 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 1,4 % від усіх жителів.
За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 17,3 % — особи молодші 18 років, 58,5 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 24,2 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 48,6 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у селищі припадало 95,2 чоловіків; на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 91,0 чоловіків також старших 18 років.
Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство становив доларів США (медіана — ), а середній дохід на одну сім'ю — доларів (медіана — ). Медіана доходів становила долари для чоловіків та доларів для жінок. За межею бідності перебувало 13,7 % осіб, у тому числі 45,2 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 4,1 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших.
Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило осіб. Основні галузі зайнятості: освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 28,9 %, роздрібна торгівля — 20,9 %, виробництво — 14,1 %.
Примітки
Джерела
Селища Пенсільванії
Населені пункти округу Нортамберленд (Пенсільванія) | 35,155 |
https://github.com/bububa/opentaobao/blob/master/model/baichuanctg/CtgRequest.go | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,023 | opentaobao | bububa | Go | Code | 46 | 200 | package baichuanctg
// CtgRequest 结构体
type CtgRequest struct {
// delivery_id
DeliveryId string `json:"delivery_id,omitempty" xml:"delivery_id,omitempty"`
// res_id
ResId string `json:"res_id,omitempty" xml:"res_id,omitempty"`
// app_key
BusinessAppKey string `json:"business_app_key,omitempty" xml:"business_app_key,omitempty"`
// date
Date string `json:"date,omitempty" xml:"date,omitempty"`
// page_size
PageSize int64 `json:"page_size,omitempty" xml:"page_size,omitempty"`
// current_page
CurrentPage int64 `json:"current_page,omitempty" xml:"current_page,omitempty"`
}
| 29,600 |
https://github.com/chriskedz/LapseKit/blob/master/LapseKit/EVLTimelineIdentifier.m | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,013 | LapseKit | chriskedz | Objective-C | Code | 66 | 320 | //
// EVLTimelineIdentifier.m
// LapseKit
//
// Created by Caleb Davenport on 7/10/13.
// Copyright (c) 2013 Seesaw. All rights reserved.
//
#import "EVLTimelineIdentifier.h"
NSString *EVLFeaturedTimelineIdentifier(void) {
return @"timelines/featured";
}
NSString *EVLLikesTimelineIdentifierForUserWithID(NSUInteger userID) {
return [NSString stringWithFormat:@"users/%@/timelines/liked", @(userID)];
}
NSString *EVLOwnedClipsTimelineIdentifierForUserWithID(NSUInteger userID) {
return [NSString stringWithFormat:@"users/%@/timelines/user", @(userID)];
}
NSString *EVLContributedClipsTimelineIdentifierForUserWithID(NSUInteger userID) {
return [NSString stringWithFormat:@"users/%@/timelines/contributed", @(userID)];
}
NSString *EVLFriendsTimelineIdentifierForUserWithID(NSUInteger userID) {
return [NSString stringWithFormat:@"users/%@/timelines/home", @(userID)];
}
| 36,321 |
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Цекоцино | https://uk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Цекоцино&action=history | Ukrainian | Spoken | 38 | 123 | Цекоцино () — село в Польщі, у гміні Хочево Вейгеровського повіту Поморського воєводства.
Населення — (2011).
У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Гданського воєводства.
Демографія
Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року:
Примітки
.
Села Вейгеровського повіту | 35,077 |
https://github.com/muhazrisofyan/htwui/blob/master/resources/views/pages/about.blade.php | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | htwui | muhazrisofyan | PHP | Code | 717 | 2,558 | @extends('layouts.master')
@section('content')
<div id="about" class="w3-card-4 w3-round-large w3-white w3-content w3-container w3-padding-16" style="width:1300px;margin:0 auto;margin-top:80px">
<h1 class="w3-center">Tentang HTW</h1>
<p style="text-align:justify"> Hydromodelling Technology and Workshop Universitas Indonesia (HTW UI) adalah
sebuah kelompok peminatan departemen yang ada di Departemen Teknik Mesin, Fakultas
Teknik, Universitas Indonesia. Kelompok ini mewadahi minat dan bakat para mahasiswa
di bidang kemaritiman. Kegiatan yang menjadi fokus dari HTW UI adalah pembuatan
kapal Remote Control (RC Boat) untuk dilombakan, pembuatan maket kapal, lomba
karya tulis ilmiah, dan lomba internasional Solar Boat Team dan Hydrocontest.
</p>
<p><strong>Nilai</strong></p>
<p>Terdapat 3 Nilai yang dibawa oleh HTW UI 2018:</p>
<ol>
<li>Bermanfaat</li>
<li>Bersahabat</li>
<li>Berprestasi</li>
</ol>
<br>
<p><strong>Visi</strong></p>
<p>Terwujudnya HTW UI 2018 sebagai lembaga yang <br> Bermanfaat, Bersahabat, dan
Berprestasi dalam kancah Nasional maupun Internasional</p>
<br>
<p><strong>Misi</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Mewadahi minat dan bakat member HTW UI 2018 dalam mengaplikasikan keilmuan di bidang kemaritiman.</li>
<li>Meningkatkan hubungan baik antar HTW dengan member, dosen, dan alumni, serta lembaga lainnya.</li>
<li>Mempersiapkan member HTW UI agar siap berkontribusi untuk HTW, UI, dan Indonesia.</li>
</ol>
<br>
<p><strong>Slogan</strong></p>
<p>Gloria Eterna memiliki arti "<b><i>Kejayaan yang Abadi</i></b>" yang diambil dari bahasa Spanyol.</p>
<p>Gloria berarti <b>KEJAYAAN</b>. Melambangkan kiprah HTW UI 2018 dalam perlombaan dan riset di bidang kemaritiman yang selalu "Berprestasi" dan berdaya saing tinggi.</p>
<p>Eterna berarti <b>KEABADIAN</b>. Keabadian yang tercermin dari HTW UI yang menebar "Kebermanfaatan" dan "Persahabatan" bagi segala kalangan.</p>
<p>Pada akhirnya, prestasi dan kejayaan HTW UI diharapkan terus abadi pada seluruh member dan juga menebar kebermanfaatan untuk bangsa Indonesia.</p>
<br>
<div class="w3-row w3-content w3-container">
<div class="video-container">
<iframe style="max-width:100%;height:100%" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_mnyUyIWn9I" ></iframe>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="history" class="w3-card-4 w3-round-large w3-white w3-container w3-content w3-padding-16" style="width:1300px;margin:0 auto;margin-top:100px">
<h1 class="w3-center">Sejarah</h1>
<p style="text-align:justify"> Hydromodelling Technology and Workshop yang selanjutnya
disingkat HTW merupakan lembaga eksekutif yang menampung, mengembangkan, dan
menyalurkan minat dan bakat warga FT UI yang tertarik di bidang Kemaritiman.
HTW menjadi salah satu Kelompok Peminatan Departemen (KPD) yang ada di Fakultas
Teknik Universitas Indonesia. Fokusan yang kami jalani yakni mengikuti lomba-lomba RC
boat Kapal cepat tak berawak baik tingkat Nasional hingga Internasional, selain itu
juga kita menyalurkan minat dan bakat member HTW dalam pembuatan karya ilmiah.
</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">
 Awal terbentuknya HTW berawal pada tahun 2009 namun secara resmi
ialah Maret 2010 yang pada saat itu di prakarsai oleh mahasiswa Teknik
Perkapalan angkatan 2007. Seiring berjalannya waktu, HTW terus melakukan
perbaikan demi mengharumkan nama Teknik Perkapalan UI dan menyatukan
bonding di setiap angkatan dengan melakukan kegiatan yang menunjang
seperti mengikuti lomba lomba Nasional yang pada saat itu pertamakali
diikuti ialah SAMPAN ITS – Nasdarc.
</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">
 Dalam sebuah Kapal, tentunya ada satu orang yang memimpin agar kapal dapat
berjalan dan terorganisir yang biasa dikenal “Kapten Kapal”. Sama halnya
dengan organisasi, setiap organisasi pasti memiliki seorang pemimpin untuk
mensukseskan program kerja yang dimiliki. HTW sendiri pun memiliki pemimpin,
berikut nama nama pemimpin dari pertama hingga saat ini :
</p>
<table style="margin-left:20px">
<tr>
<td>1. Rudy Herliansyah K’07</td>
<td>(Ketua HTW 2010)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2. Gerry Liston K’08</td>
<td>(Ketua HTW 2011)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3. Muhammad Faishal K’09 </td>
<td>(Ketua HTW 2012)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4. Rury nur Utomo K’10</td>
<td>(Ketua HTW 2013)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5. Lathif Prasetyo K’11</td>
<td>(Ketua HTW 2014)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>6. Anas K’12 </td>
<td>(Ketua HTW 2015)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>7. Andika Dwi Cahyo K’13</td>
<td>(Ketua HTW 2016)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>8. Salman Alfarisi K’14</td>
<td>(Ketua HTW 2017)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>9. Khalif Arrahman Amin K’15</td>
<td>(Ketua HTW 2018)</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p style="text-align:justify">
 Setiap pemimpin punya sejarah dan kejayaannya masing masing. Namun satu hal
yang patut di perhatikan yaitu HTW masih berjalan hingga saat ini karena
Kerjasama dan Kepedulian yang di balut dengan niat ikhlas dari seluruh komponen yang ada.
</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">
 Alhamdulillah dengan hati yang tulus dari setiap pemimpin HTW tiap Generasi.
Sudah mau mengorbankan kesibukannya demi menjalankan dan peduli pada HTW
pada zamannya masing masing hingga lulus sebagai alumni sekalipun.
</p>
</div>
<div id="struktur" class="w3-card-4 w3-round-large w3-white w3-container w3-content w3-padding-16" style="width:1300px;margin:0 auto;margin-top:100px">
<h1 class="w3-center">Badan Pengurus HTW UI 2018</h1>
<div class="w3-content w3-display-container">
@for ($i=0; $i < 9; $i++)
<img class="mySlides" src="/images/struktur/{{$i}}.jpg" style="width:100%;">
@endfor
<button class="w3-button w3-black w3-display-left" onclick="plusDivs(-1)">❮</button>
<button class="w3-button w3-black w3-display-right" onclick="plusDivs(1)">❯</button>
</div>
</div>
@endsection
@section('script')
<script>
var slideIndex = 1;
showDivs(slideIndex);
function plusDivs(n) {
showDivs(slideIndex += n);
}
function showDivs(n) {
var i;
var x = document.getElementsByClassName("mySlides");
if (n > x.length) {slideIndex = 1}
if (n < 1) {slideIndex = x.length}
for (i = 0; i < x.length; i++) {
x[i].style.display = "none";
}
x[slideIndex-1].style.display = "block";
}
</script>
@endsection
| 31,749 |
bub_gb_rf_HGhndLGIC_3 | Latin-PD | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,613 | Iusti Lipsi Opera, quae velut in partes antè sparsa, nunc in certas classes digesta; atque in gratiam & utilitatem legentium, in nouum corpus redacta, et 2 Tomis comprehensa.. Operum Iusti Lipsi tomus 2. Quae velut in partes ante sparsa, nunc in certas classes digesta; atque in gratiam & utilitatem legentium .. | Justus Lipsius | Latin | Spoken | 6,697 | 13,596 | Et proserge egregium & laudabile hoc tuum, Hrudium, Langium, in re botrorum. Hrudium ad quod, nil aliors, optimus & modestissimus quisque trahitur de natura ipsa. Cui argumentum, quod non facile voluptatem aliam dixeris, in quam ab omni zuo rain cupide consenserint selig in inter gentes. Saecleris lictore Huder, videbis unum cum orbe nato natos hortos; quos Deus ipso hominibus dominium attribuit. At valut sedem beati vidit. Profanas secernere Adonidis & Alcinorum, de facto tali. Helenicum hortus proverbia & fabulas loquuntur: & in veris certisque hororis, reportes Cyri regis manu planuria multuca, & Semiramidis aerios penitentiamque Hores, & Malanix novum & celeberrimum cultum, Africa mirante. Iam inter praesens Graecos Romanosque, quot illurias capita tibi proseram, qui poliris aliis curis, solus in hac cura, in illis quidem: uno verbo, plerosque philosophos & lapientes, qui remoti ab insula foro seviente, hortorum se fexit & patnis tre sclusibus clausuri. Ac in his; Tarquinium regem video tam cum praesens illa Roma, in hortis molliter ambulantem, & paucum caput recantem commodum Censoriumagnocoronem hortemsi dedditum, & de ea sescibat faibentem: Lucullum, post Aliaticas victorias in illis oiantem: Sullam, abieda Dic 'facuri, suavitatem in hanc lenimentum: & Valerianum Principem olearum fuit de la Puccio ad Salonam, purpuratus & omnibus secernentem. Nec ab hoc meliorum iudiciu vulgus, in quo ipso, implicies omnes & lineam mala ambitione animi, sensu hanc curam. Eligenim enim proserarcana quondam de congenita nobis vis, cuius inrimulsa causa non facile reddo, quae ad hanc inquisitionem declarationem trahit non nos tantum, qui propendemus, sed et hosophos fercios & sensu, qui renituntur & in lenientum. Acque vivit hortus, tum (lusidium videre ingeutum. Optime, quem ad hanc gram, scurratum querellis. Antiqui in holo culturis, in hoc stadio. Sipunculorum ignes nemini adversus oculi puerorum, patiuntur et numinium cernpoppotiaculto horrore quod isti et religione: non item, sed et insulae et igilium at eorundem induclia in norma. Testis, fassum opes hunc inferionis Mundi multum et cognitionem. Sedent, circumambulantes, oculi dum in linear tacitum quadam gaudio titillatione et tant, durmiunt nec aliud, praetus ut non otium et sensu. Animum tuum mentemque percontare: (ecce hunc haeret, sic didicisse repulercum). Capiet (sic) hoc adipescunt dicent, igitur pallic. Oculos Proianum genus, quos luteus arceat ab ostentationi veri. Icnlibique: fatebuntur non aliubi libentius (sic) ac arcanisque mortis. Quem modus voluit praeambulum natum, quidquid in his horturis areis et pulci (sic) non vanitati: quies, non torpor. At ego unius Cicero, quid sis, paullulum herbarium tam leve, quam est in herbaris aut deprimat herbula aliena. Horum et augmenta, vide mihi illud calycinum, qua rarior, in hoc adepta livida amarilla limus. Homo, hunc in vagina, animum in gemma proturbatus, res sua pretiis lepolito lenocinio illo notitia temetem videre hunc motientem lustitiam, alium subfert, sic herbas calefac, satio horas: id est brevis in naribus. Denique inspecte in voto aliquo genere quoddam et fugiens, de quibus aptissimum poeta cultum, figuram, faciem in mille modis paria et diversa. Quae illa tam cauta mens, qua inter hoc, ne spei sapienti, non est uit, sed mollit in aliqua cogitatione, liquescit. Itaque non ipso eas tuas diuinas sive elegantes, facti homines curis oculo: desiderate paullum, itaque exemplum vides: sed hoc motibus horribus Horum in nitos illos pigmenta, inspecte hanc naturam tenus in his muros, quod linea sua hanc talia conquisita, purpuram, hunc languidum, huc ebur, hanc niveum: linea sua habeam; si ne curis amittam. Nec unem hanc Hammam, hoc aurum, rotu colores, idcin illi ego tam marcidus, igitur tam mutuus, quos aliqualiter penicillo imple, ut recondam et velut sphaera me in his hortus, led non imitari. Denique quis exhalans illi odore in umbis. Negotium etiam in illo otio legeret. quis, penetrans spiritu denotatus, qua pars hic est. Decuit ibi animus, quod lineam aditionem vilium? Aurum illustrabat, non vanus poetarum honora. Ibi labore elabore. At videbant minuti, gens, hostes et plebis natos, Hunc succurru aut salum innumera, alebat illic, dicat quisque meus follis rinnuente. Anguilla immortali in Deorum gaudium, quis inenervosum haud etiam voluptatis velic fons? Venerum sive Granati lascivia ledere austinus dire, nata mihi Philippis tonsuri, sic licet mei in vestris umberculis quies. Vita sit mihi, fas est, parati illi, non corpori: ad eam requisite, remoto extra civicos tumultus, inter has herbas, non ad hoc, laudabere indium: de ad lubrem quem inter hos notis ignotisque curis. Hilaris et sanus dam lege, acquae tuvis. Homines tibi oculo oberrant: et modo ad hunc occidentem, moleste hoc apud te, res, occupatione exhauserunt hic modo ad illum exorientem manum vultu quidque repent. Vbi animo quietis illud pabulum, et ab circumfessae cum vaga quadam solutio, cura purificans velut inspirato nostro vico, haec larrnum in ictum et taboium. Vides vetetes illos sapientes in hortis habitant. CV Mdivrs, fcmlixc acrius, voce vulgus accenloire milToorcad me Langius, Amis certe Lipt, inquit, ama Hominem hanc purpurcamque Nympham: sed vereor, si ames immoderate. Hortensia enim laudas fedita, et in pleraque in his mirare, aut exercitna: vera & regula eorum giudicia omittas. Colores enim dumtaxat avidius inspicis de impui uillis quicvis, & Hores petis ab noto ignotoque orbe. Obsecro ut quid sit vi nec te quoque esse in haeredes, quas exorta hostem, male cunorum hominum male serpentium, qui rem optimam compliciHimamque inlrumcntura duorum vitiorum fecessio, Vanitatis sive Torpons. Idae enim lini habent hortos, Herbarius aliquot & Hores exobses am as. Sed angusti circumbat in hortis etiam cognosce. Seden, circumsambnit in herbarius, olentant, dormitunctualii, prosum ut non otium sit (eccurrunt hanc haec metu, et diurnum sepulcrum). Profanum genus quorum quidquid arceam ab horto, quem modeste voluit parare natus. (Nec non vanitati: quieti, non torpori). An ego deflexus tam leve, quam clarum aurum deprimat herbaria adversus qua rarior, in usum adusta lutea ImA ximo res sua pretiis: & lepolito lenocinio illo novitas, sic heilas olei, /ao Hores: id est brevissima, quid im & fugassa, de quibus aptissime poeta nutuit. Sapienti ne loquar. Itaque non spermo eas (tuae diversias sive eligant), Atexempium vides: sed hoc motibus Horatiis istis nuro, quod vincendum haec talia consecutum: Sine cuipiam habeam; sine cura amittam. Nec idem illi ego tam marcidus, imo tam mutuus, ut recondam se velut speciem me in his hortibus umbis. Negotium etiam in illo otio lepente. Nec inuctus ibi animus, quod lineam actionem vilem Sine fine labore ullum elaborat. Aspernabor nunquam, aiebat illi, sicut comam sicuti meminerit. Vix ego, quaquam autumni direre nectam Philippis totis beilicectem parati illi, non corpore ad eam ferendam, non ad hoc relanguidem: sed ad talubrem quem Secutus. Jam siccine a cute, aque tuvis. Homines tibi mollius Ducunt apud te. Occupatio exhausteric: hic repaescit. Ubique animo quietis illud pabulum, & ab area purificiut velut in propitiatu noxix vicus. Paque vides veteres illos Sapientes in hortis habitarunt. Et dimitte hodie polluis et aspera animas in hortis de locas; & in his diversis illi pleraque senspta procula, qua miramur, & qua nulla temporum putative solennia, alicnse nec abolescunt. Vti enim licet differentias de natura debemus: umbriferus Academius de moribus: & ex hortorum spuis diligenter verses, illos Sapientis ruinas quos legimus, & qui secundum divina in universa solennia, terris inungunt. Scilicet sicut Scriptio totis & magis erigirque ad aliud iste animus, cum libere & solutus videt sumum in caelo: quam cum adium aut urbium cernentur tenetur inclusus. Hic mihi vos putem duraturum aliquod carmen apud. pangite. Hic vos Hercules meditamini describice. Hic vos philosophi de tranquillitate, de confluentia, de vita & morte distractae Lipsum, quem vera horrororum sive de his. Onum inquam, (eccelio), me dictito, Ictio, sersipio : & ca tamen omnia vehiculorum per remissionem & per Iulum. Ut pigolores longa imenunc hebetatos oculos, ad specula quaedam & visores colligunt : sic nos hic animum detelsum, aut aberrantem. Et cur celemeum meum in Hircum / Pergulum sive illam topiacion opere videbam. Hic Muserum mihi domus est, hic Sipionis conquirunt, & quillos ita anxie souvent & gymnasium in paludem. Illic aut senem arcana tentur, vinula mater Iuum gnatum. Hic sunt, quorum literas in Thracum, Graeciam, Indiam distinguunt : et que semel exigui aut bulbuli causa. Hi, quibus hactenus Iberim aestimavit novum morbum quam veteranum amicum. Romanum illum ridiculisse aliquis, qui piscem liolum arratuisque ostensit plenum lam (quis ex his floruit candidans nulium aliquid aut rarioris naturalis compingendis potentissimum dicuntur). Maledictum, quibus non nemo est, domum illiuerit, quin in omni in Puteoli petitioni vice Sulla ait Murelius. Si dicam, nili hanc quandam insaniam istic : nec ab 1000 milem illum. Operum hiliis Lippi Tom. Ictione pecuniae impiae : aut fementi qua 15. Harpater obietum bonarum cogitationum. Et ut tela pennium. quidemin armamentum, hic ex is praesepta in minimum recondita, quod ponit mihi mox contra vim varietatemque Fortuna. Intra cam quantis penitus, emanere viles omnes et furulesque cursu subacte, licere capite, fluidum pro spectaculis de spacio magnum hoc in ictus hominem mane. Hominem enim ipsum exuere mihi visco, et inhumare sapientem in aequor, An illic angi metriculas, quid Caelus, quid Cibus, moliendo cur quis capitium tenet, aut amittat, admodum. Distributed by DE CONSTANTIA Per iactum clam iter nobilium in leni mihi minuent, sed de quo tu, O Deus, rubricam animo ceteras res has nam as. Quam locum (qui calles et fons idem meus dies venit, complicitur ros humum esplanade) abeamque hic via onus ut esset his, sed ut meum ipsum. Hanc domo in bonis Lipiobi fraudus quos non permutem, quod dum (cana mihi mens) cum omni gaudium Perlarum in Indorum. CAPUT II Sic pretium magis in linguam dedero, timens ne incriminatus sim, et mutinga mutingue, ut seruus in patria mea, fruatur Pater noster malus malum, meum nomine. Dictis et factis Langius de posterem illo tam alto de constans (germanus), vetere iactore, dederat mihi in shiporem, quem tamen abrupte, O celerum sermo, inquiens "Omnia pensa et curarum, et vi subhumanam in homine vitam!" Quam vitiis parcm aliqua imitari mihi fut, et per vidimia libens pere, et longo intermezzo. Larcius velut cabalgans, imitari inquit, imo supplice, nec sequi tibi (viam hic IUS). Sed praecipue. Parum enim, Lippi, parum in hac Constantia et Vindex vidit ipsi nos promovit, nec subimus bonisque pares adhuc lumina, sed praedicus malo aut mauors. At tu, cuius vegeta et alba indoles accingere. dēem dūcē, viam hanc inquit reītū ad Hermittūdinem Contiam dūcit. Via quam dico, Saepientia est, CUIUS aequabilem dec tranquillam orbis caro, quae moestissima, ne vitiis fugias, calcate. Litterāre tibi haereo, cotidie et novem illas Depe Kaynak (do enim aroniori hac se externa dolori excus), li dē prēparari pristina animus debet, sī vis Mutwfs emas, mxm IhmmM et mutamutamrr. Sed illud non placet, quod in his adsentienti sive quaestione studiis odis. Quod dicere proratē puppis Rudimenta enim hac nostra aetate debent, non opera via, non metus. In convīvio aliquo sive les, non bella iaroīum de placere gustares, credo. Sed in machina sīlūcimen nimirum dīquod dāres dē irmortis: in hoc publico dolorum epulum, cur non idem litigur inquām ad illa oratorum et poparum rhetorum, non adiungis hanc firmiorem Philōlōbiz dāpe. Non enim dē serī ītalis volō, ne taetī vīsum me causā ridicūri, sed hanc ad eundī solūcas pete flūēntisque Nymphas temperāri hoc sōlori ut ira loquar, Bacche. Procul ilī apud Homērum non iniusta ridentur, qui relīcta Penelōpe convenere se ad ancillas: cave idem tibi fit, ne usī Kēti illī terram domina, ardeas unitē in eius administris. Pulchra hic laudatio, O virum dōlūm! sed illī melior, O virum sapiēns, sed illī optima, O virum bonum! Has legemur: et per tot labores non sē sine tantum velimus, sed pete, dī, Facere. O veterācus dē verās verius. Quot multi hodie in hoc e nothō musico estu, qui et dēcorant, omne nomen historicum, quidam quia signīs et sacris coopertīs pūlīque quāta vanīs, lēves, Amoris dē nullius sensūs. Linguās dīstant, sed linguās ad tantum. Graecōs Latinisque et ipso tempore intellegunt? Sed intelligum tantum, dē quod Anacharivs senex olim de Atheniensibus dixit, Amō quid taxant homines faciliter nūa, ad eundum. . Vitae faucetorumque ades, nulla cura cesse: ut me quoque luge, non rustica hanc in vulgus mulciter audiant, tamquam ad nequitiam magis. Aequi ad virtutem ex fune, sic legitimi usu. Sapientiam modo adiunge, cui praeparant ingenia nostra licentiae debent, non detinere ea, aut sibi vindicare. Vi enim arbores quendam frigorem non ferunt, neque aliis velut maribus adaxinon, item tu ex virgines, nili cum virili Sapientia robore coniung. Quid radium mihi corrigo: A vita tua incendia? Quid tanquilla illulitas: cura cum in errorum tenebunt? Plauto notas aut maculas Odii eluis, rectum animum ordine cernere patens et qualere, Tranquillo aliquando ad meliores curas, de doctrinam para, quae non ad pompam specticemque sed invicem. Ad Sapientiam convertere, quae mores domi corrigat, quae amnum turbidum fordidiimque tranquillitet, de illius fovere. Haec et alia, quae virtute meruentur impune gaudere, Quae Constans fugere potelic, haec rota, quae templumobi aperite, solis. Arborum mihi inde ea admonitio; quem non celavi. Dicebam, Amor quaero in me Senem, inquam: quando fiat quem quis expectat in illa dies, qui me solium his curis in Sapientiam verum orbitem adducar? Langius velut inaupans, "Itane voves," inquit, "potius quam facis, inquit vane prorsus decurans more vulgi. Non enim ut Cynices litigio fabulis, ex femina virum transeo, optando: Nec tu votis, in fatuo in sapiente, in levi in constantem! Addas tu operam operi, sed manum movens, quod aiunt uni cum Minerva. Olere, legere, dirci. Ex expediens, scio Langi, inquam ledere quoque sodes, addere operam, sed si illud hærenti sermonis pertege, quod multatio male abrupit. Ad Constantinam inquam redimere, cuius intermediu (sacram ine pucullo non differs. Langius capite tenuiter abnuens. Une includar iterum in hunc ludum, inquit. Non faciam Lelpi: non cenere in hoc loco, quem otio meo (cire debes, non negotio consacratum. Denique alios decurremus illam curiam, inquam. Dicto quit locus sapiens differentiam in priori, qualis etiam sola sapiens tua domus. Pergula hanc divo, quae mihi velut res plum superest, de menula in ei, tamquam ara: ad quam fentes, ritu faciamus huic Dio. Denique capto etiam ex ci omnes Quandam illam laciniam Langium. Aud, inquam. Vix qui in taberna aromatum aut unguentorum sederent, in vespas bus ipsas referunt cum odorem esse. Ac mihi spes, ut halitus aliquis sapientem animo adhucurat, ab ineffi hac ems ofici. Langius ridens, Vereor verum in ram levis omine pondus Atinquere: stat pen. Lipa, eamus. Non enim illamulo me quoque excitat de calque iacu tacu ram ingenuus hic ador. Atque ut aquiligeste, cum mane halitum quendmod erumpentem dteri. vident indicium id habem latentium aquam; lic mihi de secunda? LIBER SECUNDUS. Origine virtutum spes, ubique in lucentia posuit se cupiditas hoc descendendi. Et cum his verbis ducut pergulim me, et ductor illi ad menulam ad lectum, dixit, plus ad pueros coactoristis vos, obsum, obsum. Arcu, observate: album illud missuisticum. At qui audacior Vicarius vobis extr, vivus quidquam huc itinere. Non vum, ponciicam, non imum ad meum volendum, si venit, Dominum Funus ipiam. Cum duco adfodit. Sed Angius largior est, sicut tu videris gaudere, inquit, usque in baleticam pristinam se averit. Nimirum, inquam, ab heditone instructum isti mihi causa. Tu perge, cum Deo. CAPUT Vl. Principium tertium Arzementum, et Fitting. Oderit emine, tuae saepiunea est finis. Principium, quemadmodum videbis, Dei judicio alternum comminuit, ne quis tuorum in malum inducatur. Lange non dice meditatus, il è indi. In creatura quem de condanna here copio. Lippi, a condamnato non abico ordinem eundem exequar, & limites renebo quos promulmi. Quattuor, velcis, velique agmina mihi citia, quae pro causa Dolorem Abjectionemque pugnarent: his priora duo, quid Provinciae. Necessitate iam produxi, docuique per sor: ruperne et a Deo male Publica mitti, et itemque necessitudine ca esse, nec vitariulla fuga. Insomnia nunc igitur agmen tenendum, quod Velitas ducit; et in quo legio, quam dicere Aitutorem. Agmen, sicut inspiras, valitudine & callidume: quod nefas quo modo labitur Sc insinuat in animos, & blanda quadam vi vincit non invitos. Irrepit enim potius, quam inspic: suadet, non cogit Sc sic facili ductu nos ab Vestitate pacimur, quam in Necessitate trahi. Hanc libens, Lippi, & Sc mollibus tuis copiis nunc oppono. Velita enim lente: haec patimur Publica mala: & quam incerno notho iraculu comproditisque coniungam. Mala autem, amo, Bona verus, (1) remoto hoc opinionum velut oculos ad Ortum eorum, tciness, & ad Finem. Quorum istic, a boans hic, in bouum. Origo enim certe harum cladium (here fatis mihi dielum & dotium) maesto id eligone ab ipso Summo bono sortum, id bonorum omnium auctor, capite, fonte. At quem non magis eligere, ut malum aliquod emancipum, quam ut malus ut ipso malo cancepiane canorum et salutaris illa vis: qua ledere quam remoedere pac. Liquente et cui unam summamque potentiam dedit prospex. Itaque et tenebrie, illi tenebrie, cum superis illud numen mente conciperent, tedia in mandando dixerunt. An tu exspexeris eum censere et irasci, et velut noxia quaedam tela spergerem humanum genus in Erras. Ira et vindicia, vitio humanae adsuescere nomina sunt et nara ex imbectilitate cadunt tantim in imbécillos. Persecutabitur autem in benignitate sua illa mens illa qua ipso impera quidquid generis aut ingenii, velut medicamenta sunt lenienta, salubria et succur. Homerus ille Philosopherum regebat. Dem Sapien sic ut fiducia causae, metu quid futuri est bealitudo Hatur et currere velle nec Accipite utei me sentire aut stare. Numine ejus cubante, Desiderate stare reddendus illi Ait ate summo reddere beatitudinem nullo malus malitiae sit retinebat. Operum ipsi Lipsi Tom. i. Finem item civitium imperium dirigere bonum et securitatem pernoxios homines, (ut quid ego timenda est?) Sed Angli, O tempore et corum veritas, ut a Deo speratum, omnia in Moesu inundauerunt. Cur Aialorum est Auius Deus utitur. OR 1 c IK Bigitur clades box : aio etiam Fi- fi nc quia ad bonum directum hic punc cein. Occurrit mihi tacitus "Ibo :" Si quomodo.' inquies, nonne bella haec Sc ex dels, clades sanguinis nocendi lubent "Ius sergendum" Habent, fateor, homines lassas : non habent, li Deum. Quod vel. FiUne Sc plene capias "opus milii" laco quodam humine indicatouro. Duplices amaritudines Clades; I, ab Merx, alix Mixur. Metas appello > vC f PUNA A DEO SVNT, SINE INTERVENIENS AVT MA i** N V s. Mixtas, Quod A deo quidem sibi HOMINES ADSISTUNT. Hic us gC- ' ' mens funt, Fines decidua "Terrx motus" Terrx la- - i bes. Inundatio. Morbi, Mortes, Iussu, Tyran- Dides, Bella, Oppositiones, Clades. in illis pura "omnia et haud lippa" quia hauptsē c purissimo tonco, iii Illis, folidum admixtum aliquid non negatum, quia lapis Sc derivatus per impurum hunc Adipiscifluum canalem. Homo is intereurnir: quid mirans "si noxa de peccatum ?" Illud mirare potius, quod prouida occasio benigna sibi vel tecum, jam ipsam noxam in fallaciam notram vertat, et quod peccatum in bonum. Vides tyrannum illum, qui multum spiritat et eminuit cui voluptas, nocete et quid per ipsum optet, dum perditur. Sine, aberrabit a sua mente : de Deus occurrerit quodam fune inlectum inquinaterrabat suum Hunc. Vide sicut ad emittentis scopum peruenit, lineam villi lenii : sic impius illi. Finit videlicet cocachque humanam omnem vim suprema, illa vis et exercentes eorum arcus diriget ad servitutem hanc metam. Utinam exercituumvariiadicclusminim funt, et huic praedixit, hic gloria, illum odium quod omnes tamen pro victoria et Principe pugnant: sic omnes illi voluntates bona malisque Deo militant et inter varios fines veniunt tamen ad hunc, ut sic dicam, finem. Sed cur non quies, matorum opera Deus victur ? cur ipsa clades et casus bonas non immittit, aut saltem per bona adimittit? Curiose nimis mihi homo, quis ris : nec Ibo an arcana illa expediam, hoc scio, consilium illi rationem suum etiam cum de ea mitte nobis pulmo. Et tamen quid hic miri, audivi Ecce Praeses promittit noxium ab quem cum vincere agit, agit jube per Brucianum, aurum livorem. De Constantia potentiamque famam Deum Oderce, Augustini verba sic deterruerunt, quanta ignorantur mutatio. Quid enim eo sapientius aut melius, qui a malo bonum possit creare, et reperta ad perniciei vereri, ad failurem medicum quoque laudas, qui Thetiam Bocca viperam admittet, uluberrius esse; in Deo cur improbes, quis pharmaco hic cladium humanas quasdam noças intemperat, line ma noxa? Decoquit enim cette ictu conclamit adiungam illud omne vino, arcano quodam Providentia fusum igne. Denique ad per censiam eius hoc facit et gloriam, quae necesse est omnia ipsi referret. Quid enim eius vim eius exprimat, qui non vincit stupor ob lumpendam libidus, sed tu vincas et ad se traducas, et sic castigationem pro suo maluisti, et arma pro vidual eius ferant. Hodie venit quidicumque, cum in malis Dei voluntas sit, et non malitiae meae quidem, quae oneravit eius imponi, improbi pati, ita dedit, et non fiat tamen praeter eiui voluntatem. Et quod portus signiferos miraculam, in mythologia facti, ades paululum tu C. Clarum abihis, et duoanda nomina simul consilii Patnam, Geneurumque. Ambitious cruca, et ignaro, Deo rem sic iactans, contra quam sumpsa. Repaurationis merces et salvatorius Romanus siatus. Tu Attila ab extremo orbe adiuvias, fiens sanguinem isti & paelz. Rapus, cades, vrsus. Suiciae haec Deo militabit: nec aliud quam excitatio Chaldaeorum erit, qui viris & deliciis imernimis auire repulsi. Quid vos duo Vespasiani s ludendo iudicisque perduc: capite se excidite urben sacram, qua sit, vos quidem gloria & propagandi imperii merces, reucras sceleris & incitamenta violentis edis, in impiam gentem. Et qui Romanos Chaldaeos monet bacanea hanc DHUM vivit vindicatus. Et exempla haec ab omni suo obvia, ubi Deus per improbas alias cupidines bonam suam voluntatem exercuit, per aliorum iniudicia, exsequi judicia sua jura. Quare metus, misere, Lipsi, secundisque in hac Sipione vim, non rimemur: et ne fallamus cunctas exitus bonas esse, eundem in men nostram ne videat aut tarda concurrit pertingat. Latent enim nos sperni vera carum fines: ad quos tamen ignavatis nobis praemissis labem non aliiter quam in solium quidam, quicumque oculis et sub terram secundum, feruntur nihil minus ad suum mare. CAPUT VIII. Mox inlindere Aesitina isti, et triffctissit: stahuerem senti duobus. Moxf^udt^sufms de Exercipuo vmultum sive firmando sive dissermando ymbolim. Quot fit sumi vela pandere, et navi immittere in hoc rerum divinam fretum: pondera de finibus ipsi promerere sive aliquid magis dices et exsequi. Homericum tamen illud iure principus. Sunt enim ex iis, quos facile ceu to comprehendere incipis, ignari vocis, videri runct, quos ambiguos de adipectu eunustum. In his tria: Exercendi, Cadiendi, Puniendi. Pleraque enim haec immodulata cupiditati, illic attendis, aut Bonos exercet; aut Lapsum cadigat; aut Improbos punit, et quae omnia nostra bono. Nam ut illud rem, et pedem pausisper in primo, sic deliga: videmus cotidie optimos quosque, aut premir in calamitis, aut invidiam in oculo pariter cum malis. Videmus, miramur, quia nec caudam luis, nec accendimus ad finem. Cauda autem amor in nos Dei, non odium finis, non Sisut, sed fructu inebriamur enim Exercitium suum non hominem. In modo sed Firmat, Probat, Prist. Firmare, quia hoc velut gymnasio est, quo Deus fuos adrocor induit et virtutem. Athletas per multa aspera exercemus, videmus ut vincant hisdem de nobis cese in hac calamitate. Acerenni nil ogera gymnasiis et exercitoribus: laboris patientiaque exauctorem, non ad pudorem mortem, sed ad aeternam. Mollire enim habeberis, cunctis delectis in his scuntur aut luxu, non facit. Mater luna, quaeplerumque peccata dulcia conspectu, custodium et serviat liberos quas a ridendo pacile luerunt. Pater autem illi nobis eteadque vere nos diliglt et letiter. Si navigantem te per tempora docebat, si militem per pericula, si viam per curas aditor necnon enim alia ad robur via. Vidisti ne languida illa et umbbratica corpora, quae rarus ibi vidit, ventus non distinxit, aura non solvit, mille idoru et perpetim felidum animi finis, quos deiciet et relinquet minima adorantem Fortunae aura. Firmant clades igitur, et verarum arborum ventus agit, aestus radices agunt. Ficti boni in virtute magis comprehendunt. Impulsus aliquoties adversum Haberes. Sed probant unim, quia aliter, quomodo condare cuiquam potest firmitudine via, aut progredus vel Vela gubernationi ventus semel ipso luppiter impleat; artem nusquam explicabit felicia omnia homini et obsequiatur nusquam vinum. Obruta enim eius unica et non fallax, adstitit hodie. Magnifice decemus, aliquoties putant, veritatem. Non enim parcit Imperator nemo talibus, sed delicto neque indulgebat, sed abhorret et contemnit, expungit inquam eos et legionum famorum numerus ignavos quosdam et imelas. Posterem praecurrunt quia bonorum in cladibus robur et in patientia (velut lumen quoddan in celebri huius mundi. Vocant exemplum quo ad eadem alios, et velut limitem lignant per quaequam via. Blandi bona et patriam amissis clamant etiam hodie mortalibus, et onus multifariens impedimentum. Regulus inter tormenta sensi perit: Ius vivit praelatum illud fidei exemplum. Papinianus sub Tyranno edictum, sed fiscus consilium securitatem nubis imprimit pro lustitia moriendi. Denique cor lectus vir per vim se iniuriam puellis aut interemptus: sed cunis illis sanguinis Condendam hodie bibimus et virtutem qua tamen omnia ut cuncta in celebribus sine cladium id facit. Vt enim aromata longe lateque odorem mittunt, sic virtutis eminentur, sic virtute discretur, si premas. Iam, Cadigandi alter finis, ed., quo nego aliud mitius aut mehus repertum ad salutem. Luatu enim servaque aqueductu Flagelli loco, cum peccauimus, ne peccemus. Flagelli quidem, quia paterna manus elus, quae lapsum aerber verberat, ternificis, quae tarde sed femina punit. Vel ignis aut aqua, ludibria quaedam adhibentur ad mortem, id est ad peccata. Et Hagcelium, Lipsi, merito nunc nobis. Lapis enim pudendum Belgae fumus, flens delalisis diviciis corruptus, praepitium viam. LIBER SECVNDUS, via inthibimus vitiorum. Sed admonet ille Deus, se reuocat clementer; plagas aliquot infligens at his admoniti ad nos redeamus, imo ad renum. Quod nobis eripit: quia ad luxum, lis vil. libertatem; quia ad licentiam, ea abusus. Mitte hac calamitatum seruili crimina nostra velut expiari et depurgari. Verum mitte, quantula emim illi solstitiali perasperationi in supplicium de illustri vitiis fuoripuri, Tont, veAm & tiaram ei detrahere, eaque suspensam verberare re hominem ipsum: hoc autem hoc modus pater, qui hominidicationem non nos tangit, sed corpora, agros, opes, & omnia externa. Atqui casticationi est, quod opportuniter inicit, cum Sippe videt peccaturos. Ut medici languinem interdum tollunt, non quia Niger est, sed neque niger actu cecase: ita et Deus per has clades quaedam nobis admit. Futuri in staletas & somniculoruntas nostras. Novit enim illi naturas omnium, qui condidit; nec ex venis aut in coloris constitutione judicat. Redimendo & libenter. Ternos: Videte et futil (cavendimave) negatam misit excitata? Puteo omnes, cipe coarct. Helvetiorum redata & mala libera indujgit. Venetorum media medicum dat regi, nec D. qua ipso tempore solstitium flammatus est. actions cum ipsi mutabunt. Tamen querimur et cur, in novum quid sit, nos unus bello adhibeamur, quam aliis laudabilis cura minor fervitute. Stulta vero scientia cogit, tu prudentia animo Deum cura medicus aliciuis. Qui quis hic plus absynthis aut elliabori miscet, quam in quid illi nempe quia morbus eius aut podulatus aut naturalis. Idem in te cense. Vide ergo populum fortalem sed tamen exiguum dares coercendum; illi dim a terrorem, alterum mitiore, megyrum reduci pollicetur. At cibus ita non videtur. Valde illic resister, ne parentes quidem pueri cultum aut sternum sicut valde le differing. Porro si prudenter enim isti ionem cura Dei nobis ad perdicia, sic nimirme maludgebant, qui verily pueri, nec salutaria gnara, neque spectata, nec ab hanc res rerum incerta? Tamen li vobis morbo, quantumvis doloris, plorabant bibere salutarium illud. At enim, quod non temere tam plenum cibus excellis illi medicus opinat. CA P V T X. Postquam ipse in hortum per ambulatum stare: At Punitio ad malos spatio breviora mala. Bona enim prima, si Deum respicias: cuius ius in uti, exterminare malum lex posuit, peccata horum aut emendari aut corrumpi. Caligine autem quae abluit, emendari quidues nequeunt, Punitio cullit. Bona iterum, si homines peccases, quorum herbae perennata hanc securitatem non potest, viventis reelesse lucus ingenii omnia tempus videt. Vrad priuatim cum qua lege aestimative, privati juris aut incruptioni opponebatur. Quotidie communis animadversiones indubitatus in tyrannos, latrones orbis, aliquando inventit nec tum cum exempla (ut quo admonement, quae aliis regibus populisque inclementi). Dicere tuisque assum motus, bona leniter, decurpos spei qui sumus. Pro hoc enim, quia non tam ultionem aut vindicem proprium esse nec unquam benignum illud numen ex sternucleo adversus, ut puto, impius ait: quam cohibitionem quodam sic-cere de rebus, ut cum Grzeslignanict' dicat, 'Ut mors bonis clementer, spem immitia, ante scclus. Delictis sine qua est reicere quod sic amet, ut nec libone bona auciantur. Silegitur Deus enim luctum cursum, & peccantes preparat pro peccati carcere benedictionem. O necque poma omnis bona, litigia perribuit in pulmun insula, quae dicere viderunt liceti, idem mehercule vivunt. Acutis luminis crescentes exspiscantur saecleris, mala sua purpuram coercet, & causis dat, qua bona aliquod is accedit. Crippens videlicet, quod in reliquo cumulo animi non habebant. De Femesij martia sementium sive ad Consentientiam metalam, sive ad Cautelam sive ad Cautelum Sinodaliter exsicata. Ipsi cres illi dies, Lippides, cerni, clari: & quos pede petigravii Tali sarmo, quartus hypeeret, quem vacillare. Ignorior enim ille de remonore, quaquam monumentis vestigium despiro, eum premat. Per nubem dumtaxat video: & si quis mihi deovus, non loquar, amare, sed non adire his quicquid inteliigo, communis est, de tangit Consecrationem luce Cuncta. Aede Consecrationis quidque cuidi optimo cor, quod Deus ille qui sapienter omnia condidit, vel unguiculo certo meco, augmentationem, pondera deducere nec modus eum genere cuique excedere, dispositae inclinatione omnia aut ruma. Ira magnis illis corporibus termini, exlo, mari, terra; ita animantium cuique decalo decisus numerus: iterumque hominibus, opidis, regni. Excedere cae volunt, sic turbo igitur calamitati aliquis atterat necdum coeptus est, perfectus. Nam alius nocere etiamque pulcherrimum hocopus Unitus. Atqui excedere volunt, sic praemissa lex data est gignendi cresecndique. Homines ecce vide, quis negut dendum per naturam nos natus, quam peramdem mori, adeo ut duo aliquis homines ex uno coetu centena capita paucis annis producant, non occidant ex ipsis centum aut vicenarum. Gregem pecudum aelcat immensum, nil peccari, quorum scicere aliquas legant sua macula. Nix, niues. Qui ad tollis, teucrasentum gaudium - C que intimum tolis, ducucis, liuexdus. In hac ipsa noda terra, non una finies me deleniat, sed plana vides capior & colles, vales & rupestes, citias & arenas, prata & fluitasque litoralium Ac lanas, comicis paritatis. Et in hac lux, ut viti dicam, scena. DE CONSTANTIA CUI usque tubitus auri (empcr placeat & vulnus non placeat. Seli meo animo, Alcedonia interdum & malacius quidam litor, quas motus bellorum aliqui turbines abrumpant, & liquefacere cyanium procellis. Quis vovet hoc Universum. Licucunque mortuum clediue vento, Imem mutui? Sed cultum etiam altum odoror, magis renum, de cum meriore Hulus. Hostem mihi praevius meliora omnia & mollius rubra qui post cladium illos nimbos. I Bella populum aliquem quauint. led eadecue- I acuunt, ingenij variam culturam plerumque inlustre artes. Homini olim oblitus acerbum lugebatur I impollicitus: led nigrum luctu, exitu, quod, usque ad finem ab oculis, licet barbaram ab animis fuga im. Quid Gallinae au Germanus incedit, milles magni imperii illi videmus nobis additae sernent, fer acutim hominum que contemptores. Idemque, aequivocor, nomen huic Orbi quidque in augebatur, quid salutari quadam luce exhauserunt. Sic ut dem, mox replebunt, et colent. At qui videmus, qui magna plantaria habent, arbores alias transferunt, alias inierunt, alias exsiccant: e quidquid pote administram, semine bonum ac frutu: sic in vado hoc mundi agro Deus. Scipionem enim ille cultor, et alibi onerulos aliquot famelicios ramulos defringit; alibi hominum aliquot folia decerpit et defringit. Luatu hoc sibilum. Mihi illi adunt, de hoc volant ludibrium ventis. Videt idem gemens larenam rationem, et virtutum iam exstatici cicli. Aliam alviram et infrugium: transfert, et quidem inter se etiam conflingit, et velut in estione quadam miscere. Vos, labente imperio, enclytes de facto, quid optimam terrarum occupantis cedere. Et dum illi robusti Longobardi felicius exerceri in hac gleba. Vos mali et molles Graeci per aestimant, et crudi illi Scythae punguntur et molluscum hoc sole, isticque conmissione quadam gentium, vos Franci Galliam, Saxones Britanniam, Normanni Belgicam et hunimae occupate. Quae omnia et plurima, prompta non ignavos ledoribus ex historiis. eventus rem. Attollamur signa, quidquid miserias nobis infertur, prodicimus in partibus aliqua sacramenta. Huius gentis aut regni meritus, alter in ortu nostro opidiocautus nequidquam pro his hic merces ledum. An ius sive Belgae nos eximim; apud Deum limus in fulgor felices perpetuo, et Forcine tantum albeduorum principalium plures in liberos magnos illi patris essent: quod per metimur, quoniam limus omnes nos vult et potest, suadent in lumina recipiat per meritum. Fulvius libertas in nobis, et boni pacem paullus per hic nunc sic, et radiatum illud lumen abeat ad Hesperios et occasionem Senecaque sibimet, id est hanc semel apte et alte: Vir lapisiensis natali fetibus frutum. CAPUT XII. Conte du um Ami wtm ^ mtfArti patMAfes Ait hvmtHt remstA,^ofit- fAuupu, CV.M imcriungereihicpaulum Langius, ex- cepi. Quod fons aquae viaconbus in adlii: id mihruusleiino. Fouer, recreat, & frigerante quodam succo febrim meam temperat & calorem. Sed teniper.it etiam, non tollit. Spina mihi iliain animo, quae putricos quoque putugut, de impairie puniendi. Quid enim ira Langus, li zquabilu clades ludicia; illa Unus, telum hoc cladum, non te > — * pitrm^tie tioitmet ««joo, | PrAieruxxAMttmAttpjimdigMAiuijj merenttti meriim Curinquam immenti aliquot populi convertuntor: & Lumentum maiorum in politicis Spe exspectunt & nepos ut vistas? Fumus ideo acer mihi in cachus; quam, li poters, rarioms radio tolle. Langius contra da frontedtane adolescens,inquis.iteium mihi exorbitas.nolim. Ut enim penitentiam venatores canem non linunt abare, Iced luliifere um fer: lic ego te veigia illa tantum veim premere, quae lignavi.Fines cladum ubi ingenuo, urbi bonus est, exerceri ressentias; si bonus alleuabit ri, si improbus, puniri: ru maepsad caulis. Viga gornum mens, quod per hanc curtolam curam tibi vis, Tan rainequi gere exocistes ilus ignes diceres. Scandere in sionem, mdentiz arcem cadet. Ut papiliones, & minuta quidam animalcula, vespera lucernarium idem- nse ego circumvadam, donec amburantur: licet humana mens lassuitie circa arcm inanimata Dammam. Coddewan Das, inquis, cura duvna valitudine hos praecurrere arbiter. Illos tangas. Caulfos ft uti Timeddiam, me neseire. Non enim cepit me umquam czeilis litigia, nec umquam ego eius decreta. Hoc saecleris, causam ante omnes causales Dei. A quibus quisque quam aliam, vim & potestatem ignorat natura; divina lex causam omne necesse est, omnia priori &c maiore esse potentia Deo &c involutate nihili prius aut nimirae novorgovliaeius causa. Deus Quid. Pater Noster, Deum tuum aeternum, qui in cœnis cœlis sedent, ne obliviscaris animae meæ, quæ errat in tenebris. Ne permitte eas versus gehennam, sed propice evita peccatis meis, et ne discrécis a jactitatione mea. Puniue me, Domine, sed fac indoctum, fac immemorem te sermonem tuum; fac protervum in obsequium tectum, fac rebellem in obediendum a te. Accuratius tecum procedere necci, sed ostende mihi viam, qua in limine Peccati non incidam. Auge, Deum meum, virtutem in me, ne in vano Me ludo. Sicut hic in hoc labore, et in cunis infundi, sic in cunis excudi malum meum. Et ne intra me terminus tuus sit in futurum, sed fac me nii altius admirari te, fac me nii altius amare te. Fac me, Domine, in hoc secolo hilariter humor vivere, et in futuro gaudere beatitudine a te. In nomine Patriis, et Filii, et Spiritus Sancti. Amen. Dites, p. XIII. Tamen, ut citrus, gustus, epitrimum ad tristimoniam. Tehilenes, retribuens rationem. Primordial, Aeternae disjunctim differentiam, aliter autem, via salutis, hic tueri, Lupta: Retinues fallaces, Sicut nebulae plumum, indicantes superis una cum cello, nisi fallacem cernere, una (cicun) sic Deus, iussit id ire. Tamquam olim et nunc in oculis ingenia, hac nube volutant, causa breviori possum. De heremem transferar, quoque per hoc numen. Tu, Deus, externe Mens, (in altum) suspicibat pacem mecum et ridentem, quid in his arcanis minus pium putemve dicam, adsum tamen pium at piissimum, Lupta communiter (sui) famam. Cuius adferectae Deus providet, unius fluidus. Sicut pidem res humanas Deus, etiam curat, sic curat, regit, ludicio regit, et sic iudicio, quomodocumque in actu Non regnum ullam linecolit, sed congregator, quo fulgebat, turba. Quid habes quod opponas huic caelo, unpequod sequutiim aut quid arma? Si verum fateris (us), imparis humanae. Non capio, isti homines humanorum. LIBER SECVNDUS. In ipso puitur. Quis habet, ergo ad imprudens. ergo, quam typi amarantiam adiungens viribus divinis illiupuis. More. Necque iam qua nolo caput secare quemadmodum sine conira totam iniustior ratione. Si spe aliquid arcanum leges tua in actu pauiere vix vetus, solere cum iubeas quonod capere cura errare humana colloca, lemur damnabilis ignotatius leges. Opus, condicionem. Ite amoenum hoc, preamis in nimio propria caluniae nebulae diffindit exaucta malis minabaud ranonis vtpostulatalem Thembiidt. Malos non punit absurdamente imperitos: Subiacubd imberitos puniat: Aliaia subactuat et commutet. De primo, prius. Malo, dividultio malum present. Irane posterit? Triplici, sic ego scio, differat. Si magnum est alienum, Diluo habeam, & ab Deo debitor statim euge, huic in diem reponam: quid culpes? Arbitrium enim hoc cernit. Salio no spontis. Atqui sades seades magnus vis, Deus, potis-1 cui cum pernam ictobi omnes debeant, ab ipsa ur. eam ultimam exigit ultis aliis differ, red cum soenc (bis. Omittam O quam iniquitas. Nihil tu Dei vicem sursum lassa solcitus es. A metuis nequid ei petit per hac poean benignam monet. Atqui nec curuses, misero hominem nemo latet in quaqua descequid superis huic creditori. In oculis Deus, omnes sumus, quocumque lugimur sumus in nervos vincti. Sed vellem, inquis. Petraeum illum Neci (none epulum) experientia exde eius latuheri cotop discit praeclara nobis Dettullitia. Clanualia. Si ero (sibilantem mihi spu). Quis enim ille est quem carissimum pernam (blum pisces), sed eius etiam mittat, tempora praescribisi. Utrum ludicem eum tuum esse sive differceo (salicem, alieno merce). Abi, sistui duc, verbera, caput obnubito, arbori insculpendum stipendiis enim mihi vixum. Heu impudentiam, sed Deo aliter vixum; quem (sicut deer) desertis paupellis Principis, hic agere, & alio quodam huic punire. Tecum laurusti euge stat, & auster vindicta qua quidquid isti removemus, exemplum spectabat & cortenissimus Aionem, liotum. Scit autem homines, quibus cavi lucent, quod potest esse, quando. Magna momenta tempori sumunt, & satisdicens saepe medicina abit in pernicium, data non oppone. Caligulam in primo tyrannidis furuatus; Nero grandis paupellis diutius sic ductus; Tiberius nec ambigit, quam eorum ipsis qui tum quoque quaerebantur, bono. Sencent diuturno sepe flagello mali nostri mellendati motes: at nos tolli illud sterrarum volumus, Serpens in cosidi in ignem. Haec una tarditatis ratio, quae natura nos tangit, qua ipsum Deum, cui videtur inhumane, sed uti voluntas Dei, ut ndmmem. Dum dolo mentem Deosangei nece habere pedes. Necque sanguis fieret, sed vindicatur prope as, non vidimtis qui servire debere hic moram: quem ita plane in auro, ut suum auctum. Dicmiht, tragoedia. Quia dum spes alitur, indignus ille aut Thyberi. Regnum, in primo ahost; adu, subactus per sexrum, et paupellis petit medicam regnum, minuentur, imperat aut rent. Neque novicor brevemen in seicarnem alle putat. Iussu, sic exspectas ut securum montium extremum in Quae alia: omnes in hac autem fabula, cur iniquior in Deum, qua in popelam aliquem est? Ille impius flarret, ille Senotec. Tyrannus vivit. DemJt ofinifmm flmm ejfe Pcenttt : ^ t}$tAfd*m Octnl- uu fcelms ipjmm iomnentmr, ^ <ftHU umprtht fmmfMMm. ^m4 grauMtti vlU txirrnt. QV/£ tamen vt clarius capias , fle femel te du- cam in arcem iplamhuiuscauflx : hoc (cien- dum,triplices diuinas c(1c ptrnas. Internas , Poflu* mas,bxtetna$.lllas ippclIo.QVAE animvm tan- GVNT,SED ADHVC IN CORTORE. Vtl liint ailgO- res,p<Bniicntia, merus, fle cbfctcnnarum mille mor* (us.Altens, evmdsm animvm, sed ure* RVM iam et a corpore AIIVNCTVM.VII poenx 1 ex fune quas, morte obita,fccleflos manere etiam c prifeis lihs plciique non vane liint fufpicati. At ter- tias,q^Ai corpvstancvht.avtqvae circa iLLVD.vt paupertas, cxltlium,dolor .morbi , mortes. Et si quidem plerumque, ut ex omnes iusloquodam Oet ludicio in impios conveniant: sed quidem priores ducunt semper. Ut de Internis dicam: quis illi umquam tam pietatis ad omne nefas, qui non acriter quendam flagellam in animo sive velut hic sententiam (uel sergent, faciendo celerem, sic magis iam sadosam Vere enim, sive rationem, ut Plato olim dicebat sive verius Sisophonem Hesiodum. Cognatum, in nato, omni secleris suppliciis nil in vita nec unimutuque pote placitumque putes. Innocentem enim est. Ut cruciant, Romano ritu et mactu cem searam sergent, uplit ab ea mox sese tendere in ignem orribus conclusis hanc crucem Deus imponit, in qua poenas luum praesquarum luunt. An tu solam eam punitionem censes, quae incruentum in oculos; quam corpusculum hoc subit? Non est. Externa ta et omnia leuiter nec in longum nos tangunt; interna funi, quae angunt. Ut magis in morbo iudicamur, qui tabeam aut malore laborant, quam qui inflammatione aliqua aut febriile laborant tamen in lectulo magis apposentur graviores cernent, improbi, qui lenocilo palii daciuntur ad externam suam mortem. Caliguliam olim per quittiam impearat, sollicite, quos carnifex illacrimassem cotidie minutis diebus cedit stupor. Nec spendor illi tibi imponat, Aristoteles potentiam, aut opes, quia non magis illi ideo felices aut beati quam sanii, quorum febris aut podagra recumbit in purpureo lectulo. Mendicium aliquem in fabula vides, qui regis personam inscit, aureum felum pulchrum, vides, sed non invidens; quia utere sub auro illi se insignificant, pudorem fortes idem existimationem in magnis omnibus istis sed felus superbi tyrannis. Quotrum in tumulo, sicertum, ait Tacitus, palma viribus; sed quid futuri cogitavit, civium, illi dementia, quae consulti dicti debet differenti ab aestimat. Quilique illi aequore, fateor: sed non verum nam. Gaudium sed non germanum. Gaudium. | 41,957 |
https://github.com/tmacd9/chapel/blob/master/test/parallel/syncStmt/deitz/test_end3.chpl | Github Open Source | Open Source | ECL-2.0, Apache-2.0 | null | chapel | tmacd9 | Chapel | Code | 29 | 84 | proc foo() {
var s: sync int;
begin {
s.readFE();
writeln("2. hello, world");
}
begin {
writeln("1. hello, world");
s = 1;
}
}
sync foo();
writeln("3. hello, world");
| 31,940 |
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marigny%20%28Mancha%29 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Marigny (Mancha) | https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marigny (Mancha)&action=history | Spanish | Spoken | 171 | 292 | Marigny era una comuna francesa situada en el departamento de Mancha, de la región de Normandía, que el 1 de enero de 2016 pasó a ser una comuna delegada de la comuna nueva de Marigny-le-Lozon al fusionarse con la comuna de Lozon.
Demografía
Los datos demográficos contemplados en este gráfico de la comuna de Marigny se han cogido de 1800 a 1999 de la página francesa EHESS/Cassini, y los demás datos de la página del INSEE.
En la cultura popular
El videojuego Call of Duty: WWII lanzado al mercado en 2017 tiene una misión de la campaña que transcurre en este pueblo. La segunda misión, después de haber ayudado a los M4 Sherman a abrirse paso por los campos, eres trasladado de emergencia a esta localidad para salvar a la compañía Charlie que está cercada por la Wehrmacht. En la próxima misión, el juego empieza en Marigny, poniendo como objetivo liberar la iglesia.
Referencias
Enlaces externos
Marigny (Manche) - The cities of Normandy during the 1944 battles
Marigny (Mancha)
Marigny (Mancha) | 47,090 |
https://github.com/Aku-mi/cattleia/blob/master/apps/mobile/src/pages/Main/Information/index.tsx | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,021 | cattleia | Aku-mi | TypeScript | Code | 82 | 282 | import React from 'react';
import {createNativeStackNavigator} from '@react-navigation/native-stack';
import {Slide1, Slide2, Slide3} from './Slides';
import {useSelector} from 'react-redux';
import {RootState} from '../../../redux';
import {theme} from 'utils';
const Stack = createNativeStackNavigator();
export const Information = () => {
const darkTheme = useSelector((state: RootState) => state.themeReducer.dark);
const colors = darkTheme ? theme.dark : theme.light;
return (
<Stack.Navigator
initialRouteName="Info1"
screenOptions={{
headerShown: false,
animation: 'slide_from_right',
contentStyle: {
backgroundColor: colors.bgColor,
},
}}>
<Stack.Screen name="Info1" component={Slide1} />
<Stack.Screen name="Info2" component={Slide2} />
<Stack.Screen name="Info3" component={Slide3} />
</Stack.Navigator>
);
};
| 44,252 |
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reto | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Reto | https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reto&action=history | Spanish | Spoken | 66 | 153 | Reto puede referirse a:
Amikeca Reto, "Red de la amistad" en esperanto
Competición, desafío.
Los habitantes de Retia.
Nombre
Reto Ziegler
Reto Zanni
Títulos de obras
El reto de Hilbert (problemas matemáticos)
Denominaciones de espectáculos o competiciones
Bailando por un sueño: el reto
El Gran Reto
Reto de mujer (telenovela)
El Gran Reto (miniserie peruana de 2008)
Reto 4 elementos
Reto 4 elementos (Colombia)
Nombres masculinos | 41,368 |
http://data.theeuropeanlibrary.org/BibliographicResource/3000116298850 http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/3000116298850 http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/annoshow?iiif=fdb|18711118|1|10.0|0|10.0|0|10.0|0|10.0|0 http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/fullscreen/3000116298850_4 | Europeana | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,871 | Fremden-Blatt | None | German | Spoken | 6,607 | 12,025 | mit elegantesten Monagrammcn in Farbendruck. I»y Stück fl. 1-1.5«. 100 detto best englisch dick . . . fl. 3- 2.50 100 Bnefp.-Couverte mit Monogramm fl. 1—1.50 100 Bnefp.-Couverte mit Zweifärb. Monvg. fl. 4.50 100 feine Briefe in 8. obne Monogr. kr. 50—60 100 beste Briefe in 8. . . . . .kr.80 — fl. 1 100 feinst« Briespapiere mit zierlichen Blumen. Tbiecstöcken komischen Zeichnungen fl. 3—5.— 500 Geschäftsbriefe mit Firma ... fl. 5—6.50 Visitkarten. 100 auf feinstem Glanzp. litbograpbirt fl. 1—1.40 100 Stück auf feinstem Bristolvapier. . fl. 1.50 100 Stück ü I» roioute fr. 50-80 Drucksorten. 1000 Post-Frachtbriese . ... fl. 3 — 1000 Eisenbahn-Frachtbriefe . . fl. 6 — 1000 Wechsel ä fl. 4. 6 und 8 1000 Rechnungen . . . . L fl. 3. 5 und 8 1000 Stück Siegelmarkenerhaben gevrägt mit ver- schiedenfärbigem Grund fl. 4.— Zu haben in der Ersten Papier - Fabriks - Niederlage M. Mm es Sa. Wien, Rothenthurmstratze Nr. 4, nächst dem Stepbaneplatz. Cirkulare, Preis-Courante, Wechsel, Rechnungen, Fakturen, Frachtbriefe, Derlobungs- und Tranungskarten ic. werden billigst und schnell geliefert. Osts 1 Obige Briefpapiere sind von anerkannt bester Qualität, jeder Farbendruck von über raschender Schönheit und mcht zu verwechseln mit den von manchem Galanteriewaarenhändler ange priesenen Papieren. Aufträge aus der Provinz werden auf's sorg fältigste sogleich effektuirt. 4296 Schon am 1. Dyember Ziehung der me Vollkommen schmerzlos, ohne zu brennen oder zu schneid n, sondern radikal und von Dauer heilt Dr. Kaczander alle 4365 geheimen Krankheiten, ebenso Schwächezustände, gegen vollkommene Garantie. Mit Beginn der Kur wird ein Ho norar entrichtet, der Rest erst bei erfolgter Heilung. Demgemäß auch briesiich. Ordina tion täglich von 9—1 und von 4—5 Uhr. Stadt.Riemergaffe li. I.Stiege.LStock. Wartezimmer vollkommen separirt. jjtjünmsi _ Heine'sche Buchdruckerei Haupitressrr 250.000 (I. Original-Lose nach Toges-Cours und auf Raten abzahlung, zu den coulantesten Bedingungen. promeffmaufgaitzeMfl.-Lose äfl. S SO und Stempel. Wechselstube der k. k. pr. Wiener Handelsbank» vorm, J oliu €?♦ SOT HElVy (Brobttt 13* ur schnellt Hitö gründliche Heilung 7517 | verhütet die Folgeübel. In der seit vielen Jahren bestehenden Ordinations-Anstalt Stadt,LaurenzerbergNr.S, des Dr. J. Engländer, Dr. der Medizin und Chirurgie, Geburtshelfer, Mitglied mehrerer gelehrten Gesellschaften werden: Alle geheimen und Hautkrankheiten, sowie Unterleibs leiden und Schwäche zustände nach einer bestbewährten Methode schnell u. gründlich geheilt. Lebensweise u. Beschäftigung ungehindert. Honorar mäßig. Ordi nation von 9—1 und von 2—5 Uhr. Dinstag un SamStag auch Abends von 7—8 Uh uAuch brieflich. Wr. 32«. Wien, Samstag 18. November 1871. Lai Fremden-Blatt erscheint täglich. Man pränumerirt Wollzeile Nr. 4. Ganzjährig 18 fl. Oesterr.W. Halblährig 6 fl. „ „ Bierteljähr. 3 fl. „ „ & die ZusteNung des en-u. Abendblattes in'S HauS monatlich 30 kr. Hrs.>&&va8,Laffite, Ballier & Cie. L Paris sont seals etexclusivement MDMÄTN-WE-. Ligrnthümer: Gustav Heine. (Aliemal-lllatt.) Iahrg. RedaktionSvurea« Wollzeile Nr. 17. Abonnement für die Provinz» Ganzjährig 16 fl. Oesterr. W. Halbjährig 8 fl. „ „ Vierteljahr. 4 fl. „ Einzelne Abendblätter kosten 3 kr. Oesterr. Währ. charg^s de recevoir les annonces frangaisespourle „Freindenblatt.“ r- Wien, 18 . November. Heute ist Föderalistenkongreß in Prag, morgen ist Polenkonferenz in Wien. Der Prager Kongreß ist nur eine Demonstration, welche die Föderalisten wegen des Fiasko, das sie erlebt haben, trösten soll. Die Demonstration wird allem Anscheine nach kläglich ausfallen. Die Polen konferenz dagegen soll auf die Entwicklung unserer inneren Politik von Einfluß sein. Pester Blätter konstatiren, daß der Ausgleich mit den Polen jetzt auf der Tagesordnung steht, und zwar durch die Einwirkung deS Grafen Andraffy, der indessen in einigen Organen behaupten läßt, daß er sich gar nicht in unsere innere Politik einmische, sondern mir den Polen den freundschaftlichen Rath ertheilt habe, ihre Forderung auf ein Minimum zu beschränken, da die gegenwärtige Situation der Ausgleichs- idee keineswegs günstig sei. Die cisleithanische Kabinetsbildung scheint für den Augenblick von - der Tagesordnung abgesetzt zu sein, und zwar vorzugsweise aus dem Grunde, weil sich kein Nachfolger findet. In der That! Wenn schon früher jeder Politiker von Talent und Charakter sorgfältig mit sich zu Rath gehen mußte, ob es ihm gestattet sei, unter den bestehenden Ver hältnissen ein Portefeuille anzunehmen, so wird es jetzt, nachdem es offen bar geworden ist, in welcher Richtung Graf Andraffy seinen Einfluß geltend macht, noch schwieriger sein, einen unabhängigen Staatsmann für das cisleithanische Ministerium zu gewinnen. Man nennt mehrere Namen, darunter auch solche, die im ver fassungstreuen Lager einen guten Klang haben, wir glauben aber, daß diejenigen Recht behalten werden, welche die Fortdauer des Provisoriums in Aussicht stellen. Ob das interimistische Ministerium zrw Auflösung der föderalistischen illegalen Landtage schreiten werde, darüber werden nur Vermuthungen ausgesprochen. Die offiziöse „Pester Korr." dementirt die Meldung, daß im unga rischen Ministerium Aenderungen bevorstehen. Namentlich denkt Graf Lo- nyay nicht an die Uebernahme des Finanzportefeuilles. Unter den Bonapartisten in Paris herrschen —wie der „K.Z." geschrieben wird — seit einigen Tagen große Besorgnisse, da sie auS Chiselhurst die Nachricht erhalten hatten, daß der Exkaiser sich mit der Exkaiserin entzweit hat und diese deshalb so lange Zeit in Spanien ver weilt. Was den Kaiser nämlich sehr unangenehm berührt hat, ist dcrUm- stand, daß sich der bekannte Marineoffizier Duperrs in ihrem Gefolge befindet und, wie auch beim Ausbruch des Krieges, einen großen Einfluß auf sie ausübt. Dieser Duperrö ist der Nämliche, welcher in den von der September-Regierung veröffentlichten Tuilerien-Papicren vielfach genannt wird, der, wie aus diesen hervorgeht, damals der Hauptrathgeber der Kaiserin war und nicht wenig dazu beitrug, daß der Kaiser, nach Wörth und Forbach, nicht nach Paris zurückkoinmen durfte, wie er zuerst gewollt hat. Die Bonapartisten befürchten nun, daß es unter diesen Umständen zu einem offenen Bruch zwischen dem exkaiserlichen Ehepaar kommt nnd dadurch ihre Projekte bedeutend beeinträchtigt, wenn nicht ganz vereitelt werden. Herr v. Banneville soll nicht französischer Botschafter in Wien bleiben und in Paris tauchen bereits neue Kandidaten auf. Herr Thiers hatte ganz besonders den Herzog v. Bisaccia-La-Rochefoucauld für die österreichische Botschaft in Aussicht genommen; doch fand sich der Herzog nicht bereit, aus das ihm gemachte Anerbieten einzugehen. Das viel ver breitete Gerücht, der Kriegsminister General Cissey, begehre seinerseits nach Berlin als diplomatischer Vertreter Frankreichs gesandt zu werden, gilt an unterrichteter Stelle für durchaus unbegründet; wenngleich es nicht wenige französische Politiker von Einfluß gibt, welche für die Berliner Botschaft ausschließlich einen gewiegten Soldaten gewählt sehen möchten. Fürst Metternich, der die in seinem Hotel angeordneten baulichen Verände rungen ruhig fortsetzen läßt, wird binnen Kurzem in Paris wieder ein treffen. Die vielfach umhergetragcne Nachricht von seiner bevorstehenden Ersetzung durch einen ungarischen Diplomaten gilt, nach den Pariser- Briefen eines rheinischen Blattes, als unzuverlässig. Das Verbleiben des Fürsten in seiner gegenwärtige» Stellung hält man noch für längere Zeit gesichert. f Wie man jetzt weiß, war die „bonapnrtislische Messe" am Euge- " nicnlage in der Madcleine-Kirche zu Paris nicht verboten worden. Es hatten sich Anhänger der gestürzten Dynastie, darunter Graf Bcncdetti, eingefunden. Ein Theil der Anwesenden unterzeichnete eine aufgelegte Adresse an die Exkaiserin. Die Unterzeichneten, am 15. November 1871 tu der Madeleine- Kirche aus Anlaß des Sankt-Eugenien-Tages versammelt, haben an den Himmel ihre Gebete für die kaiserliche Familie gerichtet. Der offiziöse Telegraph stellt in Abrede, daß die Hauptstadt von Korsika der Schauplatz ernsterer Exzesse gewesen sei. Es gehen indeß Meldungen dieses Inhalts nicht bloß den bonapartistischen, sondern auch anderen und minder verdächtigen Organen, wie z. B. dem „Univers" zu. Derselbe entnimmt einer Depesche aus Ajaccio, daß Truppen gegen einen Auflauf in dieser Stadt aufgeboten wurden und ohne die vorschrifts mäßige Verwarnung, auch sonst mit einer gewissen Brutalität eingeschrit ten wären; Blut sei geflossen und mehrere Personen seien verwundet worden; der Maire von Ajaccio, Herr Fil, hätte seine Entlassung gege ben. Aehnliches meldet der „Ordre", nur mit noch grelleren Farben, darnach hätten die Soldaten, indem sie öffentlich Spottlieder auf den Ex-Kaiser sangen, die Bürgerschaft aufgebracht und den Konflikt herbei geführt. Die Regierung wird sich wohl authentischer über die Sache äußern müssen. Eine Unterredung mit Thiers. Aus Paris theilt der Korrespondent des „Daily Telegraph" einen Bericht über eine Unterredung mit Thiers mit, dem wir Folgendes ent nehmen : Auei'ft wui'de ausführlich iifwv-k*» fllnn diesem ging die Unterredung zu den bonapartistischen Bewegungen über und der Berichterstatter fragte den Präsidenten mit dürren Worten, ob er die Geschichten glaube, welche man in den letzten Monaten hin sichtlich bonapartistischer Verschwörungen und einer herannahenden Reaktion in Umlauf gesetzt. Ueber diesen Punkt war Thiers nicht sehr mit theilsam. „An Intriguen glaube ich," erwiederte er, „aber nicht an Reaktion. Was ist Ihre Meinung? Sie sehen Leute der verschiedensten Klaffen und Meinungen und vor Ihnen als Engländer nimmt man keinen Anstand, sich auszusprechen. Glauben Sie, daß eine Reaktion zn Gunsten des Bonapartismns eingetreten ist?" „Ich glaube nicht", versetzte der Korrespondent. „Ich habe bisher keinen Mann von bedeu tender Stellung in Paris, noch weniger in der Provinz gesehen, der sich nach der Rückkehr des Kaisers gesehnt hätte. Es gibt Ladcnbesitzer sin Paris, welche diesen Wunsch allerdings äußern, und dabei von der Hoff nung beseelt sind, daß mehr Geld in Umlauf kommen nnd ihr Gewinn besser ausfallen würde. So gibt es auch Journalisten, welche mit lauter Stimme von der Rückkehr des Kaisers sprechen und erklären, es bleibe Frankreich nichts übrig, als sich wieder zum persönlichen Regiment zu bekehren. Diese Leute aber stellen nicht die wirkliche öffentliche Meinung Frankreichs dar. Fremde lesen in Paris diese Zeitungen, sehen nur, was auf der Oberfläche liegt, wissen nicht wie die Drähte gezogen werden oder wer die Drähte in Bewegung setzt, nnd glauben, was sie gedruckt sehe«, eben weil cs gedruckt ist." Herr Thiers — fährt der Bericht erstatter in seinen Mittheilungen fort' — hörte mit Aufmerksamkeit diese Bemerkungen an und sagte sodann, er glaube, ich habe die Sache richtig beurtheilt. Bezüglich der Artikel, welche kürzlich in einigen nltraradikalen Zei tungen erschienen waren, war Herr Thiers ausnehmend vorsichtig. Er sagte, es gebe einen Punkt, über welchen hinaus keine Regierung, nicht einmal die englische, die Presse gehen lassen könne. Uebrigens müsse mau aber doch in gegenwärtiger Zeit mit Rücksicht auf die aufgeregte Stim mung des Volkes große Nachsicht üben. Mit der Zeit werde. sich d c Aufregung wahrscheinlich schon legen. Einige Worte über die bessere Disziplin nnd Haltung der Armee brachten die Rede aus Frankreichs Kricgsvorbereitungen. Die Rede Bismarcks im deutschen Reichstage über die Erhöhung der Gehalte für die Botschafter und Gesandten lassen wir theilweise hier folgen: Es liegt in den Geldverhältniffen sowohl wie in den politischen, daß der Etat deS deutschen Reiches für die au-wärtigen Angelegenheiten seinen Höhepunkt bisher nicht erreicht hat. Einmal vermindert sich der Werth des Geldes und das, was für d>e Gehalte gekauft werden muß, wird theurer in einem Maßstabe, der Ihnen ja bekannt sein wird. Außerdem aber steigt der Anspruch aus würdige Ver tretung mit der Größe und Bedeutung des vertretenen Reiches. Ich möchte bitten, ein- für allemal bi« angebliche Aeußerung Friedrichs des Großen zu Grabe zu tragen. Frietrich der Große hat einen viel zu guten Geschmack gehabt, um von seinem Gesandten zu verlangen, daß er an den Tegen schlagen solle, wenn es sich darum handelte, ein Diner zu erwidern und zu sagen. Ich gebe kein Diner, es stehen 100,000 M. hinter mir. (Heiterkeit.) Ich will nicht behaupten, daß der Ein fluß eines Gesandten nothwendig mit der Höhe seines Gehaltes steigt. Ich g'aube, der Einstuß, den er in dem Lande, in dem er accreditirt ist. für daS Land, das ihn entsendet, mit den Hilfsmitteln, die ihm sein Gehalt verschafft, auszuüben vermag, beruht weit mehr auf Traditionen alter Zeiten, wo es noch möglich war. mit einem guten Diner einen tieferen Eindruck zu machen. Heutzu tage essen Alle gut, und die Diplomaten nicht an, besten (Heiterkeit). Aber aus denselben Gründer, und in demselben Sinne, in welchem das deutsche Reich sich ein Gebäude für ein Ministerium, für ein Parlament errichtet, welches nicht blos dem ftrengsten praktischen Bedürfnisse nach dem Anschlage des Mindeslfordernden ange messen sein, sondern in würdiger Ausstattung davon Zeugniß ablegen soll, wie das deutsche Reich ein grobes, mächtiges Gebilde ist und sich auch als solches fühlt, in demselben Sinne möchte ich Sie bitten, darauf zu halten, daß das deutsche Reich im Auslande in einer Weise vertreten sei, die dem Auge des durchschnittlichen Beobachters auch äußerlich den Eindruck macht: hler stecken die Mittel und das Selbstgefühl eines großen Landes dahinter. Die Bedeutung dieses Momentes wird ,n dem Grade geringer, in welchem die Bevölkerung des Landes, wo er accreditirt ist, durchgehend politisch gebildet ist In einem Lande hoher politischer Bildung wird das Gefühl, das aus dem Wort Friedrich de- Großen von den 100.000 Mann spricht, leichter Eingang finden. Es gehört aber dazu schon ein feinere»"Äbstraktionsvermögen: der groben Maste ist es nicht gleichgilsig, ob der amtliche Vertreter des deutschen Reiches große Mittel vertritt oder kleine. Der gemeine Mann auf der Straße einer Residenz, der Ma irose im Hafen, der einen teutschen Gesandten in einem kleinen Hause aufsucht. ijhn i.iAt no* ftinm 6nu§(toribe. Unwillkürlich ist das Urtheil bei mitt lerem Bildungsdurchschnili ein klein wenig oura, oie An ver Vertretung gefärbt. Wer in weniger civilisirten Ländern gelebt hat, der wird diese Behauptung in noch höherem Grade für giltig halten müsten. Dort ist unser Auftreten immer auch ein Theil der Forderung unserer Jnteresten. Aber selbst bei den civilisirtesten Nationen find die großen Masten noch nicht auf dem Grade der Bildung, daß sie ganz frei wären von dem Eindruck des gesellschaftlichen Ansehens, das der Vertreter des deutschen Reiches dort genießt, wo er acc edilirt ist Ob Jemand Botschafter oder Gesandter ist, hat mit rer Sache an sich so sehr viel nicht zu thun. Ich würde darauf an und für sich kein so hohes Gewicht legen: es kommt vielmehr darauf an, ob Jemand die Mittel zur Disposition bat, um würdig auf treten zu können. Ein Gesandter mit 40.000 Thaler Gehalt in einem imposanten Hotel mit stattlichem Privaivermögen, ist mir in dieser Beziehung lieber, als ein Botschafter mit 30.000 Thaler, der nicht im Stande ist, seinem Range, sowie der Größe und Würde des deutschen Reiches gemäß zu leben und sich zu tragen. Ich gehe nicht darauf ein. wie peinlich es für den Betheiligten selbst sein muß, sich all' den kleinen Kränkungen der Rivalität und der Eitelkeit ausgesetzt zu s.hen, um so peinlicher, wenn diese Empfindlichkeiten zugleich mit dem Gefühl verbunden sind, daß er sie als Vertreter eines großen Landes in amtlicher Eigenschaft erleidet. Ich habe einen Gesandten mit Recht sagen gehört: „Als Privatmann will ich den untersten Platz bei Tisch einnehmen, als Gesandter meines Reiches mache ich auf den ersten Anspruch". Und so ist es auch mit dem äußerlichen Auftreten, wenn man nicht im Stande ist, es den Kollegen weniger mächtiger Staaten gleichzuthun. Ein Botschaft r bedarf seines Titels wegen kein höheres Gehalt. Er hat, wenn er überhaupt knapp doiict ist, gegen einen Gesandten an einem großen Hofe nur ein Mehrbedürfniß von etwa 1—3000 Thaler, weil es in den meisten Ländern üblich ist, daß der Botschafter große Feste in einem gewisten monarchischen Style gibt, bei denen er von dem Souverän selbst besucht wird, und wo die ihm da durch erwiesene Ehr« ihm größere Dichtung in den Augen der Unterthanen ver schafft. Darum handelt es sich hier aber nicht. Der Grund, aus welchem wir den Titel „Botschafter" gegeben haben, bezieht sich vielmehr auf den Rang der diplo matischen Vertreter unter sich. Es ist da ein Unterschied. Es kommt z. B. vor, daß, wenn der auswärtige Minister mit einem Gesandten in einer verabredeten Konferenz ist, und es wird ein Botschafter gemeldet, der Minister sich alsdann für verpflichtet hält, die Unterredung abzubrechen und den Botschafter zu empfangen. Oder wenn ein Gesandter, d.r vielleicht schon eine Stunde im Vorzimmer gewartet bat, gerade empfangen werden soll, und in dem Moment ein Botschafter angemel det wird, so wird der Botschafter empfangen, und der Gesandte kann noch eine Stunde warten, oder wird an demselben Tage gar nicht empfangen. Man kann sagen, der Gesandte braucht sich das nicht gefallen zu lasten, und ich bin selbst in der Lage gewesen, mir das mit Erfolg abzuwehren (Heiter keit), aber diese Dinge streifen leicht an die Grenze einer persönlichen Spannung, die mit der Sache ©ft in gar keinem Verhältniß steht. Man vermeidet das einfach, indem man den Titel gibt, der mit den Ehrenbezeigungrn, mit denen er verbunden ist, und mit den gesammten Ansprüchen, die damit gegeben werden, eher als ein A-guivalent für Geld, als eine Ersparung angesehen werden kann. In öffentlichen Blättern habe ich viel von den besonderen Privilegien des Botschafters in Bezug ruf seinen Verkehr mit dem Souverän gelesen. Es beruhe das auf einem Jrr- ibum. Der Botschafter als solcher hat mit dem Monarchen nicht leichteren Verkehr e.U jeder Gesandte und er kann in keiner Weise das Recht in Anspruch nehmen, mit dem Monarchen ohne Vermittlung seines Minister? zu verkehren. Deshalb ! ächte ich Sie bitten, meine Herren, das Vorurtheil gegen die Botschafter fallen Aba- v. Haverbeck. Wenn der Reichskanzler uns ausgeführt hat. daß surch die Ernennung eines Gesandten zum Botschafter Ersparniste herbeigeführt werden, so habe ich natürlich Nichts g gen das Institut der Botschafter: und würde demselben auch noch nie im preußischen Abgeordnetenhaus« opponirt haben, wenn der Reichskanzl t seine b utige Theorie schon früher aufgestellt hätte. Daß er die berühmte Anekdote von Friedrich tem Großen in ras Reich der Fabel verweist, wundert mich: mem-s Wissens rft die Geschichte am englischen Hofe pastirk. Als der dortige Preußische Gesandte um Gebaliszulage bat, ui» sich Equipage halten zu können, antwort te lbm der große König: „Gele Er zu Fuß und sage Er, daß hunderttausend Plann hinter ihm inarschiren!" Mir scheint diese Aeußerung durch aus im Sinne Friedrichs, und der Rcichskanzler selbst erkennt sie ja in so weit als richtig an. baß bei gebildeten Nationen wenigstens die äußere Pracht ohne Bedeu tung für die Stelluna der Gesandten ist. Reichskanzler Fürst Bismarck: Ich habe di« Anekdote gleichfalls in dieser Form gehört und früher stets meine Freude daran gehabt, so lange ich nicht selbst Minister des Auswärtigen war (Große Heiterkeit.) Friedrich der Große scheint dabi mehr seine Finanzen, die ihm bekanntlich sehr am Herzen lagen, als lein auswär tiges Amt im Auge gehabt zu haben. Das Einverständniß, m dem ich mich mit dem Vorredner in Bezug auf das Institut der Botschafter befinde, ist mir erfreu lich; nur wünschte ich meine Worte nicht so ausgelegt, als ob Jemand, sobald er Botschafter sei, damit auf jede Gehaltserhöhung verzichte. Aus Rom. (Original - Korresponkenz) — 17. November. Ob es damit Ernst sei oder nicht, wollen wir dahingestellt sein lassen, Thatsache, die wir verbürgen können, ist, daß in letzterer Zeit wirklich zwischen dem päpstlichen Stuhle und der französischen Regierung, resp. Herrn Thiers, Unterhandlungen stattfanden, deren Gegenstand die eventuelle Entfernung Pins des Neunten aus Rom war. Soweit waren die Unterhandlungen bereits gediehen, daß dem Papste das an der spani schen Grenze gelegene Schloß Pan als Residenz zur Disposition gestellt worden und die hiesige Regierung hierüber in konfidentieller Weise unter richtet und über die Haltung interpcllirt wurde, welche sie der eventuellen Abreise des Papstes gegenüber einzunehmen gesonnen wäre. Wir können auf das Bestimmteste versichern, daß die hiesige Regierung antwortete, dasi sie zwar die Abreise des Papstes sehr betrüben, daß sie aber, wenn Pius der Neunte auf seinem Beschlusse, Rom zu verlassen, beharren sollte, gewiß Alles thun werde, um für die Sicherheit und Bequemlichkeit des Papstes zu sorgen. Daß also in den letzten Tagen ganz ernstlich von der Abreise des Papstes nach Pau die Rede war und sogar offen der Tag der Parla ments-Eröffnung, nämlich der 27. d. M., als der Tag der Abreise prokla- mirt wurde, können wir, gestützt auf die authentischsten Informationen, auf das Bestimmteste versichern, ob der Plan aber je zur Ausführung gelangen wird, ist eine andere Frage — deren Entscheidung den aller nächsten Tagen vorbehalten bleibt. Daß Pius IX. selbst sich der Abreise mit allen Kräften widersetzt imd daß ein großer Theil seiner Umgebung, Kardinal Antoneüi an der Spitze, ebenfalls von derselben abräth, ist gewiß, ebenso gewiß ist es aber, daß die Jesuitenpartei, welche seit der famosen Ansprache an d'Harcourt, den Papst mehr denn je überwacht und tyrannisirt, mit aller Entschieden heit auf der Abreise besteht und für dieselbe alle Vorbereitungen trifft. Eines der vielen, elenden Mittel, welche die Jesuitenpartei benützt, um Pius IX. ihrem Willen fügsam zu machen, ist die moralische Tortur, der sie denselben unterwirft, indem sie fortwährend ihm sein nahes Ende und die mit dem Himmel zu haltende Abrechnnng vor Augen hält. Nun ist eS aber ein offenes Geheimniß, daß gerade Pius IX. ein äußerst lebenslustiger Greis ist, der an der baldigen Vertauschung des Diesseits mit dem Jenseits durchaus keinen Gefallen findet, der sich im Gegen theil — rund heraus — sehr vor dem Tode fürchtet, und sehr ungerne von demselben sprechen hört. Auf diese Schwäche spekuliren nun die Jesuiten, indem sie den Papst durch die erwähnte moralische Tortur ihren Werken und ihrem Willen gefügig machen, und da, wie gesagt, der Einfluß der Jcsmten- partei eben jetzt ein größerer denn je ist, so wäre es nicht unmöglich, es mit der so oft angekündigten und bisher stets unterbliebenen Abreise PiuS IX. aus Rom diesmal vielleicht denn doch Ernst werden könnte. (Amtliches.) Der Leiter des Justizministeriums bat den Landesgerichts- raih bei dem Wiener Handelsgerichte. Josef Horrak, über sein Ansuchen in gleicher Eigenschaft zum Landesgerichte Wien übersetzt. (Auszug aus dem ungarischen Amtsblatte.) Dem Titular- Domherrn und Direktor des Waisenhauses in Sillein, Franz Drabotuszky, wurde, in Anerkennung seiner um das Erziehungswesen erworbenen Verdienste, das Ritterkreuz des Franz Josef-Ordens verlieben. Tagesneuigkeiten. Wien, 18. November. * S«. Majestät der Kai'er bat dem Direktor des slavischen Gymnasiums in Brünn, Karl W i t e k, den Titel eines Schulrathes allergnädigst zu verleihen und die LandeS-Schulinspektoren zweiter Klaffe: Dr. Alois Nowak in Brünn, Josef Webr in Prag, Karl Werner in Prag und Dr. Mathias Wretschko in Graz, zu Lanbes-Schulinspektoren erster Klaffe allergnädigst zu ernennen geruht. * Marschall Mac-Mahon hat einen Urlaub genommen, um sich nach Podiebrad in Böhmen zu den Jagden des Freiherrn v. Sina zu begeben. * Eine polyklinische Anstalt, wie sie in den meisten Universitätsstädten Deutschlands besteht, war bisher in Wien nicht zu Stande gekommen, trotz ver- schievener Anläufe, welche zur Errichtung von Ambulatorien, Bezirksordinations anstalten u. s. w. von verschiedenen meist offiziellen Seiten her gemacht worden sind. Nun hat sich endlich ein« größere Zahl von Universitäts-Dozenten vereinigt, um auf eigene Kosten ein solches Institut in der inneren Stadt zu gründen, daS folgende Zwecke erfüllen soll: 1. Unentgeltliche Ordin ation aus allen Spezialfächern der Medizin durch Fachmänner und für ambulatorische Kranke. 2. Verbindung dieser Ordination mit Vorträgen der Ordinarien über ihre Spezial, fäc&ft. 3. Einführung b<r Studenten in die Praxis durch Ausfenduna derselben zur Beobachtung von armen Kranken, welche zuerst ambulatorisch behandelt, später bettlägerig geworden sind, natürlich unter Aufsicht und Verantwortung des Ordi» «aritts: klinische Berichterstattung und Erörterung der so gewonnenen Beobachtun gen. — Die „W. M. W." bemerkt zu dieser Mittheilung: Wir halten das pro- zektirte Institut nur dann für lebensfähig, wenn die dabei betheiligten Persönlich- Liten'dutch ihren Charakter, ihr wiffenschaftliches Streben und ärztliches Anstands- gefühL Bürgschaft leisten, daß das Institut nicht zu geschäftlichem Treiben und Iieklammächetei mißbraucht wird. Wird die Wahl der Dozenten eine den obigen Bedingungen entsprechende sein, so ist an einem Emporkommen der Institution nicht zu zw«f»l»; wenn aber schmutzige, hinlänglich gekennzeichnete, dem. Humbug hul- Ägend« Elemente zugelassen werden, so ist die Anstalt eine todtgeborne, und die dabei sich betbeiligenhen achtbaren Persönlichkeiten sind in Gefahr, in schlechter Ge» ^ellschakb ihre« guten Ruf einzubüßen. * Außer den bereits genannten Aerzten erhielten noch das französische Mrjlmerungskreuz.an 1870—71 die Herren: Hofrath Prof. v. Dumreicher und Prof. Kqlwar cznv, ferner die in der Ambulance von St. Cloud thätigen Regi- mentsärjte Dr. v. Fillenbaum und Netolitzky, Oberarzt Dr. Donek und «Güttl. endlich die drei Oberärzte Dr. Bauer, Heinz und Ludwig, welche fcanz. Transporte aus Deutschland begleiteten. Baron Mu ndy erhielt außer dem Erinnerungskreuze auch die franz. Militär-Tapferkeitsmedaille für seine PeistiMen auf den Schlachtfeldern von Paris, eine für Nichtkombattanten seltene Auszeichnung. Das dem Baron Mündts angebotene Kommandeurkreuz der Ehren legion hat derselbe, wie verlautet, ausgeschlagen. * Als Bewerber für die Direktorsstelle am Wiedner Spital, haben sich -gemeldet: Primarazt Dr. Lorinser, ferner der vor einigen Jahren pensionirte Irrenhaus-Direktor in Prag Dr. Köstl und Dr. Frisch. * Montag Abend? halb 7 Uhr findet eine Versammlung des deutschen Vereins statt. Das Programm ist folgendes: 1. Mittheilungen des Obmannes; 3. Resolution über den Rücktritt des Grafen B e u st. Berichterstatter Dr. Josef Kopp; 3. Antrag auf eine Petition an beide Häuier des Reichsratbes «egen Minister-Anklage. Berichterstatter Dr. Viktor Cavesius. Die -durch Dr. Kopp beantragte Resolution lautet: „Der deutsche Verein in Wien spricht sein Bedauern darüber aus, daß Graf Neust, besten von den Delegationen, welchen er verantwortlich ist, voll ständig gebilligter Politik Oesterreich die Segnungen des äußeren Friedens und die Freundschaft der mächtigen Nachbarstaaten verdankt, seinen Posten beinahe in demselben Augenblicke verlassen mußte, in welchem er sich durch Abwendung einer dem Deuttchihum und der Verfassung Oesterreichs unmittelbar drohenden Gefahr dankenswertbe Verdienste erworben bat. Er erkennt überbaupt in dem Eintreten von Ministerkrisen, welche nicht durch konstitutionelle, jedem Staatsbürger erkennbare Motive, sondern durch geheimnißvoll wirkende Faktoren veranlaßt weiden, ein bedenkliches Zeichen, baß unser Staatsleben noch immer nicht von jenem konstitutionellen Geiste durch drungen ist, ohne welchen jede Verfassungsform ein todter Buchstabe bleibt." * Bei der gestern Abends beim „großen Zeisig" abgehaltenen Versammlung ches demokratischen Vereins des 7. Bezirks ereignete sich ein höchst bedauerlicher Un- -glücksiall. Der in der Burggaffe Nr. 17 wohnhafte Haus eigenthümer Jos. Heßner stürzte, vom Schlage getroffen, todt zu Boden. * Frau Dal Ein hat b.kanntlich Wien bereits verlassen und arbeitet gegen wärtig in Graz. Ja Folge des von den Vertrauensärzten abgegebenen Gutachten? -wurde ihr, wie die „W. M. W." berichtet, die Konzession der freien Praxis hier «ieder entzogen. * Ein äußerst verwegner Einbruchsdiebstahl wurde in der verflossenen Nacht 4n der Wohnung des Honorar-Konzipisten am a. h. Hoflager, des Herrn Ko'oman Jasztrabszki de Ressege, am Getreidemarkt Nr. 15, ausgeführt. Der Genannte chatte vor 14 Tagen den 18jährigen Anton Drotsda als Bedienten aufgenommen, -welcher in der Nacht mittelst des Originalschlüssels eine im Zimmer besindliche Wertheim'sche Kasse öffnete und aus derselben 900 fl. in Banknoten und Pretiosen -im Werthe von über 2000 fl. entwendete und .damit das Weite suchte. Die That wurde erst heute Morgens entdeckt und sofort das Polizeikommiffariat in Maria- chilf hievon verständigt. Unter den entwendeten Pretiosen befindet sich ein antiker .goldener Ring mit 12 Brillanten besetzt und eine lange Halskette, 22 Dukaten -schwer. welcher in Thätlichkeiten ausartete. Sie hätten sich «n Zimmer herumgebalgt und da sei der Verunglückte zu Boden gefallen, auf den Beide noch losgeschlagn haben, bis er endlich bewußtlos wurde. Hierauf hätten sie den todten Körper in den Garten geschleppt und dort liegen gelassen. Eine Absicht, daß si» den Marschalek lödten wollten, leugneten Beide. Die weiteren Erhebungen hinsichtlich des Verhältnisses, in welchem der Schwiegersohn zu dem Ermordeten gestanden war, brachten jedoch neue schwere Beschuldigungen an den Tag. Marschalek war ein Trunkenbold und für seine Verwandten eine wahre Plage, da er auch zu Ex- z-ssen geneigt, den Familienfrieden störte. Sein Schwiegersohn hatte sich schon öfters drohend gegen ihn geäußert und es liegt die Wahrscheinlichkeit nahe, daß er sich mtt seinem Genossenlverabredet hatte, den Marschalek aus dem Wege zu räumen, um von dieser Plage befreit zu sein. Diese Ansicht scheint auch von Seite des Gerichtes acceptftt worden zu sein, welches die beiden Verdächtigen ln Haft behielt und gegen dieselben die Anklage wegen Verbrechens des Mordes erhob. Man siebt diesem Prozesse mit Spannung entgegen. * In einer Grotzwardeiner Familie war unlängst Theegesellschaft. Das schöne HauSfräulein kredenzte selbst den Trank. „Wie finden Sie unseren Thee?" fragte sie einen ihrer Verehrer, der mit der ersten Taffe beglückt worden war, «nickt wahr, er ist vorzüglich?" Der junge Mann wagte nicht zu widersprechen, brockte aber sein Lob mit etwas saurer Miene vor. Das Fräulein bemerkt, daß auch die übrigen, an die Reihe kommenden Gäste sich der edlen Blume des Thees gegenüber sehr reservirt verhalten. Endttch kostet sie selbst und stürzt dann in die Kücke ab. um bald darauf mit bellem Lachen zurückzukehren. Die Köchin hatte sich in der Büchse vergriffen und so war den Gästen ein Aufguß, statt von chinesischem Thee — von türkischem Tabak vorgesetzt worden. * Aus den Rheinländer» schreibt man der „Magdb. Ztg": Es gibt hier kein größeres Werk, keine Zeche, auf welcher nicht wegen Mangels an Waggons und Kohlen die Arbeit wenigstens theilweife eingestellt ist. Bei gesteigertem Preise aller Lebensmittel tritt auch noch ein Verlust an Arbeitsverdienst ein. Es fehlt so mit nicht an den Bedingungen eines Nothstandes, der nach und nach ganz uner träglich zu werden droht. Zu d-n Gruben, welch« die Förderung haben einstellen müffen, gehört unter anderen auch die Zeche „Vereinigte Germania" bei Marten. Die Bergleute der letzteren haben sich deshalb telegraphisch mit der nachstehenden Bitte an den Fürsten v. Bismarck gewendet: An den Reichskanzler Fürsten Bismarck Berlin. Seit dem 1. Norember stockt der Güterverkehr gänzlich. In Folge dessen können wir unsere Kohlen nicht mehr aus der Grude bekommen, wir ver dienen nichts mehr, und unser Leben ist gefährdet, da durch die vielen in der Grube lagernden Kohlen der Wetterzug gehemmt ist und sich die Betriebe voll schlagender W tter stellen. Heute bat unsere Direktion uns gar nicht anfahren lassen. Wir verdienen also nichts und das ist sehr hart für den Arbeiter in dieser tbeueren Zeit. Lieber Fürst Bismarck! Wir haben Ihnen vor einem Jahre ge holfen und nun helfen S e auch ein Mal. daß wir wieder an den Verdienst kommen. Für die wegen Wagenmangel feiernden 714 Bergleute 'der Zeche „Vereinigte Germania" Fritz Sonntag. Der Reichskanzler muß, er wird helfen! * Aus Marienburg, 15. November, wird berichtet: Wir haben Wiedel ein entsetzliches V rbrechen zu registriren. Der Gutsbesitzer Ludwig Peters in Lieffau bei Dirtckau, ein stiller, ruhiger Mann, der in weiten Kreisen der Provinz gekannt ist, ging vergangenen Sonntag Nachmittag auf seinen Ausbau hart an der Marienburg-Dirschauer Cbausiee, um die Martini-Abrechnungen mit seinen Dienstleuten zu halten, und dem Schäfer zu kündigen. Schon auf dem Hofe wurde ihm bedeutet, er möchte sich doch heute vor dem Schäfer in Acht nehmen, doch unbekümmert trat er ihm entgegen, unterhielt sich über die Schäferei und sagt» ihm, da derselbe betrunken schien, ec möge ruhig nach Hause geben, er (Peters) würde die. Schafe füttern. Kaum waren diese Worte gesprochen, hetzte der Schäfer seine beiden Hunde gegen seinen Brodherrn, welche diesem das Bein zerfetzten und in dem Augenblicke, als Pet rs sich bückte, um die Bestien abzuwehren, drang b'it Mordstahl dreimal in seinen Körper. Der erste Stich ging in die Brust und in- Herz, der zweite in den Unterleib, der dritte über das rechte Auge. Zehn Minuten nach der schrecklichen That verschied Peters, nur noch zwei Worte flüsternd: „Meine Frau!" Es waren noch sechs Arbeiter in der Nähe, welch« nicht wagten, de» Mörder zu ergreifen, so daß er nach vollbrachter That das Weite suchen konnte. Bis j tzt bat man keine Spur von ihm. * Vor etwa sechs Wochen theilten wir mit, daß ein 21jähriger Bursche im V-rdachte stehe, eine große Reihe von Brandstiftungen mit dem einzigen Zweckt verübt zu haben, um sich die kleine Belohnung zu sichern, welche die Londoner Feuer wehr dem Ueberbringer rer ersten Kunde von einem Brandunglück zu zahle» pflegt. Bei dem letzten Experiment dieser Art verdiente er 2 Sch. 6 P., während die ver schiedenen Feuer-Versicherungsgesellschaften den angerichteten Schaden mit 9000 Pfd. — also dem 72 OOOfmten — vergüten mußten. Anfänglich hielt man die Be hauptungen der Feuerwehr für unmöglick, seither aber haben die Forschungen der Geheimpolizei herausgestellt, daß er nicht weniger als 114 Brandstiftungen inner» halb der letzten beiden Jahre, und zwar in London allein, verübt hat. Der Ange klagte leugnet hartnäckig, aber bereits liegen die gravirendsten Zeugenaussagen gegen bn vor: und nach einigen formellen Stadien, welche die Voruntersuchung noch durchzumachen hat. wird er vor das Schwurgericht verwiesen werden. Aus dem Geriehtssaale. Graz, 17. November. — (Orig.-kBer.s (Krida projeß Morocutti.) — (Schluß.) Johann Paul Morocutti. aus Hermagor in Kärnten gebürtig, gibt in seinem Verhöre an. daß die große Baisse im Jahre 1369, bei welcher er für seine Parteien Deckung leisten mußte, der eigentliche Grund zu seiner Zahlungsunfäbigkeit sei. Weiters gibt der Kridatar als Grund seiner Insolvenz an, deß ec bei Konkursen große Verluste erlitten, und daß mehrere Gläubger au! ein Gerücht hin. ihre Forderungen an ihn sofort realisirten. Vors. Wußten Sie, daß Sie passiv waren? — Ang. Ich war bei Ecösf- nung des Konkurses selbst noch aktiv und nur die unglückseligen exekutiven Verkäufe mußten mich später passiv macken Vo rs. Ein Herr Pittner bat ihre Bücber geprüft und gesunden, daß Sie passiv seien. — Aug. Ich weiß nicht, wie so Herr Pittner zu diesem Schluffe kam. Vors. Was wollten Sie Herrn Pittner für eine Anstellung geben? — Ang. Als Geschäftsleiter mit Geschäftsantheil insolange als mein Geschäft mit der Unionbank nicht abgeschlossen sei. Vors. Was war das für ein Geschäft? — Ang. Die Unionbank wollte mein Geschäft unter guten Bedingungen ablösen. Vors. Warum haben Sie roch den Konkurs eröffnet? — Ang. Weil Pittner überall erzählte, ich sei passiv und Herr Gerbitz mir dies mittheilte, da ging ich zu Dr. Rechbauer und eröffnete den Konkurs,' da, nachdem man mich für passiv hielt, es ohnehin umsonst, war weiter zu arbeiten. Vors. Was ist also nach Ihrer Ansicht der Grund Ihrer Insolvenz? — Ang. Der deulsch-französische Krieg eigentlich: wäre dieser nicht ausgebrochen, ich hätte besser meine Geschäfte realisiren können. Ich habe zudem Alles bei den Wiener Banken gedeckt, zum Beweise mußten diese später Geld an mich zurück schicken. Der Hauptgrund liegt auch, wie schon erwähnt, an den schlechten Reali- sirungen meiner Realitäten, Weine u. s. w. durch die Masse. Vertheidiger Dr. Telegraphische Depeschen. Prag, 18.Novemb. (Telegramm des„Fremden-Blatt".) Bei Militzky und Nowak in Prag erscheint vom Neujahr an ein von Rußland aus subventionirtes politisches Journal in russi scher Sprache! Unter den Unterhändlern befand sich der Arzt des Prinzen Peter von Oldenburg, Dr. S t e i v l, ein eifriger Czeche. Haag. 17. November. Die zweite Kammer hat nach einer drei tägigen Berathung das Amendement Dumbar's wegen Auflassung des Gesandtschaftspostens am päpstlichen Hofe mit 39 gegen 33 Stimmen angenommen. Der Minister hatte in längerer Rede die Nothwendigkeit der provisorischen Fortdauer dieser Gesandtschaft betont und nachgewiesen, daß Holland bezüglich der Auflassung dieses Postens nicht die Initiative ergreifen könne. Das Budget für das Ministerium des Auswärtigen wurde einstimmig angenommen. Paris, 18. November. Ein Dekret annullirt gesetzwidrige Be schlüsse der Arrondissemcnts-Räthe von Brich und Toul. Das „Journal offiziel" meldet, der Herzog v. Alentzvn, Artillerie- Kapitän in der spanischen Armeee, sei ermächtigt worden, mit demselben Grad und ohne Gehalt provisorisch in der französischen Armee zu dienen. Die Nationalversammlung werde darüber endgiltig entscheiden. Ein Dekret vom 17. November suspendirt die Journale „Avenir Liberal" und „Pays" wegen der von ihnen veröffentlichten Artikel über die Affaire von Ajaccio, in welchen die Ehre der Regierung und der Armee angegriffen wurde. Das „Journal officiel" stellt in Abrede, daß jemals von der De mission des Kriegsministers die Sprache gewesen sei. R e n a u d , derzeit Präfekt des Loire-Departements, wurde zum Polizeipräfekten ernannt. Paris, 18. November. „La Rcpublique fran?aise" veröffentlicht den Wortlaut der von Gambetta in Saint-Quentin gehaltenen Rede. Gambetta sagte: Das Land hat nach Sedan große Anstrengungen gemacht, doch ohne Verständniß. Sprechen wir nicht von dem Auslande, aber denken wir daran. Die demokratische Partei muß ihre Befähigung zur Führung der Geschäfte beweisen, sie muß die Schulen von der Kirche trennen; der Unterricht durch Laien ist durch das von der Kirche gegen die modernen Freiheiten geschleuderte Anathema zur Nothwendigkeit gemacht. Die Republik ist eine Nothwendigkeit geworden, sie ist nicht be droht. aber die Nationalversammlung, die nicht den Willen des Landes vertritt, darf nicht alle Reformen vertagen. Gambetta hofft, daß sich eine national-republikanische Partei bilden werde, die durch Patriotismus, Ge duld und Wciöhcit dem Lande seine Größe zurückgeben wird. London, 18, November. „Standart" veröffeniticht eine Depesche aus Paris, wonach die Verhandlungen bezüglich des Handelsvertrages in Folge der Weigerung der englische» Regierung eine Erhöhung des Zolles aus Baumwollgespinnste zugestehen, sozusagen abgebrochen wäre«. Die „Times" versichert, daß Frankreich den Handelsvertrag gekün digt habe. Rom, 17. November. (Telegramm des „Fremden- Blatt".) Der Graf von C hambord hat an den Papst ein Schreiben gerichtet, in welchem er ihn beschwört, noch vor der Eröffnung deS ita lienischen Parlaments Roin zu verlassen und nach Frankreich zu gehen. Das Schreiben soll mit dem Wunsche schließen, daß die Zeit bald kommen möge, wo das katholische Frankreich den Stellver treter Christi im Triumph in das katrimouium Petri zu rückführen werde. Rom, 17. November. Das bei der italienischen Regierung be glaubigte diplomatische Corps hat um eine Audienz zur Begrüßung des Prinzen Humbcrt und der Prinzessin Margaretha nachgesucht. Wie die „Libertü" versichert, wird Cavaliere Mgra in der nächsten Woche nach Frankreich zurückkehren. „Fanfulla" meldet, Graf A n d r a s s y habe dem italienischen Ge sandten R obillan t die freundschaftlichsten Gesinnungen für Italien ausgedrückt, und seine Absicht kundgegeben, das Freundschaftsverhältniß zu Italien aufrecht zu erhalten. Aus dem Amtsblatts der „Wiener Zeitung". Erledigungen. Konzipisten stellen bei der n. ö. Statthalterei, 800 jT. und 300 fl. Quartiergeld, bis 28. November, kk. n. ö. Statthalterei-Präsidium m Wien. — Bezirkskommissärs stelle im politischen Verwaltungsdienste für Oberösterreich, 800 fl., bis 24. November, kk. o. ö. Statthalterei-Präsidium in Linz. Konkurse. Johann Niklas. Handelsmann in Wien. M.-V. Dr. Theodor Teiber. Amn.-Termin bis 15. Dezeniber, kk. Landesgericht in Wien. — Anna Fischer. Privaie in Neu-Fünfhaus. M.-V. Dr. Sigmund Weil. Änm.-Termin bis 31. Dezember, kk. Landesgericht in Wien. — Jakob Fuchs, Jnsaff« in Bonyhad. M.-V. Dr. Julius Kiß in Szegzard. Anm.-Termin bis 11., 12. und 13. Dezember.. Tolnaer Komitatsgericht. — Gebrüder Rosenfcld, Handelsfirma in Pest. Konkurs- aufgehoben. — C. Woititz, Agent in Wien. M.-V. Dr. Biach. Anm.-Termin bis 31. Dezember, kk. Landesgericht in Wien. — Josef und Sarah Popper in FacSet. M.-V. Dr. Theodor Bordas zu Lugos. Anm.-Termin bis 25. Jänner 1872. Krassover Komitatsgericht. 1 Börsenbericht.) Wien. 18 November. Die Vorbörse machte nur einen beschränkten Umsatz, und dem entsprechend bewegten sich auch die Variationen in engen Grenzen. Im Ganzen war die Hattung weniger fest. Einen stärkeren Rückgang und zwar von 186 bis 183 nahmen nur die Aktien der Wiener Wechs lerbank. K-evitaktien variirten zwischen 305.50 und 306.20, die Aktien der Anglo» Oesterreichischen Bank, die anfangs bis 264 abgegei en wurden, besserten sich dann bis 265.50, jene der Unionbank verkehrten zwischen 262.50 und 263. Franco- Oesterreichische Aktien wurden zu 122.90 gehandelt, ungarische Kreditbankaktien zu 129 bis 129 -50, ungarische Bodenkreditaktien zu 138.25 bis 138.50, Vereinsbank aktien zu 103. Lombarden reagirten von 201.50 bis 200.70, Theißbahn bis 253.50, die Aktien der Allgemeinen Oesterreichischen Baugescllschaft von 91.80 bis 91. Gut gehalten wurden Donau-Dampfschisiaktien auf 586. Außerdem kamen Tramway- Aktien zu 227.50 vor, Ostbahn zu 121 bis 121 50. Um halb 12 Uhr notirten: Kreditaktien 305 80, Anglo-Oesterreichische Aktien 265.—, Unionbankaktien 262.75. Mittags war die Börse etwas belebter, jedoch ohne daß die Course wesent liche Veränderungen erfahren hätten. Beliebter waren nur Anglo-Oesterreichische Bankaktien, die bis 266.20 in die Höhe gingen. Grober Umsatz war in Dampfschiff-Aktien, welche 600 erreichten. Zur Erklärungszeit um halb 1 Uhr notirten: Kreditaktien 306.—, Anglo- Oesterreichische Aktien 265.80, Franco-Üesterreichische Aktien 123.--, Umonbank aktien 262.80, Rordbabnaktien 213.75, Staatsbahnaltien 394.—, Lombardei» 200.80, Karl Ludwigsbahnaktieu 258.25, 1860er Lose 99.50, 1864er Lose 138.25, Pavier-Rente 57.70. Silber-Rente 67.45, London 116.80, 20-FrancS Stücke 9.33. Bankaktien notirten 814. Von Eisenbahnaktien waren Nordbahnaktien zu 213.75 besser gefragt. Renten und Lose hielten gestrige Notirungen. Devisen und Valuten waren steifer. Telegraphische Conrsbericdte. Amsterdam, 17. November. Papier-Rente 48V«. Silber-Rente 56'/«. Wechsel per Wien —.—. Oesterr. 1860er Lose . Oesterr. 1864er Lose 139'/«. Amerikaner 98V«. London. 17. November. Consols 93'/,°. Lombarden 17'/,. Silber 60'/» bis —. 1859er Metalliques —.—. Amerikaner 91'/,. Italiener 61'/ie. Wechsel per Wien 12.10. Türkische Consols —.—. New-Bork. 16. November. (Kabeltelegramm.) Wechselcours aus London iu Gold 1095«. Golvagio 111—. 5.20er Bonds 111°/«. Bpnds vom Jabre 1885- 111',«. 1865 Bonds 115—. Bonds vom Jahre 1904 110—. Illinois Eisenbahn 133—. Erie-Babn 30°/«. Baumwolle 18°/». Raffinirtes Petroleum in New-Nork 22V,. Petroleum in Philadelphia 22'/,. Neues amerikanisches Mehl 6.80 bis —.—. Zucker 9°/«. t Es wird hieinit die traurige Anzeige, und zugleich an alle geehrt«,. Bekannten die Nachricht ertheilt von dem Ableben des Herrn 'Hösel’ Bauer, Dchweinhändler. Das Begräbniß findet Sonntag mittags 3 Uhr. in Oedenburg statt. den 19. November d. I., Nack- 20560 Verantwortlicher Redakteur Leopold Ritter v. Blunrcncron. Druck und Verlag von Gustav Heine. | 13,584 |
https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos/blob/master/Horny/Automation.c | Github Open Source | Open Source | Unlicense | 2,021 | midi-sequencer-amigaos | timoinutilis | C | Code | 1,327 | 4,451 | #include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <proto/exec.h>
#include <midi/mididefs.h>
#include "locale.h"
#include "Strukturen.h"
#include "Versionen.h"
#include "Midi.h"
#include "Sequenzen.h"
#include "Requester.h"
extern struct LIED lied;
extern struct SPUR spur[];
extern struct SPURTEMP sp[];
struct AUTOKANAL autokanal[OUTPORTS][16];
extern struct MPKANAL mpkanal[OUTPORTS][16];
struct AUTOPUNKT *autocopy = NULL;
void InitAutokanaele(void) {
BYTE p, c;
BYTE n;
for (p = 0; p < verOUTPORTS; p++) {
for (c = 0; c < 16; c++) {
for (n = 0; n < 8; n++) {
autokanal[p][c].liste[n] = NULL;
autokanal[p][c].aktpunkt[n] = NULL;
autokanal[p][c].looppunkt[n] = NULL;
}
}
}
}
void KanalSpurenBearbeitet(BYTE p, BYTE c) {
WORD s;
for (s = 0; s < lied.spuranz; s++) {
if ((spur[s].port == p) && (spur[s].channel == c)) {
if (spur[s].autostatus) sp[s].anders = 2; // Ganze Spur
else sp[s].anders = 3; // Nur Spalte
}
}
}
void EntferneAutoPunkte(struct AUTOPUNKT *akt) {
struct AUTOPUNKT *next;
while (akt) {
next = akt->next;
FreeVec(akt);
akt = next;
}
}
struct AUTOPUNKT *AutomationDuplizieren(struct AUTOPUNKT *quelle) {
struct AUTOPUNKT *anf = NULL;
struct AUTOPUNKT *neu;
struct AUTOPUNKT *last = NULL;
while (quelle) {
neu = (struct AUTOPUNKT *)AllocVec(sizeof(struct AUTOPUNKT), 0);
if (neu) {
neu->takt = quelle->takt;
neu->wert = quelle->wert;
neu->prev = last;
neu->next = NULL;
if (last) last->next = neu;
else anf = neu;
}
last = neu;
quelle = quelle->next;
}
return(anf);
}
void AutomationKopieren(BYTE p, BYTE c, BYTE num) {
if (autocopy) EntferneAutoPunkte(autocopy);
autocopy = AutomationDuplizieren(autokanal[p][c].liste[num]);
}
void AutomationEinfuegen(BYTE p, BYTE c, BYTE num) {
if (autocopy) {
if (autokanal[p][c].liste[num]) EntferneAutoPunkte(autokanal[p][c].liste[num]);
autokanal[p][c].liste[num] = AutomationDuplizieren(autocopy);
}
}
void EntferneAutomationsKopie(void) {
if (autocopy) {
EntferneAutoPunkte(autocopy);
autocopy = NULL;
}
}
struct AUTOPUNKT *NeuerAutoPunkt(BYTE p, BYTE c, BYTE num, LONG t, BYTE wert) {
struct AUTOPUNKT *neu;
struct AUTOPUNKT *akt;
neu = (struct AUTOPUNKT *)AllocVec(sizeof(struct AUTOPUNKT), 0);
if (neu) {
neu->takt = t;
neu->wert = wert;
if (autokanal[p][c].liste[num]) {
akt = autokanal[p][c].liste[num];
if (akt->takt > t) {
neu->next = akt;
neu->prev = NULL;
akt->prev = neu;
autokanal[p][c].liste[num] = neu;
} else {
while (akt->next) {
if (akt->next->takt > t) break;
akt = akt->next;
}
neu->prev = akt;
neu->next = akt->next;
akt->next = neu;
if (neu->next) neu->next->prev = neu;
}
} else {
autokanal[p][c].liste[num] = neu;
neu->prev = NULL;
neu->next = NULL;
}
}
return(neu);
}
void EntferneAutoPunkt(BYTE p, BYTE c, BYTE num, struct AUTOPUNKT *punkt) {
if (punkt != autokanal[p][c].liste[num]) {
punkt->prev->next = punkt->next;
if (punkt->next) punkt->next->prev = punkt->prev;
} else {
if (punkt->next) punkt->next->prev = NULL;
autokanal[p][c].liste[num] = punkt->next;
}
FreeVec(punkt);
}
void EntferneAlleAutoPunkte(BYTE p, BYTE c, BYTE num) {
EntferneAutoPunkte(autokanal[p][c].liste[num]);
autokanal[p][c].liste[num] = NULL;
}
struct AUTOPUNKT *TaktAutoPunkt(BYTE p, BYTE c, BYTE num, LONG t) {
struct AUTOPUNKT *akt;
akt = autokanal[p][c].liste[num];
while (akt) {
if ((akt->takt & VIERTELMASKE) == t) return(akt);
akt = akt->next;
}
return(NULL);
}
void AutoAnpassen(BYTE p, BYTE c, BYTE num, BYTE wert) {
if (num == 0) {
if (wert != mpkanal[p][c].fader) {
SendeKanalEvent(p, c, MS_Ctrl, MC_Volume, wert);
mpkanal[p][c].fader = wert;
mpkanal[p][c].autoupdate = TRUE;
mpkanal[p][c].updateflags |= 0x01;
}
}
if (num == 1) {
if (wert != mpkanal[p][c].pan) {
SendeKanalEvent(p, c, MS_Ctrl, MC_Pan, wert);
mpkanal[p][c].pan = wert;
mpkanal[p][c].autoupdate = TRUE;
mpkanal[p][c].updateflags |= 0x02;
}
}
if (num >= 2) {
if (wert != mpkanal[p][c].contrwert[num - 2]) {
SendeKanalEvent(p, c, MS_Ctrl, mpkanal[p][c].contr[num - 2], wert);
mpkanal[p][c].contrwert[num - 2] = wert;
mpkanal[p][c].autoupdate = TRUE;
mpkanal[p][c].updateflags |= (0x04 << (num - 2));
}
}
}
void AutomationVorbereiten(BYTE p, BYTE c, LONG t) {
BYTE num;
struct AUTOPUNKT *akt;
t = vorgeschobenerPortTakt(p, t);
for (num = 0; num < 8; num++) {
autokanal[p][c].aktpunkt[num] = NULL;
akt = autokanal[p][c].liste[num];
while (akt) {
if (akt->takt <= t) autokanal[p][c].aktpunkt[num] = akt;
else break;
akt = akt->next;
}
}
}
void LoopAutomationVorbereiten(BYTE p, BYTE c, LONG t) {
BYTE num;
struct AUTOPUNKT *akt;
t = vorgeschobenerPortTakt(p, t);
for (num = 0; num < 8; num++) {
autokanal[p][c].looppunkt[num] = NULL;
akt = autokanal[p][c].liste[num];
while (akt) {
if (akt->takt <= t) autokanal[p][c].looppunkt[num] = akt;
else break;
akt = akt->next;
}
}
}
void LoopAutomationResetten(BYTE p, BYTE c) {
BYTE num;
for (num = 0; num < 8; num++) {
autokanal[p][c].aktpunkt[num] = autokanal[p][c].looppunkt[num];
}
}
void SpieleAutomation(BYTE p, BYTE c, LONG t) {
BYTE num;
struct AUTOPUNKT *akt;
LONG wert;
t = vorgeschobenerPortTakt(p, t);
for (num = 0; num < 8; num++) {
if (autokanal[p][c].liste[num]) { // Automation vorhanden?
akt = autokanal[p][c].aktpunkt[num];
if (!akt) { // Vor dem ersten
if (autokanal[p][c].liste[num]->takt <= t) akt = autokanal[p][c].liste[num];
}
if (akt) { // Auto zu senden
while (akt->next) {
if (akt->next->takt <= t) akt = akt->next;
else break;
}
if (akt->next) {
if (akt->wert != akt->next->wert) {
wert = ((LONG)akt->next->wert * (t - akt->takt)) + ((LONG)akt->wert * (akt->next->takt - t));
wert = wert / (akt->next->takt - akt->takt);
} else wert = akt->wert;
AutoAnpassen(p, c, num, (BYTE)wert);
} else {
AutoAnpassen(p, c, num, akt->wert);
}
}
autokanal[p][c].aktpunkt[num] = akt;
}
}
}
void LoescheAutoBereich(BYTE p, BYTE c, BYTE num, LONG von, LONG bis) {
struct AUTOPUNKT *punkt;
struct AUTOPUNKT *next;
punkt = autokanal[p][c].liste[num];
while (punkt) {
if (punkt->takt > bis) break;
next = punkt->next;
if ((punkt->takt >= von) && (punkt->takt <= bis)) {
if (punkt != autokanal[p][c].liste[num]) {
punkt->prev->next = punkt->next;
if (punkt->next) punkt->next->prev = punkt->prev;
} else {
if (punkt->next) punkt->next->prev = NULL;
autokanal[p][c].liste[num] = punkt->next;
}
FreeVec(punkt);
}
punkt = next;
}
}
void KonvertiereContrZuAuto(WORD s) {
BYTE p, c;
BYTE num;
BYTE data1;
struct SEQUENZ *seq;
struct EVENTBLOCK *evbl;
WORD evnum;
struct EVENT *ev;
BYTE data2 = 0;
BYTE altdata2 = -1;
LONG zeit;
LONG altzeit = -1;
struct AUTOPUNKT *lastpunkt;
WORD delta1, delta2;
LONG deltat1, deltat2;
BOOL neuerpunkt;
if (spur[s].autostatus) {
p = spur[s].port;
c = spur[s].channel;
num = spur[s].autostatus - 1;
lastpunkt = NULL;
// Controller suchen...
if (num == 0) data1 = MC_Volume;
else if (num == 1) data1 = MC_Pan;
else data1 = mpkanal[p][c].contr[num - 2];
// Markierte Sequenzen abarbeiten...
seq = spur[s].seq;
while (seq) {
if (seq->markiert) {
LoescheAutoBereich(p, c, num, seq->start, seq->ende);
evbl = seq->eventblock; evnum = 0;
while (evbl) {
ev = &evbl->event[evnum];
if (!ev->status) break;
if (((ev->status & MS_StatBits) == MS_Ctrl) && (ev->data1 == data1)) data2 = ev->data2;
zeit = (seq->start + ev->zeit) & VIERTELMASKE;
if (zeit != altzeit) {
if (data2 != altdata2) {
neuerpunkt = TRUE;
if (lastpunkt) {
if (lastpunkt->prev) {
deltat1 = (lastpunkt->takt - lastpunkt->prev->takt) >> VIERTEL;
deltat2 = (zeit - lastpunkt->takt) >> VIERTEL;
if ((deltat1 != 0) && (deltat2 != 0)) {
delta1 = (lastpunkt->wert - lastpunkt->prev->wert) / deltat1;
delta2 = (data2 - lastpunkt->wert) / deltat2;
if (abs(delta1 - delta2) <= 1) {
lastpunkt->wert = data2;
lastpunkt->takt = zeit;
neuerpunkt = FALSE;
}
}
}
}
if (neuerpunkt) {
if (altzeit > -1) {
deltat1 = (zeit - lastpunkt->takt) >> VIERTEL;
if (deltat1 > 2) NeuerAutoPunkt(p, c, num, zeit, altdata2);
}
lastpunkt = NeuerAutoPunkt(p, c, num, zeit, data2);
}
altdata2 = data2;
}
altzeit = zeit;
}
evnum++; if (evnum == EVENTS) {evbl = evbl->next; evnum = 0;}
}
}
seq = seq->next;
}
if (altdata2 == -1) Meldung(CAT(MSG_0000, "There were no fitting controller events in marked sequences"));
} else Meldung(CAT(MSG_0001, "The automation you want to convert to must be selected"));
}
void KonvertiereAutoZuContr(WORD s) {
BYTE p, c;
BYTE num;
BYTE data1;
struct AUTOPUNKT *akt;
LONG wert;
LONG altwert = -1;
LONG zeit;
if (spur[s].autostatus) {
p = spur[s].port;
c = spur[s].channel;
num = spur[s].autostatus - 1;
// Controller suchen...
if (num == 0) data1 = MC_Volume;
else if (num == 1) data1 = MC_Pan;
else data1 = mpkanal[p][c].contr[num - 2];
akt = autokanal[p][c].liste[num];
if (akt) { // Automation vorhanden?
zeit = akt->takt & VIERTELMASKE;
do {
while (akt->next) {
if (akt->next->takt <= zeit) akt = akt->next;
else break;
}
if (akt->next) {
if (akt->wert != akt->next->wert) {
wert = ((LONG)akt->next->wert * (zeit - akt->takt)) + ((LONG)akt->wert * (akt->next->takt - zeit));
wert = wert / (akt->next->takt - akt->takt);
} else wert = akt->wert;
if (wert != altwert) {
AddEvent(s, zeit, MS_Ctrl, data1, (BYTE)wert);
altwert = wert;
}
} else break;
zeit += VIERTELWERT >> 3;
} while (1);
NeueSequenzEinordnen(s);
}
}
}
| 49,901 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4127095 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,010 | Stack Exchange | Kyle Cohen, Nguyen Thanh Dong, Taunik, Ysohotm, https://stackoverflow.com/users/492901, https://stackoverflow.com/users/8686839, https://stackoverflow.com/users/8686840, https://stackoverflow.com/users/8686841, https://stackoverflow.com/users/8688390, https://stackoverflow.com/users/8688529, netcoder, user8688529 | English | Spoken | 312 | 412 | documenting cakephp project
I'm working on a couple of CakePhp projects these days and I was wondering how I should document them. I'm used with ruby on rails where documenting is made easy with the help of the framework.
Is there anything like this in CakePhp? I'm looking at the documentation of the framework and I can't find anything about that. If it's not part of the framework, what would be the proper way to document my project?
You're looking for a way to document the code?
You should try the Api Generator plugin (introduced here) used to power the official CakePHP API.
It uses the Reflection class (available in PHP 5.2 and above) to dynamically introspect your code's docblock comments meaning you don't have to regenerate your documentation for every change you make.
There are also a few extra features such as search indexing, calculating documentation coverage of your code, and allowing the use of Markdown in your docblock comments to generate HTML in your documentation.
You can always use generic solutions that apply to any PHP codebase instead, such as phpDocumentor or doxygen.
You will need to add docblocks to your code with the appropriate tags for any of these solutions to work (some IDEs can generate these for you). The core CakePHP code (and associated documentation) can be used as a good example of what is required.
A few subtle standards I have noticed the CakePHP team use when documenting code:
Never indent the docblock comment, even inside a class. This allows you to scroll through code scanning by docblock, and also allows you the full horizontal width of each line to type (usually around 100 characters).
Finish every sentence with a full stop (or period) as this acts as a good signal to let you know if each part of the documentation is complete and well thought out.
| 17,209 |
https://persist.lu/ark:70795/vntpr7/articles/DTL44_1 | BNL Newspapers (1841-1879) | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,850 | Verhandlungen der Kammer. | None | German | Spoken | 397 | 685 | Verhandlungen der Kammer. die Pensionen der frühern Generalverwalter abgestimmt werde, namentlich über die Pension des Hrn. Simons. Die Kammer beschließt die Vertagung. In der Morgensitzung vom 1. März schritt die Kammer zur Ernennung der Gesetzgebungscommission, welche durch den Art. 60 der Crnstitution vorgesehen ist. Genannt wurden als ordentliche Mitglieder: die Herren Eyschen, Obergerichtsrath, Würth⸗Paquet Vicepräsident des Obergerichtes, Mongenast Obergerichtsrath, Andre Advokat und Jonas Aovokat. Zu Ergänzungsmitgliedern wurden genannt: die Herren Simons Advokat, Fischer Thierarzt und Schaefer Kaufmann. In derselben Sitzung wurde auch die Rechnungscommission für die Kammer genannt. Gewählt wurden zu Mitgliedern dieser Commission die Herrn Pescatore, Tornaco, Jonas und Mersch. In der Nachmittagssitzung erstattete Hr. Nichard im Namen der Centralsection Bericht über die deutsche Frage. Drei Sectionen hatten sich für den Anschluß an das Interim, eine Section für eine motivirte Tagesordnung ausgesprochen. Das Dreitönigsbündniß war nur in einer Section zur Sprache gekommen und einstimmig war der Anschluß an dasselbe abgelehnt worden. Die Centralsection hat sich auf den Anschluß an das Interim angetragen mit dem Vorbehalt daß der im Art. 1 der Constitution festgestellten Rechte des Großherzogthums nicht angetastet und daß überhanpt die verbindende Kraft der Constitution und der Gesetze des Landes im Ganzen noch zum Theil suspendirt werden können. Hr, v. Blochausen stellte einen Antrag auf Vertagung der Frage. Dasselbe ist jedoch abgelehnt und der Antrag der Centralsection angenommen worden. Hierauf erklärte Hr. Willmar im Namen des Königs Großherzogs die diesjährige Sitzung der Kammer für geschlossen. Sitzung vom 26. Febr. Beginn Nachmittags 3 Uhr. Hr. Richard erstattet im Namen der Centralsection Bericht ab über den Gesetzentwurf, betreffend die Attributionen der Generalverwalter. Dieser Gesetzentwurf ist ausgearbeitet worden in Vollziehung des Art. 80 der Constitution, welcher lautet: „Eine der ersten gesetzgebenden Versammlung zur Genehmigung vorzulegende Dienstordnung bestimmt die Vertheilung der Dienstzweige unter die Mitglieder der Regierung, den Geschäftsgang für die Ausübung ihrer Befugnisse, nur die Fälle, in welchen sie collegialisch berathen.“ Die Centralsection trägt in ihrem Bericht über den genannten Gesetzesentwurf namentlich auch darauf an, daß eine Bestimmung getroffen werde, dahin gehend, daß alle erledigte Stellen wenigstens innerhalb Jahreszeit besetzt werden müßten. Die Berathung des in Frage stehenden Gesetzentwurfes wird vorläufig auf die Sitzung vom 27. Febr. fortgesetzt. Hierauf werden noch einige Gesuche der Kammer angezeigt, die sich auf die Richtung verschiedeneMaßen bezogen, namentlich ein Gesuch der Gemeinderäthe von Bous und Waldbredimus, welche verlangen, daß die neuprogectirte Straße’ über Waldbredimus, Assel, Dalheim und Aspelt nach Frisingen geführt werde. | 48,502 |
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughalsarai%20Railway%20Settlement | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Mughalsarai Railway Settlement | https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mughalsarai Railway Settlement&action=history | Italian | Spoken | 29 | 74 | Mughalsarai Railway Settlement è una suddivisione dell'India, classificata come nagar panchayat, di 27.860 abitanti, situata nel distretto di Chandauli, nello stato federato dell'Uttar Pradesh.
Note
Centri abitati dell'Uttar Pradesh | 4,803 |
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernd%20Kessens | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Bernd Kessens | https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernd Kessens&action=history | German | Spoken | 497 | 1,096 | Bernd Kessens (* 9. März 1948 in Bunnen, Stadt Löningen, Landkreis Cloppenburg) ist ein deutscher Schriftsteller.
Leben und Wirken
Kessens studierte in Münster Germanistik und Geographie und war von 1974 bis 2001 Lehrer am Gymnasium in Damme, wo er lebt. Seit 1989 veröffentlichte er mehrere Romane mit historischen und modernen Themen. Kessens war bis Juli 2008 Fraktionsvorsitzender der SPD im Kreistag Vechta; sein Mandat als Kreistagsabgeordneter nahm er bis 2016 wahr.
Zu den historischen Themen, die Kessens in seinen Romanen behandelt, gehört die Aufarbeitung der Beziehungen zwischen den Grundherren, Bauern und landlosen Heuerleuten in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Zu Kessens' modernen Themen in seinen Romanen gehört die psychologisch orientierte Charakterologie. Hier werden typische Charakterstrukturen außergewöhnlicher Menschen untersucht, um Affinitäten in Gefühls-, Denk- und Verhaltensmustern herauszukristallisieren.
Kessens ist auch Autor von Theaterstücken, die jeweils an seinem Wohnort Damme uraufgeführt wurden: Die Räuber vom Mordkuhlenberg (2004/2005), Die weiße Frau von der Dersaburg (2006/2007) über Widukind und die Sachsen im Umkreis der Dersaburg, Wunderheiler wider Willen (2008/2009), Glückauf – eine unvergessene Liebe. Ein Bergwerksdrama (2010/2011), das Auswandererdrama Amerika und das große Glück (2012), das Schauspiel Im Westen geht die Sonne auf (2013) – Theaterstück über das Schicksal einer Aussiedlerfamilie aus Kasachstan –, die Komödie Ist der Winter bestechlich? (2015) – ein Stück über Korruption und Bestechung – sowie Romeo und Julia in den Dammer Bergen, eine vor der Dammer Pfarrkirche St. Viktor aufgeführte Bearbeitung von Shakespeares Tragödie Romeo und Julia (2017), das Drama "Vom Jungen, der Hitlers Pläne durchkreuzte", das im Rahmen der Dammer Domfestspiele im September 2022 aufgeführt wurde. Das Theaterstück behandelt den Kreuzkampf 1936, bei dem die Katholiken im Oldenburger Münsterland die nationalsozialistische Regierung im Freistaat Oldenburg unter Druck setzen konnten, den sog. Kreuzerlass zurückzunehmen. Unter Kreuzerlass versteht man vorrangig die Entfernung von Kreuzen und Lutherbildern aus den Schulen. Die Zahl der Besucher lag pro Stück zwischen 2600 und 4000.
Die wichtigsten Romane sind Rabenfluch, Freiheit und gebratener Speck, und an den Füßen eine goldene Uhr, Getanzte Liebe Flamenco (eine Bearbeitung von Goethes Die Leiden des jungen Werthers) sowie Die Angst des Stierkämpfers vor der Spitze des Horns.
Werke
Tatort Maisfeld, Vechta: Plaggenborg, 1992, ISBN 3-929358-01-8 (erste Auflage 1989).
Rabenfluch, Damme: Taurino, ca. 2005, ISBN 3-9805800-8-3 (erste Auflage Vechta: Plaggenborg, 1992).
Die Angst des Stierkämpfers vor der Spitze des Horns, Vechta: Plaggenborg, ca. 1994, ISBN 3-929358-03-4.
Freiheit und gebratener Speck, Damme: Taurino, 1997, ISBN 3-9805800-0-8.
Getanzte Liebe Flamenco, Damme: Taurino, 1999, ISBN 3-9805800-2-4.
und an den Füßen eine goldene Uhr, Damme: Taurino, 2000, ISBN 3-9805800-3-2.
Die spanische Haut, Damme: Taurino, ca. 2002, ISBN 3-9805800-6-7.
Ein Stück Land, Damme: Taurino, ca. 2006, ISBN 3-9810060-0-3.
Weblinks
Offizielle Website (offenbar auch Website des Taurino-Verlags)
Website zu Getanzte Liebe Flamenco auf literaturatlas.de
Vortrag über Die Angst des Stierkämpfers vor der Spitze des Horns (1994; private Homepage von Andreas Krumbein)
Die Sage vom weißen Fräulein von der Dersaburg (Text der Vorlage; PDF-Datei; 49 kB)
Einzelnachweise
Autor
Literatur (Deutsch)
Roman, Epik
Drama
Kommunalpolitiker (Landkreis Vechta)
SPD-Mitglied
Person (Löningen)
Deutscher
Geboren 1948
Mann | 33,606 |
Subsets and Splits