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https://github.com/jcouv/roslyn/blob/master/src/Workspaces/Core/Portable/EmbeddedLanguages/LanguageServices/EmbeddedLanguageInfo.cs | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,019 | roslyn | jcouv | C# | Code | 84 | 279 | // Copyright (c) Microsoft. All Rights Reserved. Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.EmbeddedLanguages.VirtualChars;
using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.LanguageServices;
namespace Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.EmbeddedLanguages.LanguageServices
{
internal struct EmbeddedLanguageInfo
{
public readonly int StringLiteralTokenKind;
public readonly int InterpolatedTextTokenKind;
public readonly ISyntaxFactsService SyntaxFacts;
public readonly ISemanticFactsService SemanticFacts;
public readonly IVirtualCharService VirtualCharService;
public EmbeddedLanguageInfo(int stringLiteralTokenKind, int interpolatedTextTokenKind, ISyntaxFactsService syntaxFacts, ISemanticFactsService semanticFacts, IVirtualCharService virtualCharService)
{
StringLiteralTokenKind = stringLiteralTokenKind;
InterpolatedTextTokenKind = interpolatedTextTokenKind;
SyntaxFacts = syntaxFacts;
SemanticFacts = semanticFacts;
VirtualCharService = virtualCharService;
}
}
}
| 25,003 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuteragenia | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Deuteragenia | https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deuteragenia&action=history | Cebuano | Spoken | 119 | 439 | Kahenera sa mga insekto ang Deuteragenia. Ang Deuteragenia sakop sa kabanay nga Pompilidae.
Matang nga nahiubos
Deuteragenia amamiensis
Deuteragenia aztecus
Deuteragenia barbata
Deuteragenia bicolor
Deuteragenia brevis
Deuteragenia carychroceraeus
Deuteragenia chirindensis
Deuteragenia cingulata
Deuteragenia cubensis
Deuteragenia diana
Deuteragenia dregei
Deuteragenia erythrepa
Deuteragenia erythrotichia
Deuteragenia fenchihuensis
Deuteragenia frontalis
Deuteragenia geronimo
Deuteragenia granulifrons
Deuteragenia heterospila
Deuteragenia hondurensis
Deuteragenia honesta
Deuteragenia immaculata
Deuteragenia immarginata
Deuteragenia inconspersa
Deuteragenia kandiensis
Deuteragenia lehri
Deuteragenia lorentzi
Deuteragenia lunulata
Deuteragenia lynchi
Deuteragenia macilenta
Deuteragenia nipponica
Deuteragenia ochraceipes
Deuteragenia ogasawarensis
Deuteragenia ossarium
Deuteragenia papuana
Deuteragenia pempuchiana
Deuteragenia philippinense
Deuteragenia polita
Deuteragenia romankovae
Deuteragenia siliventris
Deuteragenia sinan
Deuteragenia spangleri
Deuteragenia sperconsa
Deuteragenia taiwana
Deuteragenia thias
Deuteragenia turneri
Deuteragenia ugandensis
Deuteragenia vechti
Deuteragenia wenustipennis
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Insekto
Deuteragenia | 4,108 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13135023 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | Caspar Ziegler | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 553 | 1,228 | Caspar Ziegler
Caspar Ziegler is in minske
Caspar Ziegler sekse of geslacht man
Caspar Ziegler foarnamme Caspar
Caspar Ziegler famyljenamme Ziegler
Caspar Ziegler bertedatum 1450
Caspar Ziegler bertedatum 1500
Caspar Ziegler datum fan ferstjerren 1520
Caspar Ziegler
Caspar Ziegler instance of human
Caspar Ziegler sex or gender male
Caspar Ziegler given name Caspar
Caspar Ziegler family name Ziegler
Caspar Ziegler date of birth 1450
Caspar Ziegler date of birth 1500, instance of statement with Gregorian date earlier than 1584
Caspar Ziegler date of death 1520, instance of statement with Gregorian date earlier than 1584
Caspar Ziegler Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/11bbxqx014
Caspar Ziegler
sächsischer Amtmann; sächsischer Rat in Friesland
Caspar Ziegler ist ein(e) Mensch
Caspar Ziegler Geschlecht männlich
Caspar Ziegler Vorname Caspar
Caspar Ziegler Familienname Ziegler
Caspar Ziegler Geburtsdatum 1450
Caspar Ziegler Geburtsdatum 1500, ist ein(e) Aussage mit einem Gregorianischem Datum vor 1584
Caspar Ziegler Sterbedatum 1520, ist ein(e) Aussage mit einem Gregorianischem Datum vor 1584
Caspar Ziegler Google-Knowledge-Graph-Kennung /g/11bbxqx014
Caspar Ziegler
Caspar Ziegler istanza di umano
Caspar Ziegler sesso o genere maschio
Caspar Ziegler prenome Caspar
Caspar Ziegler cognome Ziegler
Caspar Ziegler data di nascita 1450
Caspar Ziegler data di nascita 1500, istanza di dichiarazione con data gregoriana precedente al 1584
Caspar Ziegler data di morte 1520, istanza di dichiarazione con data gregoriana precedente al 1584
Caspar Ziegler identificativo Google Knowledge Graph /g/11bbxqx014
Caspar Ziegler
Caspar Ziegler is een mens
Caspar Ziegler sekse of geslacht mannelijk
Caspar Ziegler voornaam Caspar
Caspar Ziegler familienaam Ziegler
Caspar Ziegler geboortedatum 1450
Caspar Ziegler geboortedatum 1500, is een verklaring met datum voor 1584 in de Gregoriaanse kalender
Caspar Ziegler overlijdensdatum 1520, is een verklaring met datum voor 1584 in de Gregoriaanse kalender
Caspar Ziegler Google Knowledge Graph-identificatiecode /g/11bbxqx014
كاسبار زيغلر
كاسبار زيغلر نموذج من إنسان
كاسبار زيغلر الجنس ذكر
كاسبار زيغلر الاسم الأول كاسبار
كاسبار زيغلر اسم العائلة تسيغلر
كاسبار زيغلر تاريخ الميلاد 1450
كاسبار زيغلر تاريخ الميلاد 1500, نموذج من بيان مع التاريخ الغريغوري في وقت سابق من 1584
كاسبار زيغلر تاريخ الوفاة 1520, نموذج من بيان مع التاريخ الغريغوري في وقت سابق من 1584
كاسبار زيغلر مُعرِّف جوجل لرسوم المعرفة (GKG) /g/11bbxqx014
Caspar Ziegler
Caspar Ziegler instancia de ser humano
Caspar Ziegler sexo o género masculino
Caspar Ziegler nombre de pila Caspar
Caspar Ziegler apellido Ziegler
Caspar Ziegler fecha de nacimiento 1450
Caspar Ziegler fecha de nacimiento 1500, instancia de declaración con fecha gregoriana anterior a 1584
Caspar Ziegler fecha de fallecimiento 1520, instancia de declaración con fecha gregoriana anterior a 1584
Caspar Ziegler identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/11bbxqx014
Caspar Ziegler
Caspar Ziegler instancia de humanu
Caspar Ziegler sexu masculín
Caspar Ziegler nome Caspar
Caspar Ziegler apellíu Ziegler
Caspar Ziegler fecha de nacimientu 1450
Caspar Ziegler fecha de nacimientu 1500, instancia de declaración con data gregoriana anterior al añu 1584
Caspar Ziegler data de la muerte 1520, instancia de declaración con data gregoriana anterior al añu 1584
Caspar Ziegler
Caspar Ziegler nature de l’élément être humain
Caspar Ziegler sexe ou genre masculin
Caspar Ziegler prénom Caspar
Caspar Ziegler nom de famille Ziegler
Caspar Ziegler date de naissance 1450
Caspar Ziegler date de naissance 1500, nature de l’élément déclaration avec une date utilisant le calendrier grégorien avant 1584
Caspar Ziegler date de mort 1520, nature de l’élément déclaration avec une date utilisant le calendrier grégorien avant 1584
Caspar Ziegler identifiant du Google Knowledge Graph /g/11bbxqx014 | 14,182 |
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outokrasie | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Outokrasie | https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outokrasie&action=history | Afrikaans | Spoken | 52 | 118 | Outokrasie is 'n regeringstelsel waarin die hoogste gesag in die hande van één persoon gekonsentreer is. Hierdie persoon se besluite is nie onderworpe aan eksterne wetlike beperkinge of aan beheer deur die bevolking nie. Die bekendste vorme van outokrasie is absolute monargie (bv. in Saoedi-Arabië) en diktatorskap (bv. in Noord-Korea).
Diktature
Regeringstelsels | 29,452 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanostrombus%20galeatus | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Titanostrombus galeatus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titanostrombus galeatus&action=history | English | Spoken | 854 | 1,296 | Titanostrombus galeatus, commonly known as the Eastern Pacific giant conch, is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Strombidae, the true conchs and their allies.
It is an eastern Pacific species that occurs from the Gulf of California to Peru.
The shells of this species were used as a wind instruments by the Chavín, an ancient civilization from the northern Andean highlands of Peru. They are still used for this purpose in the Andes, where they are known as pututu.
Distribution
Titanostrombus galeatus occurs in several countries and regions along the coastal waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean, including the Gulf of California, Mexico, Pacific Panama, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Galapagos Islands and Peru.
Description
The shell of Titanostrombus galeatus is large (maximum size 23 cm (8.97 inches), common to 14 cm (5.46 inches)), very thick and heavy. It has an oblong outline, with a short pointed spire that lacks spines and nodules and is often eroded. The body whorl is very inflated, with numerous spiral ridges and low, slightly noticeable nodules on the shoulder. The periostracum is thick. The outer lip is very flared, posteriorly expanded, not higher than the apex of the spire. The edge of the outer lip edge bears a shallow stromboid notch that is often associated with the undulations originating from the superficial spiral sculpture. The columella is smooth with a well-developed callus in this species. The shell is colored ivory white to light brown externally, with a darker spire and a brown periostracum. The aperture is bright white, and the outer lip and columellar callus are often extensively orange or dull brown in old specimens.
Phylogeny
In 2006, Latiolais and colleagues proposed a cladogram (a tree of descent) that attempts to show the phylogenetic relationships of 34 species within the family Strombidae. The authors analysed 31 species in the genus Strombus including Lobatus galeatus (there referred to as Strombus galeatus), and three species in the allied genus Lambis. The cladogram was based on DNA sequences of both nuclear histone H3 and mitochondrial cytochrome-c oxidase I protein-coding gene regions. In this proposed phylogeny, Strombus galeatus is show as a sister taxon to the clade that includes Lobatus gallus (Strombus gallus), Lobatus gigas (Strombus gigas), Lobatus costatus (Strombus costatus), Lobatus raninus (Strombus raninus), Lobatus peruvianus (Strombus peruvianus) and their last common ancestor.
Ecology
Titanostrombus galeatus dwells on rocky, sandy bottoms near mangrove areas. It lives in depths from the low tide mark to 15 m, but records go as deep as 30 m. During the beginning of the year, in the early months, L. galeatus exhibits a gregarious behavior, forming large agglomerates in shallow waters. This is due to the mating season, which is also when oviposition occurs. Females usually lay eggs arranged in clusters called egg masses, either directly on the sand or on dead mollusk shells.
During the 19th century, strombid gastropods were believed to be carnivores. This erroneous conception was based on the writings of the French naturalist Jean Baptiste Lamarck, whose classification scheme grouped strombids with the carnivorous sea snails. However, subsequent studies have refuted the concept completely, proving without a doubt that strombid gastropods are herbivorous animals. L. galeatus feeds primarily on macroalgae, and occasionally on detritus.
The giant conch is preyed upon by invertebrates, such as octopuses, and also by vertebrates, including rays (genera and species of cartilaginous fish in the family Myliobatidae), triggerfish (family Balistidae), and snappers (perciform fish in the family Lutjanidae).
Behavior
Compared to other gastropods, Titanostrombus galeatus has an unusual means of locomotion, which is common only among the Strombidae. This curious series of maneuvers was originally described by the American zoologist George Howard Parker in 1922. The animal initially fixes the posterior end of the foot by thrusting the point of its sickle-shaped operculum into the substrate. Then it extends its foot forward, lifting the shell and throwing it ahead in a motion that Parker called "leaping". L. galeatus is known to move long distances, on a scale of kilometers, in a matter of months. Burrowing behavior, in which an individual sinks itself entirely or partially into the substrate, is frequent among strombid gastropods. In the course of its life span, Lobatus galeatus spends part of the time partially buried in the sand.
Human uses
Giant conch shells were used as wind instruments by the Chavín, a pre-Incan civilization that developed in the northern Andean highlands of Peru. Lobatus galeatus shells were prepared for musical use through the creation of a mouthpiece. This was done by cutting a small tip of the spire out and polishing the resulting hole, thus producing a trumpet-like instrument. In 2001, twenty such instruments were excavated from the Chavín de Huantar archaeological site, which makes them nearly three thousand years old. This kind of playable shell is still used in the Andes, where they are known as pututu. Lobatus galeatus is edible; it is an economically important species in many areas where it occurs. It is primarily used for subsistence and commercial fishery.
References
Strombidae
Gastropods described in 1823
Taxa named by William John Swainson
Peruvian musical instruments | 48,895 |
https://openalex.org/W2130975271 | OpenAlex | Open Science | CC-By | 2,008 | Hemostasis and ageing | Daniela Mari | English | Spoken | 4,000 | 6,948 | BioMed Central BioMed Central Background in younger subjects aged 20 (250 mg/dL). As a whole, an
increment of plasma fibrinogen level by 10 mg/dL for
each decade can be expected in healthy subjects. The con-
tribution of fibrinogen to cause thrombosis is not fully
elucidated. Fibrinogen, moreover, is a molecule that plays
a role in acute-phase inflammation and fibrinogen levels
increase in response to interleukin-6 and both are strongly
correlated with ageing [3]. Factor VII which is not an acute
phase reactant, triggers the coagulation cascade when cir-
culating factor VII reacts with tissue factor that is usually
not expressed in the intact vasculature. Factor VII plasma
levels progressively increase with age, from a mean of 95
units/dL in subjects of 20 years old to over 110 units/dL
in subjects over 50. Thrombotic disorders have been
shown to be more frequent in subjects with higher plasma
levels of factor VII but the data have not been confirmed
in other studies [4]. Unfortunately there are differences in
factor VII coagulant assay methodologies. Factor VIII, On March 19, 2008 a Symposium on Pathophysiology of
Ageing and Age-Related Diseases was held in Palermo,
Italy. The lecture of D. Mari on Hemostasis and ageing is
summarized herein. Physiological ageing is associated
with increased plasma levels of many proteins of blood
coagulation, with fibrinolysis impairment. This may be of
great concern in view of the known association between
vascular and thromboembolic diseases and ageing. Abstract On March 19, 2008 a Symposium on Pathophysiology of Ageing and Age-Related Diseases was held
in Palermo, Italy. The lecture of D. Mari on Hemostasis and ageing is summarized herein. Physiological ageing is associated with increased plasma levels of many proteins of blood
coagulation together with fibrinolysis impairment. This may be of great concern in view of the
known association between vascular and thromboembolic diseases and ageing. On the other hand,
centenarians are characterized by a state of hypercoagulability and possession of several high-risk
alleles and well-known atherothrombotic risk markers but this appears to be compatible with
longevity and/or health. Parameters considered risk factors for atherosclerotic vascular diseases in
young people may lose their biological significance in advanced age and assume a different role. Published: 23 October 2008 Immunity & Ageing 2008, 5:12
doi:10.1186/1742-4933-5-12 This article is available from: http://www.immunityageing.com/content/5/1/12 © 2008 Mari et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0),
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Page 1 of 4
(page number not for citation purposes) Immunity & Ageing Open Access Hemostasis and ageing ddress: 1Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e U.O. di Geriatria, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Università di Mil
Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy Email: Daniela Mari* - [email protected]; Giulia Ogliari - [email protected]; Davide Castaldi - [email protected];
Giovanni Vitale - [email protected]; Elisa Mariadele Bollini - [email protected]; Domenico Lio - [email protected]
* Corresponding author * Corresponding author Received: 18 August 2008
Accepted: 23 October 2008 Pro-thrombotic clotting factors With advancing age many individuals, who are other-
wise normal, show laboratory evidence of heightened
coagulation enzyme activity, i.e., hypercoagulability, as
detected by elevated plasma levels of prothrombin frag-
ment 1 +2 (F1+2), Fibrinopeptide A (FpA), Thrombin-
antithrombin complex (TAT) and D-dimer (D-D). Pro-
thrombin fragment 1 +2 is a measure of the cleavage of
prothrombin by activated factor X (factor Xa) being
released from the amino terminal portion of the molecule
during its conversion to thrombin. FpA is a measure of the
formation of fibrin being released from the α-chain of
fibrinogen when thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin. TAT is a measure of thrombin generation and neutraliza-
tion by antithrombin. DD is a stable degradation product
of cross linked fibrin, a marker of endogenous fibrinoly-
sis. The levels of factor IX and factor X activation peptides
also increase with advancing age [5]. opause in women before falling again at an older age. The
plasma concentration of free protein S increased with age-
ing; in the healthy blood donors free protein S levels rose
from 86% in subjects under 40 years to 99% in subjects
over 40 years of age. Recently data from the Cardiovascu-
lar Health Study have assessed the associations of com-
mon polymorphisms of protein C (PROC), protein S
(PROS1) and soluble plasma protein C receptor (sEPCR)
and plasma protein C, soluble protein C receptor and pro-
tein S levels measured in a sub-sample of 336 participants
at study entry [mean age 77 ± 7.4 (65–98), 47% female]. The results of this study showed that the PROCR
Ser219Gly polymorphism (rs867186) was strongly asso-
ciated with higher sEPCR levels, explaining 75% of the
phenotypic variation. The Ser219Gly variant was also
associated with higher levels of circulating protein C anti-
gen. The minor alleles of PROC rs2069901 and PROS1
rs4857343 were weakly associated with lower protein C
and free protein S levels, respectively. There was no asso-
ciation between PROCR Ser219Gly and risk of coronary
heat disease, stroke, or mortality. The minor allele of
another common PROCR tagSNP, rs2069948, was associ-
ated with lymphoid PROCR mRNA expression and with
increased risk of incident stroke and all-cause mortality,
and decreased healthy survival during follow-up [8]. Heparin cofactor II (HCII), a serine protease inhibitor
(serpin), inhibits thrombin actions after binding to der-
matan sulphate at injured arterial walls and may nega-
tively regulate thrombin actions in vascular walls. Physiological inhibitors of blood coagulation y
g
f
g
The main physiological inhibitors of blood coagulation
are natural anticoagulants produced by the liver and circu-
lating in the plasma, antithrombin III, heparin cofactor II,
the protein C-protein S system, and tissue factor pathway
inhibitor (TFPI). The increased activation of the age-
related coagulation is not due to a decrease in the main
inhibitor of the tissue factor pathway, TFPI, which
increases with ageing. The behaviour pattern of TFPI is
gender dependent; in women, statistically significant
increases in the plasma concentration of TFPI with age
have been observed, paralleling the rise in factor VII. No
significant age-related change in TFPI has been found in
men [6]. Protein C levels are normal in the elderly and lev-
els of protein C activation peptides are increased as well
with age [5], excluding that a reduced activity of the
endothelial thrombomodulin can trigger the activation of
the coagulation. Hypercoagulability in apparently normal
males of increasing age is not supported by the decreased
functional activity of the antithrombin III per se. The
occurrence of menopause significant increases anti-
thrombin III levels, but the increased generation of acti-
vated factor X could depend on a minor efficiency of the
inhibitory system of ATIII, due to a deficient displacement
of the endothelial glycoasaminoglycans modulating the
ATIII activity in vivo [1]. As with other epidemiological
studies, Lowe et al [7] in the course of the Third Glasgow
MONICA Survey observed that the median antithrombin
levels decreased in male elderly, but increased after men- Pro-thrombotic clotting factors The plasma concentrations of several clotting factors,
namely fibrinogen, factor VII, factor VIII, von Willebrand
factor (VWF), factor IX, factor XII, high molecular-weight
kininogen, and prekallikrein increase with progressing
age in healthy [1]. Meade et al [2] had shown in a popu-
lation study of subjects, aged 53–64 years, significantly
higher levels of fibrinogen (300 mg/dL) than those found Page 1 of 4
(page number not for citation purposes) Page 1 of 4
(page number not for citation purposes) http://www.immunityageing.com/content/5/1/12 Immunity & Ageing 2008, 5:12 another acute phase protein, acting as a cofactor in the
activation of factor X promoted by factor IXa, progres-
sively increases with age, reaching a mean of over 200
units/dL in the healthy subjects over sixty. The study of
variation of the concentration of the active products of the
coagulation factors (not of the concentration of the single
factor, i.e. the hypercoagulability) is very important to
investigate the relationship between haemostasis and age-
ing. With advancing age many individuals, who are other-
wise normal, show laboratory evidence of heightened
coagulation enzyme activity, i.e., hypercoagulability, as
detected by elevated plasma levels of prothrombin frag-
ment 1 +2 (F1+2), Fibrinopeptide A (FpA), Thrombin-
antithrombin complex (TAT) and D-dimer (D-D). Pro-
thrombin fragment 1 +2 is a measure of the cleavage of
prothrombin by activated factor X (factor Xa) being
released from the amino terminal portion of the molecule
during its conversion to thrombin. FpA is a measure of the
formation of fibrin being released from the α-chain of
fibrinogen when thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin. TAT is a measure of thrombin generation and neutraliza-
tion by antithrombin. DD is a stable degradation product
of cross linked fibrin, a marker of endogenous fibrinoly-
sis. The levels of factor IX and factor X activation peptides
also increase with advancing age [5]. another acute phase protein, acting as a cofactor in the
activation of factor X promoted by factor IXa, progres-
sively increases with age, reaching a mean of over 200
units/dL in the healthy subjects over sixty. The study of
variation of the concentration of the active products of the
coagulation factors (not of the concentration of the single
factor, i.e. the hypercoagulability) is very important to
investigate the relationship between haemostasis and age-
ing. Pro-thrombotic clotting factors With
the use of ultrasound imaging of the carotid artery, a study
performed in 306 Japanese elderly individuals (154 men
and 152 women; age, 40 to 91 years; 68.9 +/- 11.1 years,
mean +/- SD) demonstrated that plasma HCII activity
decreased with age and negatively correlates with the
severity of carotid atherosclerosis. Then the HCII may be
identified as a novel independent protective factor against
carotid atherosclerosis [9]. Page 2 of 4
(page number not for citation purposes) The centenarians During the last century, preventive medicine and better
living standard in the early stage of life have ameliorated
responses to short-term infections, with delayed adverse
effects during ageing. Mari et al [18] were the first to meas-
ure parameters of coagulation and fibrinolysis in centenar-
ians and in older [51–69 years old] and younger controls
[18–50 years old]. Older controls had slightly higher val-
ues of several coagulation and fibrinolysis measurement
than younger controls. Centenarians have a state of hyper-
coagulability with striking signs of high coagulation
enzyme activity, as assessed directly by measuring factor
VIIa in plasma (p < 0.01, compared with either control
group) or indirectly by measuring the peptides released
following the activation of prothrombin, or factor IX, or
factor X (all p < 0.001). In addition, thrombin activity and
enhanced formation of fibrin is evidenced by high circu-
lating levels of fibrinopeptide A (p > 0.001) and second-
ary high hyperfibrinolysis, as reflected by elevated levels
of D-dimer and of plasmin-antiplasmin complexes (both
> 0.001). VWF, a well-known atherothrombotic risk
marker is extremely high in centenarians. Fifty-one per-
cent of centenarians have a reduction of the relative pro-
portion of high molecular weight multimers [HMW];
furthermore VWF-cleaving protease was lower than in
young controls [19]. Centenarians have anti-aCL and anti-
beta-2GPI antibodies with a pattern comparable to that
present in sera from patients suffering from the antiphos-
pholipid syndrome. In spite of the presence of antibodies
comparable to those found in patients with the anti-phos-
pholipids syndrome, no vascular events were reported
suggesting the presence of unknown protective factors
and/or the lack of triggering factors [20]. The study on Ital-
ian centenarians suggests that the 4G allele carriers
reached longevity despite high circulating PAI-1 level. Centenarians have a paradoxically significantly higher fre-
quency than young individuals of the high-risk genetic
markers mutant factor V (Arg506Gln) and prothrombin
gene G20210A mutation [21,22]. Thus, the state of hyper-
coagulability and the possession of several high-risk alle-
les and well-known atherothrombotic risk markers appear
to be compatible with longevity and/or health. http://www.immunityageing.com/content/5/1/12 http://www.immunityageing.com/content/5/1/12 and the United Kingdom [12] the prevalence of the FV Lei-
den gene in the elderly population was similar to the prev-
alence of the FV Leiden gene in the general population. If
FV Leiden carriers were dying at a younger age from VTE
events, then the expected prevalence of the FV Leiden gene
in an older age group should be lower. In a population-
based mortality study of octogenarians living in Leiden,
660 patients were observed for 10 years. The relative risk
of mortality in FV Leiden carriers was identical to that in
no carriers [13]. tion. TAFI may be one of the genes selected because they
confer a reproductive advantage early in life and may have
harmful effects in the post-reproductive period; negative
selection against these harmful effects fails because the
force of natural selection declines with age [17]. and the United Kingdom [12] the prevalence of the FV Lei-
den gene in the elderly population was similar to the prev-
alence of the FV Leiden gene in the general population. If
FV Leiden carriers were dying at a younger age from VTE
events, then the expected prevalence of the FV Leiden gene
in an older age group should be lower. In a population-
based mortality study of octogenarians living in Leiden,
660 patients were observed for 10 years. The relative risk
of mortality in FV Leiden carriers was identical to that in
no carriers [13]. Fibrinolyis
Fib i
l
i y
Fibrinolysis activity is impaired in the elderly, particularly
due to an increase in plasminogen activator inhibitor 1
(PAI-1) levels. The synthesis of PAI-1 is increased in acti-
vated or injured endothelial cells and smooth muscle
cells, and abundant PAI-1 is also secreted by activated
platelets. The increased expression of this potent inhibitor
in vivo will suppress the normal fibrinolytic system and
create a prothrombotic state, resulting in pathological
fibrin deposition followed by tissue damage. Fibrinolytic
activity decreased significantly in the middle-aged group
as shown by a prolongation of the ECLT (P < 0.01) and
PAI-1, although not significantly, increased by approxi-
mately 100%, whereas tissue plasminogen activator (t-
PA) significantly increased in the middle-aged group (P <
0.01) [14]. In aged subjects plasma PAI-1 levels correlated
with the degree of insulin resistance (r = 0.61, P < 0.001),
fasting plasma triglycerides (r = 0.74, P < 0.001) and age
(r = 0.33, P < 0.001) [15]. Increases in PAI-1 have also
been observed in senescent human umbilical vein
endothelial cells. Genotypes for PAI-1-675 4G/5G
appeared to be associated with lower non-cardiovascular
mortality in men, but with greater cardiovascular mortal-
ity in women in the Cardiovascular Health Study [16]. Thrombin Activatable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor (TAFI) is a
228 plasma carboxypeptidase that regulates fibrinolysis
by removing the C-terminal lysine and arginine residues
from fibrin, that are required for efficient plasmin forma-
tion. Cardiovascular Health Study emphasized the role of
TAFI 438 A/A genotype in predicting mortality in all cases,
which is decreased in white men followed up for 10 years,
the mean age at study entry was 73 years. The additional
years of life are 0.9 (95% CI 02–1.9 years) or 1.1 addi-
tional years of quality of life (95% CI 02–2.1 years), more
than men with the 438G allele. No significant statistically
effects are associated to TAFI 438 G/A in women. TAFI
when activated can cleave several substrates and partici-
pates in the regulation of inflammation [16]. This TAFI
438 A/A genotype may have provided our ancestors with
enhanced anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic mecha-
nisms, to improve wound healing and facilitate reproduc- FV Leiden
A i
d Activated protein C is the underlying cause of the most
prevalent inherited thrombophilia in individuals of Euro-
pean descent. The majority of the patients carry a single
point mutation in the gene encoding factor V, an impor-
tant protein in the clotting coagulation system and carri-
ers of the mutation are at increased risk for venous
thromboembolism [VTE], pregnancy complications, cere-
bral vein thrombosis, and possibly early myocardial inf-
arction with normal coronary anatomy. Based on the
increased risk of VTE events in persons with the FV Leiden
gene, one might assume that persons who carry the FV Lei-
den mutation have a shortened life expectancy compared
with those without the mutation. Studies on octogenari-
ans and centenarians in Europe, however, suggest a nor-
mal life span for FV Leiden carriers. In 3 studies of people
older than 80 years old living in Italy [10], Denmark [11] Page 2 of 4
(page number not for citation purposes) Page 2 of 4
(page number not for citation purposes) Immunity & Ageing 2008, 5:12 http://www.immunityageing.com/content/5/1/12 Authors' contributions Authors' contributions
All authors contributed equally to the paper and read and
approved the final manuscript. 16. Reiner AP, Diehr P, Browner WS, Humphries SE, Jenny NS, Cushman
M, Tracy RP, Walston J, Lumley T, Newman AB, Kuller LH, Psaty B:
Common Promoter Polymorphisms of Inflammation and
Thrombosis Genes and Longevity in Older Adults: The Car-
diovascular Health Study. Atherosclerosis 2005, 181:175-83. Acknowledgements 17. Bajzar L, Jain N, Wang P, Walker JB: Thrombin Activatable Fibri-
nolysis Inhibitor: not just an Inhibitor of Fibrinolysis. Crit Care
Med 2004, 2:S320-4. The meeting organizer Prof. C. Caruso is deeply indebted to the other
speakers and chairpersons of the meeting (Frans Claas, Biagio Agostaro,
Daniela Mari, Marco Racchi, Giovanni Scapagnini, Vittorio-Nicita Mauro,
Mario Barbagallo, Giuseppina Candore, Giuseppina Colonna-Romano,
Domenico Lio) who contributed to the scientific success of the symposium. In addition, the same day of the meeting the defence of theses of students
belonging to the Pathobiology PhD course directed by CC was held. Prof. Caruso is proud of the hard and challenging work of his students whose
motivation and enthusiasm, with the management of Drs. Giuseppina Can-
dore, Giuseppina Colonna-Romano and Prof. Domenico Lio have permit-
ted to the whole Immunosenescence Unit to grow in the field of
immunosenescence. 18. Mari D, Mannucci PM, Coppola R, Bottasso B, Bauer KA, Rosenberg
RD: Hypercoagulability in centenarians: The paradox of suc-
cessful aging. Blood 1995, 85:3144-3149. g
g
19. Coppola R, Mari D, Lattuada A, Franceschi C: Von Willebrand fac-
tor in Italian centenarians. Haematologica 2003, 88:39-43. 20
M
PL M
D M
D C
l R C
M S l
l S T 20. Meroni PL, Mari D, Monti D, Coppola R, Capri M, Salvioli S, Tincani
A, Gerli R, Franceschi C: Anti-beta 2 glycoprotein I antibodies
in centenarians. Exp Gerontol 2004, 39:1459-1465. 21. Mannucci PM, Mari D, Merati G, Tagliabue L, Sacchi E, Taioli E, San-
soni P, Bertolini S, Franceschi C: Gene polymorphisms predicting
high plasma levels of coagulation and fibrinolysis proteins. A
study in centenarians. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997,
17(4):755-759. ( )
22. Sacchi E, Duca F, Franceschi C, Mari D: Prothrombin Gene Muta-
tion [G20210A] in Healthy Centenarians. Thromb Haemost
1999, 81:990-991. http://www.immunityageing.com/content/5/1/12 Immunity & Ageing 2008, 5:12 10. Mari D, Duca F, Mannucci PM, Franceschi C: Mutant factor V
[Arg506Gln] in healthy centenarians. Lancet 1996, 347:1044. role of some proinflammatory alleles, such as pyrin and
CCR5, in acute myocardial infarction and longevity. The
results support the hypothesis that the genetic back-
ground favouring cardiovascular diseases is detrimental to
longevity. Data about the hemostasis profile of centenari-
ans once again emphasized the need for a multidiscipli-
nary approach if we wish to understand the mechanisms
of successful ageing and to establish the contribution of
unknown protective genes. 11. Rees DC, Liu YT, Cox MJ, Elliott P, Wainscoat JS: Factor V Leiden
and thermolabile methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in
extreme old age. Thromb Haemost 1997, 78:1357-1359. g
12. Kristensen SR, Andersen-Ranberg K, Bathum L, Jeune B: Factor V
Leiden and venous thrombosis in Danish centenarians. Thromb Haemost 1998, 80:860-861. 13. Heijmans BT, Westendorp RG, Knook DL: Risk of mortality and
the factor V Leiden mutation in a population-based cohort. Thromb Haemost 1998, 80:607-609. 3. Heijmans BT, Westendorp RG, Knook DL: Risk of mo 14. Abbate R, Prisco D, Rostagno C, Boddi M, Gensini GF: Age-related
changes in the haemostatic system. Int J Clin Lab Res 1993,
23:1-3. Conclusion
h
ld In the oldest old, the cardiovascular risk factors could play
a different role that in young-adult subjects: for example,
high total cholesterol concentrations are associated with
longevity owing to lower mortality from cancer and infec-
tion [23]. Candore et al [24] demonstrated the different Page 3 of 4
(page number not for citation purposes) References Publish with BioMed Central and every
scientist can read your work free of charge
"BioMed Central will be the most significant development for
disseminating the results of biomedical research in our lifetime."
Sir Paul Nurse, Cancer Research UK
Your research papers will be:
available free of charge to the entire biomedical community
peer reviewed and published immediately upon acceptance
cited in PubMed and archived on PubMed Central
yours — you keep the copyright
Submit your manuscript here:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/publishing_adv.asp
BioMedcentral
Page 4 of 4
(page number not for citation purposes) Publish with BioMed Central and every
scientist can read your work free of charge
"BioMed Central will be the most significant development for
disseminating the results of biomedical research in our lifetime."
Sir Paul Nurse, Cancer Research UK
Your research papers will be:
available free of charge to the entire biomedical community
peer reviewed and published immediately upon acceptance
cited in PubMed and archived on PubMed Central
yours — you keep the copyright
Submit your manuscript here:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/publishing_adv.asp
BioMedcentral Publish with BioMed Central and every
scientist can read your work free of charge Competing interests 15. Rizzo MR, Ragno E, Barbieri M, De Lucia D, Manzella D, Tagliamonte
MR, Colaizzo D, Margaglione M, Paolisso G: Elevated plasma acti-
vator inhibitor 1 is not related to insulin resistance and to
gene polymorphism in healthy centenarians. Atherosclerosis
2002, 160:385-390. p
g
The authors declare that they have no competing interests. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. References 1. Mari D, Coppola R, Provenzano R: Hemostasis factors and aging. Exp Gerontol 2008, 43:66-73. 23. Weverling-Rijnsburger AW, Blauw GJ, Lagaay A, Knook DL, Meinders
AE, Westendorp RG: Total cholesterol and risk of mortality in
the oldest old. Lancet 1997, 350:1119-1123. p
2. Meade TW, North WRS, Chakrabarti R, Haines AP, Stirling Y: Pop-
ulation-based distributions of haemostatic variables. Br Med
Bull 1977, 33:283-288. 24. 24. Candore G, Balistreri CR, Grimaldi MP, Listì F, Vasto S, Caruso M,
Caimi G, Hoffmann E, Colonna-Romano G, Lio D, Paolisso G, Franc-
eschi C, Caruso C: Opposite role of pro-inflammatory alleles in
acute myocardial infarction and longevity: results of studies
performed in a Sicilian population. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006,
1067:270-275. 3. Ershler WB: Interleukin-6: a cytokine for gerontologists. J Am
Geriatr Soc 1993, 41:176-181. 4. Balleisen L, Bailey J, Epping PH, Schulte H, Loo J van De: Epidemio-
logical study on factor VII, factor VIII and fibrinogen in indus-
trial population. Baseline data on the relation to age, gender,
body-weight, smoking, alcohol, pill using and menopause. Thromb Haemost 1985, 54:475-479. 5. Bauer KA, Kass BL, Cate HC, Hawiger JJ, Rosenberg RD: Factor IX
is activated in vivo by the tissue factor mechanism. Blood
1990, 76:731-736. 6. Ariens R, Coppola R, Potenza I, Mannucci P: The increase with age
of the components of the tissue factor coagulation pathway
is gender-dependent. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1995, 6:433-437. Publish with BioMed Central and every
scientist can read your work free of charge 7. Lowe GD, Rumley A, Woodward M, Morrison CE, Philippou H, Lane
DA, Tunstall-Pedoe H: Epidemiology of coagulation factors,
inhibitors and activation markers: the Third Glasgow MON-
ICA Survey. I. Illustrative reference ranges by age, sex and
hormone use. Br J Haematol 1997, 97:775-784. J
8. Reiner AP, Carty CL, Jenny NS, Nievergelt C, Cushman M, Stearns-
Kurosawa DJ, Shinichiro Kurosawa S, Kuller LH, Lange LA: PROC,
PROCR, and PROS1 polymorphisms, plasma anticoagulant
phenotypes, and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality
in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. J Thromb
Haemost 2008, 6(10):1625-1632. (
)
9. Aihara K, Takamori N, Kanawaga Y, Akaike M, Fujimura M, Yoshida
T, Kato M, Yamaguchi H, Kato S, Ikeda Y, Arase T, Kondo A, Mat-
sumoto T: Heparin cofactor II is a novel protective factor
against carotid atherosclerosis in elderly individuals. Circula-
tion 2004, 109:2761-5. | 20,536 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/7645135 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,011 | Stack Exchange | Ankit Panwar, DevCompagnon, Fyhn Odgaard, Junwei Zhang, Vincent Bendixen, Yangyang Gu, https://stackoverflow.com/users/16934989, https://stackoverflow.com/users/16934990, https://stackoverflow.com/users/16934991, https://stackoverflow.com/users/16935091, https://stackoverflow.com/users/16935094, https://stackoverflow.com/users/16935104, https://stackoverflow.com/users/16935123, https://stackoverflow.com/users/16935169, https://stackoverflow.com/users/16935263, hwm, user16935091, 趙詮睿 | Friulian | Spoken | 234 | 505 | ClassCastException in a TreeMap
i always get a ClassCastException. I also want to sort the Treemap by the key(pizza.title alphabetical)
Code:
public class Pizza implements Comparable<Pizza> {
public String title;
public int rate;
public String date;
public Bitmap picture;
public int id;
@Override
public int compareTo(Pizza another) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
return this.title.compareTo(another.title);
}
}
Calling:
for (Pizza pizza : list) {
if(map.containsKey(pizza))
{
int i = map.get(pizza.title);
map.remove(pizza.title);
map.put(pizza, i++);
}
else
{
map.put(pizza, 1);
}
}
Error:
10-04 08:27:19.865: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(722): Caused by: java.lang.ClassCastException: com.korn.pizzacounter.Pizza
You seem to be inconsistent in what you use as the key of your TreeMap:
You call containsKey with a Pizza object, but call get and remove with a String.
All keys in a TreeMap must be comparable with each other. Since your Pizza class is not Comparable<String> this won't work.
map.get(pizza.title);
I guess that your map declaration would be
Map<String,Integer>.
so use pizza.title as key in methods like Map#put and Map#containsKey.
A map is from keys to values
Looking at your code, your map is from Pizza's to integers (based on the fact that you do map.put(pizza.title))
When you do get, you need to provide a pizza to get an int, but you are giving pizza.title and that's where you get the class cast exception.
You can either give it a pizza, or change the type of the map to string to int (e.g. Map<String,Integer>)
| 43,661 |
sn84026788_1848-05-23_1_4_2 | US-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | None | None | English | Spoken | 363 | 591 | Plain, Plaid and figured Borages, Silk Tissues, French and English Lawns and Chintzes, English, Scotch and Manchester Ginghams, Embroidered Crape, will be offered at the lowest prices. Linen Cambric, price $1.00, Handkerchiefs, Kid Gloves, Silk and Cotton Hosiery, with a variety of very desirable Goods, we would be pleased to show to the Ladies, at a pledge ourselves to sell them at the lowest prices. CRANE & SADLE, April 25, 1818. Domestics. BROWN Cotton from 4 to 10 cents; Calicoes from 3 to 16 cents; Cotton Pantaloon stuff from 12 to 37 cents; Brown and Bleached Linen Drillings, &c., April 25. T. C. SIGAFOOR. A Loud Call tie on the Gentlemen to look at my splendid stock of French Cloth and Cassimeres, Vertico Fancy Silk Skirts, Paris Hats, and every article appertaining to a well-regulated wardrobe. April 25. T. C. SIGAFOOR. Fringes and Buttons. WHITE, Pink, Green and Blue plain Finge. A great variety of mixed effects, Daisey and round silk Buttons, Silk Tassels, White Linen Buttons, etc. April 25. C SIGAFOOSE Parasols and Parasols. Will have a beautiful supply of Sunshades, Parasols, bought in Philadelphia at the lowest cash price, which I will sell cheap. April 25. T. C. SIGAFOOSE, Stemmets Ribbons act AND Artificial Flowers, a large stock, and of the latest styles, bought in Philadelphia for sale by T. C. SIGAFOOSE April 25, 1848. Groceries. JUST received a large lot of Groceries, best Sugar, and the best 10 cent Coffee is to be had at the store of? April 25 T. C. SIGAFOOSE Queens Ware. I HAVE the pleasure of showing the Lii;? one of the prettiest stock of Queens and Cj-j- Ware, ever offered for sale in Charlestown. T' ^ ware is of entire new patterns and designs. and take a look at it. T. C. SIGAFOOSE _ April 25. "f PC BRICK for sale, for cash- Q "April 25. JJ J. MILLER POTATOES.?25 bushels of very sop?r;i bj Potatoes for table use or seed, just received; Price 50, 75 and 100 cents per bushel. _ May 2. J. J. MILLER, J ?^|7"HITEWASHING Wi"Chester Lime i * ways on hand and formally by May 2. J. J. MILLER J. | 36,136 |
6264707_1 | Court Listener | Open Government | Public Domain | null | None | None | Unknown | Unknown | 58 | 101 | ORDER
PER CURIAM.
The Petition for Allowance of Appeal is granted. The order of the Superior Court, 407 Pa.Super. 644, 584 A.2d 1046, is reversed in light of this Court’s decision in Commonwealth v. Zdrale, 530 Pa. 313, 608 A.2d 1037 (1992).
LARSEN, ZARPALA and CAPPY, JJ., did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.
| 25,212 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98841742 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | Giannandrea | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 366 | 921 | Giannandrea
prénom masculin
Giannandrea nature de l’élément prénom masculin
Giannandrea nom dans la langue d'origine
Giannandrea système d'écriture alphabet latin
Giannandrea langue de l'œuvre, du nom ou du terme italien
Giannandrea algorithme phonétique de Cologne 46627
Giannandrea nom de famille identique à ce prénom Giannandrea
Giannandrea contraire Giannandrea, critère utilisé prénom masculin ou féminin comparé au prénom identique pour l'autre genre
Giannandrea Caverphone KNNTRA1111
Giannandrea Soundex G553
Giannandrea catégorie Commons Giannandrea (given name)
Giannandrea
voornaam
Giannandrea is een mannelijke voornaam
Giannandrea label in oorspronkelijke taal
Giannandrea schriftsysteem Latijns alfabet
Giannandrea taal van werk of naam Italiaans
Giannandrea Keulse fonetiek 46627
Giannandrea identieke achternaam Giannandrea
Giannandrea tegenovergestelde van Giannandrea, gebruikt criterium voornaam gebruikelijk voor of vrouwen of mannen gebruikt voor het andere geslacht
Giannandrea Caverphone KNNTRA1111
Giannandrea Soundex G553
Giannandrea Commonscategorie Giannandrea (given name)
Giannandrea
nome masculín
Giannandrea instancia de nome masculín
Giannandrea nome nativu
Giannandrea sistema d'escritura alfabetu llatín
Giannandrea llingua de la obra o nome italianu
Giannandrea fonética de Colonia 46627
Giannandrea apellíu idénticu a esti nome Giannandrea
Giannandrea opuesto de Giannandrea
Giannandrea Caverphone KNNTRA1111
Giannandrea Soundex G553
Giannandrea categoría de Commons Giannandrea (given name)
Giannandrea
male given name
Giannandrea instance of male given name
Giannandrea native label
Giannandrea writing system Latin script
Giannandrea language of work or name Italian
Giannandrea Cologne phonetics 46627
Giannandrea family name identical to this given name Giannandrea
Giannandrea opposite of Giannandrea, criterion used given name used for females or males compared to the same used for the other gender
Giannandrea Caverphone KNNTRA1111
Giannandrea Soundex G553
Giannandrea Commons category Giannandrea (given name)
Giannandrea
prenome maschile
Giannandrea istanza di prenome maschile
Giannandrea nome originale locale
Giannandrea sistema di scrittura alfabeto latino
Giannandrea lingua dell'opera o del nome italiano
Giannandrea fonetica Cologne 46627
Giannandrea cognome identico a questo prenome Giannandrea
Giannandrea contrario di Giannandrea
Giannandrea Caverphone KNNTRA1111
Giannandrea Soundex G553
Giannandrea categoria su Commons Giannandrea (given name)
Giannandrea
emër mashkullor
Giannandrea instancë e emër mashkullor
Giannandrea emërtimi në gjuhën amë
Giannandrea sistemi i shkrimit alfabeti latin
Giannandrea gjuha e veprës ose emrit italisht
Giannandrea Fonetikë e Këlnit 46627
Giannandrea mbiemër identik me këtë emër Giannandrea
Giannandrea e kundërta Giannandrea
Giannandrea Caverphone KNNTRA1111
Giannandrea Soundex G553
Giannandrea kategoria në Commons Giannandrea (given name) | 21,981 |
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desa%20Ngancar | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Desa Ngancar | https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desa Ngancar&action=history | Swedish | Spoken | 54 | 142 | Desa Ngancar kan syfta på följande platser:
Indonesien
Desa Ngancar (administrativ by i Indonesien, Jawa Tengah),
Desa Ngancar (administrativ by i Indonesien, Jawa Timur, lat -7,68, long 111,20),
Desa Ngancar (administrativ by i Indonesien, Jawa Timur, lat -7,38, long 111,37),
Desa Ngancar (administrativ by i Indonesien, Jawa Timur, lat -7,94, long 112,20),
Robotskapade Indonesienförgreningar | 29,564 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bixler%20Number%202%20Dam | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Bixler Number 2 Dam | https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bixler Number 2 Dam&action=history | Cebuano | Spoken | 182 | 286 | Alihan sa tubig ang Bixler Number 2 Dam sa Tinipong Bansa. Nahimutang ni sa kondado sa Custer County ug estado sa Montana, sa sentro nga bahin sa nasod, km sa kasadpan sa Washington, D.C. ang ulohan sa nasod. metros ibabaw sa dagat kahaboga ang nahimutangan sa Bixler Number 2 Dam.
Ang yuta palibot sa Bixler Number 2 Dam kay kasagaran medyo bungtoron. Bixler Number 2 Dam nahimutang sa usa ka walog nga mihatag og sa amihanan-habagatan nga direksyon. Ang kinahabogang dapit sa palibot dunay gihabogon nga ka metro ug km sa amihanan sa Bixler Number 2 Dam. Kunhod pa sa 2 ka tawo kada kilometro kwadrado sa palibot sa Bixler Number 2 Dam. Walay lungsod sa palibot. Hapit nalukop sa kasagbotan ang palibot sa Bixler Number 2 Dam.
Ang klima bugnaw nga ugahon. Ang kasarangang giiniton °C. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Hulyo, sa °C, ug ang kinabugnawan Enero, sa °C. Ang kasarangang pag-ulan milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Mayo, sa milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Enero, sa milimetro.
Saysay
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Mga tinukod sa Montana (estado) | 20,504 |
https://github.com/RookieXie/ZhiJi.Manange/blob/master/src/Common/MD5Helper.cs | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | null | ZhiJi.Manange | RookieXie | C# | Code | 95 | 349 | using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text;
namespace Common
{
public class MD5Helper
{
/// <summary>
/// MD5加密 32位大写
/// </summary>
/// <param name="str"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static string MD5Crypto32(string str)
{
MD5CryptoServiceProvider mD5Crypto = new MD5CryptoServiceProvider();
var bytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(str);
var resBytes = mD5Crypto.ComputeHash(bytes);
var resultStr = BitConverter.ToString(resBytes).Replace("-","");
return resultStr;
}
/// <summary>
/// MD5加密 16位 截取前16位
/// </summary>
/// <param name="str"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static string MD5Crypto16(string str)
{
MD5CryptoServiceProvider mD5Crypto = new MD5CryptoServiceProvider();
var bytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(str);
var resBytes = mD5Crypto.ComputeHash(bytes);
var resultStr = BitConverter.ToString(resBytes,0,8).Replace("-", "");
return resultStr;
}
}
}
| 42,257 |
https://github.com/openiddict/openiddict-core/blob/master/src/OpenIddict.Server.AspNetCore/OpenIddictServerAspNetCoreHandlerFilters.cs | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,023 | openiddict-core | openiddict | C# | Code | 757 | 2,481 | /*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0)
* See https://github.com/openiddict/openiddict-core for more information concerning
* the license and the contributors participating to this project.
*/
using System.ComponentModel;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
namespace OpenIddict.Server.AspNetCore;
/// <summary>
/// Contains a collection of event handler filters commonly used by the ASP.NET Core handlers.
/// </summary>
[EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Advanced)]
public static class OpenIddictServerAspNetCoreHandlerFilters
{
/// <summary>
/// Represents a filter that excludes the associated handlers if authorization request caching was not enabled.
/// </summary>
public sealed class RequireAuthorizationRequestCachingEnabled : IOpenIddictServerHandlerFilter<BaseContext>
{
private readonly IOptionsMonitor<OpenIddictServerAspNetCoreOptions> _options;
public RequireAuthorizationRequestCachingEnabled(IOptionsMonitor<OpenIddictServerAspNetCoreOptions> options)
=> _options = options ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(options));
/// <inheritdoc/>
public ValueTask<bool> IsActiveAsync(BaseContext context)
{
if (context is null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context));
}
return new(_options.CurrentValue.EnableAuthorizationRequestCaching);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Represents a filter that excludes the associated handlers if the
/// pass-through mode was not enabled for the authorization endpoint.
/// </summary>
public sealed class RequireAuthorizationEndpointPassthroughEnabled : IOpenIddictServerHandlerFilter<BaseContext>
{
private readonly IOptionsMonitor<OpenIddictServerAspNetCoreOptions> _options;
public RequireAuthorizationEndpointPassthroughEnabled(IOptionsMonitor<OpenIddictServerAspNetCoreOptions> options)
=> _options = options ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(options));
/// <inheritdoc/>
public ValueTask<bool> IsActiveAsync(BaseContext context)
{
if (context is null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context));
}
return new(_options.CurrentValue.EnableAuthorizationEndpointPassthrough);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Represents a filter that excludes the associated handlers if error pass-through was not enabled.
/// </summary>
public sealed class RequireErrorPassthroughEnabled : IOpenIddictServerHandlerFilter<BaseContext>
{
private readonly IOptionsMonitor<OpenIddictServerAspNetCoreOptions> _options;
public RequireErrorPassthroughEnabled(IOptionsMonitor<OpenIddictServerAspNetCoreOptions> options)
=> _options = options ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(options));
/// <inheritdoc/>
public ValueTask<bool> IsActiveAsync(BaseContext context)
{
if (context is null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context));
}
return new(_options.CurrentValue.EnableErrorPassthrough);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Represents a filter that excludes the associated handlers if no ASP.NET Core request can be found.
/// </summary>
public sealed class RequireHttpRequest : IOpenIddictServerHandlerFilter<BaseContext>
{
/// <inheritdoc/>
public ValueTask<bool> IsActiveAsync(BaseContext context)
{
if (context is null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context));
}
return new(context.Transaction.GetHttpRequest() is not null);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Represents a filter that excludes the associated handlers if logout request caching was not enabled.
/// </summary>
public sealed class RequireLogoutRequestCachingEnabled : IOpenIddictServerHandlerFilter<BaseContext>
{
private readonly IOptionsMonitor<OpenIddictServerAspNetCoreOptions> _options;
public RequireLogoutRequestCachingEnabled(IOptionsMonitor<OpenIddictServerAspNetCoreOptions> options)
=> _options = options ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(options));
/// <inheritdoc/>
public ValueTask<bool> IsActiveAsync(BaseContext context)
{
if (context is null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context));
}
return new(_options.CurrentValue.EnableLogoutRequestCaching);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Represents a filter that excludes the associated handlers if the
/// pass-through mode was not enabled for the logout endpoint.
/// </summary>
public sealed class RequireLogoutEndpointPassthroughEnabled : IOpenIddictServerHandlerFilter<BaseContext>
{
private readonly IOptionsMonitor<OpenIddictServerAspNetCoreOptions> _options;
public RequireLogoutEndpointPassthroughEnabled(IOptionsMonitor<OpenIddictServerAspNetCoreOptions> options)
=> _options = options ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(options));
/// <inheritdoc/>
public ValueTask<bool> IsActiveAsync(BaseContext context)
{
if (context is null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context));
}
return new(_options.CurrentValue.EnableLogoutEndpointPassthrough);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Represents a filter that excludes the associated handlers if status code pages support was not enabled.
/// </summary>
public sealed class RequireStatusCodePagesIntegrationEnabled : IOpenIddictServerHandlerFilter<BaseContext>
{
private readonly IOptionsMonitor<OpenIddictServerAspNetCoreOptions> _options;
public RequireStatusCodePagesIntegrationEnabled(IOptionsMonitor<OpenIddictServerAspNetCoreOptions> options)
=> _options = options ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(options));
/// <inheritdoc/>
public ValueTask<bool> IsActiveAsync(BaseContext context)
{
if (context is null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context));
}
return new(_options.CurrentValue.EnableStatusCodePagesIntegration);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Represents a filter that excludes the associated handlers if the HTTPS requirement was disabled.
/// </summary>
public sealed class RequireTransportSecurityRequirementEnabled : IOpenIddictServerHandlerFilter<BaseContext>
{
private readonly IOptionsMonitor<OpenIddictServerAspNetCoreOptions> _options;
public RequireTransportSecurityRequirementEnabled(IOptionsMonitor<OpenIddictServerAspNetCoreOptions> options)
=> _options = options ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(options));
/// <inheritdoc/>
public ValueTask<bool> IsActiveAsync(BaseContext context)
{
if (context is null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context));
}
return new(!_options.CurrentValue.DisableTransportSecurityRequirement);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Represents a filter that excludes the associated handlers if the
/// pass-through mode was not enabled for the authorization endpoint.
/// </summary>
public sealed class RequireTokenEndpointPassthroughEnabled : IOpenIddictServerHandlerFilter<BaseContext>
{
private readonly IOptionsMonitor<OpenIddictServerAspNetCoreOptions> _options;
public RequireTokenEndpointPassthroughEnabled(IOptionsMonitor<OpenIddictServerAspNetCoreOptions> options)
=> _options = options ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(options));
/// <inheritdoc/>
public ValueTask<bool> IsActiveAsync(BaseContext context)
{
if (context is null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context));
}
return new(_options.CurrentValue.EnableTokenEndpointPassthrough);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Represents a filter that excludes the associated handlers if the
/// pass-through mode was not enabled for the userinfo endpoint.
/// </summary>
public sealed class RequireUserinfoEndpointPassthroughEnabled : IOpenIddictServerHandlerFilter<BaseContext>
{
private readonly IOptionsMonitor<OpenIddictServerAspNetCoreOptions> _options;
public RequireUserinfoEndpointPassthroughEnabled(IOptionsMonitor<OpenIddictServerAspNetCoreOptions> options)
=> _options = options ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(options));
/// <inheritdoc/>
public ValueTask<bool> IsActiveAsync(BaseContext context)
{
if (context is null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context));
}
return new(_options.CurrentValue.EnableUserinfoEndpointPassthrough);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Represents a filter that excludes the associated handlers if the
/// pass-through mode was not enabled for the verification endpoint.
/// </summary>
public sealed class RequireVerificationEndpointPassthroughEnabled : IOpenIddictServerHandlerFilter<BaseContext>
{
private readonly IOptionsMonitor<OpenIddictServerAspNetCoreOptions> _options;
public RequireVerificationEndpointPassthroughEnabled(IOptionsMonitor<OpenIddictServerAspNetCoreOptions> options)
=> _options = options ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(options));
/// <inheritdoc/>
public ValueTask<bool> IsActiveAsync(BaseContext context)
{
if (context is null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context));
}
return new(_options.CurrentValue.EnableVerificationEndpointPassthrough);
}
}
}
| 29,706 |
https://github.com/jiqimaogou/kotlin/blob/master/compiler/ir/backend.js/src/org/jetbrains/kotlin/ir/backend/js/lower/inline/RemoveInlineDeclarationsWithReifiedTypeParametersLowering.kt | Github Open Source | Open Source | ECL-2.0, Apache-2.0 | 2,022 | kotlin | jiqimaogou | Kotlin | Code | 163 | 620 | /*
* Copyright 2010-2020 JetBrains s.r.o. and Kotlin Programming Language contributors.
* Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
*/
package org.jetbrains.kotlin.ir.backend.js.lower.inline
import org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.common.DeclarationTransformer
import org.jetbrains.kotlin.ir.backend.js.JsIrBackendContext
import org.jetbrains.kotlin.ir.declarations.IrDeclaration
import org.jetbrains.kotlin.ir.declarations.IrFunction
import org.jetbrains.kotlin.ir.declarations.IrProperty
import org.jetbrains.kotlin.ir.declarations.IrValueParameter
import org.jetbrains.kotlin.ir.expressions.IrBlockBody
import org.jetbrains.kotlin.ir.util.deepCopyWithSymbols
class RemoveInlineDeclarationsWithReifiedTypeParametersLowering: DeclarationTransformer {
override fun transformFlat(declaration: IrDeclaration): List<IrDeclaration>? {
fun IrFunction.isInlineFunWithReifiedParameter() = isInline && typeParameters.any { it.isReified }
if (declaration is IrFunction && declaration.isInlineFunWithReifiedParameter() ||
declaration is IrProperty && declaration.getter?.isInlineFunWithReifiedParameter() == true
) {
return emptyList()
}
return null
}
}
class CopyInlineFunctionBodyLowering(val context: JsIrBackendContext) : DeclarationTransformer {
override fun transformFlat(declaration: IrDeclaration): List<IrDeclaration>? {
if (declaration is IrFunction && declaration.isInline) {
declaration.body?.let { originalBody ->
declaration.body = context.irFactory.createBlockBody(originalBody.startOffset, originalBody.endOffset) {
statements += (originalBody.deepCopyWithSymbols(declaration) as IrBlockBody).statements
}
}
}
if (declaration is IrValueParameter && declaration.parent.let { it is IrFunction && it.isInline }) {
declaration.defaultValue?.let { originalDefault ->
declaration.defaultValue =
context.irFactory.createExpressionBody(originalDefault.startOffset, originalDefault.endOffset) {
expression = originalDefault.expression.deepCopyWithSymbols(declaration.parent)
}
}
}
return null
}
}
| 28,213 |
https://github.com/abdullahjamal1/toDoWebTool/blob/master/TaskManager/src/main/java/net/codejava/TaskController.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,020 | toDoWebTool | abdullahjamal1 | Java | Code | 286 | 1,111 | package net.codejava;
import java.sql.Date;
import java.util.List;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.ui.Model;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ModelAttribute;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;
@Controller
public class TaskController {
@Autowired
private TaskService service;
public TaskService getService() {
return service;
}
public void setService(TaskService service) {
this.service = service;
}
@RequestMapping("/")
public String viewHomePage(Model model) {
List<Task> listTasks = service.listAll();
Task task = new Task();
model.addAttribute("task", task);
// returns list of all products from database in html
model.addAttribute("listTasks", listTasks);
return "index";
}
@RequestMapping("/filter")
public String filterMenu( Model model) {
Task task = new Task();
model.addAttribute("task", task);
return "filter_task";
}
@RequestMapping("/search/ ")
public String search( @ModelAttribute ("task") Task task , Model model ) {
List<Task> listTasks = service.searchFilter(task.getTask_title());
model.addAttribute("listTasks", listTasks);
return "index";
}
@RequestMapping("/filter/status/")
public String filterByStatus( @ModelAttribute ("task") Task task , Model model) {
List<Task> listTasks = service.listfilterByStatus(task.getStatus_id());
model.addAttribute("listTasks", listTasks);
return "index";
}
@RequestMapping("/filter/priority/")
public String filterByPriority( @ModelAttribute ("task") Task task , Model model ) {
List<Task> listTasks = service.listfilterByPriority(task.getPriority_id());
model.addAttribute("listTasks", listTasks);
return "index";
}
@RequestMapping("/filter/createDate/")
public String filterByCreateDate( @ModelAttribute ("task") Task task , Model model ) {
List<Task> listTasks = service.listfilterByCreateDate(task.getAddDate(), task.getDueDate());
model.addAttribute("listTasks", listTasks);
return "index";
}
@RequestMapping("/filter/dueDate/")
public String filterByDueDate( @ModelAttribute ("task") Task task , Model model ) {
List<Task> listTasks = service.listfilterByDueDate(task.getAddDate(), task.getDueDate());
model.addAttribute("listTasks", listTasks);
return "index";
}
@RequestMapping("/new")
public String showNewTaskPage(Model model) {
Task task = new Task();
model.addAttribute("task", task);
return "new_task";
}
@RequestMapping(value = "/save", method = RequestMethod.POST)
public String saveTask( @ModelAttribute ("task") Task task) {
service.save(task);
//service.updateDate(task);
return "redirect:/";
}
@RequestMapping("/edit/{id}")
public ModelAndView showEditTaskPage( @PathVariable (name = "id") int id) {
ModelAndView mav = new ModelAndView("edit_task");
Task task = service.get(id);
mav.addObject("task", task);
return mav;
}
@RequestMapping("/delete/{id}")
public String deleteTask(@PathVariable(name = "id") int id) {
service.delete(id);
return "redirect:/";
}
} | 44,811 |
https://github.com/SANTHYX/Water-Abstraction-Monitor-nest-typeorm-react/blob/master/src/enums/default.tasks.names.enum.ts | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,020 | Water-Abstraction-Monitor-nest-typeorm-react | SANTHYX | TypeScript | Code | 9 | 32 | export enum DefaultTasksNames {
DishWashing,
Cooking,
Shower,
DrinkingWater,
}
| 41,908 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17226637 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | Masasuke Hirose | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 1,392 | 5,045 | 廣瀬昌亮
廣瀬昌亮 分類 ヒト
廣瀬昌亮 職業 俳優
廣瀬昌亮 出生地 品川区
廣瀬昌亮 死亡年月日 1999
廣瀬昌亮 生年月日 1946
廣瀬昌亮 性別 男性
廣瀬昌亮 国籍 日本
廣瀬昌亮 国籍 大日本帝国, 終了日 1947
廣瀬昌亮 読み仮名 ひろせ まさすけ
廣瀬昌亮 民族 日本人, 非推奨ランクの理由 信頼できないことが判明している情報源
廣瀬昌亮 母語表記
廣瀬昌亮 KINENOTE人物識別子 126302, 表記名 廣瀬昌亮
廣瀬昌亮 KINENOTE人物識別子 88149, 表記名 広瀬昌助
廣瀬昌亮 KINENOTE人物識別子 144912, 表記名 広瀬昌亮
廣瀬昌亮 allcinema人物識別子 267572, 表記名 廣瀬昌亮
廣瀬昌亮 JMDb人物と企業識別子 0380600, 表記名 廣瀬昌亮
廣瀬昌亮 JMDb人物と企業識別子 0105040, 表記名 広瀬昌助
廣瀬昌亮 JMDb人物と企業識別子 0759760, 表記名 広瀬昌亮
廣瀬昌亮 IMDb識別子 nm1627774, 表記名 Masasuke Hirose
廣瀬昌亮 グーグル・ナレッジ・グラフ識別子 /g/1z2crr05r
廣瀬昌亮 TMDb人物識別子 553111
Masasuke Hirose
Japanese actor
Masasuke Hirose instance of human
Masasuke Hirose occupation actor
Masasuke Hirose place of birth Shinagawa-ku
Masasuke Hirose date of death 1999
Masasuke Hirose date of birth 1946
Masasuke Hirose sex or gender male
Masasuke Hirose country of citizenship Japan
Masasuke Hirose country of citizenship Empire of Japan, end time 1947
Masasuke Hirose name in kana ひろせ まさすけ
Masasuke Hirose ethnic group Japanese people, reason for deprecated rank source known to be unreliable
Masasuke Hirose name in native language
Masasuke Hirose KINENOTE person ID 126302, subject named as 廣瀬昌亮
Masasuke Hirose KINENOTE person ID 88149, subject named as 広瀬昌助
Masasuke Hirose KINENOTE person ID 144912, subject named as 広瀬昌亮
Masasuke Hirose Allcinema person ID 267572, subject named as 廣瀬昌亮
Masasuke Hirose JMDb person or company ID 0380600, subject named as 廣瀬昌亮
Masasuke Hirose JMDb person or company ID 0105040, subject named as 広瀬昌助
Masasuke Hirose JMDb person or company ID 0759760, subject named as 広瀬昌亮
Masasuke Hirose IMDb ID nm1627774, subject named as Masasuke Hirose
Masasuke Hirose Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/1z2crr05r
Masasuke Hirose TMDB person ID 553111
Masasuke Hirose
Japans acteur (1946-1999)
Masasuke Hirose is een mens
Masasuke Hirose beroep acteur
Masasuke Hirose geboorteplaats Shinagawa
Masasuke Hirose overlijdensdatum 1999
Masasuke Hirose geboortedatum 1946
Masasuke Hirose sekse of geslacht mannelijk
Masasuke Hirose land van nationaliteit Japan
Masasuke Hirose land van nationaliteit Keizerrijk Japan, einddatum 1947
Masasuke Hirose naam in Kana ひろせ まさすけ
Masasuke Hirose etnische groep japanners, reden voor afkeuring bron staat bekend als onbetrouwbaar
Masasuke Hirose naam in moedertaal
Masasuke Hirose KINENOTE-identificatiecode voor persoon 126302, genoemd als 廣瀬昌亮
Masasuke Hirose KINENOTE-identificatiecode voor persoon 88149, genoemd als 広瀬昌助
Masasuke Hirose KINENOTE-identificatiecode voor persoon 144912, genoemd als 広瀬昌亮
Masasuke Hirose Allcinema-identificatiecode voor persoon 267572, genoemd als 廣瀬昌亮
Masasuke Hirose JMDb-identificatiecode voor persoon of bedrijf 0380600, genoemd als 廣瀬昌亮
Masasuke Hirose JMDb-identificatiecode voor persoon of bedrijf 0105040, genoemd als 広瀬昌助
Masasuke Hirose JMDb-identificatiecode voor persoon of bedrijf 0759760, genoemd als 広瀬昌亮
Masasuke Hirose IMDb-identificatiecode nm1627774, genoemd als Masasuke Hirose
Masasuke Hirose Google Knowledge Graph-identificatiecode /g/1z2crr05r
Masasuke Hirose TMDb-identificatiecode voor persoon 553111
Хиросэ, Масасукэ
японский актёр
Хиросэ, Масасукэ это частный случай понятия человек
Хиросэ, Масасукэ род занятий актёр
Хиросэ, Масасукэ место рождения Синагава
Хиросэ, Масасукэ дата смерти 1999
Хиросэ, Масасукэ дата рождения 1946
Хиросэ, Масасукэ пол или гендер мужской пол
Хиросэ, Масасукэ гражданство Япония
Хиросэ, Масасукэ гражданство Японская империя, дата окончания 1947
Хиросэ, Масасукэ написание каной ひろせ まさすけ
Хиросэ, Масасукэ этническая группа японцы, причина нерекомендуемости источник известен как ненадёжный
Хиросэ, Масасукэ имя на родном языке
Хиросэ, Масасукэ код персоналии KINENOTE 126302, назван как 廣瀬昌亮
Хиросэ, Масасукэ код персоналии KINENOTE 88149, назван как 広瀬昌助
Хиросэ, Масасукэ код персоналии KINENOTE 144912, назван как 広瀬昌亮
Хиросэ, Масасукэ код персоны в Allcinema 267572, назван как 廣瀬昌亮
Хиросэ, Масасукэ код персоны или компании в JMDb 0380600, назван как 廣瀬昌亮
Хиросэ, Масасукэ код персоны или компании в JMDb 0105040, назван как 広瀬昌助
Хиросэ, Масасукэ код персоны или компании в JMDb 0759760, назван как 広瀬昌亮
Хиросэ, Масасукэ код IMDb nm1627774, назван как Masasuke Hirose
Хиросэ, Масасукэ код в Google Knowledge Graph /g/1z2crr05r
Хиросэ, Масасукэ код человека в TMDb 553111
廣瀨昌亮
日本演員
廣瀨昌亮 隶属于 人類
廣瀨昌亮 职业 演員
廣瀨昌亮 出生地 品川區
廣瀨昌亮 死亡日期 1999
廣瀨昌亮 出生日期 1946
廣瀨昌亮 性別 男
廣瀨昌亮 國籍 日本
廣瀨昌亮 國籍 大日本帝國, 終於 1947
廣瀨昌亮 日语假名 ひろせ まさすけ
廣瀨昌亮 族群 日本人, 弃用原因 已知来源不可靠
廣瀨昌亮 母语人名
廣瀨昌亮 電影旬報電影數據庫人物標識符 126302, 主体名为 廣瀬昌亮
廣瀨昌亮 電影旬報電影數據庫人物標識符 88149, 主体名为 広瀬昌助
廣瀨昌亮 電影旬報電影數據庫人物標識符 144912, 主体名为 広瀬昌亮
廣瀨昌亮 Allcinema人物编号 267572, 主体名为 廣瀬昌亮
廣瀨昌亮 JMDb人物或公司编号 0380600, 主体名为 廣瀬昌亮
廣瀨昌亮 JMDb人物或公司编号 0105040, 主体名为 広瀬昌助
廣瀨昌亮 JMDb人物或公司编号 0759760, 主体名为 広瀬昌亮
廣瀨昌亮 IMDb編號 nm1627774, 主体名为 Masasuke Hirose
廣瀨昌亮 Google知識圖譜編號 /g/1z2crr05r
廣瀨昌亮 TMDb人物编号 553111
Masasuke Hirose
Masasuke Hirose
Masasuke Hirose adolah urang
Masasuke Hirose karajo palakon
Masasuke Hirose tanggal kamatian 1999
Masasuke Hirose tanggal lahia 1946
Masasuke Hirose jinih kalamin laki-laki
Masasuke Hirose kawarganagaroan Japang
Masasuke Hirose kalompok etnis Orang Jepang
Masasuke Hirose namo dalam bahaso usali
Masasuke Hirose identifikasi IMDb nm1627774
Masasuke Hirose
pemeran laki-laki asal Jepang
Masasuke Hirose adalah manusia
Masasuke Hirose pekerjaan pemeran
Masasuke Hirose tempat lahir Shinagawa
Masasuke Hirose tanggal kematian 1999
Masasuke Hirose tanggal lahir 1946
Masasuke Hirose jenis kelamin atau gender laki-laki
Masasuke Hirose kewarganegaraan Jepang
Masasuke Hirose kewarganegaraan Kekaisaran Jepang, berakhir pada 1947
Masasuke Hirose nama dalam kana ひろせ まさすけ
Masasuke Hirose kelompok etnik orang Jepang, alasan kedaluwarsa sumber dianggap tidak layak
Masasuke Hirose nama dalam bahasa asli
Masasuke Hirose ID IMDb nm1627774, tercantum sebagai Masasuke Hirose
Masasuke Hirose penanda Google Knowledge Graph /g/1z2crr05r
Masasuke Hirose
Masasuke Hirose nyaéta manusa
Masasuke Hirose ngaran dina basa aslina
Masasuke Hirose
Masasuke Hirose minangka manungsa
Masasuke Hirose pakaryan aktor
Masasuke Hirose tanggal lair 1946
Masasuke Hirose wewadi lanang
Masasuke Hirose kawarganagaran Jepang
Masasuke Hirose jeneng ing basa pribumi
Masasuke Hirose
Masasuke Hirose
Masasuke Hirose ngaran dalam basa asal
Masasuke Hirose
Masasuke Hirose
Masasuke Hirose
Masasuke Hirose
actor japonés
Masasuke Hirose instancia de ser humano
Masasuke Hirose ocupación actor
Masasuke Hirose lugar de nacimiento Shinagawa
Masasuke Hirose fecha de fallecimiento 1999
Masasuke Hirose fecha de nacimiento 1946
Masasuke Hirose sexo o género masculino
Masasuke Hirose país de nacionalidad Japón
Masasuke Hirose país de nacionalidad Imperio del Japón, fecha de fin 1947
Masasuke Hirose nombre en kana ひろせ まさすけ
Masasuke Hirose etnia japoneses, motivo de discontinuación fuente conocida por no ser confiable
Masasuke Hirose nombre en el idioma nativo
Masasuke Hirose identificador KINENOTE de persona 126302, registrado como 廣瀬昌亮
Masasuke Hirose identificador KINENOTE de persona 88149, registrado como 広瀬昌助
Masasuke Hirose identificador KINENOTE de persona 144912, registrado como 広瀬昌亮
Masasuke Hirose identificador Allcinema de persona 267572, registrado como 廣瀬昌亮
Masasuke Hirose identificador JMDb de persona o empresa 0380600, registrado como 廣瀬昌亮
Masasuke Hirose identificador JMDb de persona o empresa 0105040, registrado como 広瀬昌助
Masasuke Hirose identificador JMDb de persona o empresa 0759760, registrado como 広瀬昌亮
Masasuke Hirose identificador IMDb nm1627774, registrado como Masasuke Hirose
Masasuke Hirose identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/1z2crr05r
Masasuke Hirose identificador TMDB de persona 553111
Masasuke Hirose
actor xaponés (1946–1999)
Masasuke Hirose instancia de humanu
Masasuke Hirose ocupación actor
Masasuke Hirose data de la muerte 1999
Masasuke Hirose fecha de nacimientu 1946
Masasuke Hirose sexu masculín
Masasuke Hirose país de nacionalidá Xapón
Masasuke Hirose país de nacionalidá Imperiu del Xapón, data de fin 1947
Masasuke Hirose grupu étnicu xaponeses
Masasuke Hirose nome na llingua nativa
Masasuke Hirose identificador IMDb nm1627774, apaez como Masasuke Hirose
Masasuke Hirose
aktor hapones
Masasuke Hirose ta un hende
Masasuke Hirose okupashon aktor
Masasuke Hirose fecha di fayesimentu 1999
Masasuke Hirose fecha di nasementu 1946
Masasuke Hirose sekso o género maskulino
Masasuke Hirose pais di nashonalidat Hapon
Masasuke Hirose nòmber den idioma propio
Masasuke Hirose
aisteoir Seapánach
Masasuke Hirose sampla de duine
Masasuke Hirose gairm aisteoir
Masasuke Hirose áit bhreithe Shinagawa-ku
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Masasuke Hirose
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Masasuke Hirose JMDb kişi veya şirket kimliği 0759760, isimlendirilmesi 広瀬昌亮
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https://github.com/byran/cyber-dojo-commander/blob/master/test/sh/test_start_point_inspect.sh | Github Open Source | Open Source | BSD-2-Clause | null | cyber-dojo-commander | byran | Shell | Code | 473 | 1,227 | #!/bin/bash
. ./cyber_dojo_helpers.sh
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
test_start_point_inspect_NoArgs_prints_use_to_stdout_and_exits_zero()
{
local expected_stdout="
Use: cyber-dojo start-point inspect NAME
Displays details of the named start-point"
${exe} start-point inspect >${stdoutF} 2>${stderrF}
assertTrue $?
assertEqualsStdout "${expected_stdout}"
assertNoStderr
}
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
test_start_point_inspect_Help_prints_use_to_stdout_and_exits_zero()
{
local expected_stdout="
Use: cyber-dojo start-point inspect NAME
Displays details of the named start-point"
${exe} start-point inspect --help >${stdoutF} 2>${stderrF}
assertTrue $?
assertEqualsStdout "${expected_stdout}"
assertNoStderr
}
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
test_start_point_inspect_AbsentStartPoint_prints_msg_to_stderr_and_exits_non_zero()
{
local expected_stderr='FAILED: absent does not exist.'
${exe} start-point inspect absent >${stdoutF} 2>${stderrF}
assertFalse $?
assertNoStdout
assertEqualsStderr "${expected_stderr}"
}
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
test_start_point_inspect_PresentButNotStartPoint_prints_msg_to_stderr_and_exits_non_zero()
{
docker volume create --name notStartPoint > /dev/null
local expected_stderr='FAILED: notStartPoint is not a cyber-dojo start-point.'
${exe} start-point inspect notStartPoint >${stdoutF} 2>${stderrF}
local exit_status=$?
docker volume rm notStartPoint > /dev/null
assertFalse ${exit_status}
assertNoStdout
assertEqualsStderr "${expected_stderr}"
}
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
test_start_point_inspect_ExtraArg_prints_msg_to_stderr_and_exits_non_zero()
{
${exe} start-point create ok --git=${github_cyber_dojo}/start-points-custom.git
local expected_stderr='FAILED: unknown argument [extraArg]'
${exe} start-point inspect ok extraArg >${stdoutF} 2>${stderrF}
local exit_status=$?
${exe} start-point rm ok
assertFalse ${exit_status}
assertNoStdout
assertEqualsStderr "${expected_stderr}"
}
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
test_start_point_inspect_StartPoint_prints_details_and_exits_zero()
{
${exe} start-point create ok --git=${github_cyber_dojo}/start-points-custom.git
${exe} start-point inspect ok >${stdoutF} 2>${stderrF}
local exit_status=$?
${exe} start-point rm ok
assertTrue ${exit_status}
local stdout="`cat ${stdoutF}`"
local expected_titles=( 'MAJOR_NAME' 'MINOR_NAME' 'IMAGE_NAME' )
for expected_title in "${expected_titles[@]}"
do
if ! grep -q ${expected_title} <<< "${stdout}"; then
fail "expected stdout to include ${expected_title}"
fi
done
local expected_entries=( 'Tennis\srefactoring' 'C#\sNUnit' 'cyberdojofoundation/csharp_nunit' )
for expected_entry in "${expected_entries[@]}"
do
if ! grep -q ${expected_entry} <<< "${stdout}"; then
fail "expected stdout to include ${expected_entry}"
fi
done
assertNoStderr
}
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
. ./shunit2_helpers.sh
. ./shunit2
| 22,769 |
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erna%20von%20Weymarn-Petersen | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Erna von Weymarn-Petersen | https://fi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erna von Weymarn-Petersen&action=history | Finnish | Spoken | 91 | 255 | Erna Alexandra von Weymarn-Petersen, o.s. von Weymarn (7. helmikuuta 1889 Helsinki – 8. huhtikuuta 1950 Helsinki) oli laulaja ja musiikkipedagogi.
Von Weymarn-Petersenin vanhemmat olivat kolleegineuvos Adolf von Weymarn ja Alexandra Lindström ja puoliso vuodesta 1926 liikemies Leopold Petersen. Von Weymarn-Petersen suoritti ruotsalaisen tyttökoulun 1905 ja valmistui Helsingin musiikkiopistosta 1914. Lauluopintoja hän harjoitti myös Pietarissa 1917 ja myöhemmin useiden yksityisten opettajien johdolla. Hän oli itse Helsingin musiikkiopiston laulunopettaja ja antoi yksityisopetusta vuodesta 1914. Esiintyvä laulaja hän oli vuodesta 1915.
Lähteet
Suomalaiset laulajat
Suomalaiset musiikkipedagogit
Suomalaiset aateliset
Vuonna 1889 syntyneet
Vuonna 1952 kuolleet | 1,558 |
bim_eighteenth-century_the-works-of-jonathan-sw_swift-jonathan_1754_7_9 | English-PD | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,754 | The works of Jonathan Swift, D.D. Dean of St. Patrick's, Dublin, accurately revised in twelve volumes, adorned with copper-plates; with some account of the author's life, and notes historical and explanatory, by John Hawkesworth. 1754: Vol 7 | Swift, Jonathan | English | Spoken | 7,638 | 10,975 | Fain the fair nymph would ſtay, Oft ſhe looks back in vain, _ Off gainſt her fountain does complain, And foftly ſteals in many windings down, As loth to ſee the hated court and town, And murmurs as ſhe glides away. In this new happy ſcene Are nobler ſubjects for your learned pen; Here we expect from you More than your predeceſſor, Adam, knew; Whatever moves our wonder, or our ſport, Whatever ſerves for innocent emblems of the court; (How that which we a ker * ſee, Whoſe well-compacted forms eſcape the light, _ UVnpierc d by the blunt rays of fight) Shall ere long grow into a tree, Whence — * 8 —— 8 7 N 5.457 N 7 7 E875 208 3 g bs 8 N F Sal MET be EC nt es.. \ — 1 Jab — - D P . ARS © = 9 3 ———. — 6 N N 2 - — — DOSE ono py wo ion r 2 332 ODE TO sir W. TEMPLE, Whence takes it its increaſe, and whence its birth, Or from the ſun, or from the air, or from the earth, Where all the fruitful atoms lie; How ſome go downward to the root, Some more ambitiouſly upwards fly, And form the leaves, the branches, and the fruit, Jou ftrove to cultivate a barren court in vain, Your garden's better worth your noble pain, Here mankind fell, and hence muſt riſe again. — XI.. Shall I believe a ſpirit ſo divine Was caſt in the ſame mold with mine? Why then does nature ſo unjuſtly ſhare Among her elder ſons the whole eſtate? And all her jewels and her plate, Poor we, cadets of heav/n, not worth her care, Take up at beſt with lumber and the n © of -: 5 a fate: Some ſhe binds 'prentice to the ſpade, Some to the drudgery of a trade, Some ſhe does to egyptian bondage draw, Bids us make bricks, yet ſends us to look out for ſtraw; Some ſhe condemns for life to try To dig the leaden mines of deep philoſophy : ***V Me oz TO Sir W. TEMPLE, 333 Me ſhe has to the muſe's gallies tyd, In vain I ſtrive to croſs this ſpacious main, In vain I tug and pull the oar, And when I almoſt reach the ſhore, Straight the muſe turns the helm, and I launch out again : And yet to feed my pride, | Whene' er I mourn, ſtops my —_— >... breath, e With promiſe of a mad reverſion after death. mm -- Then (Sir,) accept this worthleſs verſe, The tribute of an humble muſe, Tis all the portion of my niggard ſtars; Nature the hidden ſpark did at my birth infuſe, And kindled firſt with indolence and eaſe, And ſince too oft debauch'd by praiſe, Tis now grown an incurable diſeaſe : | In vain to quench this fooliſh fire I try In wiſdom and philoſophy; In vain all wholeſome herbs I ſow, 1 nought but weeds will grow. = Whate'er I plant (like corn on barren earth) hy an equivocal birth Seeds and runs up to poetry. 2 EEE. 3 — „„ — —— — G * 5 i 4 « 4 — * — 2 "ant, ” NE EE ee SE ĩůðĩͤ— ßU— — —— x — —ñ— —E—̃ñ ̃ uA — ͤ——e —ä— ͥ ij — r OS oo — _— oo 2 —__ 2 2 * * 7 — 15 — enn — — - Y : b * — T 3 n 7 r o 1 * > Th a * . * * 4 2 4 CODEINE Te: 8 ˙—— EIA, api 0 oi nt > _ ' — __ —— — 2 — 2 . > - OOO II au ps a o 4 — — nd 2 — A 4 he 40s IT — — r —. „ OY Vu — ́ꝛʒ—ĩF cs — K ˙—— r cn >" — R „ TTT — — — . Dee »— * : 233 .. * <2 =, he 1 a 7 MT Ot A, FI ALY 449+ cr res, 4. EEE r 8 On DAN JACKSON Pifure cut in Paper. T0 0 fair 147 Betty Dan ſat for his pic- ture, And defy' d her to draw him ſo oft as he p A her, He knew ſhe'd no pencil or colouring by 5. And therefore he thou gt he might lately defy her. Come fit, ſays my lady, then whips up her Filler, And cuts out his coxcomb i in filk i in a trice, , ir, Dian fat with attention, and ſaw as ſur- rize How ſhe lengthen'd his chin, how ſhe hol- __ low'd his eyes, But flatter'd himſelf with a ſecret capa That his thin leathern jaws all her art wou'd > defeat; Lady Betty obſerv'di it, then pulls out a pin, And varies 8 grain of the ſtuff to his grin; And to make roaſted filk to W his raw-bone, _ Sheraisd up a thread to the jett of his jaw-_ 5 Till ON DAN JACKSON, 335 Tull at length in exacteſt proportion he roſe, From the crown of his head to the arch of his noſe. And if lady Berty had enen him with wig and all, "Tis certain the copy had out-done the ori- ginal. Well, that's but my outſide, fays Dow "with a vapour. Say you ſo? ſays my lady; I've lin dit with paper. P—D— Another. LARISSA draws her ſciflars from the caſe To draw the lines of poor Dan Jackſon s ace. One ſloping cut made . noſe, and chin, A nick produc d a mouth and made him >} grin, | Such as in taylor s meaſure you have ſeen, } But till were wanting his grimalkin eyes, For which grey worſted- Rocking paint ſu A ** „Th 336 ON DAN JACKSON. Th' unravell'd thread thro” needle's eye convey d Transferr d itſelf into his paſte-board head. How came the ſciſſars to be thus out-done ? | The needle had an eye, and they had none. O wond' rous force of art! now look at — You d ſwear the paſte board was the bet- ter man. he dev'l, fays he, the head i is not ſo full— | Indeed it is, behold the paper ſkull. D ſculb. Tuo. 8— ks. ; Do. 5 evil genius in a trice Had ſtrip'd him of his coin at dice; Chloe ohſirring this diſgrace, On pam cut out his rueful face. By G—, ſays Dan, tis very hard, Cut out at dice, cut out at card] G. R -D ſculß. On ll 337 On the freging Piflure. wen ILST you ths merry poet raf. fick To give us a deſcription ne Wu Of Dan 5 large noſe in modern apbick, 1 ſpend 1 my time in making ſermons, | Or writing libels on the Germans, Or murmuring at whigs preferments. But when I would find rhyme for Roch fort, And look in engliſh, french, and ſcotch 85 At laſt T m fairly foro d to botch for't. | Bid lady Berry recollect her, And tell, 4 was it cou'd direct her To draw the face of fuch a ſpectre. | 1 muſt confeſs, that as to me, firs, 1 hough I ne'er ſaw her hold the. I now could ſafely ſwear, it is hers. Tis true, no noſe could come in better; Tis a vaſt ſubject ſtuffd with matter, Which all may handle, none can flatter. 7. Take 333 ON DAN JACKSON. Take courage, Dan, this plainly ſhows, That not the wiſeſt mortal knows, What fortune may befall his noſe, Shew me the brighteſt 7-;/þ toaſt, Who from her lover e er could boaſt ' Above a ſong or two at moſt: For thee three poets now are drudging all, To praiſe the cheeks, chin, noſe, the bridge 7117. 7 Both of the picture and original, Thy noſe's length and fame extend do far, dear Dan, that ev'ry friend Tries, who ſhall have it by the end, And future poets, as they riſe, Shall read with envy and furprize Thy noſe outſhining Cælia s eyes. 13 DAN 339 DAN Jack sox, Alen. My verſe Little better you' 1 fad: then my fore i, A word to the — ut ure poſs | T. RE E merry lads wth envy ſtung, Becauſe Dar's face is better hung, Combin'd in verſe to rhyme it down, And in its place ſet up their own; As if they'd-run it down much better By number of their feet in metre, Or that its red did cauſe their ſpite, Which made them draw in black and white, 2 Be that as twill, this is moſt true, © They were inſpir d by what they drew. Let then fuch criticks know, my face Gives them their comelineſs and grace: 3 55 Whilſt ev'ry line of face does bring | A line of grace to what they ſing. But yet methinks, though with Muy Both to the picture and the face, I ſhou'd name the men who do chens The ſtory of the picture- farce; The 'ſquire in french as hard as ſtone, Or ſtrong as rock, that's all as one, 2 5 On 249 DAN JACKSON's ANSWER. ws On face on cards is very briſk, Sirs, | Becauſe on them you play at whiſk, Sirs. But much I wonder, why my crany Shou'd envy'd be by De-el any And yet much more, that half. name · ſake any d join a party in the freak. For ſure I am it was not ſafe 5 | Sa to abuſe his better halt, As I ſhall prove you Dar to be Diviſim and conjunctively. For if Dan love not Sherry, cha Sherry be any thing to Dan? This is the caſe, whene'er you ſee Dan makes nothing of Sherry 57 Or ſhou'd Dan be by Sherry o 'ertane, Then Dan would be poor & ieee N *Tis hard then he ſhould be decry'd By Dan with Sherry by his _— = if the caſe muſt be 10 hard, That faces ſuffer hy a card, : Let criticks wer hug what care I, | Backbiters only we defy, =y Faces are free from injury. 3110 TEE 3 . Anſwer | 55 FEE Anſwer to DAN JACKSO N, LU 885 GEORGE R OCHFORT. | he V ou 45 5 your face! is better hung Than ou ad what? *. noſe or tongue? In not explaining you were wrong to us, "Sr, Becauſe we thus muſt ſtate he caſe, I. That you have got a hanging face, Th' ee end's a damn d - 3s of nooſe, Sir, But yet be not caſt down; Ie A weaver will your hangman be; You & * * in tapeſtry 1 : wi Fawn: | And then the ladies, I ſuppoſe, 95155 a Will praiſe your longitude of noſe, - .. For latent charms within your gr = dear Dany. Thus will the fair of ev ry age From all parts make their pilgrimage, . — — noſe with pious rage of love, dir. 1452 2 All w * re | of. 26. S «© F 1 | \ : 9 1 : id I 1 y LE 1 Ws " - A : 1 '' 1 1 4 } 4 1 "HH 1 1 of {8 '4 DAN JACKSON. All their religion. will be (ene; About: thy woven monument, And not one oriſon be ſent 1 4 e, Sir. You the can 41 TR will bebbmes 160 As gardens grac'd in ancient Rome, . matrons ö in the gloom N 08 0 happs Dan! thrice happy fare! Thy fame for ever ſhall endure, - = | Who hog death can love- ſecure e 82299 3 hight. So far I * it was my duty To dwell upon thy boaſted beauty; : Now 1 U proceed a word or two t ye, CL Wed in anſwer To that part where you carry on This paradox, that rock and ſtone, In Kara aa are all one. 1 — How can, Sir, A man of reas ning o — So ſtupidly be run aground, As N 2 different to confound a 5 t' our ſenſes? 441 2. 4 < Except ANSWER TO DAN JACKSON. 343 Except you judg'd em by the knock Of near an equal hardy block : Such an experimental ftroak | convinces. Then might you be, by dint of reaſon, A proper Judge on this occaſion; Gainſt feeling there s NO diſputation 8 IS s granted, | Therefore to thy fapebice wit, Who made the trial, we fubmit ; Thy head to prove the rut of it we wanted, C In one aſſertion you're to blame, Where Dan and Sherry's made the fame, | Endeavouring to have your name refin d, Sir. You'll ſee wy or 4 you miſtook, | If you conſult your ſpelling-book, (i ke better half you jo you took) you'll fing, E : 8, I, E. „be and R, I, vi, Both put together make Sherry, D, A,N, Dan—makes up the three | Hilables 2 4 Dan 344 ANSWER BY Dr. DELANY.” Dan is but one, and Sherri two, Then, Sir, your choice will never do; Therefore I've turn d, my friend, on you the tables. * by Dr. DELANY. ; to limn him Credite piſones iſti tabulæ fer fmilem. You look and you write with lodifferent a | „ Re. - That I envy your verſe, though I didn't your face. Lo And to him that thinks rightly, there s rea- ſon enough, Cauſe one is as ſmooth as the other is rou oh, But muchT mamaz'd. you ſhou dthink? my deſign Was to rhyme Jown your nals. or your 3 harlequin grin, j Which you yourſelf wonder the deel| ſhou'd malign. j And if tis ſo ſtrange, that your — ſhip's crany Shou'd be envy'd by him, much leſs by . Delany. ; Thou gh SSIS T me, my mule, whilſt 1 * © ANSWER BY Dr. DELANY. 345 T bg I own to you, when I . it ſtricter, | Ienvy the painter, althoug h not 15 picture. And juſtly ſhe's envy d, B a gend of hell Was never drawn Tight but * her and """ Next, as to the charge which you tell us | 18 ue, That we were inſpir'd by the ſubject we drew. Inſpired we were, 401 well, Sir, ou 8 it, Vet not by your noſe, but the fair one that drew it; Had your noſe been the muſe, we had ne er been inſpir d, Though perhaps it might juſtly'y ve been ſaid we were fir: d. As to the diviſion. of words in your ſtaves, pg ike my countryman's horn-comb, into three halves, I meddle not with t, but preſume. to make merry, You called Dan « one e half, and other hal Sherry: 5 Now 34% ANSWER BY Dr. SHERIDAN. Now if Dan 5 a half, as you call't to er and oer, Then it can't be ar d that Sherry s two more. | For pray give me leave to for, Sir for all That * s at leaſt of doable the value, But perhaps, Sir, you did it to fill 1 up the e go crouds in a concert (like actors in 1 farce) Play two parts in one, when tapers ; are 7 ſcarce, 8 4 But be that as l, you mn know more anon, Sir, When Sheridan ſends to merry Dan anfiver : 1 by Dr. 8 H E RID A N. THREE merry lads you own we are; 'Tis very true, and free from care, But envious we cannot bear, ve believe, Sir, For were At ne . beauty thine, Were you like Mireus, ſoft and fine, We ſhould not in the leaſt repine, Or grieve, Sir. Then ANSWER BY Dr. SHERIDAN. 447 Then know from us, moſt beautequs Dan, That roughneſs beſt becomes a man; 'Tis women ſhould be pale and wan, and taper. And all your crillirig beaux and fops, 7 # Whocomb their brows and ſleek their chops, AE but the offspring of toy-ſhops, meer e , We know your morning hours you * To cull and gather out a face; ls this the way you take your glass? forbear i it. Thoſe loads of paint upon your toilet, Will never mend your face, but haiti, it, | It looks as if OY did par- boil it. Drink claret. Yout checks, by ſlecking, a are 10 lean, That they're like Cynthia in the wain, _ Or belt of gooſe when tis pick d clean, r pullet. Hl * 3. See, what by 1 you JHA done, vou ve made your phiz a ſkeleton, p From the long diſtance of your crown, t'your gullet | DAN 348 inn, DAN JACKSON Reh. Written by the Dean in the name of Dax Jacksox. \ \ 7 Earied with faying grace and. pray r, Thaſten'd down to country air, = 0 read your anſwer, and prepare oy to't. | But your foe lines ſo groſly flatter, Pray do they praiſe me or beſpatter ? I much 1 you mean the latter, 5 ah fly-boot! It maſt be ſo; what dee. alas, Can mean my culling of a face, Andall that ſtuff of toilet, glaſs, and box-comb? But be t as "twill this you muſt grant, That you're a dank, whilſt I but paint; : Then which of us two is the quaint- "0 coxcomb? 4 value not your jokes of nooſe, Vour gibes and all your foul abuſe, More than the dirt beneath my "I 5 ET —.— near feat it. Yet paN JACKSON's REPLY. 349 vet one thing vexes me, 1 own, E Thou ſorry ſcare- crow of ſkin and bens To be call d lean by a ſkeleton, — who'd bear 15 Tis true indeed, to curry friends, You ſeem to praiſe to make amends, And yet | before your ſtanza ends you flout me Bout latent charms beneath my cloaths; For every one that knows me, knows That I have 1 80 like my noſe I ah now where you fleer and lau oh, Cauſe I call Dan my better half! Oh, there you think you have me ſafe! but hold , Sir, Is not a penny often found To be much greater than a pound? By your good leave, my moſt profound and bold Sir, Dar s noble en 8 Berry baſe; So Dan's the Latter, though the leſs, An ounce of god s worth ten of braſs, dull pedant. As about me. 330 DAN JACKSON's SECOND REPLY, As to your ſpelling, let me ſee, 1 If SHE makes ſber, and RI r 2 HE Good e your cra x 5 bas lead on't. Anther Rp by the . in D A N JACKSON's Name. 1 R EE bo for anſwerThave waited, I thought an ace you d ne er have | bated, And art thou forc 4 to yield, ill-fated | poctaſter? ; Feet WY that a noſe Of thy dimenſion s fit for proſe, But ev ry one that knows Du. knows thy maſter. Bluſh 5 il-Pelling, for ill-lines, And fly. with hurry to ramines; Thy fame, thy gens now declines, e S boaſter J hear DAN JACKSON's SECON D REPLY, 351 1 hear with ſome concern you roar, And flying think to quit the ſcore By — billets on your door and * Sir. Thy ruin, Tom, 1 never meant, I'm griev 'd to hear your baniſhment, But pleas'd to find you do relent I maul d you, when. you look'd ſo bluff, But now [ 'll bier keep your ſtuff; For know, Proftration f is enough | toth' lion. SHERI and cry on. | = 1 | | | ' | | | | - . 1 » * FP „ *. d = - 0 \ * + ww a — — ; , FF 3 b , : % of 7 « . 5 * % v * ' a x ; £ g % | 332 2144 , e SHERID A N's Submnifſon. Written by the Dean. Cedo jam, re es cramia rIX@, Si riſca eſt, ubi tu pulſas, ego vapulo tantum. Poor Sherry, inglorious, To Dan the victorious, Preſents, as tis fitting, Petition and greeting. 50 you victorious and brave, Your now ſubdu'd and ſuppliant ſlave Moſt humbly ſues for pardon. Who when I fought ſtill cut me down, And when I, vanquiſh'd, fled the town, Purſu d and 10 me hard on. Now lowly crouch” d, Icry peccavi, And proſtrate, fu pplicate Pour ma vie, Your mercy Irely on. For you, my conqu ror and my king, In pard'ning, as in puniſhing, Will ſhew yourſelf a lian, Alas, Sir, I had no deſign, But was unwarily drawn in; RG mY CLIC | For TOM MULLINEX AND DICK. 353 For ſpite I ne'er had any. "Twas the damn'd *{quire with the hard name ; The de el too that ow'd me a a ſhame, The devil and Delany; They tempted me t attack your highneſs, And then, with wonted wile and ſlyneſs, They left mein the lurch, Unhappy wretch! for now, I ween, I've nothing left to vent my ſpleen But ferula and birch; And they, alas, yield mall relief, | Seem rather to renew my grief, My wounds bleed all anew : For ev'ry ſtroke goes to my heart, And at each laſh I feel the ſmart Of lath laid on by you. TOM MULLINEX and DICK. OM and Dick had equal fame, And both had equal knowledge; Zom cou'd write and ſpell his name, But Dick had ſeen the college. As Dick - =» % 4 hb IS — 2 1 m _ - * 0 * — 2— — — — 2 - ed A WITT Wit" — —ͤ—ͤ—üd — — - N * — — - — - —— — x UG 4 - Z — — Dar — 2 8 A 2 4 - * a * OAT _ * — IPD ene 2 , + — C ͤ³²⁵r Ä e — cc ——— EST. I :. ; — II — a — 2 _— __—— 8 — racy — —. © y — - Fc. 2 123 % — E F. e * 3 "I = — dC WR — 2 7 $I IS — "ETD < a » Py "ſc. 4 hs.” > | nc dd 4 vt 3 2 — 22 SoC ” * 2 — 2 4 — 8 — * 3 # Py " 2 — eee — —— — 4 — pan IA: a ee 19-9" * — yu — ——— = NN NE. e X a 7 a, W p 2 oy - 4 Sn "4s 4 * „. 1 W 3 —B CT IS ary, oh * + * mY p „ 2 I >» - ou — —— — — — 2 - 4 20.4 or > 2 p — — wot am, 2 — r et eee — I ORR —— 3 T nent Cr 3 ge Fa, * Ir rn og I ger ER * * 2 — — i — :. Ä DS 2 ˙ ES 2b 4 " rr — Su 8 ”7 <8 > gy -. 4 4 F = - - p 2 = 33 8 9 n * — * 7 3 ore s. 4" ” _ - r * "Op 1 — 2 FO 4-4 >, bh — 2. a” 22 7 —— - ——— * ma —— ” _ 4 — — — * — — „* | - = a Res — + Srv pts. a gs er — ; +4 n. 3 - Gs —_ F fg G CY 12 W 2 * - 3 5 5. f 1 1 ivy 1 py oF 1 1 +, 354 TOM MULLINEX AND DICK, Dick a coxcomb, Tom was mad, And both alike diverting, Tom was held the merrier lad, But Dick the beſt at farting, | Dick would cock his noſe in ſcorn, But Tom was kind and loving; E a foot-boy bred and born, but Dick was from an oven. Dick could neatly dance a Jig, But Ton was beſt at borees; Lom would pray for ev'ry Ms. And Di curſe all the tories. Dick would make a woful noiſe, And ſcold at anelection; Tom huzza'd the black-guard boys, And held them in ſubjection. Na could move with lordly grace, Dick nimbly ſkip the gutter; Tom could talk with folemn face, But Dick could better ſputter, Dick was come to high renown Since he commenc'd phyſician; Tom was held by all the town The deeper politician. Tom DICK, A MAGGOT. 355 You had the genteeler ſwing, His hat could nicely put on; Dick knew better how to ſwing His cane upon a button. Dick for repartee was fit, And Tom for deep diſcerning; Dick was thought the brighter wit, But Zom had better learning. Dick with zealous no's and ay's Could roar as loud as Stentor, In the houſe tis all he ſays; But Tom is eloquenter. DICK, A Maggot. 8 when from rooting 1 in a bin, <£ 3 All powder'd o'er from tail to chin, A lively maggot ſallies out, You know him by his hazel ſnout: So when the grandſon of his grandſire Forth iſſues wriggling, Dick Drawcanſ:r, With powder'd rump, and back and fide, | You cannot blanch his tawny hide; For *tis beyond the pow'r of meal The gypſey viſage to conceal : A a 2 1 1 U 1 1 356 CLAD ALL IN BROWN. For, as he ſhakes his wainſcot chops, : Downev'ry mealy atom drops, And leaves the tartar phiz, in ſhow Like a freſh t—d —— dropt on ſnow. | Clad all in Brom. Imitated fr Om | 'S OW LF y. , 1 le OULEST brute that ſtinks below, L Why in this brown doſt thou appear? 4 For, would'ſt thou make a fouler ſhow, Thou muſt go naked all the year. Freſh from the mud a wallowing ſow- Would then be not ſo brown as thou. Tis not the coat that looks ſo 4 is hide emits a foulneſs out, Not one jot better looks the fan Seem from behind a dirty clout: 80 t—ds within a glaſs incloſe, The glaſs will ſeem as brown as thoſe. : So Thou CLAD ALL IN BROWN. 387 T hou now one ie heap of foulneſs art, All outward and within f 18 foul; Condenſed filth in ev'ty part, | Thy body's cloathed like thy ul; Thy ſoul, which through thy hide of buff, | Scarce glimmer: like a dying uff. Old carted bawds flick garments 8 When pelted all with dirt they ſhine; Such their exa/ted bodies are, As ſhrivel'd and as black as thine. If thou wer't in a cart, I fear Thou would'ſt be pelted worſe than they'r re. Vet when we * thee thus array d, The neighbours think, it is but juſt, That thou ſhould'ſt take an honeſt trade, And weekly carry out the duſt. | Of cleanly houſes who will doubt, When Dick cries, duſt to carry out? A a 3 DICK 355 DICK S Farity. : D ULL uniformity i in fools J hate, who gape and _ by rules. Vou, Mullnes, and ſlobb'ring 5 Who ev'ry day and hour the are; That vulgar talent I deſpiſe Of piſſing in the rabble's eyes. And when I liſten to the noiſe Of ideots roaring to the boys ; To better judgments ſtill ſubmitting, Town ſee but little wit in: Such paſtimes, when our taſte is nice, Can pleaſe at moſt but once or twice. But then conſider Dick, you'll find His genius of ſuperior kind; He never muddles in the dirt, Nor ſcow'rs the ſtreets without a ſhirt; Though Dich, I dare preſume to lay, Could do ſuch feats as well as they. Dick I could venture every where, Let the boys pelt him if they dare; He'd have em try'd at the aſſizes For prieſts and jeſuits in diſguiſes; Swear they were with the Swedes at Bender, And liſting troops for the pretender. But DICK's VARIETY. 339 But Dick can fart, and dance, and iriſk, No other monkey half ſo briſk; Now has the ſpeaker by the ears, Next moment in the houſe of peers, | Now ſcolding at my lady Euftace, Or thraſhing Babby in her new ſtays. Preſto begone; - with t' other hop He's powd' ring in a barber's ſhop; Now at the anti- chamber thruſting His noſe to get the circle juſt i =. And damns his blood, that in the rear He ſees one ſingle tory there: Then, wo be to my lord lieutenant, Again he'll tell him, and again on't. 366 THE BEASTS CONFESSION 5 THE BEASTS CONFESSION 10 THE P R 1 E S T, On obſerving how moſt men miſtale their oon talents. Witten in the Year 17 32. 0 a \ THEN beaſts could ſpeak, (the n ed ſay, They Rill can 5 tf every day) It 3 they had religion then, As much as now we find in men. It happen'd, when a plague broke out (Which therefore made them more devout) The king of brutes (to make it plain, Of quadrupeds I only mean) By proclamation gave command, That ey'ry ſubject in the land Should to the prieſt confeſs their ſins; And thus the pious wolf begins: Good TO THE PRIEST. 361 Good father, I muſt own with ſhame, That often I have been to blame: I muſt confeſs, on Friday laſt, Wretch that I was, I broke my faſt: But, I defy the baſeſt tongue To prove did my neighbour wrong; ; Or ever went to ſeek my food By rapin, theft, or chirk of blood. The aſs approaching next, confely d, That in his heart he lov'd a jeſt: A wag he was, he needs muſt own, - And could not let a dunce alone: Sometimes his friend he would not ſpare, And might perhaps be too ſevere: But yet, the worſt that could be ſaid, He was a uit both born and bred; And, if it be a fin or ſhame, _ Nature alone muſt bear the blame : One fault he hath, is ſorry fort, His ears are half a foot too ſhort; Which could he to the ſtandard bring, He'd ſhew his face before the king: Then for his voice, there's none diſputes That he's the nightingale of brutes, The ſwine with contrite heart allow'd, His ſhape and beauty made him proud: In 362 THE BEASTS CONFESSION In diet was perhaps too nice, But gluttony was ne er his vice : In ev'ry turn of life content, And meekly took what tune ſent: Enquire through all the pariſh round, A better neighbour ne'er was found: His vigilance might ſome diſpleaſe; : 'Tis true, he hated ſloth like peaſe. | The mimic ape began his chatter, How evil tongues his life beſpatter: Much of the cens' ring world complain d, Who faid, his gravity was feign'd : Indeed 155 ſtrictneſs of his morals Engag d him in an hundred quarrels: He ſaw, and he was griev'd to ſee't, His zeal was ſometimes indiſcreet: He found his virtues too ſevere For our corrupted times to bear: Yet, ſuch a leud licentious age Might well excuſe a Stoic' s rage. The goat advanc'd with decent pace : And, firſt excus'd his youthful face; Forgiveneſs begg d, that he appear q- ("Twas nature's fault) without a beard. 'Tis true, he was not much inclin'd To fondneſs for the female kind; EE. Not, TO THE PRIEST. 363 Not, as his enemies object, From chance, or natural defect; Not by his frigid conſtitution, But through a pious reſolution; For he had made a holy vow Of chaſtity, as monks do now; Which he reſolv'd to keep for ever hence, As ſtrictly too, as doth his“ reverence. Apply the tale, and you ſhall Gnd, How jult it ſuits with human-kind. Some faults we own: but, can you gueſs? Why, virtues ni to exceſs, Wherewich our vanity endows us, Though neither toe nor friend allows us. The lawyer ſwears, you may rely © on t, He never ſqueez d a needy client; And this he makes his conſtant . ; For which his brethren call him fool: His conſcience always was ſo nice, He freely gave the. poor advice; By which he loſt, he may affirm, A hundred fees laſt Eafter term. While others of the learned robe Would break the patience of a Joo, * The prieſt his confeſſor. No - . n ji. "M6 . * - TY A = 2 3. * » 2 = n 3 bo r - 2 = N - = e oe; So - = EAT N : ard - —< - 12 rr — 2 — =; . ; * C > a : : 1 3 rie 5 q q E 2 "Be "ca "ov - « — N 2 wee \ F- - — —— — 8 2 — 8 b = - * W * 8 K i: = ax — c; ED" * 3 0 Te n r . = bg 02 8 on al ee — Es, 61711 Da . 15% ao Jos 5 r Ree F — — DEC EAST. Lec I REO ; . — Pr . 77S ²˙0˙eT: l rp ge er — —B — A — SO — oY Fr — TEES eee * i a a o þ 115 : " 4 1 4 } 4 - 5. # 3 : > \ — 4 1 9 = * A. i $5 1 | 5 » LY q _ 7 { LF1 "2B 1. 3's bl "ts 1 WES . iv 144 1 in > Was { FZY 3 [ ++ : 8 7 1 5 7 » : 7 © 4 C2 : ; 1 — 1 1 * IT 1 ET * > 37 : is '$S; + #5 MW 1 9 ! : Wh £ - If 4 = WM 9 1 it {34 2.4 By 5 W1 -; Ws 11S +2 1 1 117 + iq = T4 31 , 7 3 41 5% 8 9 7 : =_—y ft | 5 — 754 1 43 * * 1 : 7 ” ; * * = * is wy, G 43 5 247 8 a #] k A 3 4 , 1 = Ws 4 SEE 2% "773 - 77 TI 3 us * 1 1 14 T2 - Fe 1 - = ® 2 iP] 4 1 1 2 R \ 3 \ 2 | ö of i % 7 4 1 +BY 21 4 | { is 0 * 5 iy $ 2. ! 1. T6 4 2 e 364 THE BEASTS CONFESSION No pleader at the bar could match His diligence and quick diſpatch; Ne er kept a cauſe, he well. may boaſt, Above a term or two at moſt, 1 he cringing knave, who ſeeks a place Without ſucceſs, thus tells his caſe: Why ſhould he longer mince the matter? He fail'd, becauſe he could not flatter; He had not learn'd to turn his coat, Nor for a party give his vote: His crime he quickly ee Too zealous for the nation's good: He found the miniſters reſent it, Yet could not for his heart repent it. The chaplain vows he cannot fawn, T hough it would raiſe him to the lawn: He paſs d his hours among his books; You find it in his meagre looks: He might, if he were worldly wiſe, Preferment get and ſpare his eyes: But own'd, * had a ſtubborn ſpirit, That ad him truſt alone in merit: Would riſe by merit to promotion; : Alas! a mere chimeric notion. The | TO THE PRIEST. 365 'The doctor, if you will believe him, Confeſs'd a ſin; and God forgive him! ii _ Call'd up at midnight, ran to ſave 1 A blind old beggar from the grave: | But, fee how Satan ſpreads his ſnares ; He quite forgot to ſay his pray rs. He cannot help it for his heart Sometimes to act the parſon's part: Quotes from the bible many a ſentence, That moves his patients to repentance: And, when his med' cines do no good, Supports their minds with heav nly food, At which, however well intended, " * He hears the clergy are offended ; —_— And grown fo bold behind his back, 1 To call him hypocrite and quack. 1 In his own church he keeps a ſeat; _ g 1 Says grace before, and after meat; 1 And calls, without affecting airs, I. i His houthold twice a day to pray IS. He ſhuns apothecaries ſhops; And hates to cram the ſick with flops: 5 He ſcorns to make his art a trade; 1 Nor bribes my lady's fav'rite maid. 1 Old nurſe-keepers would never hire l To recommend him to the ſquire; Which 366 THE BEASTS CONFESSION Which others, whom he will not name, Have often praQtis d to their ſhame. | The ſtateſman tells you with a /neer, His fault is to be too ſincere; And, having no ſiniſter ends, Is apt to diſoblige his friends. The nation's good, his maſter's glory, Without regard to whip or tory, Mere all the ſchemes he had in view; ; Yet he was ſeconded by few: Though ſome had ſpread a thouſand les, Twas he defeated the Exciss. 4 "Twas known, thou gh he had born aſper- fion, That fanding troops were his averſion: His practice was, in ev'ry ſtation, To ſerve the king, and pleaſe the nation. Though hard to find in ev'ry caſe The fitteſt man to fill a place: His promiſes he ne'er eee But took memorials on the ſpot: His enemies for want of charity, Said, he affected popularity: "Tis true, the people underſtood, That all u he did! Was for their good; | | T 1 TO THE PRIEST. 367 Their kind affections he has try d; No love is loſt on either ſide. He came to court with fortune clear, Which now he runs out ev'ry year; Muſt, at the rate that he goes on, i Inevitably be undone. Oh! if his majeſty would pleaſe To give him but a writ of eaſe, Would grant him licence to retire, As it hath long been his deſire, By fair accounts it would be end. He's poorer by ten thouſand pound. He owns, and hopes it is no fin, He ne'er was partial to his kin; He thought it baſe for men in ſtations To crowd the court with their relations: His country was his deareſt mother, And ev'ry virtuous man his brother; Through modeſty or aukward ſhame, (For which he owns himſelf to blame) He found the wiſeſt men he cou'd, Without reſpect to friends, or blood; Nor ever acts on private VIEWS, When he hath liberty to chuſe, * | 7 * - by 7 2h ; v4 C9 FF} 4 \} IT 1 : 4 I = 8 4 © * +11 {3 | Fe l 14 4 * 7 1 $ 14. 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B 3 OE — — 2 CREPT SE = SE — bp . -- - ys 1; — — — OO: < - - <__ = a - — ue "RITES {wore he hated play, Except to paſs an hour away: | And 368 THE BEASTS CONFESSION : And well he might ; for to his coſt By want of ſkill he always loſt; He heard there was a club of cheats, Who had contriv'd a thouſand feats; Could change the ſtock, or cog a dye, And thus deceive the ſharpeſt eye: No wonder how his fortune ſunk, His brothers fleece him when he s drunk. I own the moral not exact; Beſides, the tale is falſe in fact; And fo abſurd, that could I raiſe up From fields elyzian tabling Eſopß; I would accuſe him to his face For hbelling the four-foot race. Creatures of ev'ry kind but ours Well comprehend their nat'ral pow'rs ; While we, whom reaſon ought to ſway, Miſtake our talents ev'ry day. The aſs was never known ſo ſtupid | To act the part of Tray or Cupid ; Nor leaps upon his maſter's lap There to be ſtroak'd, and fed with pap, As Eſop would the ads perſuade ; He better underſtands his trade : Nor comes, whene'er his lady whiſtles; But carries loads, and feeds on thiſtles. | Our TO THE PRIEST. * Our author's meaning, I preſume, is A creature bipes et implumis; Wherein the moraliſt deſign d A compliment on human-kind : For here he owns, that now and then Beaſts may degen rate into men. ®'X definition of man diſapproved by all logicians : Homo eſt animal bipes, n orecto vultu. B b AD VER. 1 : 8 d * m_ ä — — — 3 —. — a =ab(s 2 ona A r — 1 n _ —ä—ä a —— — 2 n. ” — 3 — 19 2 "« — 2 3 - pes * & ” S * 5" * —— — . — dy a a 7 = : * 0 _ 1 - a 2 n - p _— 4 a - — - - 8 r . * AP; ot k 04, . 8 BS. * 3 4 *. - - - < - — — * © 4 a... i 1" IS en ol 2 . * * Ws 2 | x # N 1 „ 2 9 1 ir by 3 4 * x ' 78 [4 = 4 be. * 1 1 5 =. ; i ! 1 * ; * 3 13 1 AN * * 8 7 = * * "I %4 3 * 1 13 * - 6. $T vs 11 «OFF A . a IF - FP | 1 + ry a » 4 F 3 NF 4K "= 7 \ N 14 5 1 1 4 WE... i .Y + $3 * vo ": "= (3+ 708 "oy : ws 0 4 1:78 * 4 - = 12 4 © bh 1 WF: * 9 + * * - - . bs...” * 3 — n — . * — Lo be as — — : _ pe 5 ow Ls Tr ht ht "INE 370 OT ORE: ADVERTISEMENT. For the Honour of the K I N GD O M of N IRELAND. HIS is to inform the publick, that a gentle- man of long ſtudy, obſervation, and expe- rience, hath employed himſelf for ſeveral years in making collections of facts, relating to the conduct of divines, phyſicians, lauyers, ſoldiers, merchants, Fraders, and ſauires, containing an hiſtorical ac- count of the moſt remarkable corruptions, frauds, oppreſſions, knaveries, and perjuries; wherein the names of all the perſons concerned ſhall be in- ſerted at full length, with ſome account of their families and ſtations, But whereas the ſaid 3 cannot com- pleat his hiſtory without ſome aſſiſtance from the publick, he humbly deſires, that all perſons, who have any memoirs, or accounts relating to them- ſelves, their families, their friends or acquaintance, which are well atteſted, and fit to enrich the work, will pleaſe to ſend them to the printer of this ad- vertiſement: and if any of the ſaid perſons, who are diſpoſed to ſend materials, happen to live in the country, it is deſired their letters may be ei- ther franked, or the poſt paid. This collection i is to commence with the year L 700 and be continued to ths preſent year 1738. The ADVERTISEMENT. 8 The work is to be entituled, The author's critical | biftory of his own times. It is intended to be printed by ſubſcription, in a large oftavo; each volume to contain five hun- dred facts, and to be fold for a britifh crown: the author propoſeth that the whole work (which will take in the period of thirty- eight years) ſhall be contained in eighteen volumes. | 10,563 |
https://github.com/gschmutz/event-driven-microservices/blob/master/java/spring-boot-2/order-management-ms/src/main/java/com/trivadis/ms/sample/order/event/CustomerEventConsumer.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,021 | event-driven-microservices | gschmutz | Java | Code | 72 | 364 | package com.trivadis.ms.sample.order.event;
import com.trivadis.avro.customer.v1.Customer;
import com.trivadis.ms.sample.customer.service.CustomerConverter;
import com.trivadis.ms.sample.customer.service.CustomerDO;
import com.trivadis.ms.sample.customer.service.CustomerService;
import org.apache.kafka.clients.consumer.ConsumerRecord;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.kafka.annotation.KafkaListener;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Component
public class CustomerEventConsumer {
private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(CustomerEventConsumer.class);
@Autowired
private CustomerService customerService;
@KafkaListener(topics = "${topic.customer.name}", groupId = "oderMs_CustomerConsumer")
public void receive(ConsumerRecord<Long, Customer> consumerRecord) {
Customer customer = consumerRecord.value();
// Customer product = (Customer) SpecificData.get().deepCopy(Customer.SCHEMA$,
// consumerRecord.value());
LOGGER.info("received payload='{}'", customer.toString());
CustomerDO customerDO = CustomerConverter.convert(customer);
customerService.modifyCustomer(customerDO);
}
}
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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/23395639 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,014 | Stack Exchange | English | Spoken | 27 | 46 | How could I use protobuf as default serialization for ServiceStack.Redis
ServiceStack.Redis is using JsonSerializer as internal. Could I use protobuf?
Is there any general setting for this?
| 28,905 |
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4957945_1 | Court Listener | Open Government | Public Domain | null | None | None | Unknown | Unknown | 95 | 147 | ORDER
AND NOW, this 19th day of March, 2001, a Rule having been entered by this Court on January 22, 2001, pursuant to Rule 214 (d)(1), Pa.R.D.E., directing Ramon R. Obod to show cause why he should not be placed on temporary suspension and, upon consideration of the responses filed, it is hereby
ORDERED that the Rule is made absolute; Ramon R. Obod is placed on temporary suspension and he shall comply with all the provisions of Rule 217, Pa.R.D.E.; and the matter is referred to the Disciplinary Board pursuant to Rule 214 (f)(1), Pa.R.D.E..
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indextocatalogue00bost_0_46 | English-PD | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,866 | Index to the catalogue of books in the Bates hall of the Public Library of the city of Boston. First supplement | Boston Public Library | English | Spoken | 7,044 | 14,053 | Rickard. Boston, 1853. pp. 54. 8°.... 4307.4 HANS komt door zyn domheid voord. Amsterdam, 1784. 2v. sm. 8°. s oc) s ots sy eeenene See eOrouae HANSARD, T.C. Parliamentary debates. [Continuation.] 3d series. Vol. 154-176. May 31, 1859 — July 29, 1864. London, 1859-64. 23v. 8°. *7094.1 — History and process of printing. See History of the processes of manufacture, etc..... HANSCON, S.P. Letter to H. J. Gardner, [on a question of veracity]. pp. 8. [No title-page] 8°. 6087.49 HANSEN, C.P. Friesische Sagen und Erzahlungen. Altona, 1858; 12°.) 0 s+ +e s8s eonane ln amend Dy HANSEN, P. E. Errata in Hansen’s lunar tables. See Great Britain. Admiralty....... E.160.3 Hanson, D.D. Oral discussion of spiritualism. See Brittan, S.B... 2 «2 «6s « « 66 « 6088.113 HANSEN, J. W. History of Gardiner, Pittston and West Gardiner, [Me]. Gardiner, 1852, 12°. 2339.12 HANSEN, C. Reise-Erinnerungen aus Sibirien. Deutsch von Dr. H. Sebald. Leipzig, 1854. 8°.**3067. HANWAY, C. History of the trial of Castner Hanway and others, for treason, at Philadelphia, Nov. 1851, etc. Phila., 1852. pp. 86. 8°. B.160. — Trial for treason in resisting the fugitive slave law. See Robbins, J. J. HANWAY, J. Advice from farmer Trueman to his daughter Mary. See Boston. Benevolent associations. Society for promoting Christian knowledge, etc. Christian monitor, v. 13. — Travels into Persia, and through Russia, Germany, and Holland. [Mavor. Voyages, v.15]. 6267.1 HAPPEL HARLING Shelf. No. Happius, E.G. Thesaurus exoticorum, oder eine mit auslindischen Raritäten und Geschichten wohlversehene Schatz-Kammer. Darauff folgte der Alkoran mit Kupfern. Hamburg, PREP E sles Keds ene te eietlelete. sss 0200.8 HAPPINESS. Epps, J. Best means of obtaining. 3600.36 — Morton, E. Akeytotrue.........- 6086.6 — Oliver, B. L. Hints on the pursuit of. +. +. 3585.30 HAPSPURG, Geschichte des Hauses Habsburg. PHCONOWSKY i Mars ears ss 6 ee 6 st 8 HARBINGER, The, devoted to social and political progress. See West Roxbury. Brook farm MERCER Red vi'a (es 6 ess 6. cle so TIARBISON, W. C. Bees and bee-keeping. New ESIGN. Gy ats! o ie a'e sce 6 ce «'s O808613 Harcourt, A. P., duchesse @, Vie de Jeanne @ wero. Paris, 1864. 12°.......5449a.22 HARCOURT, William Vernon. Symmetrical psalmody. London, 1855. 12°.......5449a.22 HARCOURT, William Vernon. [Letters of Historique on some questions of international anya London, 1863. 89s... Se ee). 2) 8613.15 — Remarks on the letter of ‘*Historia.” See RUE Medd Eel ovtal cd's Ves wise, eee oe 48208, 75 HARDENBERG, A. See Gerdes. Scrinium antiq. — ad hist. reform. spect., v.2,3... ++. 6055.15 Contents. — Vol. II. Epistole; Scriptum apologeticum, Ill. Themata adversus ubiquitatem corporis Christi; Hardenbergiana quam plurima. HARDENBERG, F.L.y. Schriften. Herausgegeben von L, Tieck und F, Schlegel. 4te Aufl. 4164.1 5571.3 merit miG26.4 2veiti 1.. 8°. 0, «wie ole cin 424856 — - Same. Herausgegeben von L. Tieck, F, Schlegel, und E. von Biilow. 5te Aufl. Ber- MPACOE-AGU SVs, 12°. 5 occ «scenes, 2, 2809.2 Contents. — Vol. I. Heinrich von Ofterdingen. II. Hymnen an die Nacht; Die Lehrlinge zu Sais; Philoso- phie und Physik; Aesthetik und Literatur; Moralische Ansichten. IIl. Ueber das Leben Friedrichs yon Har- denberg ; Aus Novalis Tagebuche seiner letzten Lebens- jahre ; Gedichte; Verstreute Blatter; Briefe; Fragmente. HARDER, H. Epigrammatum libri tres; Hatnia li- berata; Panegyricus ; Canum cum catis certa- men. [Rostgaard. Delicie poetarum Da- BIGMRIM MrT el sn! 's «sie -bid © 4) «te fa 91 $2208.19 HARDIE, J. American remembrancer, and tablet of memory. Philadelphia, 1795. 16°... . 6234.6 HARDIMAN,J. History of Galway. Dublin, 1820. 4°, *2471.7 HARDINGE, B.B. Belle Boyd in camp and prison. MeGHCON, 1866. (2v.\ 16°. 2 ws ek sk co te, 4327.24 HARDINGE, E. Funeral oration on A. Lincoln, April 16, 1865. New York, 1865. 8°. ... — Six lectures on theology and nature. [Chicago], COS eN et? shoe waa) 6c als ale oh s.e 8442510 HARDOUIN, J. Opera varia. Amstelodami, 1733. Po nw wee eee ee ew es 5 ¥¥2920.4, and *6040.1 Contents.— Athei detecti: Cornelius Jansenius, Am- brosius Victor, Ludovicus Thomassinus, Franciscus Malebranchius, Paschasius Quesnel, Antonius Arnaldus, Petrus Nicolle, Blasius Pascal, Renatus Cartesius, An- tonius Le Grand, Silvanus Regis; Réflexions importantes, ete.; Platon expliqué, ou censure d’un écrit de M. l'abbé Fraguier; Pseudo-Virgilius sive observationes in Anei- dem; Pseudo-Horatius, sive animadversiones critice in Horatii opera; Numismata seculi Theodosiani; Numis- mata seeculi Justinianei ; Antiqua numismata regum Francorum, 4342.3 '— Adcensuram scriptorum yeterum prolegomena. HOMICIDE L760. Be es y eis 6s wile 6 ial «) 0:*¥8423.16 HARDOUIN de Beaumont de Péréfixe,—. Histoire du roi Henri le Grand. Nouv. éd. Lyon, SUMMON tel s: Sty s wise) s sjlcele «0 «464019 HArpt, H.v.d. De occasione motuum in ecclesia et republica reformationis nomine tempore Lutheri. Accessere inediti panegyrici Mat- thei Roeder et abbatis Ursicampi, de ecclesiz illius evi reformatione. Helmestadii, 1703. Biba et alis, she Wells ae we wo od 6s 2 050A — Dememorabilibus bibliotheca Rudolphe. See PEM T Tess se tee-. oletce.. c.%. '2198'i6 Shelf. No HARDWICH, T. F. Manual of photographic chemistry. London, 1861. 16°..... HARDWICK, Charles, archdeacon. Christ and other masters. 2d ed. London, 1863. 2v. p.8°. 5446.15 — History of the articles of religion. Added, documents, 1536-1615. New ed. Cambridge, TROO TES elise sate, siete (scl eten eet eet MaEn O45 16 HARDWICK, Charles, of Munster. History, present position, and social importance of friendly societies. London, 1859. 16°... 3570.50 — Insolvent, sick, and burial clubs: the causes and the cure. Manchester, 1863. pp.40. 12°. 3570.22 HARDWICK, Mass., Address at the centennial celebration. WALHOM IP Palge, With. ie. ot chia esse ee Harpy, A. Maladies de la peau. 2d ed. Paris, IOGU=O8 CY a scaes cect nena a eehe) o keecals HARDY, Thomas, Trial of, for high treason, 1794. SCE MAULMEY's Dateeers fate 3 lei taticcate fete ts HARDY, Thomas D. Descriptive catalogue of materials relating to the history of Great Britain. The Roman period to the Norman invasion. London, 1862, 1v.in2. 8°. [Great Britain. Houssehronictes] Fee sse ets ss kek eee — Memoirs of Henry lord Langdale. London, 1802 2Vs For eat Seale teeter arene ae — Review of the present state of the Shakespearean controversy. London, 1860. pp.75. 8°. 2593.7 HARE, E. Pulpit remains. Prefixed, a memoir of his life by J. Benson. London, 1821. 8°. 5442.11 HARE, F. Systema Psalmorum metricum [ed.] C. Weisivs. [Lowth. De sacra poesi Hebro-FUTO | ch octet amor etets et c™ s ° HARE, R. Experimental investigation of the spirit manifestations. 4th ed. New York, 1856. 8°. HARE, S. Causes and treatment of curvatures of the spine. London, 1838, 1.8°....... 3801.28 HARE, T. Treatise on the election of representatives, parliamentary and municipal. New ed. London; 1861s og" a 5564.2 HAREWOOD, Yorkshire, History of. Jones, J... 2505.21 HARGRAVE, F. Collection of tracts relative to the law of England. Vol. 1. Dublin, 1787. 8°. 3625.16 HARGRAVE, F. Collection of tracts relative to the law of England. Vol. 1. Dublin, 1787. 8°. 3625.16 Contents. — Treatise by lord chief justice Hale: De jure maris et brachiorum ejusdem, De portibus maris, Concerning goods imported and exported; Amendment of laws, by lord Hale; Treatise of the maisters of the chancery; Suits in chancery by subpoena; Courts of king’s bench and common pleas, by lord Hale; Against the jurisdiction of the king’s bench over Wales by process of latitat; Abuses and remedies of chancery, by G. Norburie; Effects of sentences of courts ecclesiastical in cases of marriage, when pleaded in courts temporal; Argument of Blackstone on giving judgment in the case of Perrin against Blake; Argument of Hargrave on the appeal from chancery in the case of Wicker and Bri vughton against John Mitford; Observations cum Turcis, {Matthei. Analecta, v. 1]. se 6 41390.1 HARIRI. Sce Abu Mohammed El Kasim Hariri. HARIULF. Chronicon ecclesiz Centulensis. [{ Ach- éry.! Spicilesigm, v..4]/twad ieee ee ee HARKNESS, A. Latin grammar for schools and colleges. New York, 1864. 8° 4152.7 4933.6 2425.1 2v. in 1. In 1, sm. 4°, [Chetham society, v. 53, 56, 58]. 2425.4 HARLESS, Gottlieb Christoph. Brevior notitia literatur Romane. Lipsius, 1789. sm. 8°. B., Notices sur la vie et les ouvrages de. [Vicq-d’Azyr. Gluvres, v.3]..... 3720.11 HARMAR, Jd. Lexicon etymologieum linguae Greece. See Scapula, J...... 2980.3, and 4120.2 HARMENOPULUS, C. De opinionibus hereticorum, Latine. [Maxima biblioth. vet. patr., v. 19]. B.110.2 Harmony. Johnson, A. N. Harmony upon the Pestalozzian system..... 4053.6 — Kepler, J. Muarmonices libriquinque.... 4050.16 — Rimbault, E. F. Hand-book for....... 8041.37 — Schneider, F. Treatiseon.... 8043.15, and 8052.18 — Virués y Spinola, J.J. de. Grammar of... 4053.4 HARMONY Grove cemetery, Address at the consecration of. White, D.A....... - Pph. v. 334 HARP, Instruction for the. Bochsa, N.C..... 8041.2 HARPER, J. G., and brothers. Harper’s weekly. A journal of civilization, Vol. 1-7. New York, 1857-63. 7v. f°. New monthly magazine. Vol. 1-30. New York, 1850-65. 30 vols. 8°... $210.12 HARPER, Robert G., b. 1765, d. 1825. Account of the proceedings of congress in the late session, and the state of affairs between the United States and France. Phila., 1798. pp. 22. 8°. 4318.14 Observations on the dispute between the United States and France; annexed, his speech on the foreign intercourse bill. 4th Am. ed. Boston, 1798. 8°... $200.00 HARPER, Robert G. Argument against the policy of re-opening the African slave trade, Atlanta, 1868. Pp. VBA: 8° Wise say ons patent medicine 43100.115 HARRINGTON, J. Sermons. With a memoir by W. Whiting. Boston, 1854. Harris, C. A. Principles and practice of dental surgery. 8th ed. Philadelphia, 1863. 6°. Harris, G. Civilization considered as a science. London, 1861. 8°... $200.00 HARRIS, James. Works. With life by his son the Earl of Malmesbury. Oxford, 1841. and poetry; Happiness; Hermes; Philosophical arrangements; Philological inquiries; Arabic manuscripts, and manuscripts of Livy, in the Escurial; Manuscripts of Cebes in the library of the king of France; Literature in Russia. — Hermes; ora philosophical inquiry concerning universal grammar. Revised and corrected, London, 1816, 8°. 2 + 6 eee e cee oe Harris, John, D.D., b. 1667, d. 1719. Complete collection of voyages and travels. Prefixed, Progress of the art of navigation, with the invention and use of the loadstone. Revised, with additions. London, 1764. 2v. f°. 2197.2 Contents. — Vol. I. Introduction; Cireum-navigators from Columbus to Anson; Discovery, settlement, and commerce of the East Indies. II. Discovery, etc., of the West Indies; Discoveries made towards the North, and attempts for N. E. and N. W. passage; Northern parts of Europe; Middle parts of Europe; Spain, France, Navarre; Germany, Bohemia, Hungary, etc.; Islands of the Archipelago, Turkish dominions; Persia; N. E. parts of Asia and China, with the countries dependent thereon. HARRIS, John, D.D., b. 1804, d. 1856. Mammon: or, covetousness the sin of the Christian church. 3d American from the 20th London. BOSTON, 18387, 010 ie cose te 6 wie ais «) 0447620 Shelf. No. HARRIS, John, D.D., b. 1804, d. 1856, continued. — Zebulon; or, the claims of seamen stated and enforced, ist American from 3d London ed. Boston, 1837. 18°. « < e 0) «a lee eee eee a eee HARRIS, J.G. Eulogy on Andrew Jackson, Charlotte, Tenn., 1845. See Dusenbery, B.M., 2347.25 HARRIS, Thaddeus M. Discourse at Dorchester, March 5, 1813, at the funeral of Ebenezer Wales. Boston, 1818. 8°... ss © « « «40470129 — Discourse at Dorchester, Oct. 10, 1804, at the funeral of Abijah White. Boston, 1804, 8°. 4347.119 — Sermon at Dorchester, on the afternoon of Nov. 2, 1806. Boston, 1806. 8°....... 4355.31 — Sermon at Dorchester, on the forenoon of Nov. 2, 1806, before administering the sacrament. Boston, 1806. 8°.... s.ege sieisucten wenolsal — Sermon at the dedication of the South meeting house in Dorchester, Oct. 30, 1806. Boston, 1806. 87... 16) « s..0. 549) speeeeUne pine nanee ene — Textuary, or guide to preachers in the selecting of texts. Boston, 1818. pp.40. 8°.... 6437.1 — Frothingham, N.L. Memoir of...-....5440a.76 — Hall, N. Address at the funeral of..... 4163.6 Harris, Thaddeus W. Insects of New England in urious to vegetation. Cambridge, 1842, oe ee wo wo + 6 3895.16, and 4266.5 HARRIS, W. Account of the life and writings of Charles 1. 2d ed. London, 1772. 16°... — Lives and writings of James 1 and Charles 1, and lives of Oliver Cromwell and Charles 11. New ed. London, 1814. 5v. 8°...... HARRISON, F. The meaning of history. Two lectures. London, 1862. pp. 76. p.8°.... 2211.12 HARRISON, J. The freighter’s guide, and corn merchant’s assistant. New ed. London, 1831. 16°. 5683.14 HARRISON, J. The floricultural cabinet, and florist’s magazine. London, 1833-59. 27v. 8°... — Gardener's weekly magazine, and floricultural cabinet. London, 1860. 8°....... « « *5846.2 HARRISON, W. H. Bacon, L. Discourse on the death of... ss «6 + « 66 eunneena anes — Hall, E. B. Sermon occasioned by the death ceces ws we 6 os EDLY.a76 Hedge, F. H. Discourse on the death of... 4345.6 Jackson, I. BR. * Life of... 1. set aie eee te eden McPhail, L. Life and services of...... 4348.18 Putnam, G. Discourse on the death of... Pph.y.382 Sutherland, T.J. Letters opposing his election. 4329.13 Turnbull, R. Sermon occasioned by the death OF leo of oe ol oe we es eke ne ERT aes — Whitney, G. Sermon on the death and character of o 0 0 6 6's, 48 2 5 ore NGL? HARRISON melodies. Boston, 1840. pp. 72. 24°.B.170b.112 HARRISON, D., jr. Voice from the Washingtonian home. Boston, 1860. 12°...... 3576.14 Harrop, J.J. Camp, social, and prayer meeting hymns. Baltimore, 1830. 32°....... 3440.37 HARSDORFFER, G. P. Auserlesene Gedichte. [Miller. Bibliothek deutscher Dichter des XV. Jahrhunderts, y.9]. <.a.e0s eee 2870.10 HARSTEIN, N., Responsio apologetica ad Jacobi Kelleri Aiacem, sive appendicem Cancellariz Anhaltineg. ‘n. p., 1626. sm4°o%. Sse so HART, A. M. Discovery of the valley of the Mississippi. Saint Louis, 1852. 8°........ 4829.12 — Uncle Tom in Paris: or, views of slavery outside the cabin. Baltimore, 1854. pp. 87. BIS. ocho ee 6 ore wh late oe ened t HARTE, W. Poetical works, with life. [Anderson. Poets of Great Britain, v.9]...<. 5. « Contents.— Essay on painting; Essay on satire; Translations, etc. HARTFORD, Conn. Hartford convention, 1814, Lyman, T., 2... e000 ees 6 © 0) e 40008.45 HARTFORD, Conn. Hartford convention, 1814, Lyman, T., 2... e000 ees 6 © 0) e 40008.45 HARTFORD 9 Shelf. No. HARTFORD, Conn., continued. — Hartford city directory for 1852-3. [By E. Geer.) Hartford, 1852. 18°...... + - #389a.13 — American asylum for the deaf and dumb. Thirty-third annual report, 1849. Hartford, Read) pp. Ot, Gr x6 6s ces sues 4 + (E pL.Y.sod Hartford, U.S. flag-ship. Cruise, 1862, 63. Hol- Panes Gaile wise ai auersy se) s © «ees 6 40108.120 Harric, G. L. Lehrbuch fiir Jagd. 3te Aufl. iibingen, 1817. 2v. 8° 2... 2 eee eee Contents. — Vol. I. Die Jagdkunstsprache und die Na- turgeschichte der Jagdthiere. II. Die Wildzucht, der Wildschutz, die Wildzug, und die Wild Harric, G. L. Lehrbuch fiir Jagd. 3te Aufl. iibingen, 1817. 2v. 8° 2... 2 eee eee Contents. — Vol. I. Die Jagdkunstsprache und die Na- turgeschichte der Jagdthiere. II. Die Wildzucht, der Wildschutz, die Wildzug, und die Wild Harric, G. L. Lehrbuch fiir Jagd. 3te Aufl. iibingen, 1817. 2v. 8° 2... 2 eee eee Contents. — Vol. I. Die Jagdkunstsprache und die Na- turgeschichte der Jagdthiere. II. Die Wildzucht, der Wildschutz, die Wildzug, und die Wild Harric, G. L. Lehrbuch fiir Jagd. 3te Aufl. iibingen, 1817. 2v. 8° 2... 2 eee eee Contents. — Vol. I. Die Jagdkunstsprache und die Na- turgeschichte der Jagdthiere. II. Die Wildzucht, der Wildschutz, die Bartlett, T. H. Die Aderflügler Deutschlands. Berlin, 1837, 8°. 2... +++ 3896.10 Contents. — Die Blattwespen und Holzwespen. 4004.9 FIARTING, P. Skizzen aus der Natur, Aus dem Hollindischen übersetzt von J. EK. A. Martin. Leipzig, 1854. 8°. 2.2 eee ee ee ee + 3819.12 HARTLEY, D. Observations on the frame of the human body and mind, and on their mutual connections and influences. II. On the duty and expectations of mankind. III. Notes and additions, by H. A. Pistorius, translated from the German; Sketch of the life and character of Hartley. 5606.9 ae OC Piao. 6) S wis: |e 6 — Same. In two parts. 6thed, London, Peete habe oder ster she wiles 6 ees o'e — Prayers and religious meditations. 2d Am. ed. Cambridge, 1829. pp. 72. 12°....... 5448.24 — Conjecture quedam de sensu, motu, et idearum generatione. [Parr. Metaphysical tracts]. — The truth of the Christian religion. [From the Observations on man.] See Boston. Benevolent associations. Society for promoting Christian knowledge, etc. Christian moni-aide a eC, ar ao a e HARTMANN, ©. J. Handbokk Skandinaviens Flora. Stockholm, 1820. sm.8°.. HARTMANN, A.T. Historisch-kritische Forschungen iiber die fünf Biicher Mose’s, nebst einer Characteristik der hebriiischen Sagen und Mythen. Rostock, 1831. 8°........ 6017.18 HARTMANN, C.F. A. Encyclopiidisches Handbuch des Maschinen- und Fabrikenwesens. Leipzig, 1888, 39, 2v.in 1. 4°....2...-.- 8091.11 — Handwörterbuch der Berg-, Hitten- und Salz-werkskunde, der Mineralogie und Geognosie. 2te Aufl. Weimar, 1859, 60. 3v. 8°.... 5860a.24 HARTMANN, H. Übersicht der pyrognostischen Figenschaften der unorganischen Substanzen. Leipzig, 1862. 4°......++.-.- 3961.21 HARTMANN von der Aue Ere, eine Erzihlung, herausgegeben von M. Haupt. Leipzig, 1839. 8°. 4231.7 — Iweinder Riter mit dem Lewen, herausgegeben von G. F. Benecke und K. Lachmann. Ber- Re MA ks pies we ae c= 82900.40 — Twein, ein Rittergedicht aus dem x11. Jahrh. [Miiller. Samlung deutscher Gedichte, v. 2]. 2901.3 HARTSHORN, J. Commercial tables: comprising interest at ten rates of per cent, exchange tables, etc. Also, Book-keeping and model forms. Boston, 1852. f° -...-.... *35.M.2 HARTSON, H. The countess of Salisbury, tragedy. [Bell. British theatre, v.18]......- 4179a.1 HARTSTEIN, E. Fortschritte in der englischen und schottischen Landwirtschaft. ADth. 1-3. Bonn, 1855-60. 8v.inl. 8 2+ eeseee Contents.— Die englischen und schottischen Diner- wesen; Vom englischen und schottischen Ackerbau, Tiefencultur, Exstirpator, Weizen- und Hopfenbau; Die Anwendung der Dampfk raft in der Landwirtschaft; Die fliissige Dienstung und das italienische Rais. HARTWICK, G. Der hohe Norden in Natur- und Menschenleben. Wiesbaden, 1858. 8°... 2265.15 35 6101.7 6092.2 5459.5 5859.5 5942.3 5645.2 3 HASSE Shelf. No. HARTWIG, G., continued. — Die Inseln des grossen Oceans in Natur- und Volkerleben. Wiesbaden, 1861. 8°.... 3866.10 — Das Leben des Meeres, 2te Aufl, Frankfurt, 1877. 7S? ae esha EME Reine womaeiee lagind — The tropical world: natural history of the equatorial regions, London, 1863. 8°... 3825.20 HARTZ mountains. Taschenbuch für Reisende in den Harz. Gottschaft, FP....... © « 2834.29 HARTZMANN, D. B. De ivre principym protestantium circa solennia matrimonii ecclesiastica. (Diss. inaug.) Hale Magdeburgice, 1718, DD-.00s, 2a ce 5 ee ore) ©, cuss ans. «681 «S000 10 HARWINTON, Conn., History of. Chipman, R. M. 2336.21 Harwoop, P. Blessings of Christian worship coextensive with the Christian spirit. Sermon [in reply to] W. Maskell. Bridport, TESI Oe eters Chat The Hebrew prophets and the Christian gospel: a lecture. London, 1841. 8°..... *4163.11 — History of the Irish rebellion of 1798. London, 1845. 8°..... *4163.11 — Materialism in religion; or, religious forms and theological formulas. Three lectures, London, 1840. pp. 48. 8° #4163.11 — Object of the Sunday lectures at the Philosophical institution stated. London, 1842. DP 19.0 Seats S,'shew: “atv oe | pO AIO 11 — The question of miracles: a lecture. London, ABA Blasts Mewes aha WY anette Mette! stisde apae, M4163) 11 HASE, C. A. History of the Christian church. Translated from the 7th German ed., by C. E. Blumenthal and C. P. Wing. New York, 155. 887 bestie fabuläre pers, Sy aie: eaiette — Hutterus redivivus oder Dogmatik der evangelisch-lutherischen Kirche. Leipzig, 1829., BMS) LS venet ever evel sate elanels 60598.5 — Das Leben Jesu. 3te Aufl. Leipzig, 1840. 8°. 6037.9 — Lehrbuch der evangelischen Dogmatik. 2te Aufl. Leipzig, 1888. 8°. 2... 2 e+ 2 © « 6023.15 — Theologische Streitschrift. Leipzig, 1834-37. Sve Ine Le. sBIMN.B 7a) a ac tallS fo wile el fat Vale et «it 6063.39 Contents. — Beilage zu Hutterus redivivus und Leben Jesu; Zur Kirchengeschichte; Anti-Rehr. 2te, mit einem Anhange, enthaltend die Antworten der Gegner, vermehrte Auflage. — Die Tiibinger Schule. Ein Sendschreiben an F.C. von Baur. Leipzig, 1855. 12°....6088.234 HASE, T. Dissertatio de decreto Tiberii imperatoris quo Christum referre voluit in numerum deorum. [Oelrichs. Collectio opusculorum, Ve-l] i Saterie Leta. shepeds fanried HASENMULLER, E. Historia ordinis Jesuiti refutata. See Gretser, J. s0 ss se elete se « 6074.11 HASKELL, D. H., and Dix, S. A. Address and poem delivered before the Boston mercantile library association, at the dedication of their new rooms, Jan. 3, 1848. Boston, 1848. 8°.B.170a.55 HASKELL, T. N. Sermon in East Boston, national fast day, April 30, 1863. Boston, 1863. 8°. 4320a.22 HASKELL, D.G. Prayers and collects for families and schools. Boston, 1861. pp. 36. 8°... 3429.11 — Selections from the Scriptures. See Bible. Selections from the whole Bible...... 3429.11 HASKELL, R. W. Art and artists. Buffalo, 1851. NO Uee Soe etna Ss en ta ie nares 4250.08 — Effects of a material increase in the quantity of the money metals. [Buffalo, 1850. No title-page.] pp.8 8°...+.-+.6087.79 — History and progress of phrenology. Buffalo, PRU Iocan leit siete «a wteya s bce ies GOOU.S HASLEWoop, J. Life and publications ef Joseph Ritson. London, 1824. pp.57. 12°.... 2542.19 HASSALL, A. H. Mikroskopische Anatomie des Menschlichen Kérpers. Aus dem Englischen Übersetzt von O. Kohlschiitter. Leipzig, 1850. pp.48. 8°.*...+..-. HASSELL, L. Fransk-Dansk og Dansk-Fransk Haand-lexicon. [Deel.] Dansk og Fransk. Fräderia, 1808. 12°... - + 222+ ee « « « *2885,8 3907.6 4174.3 6043.3 6066.1 3766.37 HASSELL 274 HAWKER Shelf. No. HASSELL, J. Tour of the Isle of Wight, 1789. [Mavor. British tourists, v.5]....... 2469.22 HASSENCAMP, F. W. Franciscus Lambert von Avignon. Elberfeld, 1860. pp. 63. 8°... *6045,11 Hastings, H. L. Future punishment. Boston, TEGAN DO sre te cw laltsts phetate! phe 6” + tol (O400,20 Contents. — Retribution; Pauline theology; The destiny of the wicked; The primitive doctrine of a future life; Man in death, by bishop Laws Forty questions on immortality; Will all men be saved? Anti-eternal torment, by E. Burnham; The state of the dead, by J. Milton; Scripture searcher, Nos. 1-6. The great controversy between God and man, Boston, 1864; 12°; vase bl, of eye, eel. Contents. — The great controversy; The church not in darkness; The three worlds; The last days; Plain truths; Ancient landmarks; Olive leaves; Important questions; One thing; Outline of the coast of man; Voice of warning, by D. T. Taylor; The day of judgment, by Cyril of Jerusalem. — Signs of the times; or, a glance at Christendom as it is. Boston, 1864, 12°...... 5469.23 Thessalonica; or, the model church. Boston, 1862. - 5458.19 Same. And Spiritualism a satanic delusion, by W. Ramsay. Boston, 1864. 12°..... 5469.22 HASTINGS, S. S., countess of Huntingdon. Life and times. London, 1844. 2v. 8°...... HASTINGS, T, The mother’s nursery songs. New GPE P1885.) pp. 572s 12s steel hoes of ole + LONE 20 — and Mason, L. Spiritual songs for social worship. "Utica, 1832.,.18" St. sce e ss cw 04408.17, HASTINGS, W., Speeches in the trial of. See LS dt SW oe OSES eAbtS og oly vn 3004.25 Bond) Wy Moree st, ote sta ete ce eel 2872 cb HATCH, C. L. Discourse on the immutable decrees of God, and the free agency of man, Nov. 22, 1857. New York, 1858. 8°..... 6088.8 HATFIELD, Mass., History of. Judd, S...... 2356.33 HATHAWAY, W. Discourse occasioned by the death of A. Lincoln: preached at Coxsackie, April 19, 1865. Albany, 1865. 8°...... 4342.3 HATIN, L. E. Histoire politique et littéraire dela presse en France. Paris, 1859. 8v. 16°.. 4619.1 HATTO, Hayto, or Ayah, an Armenian, fl. 1290, De Tartaris liber. [Grynzus. Novus orbis]. 4160.8 HATTO, Hetts, or Ahyto, bishop of Basle, jl. 811. Capitulare. [Achéry. Spicilegium, vy. 6]. HATTON, Sir C., Memoirs of the life and times of. Hes NYOOIAS, IN, Els uae a 6 s0 > « 2447.23 HAUBER, E.D. Bibliotheca, acta, et scripta magica. Lemgo, 1738-45. 3v. sm.8°..... *6100.15 Note,— For contents, see Griisse’s Bibliotheca magica et pneumatica (2172.4), pp. 118-130. HAUBOLD, C.G. Antiquitatis Romane monumenta legalia extra libros juris Romani sparsa. Opus restituit E. Spangenberg. Berolini, RSS0 se oi:plen sid: bh aie ue wcane neds wate Ein 50 eae Have, J.C. F. Epigrammen und vermischte Gedichte. Berlin, 1805. 2v. sm.8°...... 4897.2 HAUG, M. Die fiinf Gatha’s oder Sammlungen von Liedern und Spriichen Zarathustra’s, seiner Jünger und Nachfolger. 2te Abth. Leipzig, 1860. 8°. [Abhandlungen der morgenliindischen Gesellschaft].........+..» 5025.11 — Über Schrift und Sprache der zweiten Keil-schrift-Gattung. Gattungen, 1855. pp. 46. TMS Sa sE ela Mesal, H. Military bridges, with designs for trestle and truss bridges. New York, 1864. 8°, HavrGav, J. B. Philosophie scolastique. Paris, ARGO. Oven sth pee! ERGs. arelisrinks 515,015 — Singularités historiques et littéraires, Paris, ABGI,. SUZ) ten tintee ben cbineus, 4 @ 0.800.641 HAUSCHILD, E. J. Über formale und reale Bibliothek. Leipzig, 1849. pp.24. 8°....B.170b.73 — Pestallozzi, iiber den Statt. Rede. Leipzig, 1855; De BET So weenie Sis tenths feasl oB.170a. 86 *4126.8 3955.11 6094.4 4619.6 : Shelf. No, HAUSCHILD, J.L. Gerichts-Verfassung der Teutschen vom 8ten-l4ten Seculo, Leipzig, 1741. sm.4° — Juristische Abhandlungen von Bauern und deren Frohndiensten. Dresden, 1771. sm.4°. 4296.16 HAUSSA language, Vocabulary of the. Schön, J. F. 4114.18 HAUSSONVILLE, C. O. B. de C., comte d’Histoire de la réunion de la Lorraine & la France. 2e éd. Paris, 1860. 4v. 12°. 0.2. os aalsls 4664.8 HAUT, M. de. La crise américaine, Paris, 1862. 8°. 4323.29 HAUT, M. de. Quelques questions de droit international maritime, & propos de la guerre Amérique. Leipzig, 1861. pp. 74. 8°.. 4321.22 HAUTEROCHE, N. L. Le deuil; Crispin médecin; Le cocher supposé, [Théatre frangais, v. 35]. 4708.1 HAUTHALER, S. Moralphilosophie des klassischen Alterthums. Salzburg, 1857. sm.8°.... HAVAMAL. See Edda. HAVANA, Cuba. Directorio de la Habana. Habana, 1850. -B° ole 0b 5 2,6 % ole CRE Ue es, We eoneeIS HAVANA, N. Y. Public exercises at the laying of the cornerstone of the People’s College, Sept. 2, 1858. New York, 1858. pp. 56. 8°. 4129.10 HAVARD, W. King Charles I, a tragedy. [Bell. British theatre; v.19] ‘2 (GL see le ete ts 4170861 HAVEN, C. M. [Beginnég and growth of the Christian life; or, the Sunday-school teacher.] Boston, 1855. 12° HAVEN, Gilbert. The cause and the consequence of the election of A. Lincoln; thanksgiving sermon in Cambridge, Noy. 11, 1860. Boston, 1860. 8°. 4342.3 HAVEN, Grace, Extract from a lecture after the funeral of Sce McKee,—,........ 4347.36 HAVEN, Jason. Sermon at the ordination of Moses Everett, Sept. 28, 1774. Boston, 1775. 8°. 5450a.21 HAVEN, Joseph. Discourse before the American education society, May 26, 1856, Boston, 1856. 8°. 5s sake Bus eo eU Ua elo HAVEN, R., Address at a meeting of the descendants of. See Park, J. C. HAVEN, R., Address at a meeting of the descendants of. See Park, J. C. HAVENS, P. E. Speech on the constitutional amendment question, Jan. 11, 1865. Albany, 1865. 8°. 4310.64 HAVERCAMP, 8. Sylloge scriptorum de lingue Grece pronuntiatione. Lugduni Batavorum, 1736-40. 2y. 8°. 6 © «© wu mtn wee PPCORD.20 Contents. — Vol. I. A. Mekerchus, T. Beza, J. Cerati-nus, et H. Stephanus; quibus accedunt Haverecampi dissertatio de literarum Grecerum varia, in antiquis preserim nummis et marmoribus, scriptura et forma, et antiquissima quedam numismata Greca, numero quadra-ginta novem, magnam partem inedita. II. D, Erasmus, Stephanus Vintoniensis episcopus, J. Cheeus, T. Smith, G. Martinus, E. Schmidt; Libellus G, Postelli de Phenicum literis, seu de prisco Lating et Greece lingue charactere, ejusque origine et usu. HAVERHILL, Mass., History of Chase, G. W... 2356.28 HAVERNICK, H. A.C. Commentarii iiber das Buch Daniel, Hamburg, 1832. 8°........ 6018.18 — Historico-critical introduction to the Pentateuch. Translated by A. Thomson. Edinburgh, 1850. 8°, [Clark’s foreign theological library, V. J8] J... 12° Site ene 4 HAVERTY, M. The history of Ireland, ancient and modern. Dublin, 1860. 8°......-« ss 2476.12 HAWAIIAN Islands, Hopkins, M. The past, present, and future sels ause alaeeh G040.22 — Jars, J.J. History of the......... 6045.3 HAWES, J., Discourse on the character of. See Capen, L. |... os h isi elm « taiveate eenenenE4 40.20 HAWEER, R. Works: with memoir of his life by J. Williams, London, 1831, 10v. 18°.... 5501.10 Contents.— Vol. I. Memoirs of the author's life and writings, by Rey. Dr. Williams; Elegy on the death of Dr. Hawker, by J. Kent; Sermons on the divinity of Christ; Sermons on the divinity and operations of the Holy Ghost; Lectures on the person, godhead, and ministry of the Holy Ghost. II. Sermons on important subjects and particular occasions; Union with Christ the only possible means of enjoying communion with God; Three tracts on the Lord's supper; Guide to the ordinance of the Lord’s supper, and The welcome guest at the Lord's table; Sacramental meditations; Misericordia, or compassion to the sorrows of the heart, III. Zion's pilgrim past seventy; The sailor pilgrim; Zion's warrior, or the Christian soldier's manual; Paraclesis, or consolations for a dying hour; The personal testimony of God the Father to the person, godhead, and sonship of God the Son, as set forth in the Scriptures of God the Holy Ghost; Christ, the Alpha and Omega; The child baptized. IV. Village sermons; A prop against all despair; The Spirit’s work in the heart, the great witness to the truth as it is in Jesus; Five minutes’ advice to prayerless persons and families; Ten minutes’ recommendation of private prayer considered as to its pleasures and advantages; A diary gathered from the Lord’s gracious promises to his people; The Christian’s pocket companion, or a help to prayer; Fragments from Scripture, written on the margin of an old Bible. V. Scripture extracts, accompanied with notes and observations. VI. The poor man’s concordance and dictionary to the Scriptures. VII. Portrait of an English bishop of the sixteenth century; Portrait of the church; Portrait of Jeremiah; Portrait of Nehemiah; Visits to and from Jesus upon the most interesting occasions and in the most hallowed moments of life; The poor man’s prayer-book formed from God's Scripture book; Sweet morsels to hungry souls in the Lord's word for the Lord’s people; Annual salutations, or tokens of remembrance to the spiritual church of Christ; Sketches of a journey to London in the spring of 1803, interspersed with spiritual reflections. VIII. The poor man's morning and evening portions, being averse of Scripture with observations for every day in the year. Three letters to a barrister; Letter on the dangerous tendency of the London female penitentiary; Letter to T. Porter in reply to his Defence of unitarianism; Letter to an under-graduate, on the bishop of Peterborough's questions; Three letters to the Rev. R. Polwhele; Two letters on the pre-existence of the human soul of Christ; The true Gospel, no yea and nay Gospel; The true portrait of Antinomianism; Letter of thanks to the Rev. Thomas Smith; Appeal to the people of England on the subject of the French revolution; Zion's trumpet; A sermon, with seven preordiums; A devout soldier, a sermon; Witnesses for God, a sermon in aid of the charity for the deaf and dumb; The prophecy of Ezekiel considered; Comment on the 19th chapter of Isaiah; Thoughts on the book of the Revelations. Tracts; Catechisms and books for the use of children; Obituary of pious Christians; Political pieces; General index. HAWKINSWORTH, J. Edgar and Emmeline. [Collection of farces, v.4.]..- ++ 06 6 6 6 + + 2575.35 HAWKINSWORTH, Chenu, J. C. Lafauconnerie, ancienne BEANOUEING). oe es ce we ots ee wo 4001.14 — Rigault, N. Scriptores rei accipitrarie... B,171.9 HAWKINSWORTH, F. B. Elements of medical statistics. Papeete, ear sa Says a S. 8717-12 — Germany; the spirit of her history, literature, social condition, and national economy. 2d ed, Frankfort, 1839. 18° HAWKINS, R.F., Patent anchor invented by. See Welworthord) Be ks fe ce ee |b so 10, 0.8) os 4018.90 HAWLEY, B. Discourse commemorative of the death of President Lincoln, April 20, 1865. Albany, 1865. 8°... eee eee eee cece HAWLEY, Z. Journal of a tour through Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York, including a year’s residence in the Western Reserve. New Haven, 1822. 18°.... HAWTHORNE, N. Life of Franklin Pierce. ton, 1852. 12°.... Hay, J. De rebys Iaponicis, Indicis, et Pervanis epistole recentiores, a Hayo coaceruate. Antwerp, 1605. sm.8° *4149.6 Hay, W. Deformity: an essay. London, 1754. 12°.*Pph.v.371 HAYDEN, C. A. Tribute to A. Lincoln. [In verse.] Boston, 1865. pp. 23. 12°....+.+... 4842.32 HAYDEN, W. B. Character and work of Christ. Boston, 1849. pp. 83. 12°....... - B.170b.27 — History of the dogma of infant damnation: a lecture, in Portland, Jan, 10, 1858, Portland, PHS MAA UGM Waliai\2 in tea lope sols \¢ aie je lee 2864.25 a's 6 @ 2 0 6 4342.3 2369.11 Bos- 2347.18 6088.63 275 HAYWARD Shelf. No. HAYDN, Joseph, b. 1732, d. 1809. Third mass, in D, in vocal score; with accompaniment by V. Novello. Latin and English Boston, [185-]. pp. 68. 1.8° HAYDN, Joseph, d. 1856. Dictionary of dates for universal reference. 10th ed., revised, by B. Vincent. London, 1861. 8°.... 20 «6s 2281.7 HAYLEY, T. A. Memoirs. See Hayley, W..... 2540.25 HAYLEY, W. Life and posthumous writings of W. Cowper. Boston, 1803. 2v. 12°...... 2458.41 — Life of G. Romney. Chichester, 1809. 4°.. 2540.2 — Memoirs, by himself. And memoirs by his son T, A. Hayley. Edited by J. Johnson. London; 1823. 2yr A>. ‘sna tator otteMerisitets cers — Three plays: with dramatic observations of Lieut. Gen. Burgoyne. of deaconess considered, etc. London, 1859, pp. 16. 8°... 6-2-2 « 5457.12 HAYNE, Robert Y. Speeches of Messrs. Hayne and Webster on the resolution of Mr. Foot, Jan. 21 and 26, 1830. pp. 40. [No title-page.] 8°. 4163.14 HAYNES, J. [XX articles of charge against the Rey. Mr. Bacheller, before the council at Haverhill, Sept. 19, 1758. Also, the council’s result, etc.] Portsmouth, 1760. pp. 87. &°. B.160a.66 HAYTI, or St. Domingo, the island. Candler, J. Brief notices of Hayti....- — Charlevoix, P. F. X. de. Histoire de lisle espagnole. 2.6 ee ee ee ew ew oo £169a.12 — Clark, B. C. Geographical sketch of St. Domingo. Sha Wer. ee oce Ss) paren asl. — Dalmas, A. Révolution de Saint-Domingue. 2313.23 — Elliott, C.W. St. Domingo andits hero... 5579.6 — Franklin, J. Present state of Hayti, 1828.. 2313.20 — Guillermin, G. Journal historique de la révolution de Saint-Domingue...... 56+.-. — Robin, C.C. Voyage Sydney Smith; Samuel Rogers; James Smith; George Selwyn; Lord Chesterfield; Lord Melbourne; General von Radowitz; The countess Hahn-Sq Wahn; M. de Stendbal (Henri Beyle); Pierre Dupont; Lord Eldon and the chances of the bar, II, The Crimean campaign; American orators and statesmen; Journalism in France; Note on the English newspaper press; Parisian morals and manners; Note on the coup d'état of December, 1851; The imitative powers of music; British field sports; The science and literature of etiquette; The art of dining. 2313.22 4367.7 2564.2 HAYWARD, C., jr., Biographical notice of. See Woneaker, C.S., oo ada dete cee pan, etateoe HAYWARD, G. Case of hydrophobia. Boston, 1854. pp. 11. 8°..... » 5796.28 — Cases of vesico-yaginal fistula, treated by operation. Boston, 1851. pp. 21. 8°..... » 5796.28 — Comparative value of the different anesthetic agents. Boston, 1850, pp. 11. 8°.... - 6087.81 — First use of sulphuric ether by inhalation in surgical practice. [Boston, 1847.] pp. 8. 8°. 5792.64 HAYWARD Shelf. No. HAYWARD, G., continued. — Permanent cure of reducible hernia, Philadelphia, A852 neiPPA2hs Mi Sine: SPMoee sawaess te! 6.44 0790.28 — Statistics of the amputations of large limbs at the Massachusetts general hospital. Boston, 180% ApprL6ey S72 hsyiagehs aWavis Vals +e.ye\ne'n) OF 9E.LS — Introductory lecture at the opening of the new medical college. See Everett, EE......4390a.40 HAYwoop, W.S. Poem, at the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the incorporation of Westminster, Mass. Boston, 1860. 8°... 4355.63 HAZARD, R.G. Essay on language, and other papers. Edited by E. P. Peabody. Boston, 1867. 18 sda ate Le se jel» WS Sow epee ae ROO LL — Freedom of mind in willing. N. Y., 1864. 12°. 5607.9 — [Language: its connection with the present condition and future prospects of man.] Providence, 1836, 167") (‘a6 Wears ater ees 60900810 — [Our resources. <A series of articles on the financial and political condition of the United States.] 2d ed. Providence, 1864. PPAR TS” awvelhcad sree dese tarn A Bete ws 5 '48200.24 HAZEN, E. Panorama of professions and trades. Philadelphia, 1887, @m.8°o.0. sie 6 6 se + 4034.13 — The speller and definer. Phila., 1839, 16°.. 4589a.32 HAZLITT, C. Address before the Franklin typographical society. See Boston. Literary and scientific institutions.........3B.170a.76 HAZLITT, William, b. 1778, d. 1830. Lectures on the English comic writers. Phila., 1819. 8°.. — Select British poets. London, 1824. 8°.... HAZLITT, William, barrister. Classical gazetteer: a dictionary of ancient geography. London, ABEL AR ars in a died salen ai le etal Sag, Be Ae HAZLITT, William C. History of the Venetian republic. London, 1860. 4v. 8°..... + 2723.12 — Old English jest-books. London, 1864. 2v. 16°. 4599.8 HEAD, Sir F. B., baronet. [Bubbles from the Brunnens of Nassau.] New York, 1836. pp. Bas Bi caces cathe o « @ we *4168,14 — Mr. Kinglake. 2d ed. London, 1863. pp. 32. 8°. 3063.20 — Narrative [of an administration, in Canada]. London, 1830.,, 8° stefsgaswpwta) skates A012 21 HEAD, H. E. Apostolic succession considered in relation to national education, London, 1839. DD 6871.8? susparwiin, oy etoyshel bia, aimee DILLY O50 HEAD, J. W. Reports of cases argued in the supreme court of Tennessee, 1858-9. Vol. 2. Nashville, 18600 SF 3.7050) ig wee! ees HEAD. Icones nervorum capitis. Arnold, F... HEADLAM, J. Charge delivered to the clergy of the deaneries of Richmond and Catterick. MORK, 1816, pp. 2s, Brit apeteys: averiet « steuennr0.S — Letter on prison labour. London, 1823. pp. Och Beis: eed petve We dnateiw watts's Ee x0 nd + *3570.8 — Second letter on prison labour. With a reply to the Edinburgh review. London, 1824, Dd. b4.: Bi vale, <citen tp aehepicsiey nk ake, CROCE — Reciprocal duties of rich and poor: a sermon, Newcastle, 1825.8). sna woes lade cus cons OOtOCe — Religious education of the poor recommended: a sermon. Newcastle, 1814. 8°. — Two charges to the clergy of the archdeaconry of Richmond, Durham, 1832, pp. 38, 8°. *3570.8 HEADLEY, P.C. Evangelistic labors of Rev. EB. P. Hammond, Boston, 1863. 12°....... 5446.17 HEADLONG hall. See Peacock, TT......... 2397.39 HEALING, The destructive art of. Dickson, S..B.170b.104 HEALTH. Beecher, C.E. Letterson...... 3769.12 — Capen, N. Friend to 3769.15 — Duncan, A.G. Evils of violating the laws of. 4163.3 — Hall, W. Ws Journal of. eco a 77 — Hammond, C.D. True guideeto....... 3789.10 — Johnson, J. Einfluss des bürgerlichen Lebens, des haufigen Sitzens,u.s.w......... 3767.3 — Noble, D. Influence of manufactures upon.. 5796.28 — Pietra Santa, P.de. Santé publique..... 3769.9 — Richardson, B. W. Journal of public health. 5759a.2 — Tissot, S. A. Avis au peuple sur sa santé.. 3769.17 HEBREW Shelf. No. HEAP, G.H. Central route to the Pacific: journal of the expedition from Missouri, in 1853. Philadelphia, 1864. 8°.. «2s Siw seule s HEARD, J. M. Origin of the free public library system of Massachusetts. Clinton, 1860. PP..1b.. Bee, oie. 6.0. 20, One sn mene em lodt eas HEARING. Anatomice disquisitiones de auditu. Scarpa, A... cece cceesses ee « 6 SiUe17 2368.5 See also: Ear. HEARN, W. E. Plutology: or the theory of the efforts to satisfy human wants. London, 1864, 82sec ersten 'elec tele semen wma LL HEARNE, 8. Journey from Fort Prince of Wales to the Northern ocean, [Mavor. Voyages, Vi gE] ios 0 a 6 2 3.6 10 ne re HEARNE, “i Impartial memorials of [his] life and writings, by several hands. London, 1736. PP: 70.° 12° aos she eS Bt eetemeeson elo HEART. Andry, F. Maladies ducceur.... . . 3803.32 — Bouillaud, J.B. Traité clinique des maladies Gu. COUT « 2.0 2 6 os 0 0 * 6 wp mies © 0 a seUdsie — Bright, J. Diseases ofthe. « . «+ « age + + 3803.33 — Elliotson, J. Diseases ofthe ....... . 3750.16 — Fuller,H.W. Diseases ofthe. ...... . 8798.23 HEARTS, Satyrical lecture on. Dodd,J.S. . .Pph.y.371 HEAT. Melloni, M. La thermochrése, ou la colo- ration calorifique. . «es 6 0 0 os « s «, Svs.c2 — Péclet, J.C. E. Traitédelachaleur. .... 3960.4 — Prevost, P. Ducalorique rayonnant. ... . 3960.16 — Tyndall, J. Heat considered as a mode of MOtion . . «0 © 0.¢.0 6.6.6 # B48 wus bua 6, DUIS — Williams, C.W. Heat in its relations HEATH, Sir R. Discovery of the Jesuits’ college at Clerkenwell, March 1627-8, Edited by J. G. Nichols. [London], 1852. pp. 64. sm. 4°. [Camden society, No. 55)... . « « V. 2 of *2416.39 — - Same. Supplementary note, by J. G. Nich- ols. ({London], 1859. sm.4°, [Camden soci- ety, NO. 72] .« :0°0 1s, 6 «: «10/0 aleneee ein ceeeteOely HEATHEN. Lehre yon der Seligkeit der Heiden. Eberhard, J.: A.*'. | 6's swe Sateen e en UCR AL HEATON, G. Review of a report of a committee of the American medical association, on the permanent cure of reducible hernia. Boston, 1863. pp. 81. 8%. '. 6s see o cee OUOg Lae HEATON, J. The demon expelled: or, the influence of Satan in the affliction of a boy at Plymouth dock, etc. [Plymouth], 1820, 12°.. 6100.13 HEAVEN, Hymns on. Thompson, A.C...... 5449.3 HEAVENS. Burritt, E. H. Geography of the.. 7029.43 — Drayson, A.W. Common sights in the... 3929.32 — Mechanism of the..s. «<5 stwts sieeeie ee agnO.en HEBBARD, W. W. The night of freedom: an appeal, in verse, against human bondage. Boston, 1857. pp. 42.° "8". s-se, Lae a 170.100 HEBER, G.C. Universal history, in a series of letters. Vol. 1,2. Ancient history. New York, 1848; '2v.'. 87>... Sse eee HEBER, Reginald, bishop of Calcutta. See Dibden. Sunday library, v. 2,6.. oS./5We"s ee ent. es Contents. — Vol. II. Time and eternity; Duties of the ministry, two sermons. VI, Contents. — Vol. II. Time and eternity; Duties of the ministry, two sermons. VI, Contents. — Vol. III. The atonement, a sermon. Heber, Richard. Bibliotheca Heberiana. Part 1-6, 9. [London], 1834-36. 7v. 8°..... « *#2137.18 HEBERT, C. Neology not true, and truth not new. 2d ed., with a concise account of the “Essays and reviews.” London, 1861. p.8°.... 5453.18 HEBREW antiquities, literature, etc. See Jews. HEBREW language. Geschichte der hebriischen Sprache und Schrift, Gesenius, F.H.W.. 4246.5 Grammar. — Alting, J. Fundamenta punctuationis lingue SANCUB ss eh es 8 kw 8 ew og a eed he — Carvalho, E.N. Key to the Hebrew tongue. 3432.8 HEBREW Shelf. No, furnished language. Grammar, continued. | 1,301 |
https://github.com/savf/ct2016/blob/master/src/main/java/ch/uzh/csg/p2p/model/FriendshipStatus.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | null | ct2016 | savf | Java | Code | 11 | 44 | package ch.uzh.csg.p2p.model;
public enum FriendshipStatus {
ACCEPTED, WAITING, ABORTED, REJECTED
}
| 32,961 |
archivesadminist08reimuoft_54 | French-PD-diverse | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,839 | Archives administratives [et legislatives] de la ville de Reims; collection de pièces inédits pouvant servir à l'histoire des institutions dans l'intérieur de la cité | Reims. Laws, statutes, etc | Varin, Pierre, 1802-1879 | French | Spoken | 8,643 | 15,699 | Arch. /p'g. , II' part. , sUUiits , i" vol., 19.-i. 1299. Mai 7. Commission du bailli de Vermandois pour faire des poursuites contre un bourgeois de Reims. Arch. Icg., ii« part. , statuts, II' vol., 28. 1299. Septembre 8. Élection du même siège archiépiscopal de Reims. Arch. adm., t. II , 2j3. 1 300. Liste des doyens de la collégiale de SaintSymphorien, donnée par Lacoui t. Arch. adm., t. I, 270. 1300. Cessation d'une redevance de fro ment due aux lépreux de Reims. Arrh. adm., t. I, 446. 1300. Acte d'a.ssociation de l'abbaye de Saint-Nicaise de Reims avec le cha |)itre de Notre-Dame. Arch. adm., t. I, 65S. 1301 . Charte relative à une donation d'un surcens sur les tables des changeurs de Reims. Arch. adm., t. I, 88. J302. Lettres de Philippe le Bel , relati ves aux privilèges des nobles et gens d'église. Arch. lég., u» part., statuts , i" vol.. 543. 1302. Février 28. Arrêt qui déclare que le parlement de Paris retiendra les cau ses dans le cas de récréance. Anh. adm., t. II, 52. 1302. Mars. Abrogation par le même, de la coutume d'employer les clercs pour retenir les actes publics. Arch. lég., II' part., statuts, m' vol., 237,. '107. 1302. Mars 43. Ordonnance de Philippe le Bel, pour la réformation du royaume. Arch. adm., t. III , 00. 1302. Mars 23. Date assignée dans le li l^iDEX CHRONOLOGIQUE 943 ▼re (ie l'échevinage de Reims , à une ordonnance povir la rcfonuation da royaume. Jrch. adm. , t. II, 28. 1302. Mais. Statuts de Philippe le Bel adressés aux sénéchaux de Carcassonne et de Beaucaire. Arch. adm., t. II, 18. 1303. Date présumée d'un pouillé de la province de Reims. Arcli. iïdin.,l. II, 1025. 1 303. Fondation par Jehan de Runiigny , de la chapelle de IMontcornet. Arch. adm. , t. II,102.j, 1071. 1305. Avril 2. Mort de Jeanne, reine de Navarre. Arch. adm., t. II, 30. 1305. Mai 19. Mariage de Guillaume, comte de Hainaut, et de Jeanne de Va lois. Arch. adm. , t. II, 30. 1305. (Octave de Pâques.). Ordonnance de Piiilippe le Bel , relative à la police des grains. Arch. tpg., ii" part., statuts, m' vol., 336. llîOO. Odo de Caureto élu doyen de Si. Symphorien.^/'c/j. adm., 1. 1, 270. 1300. Époque où Raoul de Grosparmi, doyen d'Orléans, était niemhre de l'é chevinage de Reims. Arrli. adm. , t. II , 85. 1306. Novembre i. Acte cité par llogier, au sujet d'une demande d'arrêt de ré crcance, faite par les bourgeois de Reims. Arch. adm., t. II, 16. 1308. Vidimus par Philippe le Bel du sus dit arrêt. Arch. adm. , t. III, 335. 1308. Janvier 2. Arrêt contre les préten tions des cchevins de Reims invoquant un arrêt perpétuel de récréance. Arch. adm., t. II, 16. 1308. janvier 20. Arrêt relatif aux chartes et papiers de l'échevinage de Reims. Arch. adm., t. III, 33 i. 1308. Janvier 20. Lettres royaux qui con firment la charte octroyée par l'ar chevêque de Reims (/uillaumc , à l'ar chevêque de cette ville, Ardi. adm. , t. 111,268. 1308. Novembre Ti. Nouvel acte relatif au ])i'ncès de récréance entre les échevins de Reims et l'archevêque, .^/r/i. adm , t. II , 70. 1308. Décembre 13. Acte sur le même sujet. Arch. adm., t. II, 75. 1309 (environ). La maison du Temple de Reims, et ses dépendances, passent aux hospitaliers. Arch. adm. , t. I, 364. 1309. Mars. Assignation de l'archevêque de R^einis au chapitre. Arch. adm. t. II, 91. 1309. Avril 20. Présence de Philippe le Bel à Rouen. Arch. adm., t. II, 79. 1310. Sénéchalat d'Érard deTliusy. Arcîi. adm. , t. I, -115. 1310. Avril 9, 10 et 11. Appel du cha pitre de Reims au pape. Arch. adm., t. II, 91. 1311. Cimcile de Vienne, dans lequel le pape Clément V abolit l'institut des bé guines. Arch. lég., Ti« part., statuts, 1" vol., 130. 1312. Date trouvée sui'la tombe de Gil bert de Saga, écolùtre de Reims. Arch. adm., t.I, 067. 1312. Date présumée d'un pouillé de la province de Reims. Arch. adm;, t. Il, 1025. 1312. Août 9. Commission de Philippe le Bel , au bailli de Vermanduis, contre les brigands qui ravageaient les environs de Reims. Arch. lég., ir" part., statuts,' m' vol., 28. 1311. Testament relatif à l'hôpital d'Au bry-le-Crevé. Arch. adm., t. I, 664. 1 31 4 Testament de Guérin (Goujon), cha noine de Saint-Symphorien de Reims. .Irrh. adm., t. I, 1 1. 944 INDEX CHRONOLOGIQUE. 131i. Avril 28. Les frères de Biicnne re couvrent leur liberté. Arch. adm., t. II. 160. 1314. Novembre 29. Avènement de Louis X an trône. Arch. adm. , t. II, 161. 1313 (environ). Le siège du bailliage de Vermandois est transféré de Saint Quentin à Laon. An/i. lég., ii' part., statuts, m' vol., i, 27. 1315. Sacre de Louis X. Aich. adm., t. II, 173. 131S. Mai. Ordonnance de Louis X, rela tive aux épaves, mortes-mains , au bains, etc. Arch. tég., ii« part., statuts, i" vol., 54."(. 1315. Juin 5. Lettre du même à l'arche vêque de Reims , relative à la con vocation de l'ost de Flandres. Arch. adm., t. II, 104. 1315. Septembre 1. Lettres-patentes de Louis X , relatives aux cas royaux dans les seigneuries. Arch. Irg., ii* part., sta tuts, m' vol., C28. 1313. Octobre 1(>. Commission <lu roi pour le payement des frais du sacre. Arch. adm., t. II, 177. 1316. Mars. Ordonnance capitulaire re lative aux léparations à faire au.x mai sons des cbanoincs de Reims. Arch. adm., t. I, 7r;. 1316. Juin o. Mort de Regnault de Bar., évcque de Metz. Arch. adm. , t. II, ICI. 1317. Janvier 6. Sacre de Pliilippe V. Arch. adm., t. II, 479. 1317. Ao.H 1". Débats entre l'archevêque et les échevins, relatifs aux frais du sa cre. Arch. adm., t. II, 172. 1317. INovembre 11. Procèsverbal de rècrèance pour les bourgeois de Reims. Arch. adm., t. II, 21.^. 1318. Janvier 31. Commission relative à une rècrèance des bourgeois de Reims. Arch. adm., t. II, 215. 1319. Arrêt relatif auv frais ihi sacre. Arch. adm., t. II, 174. 1319. Serment prêté par Pierre, èvêque de Senlis. Arch. adm., t. I, 60. 1319. Ordonnance de Philippe V, qui dé clare le tabellionnage de son domaine. Arch. lég., 11° part., statuts, ni* vol., 237. 1320. Satisfaction donnée par Fulcaudus, èvêque de Noyon, au chapitre de Reims au sujet de ses lettres de promotion. Arcli. adm., t. I, 61. 1320. Janvier 31. Arrêt confirmatif de la juridiction de l'échevinage de Reims. Arch. lég., II' part., statuts, il' vol., 41. 1320. Mai 26. Xote relative aux démê lés de l'archevêque de Reims avec l'é chevinage , à l'occasion des frais du sacre. .//■(//. adm., t. II, 172. 1321. Serment prêté par Albert, evcquc de Laon , au chapitre de Reims. Arch. adm., t. I, 60. 1321. Février 22. Commission obtenue par les échevins de Reims contre la prétention du chapitre de faire placer des barrières autour an cloître. Arrh. adm., t. II, 277. 1321. Juin 17. Commission du lieutenant du bailli de Vermandois , ordonnant l'enlèvement d'étaux, que l'archevêque de Reims avait fait dresser. Arch: lég.. Il' part., statuts, m' vol., 29. 1321. Juillet. Rescrit du commissaire dé légué par le bailli de Reims, faisant suite à i;ne commission pour enlever les sus dits ètaux. Arch. adm., t. II, 270. 1321. Août 21. .'Vccord relatif à la pane terie de Reims. Arch. lég., n' part., statuts, " vol., 360. INDEX CHRONOLOGIQUE 1322. Mémoire relatif aux maisons cano niales de l'église lie Reiras. Jrch. aclni., 1. 1, 75. 1322. Février 21. Sacre <le Charles IV, dit le Bel. Aich. adm., t. II, 479. 1322. Mai 13 et 25. Actes sur la prisée des héritages à l'occasion des frais du sacre. Jrch. adm., t. II, 388. 1322. Mai IS. Protestation du procureur de l'archevêque de Reims , relative aux frais du sacre. Arch. adm., t. II, 289. 1322. Juin -19. Rescrit d'un sergent du roi constatant l'exécution d'une com mission relative à la clôture de Saint Nicaise de Reims. Airh. adm., t. II, 311. 1322. Octobre 30. Autre rescrit du même sur le même sujet, .hch. adm., t. II, 31S. 1322. Novembre. Autre rescrit du môme sur le même sujet. Arch. adm., t. Il, 31 S. 1323 (environ). Défenses de Charles IV aux évoques et aux grands seigneurs de battre monnaie. Arch. adm., t. I, 82. 1323. Mars 3. Mort de Robert de Co;ir tenay , archevêque de Reiu)s. irch. adm., t. II, 472. 1323. Déceuibre 10. Sentence arbitrale rendue sur les prétentions des échovins et du chapitre de Reims , au sujet des lirasseurs de loin. Afch. Ii'^. , II" part., statuts, " vol., l'id. 132i. Serment de Guillaume de Trve, ar chevêque de Reims. Arch. adm., I. I 22.J. 132i. Janvier. Accord relatif aux frais du sacre. Arcli. adm., t. II , l>90. 1324. Mars 3. Mort de Robert de Courle nay, aichevcque de Reims. .4rch. adm., t. il, 378, 472. •J45 1324. Mai 16. Commission du roi au bailli <le Vormandois , relative à une enquête sur certains excès commis à Reims. Arch. adm., t. II, 37-i. 1324. Novembre 10. Rescription de Pierre Maréchal sergent du roi , jointe à un mandement de S. M. , pour re vendiquer un bourgeois de Reims. Arch. adm., t. II, 378. 132r). .lanvier. Notice relative aux débals de l'archevêque de Reims avec l'échevi nage, au sujet des frais du sacre. Arch. adm., t. II, 173. 1325. Avril, mai, juin, juillet. Accord re latif aux frais du sacre que les clercs sont tenus de payer. Arch. adm. , t. II, 390. 1327. Statuts de l'église de Reims. Arch. h-ii'. , II' part., slattils , i" vol., 37. 1327. Signification faite par le chapitre de Picims à l'archevêque Guillaume de Trye, aiu sujet de la jiiritiiction spirituelle dudit. Arch. adm., . I, 490. 1327. Décembre 12. Reprise d'une de mande en restitution de frais de sacre intentée par l'archevêque contre les éclievins, à la suite du procès. Arch. adm., t. II, 203. 1328. Acte de foi et hommage renijii par Florentia, trésorier de l'église de Reims, au chapitre. Arch. adm. , t. I, 490. 1 328. Airêt qui condamne les habitants iu ban Saint-Remi à contribuer avec la ille à l'achèvement dos murs d'en ceinte. Arch. adm., t. I, 1087. 1328. Janvier 30. Arrêt relatif à l'affaire de Huetus-Filiaster Hardit et de Rémi. Grammaii'e, bourgeois de Reims. Arch. adm., t. II, 172. 1328. Février 1". Mort de Charles IV, dit le Bel. Arch. adm., t. II, 479. 119 94G INDEX CHRONOLOGIQUE. 1328. Du 1" févïicr au d" avril. Réfjence de Philippe VI de Valois. Arch. adm., t. II, 477. 1328. Février 9. Commission rclarive aux frais du sacre. Arch. adn,., t. II , 558. 1328. .Tuin 29. Confirmation par Phi lippe VI, d'un arrêt rendu sur un pro cès entre les majeurs et echevins de Reims, à l'occasion de certains murs et fossés. Arch. adm., t. II, 474. 1329. Janvier 7. Jugement définitif du parlement sur le procès entre les habi tants du ban de l'archevêque et ceux du ban Saint-Remi, à l'occasion des frais de la guerre contre les frères de Bricnne. Arch. adm., t. II, 421. 1329. Novembre 14. Date assignée à un ordre du roi pour l'élargissement de certains bourgeois de Reims prison niers. Arch. adm., t. II, 6i9. 1329. Novembre 14. Commission d'en quête donnée par Pliilip*pe VI de Valois, à l'orcasion de certains excès des habi tants de Reims contre un de leurs con citoyens. Arch. adm., t. II, 6i9. 1330. îîuile de Jean XXII , relative à la juridiction spirituelle du chapitre de Reims. Arch. adm., t. I, 40G. 1330. Lettres patentes du roi qui dé chargent l'abbé de Saint-Nicaise de con tribuer au reste des fortifications de Reims. Arch. adm. , t. I, 1088. 1330. Mai 28. Commission du bailli de Vermandois , contre les marchands de boistiui usaient de mesures trop petites. Arch lég.. Il' part., sto^K^v, m» vol., 29. 1330. Novembre 1 i. Date assignée à une coniniission du roi , relative à l'élargis sement de certains bourgeois de Reims. Arch. adm., t. II, 649. 1331. Première année du décanat de Hugues de Juilly. Arch. lég., n' part., .•itntiits, ï" vol., 42. 331 . Philippe de Valois établit les gre niers à sel. Arch. lég. , II' part., sta tuts, 16. 1331. Acte de foi et hommage rendu par Jacqueti, trésorier de l'église de Reims, au chapitre. Arch. adm. , t. I , 496. 1331. Novembre 13. Arrêt de la cour du parlement , relatif à un bourgeois de Reims arrêté à Paris. Arch. adm., t. II, 646. 1332. Commissaires envoyés à Reims par le roi, pour hâter l'achèvement des for tifications. Arch. adm., t. II, 787. 1332. Voyage d'outre -mer arrêté par Philippe VI. Arch. adm., 1. 1, 83. 1332. Création des notaires par le même. Arch. lég., W part., statuts, m' vol., 237. 1332. Mai 20. Enquête relative à un meurtre attribué à Jehan de Senlis, prévôt de l'archevêque. Arch. adm., t. II, 652. 1332. Août 14. Date faussement assignée au premier registre des plaids de Reims. Arch. adm., t. Il, 663. De mars 1333 à avril 1334. Extraits des registres du parlement, relatifs au meurtre de Perrart Buiron. Arch. adm., t. II, 650. 1;î33. Mars 28. Interrogatoire à Toc casion du meurtre attribué à Jehan de Senlis, prévôt de l'archevêque. Arch. adm. , t. II , 631. 1333. Avril 24. Lettres du roi au bailli de Vermandois, l'invitant à mettre la paix entre les habitants de Reims. Arch. adm., t. II, 7H. 1?33. Mai 7. Notice sur les plaiils en INDEX CHRONOLOGIQUE. 047 baillie et en prévôté de Reims. Arch. adm., t. 11,667. 1333. Mai 28. Exploits en la baillie et prévôté de Reims. Anh. adm., t. II, 692. 1333. .luillet 31. Lettre relative aux frais des |)rocès soutenus pour les affaires du sacre. Arch. adm., t. !I, 643. 1333. Décembre 1"'. Commission de Phi lippe de Valois au bailli de Verman dois, sur le même sujet. Arch, adm., t. II, 654. 1334. Acte par lequel l'évéque de Cam brai reconnaît qu'il est tenu de présen ter ses lettres de promotion au chapitre de Reims. Arch. adm., t. I, 61. 1334. Nouvelle Porte-Mars bâtie à Reims à côté de l'ancienne. Arch. adm., t. I, 1086 1334. Avril. Exploits de la baillie et pré vôté de Reims. Arch. adm., t. II, 675. 1334. Avril. Interrogatoire au sujet du meurtre attribué à Jehan de Senlis, pré vôt de l'archevêque de Reims. Arcli. adm., t. II, 654. 1334. Novembre 21. Commission de Phi lippe VI de Valois au bailli de Verman dois, relative à la même affaire. Jrch. adm., t. II, 655. 1334. Décembre 29. Serment prêté par quelques écbevins de Reims , à l'occa sion de l'enquête ordonnée sur le meur tre précédent. Arch. adm., t. II, 633. 1335. Philippe VI de Valois supprime le droit sur le sel. Arch. tég. , ii' part., statuts. II" vol., 16. 1335. Donation faite par Etienne de Lvon, chanoine de Reims, à l'hôpital d'Au bry-le-Crevé. Arch. adm., t. I, C6i. 1335. Juin 19. Exploits en la baillie et prévôté de Reims. Arch. adm. , t. Il , 683. 1336. Mai 4. Commission du roi au bailli de Vermandois, lui enjoignant d'ajour ner certains bourgeois de Reims à la cour du parlement. Arch. adm. , t. II , 736. 1337. Sommation du ihaj>iti-e de Reims aux évêques de Tournay et de The rouenne , relative à la présentation de leins lettres de promotion. Arch. athti., t. I, 61. 1337. Arrêt du Châtelet sur un diffé rend entre le comte de Porcien et le chapitre de Reims. Arch, adm., t. I, 732. 1337. Acte de foi et hommage rendu par G. de Castro-Villani, trésorier de l'église de Reims au chapitre. Arch. adm., t. T, 496. 1337. Février 8. Arrêt du jiarlement re latif au précédent diflérend entre le comte de Poi-cien et le chapitre de Reims. Arch. adm., t. II, 730. 1337. Novembre 17. Acte dans lequel G. Chafeauvillain , tiésorier de l'église de Reims , reconnaît tenir du chapitre la juridiction temporelle de laditeéglise. Arch. adm., t. HT, 333. 1338. Ordonnance de Philippe VI de Va lois , qui défend à ses officiers d'en treprendre sur les juridictions des sei gneurs hauts justiciers. Arch. lég. , i:* part., statuts, iii'vol., 52. 1338. Plaintes faites au même sur la len teur des travaux des fortifications de Reims. Arch. adm., t. I, 1087. 1 338. Janvier 30. Commission obtenue par les cchevins pour faire assigner Farche vê(jue au sujet des entreprises de ce der niei' sur le pavé de la ville. Arch. h'g., n'' part., statuts, m" vol., 29. 1338. INIai 15. Commission de Philippe VI de Valois , qui maintient les échevins en possession de nommer aux office!^ de 948 mesureurs de charbon et brasseurs de foin. Jrclt. lé^.,'^a.ï.., stnnils,i" vo., 439. 1338. Mai 16. Lettre au sujet des entre prises du prévôt de l'archevêque contre la cliarte de l'échevinage de Reims. Jrc/i. adm., t. II, 790. 1339. Sommation du chapitre de Reims à l'évèque de Senlis , lui enjoij^'nant de présenter ses lettres de promotion. Arch. adm., t. 1 , 61. 1339. Mai 6. Mandemenf du roi au bailli de Vcraiandois relatif aux excès com mis ])ar quelques habitants de Reims sur l'un de leurs conciloyens. Ircli. adm., t. II, 813. 1339. Novembre. Lettres de l'évèque de Paris où sont stipulées les redevances dues par le trésorier de l'église de Reims. 4rch. adm., t. III. ToU. 13i0. Serment de Jean de Vienne, arche vêque de Reiras. Arch. adm., t. I, 223. 13}0. Entrée en fonctions de Baudouin de Boves, capitaine de Reims, -tnli. adm., t. II, 787. 1310. Mai. Règlement en foruie de statuts donné par. Jean II de Vienne, archevêque de Reims aux drapiers de celte ville. .■/rc/t. li'^. , 11' part., statuts, ii' vol., 370. liiiO. Octobre. Règlement de Tabbé de de Saint-Remi relatif à ceitaines rentes applicables à la lableet à l'infirmerie de son couvent. Jrcfi. fcg., n' part., sta t/'fs, i" vol., l'Jli. loi'. Acte par lequel les évéques de Laon et de Thérouenne reconnaissent qu'ils sont tenus de présenter leurs let tres de promotion au chapitre de Reims. Arc/i. adm., t. I, 61. 1311. Avril 18. Arrêt du parlement re latif à l'élargissement sous caution de INDEX CHRONOLOGIQUE. Jehan de Senlis, prévôt de l'archevêque de Reims. Anh.adm., t. II, 796. 13i2. Avril 2. Jugement qui octroie à l'archevêque et aux éehevins de Reims de |)asser accord siu' le procès mu entre eux au sujet de l'élection de R. Cauchon et de B. Guibert. Jrcli. adm., t. II, 883. 1342. Juin 6. Accord entre l'archevêque de Reims et les éehevins relatif au droit de juridiction que ceux-ci prétendaient sur les marchands de Reims. Arch. Icg., u' pari., statuts, i" vol., t36. 1343. Août l.'i. L'abbé de Saint-Mcai^c de Reims fulmine une excommunication contre les éehevins au sujet d'un lé preux. Arch. adm., t. II, 889. 1343. Août 20. L'oflicial de Reims révo que l'excommunication de l'abbé de Saint-Nieaise. Arch. adm., t. 11,889. 1343. Août 23. Le lépreux Robert de Bon , dit Penboir, interjette appel à Rome de l'excommunication de l'abbè de Saint-lNicaise. Arch. adm., t. II, 889. 1341. Janvier 7. Plaids de la prévôté de Reims. Arrh. adm. , t. II, 892. 13ii. lanvier 8. Lettres royaux relatifs à un démêlé entre l'archevêque de Reims el les bourgeois. Arch. adm., t. II, 9}2. K'iii. Avril 23. Date assignée par Rogier à une commission du roi au bailli de Vermandois relative à la police des vins. Arch. adm., t. II, 923. 134 i. Juillet 2!>. Cammissioii du lieute nant du bailli de Vermandois en faveur des éehevins contre les seigneurs hauts justiciers relative à la j)olice de la foire. Arrh. lrg.,n' part., statuts, m" vol., 20. 134ri. Janvier 2. Guillanme de Trye ar chevêque de Reims , se désiste d'une demande en restitution des frais du sa cre faite aux éehevins. Arch. adm., t. II, 263. 1315. Mai. Contrat de vente de diverses terres en exécution du testament de Thomas de Cernay, chanoine de Reims. Arcli.itdm.,.n, 1123. l;US. Août 22. Leitres de Philippe VI, relative à l'envoi fait par le pape , de .fean de Vienne archevêque de Reims , en Castille. Arch. adm.^ t. II, 926. 1.145. Septembre 21. Jugement des assises de Laon, relatif à la dépaissance de prairies du territoire de Reiras. Arrh. /«'g. , II" part., sta/iitSj m' vol., 29. 13i3. Novembre 28 et 29. Dates de docu ments relatifs aux ptaiix deReims. J/c/i. adiii., t. II, 936. 13il!>. Décembre 31. Arrél contre certains bourgeois accusés d'usure. An-h. adin., t. 1 , 932. 1316. Date d'un Codex ou Fouillé delà province de Reims. Arch. adm., t. II, 1029. 1346. Philippe de Valois ordonne l'exé cution de règlements sur les pauvres. Arrh. lég. , n« part., ilatuts , ii'' vol. 87. 1 346. Janvier. Plaids de la prévôté de Reims. Anii. tidnt., t. II, 1177. 1816. Janvier 21. Arrêt contre certains bourgeois de Reims accusés d'usure. Arrh. adm , t. II, 932. 1346. Mars. Comptes de l'échevinage de Reims. Arr/i. adm. , t. 11 , 981. I.'U6. M.irs 20. Arrêt inrervcnn sur un différend entre les haliitanls de Reims et le chapitre de cette ville, trrh, adm., t. I, 1087. 1316. Mars 23. Arrêt qui oblige le clergé de Reiras à contribuer aux frais des fortifications. Arrli. h'g., u' part , sta fiift, " vol., 478. !:'.iO. Mars 28. Date d'un arrêt ivlatifaux élaux de la ville de Reims. Arrh. adm., î. !T, 936. INDr<:X CHRONOLOGIQUE. 949 1346. Avril 3. Convocation des habitants de Reims aux états du Verraandois. Arr/t. adm., t. II, 1019. 13iO. Mai 26. INIandemenl du roi relatif aux guerres d'Angleterre. Arrh. adm., t. II, 9 49. 13 i6. Juin 7. Arrêt rehtif au <Iroit que l)rêlendaient les bourgeois de Reims de faire crier le pain dans les rues. Arch. adm., t. II, 921. I3i0. Juin 17. Date d'un document rela tif aux états de la ville de Reims. Arrh. adm., t. Il, 936. 1316. Juillet 31. Commission au bailli de Verraandois pour la convocation du ban et arrière-ban. Arrli. adm., t. II, 1124. 1316. Novembre 23. Autre commission adressée au même , concernant les ec clésiastiques qui refusaient de monter la garde à Reims. Jrch. !ég., u' part., statuts, iii« vol., 29. 1347. Époque à laquelle vivait Etienne de Viniiata professeur à Reims. Arrh. adm., t. I, 667. 1317. Sommation du chapitre deReims à l'évêque de Reauvais au sujet des let tres de pi-omotion de ce dernier. Arrh. adm., t. 1, 01. 1317. Serment prêté [)ar l'abbé d'ignv à Jean do Vienne, archevêque de Reims. Arrh. adm , t. II, 248. 1347. Mars 12. Commission au bailli de Verniandois pour la convocation du ban et de l'arrière-ban. Arrh. adm., t. Il, I12i. 1347. Mars 23. Règlement de Philippe de Valois relatif à une contribution pour les fortifications deReims Arrli. adm., t. III, 1 1 5. 1347. Avril 23. Commission au bailli de Verraandois ])our la convocation du ban 950 INDEX CHRONOLOGIQUE. et de r arrière-ban. ■irrh. ndm., t. Il , 1347. Mai 15 Commission à Robert de Roucy , lieutenant du roi en Verraan dois pour la levée du ban et de l'ar rière-ban. .4rch. adm., t. II, 1153. 1347. Août 3. Commission du roi pour mander les noliles et non-nobles , de la province de Reims et du Beauvoisis. ,-irrh. adm., t. II, p. HUl. 1347. Novembre 22. Réponse des écbe vins à une lettre du roi , qui les invite à envoyer à Paris quelques notables de leur ville. Inh. adm., t. IT, 1 162. 1348. Sentence arbitraire du bailli de l'archevêque qui règle les limites de la Cousiure de Reims. Aich. ndm., t. I, 38. 1348. Mai t. Plaids de la prévôté Pieims. Arch. adm., t. II, 1170. 1348. Juin. Plaids de la prévôté de Reims. Arch. adm., I. II, T.. 1348. Septembre 4. Commission du roi relative aux fortifications de Reims. Arch. adm., t. II, 1213. 1349. Janvier 17. Commission du roi re lative aux fortifications de Reims, ^//r/;. adm., t. II, 1213. 1349. Février S. Plaids de la prévôté de Reims. Arch. adm., t. Il, llSC. 1 349. Mars 19. Procès contre l'échevinage de Reims. Arch. adm., t. II , 1237. 1349. Août. Lettres de Philippe de Valois relatives aux foires de Reims. Jrcli. lég., 11° part. , statuts, i" vol., 978. 1349. ]Novembre27. Arrêt contre le prieur de Saint-Maurice de Reims , qui le dé boute de ses prétentions à la haute et basse justice. Arch. adm., t. II, 946. 1349. Décembre 15. Commission du bailli de Vermandois pour forcer tous ceux qui refusent de conti-ibuer aux frais <le la guerre contre Giles de Rodemac et ses complices. Arch. adm., t. II, 1243. 1350. Ordonnance du roi Jean, concer nant la police des j^rains, Arch. Irg. , 11'= part., statuts, m' vol., 336. 1350. Suppression par le roi Jean des droits sur le sel. Arch. lég., u« part., statuts, n' vol., 16. ./ 1350. Époque où fut ruinée l'église de Saint-Hilaire de Reims. Arch. adm. , t. 1,10. 1350. Septembre 26. Compte de la Chani brerie de Saint-Remi. Arch. adm., t. III, 3. 1350. Octobre 23. Commission du roi rela tive aux visiteurs de la marée à Reims. Arch. adm., t. III, 4. Jrch. Icg. , ii' part. , statuts, II' vol. , 269. 1 351 . ^lars H. Sentence du bailli de Ver mandois relative aux loges et halles de Reiras. Arch. lég., u" part., statuts, m" vol., 29. 1352. Serment de Hugues d'Arcy, arche vêque de Reims. Arch. adm., t. I, 225. 1 352. Mars 1 1 . Sentence du bailli de Ver mandois qui oblige le chapitre de l'é glise de Reims à réparer les dégâts faits pendant la cérémonie du saci-e. AreA. adm., t. II, 576. 1352. Septembre 22. Donaticm d'une mai son par le trésorier pour fondation de messes en faveur de feu Jean devienne, archevêque de Reims. Arch. adm. , t. II, 855. 1353. Serment de IIuml)ert Dauphin , ar chevêque de Reims. Arch. adm., l. I, 225. 1353. Janvier 15. Sentence du bailli de Vermandois, siu un procès entre le cou vent de Saint-Nicaisc et le chapitre de INDEX CURO Reims au sujet d'un homme laovt. /4rc/i. lég., u" pai-t., statuts, m' vol., 29. 1353. Décembre dO. Arrêt qui allège, en faveur de l'échevinage de Reims , les frais du sacie , contre les prétentions des ofliciers de la couronne. Arch. adni., t. II, 178. 1354. Août 13. Sentence du bailli deVer niandois contre certains bourgeois de Reims pour des rentes dues par eux à l'abbé de Saint-Remi et à l'abbessede Saint-Pierre de la même ville Arcli. lég., II' part. , statuts, m' vol., 29. 1354. Octobre 9. Commission pour faire rendre aux échevins de Reims les dé penses du souper du sacre. Arch. adm., t. III, 39. 43S5. Comptes de l'éclievinage de Reims pour la réparation des chaussées. Arch. adm. , t. m , 7.5. 135fî. Le roi Jean rétablit le droit sur le sel, après l'avoir supprimé. Arch. Icg., n' part., statuts, i' vol., K!. 1355. Janvier 19. Accord d'après lequel les habitants de Cernay sont tenus de conuibiier aux frais du sacre. Arch. ad,,,., t. III, 75. 1355. Jeudi après Pâques. Information relative à un meurtre commis à Reims. Arch. adm., t. III. 65. 1355. Avril 12. Sentence au profit des re ligieux de Saint-Nicaise de Reims con tre Gobert de la Bauve , au sujet de l'entrecours des villages d'Houdiile court, du Mesnil et de Poillecourt. Arch. lég. , II" part. , statuts, m' vol., 30. 1353. Décembre. Ordonnance du roi Je han relative aux eaux et forêts et au tres juridictions. Arch. lég., ii"^ part., statuts, l'^vol., 341. 1356. Mars 18. Arrêt relatif à l'annula tion d'un legs faikaux frères mineurs de Reims. Arch. adm., t. III, 93. ^OLOGlQL:E. 951 1336. Mai 8. Tenue des états pour les subsides. Arch. adm., t. m , 78. 1336. Mai 26. Ordonnance portant éta blisstment de subsides. Arch. adm., t. m, 78. 1356. Septembre 19. Époque où les ha bitants de Reims reçurent avis de la prise du roi Jean, et des mesures à prendre par eux à cette occasion. Arch. ad,,!., t. III, 79. 1357. Mai 3. Pièce relative au droit de 1 échevinage de Reims sur la marée. Arch. adm., t. III, i. 1337. Mai 13. Arrêt relatif aux villages des environs de Reims, qui doivent conlribuer aux fortifications de celle ville. Aich. adm., t. 111, 100. 1337. Mai 16. Commission du roi ielatie aux serges que les échevins de Reims sont tenus de donnei aux huissiers d'armes de sa maison. Arch. adm., t. III , 05. 1357. Novembre 18. Commission pour maintenir les échevins dans le droit d'instituer des courtiers. Arch. lég. , II' part., statuts, i" vol., 427. 1358. Rétablissement de l'impôt sur le sel pour la rançon du roi Jean. Aich. lég.. Il' part., statuts , ii" vol., 16. 1338. Érection du conseil de ville de Reiras. Arch. lég., n' part., statuts , II' vol., 434. 1338. Avril. Conunisbion du roi pour des réparations à faire aux fortifications de Reims. Aich. adm., t. III, SI. 1358. Septembre 9. Lettres de création du conseil de ville de Reims. Arch. adm., t. II, 128. 1358. Septembre 19. Lettres du régent qui autorisent les Rémois , en l'absence de l'archevêque , à fortifier leur ville. Arch. adm., t. III, ISO, 952 1M)EX CHRONOLOGIQUE. 13u8. Décembre. Institution par Giiar les V, de la charge de capitaine de Reims. Jrch. tt^g. , ii' paît. , siaïuls , 11= vol., 120. 1358. Décembre 30. Lettres du même, autorisant les susdits à foitifier le cliâ teaii Porte-AIars..^/r/;. «c/m., t.III, 13C. <3o9. Gaucher de Chàtillon démolit l'é glise de Saint-Lazare de IScims. Ircli. adiii., t. II, G. 1359. Destruction de l'abbaye de C.lairma rais. Arch. adni., t. I, H. 1359. Prise du château de Roucy par les Anglais. Jrch. adm., t. III, 111. 1359. Juillet 25. Mandement du lol do Navarre, pour s'emparer de Melun. Arch. adm., t. III, 142. 1359. Août 9. Lettres patentes (jui insti tuent la com])agnie des arbalétriers de Paris. Arch. /'-g-, u' part., slattils. i" vol., 322. 1359. Décembre 4. Arrivée du roi d'An gleterre et de son armée devant R<'ims. Arch, adm., t. III, 156. 13G0. Époque où la ville de Reims fut entièrement close de murs. Arch. l&g. , II* part., .statuts , iii« vol., 642. 1360, Date de l'obituaire de Saint-Denis, relative à Drouardus , professeur à Reims. Arcli. adm., t. I, 66. 1 360. Rétablissement de l'abbaye de Clair marais , dans la rue de Vesle. Arch. adm., t. I, H. 1360. Compte des deniers communs de la ville de Reims. .//(■/(. adm., t. III, 159. 1360. Les habitants de Reims repoussent l'armée anglaise de leurs murailles. Arcli Irg. , 11' part., .t(iniis , m' vol., 559. 1360. Janvier. Lettres diidit roi , accor dant aux bourgeois de Reims un im ]5Ôi sur le vin pour réparer les tlom mages causés par la guerre à leur ville. Arch. adm., t. III, 200. • 1300. Janvier 11. Le roi d'Angleterre contraint de lever le siège de Reims. Arch. adm., t. III, 157. 1360. Juin 21. Lettre relative à l'accord fait entre les échevins et les religieux de Sainl;-Remi, au sujet du droit de pi-che dans la Vesle. Arch. adm. , t. III , 52. 1300. Juin 21. Sentence qui accorde aux habitants de Reims de pécher en la ri vière qui passe en la rue du Moulin. .Irch. h'g-. II" part. , statuls, II" vol., 30. 1360. Octobre 2.5. Le dauphin va receoir son père à Boulogne, après sa captivité en Angleterre. Arch. adm., t. III , 205. 1300. Novembre 13. Somme offerte pour les Rémois au roi Jean , au retour de sa captivité. Arch. adm. , t. III , 166. I3(i0. Décembre 1". Lettres patentes du roi Jean relatives à l'établissement du premier grand maître des eaux et fo rêts. Arcli. lég. , II' part., si<iiut.i , II' vol., 1-t. 1361. Lettres relatives aux privilèges et franchises de l'échevinage de Reims. Arch. adm., t. III, 562. 1361. Janvier l''. Comptes de la ville de Reims. Arch. adm., t. III, 127. 1H61. Janvier 12. Lettre du régent aux bourgeois de Reims , dans laquelle il se porte comme médiateur entre eux et l'archevêque. Arch. adm., t. III, 208. 1361. Janvier 25. Départ des bourgeois de Reims allant en Angleterre comme otages pour le roi Jean. Arch. adm., t. m, 189. 1361. Février 5. Loltre dans laquelle est INDEX CHROîNOr,OCIQLE. contenue la réponse des échevins aux envoyés du régent, pour pacifier leurs déniclc'S avec l'archevêque. Arcli.adm., t, III, â05. lîiOl. Décembre. Arrêt conlirmatif de la juridiction de l'éohevinage de Reims. Arch. tf'g., Il' part., statuts, ii' vol., 4d. 1361 . Décembre 23. Date alléguée à l'oc casion d'un mandement du roi au bailli du Vermandois. Anli. mlm. , t. II , 13. 1362. Février 8. Commission d'ajourne ment de l'archevêque de Reims contre les habitants de cette ville, au sujet d'une réparation qu'il exigeait d'eux. Jrck. adm., t. III, 207. 1362. Mars 3. Ajournement fait parles commissaires du roi aux bourgeois de Reims , à l'occasion du différend de ces derniers avec l'archevêque. Jrch.adm., t. III, 208. 1362. Avril 23. Commission du bailli de Vermandois , contre les religieux de St. Rémi au sujet des droits illégalement imposés à ceux qui vendaient du pain dans leur ban. Jich. Icg., ii' part., sta tuts, iH vol., 30. 1362. Sejjtembre 7. Arrêt relatif à la ju ridiction du vidame sur cerlains cor|)s de métiers de Reims. Arcli. adm. , t. III, 197. 1362. Décembre 10. Sentence relative à l'héritage d'un citoyen de Reims tué à la prise du château de Roucy. Arr/t. adm., t. III, as. 1363. Ordonnance du roi qui maintient à ses baillis et lieutenants le droit de con naître des cas royaux dans les seigneu ries. Jrc/t. Ii-g. , n« pari. , statuts , 111" vol., 629. 1363. Avril 8. Arrêt qui confirme l'au 053 thenticité du sceau de l'échevinage de Reims. Arc/i. adm., t. I, 489. 1363. Avril 8. Arrêt qui déboute l'arche vêque (le Reims de la garde et gouver nement de la.ie.Arc/i., /f'^., u' part., statuts, ii« vol., 1 il ; statuts , m' vol., 60. 1363. Mai 19. Arrêt du parlement relatif à la récréance de certains malfaiteurs de Reims. Arc/i. adm., t. III, 546. 1363. Mai 30. Accord entre Jehanne , comtesse de Champagne et le couvent de Saint-Remi de Reims relatif à la gruerie de ladite comtesse. Arch. adm., t. m, 202. 1363. Juin 17. Lettres du roi Charles V, qui enjoint aux receveurs pour la taille du sacre de rendre leur compte aux échevins. Arch. adm., t. II. 377. 1363. Août 8. Arrêt du parlement relatif aux démêlés de l'archevêque et des échevins de Reims, à l'occasion des murs construits devant le château de Porte-Mars. Arch. adm., t. III, 231, 253. 1364. Arrêt confirmatif de la juridiction de l'échevinage de Reims. Arch. lég.. Il' part., statuts, ii' vol., 41. 1364. Mars 20 et 28. Substitution d'un des conseillers du roi , chargé de mé nager un accord entre l'archevêque de Reims et l'échevinage. Arch. adm. , t. m, 251. 1364-. Mars 28. Commission aux délégués du parlement pour hâter la conclusion de l'accord à faire entre les l'chevins de Reims et l'archevêque, au sujet des for tifications du château de Porte-Mars. //■(■/(. adm., t. III, 235. 1364. Avril 26. Arrêt exécutoire relatif à la démolition des murs appartenant à l'archevêque de Reims. .4rch. adm. , t. III, 255, 260. I-20 INDEX CHRONOLOGIQUE. lîîGi. Mai 24. ArriTte à Reiras d'un ser vent d'armes pour contraindre les ha bitants à fournir des provisions à l'oc casion du sacre. Arcli. udm., t. III, 291. ISÔi.Juin. Sacre de Charles V. ArcI,. a,lm.,t. III, 292. 1366. Mort de Richard Picque , archevê que de Reims. Jrch. tcg., i' part., statuts, i"vol., 102. 1366. Février 10. Comptes de greffe de l'échevinage de Reims. Arch. adm. , t. m, 303. 1306. Août 26. Époque où Jacques Ca pellet, boui'geois de Reims, se rendit en otage en Angleterre pour le roi Jean. Arch., adm., t. III, 170 1366. Octobre 22. Sentence du lieutenant du bailli de Vcrmandois, au profit du chapitre de Saint-Timothée. Arcfi. lég.. Il" part., statuts , m' vol., 30. 1366. Octobre 26. Sentence du bailli de Vermandois , relative à une maison de Reims. Arch. lég. , ii« part. , slaluts , m' vol., 30. 1367. Juin 25. Date de la réception de lettres des gens des aides, relatives à la rémission accordée par le roi à la ville de Reims, à l'occasion de sa rançon. Arch. adm. , t. III, 282. 1367. Juillet 6. Lettres royaux relatifs aux emprunts contractés par la ville de Reims pour la rançon du roi Jean. Arch. adm., t. m, 282. 4368. Février 19. Lettres du roi portant création d'un lieutenant du capitaine de Reims. Arch. adm., t. III, 329. 1368. Mars. Sentence arbitrale des cche vins de Reims. Arch. adm., t. III, 334. 1368. Juillet 29. Acte par lequel le lieu tenant du bailli de Vermandois remet le chapitre de Reims en possession de la seigneurie de Ronay. Arch. lég. , II' i)art., statuts, ui" vol., 30. 1369. Mars 9. Arrêt relatif à la charte de l'échevinage de Reims. Arch. adm. , t. m , 333. 1369. Mars 14. Arrêt sur le même sujet. Arcli. adm. , t. III, 333. 1369. Avril 20. Vidimus d'un arrêt du 26 janvier 1 308 relatif à la charte de l'échevinage de Reims, .-irch. adm. , t. III, 334, 336; Arch. lég. , n" part. , statuts, i" vol., 437. 1369. Juin 1". Sentence du lieutenant du bailli de "Vermandois rendue entre le chapitre de Notre-Dame et celui de Saiut-Timothée de Reims siu une entre prise de juridiction .-rfrc/i. lég., ii' paît., statuts, ui' vol., 30. 1370. Époque où Richard enseignait la théologie à Reims. Arrh. adm., t. I, 667. 1370. Janvier. Époque à laquelle quel ques habitants de Reims tenaient à ferme l'imposition sur les vins. Arch. adm., t. III, 404. 1370. Février 7. Date de certaines lettres sur une vente de vin faite à Rouen. Arch. adm., t. III, 40S. 1 371 . Lundi après Pâques fleuries. Trans action entre l'archevêque de Reims et les échevins , interdisant audit arche vêque de faire aucuns édits, bans ou criées. Arch. lég. , n* part., statuts, m' vol., 60. 1371. Décembre 13. Transaction entre l'archevêque et les échevins de Reims relative à la police. Arch. lég. u« part., statuts, m' vol., 10. 1372. Acte de foi et hommage rendu par A. de Craon, trésorier de l'église de Reims, au chapitre. Arch. adm., t. 1, 4%. INDEX CHRONOLOCÎiQlli:. 955 J372. Mai. Accord entre l'archevêque de Reims et le chapitre relatif à plusieurs différends . Arch. lég. , n'' part. , statuts , i" vol., 98. 1372. Juin. Mort de .Tean de Dormans, prêtre et cardinal. Jrc/i. Icg., ii' part., statuts, i" vol., 98. ?J^. Aoi'if 23. Accord entre l'arche vêque, le chapitre et les échevins , re latif à la police de Reims. Arch. adw. , t. m, 383. 1372. Septen)bre 21. Lettres confirma tives d'un ;iccord entre l'archevêque de Reims et le chapitre. Arch. adm., t. III, 363. 1373. Arrêt confirmatif de la juridiction de l'échevinage. Arch. lég,, n' part. , statuts. II' vol., -43. 1373. Juin 9. Lettres du roi qui pro longent l'octroi de deux deniers à prendre sur l'imposition de douze de niers par livre. Arch. adm., t. III, 337. 1373. Juin 17. Lettres du roi sur la ma nière de lever l'impôt à Reims. Arch. adm., t. m, 3S0. 1373. Aoûts. Vidimus de lettres de don fait par le roi aux habitants de Reims. Arch. adm., t. III, 384. 1373. Août 17. Injonction du roi au rece veur de Reims de délivrer les deniers de l'octroi par lui ordonné. Arcli. adm., t. III , 357. 1374. Jander l''. Fouages dus au roi par les habitants de Reims. Arch. adm., I. m , 391. 1374. Mai 8. Assignation faite à Tarche vêque et aux échevins de Reims à l'oc casion de la recréance d'un bourgeois. Arch. adm., t. III, 389. 1 37 .'j. Juin. Dénombrement des biens de l'archevêque de Reims. Arch. adm. , t. III, 406. 1375. Octobre 12. Mort de Louis Thezart, archevêque de Reims. Arch. adm. , t. 111,406. 1376. Déclaration de Charles V, sur les traites foraines. Arch. Icg., ii" part., sta tuts, n' vol., 16. 1376. Jan'ier 3. Richard Picque, arche vêque de Reims , prend possession de son siège. Arch. adm. , t. III, 422. 1376. Mai 28. Acte relatif à la juridiction temporelle de l'église de Reims. Arch. adm., t. III , 353. 1376. Décembre 4. Commission du par lement pour mctti'e à exécution un ar rêt contre le prévôt de Reims. Arch. adm., t. III, 434. 1377. Juin 4. Lettres relatives aux oc trois et impositions de la ville de Reims. Arch. adm., t. III, 357. 1377. Août 5. Transaction entre l'arche vêque de Reims et le vidame d'une part, et le chapitre d'autre, au sujet de leur juridiction respective. Arch. lég., II' part., statuts, " vol., 333. 1377. Septembre 6. Lettres du roi au bailli de Vermandois , lui enjoignant de faire rentrer quelques fonds dus à l'é chevinage de Reims , pour être em ployés aux fortifications de la ville. Arch. adm., t. III, 445. ♦ ' 1378. Février 9. Arrêt qui confirme les droits des échevins de Reims sur la (jo lice. Arch. adm., t. I, 483. 1378. Avril 12. Comptes de l'échevinag de Reims. Arch. adm., t. III, 30.^. 1378. Juillet 15. Commission du roi à un huissier du parlement, relative à un dé mêlé entre les bourgeois et les éche vins. Arch. adm., t. III, 459. 1378. Juillet 17. Procès sur des rentes achetées par Bertrand Gibour des habi 956 INDEX CHRONOLOGIQUE. tants fie Grand-Pré. Jrcli. ndni., f. III, 331:1. 1378. Juillet 2."i. Délibération ilii conseil de ville de Paris sur un cas criminel. Arch. ndni, t. III, 4."i1. 1378. Juillet 29 et 31. Acte relatif aux piiviléges de l'échevinago. .//y//, udm., t. m, 4i8. 1378. Octobre 9. Jugement au pidlit des religieux de Saint-Remi , pour une en treprise faite contre eux. Anh. lég., ••latiits, ni' vol., 30. 1 379 Février 8. Lettres patentes de Char les V, relatives à la juridiction des éche vins de Reims sur le courtage des vins. Aivli. Irg., Il" part., statuts, i" vol., 437. 1370. Juillet 23. Arrêt du parlement sur un procès entre un bourgeois de Reims et les échevins. Arcli. adm., t. III, riOl. 1380. Lettres de Charles V confirmant les ]iriviléges des nobles et gens d'église. Arch. lég.. Il' part., statuts, " vol., .S43. 1380. Transaction sur un procès entre les gens de l'archevècjue et de l'échevinage, pour un cas criminel. Arch. adni., t. III, 452. 1380. Janvier 10. Commission du bailli de Vermanciois , relative à la prisée des héritages de Reims pour les frais du sacre. ArcI,. adiii., t. III, 509. 1380. Février 7. Ordonnance sur les vivres de la ville de Reims. Airli. adm., t. m, 710. 1380. !lars 6. Accord entre les échevins et l'archevéqne de Reims, sur le même procès pendant en parlement. Arch. adm., t. III, .501. 1380. Avril 3. Lettres d'un sergent royal relatives à la police du courtage tles vins. Avril. Icg. . u'] pari., statuts , I"vol., 428. 1380. Juin 28. Inventaire de joyaux don nés par Charles V à l'église de Reims. Arcli. adm. , t. III, S03. I 381 . Charles VI augmente les droits sur le sel. Arch. lég.. Il' part., statuts, II' vol. , 16. 1381. Février 26. Acte relatif à l'exécu tion de la clause d'un compromis entre l'archevêque de Reims et le chapitre. Arch. adm., t. III, 378. 1381. Mars 16. Arrêt sur un procès inté ressant les droits de l'échevinage de Reims. Arch. adm., t. III , 462. 1381. Mars 31. Arrêt du parlement rela tif à un procès concernant la taille de Reims. Arch. adm., t. III, 535. 1381. Mai 13. Lettres de procuration dn cardinal Jean relatives au temporel de la trésorerie du chapitre de Reims. Arcii. adm., t. III, 516. 1381. Juillet 12. Dénombrement du cha pitre de l'église de Reims. Arch. adm., t. III, 516. 1381. .luillet 13. Lettres de Charles VI, qui nomme des gardiens pour le mo nastère de Saint-Remi. Arch. adm. , t. III, 660. 1 381 . Septembre 23. Vidiraus de certaines lettres relatives aux frais du sacre. ^Irch. adm., t. III, S09. 1382. Consécration de l'église de la Ma deleine, bâtie par les habitants du fau bourg (le Vesle. Arch. adm., t. II, 241. 1382 ou 89. Mars M. Fondalion d'une messe d'obit pour Dionysius de Me riaco. Arch. Icg., ii' part., statuts, 1" vol., 107. 1382. Avril 2. Arrêt du parlement sur un procès entre l'archevêque el le clia IINDEX CHRONOLOGIQUE. 957 pitre (Je Reims , au sujet de ceilains étaux.Jrc/i. adm., t. III, 813. 1382. Août 30. Lettres du roi ])renant sous sa protection un bourgeois de Reims. Jrch. adm., t. III, 459. 1382. Septembre i. Obligation consentie par Oudard Passentarte au sujet de la gestion de la prévoté de Reims, Jrch. adm., t. III, 43S. 1382. Octobre. Installation du capitaine de Reims. Anh. adm., t. III, 701. 1382. Octobre 11. Pièce relative à une cause pendant au parlement , sur un privilège de l'échevinage de Reims. Arch. adm., t. III, 431. 1382. Octobre 15. Prêt d'une certaine somme fait par le seigneur de Gueux à l'archevêque de Reims. Airli. adm., t. III, 748. 1382. Novembre 17. Commission relative à la police du courtage des vins. Anh. tég.. Il' part., statuts, i" vol., 428. 1383. Janvier 31 . Lettres de rémission de Philippe, duc de Bourgogne, en faveur du prévôt forain de Laon et des habi tants de Reims pour une arrestation illégale faite par eux. Arch. adm., t. III, 523. 1383. Juillet 2. Lettres d'approbation des sceaux des trésoriers de France. Arch. adm., t. III, 527. 1383. Juillet 24. Lettres du roi relatives au logement des gens de guerre à Reims. Arch. adm., t. III, 387. 1383. Novembre 20. Lettres du roi Charles VI, qui contraint les receveurs de la taille pour les frais du sacre, à rendre compte aux cchevins. Arch. adm., t. II, 577. 1383. Décembre 23. Document contenant des renseignements sur l'état des otages du roi Jean en Angleterre. Arch. ndm., t. III, 169. 1384. Janvier 15. Arrêt en faveur du vidanie de Reims contre certaines con structions érigées sur la voie publique par les échevins. Arch. adm., t. III, 519. 1384. Janvier 15. Accoid entre les éche vins et l'archevêque de Reims , au sujet de la taille pour les fortifications de ladite ville. Arch. adm., t. III, 532. 1384. Février 23. Arrêt confirmatif de la juridiction de l'archevêque de Reims sur les blasphématetu-s. Arch. lég. , II' part., statuts , n' vol., 38. 1384. Mai 11. Arrêt relatif aux chartes et papiers de l'échevinage de Reims. Arch. adm., t. III, 334. 1384. Juillet 16. Arrêt qui homologue un accord entre l'archevêque de Reims et son chapitre , relatif à la haute , moyenne et basse justice que ce dernier possède sur le territoire de la seigTieurie de Reims. Arch. adm., t. I, 82. 1385. Février. Accord entre l'archevêque et les échevins relatif au susdit pressoir. Arch. adm., t. III, 637. 1385. Février 13. Arrêt contre INicaise Sauvai , lieutenant du prévôt forain de Laon. Arch. adm., t. III, 612. 1385. Février 20. Arrêt qui attribue à l'archevêque de Reims , à l'exclusion f^'des échevins, les cas d'hérésie. Arch. adm., t. III, 643. 1385. Février 20. Arrêt lelatif à un procès sur les blasphèmes. Arch. adm. , t. III, 637, 643. 1385. Mars 10. Arrêt contre Jean de Pas sentarte , prévôt de Reims , relatif à la gestion de sa charge. Arch. adm., t. III, 436. 1385. Novembre 2 i. Accord entre l'ar chevêque'^fet le chapiire de Reims au INDEX CHRONOLOGIQUE. 958 sujet de certains étaux de bonclierie. Jrch. adm., t. IH , ^26. 1385. Novembre 24. Lettres de garde du roi sur un débat entre l'archevêque de Reims et les échevins, relatif à un pres soir banal. Arch. adm. , t. III, 634. 1385. Décembre 9. Arrêt du parlement contre un bourgeois de Reims, qui s'é tait porté à des voies de fait contre un bourgeois de l'archevêque. Anh. adm., t. m, 475. 1386. Acte de foi et hommage rendu par J. Blanchard trésorier de l'église de Reims au chapitre. Arch. ndm., t. I, 496. 1386. Février U. Fondation d'un obit pour Richardus de Besançons , arche vêque de Reims. Arch. W^., n' part. , statuts, 1" vol. ,107. 1386. (Avant Pâques.) Sentence du lieu tenant du bailli de Vermandois, qui con damne à l'amende un sieur Jean Mo det , pour délits commis par lui envers le chapitre. Arch. lég., n'part., statut.'^, ni' vol., 31. 1386. Mars 10. Acte relatif à la reddition des comptes de la gestion d'Oudarl Pas sentarte, piévôt de Reims. Arch. adm., t. m, 435. 1386. AvrillS. Arrêt du parlement sur un procès entre Guillau.ne le Gentil et sa fenmie, contre Jacques la Bai-be, re ceveur des tailles à Reims. Arch. adm., t. III, 537. 1387. Institution par le chapitre de Reims d'un courtier de vin. Arch. Irg, n' part. , statuts, i" vol., 429. 1387. Septembre 14. Copie de la rescrip lion d'un exploit fait pour l'archevêque de Reims contre les échevins , au sujet d'un pressoir banal. Arch. adm., t. III, 634. 1387, Septembre 27. Sentence du bailli de Vermandois, qui condamne un bour geois de Reims à payer un surcens aux chanoines de Saint-Timothée. Arch. lég., ïi' part., statuts, m' vol., 31. 1388. Mai 18. Conunission pour ajourner l'archevêque de Reims au sujet du droit de pêche prétendu par les bourgeois de Reims sur les étangs du Chastel-Levê que. Arch. adm. , t. 111, 688. 1388. Décembre 24. Arrêt du parlement sur un pi'ocès entre quelques particu liers et l'échevinage de Reims. Arch. adm., t. m, 179. 1389. Date assignée à l'écriture du ma nuscrit relatif aux jugements de l'éche vinage de Reims. Arch. adm., 1. 1, 1038. 1389. Février 12. Arrêt sur un procès entre quelques particuliers et l'échevi nage de Reims. Arch. adm., t. III, 1 80. 1389. Juin 3. Arrêt qui homologue une transaction entre l'archevêque et les échevins de Reims concernant l'exer cice de la justice dans le ban de l'arche vêque. Arch. Icg., Il* part., statuts, m' vol., H. 1389. Juin 2fi. Arrêt du parlement qui condamne les échevins de Reims à payer à Jehan delà Bove, capitaine de la ville, une somme à lui duc. Arch. achn., t. III, 701. 1389. Août 16. Essai sur les farines fait à Reims dans la maison du stellage. Arch. arf/«.,t.lll, 723. 1389. Septembre 7. Mort de RichardPic que, archevêque de Reims. Arch. lég., ^y' part., statuts, ii' vol., 57. 1389 Novembre 5. Publication à Reinis rfes lettres de Charles VI , portant pro longation de l'octroi levé pour les forli iications de cette ville. Arch. adm., t. m, 699. 1389. Décembre. Inventaire des biens de INDEX CHRONOLOGIQUE. feu Richard Picque, arc-hevtque de Reims. Ârch. adm., t. 111, 732. 1 389. Décembre 1 3. Testament de Richard Picqne , archevêque de Reiras. Arck. adm., t. m, 406. 1390. Mars 13. Cummission du i-oi au bailli de Vermandois pour coutiaLndre les habitants de Reims à restituer cer taines sommes qu'ils voulaient s'atti'i buer. Arch. adm., t. 111, 047. 1390. Marsan. Arrêt relatif à nn accord entre les officiers de l'archevêque de Reims et les ^hevins, au sujet de la taille. Arch. adju., t. 111, 703. | 26,021 |
herbertcartersle1900alge_1 | English-PD | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,900 | Herbert Carter's legacy, or, The inventor's son | Alger, Horatio, 1832-1899 | English | Spoken | 7,400 | 9,784 | '.'I^tLN^H 1 \t (\ \ 11 I \ /» B 1 "X 1 A *!^ \. 1 / Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2010 with funding from Boston Library Consortium IVIember Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/herbertcartersle1900alge HERBERT CARTER'S LEGACY Or, The Inventor's Son BY HORATIO ALGER, JR. AUTHOR OF "LUKE WALTON," "TOM THE BOOTBLACK,' " THE YOUNG SALESMAN," ETC. TRADE PUBLISHING CO. NEW YORK CONTENTS CHAPTER pagb I. Mrs. Carter Receives a Letter . . . i II. What the Letter Contained. 8 III. Herbert Meets a Relative . 15 IV. Reading the Will 22 V. What Came Afterward . 29 VI. The Lawyer's Home. . 36 VII. A Welcome Discovery . 44 VIII. Herbert's Return . 51 IX. A Business Confidence • 59 X. Squire Leech is Baffled . 66 XI. Sickness . 75 XII. " Poor and Proud". Sa XIII. Mr. Banks, the Superintendent . 88 XIV. Herbert's New Undertaking. . 95 XV. The Crisis Approaches 103 XVI. An Unexpected Offer no XVII. What th^. Letter Contained. 117 XVIII. How the Squire was Circumvented 125 XIX. Herbert Becomes a Professor 132 XX. Prospect Pond 140 XXI. Rowing .... 148 XXII. Andrew Temple. 155 XXIII. XXIV. Temple the Tempter James is Snubbed 162 169 XXV. The New Boat iii . 177 IV CONTENTS CHAPTER page XXVI. The Rival Boatmen . . . i . 184 XXVII. The Race « • < 191 XXVIII. Mrs. Carter's Guest 198 XXIX. A Bitter Pill 205 XXX. Out of Work Again . 213 XXXI. A New Start. . 220 XXXII. Ofening the Campaign , 228 XXXIII. Herbert as a Newsboy . 236 XXXIV. Herbert's Legacy 244 XXXV. Herbert's Return. , , , 252 XXXVI. Conclusion » 9 » c 259 HERBERT CARTER'S LEGACY CHAPTER I MRS. CARTER RECEIVES A LETTER " Is that the latest style ? " inqtilred James Leech, with a sneer, pointing to a patch on the knee of Her- bert Carter's pants. Herbert's face flushed. He was not ashamed of the patch, for he knew that his mother's poverty made it a necessity. But he felt that it was mean and dishonorable in James Leech, whose father was one of the rich men of Wrayburn, to taunt him with what he could not help. Some boys might have slunk away abashed, but Herbert had pluck and stood his ground. ''It is my style," he answered, firmly, looking James boldly in the face. " I admire your taste, then," returned James, with a smooth sneer. *' Then, you had better imitate it," retorted Her- bert. '* Thank you," said James, in the same insulting 2 HERBERT CARTER'S LEGACY tone. '' Would you lend me your pants for a pat- tern? Excuse me, though; perhaps you have no other pair." " For shame, James ! " exclaimed one or two boys who had listened to the colloquy, stirred to indigna- tion by this heartless insult on the part of James Leech to a boy who was deservedly a favorite with them all. Herbert's fist involuntarily doubled, and James, though he did not know it, ran a narrow chance of getting a good whipping. But our young hero con- trolled himself, not without some difficulty, and said : *' I have one other pair, and these are at your ser- vice whenever you require them." Then turning to the other boys, he said, in a changed tone : '' Who's in for a game of ball ? " " I," said one, promptly. " And I," said another. Herbert walked away, accompanied by the other boys, leaving James Leech alone. James looked after him with a scowl. He was sharp enough to see that Herbert, in spite of his patched pants, was a better scholar and a greater favorite than himself. He had intended to humiliate him on the present occasion, but he was forced to acknowledge that he had come off second best from the encounter. He walked moodily away, and took what comfort he could in the thought that he was HERBERT CARTER'S LEGACY 3 far superior to a boy who owned but two pairs of pants, and one of them patched. He was fooh'sh enough to feel that a boy or man derived importance from the extent of his wardrobe ; and exulted in the personal possession of eight pairs of pants. This scene occurred at recess. After school was over, Herbert walked home. He was a little thoughtful. There was no disgrace in a patch, as he was sensible enough to be aware. Still he would have a little preferred not to wear one. That was only natural. In that point, I suppose, my readers will fully agree with him. But he knew very well that his mother, who had been left a widow, had hard work enough to get along as it was, and he had no idea of troubling her on the sub- ject. Besides, he had a better suit for Sundays, which v/as neat though plain, and he felt that he ought not to allow himself to be disturbed by James Leech's insolence. So thinking, he neared the small house which he called home. It was a small cottage, with some- thing less than an acre of land attached, eno'^^h upon which to raise a few vegetables. It belonged to his mother, nominally, but was mortgaged for half its value to Squire Leech, the father of James. The amount of the mortgage, precisely, was seven hundred and fifty dollars. It had cost his father fifteen hundred. When he built it, obtaining half 4 HERBERT CARTER'S LEGACY this sum on mortgage, he hoped to pay it up by de- grees; but it turned out that, from sickness and other causes, this proved impossible. When, five months before, he had died suddenly, the house, which was all he left, was subject to this incum- brance. Upon this, interest was payable semi- annually at the rate of six per cent. Forty-five dol- lars a year is not a large sum, but it seemed very large to Mrs. Carter, when added to their necessary expenses for food, clothing, and fuel. How it was to be paid she did not exactly see. The same problem had perplexed Herbert, who, like a good son as he was, shared his mother's cares and tried to lighten them. But in a small village like Wray- burn there are not many ways of getting money, at any rate for a boy. There were no manufactories, as in some large villages, and money was a scarce commodity. Herbert had, however, one source of income. Half a dozen families, living at some distance from the post office, employed him to bring any letters or papers that might come for them, and for this ser- vice he received a regular tariff of two cents for each letter, and one cent for each paper. He v/as not likely to grow rich on this income, but he felt that, though small, it v/as welcome. According to custom, Herbert called at the post office on his wav home. He found a letter for Dea- HERBERT CARTER'S LEGACY 5 con Crossleigh, one for Mr. Duncan, two for Dr. Waffit, and papers for each of the two former. " Ten cents ! " he thought with satisfaction. *' Well, that is better than nothing, though it won't buy me a new pair of pants." He was about to leave the office, when the post- master called after him : " Wait a minute, Herbert ; I believe there's a letter for your mother." Herbert returned, and received a letter bearing the following superscription : " Mrs. Almira Carter, Wrayburn, New York." " I hope it isn't bad news," said the postmaster. "^^ I see it's edged with black." " I can't make out where it's from," said Her- bert, scanning the postmark critically. " Nor I," said the postmaster, rubbing his glasses, and taking another look. " The postmark is very indistinct." " There's an n and a p," said Herbert, after a little examination. '' I think that it must be Ran- dolph." " Randolph ? So it is, I declare. Have you got any friends or relatives living there? " " Yes, my mother's uncle Herbert, for whom I was named, lives there." *' Then he must be dead." " What makes you think so ? " ** The envelope is edged with black. You had 6 HERBERT CARTER'S JLEGACY better carry it home before you go round with the- others." "Perhaps I had/' said Herbert. "I'll run, so as not to keep the others waiting. Deacon Cross- leigh is always in a hurry for his paper." " Yes, the deacon's always in a fidget to know what's going on, particularly when Congress is in session. You know, he takes a wonderful interest in politics." Herbert ran up the street with a quick step, paus- ing a minute at his humble home. " You are out of breath, Herbert. Have you been running? " " Yes, I've got a letter for you, and I wanted tc^- bring it before I went round with the rest." " A letter ! Where from ? " asked the widow^ with curiosity, for she held very little intercourse with the world outside of Wrayburn. " It's postmarked Randolph, as well as I can make out. While you are reading it, I'll run and leave my letters, and be back to hear the news." In a hurry to do all his errands and get back, Her- bert ran all the way. While his eyes were fixed on one of the envelopes, he ran full against James Leech, who was walking up the street with a pomp- ous air. In the encounter James' hat came off, and he was-> nearly thrown down. HERBERT CARTER'S LEGACY 7 "** What made you run into me?" he demanded, wrathfully. " Excuse me, James," said Herbert, recovering liimself, " You did it on purpose," said his enemy, glaring at him angrily. " That isn't very likely," said Herbert. " I got liit as hard as you did." " Your hat didn't get knocked off. Pick it up,'* said James, imperiously, pointing to it as it lay in the path. *' I will, because it is by my fault that it fell," said Herbert, stooping over and picking it up. " You needn't have ordered me to do it." " Take care the next time how you run against a gentleman," said James, arrogantly. " Take care the next time to speak like a gentle- man," said Herbert. " Good-night. I must be off." " Insolent beggar ! " muttered James. '' He don't know his place. How dare he speak to me in that -way? " CHAPTER II WHAT THE LETTER CONTAINED Half an hour later, Herbert re-entered the cot- tage breathless with running. ''Well, mother, what is it?" he asked. '' Uncle Herbert is dead," she answered. "When did he die?" '' Yesterday morning. They wrote at once. The funeral is to take place to-morrow afternoon, at three o'clock." "Uncle Herbert was rich, wasn't he, mother?''" " Yes, he must have left nearly a hundred thou- sand dollars." " What a pile of money ! " said Herbert. " I wonder how a man feels when he is rich. He ought to be happy." " Riches don't always bring happiness. Uncle Herbert was disappointed in early life, and that seemed to spoil his career. He gave himself up to money-making, and succeeded in it ; but he lived by himself and had few sources of happiness." "Then he had no family?" " No." 8 HERBERT CARTER'S LEGACY 9 " Do you think he has left us anything, mother? '' asked Herbert, with something of hope in his tone. " I am afraid not. If he had been disposed to do that he would have done something for us before. He knew that we were poor, and that a little assist- ance would have been very acceptable. But he never offered it. Even when your father was sick for three months, and I wrote to him for a small loan, he refused, saying that we ought to have laid up money to fall back upon at such a time." " I don't see how a man can be so unfeeling. If he would only leave us a thousand dollars, how much good it would do us ! We could pay up the mortgage on the house, and have something left over. It wouldn't have been much for him to do." ** Well, we won't think too much about it," said Mrs. Carter. '' It will be wisest, as probably we should be only preparing ourselves for disappoint- ment. Uncle had a right to do what he pleased with his own." " Shall you go to the funeral, mother? " *' I don't see how I can/' said Mrs. Carter, slowly. *' It is twenty miles off, and I am very busy just now. Still one of us ought to go, if only to show respect to so near a relation. People would talk if we didn't. I think, as you were named for your Uncle Herbert, I will let you go." lo HERBERT CARTER'S LEGACY " If you think best, mother, I will walk, and that will save expense." " It will be too much for you to take such a walk. You had better ride." " No, mother, I am young and strong. I can walk well enough." " But it must be twenty miles," objected his mother. " The funeral doesn't take place till three o'clock in the afternoon. I will get up bright and early^. say at five o'clock. By nine I shall be halfway there." *' I am afraid it will be too much for you, Her- bert," said Mrs. Carter, irresolutely. '' You don't know how strong I am," said Her- bert; " I shan't get tired so easily as you think." '' But twenty miles is a long distance." *' I know that, but I shall take it easy. The stage fare is seventy-five cents, and it's a good way to save it. I wish somebody would offer me seventy-five cents for every twenty miles I would walk. I'd take it up as a profession." *' I am afraid I could earn little that way. I never was a good walker." " You're a woman," said Herbert, patronizingly. " Women are not expected to be good walkers, you know." '' Some are. I remember my Aunt Jane would HERBERT CARTER'S LEGACY ii lake walks of five and six miles, and think nothing .of it." " I guess I could match her in walking/' said Herbert, confidently. '' Is she alive? " *' No, she died three years since." '' Perhaps I take after her, then." " You don't take after me, I am sure of that. I think, Herbert, you had better take seventy-five :i:ents with you, so that if you get very tired with your walk over, you can come back by stage." " All right, mother ; I'll take the money, but I shall be sure not to need it." " It is best to be prepared for emergencies, Her- ^bert." "If I am going to-morrow morning, I must split up enough wood to last you while I am -^one." *' I am afraid you will tire yourself. I think I can get along with what wood there is already split." "Oh, don't be afraid for me. You'll see I'll come back as fresh as when I set out. I expect to have a stunning appetite, though." " I'll try to cook up enough for you," said his mother, smiling. Herbert went out into the woodshed, and went to work with real energy at the woodpile. In the course of an hour he had sawed and split several 12 HERBERT CARTER'S LEGACY large baskets full, which he brought in and piled up behind the kitchen stove. Mrs. Carter could not be expected to feel very deep grief for the death of her uncle. It was now more than six years since they had met. He was a selfish man, wholly wrapped up in the pursuit of wealth. Had he possessed benevolent instincts, he would have offered to do something out of his abundance for his niece, who he knew found it very hard to make both ends meet. But he was a man who was very much averse to parting with his money while he lived. He lived on a tenth of his income, and saved up the rest, though for what end he could not well have told. Since the death of Mr. Carter, whose funeral he had not taken trouble to attend, though invited, he had not even written to his niece, and she had abstained from making any advances, lest it might be thought that she was seek- ing assistance. Under these circumstances she had little hope of a legacy, though she could not help admitting the thought of how much a few hundred dollars would help her, bridging over the time till Herbert should be old enough to earn fair wages in some employment. If he could study two or three years longer, she would have been very glad, for her son had already shown abilities of no common order; but that was hardly to be thought of. " There, mother, I guess I've sawed wood enough HERBERT CARTER'S LEGACY 13 to last you, unless you are very extravagant," said Herbert, re-entering the kitchen, and taking off his cap. " Now is there anything else I can do ? You know I shall be gone two days, or a day and a half at any rate." " I think of nothing, Herbert. You had better go to bed early, and get a good night's rest, for you will have a hard day before you." ^' So I will, but eight o'clock will be soon enoughs Just suppose we should get a legacy, after all,, mother. Wouldn't it be jolly? " " I wouldn't think too much of it, Herbert.. There isn't much chance of it. Besides, it doesn't: seem right to be speculating about our own personal advantage when Uncle Herbert lies dead in his: house." There was justice in this suggestion, but Herbert: could hardly be expected to take a mournful view of the death of a relative whom he hardly remem- bered, and who had appeared scarcely to be aware of his existence. It was natural that the thought of his wealth should be uppermost in his young nephew's mind. The reader will hardly be sur- prised to hear that Herbert, knowing only too well' the disadvantages of poverty, should have speculated a little about his uncle's property after he went to bed. Indeed, it did not leave him even with his; waking consciousness. He dreamed that his uncle; 14 HERBERT CARTER'S LEGACY left him a big lump of gold, so big and heavy that he could not lift it. He was considering anxiously how in the world he was going to get it home, when all at once he awoke, and heard the church clock strike five. " Time I was on my way ! " he thought, and, jumping our of bed, he dressed himself as quickly as possible, and went downstairs. But, early as it w^as, his mother was down before him. There was a fire in the kitchen stove, and the cloth was laid for breakfast. '' What made you get up so early, mother? " asked Herbert. '' I wouldn't have you go away without break- fast, Herbert, especially for such a long walk." '' I meant to take something from the closet. That would have done well enough." " You will be all the better for a good, warm cup of tea. Sit right down. It is all ready." Early as it was, the breakfast tasted good. Her- bert ate hastily, for he was anxious to be on his way. Knowing that he could not afford to buy lunch, he put the remnants of the breakfast, including some slices of bread and butter and meat, into his satchel, and started on his long walk.. CHAPTER III HERBERT MEETS A RELATIVE Herbert had never been to Randolph. In fact^ he had never been so far away from Wrayburn. He was not afraid of losing his way, however. Here and there along tha road guide posts were con- veniently placed, and these removed any difficulty on that score. When he had gone about six miles, the coach rat- tled by. It had started more than an hour later. Herbert turned out for the lumbering vehicle, and waited for it to pass. There was a boy on top, but such was the cloud of dust that he could not at first recognize him. It happened, however, that one of the traces broke, so that the driver was compelled to make a stop just as he overtook our hero. Then he saw that the boy on top was Jam^es Leech. With James curiosity overcame his disinclination to speak to one so far beneath him. '' Where are you going. Carter? " he inquired. " To Randolph," was the answer. ^' Going to walk all the way? " 15 i6 HERBERT CARTER'S LEGACY *' I expect to," said Herbert, not relishing the cross-examination. *' Why don't you ride? " James did not ask for information. He knew well enough already, but as there are purse-proud men, so there are boys who are actuated by feelings equally unworthy, and it delighted him to remind Herbert of his poverty. Herbert divined this, but he was proud in his way, and answered : " Because I choose." " Well, you must like the dust, that's all," said James, complacently tapping his well-polished boot with a light cane which he had brought. "Where are you going?" asked Herbert, think- ing it about time for him to commence questioning. " I'm going to Randolph, too," answered James, with unwonted affability. " I'm going to stop a few days with a friend of mine, Tom Spencer. His father's a rich man — got a nice place there. Didn't you ever hear of Mr. Spencer, the lawyer? " " I don't think I have." " That's his father. He makes a load of money by his law business. I think I shall study lavv^ some time. Perhaps Ell go into partnership with him. What are you going to be? " " I don't know yet," said Herbert. " I suppose you'll be a mechanic of some kind — a carpenter, or mason, or bricklayer." HERBERT CARTER'S LEGACY 17 *' Perhaps so," said Herbert, quietly. " What are you going to Randolph for ? " asked James, with sudden curiosity. *' To attend my uncle's funeral." " What's your uncle's name ? " " The same as mine." " I suppose he was poor." " No, he was rich." " Was he ? " repeated James, in some surprise. ** What do you think he was worth?" "' About a hundred thousand dollars." " Sho ! you don't say so. Perhaps," continued James, with new-born respect, '' he has left you something in his will." '' I don't think so." "Why not?" *' He hasn't shown any interest in us for six years, and I have no reason to think he'll remember us now." Jam.es looked thoughtful. He had never before heard of this relationship, or he would have treated Herbert differently. The mere fact of having a wealthy relative elevated our hero considerably in his eyes. Then, too, there was a possibility that Herbert would turn out a legatee. " When is your uncle's funeral ? " he inquired, after a pause. '* This afternoon." i8 HERBERT CARTER'S LEGACY " You won't get there in time. You had better get up and ride." *' No, I guess not." " Well, perhaps I shall meet you at Randolph." By this time the harness was repaired, the driver resum.ed his seat, and whipped up the horses to make up for lost time. *' I'm glad I don't think as much of money as James Leech," thought Herbert. " I suppose if my uncle would only leave us a good round sum, he would forget that I once wore patched pants, and accept me as his intimate friend." This was exactly what James would have done, and Herbert showed that he was not wholly without knowledge of the world in forming the conjecture. Pausing occasionally to rest, Herbert at length accomplished his journey, arriving at Randolph a little after noon. He stopped just outside the vil- lage and ate his frugal dinner, vvhich by this time he was prepared to relish. He then took off his jacket and beat the dust out of it, dusted his shoes, and washed his face in a little brook by the roadside. Having thus effaced the marks of travel, he entered the village and inquired the way to the residence of his late uncle. He found out v\^here it was, but did not go there yet, knowing that there v/ould be prep- arations going on for the funeral. Neither did he go to the tavern, for he knew that he would be ex- HERBERT CARTER'S LEGACY 19 pected to dine there, and this was an expense which he did not feel able to incur. He threw himself down in the shade of a tree, and remained there until he heard the church clock strike two. He was still lying there when a young man, smartly dressed, sporting a showy watch chain and locket and an immense necktie, came up the street and accosted him. '' I say, boy, can you tell me where old man Car- ter's house is ? " " Yes," said Herbert. " Do you want to go there?" '' Of course I do. I'm one of the relatives. I've come all the way from New York to attend the funeral." *' I'm one of the relations, too," said Herbert. " We'll go along together." " By Jove, that's strange ! How are you related to the old chap? " drawled the young man. " He was my mother's uncle." " Was he ? Well, I'm a second or third cousin, I don't know which. Never saw him to my knowl- edge. In fact, I wouldn't have come on to the funeral if I hadn't heard that he was rich. Expect to be remembered ? " " I don't think so. He hasn't taken any notice of mother or myself for years." " Indeed ! " said the young man, who was rather ao HERBERT CARTER'S LEGACY pleased to hear this intelligence. " Are there many relations, do you know?" '' I don't think there are." " That's good. It makes our chance better, you know. I say, what's your name ? " " Herbert Carter." " Same as the old man's ? " " Yes." ^* Did he know you was named for him ? ** " Of course." " Then he may leave you something for the name," suggested the other, not very well pleased. " I don't expect anything. What is 3^our name? " " Cornelius Dixon. I'm related to the old man on my mother's side." " Are you in business in New York? " asked Her- bert, who in spite of the queer manners of his new relative, felt considerable respect for one who hailed from so important a city. " Yes, I am a salesman in a New York store. Where do you live? " '' In Wrayburn." "Where's that?" " About twenty miles from here." " Some one-horse country town, I suppose. Are you in any business?" " No." said Herbert, " but I'd like to be. Do you think you could get me a place in New York? " HERBERT CARTER'S LEGACY 21 " Well," said Cornelius, flattered by the belief in his influence which this inquiry implied, " perhaps I might. You can give me your name and address, so I can write to you if I hear of anything. If the old man only leaves me a few thousand dollars, I'll go into business for myself, and then I'd have an opening for you." '' I hope he will, then." " So do I. That is where we both agree. But perhaps it will be you that will get the cash." '' I don't think so." " If you do, put it into my hands, and go into partnership with me. I've got business experience, you know; while you're green, countrified, you know. It would never do for you to start alone." " No, I shouldn't think of it." "Then it's agreed, is it?" said Cornelius. "If I get a legacy, I'll take you into my store. If you get it, you will go into partnership with me." " I'm willing," said Herbert, who really believed that his companion had as valuable business quali- fications as he claimed. How was he to know that the pretentious Cornelius was only a salesman, at twelve dollars a week, in a dry-goods store? By this time they had reached the rather dingy- looking house of their deceased relative. The front door was open. They passed through the gate and, entering, took their places with the mourners. CHAPTER IV READING THE WILL Apparently the deceased had but few relatives. But six persons were in a small room appropriated to the mourner when our hero and his new ac- quaintance entered. One of these, and far the most imposing in appearance, was a stout lady, who quite filled up the only armchair in the room. In a plain chair close by was a meek little man, three inches shorter, and probably not more than half her weight. A boy and girl, the children of the ill-matched pair, the former resembling the father, the latter the mother, were ranged alongside. Permit me to in- troduce Mr. and Mrs. Josiah Pinkerton, of Castle- ton, an adjoining town, Master Albert and Miss Nancy Pinkerton. Mrs. Pinkerton is a milliner, and her husband is her clerk and errand boy. She has considerable business capacity, and makes enough to support the family comfortably, besides adding something an- nually to the fund in the savings bank. The rela- tionship to the deceased is on the side of the hus- band, who is a cousin. This relationship has given 22 HERBERT CARTER'S LEGACY 23 rise to great expectations on the part of Mrs. Pink- erton, who fully expects to inherit half the estate of Mr. Carter. *' If we get it, Josiah," she had promised mag- nificently, " I mean to buy you a new suit of Sunday clothes." '' But, Maria," expostulated the meek husband, *' it will be left to me, not to you." " Why so? " demanded she, frowning. *' Because he is my cousin, not yours." '' You indeed! " retorted the wife, angrily; " and what do you know about the use of money? Who supports the family, I should like to know ? " ^ " I help," answered Josiah, meekly. " And precious little you help," returned his wife, sarcastically. '' So far as you are concerned, we should all be in the poorhouse long before this. No, Josiah, the money must come into my hands. I'll give you a good allowance, and hire an errand boy so that you needn't have to carry round bundles. You ought to be contented with that." As no legacy had yet been received, Mr. Pinker- ton thought it best not to continue the discussion. Indeed, he was rather afraid of his imperious wif«, w^ho held the reins of authority, and whom he did not dare to dispute. The two other relations were, first, a brown-faced and brown-handed farmer, Alonzo Granger, and an 24 HERBERT CARTER'S LEGACY old lady, of seventy or thereabouts — Miss Nancy Carter, a sister of the deceased. For years she had lived on a small pension from her brother, increased somewhat by knitting stockings for the neighbors. She, indeed, was the only real mourner. The rest were speculating about how far they were likely to be benefited by the death of the deceased, of whom they had seen but little in life. Even Herbert, though impressed by the presence of death, could hardl}^ be expected to feel deep grief for a man who had neglected his mother in his life. Of the funeral rites it is unnecessary to speak. We are interested in what came afterward. The relations were quietly notified to meet at five o'clock in the office of Mr. Spencer, the lawyer, to whom had been intrusted the will of the late Mr. Carter. Those who have even a slight knowledge of human nature will not need to be told that the attendance of all was punctual. There was an anxious, expectant look on the faces of all — not even excepting the old lady. She knew that if her brother had m.ade no provision for her, she must go to the almshouse, and against this her honest pride revolted. She was willing to live on any- thing, however little, if she might live independ- ently, as she had hitherto done. To feel herself de- pendent on public charity would indeed have been a hard trial for the poor old lady. Of all, probably HERBERT CARTER'S LEGACY 25 Mrs. Pinkerton was the most confident. She had come to feel that her family was entitled to a large share of the estate, and she had gone so far as to decide just how she would invest it, and what new arrangements she would make, for she had no idea of consulting her husband on the subject. The lav/yer was a gentlemanly-looking man, whose face inspired confidence in his integrity — a remiark which, unhappily, cannot be made of all in his profession. He took his seat at a table, and pro- duced the will, which he considerately commenced reading at once. After the usual introduction, the will proceeded thus : " To my sister Nancy I give the use of miy house, rent free, as long as she shall live. I leave her also an income of two hundred dollars a year, which, as her wants are small, will be sufficient to maintain her in comfort." The old lady breathed a sigh of relief. Her fears were removed. She could continue to live as she had been accustomed to do, and need not be beholden to private or public charity. Mrs. Pinkerton was not so well pleased. She felt almost as if she had been deprived of what belonged to her by right. She frowned at Miss Nancy, but the old lady was unconscious of the displeasure excited in the bosom of her imposing-looking relative- 26 HERBERT CARTER'S LEGACY The lawyer proceeded : " To my cousin, Alonzo Granger, I leave one hundred dollars; not because he needs it, for I understand that he is well-to-do^ but as a mark of remembrance." The farmer scowled slightly, and opened and closed his brown hands in dissatisfaction. He Vx^as well-to-do; but when was a man ever satisfied with that? He had counted upon a few thousands, with which he proposed to buy an adjoining farm. Mrs. Pinkerton, however, was pleased. There was so much m.ore for her. " To Cornelius Dixon " — here Herbert's morn- ing acquaintance began to feel excited — " I be- queath one hundred dollars, to buy a looking-glass and a nevv^ suit of clothes." The young man's face lengthened very perceptibly as he heard the small amount of his legacy, and he glared savagely at Mrs. Pinkerton, who showed a mirthful face at his discomfiture. Her turn came next. *' To Josiah Pinkerton, his wife and children, I leave one hundred dollars apiece ; also my best black pantaloons, which he or his wife may appropriate, as may be arranged between them." All except the Pinkertons laughed at this sly hit, and even the lawyer smiled ; but the stout lady flushed with rage and disappointment, and ejacu- HERBERT CARTER'S LEGACY 27 lated : " Abominable ! " The eyes of all were di- rected to Herbert, who was the only one remaining. Could it be possible that the rest of the property was left to him ? The fear of this made him the focus of unfriendly eyes, and he became restive and anxious. " To my namesake, Herbert Carter, I leave a black trunk which I keep in my room, with all that it contains. To his mother I direct that the sum of one hundred dollars be paid." This was not much, but it was more than Herbert had expected. He knew how welcome even one hundred dollars would be to his mother, and he looked satisfied — ^the only one of the party, except the old lady, who showed any pleasure at the con- tents of the will. The relatives looked bewildered. All had been mentioned in turn, and yet but a small part — a very small part — of the estate had been disposed of. Mrs. Pinkerton bluntly expressed the general curi- osity. *' Who is to have the rest, Mr. Spencer? " she de- manded. " Vm coming to that," answered the lawyer, quietly. " All the rest and residue of my property, of whatever kind, I leave to the town of Randolph, to 28 HERBERT CARTER'S LEGACY establish a high school, directing that not more than twenty thousand dollars be expended upon the build- ing, which shall be of brick. I desire that the school shall be known as the Carter School, to the end that my name may be remembered in connection with what I hope will prove a public blessing." " That is all," said the lawyer, and he laid down the will upon the table. CHAPTER V WHAT CAME AFTERWARD There was silence for a minute after the will was read. Mrs. Pinkerton fanned herself furiously, and looked angry and excited. At length she said : " I wish to say that this is a very unjust will, Mr. Spencer." " I am not responsible for it, Mrs. Pinkerton,'* answered the lawyer, quietly. *' I don't know what the rest of you think," said the angry lady, with a general glance around the office, '* but I think the will ought to be broken." " On what grounds ? " asked Mr. Spencer. '' He had no right to put off his own flesh and blood with a beggarly pittance, and leave all his money to the town." ** Pardon me; whatever you may think of Mr. Carter's will, there is no doubt that he had a perfect legal right to dispose of it as he did." " Then the laws ought to be altered," said Mrs. Pinkerton, angrily. " I don't believe he was sane when he made the will." 2f 30 HERBERT CARTER'S LEGACY " If you can prove that," said the lawyer, " you can set aside the will ; but not otherwise." " My brother was in his right mind," here inter- posed Miss Nancy. *' He always meant to give the town money for a school." " No doubt you think he was sane," sneered Mrs. Pinkerton, turning upon the old lady. " You have fared better than any of us." " Miss Nancy was most nearly related to the de- ceased," said the lawyer, "and she needed hel]> most." " It's all very well to talk," said the lady, toss- ing her head, *'but me and mine have been badly used. I have hard work enough to support the family, and little help I get from him," she added, pointing to her unhappy husband. " I'm workin' all the time," remonstrated Josiah. " You are unkind, Maria." " I could hire a boy to do all your work for three dollars a week," she retorted. " That's all you help me. I've worried along for years, expectin' Mr. Carter would do something handsome for us; and now he's put us off with four hundred dollars." " I get only one hundred," said the farmer. " And I too. It's a beastly shame," remarked Cornelius. '' Really," said the lawyer, " it appears to me un- seemly to speak so bitterly so soon after the funeral " HERBERT CARTER'S LEGACY ^t '' I dare say you like it v/ell enough," said Mrs. Pinkerton, sharply. " You've got all our money to build a schoolhouse." " It will not benefit me any more than the towns- people generally," said the lawyer. " For my part, I should have been glad if my late friend had left a larger sum to those connected with him by- blood." "Don't you think we could break the will?" asked Mrs. Pinkerton, persuasively. " Couldn't you help us ? '' " You can attempt it, but I assure you in advance you haven't the ghost of a chance. You would only lose your m.oney, for the town would strenuously oppose you." The stout lady's face fell. She felt that the last hope was gone. " All I can say is, that it's a scandalous thing,'* she concluded, bitterly. " I should like to know what's in that trunk he left you," said Cornelius Dixon, turning to Herbert. " Maybe it's money or bonds. If it is, don't for- get our agreement." This drew attention to Herbert. *' To be sure," said Mrs. Pinkerton, whose curi- osity was aroused, *' Mr. Dixon may be right. Sup- pose w^e all go over to the house and open it." Herbert looked irresolutely toward the lawyer. 32 HERBERT CARTER'S LEGACY " There is no objection, I suppose," said Mr. Spencer. " I know what's in the trunk," said Miss Nancy, quietly. Straightway all eyes were turned upon her. "What is it?" " It's clothes. My brother used to keep his clothes in that trunk." Cornelius Dixon burst into a rude laugh. " I say, Herbert, I congratulate you," he said, with a chuckle. '^ The old fellow's left you his wardrobe. You'll look like a peacock when you put 'em on. If you ever come to New York to see me, leave 'em at home. I wouldn't like to walk up Broadway with such a gawk as you'd look." " Young man," said Miss Nancy, her voice trem- ulous, " it don't look well in you to ridicule my poor departed brother. He didn't forget you." " He might as well," m.uttered Cornelius. '' I hope you won't laugh at my brother's gift," daid the old lady, turning to Herbert. *' No, ma'am," said Herbert, respectfully. " I am glad to get it. I can''s afrord to buy new clothes often, and they can be made over for me." " You v/ouldn't catch me wearing such old- fashioned duds," said Cornelius, scornfully. " No one asked you to, young man," said the old lady, disturbed at the manner in which her brother HERBERT CARTER'S LEGACY 33 was spoken of. '* The boy's worth a dozen of you." " Thank you," said Cornelius, bowing with mock respect. " I should like to ask," he continued, turn- ing to the lawyer, " when I can get my legacy. It isn't much, but I might as well take it." " As the amount is small, I will send you a check next week," said Mr. Spencer, " if you will leave me your address." "And can I have my money, too?" demanded Mrs. Pinkerton. " It's a miserable pittance, but I owe it to my poor children to take it." " I will send your husband a check also, next week, madam." " You needn't send it to him. You may send it tO' me," said the lady. " Part of it is mine," expostulated the husband, in meek deprecation. " I can give you your part," said his wife, *' Mr Spencer, you may make the check payable to me." " But, Maria—" " Be silent, Josiah ! Don't make a fool of your- self," said his wife, in an imperious tone. | 42,333 |
https://github.com/dskprt/nylium/blob/master/Starfield.Core/Block/Blocks/BlockSpruceSlab.cs | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,021 | nylium | dskprt | C# | Code | 230 | 587 | // FILE AUTOGENERATED. DO NOT MODIFY
using System;
namespace Starfield.Core.Block.Blocks {
[Block("minecraft:spruce_slab", 453, 8310, 8315, 8313)]
public class BlockSpruceSlab : BlockBase {
public override ushort State {
get {
if(Type == "top" && Waterlogged == true) {
return 8310;
}
if(Type == "top" && Waterlogged == false) {
return 8311;
}
if(Type == "bottom" && Waterlogged == true) {
return 8312;
}
if(Type == "bottom" && Waterlogged == false) {
return 8313;
}
if(Type == "double" && Waterlogged == true) {
return 8314;
}
if(Type == "double" && Waterlogged == false) {
return 8315;
}
return DefaultState;
}
set {
if(value == 8310) {
Type = "top";
Waterlogged = true;
}
if(value == 8311) {
Type = "top";
Waterlogged = false;
}
if(value == 8312) {
Type = "bottom";
Waterlogged = true;
}
if(value == 8313) {
Type = "bottom";
Waterlogged = false;
}
if(value == 8314) {
Type = "double";
Waterlogged = true;
}
if(value == 8315) {
Type = "double";
Waterlogged = false;
}
}
}
public string Type { get; set; } = "bottom";
public bool Waterlogged { get; set; } = false;
public BlockSpruceSlab() {
State = DefaultState;
}
public BlockSpruceSlab(ushort state) : base(state) {
if(state < MinimumState || state > MaximumState) {
throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("state");
}
State = state;
}
public BlockSpruceSlab(string type, bool waterlogged) {
Type = type;
Waterlogged = waterlogged;
}
}
} | 39,046 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Qualification | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Taekwondo at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Qualification | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Qualification&action=history | English | Spoken | 105 | 182 | Taekwondo competitions at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens were held from August 25 to August 28. There were four weight categories for both men and women. Each NOC could enter 2 men and 2 women, but only 1 athlete per weight category. There was one global Olympic Qualification Tournament and one qualification tournament for each continent. In addition, 4 invitational places were awarded.
Timeline
Qualification summary
Men's events
−58 kg
−68 kg
−80 kg
+80 kg
Women's events
−49 kg
−57 kg
−67 kg
+67 kg
References
External links
World Taekwondo Federation
Qualification for the 2004 Summer Olympics
2004
Olympic Qualification
Olympic Qualification
Qualification | 2,822 |
https://github.com/zahidul1994/bikebikroy/blob/master/resources/views/auth/register.blade.php | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | bikebikroy | zahidul1994 | PHP | Code | 386 | 1,665 | @extends('layouts.app')
@section('title', "Register")
<style>
.login-with-facebook a{
padding: 5px 10px;
background: #3b5999;
color: #fff;
display: block;
border-radius: 4px;
}
.login-with-facebook{
padding: 0 0 20px 0;
}
.login-with-facebook a li{
font-weight: 700;
}
.login-with-facebook a li i{
margin-right: 10px;
}
.login-with-google a{
padding: 5px 10px;
background: transparant;
color: #000;
display: block;
border-radius: 4px;
border: 1px solid #ddd;
}
.login-with-google{
padding: 0 0 20px 0;
}
.login-with-google a li{
font-weight: 700;
}
.login-with-google a li i{
margin-right: 10px;
}
</style>
@section('content')
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-4"></div>
<div class="col-md-4">
<div class="user-card shadow-lg">
<h3 class="user-logo mb-0">
Bike Bikroy
</h3>
<div class="login-with-facebook">
<a href="{{ url('login/facebook') }}">
<ul>
<li><i class="fab fa-facebook-square"></i> Continue with Facebook</li>
</ul>
</a>
</div>
<div class="login-with-google">
<a href="{{ url('login/google') }}">
<ul>
<li><i class="fab fa-google"></i> Continue with Google</li>
</ul>
</a>
</div>
@if ($errors->has('status'))
<strong>{{ $errors->first('status') }}</strong>
@endif
<form class="login-form" method="POST" action='{{ url("userregister") }}' aria-label="{{ __('Register') }}">
@csrf
<div class="input-group mb-3">
<span class="input-group-text" id="basic-addon1">
<i class="far fa-user"></i>
</span>
<input id="email" type="text" class="form-control @error('email') is-invalid @enderror" name="fullname"
value="{{ old('fullname') }}" required autocomplete="fullname" autofocus placeholder="Your Full Name">
@error('fullname')
<div class="invalid-feedback">
<small role="alert">
{{ $message }}
</small>
</div>
@enderror
</div>
<div class="input-group mb-3">
<span class="input-group-text" id="basic-addon1">
<i class="far fa-phone-square-alt"></i>
</span>
<input id="phone" type="tel" class="form-control @error('phone') is-invalid @enderror" name="phone"
value="{{ old('phone') }}" required autocomplete="phone" autofocus placeholder="Your Phone Number">
@error('phone')
<div class="invalid-feedback">
<small role="alert">
{{ $message }}
</small>
</div>
@enderror
</div>
<div class="input-group mb-3">
<span class="input-group-text" id="basic-addon1">
<i class="far fa-envelope"></i>
</span>
<input id="email" type="email" class="form-control @error('email') is-invalid @enderror" name="email"
value="{{ old('email') }}" autocomplete="email" autofocus placeholder="Your Email Address">
@error('email')
<div class="invalid-feedback">
<small role="alert">
{{ $message }}
</small>
</div>
@enderror
</div>
<div class="input-group mb-3">
<span class="input-group-text" id="basic-addon1">
<i class="fas fa-key"></i>
</span>
<input id="password" type="password" class="form-control @error('password') is-invalid @enderror" name="password"
value="{{ old('password') }}" required autocomplete="password" autofocus placeholder="Password">
@error('password')
<div class="invalid-feedback">
<small role="alert">
{{ $message }}
</small>
</div>
@enderror
</div>
<div class="input-group mb-3">
<span class="input-group-text" id="basic-addon1">
<i class="fas fa-key"></i>
</span>
<input id="password_confirmation" type="password" class="form-control @error('password_confirmation') is-invalid @enderror" name="password_confirmation"
value="{{ old('password_confirmation') }}" required autocomplete="password_confirmation" autofocus placeholder="Confirm Password">
@error('password_confirmation')
<div class="invalid-feedback">
<small role="alert">
{{ $message }}
</small>
</div>
@enderror
</div>
<div class="form-check mb-3">
<input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" id="invalidCheck" required>
<label class="form-check-label" for="invalidCheck">
Agree to terms and conditions
</label>
<div class="invalid-feedback">
You must agree before submitting.
</div>
</div>
<button class="user-btn mt-2">
Registration
</button>
<div class="row mt-5">
<div class="col-md-6">
<a href="{{url('login')}}">Log Up</a>
</div>
<div class="col-md-6">
<a href="{{url('/')}}" class="text-danger">Home </a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-4"></div>
</div>
@endsection
| 40,298 |
https://github.com/EquilibrioApp/Equilibrio-BackEnd/blob/master/src/equivalencia/equivalencia.entity.ts | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | Equilibrio-BackEnd | EquilibrioApp | TypeScript | Code | 66 | 233 | import { UserEntity } from "src/users/users.entity";
import { Column, Entity, PrimaryGeneratedColumn, OneToOne, JoinColumn, ManyToMany, ManyToOne, BaseEntity} from "typeorm";
@Entity()
export class EquivalenciaEntity extends BaseEntity{
@PrimaryGeneratedColumn('uuid')//'uuid'
id: string;
@Column({default : ""})
nombre:string;
@Column({default : ""})
grupoAlimencio:string;
@Column({default : ""})
subgrupo:string;
@Column({default : ""})
racion : string;
@ManyToOne(()=> UserEntity, doctor => doctor.equivalencia, {eager: true})
@JoinColumn()
doctor:UserEntity;
}
/*
id_avance serial primary key,
fecha date,
observacion text,
id_expediente bigint);*/ | 40,536 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4155709 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | Двигатель революции | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 18 | 53 | Двигатель революции
страница значений в проекте Викимедиа
Двигатель революции это частный случай понятия страница значений в проекте Викимедиа | 19,859 |
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5%20%D0%B8%20%D0%A7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5%20%28%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%29 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Красное и Чёрное (группа) | https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Красное и Чёрное (группа)&action=history | Russian | Spoken | 573 | 1,641 | «Красное и Чёрное» — ленинградская рок-группа. Группу в 1968-и году организовал Юрий Гончаров, выпускник физмеха Ленинградского политехнического института им. Калинина (ЛПИ).
В начальный состав группы вошли:
Юрий Гончаров — вокал, ритм-гитара;
Александр Жидков — вокал, соло-гитара;
Александр Иванов — вокал, бас-гитара;
Стулов — ударные.
Техниками работали Федор Злыднев и Владимир Хопов.
Начали репетировать в Доме культуры (клубе) «Красный Октябрь». Играли репертуар зарубежных групп The Beatles, The Shadows, The Troggs, The Rolling Stones, The Equals и пр. Вскоре ударника Стулова заменил Владимир Серебряков.
Постепенно стали обзаводиться собственными инструментами и аппаратурой, группе стало тесно в Красном Октябре, и в начале 1969 года она перебралась играть на танцах в Парголово. Напряженная работа на танцах и ночных балах сочеталась с интенсивными репетициями: у ребят были амбиции, им хотелось играть более сложные и красивые вещи.
В июле 1969 года в группу пришли Олег Степанов (соло-гитара) и Сергей Просвирнин (электроорган, гитара).
За короткий срок были отрепетированы новые песни со сложными партиями вокала, гитары, электрооргана, ударных: Better By You, Better Than Me и Society’s Child (Spooky Tooth), Time Of The Season (Zombies) и др.
В начале 1970-го года группа перебирается играть на танцах в Юкках. Работа продолжается, и в репертуаре появляются Effigy (Creedence Clearwater Revival), I’ve Gotta Get A Message To You (Bee Gees), Venus (Shocking Blue), Light my fire (The Doors), Lalena и Blind (Deep Purple).
18 июня 1970 г. в «Ленинградской правде» выходит статья «Если вам позвонит Гарик». Статья была посвящена проблемам развития молодежной музыки в Ленинграде и носила разгромный характер. На примере вечера танцев в Юкках, где играла группа «Красное и Черное», в очередной раз и с уничижительными подробностями было раскрыто «тлетворное влияние Запада на современную молодежь».
Вспоминает Сергей Просвирнин: «По словам Гончарова, журналистка, с которой он общался, говорила ему, что она любит современную музыку и хочет написать статью в защиту музыкальных ансамблей, которые в ту пору подверглись гонениям после знаменитого выступления „Фламинго“ 25 декабря 1969 года в ЛПИ. Тем самым вошла к нему в доверие и вывела на откровенные высказывания, которые использовала в статье».
По результатам статьи с действующими студентами ЛПИ Просвирниным и Хоповым были проведены мощные профилактические беседы в деканате, но отчислять из вуза их не стали. А в отношении ленинградских рок-групп была усилена политика давления: ужесточены требования к репертуару и проведено всеобщее прослушивание, которое состоялось во Всеволожском доме культуры.
«Красное и Черное» принудили сменить яркое и уже раскрученное название на заурядное «Гармония». Тем не менее работа продолжилась. Руководителем выбирают Сергея Просвирнина, как имеющего музыкальное образование.
После ухода в армию Олега Степанова в группу приходит сильный мультиинструменталист Александр Алексеев (гитара, клавишные, флейта, вокал). И в репертуаре, помимо общеизвестных боевиков Yellow River (Christie), In The Summertime (Mungo Jerry), Have You Ever Seen The Rain (Creedence Clearwater Revival) того времени, появились такие вещи как In The Land Of The Few и Seagull (Love Sculpture), Monkberry Moon Delight и Eat at Home (Пол Маккартни).
Осенью 1971-го года коллектив покидают Гончаров и Серебряков. Одновременно меняется и место работы: группа перемещается во Всеволожск.
Весной 1972 года уходят в армию Хопов и Алексеев, а осенью — Злыднев и Иванов.
Группа прекращает свое существование.
Просвирнин Сергей до ухода в армию (1975 г.) играет в джаз-рок-группе «Возрождение» (гитара).
Профессиональным музыкантом из всей группы становится только Александр Алексеев.
Гончаров, Хопов и Просвирнин в дальнейшем работают по вузовской специальности: Гончаров защитил докторскую диссертацию, а Хопов и Просвирнин — кандидатскую.
Федор Злыднев умер в 2012 году.
Примечания
Ссылки
Rock-n-roll.ru Энциклопедия
"Если вам позвонит Гарик" Статья в газете "Ленинградская правда" от 18 июня 1970 г.
Рок-группы СССР | 39,887 |
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%BD | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Вьюн | https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Вьюн&action=history | Russian | Spoken | 103 | 338 | Вьюн:
Вьюны () — род рыб отряда карпообразных.
Обыкновенный вьюн () — вид рыб рода вьюнов.
Вьюн — то же, что Вьюнок полевой.
Вьюн — туристическая разборная каркасная байдарка для занятий водным туризмом.
Персоналии
Вьюн, Георгий Иванович (1944—2008) — советский футболист и тренер.
Населённые пункты
Белоруссия
Вьюн — деревня в Быховском районе Могилёвской области.
Россия
Вьюн — посёлок во Всеволожском районе Ленинградской области.
Вьюн — деревня в Сергачском районе Нижегородской области.
Вьюны — село в Колыванском районе Новосибирской области.
Река
Вьюн (река) — река на Карельском перешейке.
См. также
Вьюнишник — славянский календарный обычай коллективного чествования и поздравления молодожёнов.
Вьюнок (значения)
Вьюнки (значения) | 22,219 |
https://github.com/xyza11808/MATLAB/blob/master/spike_sort.m | Github Open Source | Open Source | BSD-2-Clause | 2,023 | MATLAB | xyza11808 | MATLAB | Code | 421 | 2,080 |
function [n,SpikeTime,SpikeAmp,FireRateBin,STA,bin,data_backup]=spike_sort(data,t,bin)
%%spike sorting
%the same function as spike_sort_im,but wih no image plot
%%default value of input
if nargin<3
bin=0.02*length(data)/t;
if nargin<2
error(message('MATLAB:NotEnoughInputs'));
end
end
%%vector length check
if (length(data)<=2)
%disp('Not enough length of vector')
error('Not enough length of vector');
end
%#################################
%default output value
data_norm=data-min(data);
n=0;
SpikeTime=[];
SpikeAmp=[];
FireRateBin=[];
STA=[];
data_backup=data;
%%init of some varience
spike_num=0;
m=1;
step=t/(length(data));
%TimeLine=0:step:t;
data_backup=data;
% figure;
% plot(TimeLine,data);
%%
%threshold deletion of the raw
% SignalNoise=2*std(data);
% data=data-SignalNoise;
% UnderThresIndex= data<0;
% data(UnderThresIndex)=0;
% % figure;
% % %data=data(find(data<0));
% % %St=step*(length(data)-1);
% % %TimeLine=0:step:St;
% % plot(TimeLine,data);
% %%test of a peak
% Spike=zeros(length(data));
% %SpikeTime=[];
% SpikeAmp=zeros(length(data));
% m=1;
% for i=2:(length(data)-1)
% if (data(i)>data(i-1)&&data(i)>data(i+1))
% spike_num=spike_num+1;
% SpikeAmp(m)=data_backup(i);
% Spike(m)=i;
% %SpikeTime(m)=i*step;
% m=m+1;
% end
% end
% SpikeAmp=SpikeAmp(SpikeAmp>0);
% Spike=Spike(Spike>0);
% SpikeTime=Spike*step;
%%
%second way of spike number detection, use the half maxium response as
%threshold to delete data size
SignalNoise=3*std(data);
thres=0.5*max(data);
if thres<SignalNoise
disp('No significant spike shape exists, return to caller function.\n');
return;
end
inds=find(data>thres);
if inds(1)==1
inds=inds(2:end);
end
if inds(end)==length(data);
inds=inds(1:end-1);
end
SpikeAmp=zeros(1,length(inds));
Spike=zeros(1,length(inds));
for i=1:length(inds)
j=inds(i);
if (data_norm(j)>data_norm(j-1)&&data_norm(j)>data_norm(j+1))
spike_num=spike_num+1;
SpikeAmp(i)=data_norm(j);
Spike(i)=j;
%SpikeTime(m)=i*step;
m=m+1;
end
end
SpikeAmp=SpikeAmp(SpikeAmp~=0);
Spike=Spike(Spike~=0);
SpikeAmp=SpikeAmp(SpikeAmp>0);
Spike=Spike(Spike>0);
SpikeTime=Spike*step;
%%
%test of the result
if (spike_num == 0)
disp('There is no spike in this vector');
n=0;
% error('There is no spike in this vector');
else
n=spike_num;
end
%%firing rate plot with bin
if (mod(length(data),bin)==0)
LengthBin=length(data)/bin;
else
LengthBin=(length(data)/bin)+1;
%data=[data,repmat([0],LengthBin*bin-length(data),1)];
data=[data,zeros(LengthBin*bin-length(data))];
disp('outlier bin number will be replaced as zero');
% for i=length(data):LengthBin*bin
% data(i)=0;
% end
end
FireRateBin=zeros(1,LengthBin);
for j=1:LengthBin
bin_low_lim=bin*(j-1)+1;
bin_high_lim=bin*j;
FireRateBin(j)=sum(Spike>bin_low_lim & Spike<bin_high_lim);
%FireRateBin(j)=0;
% m=bin*(j-1)+1;
% for k=m+1:m+bin-1
% if (data(k)>data(k-1) && data(k)>data(k+1))
% FireRateBin(j)=FireRateBin(j)+1;
% end
% end
%
end
% spike_num
% SpikeTimeNorm=SpikeTime/step
% length(SpikeTime)
%
%%plot of spike triggered avrage
AllStimus=zeros(bin,n);
data_bin=zeros(1,bin);
% length(data_back(Spike(i)-bin:Spike(i)))
for i=1:n
if (Spike(i)-bin/2+1)<1
outer_lim=bin/2-Spike(i);
data_bin(1:outer_lim)=SignalNoise;
data_bin(outer_lim+1:bin)=data_backup(1:Spike(i)+bin/2);
elseif Spike(i)+bin/2>length(data_backup)
outer_lim=bin/2+Spike(i)-length(data_backup);
data_bin(1:bin-outer_lim)=data_backup(Spike(i)-bin/2+1:end);
data_bin(bin-outer_lim+1:bin)=SignalNoise;
else
data_bin=data_backup(Spike(i)-bin/2+1:Spike(i)+bin/2);
end
AllStimus(:,i)=data_bin;
end
%the first calculate method of STA---algorithm get online
%AllStimus(:,i)=data_back(Spike(i)+1:Spike(i));
AvgStimus=mean(AllStimus,2);
meansig=mean(data_backup);
STA=(AvgStimus-meansig) ./meansig;
% %STA=flipud((AvgStimus-meansig) ./meansig);
% normSTA=(STA-mean(STA))./mean(STA);
% %second method of STA calculate---self understanding
% % STA=mean(AllStimus,2);
% normSTA=(STA-mean(STA))./mean(STA);
%
% %plot of the sta result
% time_inds=-bin/2:bin/2-1;
% time=time_inds*step;
% h=figure;
% % time=-1*(bin-1)*step:step:0;
% [hAx,~,~]=plotyy(time,STA,time,normSTA);
% title('STA plot');
% xlabel('time(s)');
% ylabel(hAx(1),'STA'); % left y-axis
% ylabel(hAx(2),'normalized STA'); % right y-axis
% pause(1);
% close;
% plot(time,STA,'Color','blue');
% hold on;
% plot(time,normSTA,'Color','red');
% hold off;
% % FireRateBin(1:10)
% % length(FireRateBin)
% xp=bin:bin:bin*LengthBin;
% xp=xp*step;
% % length(FireRateBin)
% figure;
% plot(xp,FireRateBin,'k-o','linewidth',2,'markersize',4);
% title('The firing rate of give data');
% xlabel('Time');
% ylabel('firing rate with bin');
end
| 44,348 |
https://github.com/imdreamrunner/RenXing/blob/master/app/src/main/java/com/dldzkj/app/renxing/bbs/TypeEveryListAdapter.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,017 | RenXing | imdreamrunner | Java | Code | 350 | 1,887 | package com.dldzkj.app.renxing.bbs;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.graphics.Bitmap;
import android.graphics.drawable.Drawable;
import android.support.v7.widget.LinearLayoutManager;
import android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView;
import android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView.ViewHolder;
import android.text.Html;
import android.text.SpannableString;
import android.text.Spanned;
import android.util.Log;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.View.OnClickListener;
import android.view.View.OnLongClickListener;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.widget.BaseAdapter;
import android.widget.ImageView;
import android.widget.LinearLayout;
import android.widget.TextView;
import com.bumptech.glide.Glide;
import com.bumptech.glide.load.engine.DiskCacheStrategy;
import com.dldzkj.app.renxing.MyApplication;
import com.dldzkj.app.renxing.R;
import com.dldzkj.app.renxing.bean.PlantListModel;
import com.dldzkj.app.renxing.utils.ExpressionUtil;
import com.dldzkj.app.renxing.utils.StringUtils;
import com.dldzkj.app.renxing.utils.WebUtils;
import com.nostra13.universalimageloader.core.ImageLoader;
public class TypeEveryListAdapter extends BaseAdapter {
private List<PlantListModel> datas;
private Context context;
private LayoutInflater mInflater;
public TypeEveryListAdapter(Context context, List<PlantListModel> datas) {
super();
this.context = context;
this.datas = datas;
this.mInflater = LayoutInflater.from(context);
}
@Override
public int getCount() {
return datas.size();
}
@Override
public Object getItem(int position) {
return datas.get(position);
}
@Override
public long getItemId(int position) {
return position;
}
@Override
public View getView(int position, View convertView, ViewGroup parent) {
MyViewHolder holder = null;
// if (convertView == null) {
holder = new MyViewHolder();
convertView = mInflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_bbs_everytypelist_item, null);
holder.avater = (ImageView) convertView.findViewById(R.id.avater);
holder.name = (TextView) convertView.findViewById(R.id.name);
holder.title = (TextView) convertView.findViewById(R.id.title);
holder.time = (TextView) convertView.findViewById(R.id.time);
holder.like = (TextView) convertView.findViewById(R.id.like);
holder.like1 = (TextView) convertView.findViewById(R.id.like_jinghua);
holder.like2 = (TextView) convertView.findViewById(R.id.like_hot);
holder.comment = (TextView) convertView.findViewById(R.id.comment);
holder.content = (TextView) convertView.findViewById(R.id.content);
holder.grid = (LinearLayout) convertView.findViewById(R.id.gridview);
holder.img1 = (ImageView) convertView.findViewById(R.id.img1);
holder.img2 = (ImageView) convertView.findViewById(R.id.img2);
holder.img3 = (ImageView) convertView.findViewById(R.id.img3);
convertView.setTag(holder);
// } else {
// holder = (MyViewHolder) convertView.getTag();
// }
setItemData(holder, position);
return convertView;
}
class MyViewHolder {
ImageView avater;
TextView name, title;
TextView time;
TextView like, like1, like2;
TextView comment;
TextView content;
LinearLayout grid;
ImageView img1, img2, img3;
}
private void setItemData(final MyViewHolder holder, final int position) {
PlantListModel item = datas.get(position);
holder.name.setText(item.getNicName());
holder.title.setText(StringUtils.setFaceToTextView(context, item.getTitle(),holder.title));
holder.time.setText(item.getAddTime());
holder.comment.setText(item.getReplyCount());
String content=StringUtils.DecodeBase64Str(item.getContent());
Spanned contentStr = Html.fromHtml(content);
holder.content.setText(StringUtils.setFaceToTextView(context, contentStr.toString(),holder.content));
holder.like.setVisibility(("1".equals(item.getIs_Top()) ? View.VISIBLE : View.GONE));
holder.like1.setVisibility(("1".equals(item.getIs_Essence()) ? View.VISIBLE : View.GONE));
holder.like2.setVisibility(("1".equals(item.getIs_Hot()) ? View.VISIBLE : View.GONE));
List<PlantListModel.ImgListEntity> pics = item.getImgList();
if (pics.size() == 0) {
holder.grid.setVisibility(View.GONE);
} else {
holder.grid.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
// ImageLoader.getInstance().displayImage(WebUtils.RENXING_WEB + pics.get(0).getThumb_Path(), holder.img1, MyApplication.img_option);
Glide.with(context).load(WebUtils.RENXING_WEB_PICS + pics.get(0).getThumb_Path())
.diskCacheStrategy(DiskCacheStrategy.ALL)
.error(R.drawable.ic_picture_loadfailed)
.into(holder.img1);
if (pics.size() > 1) {
Glide.with(context).load(WebUtils.RENXING_WEB_PICS + pics.get(1).getThumb_Path())
.diskCacheStrategy(DiskCacheStrategy.ALL)
.error(R.drawable.ic_picture_loadfailed)
.into(holder.img2);
// ImageLoader.getInstance().displayImage(WebUtils.RENXING_WEB + pics.get(1).getThumb_Path(), holder.img2, MyApplication.img_option);
}
if (pics.size() > 2) {
Glide.with(context).load(WebUtils.RENXING_WEB_PICS + pics.get(2).getThumb_Path())
.diskCacheStrategy(DiskCacheStrategy.ALL)
.error(R.drawable.ic_picture_loadfailed)
.into(holder.img3);
// ImageLoader.getInstance().displayImage(WebUtils.RENXING_WEB + pics.get(2).getThumb_Path(), holder.img3, MyApplication.img_option);
}
}
}
}
| 8,417 |
https://github.com/OptimoApps/laravel-joloapi/blob/master/src/JoloApiFacade.php | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | laravel-joloapi | OptimoApps | PHP | Code | 87 | 229 | <?php
/**
* *
* * * Copyright (C)Optimo Technologies- All Rights Reserved
* * * Unauthorized copying of this file, via any medium is strictly prohibited
* * * Proprietary and confidential
* * * Written by Sathish Kumar(satz) <[email protected]>ManiKandan<[email protected] >.
*/
namespace OptimoApps\JoloApi;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Facade;
/**
* @method static self checkBalance()
* @method static self agentSignUp()
* @method static self verifyAgent()
*
* @see \OptimoApps\JoloApi\JoloApi
*/
class JoloApiFacade extends Facade
{
/**
* @return string
*/
protected static function getFacadeAccessor()
{
return 'jolo-api';
}
}
| 12,407 |
sirelidocfromge00mottgoog_13 | US-PD-Books | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | Sir Elidoc. From the German | None | English | Spoken | 7,154 | 9,382 | " The soul which once a fearless virtue paced, " By penance stem must now be purified I" So far had an old stranger troubadour, who had been received as guest at Castle Elidoc, sung this solemn laj at a joyous mid-day meal, when a grave, displeased sign of the Lord of the Castle, commanded him to be silent. The reader may also remember that this stem old song was formerly sung in Britain, at the feast of the aged king, and even then fell upon Elidoc's spirit as a warning blast of judgment. Now that he had boldly completed all against which that lay would then have warned him, how could he bear those soimds in his guilt-laden soul? 380 SIR ELIDOC. The old Harper, full of sad wonder, looked at him with a slight shake of his head, as he silently thought : " Woe to the soul at variance with. itself, which can no longer bear such a laj ! And thou, O poor, proud, gallant, Knight !" But he bent with the humility which his de- pendant, wandering life imposed upon him, and carelessly and indifferently touched the strings with- out singing, while Elidoc gloomily muttered to himself: "Yea, truly in one point that rough Hermit Reginald was right, we should banish all those troubadours with their jingling songs ! They but stir up the deepest sorrow of our hearts, and give us over to a vain anguish !" And then he made the cups pass quicker, and gave some toasts yet more gaily, signifying his approaching voyage to Britain and the kingly rank he was there to win. The guests chimed in with loud joy ; and the cheeks of Ulinor oflten pale, now proudly glowed with the beauty of the rose. But minstrel's eyes are wont to be keen when the awful will of God has not quenched them with blindness, thereby to temper the too rich gift of song. The old Harper saw the disquiet of Elidoc*s mind, and discerned, too, that the purer soul of his wife was touched by the destroying fire which con- sumed the Knight, thus wretched amidst his pros- perity. Full of the deepest, most yearning, con- passion for the two fair forms, he drew from his SIR ELIDOC. 381 harp some sadly inspired tones, and sang the fol- lowing song : " Oft have I seen at mom, in some fair bower, Full many a blossom ope in freshest bloom ; But when the noonday light hath shone, the flower Hath drooped, and all its bright hue changed to gloom. Take comfort I — ^Yet ye live I — Soon shall the hour Of sweet refreshing come : — as from the tomb Soft evening dews shall call ye ; and afar Gleam with calm light of hope — Eve's holy star. " Take comfort ! — When the sunny day is past, Then heavenly signs arise, of holier light. When gayer pinions fold in slumber fast, Up to heaven's dome the eagle takes his flight. Take comfort ! — All shall yet return at^last ! And ye are bought with price of highest might. Wellnigh ye seem by deadly foes overthrown — But He who bought ye, keepeth still His own !" The Harper bent low, so that his silver locks almost floated over his face ; then he lifted himself up gravely, wellnigh proudly, so that they formed, as it were, a crown around his brow, and casting a look of the deepest feeling on Sir Elidoc, he left the chamber and castle. Then was it with the lord of the castle, almost as with his dying ancestor, Lancelot, for His pride and splendour now are hid from sight. And he felt in the lowest depths of his heart a burning desire to be once more at peace with God, like a loved and innocent child who can never more 382 SIB ELIDOC. wander or depart from his father, and rejoices thereat with liis whole soul, each moment clinging closer and faster to his sure protector, unable suf- ficiently to rejoice in the sweet consciousness of his presence. Alas ! the blessed image passed through his distorted mind, and made no staj there! He could but rejoice in its beauty as one gazing on it from afar ; and this joy turned to the bitterest anguish, because he looked upon himself as one forsaken, justly indeed, but even on that account unspeakably wretched and for ever lost. Yet one whisper of hope lived in his heart ; when the guests should have departed, and he be left alone and in stillness with his gentle Ulinor, then would all become again beautiful and joyous. He could bury his anguish in her pure soul, and receive thence consolation, and become again bright and blessed in the sweet child-like feeling of innocent joyousness. The guests departed. He accompanied them to the door, and then stood with his lovely Dlinor in the golden light of evening, looking out on peaceful, happy Brittany, and listening to the bells of the flocks returning homeward, and to the evening sounds of the blooming villages. The solemn ves- per bell of Relicta's convent was heard above alL Sorrowful tears trembled in Illinor's eyes ; Illlidoc dared not look on her loved face. He called for his swiftest horse, that he might, as he said, vdth a forced smile, yet add to the enjoyment of the even- SIR ELIDOC. 383 ing, by a rapid course through the balmy fields and plains. Illinor answered nothing, and when Elidoc at last took courage to look round at her, she had vanished. He thought he heard her light step through the silent castle, as she descended to the vaulted grave of his ancestors ; at that moment a page brought out his horse, and as if to escape from himself, he sprang into his saddle, and dashed through the country with an arrow's speed. But he who has ever thus ridden forth, knows well that it has nothing availed him. This ride of Elidoc's availed nothing. His horse at length became weary, and as he was not hard-hearted enough to urge the beautiful creature on farther with his spurs, he allowed it slowly to walk through the darkening wood in which he had lost himself. At length he even dismounted, in order to lighten its burthen, and he followed the narrow footpath which lay before him, with a strange mixture of anguish and resignation. Suddenly the sweet voice of a woman gave forth these words from a neigh- bouring thicket : " Child, though thy father comes not back, Thou shalt not lack a Father's eye ! The glorious sun indeed is set, But the blessed stars shine brilliantly !" Elidoc felt that there was some strange connex- ion between these words and those which the old troubadour had sung at his farewell greeting. 384 SIR ELIDOC. " Perchance he has here a scholar !" thought he ; but immediately he answered himself : " No ; he said he came alone from far off, and that he must wander on again far, very far, hence ! And he could not lie !" When he had quietly tied up his horse, and glided nearer, a glance convinced him that he saw a well- known form, and that her song had sprung rather from her own sorrow-stricken breast, than from any stranger's instruction. It was the wife, or as now must be said, the widow of the unhappy Reginald, who had become a penitent, shunning mankind. She sat at the door of the small abode where she had last dwelt with him, and was striving to sing her lovely little daughter to sleep by this solemn and consoling song, as she gently rocked her back- wards and forwards in her arms. The little one seemed restless, and her mother paused after the first verse, to see whether any of its clothes were uneasy to the child. Then she began afresh the sweetly earnest lullaby, and this time sang it to the end : " Child, though thy father comes not back, Thou shalt not lack a Father's eye ! The glorious sun indeed is set, But the blessed stars shine brilliantly ! " What men call joy is but a fire That scorches with untempered blaze ; True joy it doth not scorch nor bum, It glows with soft and gentle rays. SIR ELIDOC. 385 " What men call life in this vain world, Is like the visions that arise In restless sleep ! — ^A brilliant dream, Which heaven alone can realize I " Here in the visions of the night, We sorrowfully strive and weep ; But God shall give thee His true joy, When thou awakest from thy sleep T* Two pearly tears in the eyes of the patient mourner sparkled in the last glow of the evening sky, and dropped on the brow of the tiny maiden ; she raised herself from her half-slumbering state, and stammered, prettily : " I will go, I will go to where father is !" Then the tears of the forsaken wife flowed forth with uncontrolled force. Yet she said in a calm voice : " Knowest thou then where thy father is ? And how canst thou go thither, thou little helpless Eeginalda, if thy mother goes not with thee ?" The little one thought for a moment. Then she pointed to a tall wild flower, and said, with childish pride : " Reginalda will go there I Yonder, to that tall flower ! It will tell me where to go farther. If mother will not go with me, oh, I can go alone !" • A sad smile at her child's wilfulness passed over the mother's countenance, and she murmured softly to herself : " Alas, for that evil inheritance of her father's impetuous temper !" But then, with thought- ful determination, she set the child upon the ground^ c c 386 SIB ELIDOC. and saidy quietlj : '^ Gro then, alone, as fkr as the *^^ flower, if thou canst. I shall no longer heed how thou walkest, thou little wilful creature V For an instant the child was frightened and stood still, lifting her little feet from the ground bj turns, as though to try whether she could reallj get on without being helped. But when the attempt seemed successful, she started proudly on her little journey. After the first steps she looked round at her mother, half in triumph, half in dismay. Her mother sat buried in earnest thought, as it seemed unmindful of the child, and Reginalda tottered for- ward, with increasing pride. But ere long the rustling of the luxuriant high grass sounded to the poor little creature like the noise of a forest, the trickling of the threads of water amongst the moss, like streams. She stopped; she was too giddy to venture again to look round at her mother, and, trembling, she staggered forward. Yet step by step, with silent care, her mother was now following her, stretching out her tender arms to guard her child from any dangerous fall. Then suddenly little Reginalda struck her foot against a stone hidden in the grass, and, with a loud scream, she fell over it ; her mother flew to her as swift as the wind, caught the child, and lifted her up towards the bright, golden evening sky, far above the rustling of the grass and brushwood ; once again the child screamed out, but more from the surprise of pleasure than of terror, and then with soft tears f SIR ELIDOC. 387 she nestled upon her weeping mother's bosom, and it seemed to Elidoc as though a Toice from heaven were singing to his soul: "Even thus from this world's strife let fear and bitter conflict come — For 50 the righteous in God's sight still passeth to his home !" " Yes, if he were righteous before God !" thought he to himself, in gloomy dismay ; or rather he would have thought, for the joyful tears of the mother and child cleared away all darkness and doubt from his ever-brightening soul, and again it seemed that a whole choir of angels sang to him these words, in solenm strains : " Dost thou not feel Him ? — He, long since, thee for His own hath seen ! And upward lieth now thy path! — ^And sin and woe Jmve been /" He went calmly back to his horse, with a heaven of deep blessedness in his heart. He mounted gently, and rode towards Castle Elidoc at a slow pace. He felt most distinctly that all could no longer remain as heretofore. How to alter it was to him most indistinct. But he felt himself encompassed by heavenly grace, and he rested on these thoughts and feelings with sweet longing repentance, as the little Reginalda rested in the arms of her mother. He knew that everything would take an unutterably 388 SIB ELIDOC. fair and gentle form, and no anxious cares weighed anj longer upon that heart, which tin now had heen so much and sorelj oppressed. He ceased not to sing low to himself: ''Dost thou not feel Him? He, long since, thee for his own hath seen! And upward lieth now thj path ! And sin and woe have heenr SIB ELIDOC. 389 CHAPTER XV. As Elidoc approached his castle by the Kght of the rising moon, his horse might well have started at the entrance gate, as on that former eventful evening ; for now, as then, the figure of a nun, attired in habits but too well known to Elidoc, was seated before the door. Yet the present gentleness of his rider, seemed to possess also the noble steed ; he did, indeed, snort somewhat at the unwonted appearance, but as he slowly came on nearer, he began to neigh loudly, as though in joyous greeting of the stranger. Then said Elidoc, smiling : " Wel- come to my castle gate, gentle lady I Wherefore have you not already entered within it ? It is a hospitable house to which you have approached, and you see how even my impetuous bay greets you on the threshold, as though you were his mistress." " That is not to be wondered at," said the nun. " He has surely full oft taken golden oats from my hand, when he has borne you home to this castle from the chase, or the tournament." And there- 890 SIR ELIDOC. with she drew solemnly back her veil, and as on the former evening Ellenor stood before him in nun's attire, so now did Illinor stand there — a nun. Elidoc felt at once the whole deep significance of this moment. He dismounted slowly ; and after freeing his horse from saddle, bridle, and trappings, he sent him forth with a gentle blow into the neigh- bouring pasture, saying : " No man shall henceforth ride thee, but thou shalt be nobly cared for thy life long, for thou hast carried me on my last and most important journey." Illinor said : '^ Dost thou, then, also deem it need- ful to forsake the world, Elidoc ?" " How should it be otherwise ?" replied he, calmly. "Brittany and Britain bestowed on me two wondrously noble women. Ellenor and mi- nor were my guiding angels. My sinfulness has scared them both away from the world, and yet both could have shone with glad brightness upon the world, and both have made me blessed, had I from the first loved one as a sister. But, instead of that, I deceived and betrayed them and myself. How, then, could I dare yet remain in the world ? I will build a cloister over against yours, and I will dwell there as a monk, and then all, I trust, will end calmly, gently, and welL" " Yes, if it be not gloomy despair which speaks in thee." " Does Illinor, then, know so little the sound and the meaning of my voice ?" SIR ELIDOC. 391 She looked towards him with a kindly gesture, and a sweet, joyful comfort thrilled through him. " Then thou dost understand the calm, bright change which has passed over me, thou pure and lovely being !" said he. " O how sweetly solemn it is ! It gives me for the first time a firm assurance that the peace which I feel is holy and pure." "That is my hope," said Illinor. "And if it have not yet reached in thee to perfect brightness, still the shadows must depart before the rising beams of the Eternal Sun ; and so, by God's help, will it also be with me, when I am far away from the world, which has entangled me as in a web of guilt." " Thee, Illinor ? How could a thought of sin have ever breathed upon thy angelic purity ?" " Make not an idol of me, good Elidoc. No child of man is pure. And were I even once accounted so by that corrupt judge, which people choose with confident pride to call their infallible conscience, even such imperfect purity is past and gone, since I knew thee to be the disloyal husband of EUenor, and yet accepted thee from her hand, as though it had been in her power to set thee free to form new bonds of love. But too rightly does she bear that name, full of reproach to us : Relicta, the forsaken one ! By what name shall I be called in the cloister ? Choose the solemn name for me, good Elidoc, and I in return will bestow upon thee thy monk's name, as my last gift." But soon interrupt- f 1. 392 SIB ELIDOC. ing herself, she exclaimed, sadly : " Nay, nay ! That might well be a new snare for us both. Should we not at every passing sound of our names believe that we heard the too-well-loved voice ?" She dropped her veil, and turned aside ; Elidoc also moved away, and wrapped his head in his mantle. Perchance hot tears fell from [their hidden eyes. Just then the castle gate opened, and old Everard appeared with a mule bearing a woman's saddle, while he himself led behind him his brave war- steed. Elidoc looked up, as if silently inquiring. minor spoke : " He is to accompany me to Re- licta's convent. But deem not, Elidoc, that I meant to steal away in secret, or even without taking leave of thee. Ah ! no ; separation without farewell is unspeakably more bitter than death. Besides, I knew thee of yore as far too noble to think of changing by force a woman's resolution. And above all, when thou appearedst to me just now, thou didst seem as the very messenger of Grod, appointed to lead me to the abode of holy Peace." "And I will lead thee to the abode of holy Peace!" said Elidoc, with soft emotion. He took her to the mule and gently lifted her on it. Then grasped the bridle, and prepared to go on, carefully guiding her. Old Everard was about to leave his steed to his lord. But Elidoc said, smiling: "Not so, friend, not so, I may never again ride in this world." SIR ELIDOC. 393 Old Everard seemed turned to stone on his saddle, as by some mysterious terror. Elidoc made him a sign to be silent, and to follow at some dis- tance ; then he took the bridle of minor's mule, and the little party silently set forth in the dewy moonlight. f 394 SIB ELIDOC. CHAPTER XVI. The Abbess Relicta was reading alone and at a late hour, the legend of a saintly woman whose mortal life had been troubled by her having dispensed the temporal goods of her house to Pilgrims with care- less profusion, and whose eternal life had seemed perilled by the abuse which these men — over-richly gifted by her, and thus become reckless^ — ^made of her riches before her eyes. A slight shudder passed through Relicta's soul. She felt as though a like guilt pressed upon her, and yet she could not bring her understanding to dis- cover when and where it had been incurred. She prayed with fervent entreaties that her sin might be made clear to her, and then, on her repen- tance, removed by heavenly grace. At that moment was heard the bell which hung aloft without the cloister, to make known the wants of benighted and distressed pilgrims. The Abbess, hastening to the window, heard the answer given SIR ELIDOC. 895 to the inquiring portress : " The Knight Elidoc, and the royal Lady Illinor !" It sounded like a solemn, awful answer to her prayer, and she sank down before the altar of her cell, in yepentant tears. In the meanwhile, the cloister gates had been opened without hesitation to its protector, and a Sister came to invite the Abbess to a conference with him and his wife in the parlour of the convent. Relicta went down with a heart abased, yet lifted up in thanksgiving to Grod ; for abasement and lift- ing up ofttimes go together, not only within the cloister's walls, but throughout the world where are hearts that know and love their Creator. The convent-dress of Illinor told much to the Ab- bess — ^Elidoc's silent and resigned humility, almost all. The few words yet needed were soon spoken. Then the Abbess opened the grating, and Illinor gently glided in to her, like a ray of light escaping from a darkened chamber to the full brightness of morning. Elidoc wept much, but gently. Then said Illinor to Relicta : ^^ Canst thou not help my poor pilgrim yonder, who has lost his lamp ?" " How can I help ?" answered Relicta. " I am not the sun. But I feel that already glimmers within him the approaching joyous sun. And then will all angels rejoice to see how the fair blossoms of his loving soul shine in the glittering dew of tears." 396 SIB ELIDOC. £lidoc bent his head in deep sorrow. His atd- tode seemed to assent to the words of the inspired Abbess, although tears streamed yet more profnselj from his smiling ejes. minor, softl J and caressingly cradled in ftelicta's arms, whispered : '^ Is it not so, thoa art now the true guardian-angel of our lives." But Relicta raised her finger as if warning, almost reproving, and said : ^' Make not an idol of me, dear minor ; no child of man is pure. And even if I once accounted myself as pure before that haughty guest within me, which men call their conscience, and cry up as infallible — ^yet was I no longer pure from the moment when I led thee to Elidoc's arms ; seeming to hallow by a proud self-denial, what could in no ways be hallowed. I felt this first but a few moments past ; and even that imperfect tribunal of conscience, hitherto soothed into silence, now fear- fully thunders it in my ears. O let us all pray !" And already she had sunk on her knees, but she raised her head inquiringly to the Knight : " And thou, partner of my sin and of my sorrow, what career thinkest thou to begin ?" Elidoc, in a few powerful words, declared to her that his life henceforth would be that of a monk. Relicta looked at him for a time kindly but doubt- fully. Then she said, solemnly : " Thy daily work is not yet ended, Elidoc ; I mean thy daily work in the outward world. Look around thee with thy wonted judgment and strength. On whose might and wis- SIR ELIDOC. 397 dom, as Captain, do the Prince and people rely ? Are there no thunder-clouds in the sky which must be averted or dispersed before the Chief and Senes- chal may choose the cloister's repose for his un- blamed portion ? Ponder that, Elidoc I Only free and pure sacrifices are well-pleasing to God ; not such as violently break a holy bond that they may bind themselves by the holiest." Elidoc looked down thoughtfully, then gazed around him earnestly and boldly, as the eagle before he begins to take his flight. Elinor whispered in Relicta's ear : " Hitherto I have never looked upon him so gladly ; I ever saw him with a certain vague terror. Perchance, be- cause I did not fully control my own too aspiring wishes, and because evil spirits had yet a share in him. Now that I gaze on him from this cakn haven ; now that he himself shines before my eyes as a stainless soldier of Grod — O, sister Belicta, I rejoice over him with a pure, bright joy, such as I felt for nothing in the world !" " And so it is with me, dear sister Agnellina !" answered Relicta. The Princess asked: "How now ? thou hast called me Agnellina I Shall that be my future cloister name ?" " I know not," said Relicta. " The sound escaped unawares from my heart. Agnellina ! it sweetly recalls both an angel and a lamb, and thus dost thou appear to me, thou blessed, patient child !" "Then let me be called Agnellina," whispered 398 SIB ELIDOC. the caressing novice ; and the Abbess Relicta bent over her in loving acquiescence, while both sank [j together on their knees in prayer. Elidoc did the like on the other side of the grating. The high gift of song came upon Relicta and moved the other two, so that all three poured forth their souls in a holj, harmonious chant : Jtelicta. " The blessed sounds of convent life Lift up my soul on high, To thoughts of heavenly crowns of bliss, And palms of victory. " World ! wherefore didst thou madly rage ? Joy ! why didst thou to sorrow turn ? Heart ! wherefore tremble in my breast, O why within my bosom bum ? " World, cease to vex — ^thy peace shall come! Joy, thou again shalt blossom fair ! Heart, thou shalt know the bliss of heaven ! bliss, almost too great to bear !" Agndlina, " While dwelling in the vale beneath, 1 saw, with longing eye. My sister singing hymns of praise,- And shining gloriously. ^* And I had hardly set me forth To seek these pastures fresh and fiur. When all my sorrow tum'd to hope, I joy'd to think who drew me there. " Even at my first uncertain steps Sweet zephyrs seem'd my brow to kiss, A gale from mounl^s high above, Which wrapt my soul in dreams of bliss !" SIR ELIDOC. 399 Elidoc. ^^ O Agnellina, blessed saint ! A consecrated rose, With sweet entreaties, took from thee Thy former name and woes. " Thou, chosen to eternal light, Thou new-bom in felicity. Blest heir of heaven, and heaven's joys. Thou art for ever lost to me ! " And now I also strive to break The fetters of this world's restraints. That I may live, and love, and sing At length with thee among the saints !" Rdicta, ** O work, and live, endure, and do ; Wait, hope, and love, and seek \ Until the shades of gloomy night Shall into morning break !" AgndUna. ** O work and suffer, hope and pray, And He, the good and mUd, Who meets thee in thy prayer below. Will never foil His child." * Elidoc. ** Ye two bright stars 1 O leave me now I I ask no more than this — hover round — ^that I may learn How hearts may break in bliss !' 400 SIR ELIDOC. CHAPTER XVII. The foreboding of Elidoc's soul, which at the close of that holy song of consecration seemed to promise a quick and glorious death, belonged to the dreamy forms of light which are wont at times to arise out of our own longings, but which spring not from the only source of all true life and light. But even those dreams — far removed from sinful, fiendish allure- ments—draw the soul from which they sprang, gently towards heaven ; almost like a summer doud, which, high up, and hardly visible, sweeps over the blue heaven with a mysterious loveliness. But clouds and forebodings alike vanish into no- thing, and we sigh to ourselves witli a grave smile : '^ That also is nothing, compared to a glorious eter- nity !' but yet it is a joyful something, inasmuch as it poiQts to that glorious eternity I" Elidoc had some such feelings in his now wonder- fully calmed soul, when in the war, again kindled throughout the dukedom, death seized on many a brave friend at his side, casting the body to the ground, and bearing the freed and purified soul to SIR ELIDOC. 401 heaven ; but again and again passed by the longing Elidoc. Firmly and truly resigned to the will of God, he went on unweariedly in his calHng, though never allowing his wish for death to lead him daringly to seek it — and victory always swept before his lofty banner. Whenever a time of peace gave him rest, he went on with the building of a mon- astery, which he had founded at the same distance from his castle as the convent in Arthur's Forest, but in an opposite direction ; he worked at it with a steadfast faith, and so diligently, that th^ work kept pace with his many victories, and successful negociations of state affairs. When now his monastery and his worldly duties were nearly completed, or rather, were completed, save in a few outward forms. Knight Elidoc stood before the Duke's door one festival-day, and said in a joyous voice : " It seems to me, my noble and be- loved master, as though you were well pleased with me! and if I err not in this, I may confidently approach you with an entreaty, to which you must at once, yea, even before you have heard it, give assent from your princely generous heart !" " Well then," said the Duke, smiling, " let it be as thou desirest ; even should it touch of a third marriage with some lady passing fair, after that two ladies passing fair have for thy sake gone into the cloister. I will engage to make our holy Father the Pope consent thereto. Only speak out boldly, my Elidoc, where shall I find thy love ?" Dd 402 SIR ELIDOC. Elidoc, slowly raising his eyes, while for a moment his limbs quivered painfully, answered the Duke: " Up yonder dwells my love ! And my mistress bears no lower name than — Heaven ! To reach thereto, I mean to leave the wondrous paths in which hitherto I have wandered 5 and I pray you, my good and gracious lord, to grant me, with a willing heart, leave to enter as a monk, the mon- astery which, by your permission, I have built during the last months." The noble Duke looked at his favourite in aston- ishment, wellnigh in anger : as it ofttimes happens in this world of ours that our love, too much akin to passion, threatens to fire up in wrath when some beloved one, called to a higher course, dares no longer walk with us in the path which hitherto he has followed at our side. "Wilt thou forsake thy liege-lord, thy brother- in-arms, thy friend ?" cried the impatient Prince. Elidoc answered, with solemn gentleness: "God forbid ! God, Who now calls me from thy service to His Own I the most High Lord, and most loving Father could never receive into His service faithless vassals and friends. Look around, noble Duke. Your castles, and cities, and villages, rest in peace, surrounded by well protected gardens and fields ! Your neighbours either gaze in amazement at your firm rule, or offer you their valiant hands in a faithful league I Look up, my beloved lord. He Who alone can defend and help you, looks down on SIR ELIDOC. 403 your anointed head, and on all your household living in His fear and love, and blesses you ! And look below, dear master, and see that the way which leads to heaven goes through great deeps, that your servant Elidoc has burthened himself with many sins, and that he needs to collect himself most solemnly, in order to pass happily through the most awful passage of his life. Would it be a kind guerdon to stop him, when, after faithful service done to you, he would fain begin the combat which is to win his eternal salvation ?'* The Duke clasped the Knight in his -arms, wept long and gently on his neck, hiding his princely face, and then raising himself up, he said, with a sad serenity : " Depart in God's Name, my best beloved Elidoc, and order all as it seems good to thee !'* The Knight bent gratefully, and answered : " I choose, then, for the Abbot of my Monastery, the father-confessor of the Convent where the Abbess Helicta formerly lived as nun. He once pierced my heart with a sharp, but wholesome arrow ; and he must imderstand the art of a blessed healing for me, and for those like me." " And what will become of thy fair castle, and all thy lands ?" asked the Duke. The Knight answered, with a smile : " All goods of this earth are held but in fief. We give them over to the next possessor, often without knowing him, and we take none of them with us when we enter the service which lasts for ever. But my f 404 SIR ELIDOC. lands are held in fief even according to our earthly way of speaking. Dispose of them as seems good to your wisdom and grace." " Hast thou not a word to speak in favour of any man, Elidoc ?" " None, my gracious lord. Your knights are one and all, as far as I know them, skilful, brave, and true. And though at times I have led their ranks, yet the princely Eagle soars above us all, and looks down upon us with the most unclouded, and clearest gaze." " It is that extended view which ofttimes bewil- ders the eye which has to choose, and for that very cause, Elidoc, thy fiefs will, perchance, long remain unpossessed." " Do as you may, and as you can, my beloved lord, and God guard and enlighten your path and your judgment !" " Amen !" said the Duke, and bent before the Knight, as if there breathed from his words the spirit of that better world, to which the once so earthly Elidoc had consecrated himself. But then again, suddenly seized with a warrior's sorrow, the Prince exclaimed : " Elidoc ! Captain of my horse, who will now ride thy beautiful steeds ?" " The swiftest and most beautiful of them, my noble Prince, I pray you to select for your future expeditions. But yet many swift and beau- tiful animals will remain in my stables. Bestow SIR ELIDOC. 405 such as you will not ride yourself on your noblest Knights. I know that there is not one of them which a valiant warrior would not gladly bestride, were it only in memory of his old Chief and comrade- in-arms, Elidoc !" " Elidoc, Captain of my horse, who will now wield thy shining arms ?" " Do with them as with my horses, dear Prince. I reserve to myself but one cherished weapon ; it has accompanied me faithfully and daringly through many a hot fight, through many a toilsome day ; when at times I gazed upon it in great straits, and in yet heavier sorrows, it ever shone upon me like a star of good omen. This sword, therefore — if my Duke and my Abbot forbid it not — I will take with me in my secluded life, and will dedicate it on the walls of the church to the praise and glory of God !" " Do as thou wilt with thy noble sword ; thou art thyself a noble weapon !" said the Duke. 406 SIR ELIDOC. CHAPTER XVIII. The Knight had become a monk within the walls of the newly-consecrated Minster, and his good sword looked down solemnly from the Church wall — above the richly-adorned tomb of the first who had there been laid to rest — as though already suspended above the grave of its knightly master. But that master yet lived a brightly stern life upon earth, though no longer called Sir Elidoc. The Abbot had greeted him as brother Salvatus, as one saved from a great, and, in the judgment of men, irresistible peril At this name a stream of joy poured into Elidoc's soul, and filled him with inexpressible thankfulness to God, and with a calm sense of blessedness, which might be raised yet higher by the longing after its final completion, but was never rufOied or irritated by a discontented impatience. It seemed to him that a long earthly course yet lay before him in his manly vigour ; and this was as little welcome to him as the length of miles to the bridegroom whom they separate from his be- trothed. But the certainty that he is hastening to SIR ELIDOC. 407 his brilliaxit marriage feast — ^that his beloved awaits him in unalterable constancy — gives wings to the heart and feet of the happy bridegroom, and makes that which to less ardent lovers would be a hin- drance, to him but a fresh wreath of pure and satisfying joy. With similar, but higher and safer feelings, Elidoc-Salvatus went on in the way of his vocation, and now, as formerly in battles, there ever shone forth from his bright eyes the inspiring thought : " Onwards !" At times, indeed, as in the ancestral march of Elidoc, the bold tones, " To field ! to field ! Before the wind Th* emblazoned banner fling !" blended with the sweet parting lament, " Aching heart ! Breaking part !" at times, with a like feeling, he would turn his eyes back on the forsaken world, especially when the evening bell from the Abbess Kelicta's convent resoimded in the quiet cell of Brother Salvatus, or in his retired flower-garden, where he was wont, if no holier duty interposed, to tarry at that hour when fragrance, and harmony, and the last beams of the sun, gave him a foretaste of the once lost but now again for-ever-recovered paradise. It happened that one evening the anxious voice of his Abbot awoke him from his sweet but solemn visions, saying : " Thou noble and unspeakably dear 408 SIR ELIDOC. fiiend and companion, in our way to the goal where shines the eternal Sun which never sets, and which no clouds of earth can dim, I am fearful — ^when I see thee here as if looking after thy earthly past — lest earth may yet attract thee, and may at length entangle thee irresistibly in her unholy snares. Or is it otherwise, beloved Salvatus ?" " It is otherwise, reverend Father, and yet, per- chance, not quite otherwise, for truly at those sounds I do bethink me of my earthly past.** " All turns upon how this is done, dear brother Salvatus. Make that known to me, so may I decide whether these thoughts are lawful or imlawful." " JJow, reverend Father ? O would that you were gifted by the All-knowing .to look into my heart ! But now in what way shall I make known that Iiow to you ? Words fail me." " But I know a way, my dear son. Grod has be- stowed upon thee the ancient gift of song. A relic of Paradise, which, alas ! is already stifled in the souls of too many men ! And even in the few who, like thee, yet possess it, very rarely is it to be found perfectly pure. But it still retains so much of the purity of Paradise, that its true servants and vassals would rather suffer death than defile themselves with the falsehood of an idle jest. Take, then, the harp which hangs on the branches of the old elm tree I Take it ! and tell me to its tones what moves thee and refreshes thee, and lives in the depths of the soul T* SIR ELIDOC. 409 Elidoc-Salvatus gladly took down the harp, and sang the following words, while the glow of inspira- tion lighted up his features : " Above the glorious sun doth glow, While fires volcanic glare below : Oh I blessed he whose lot is cast, To seek the first, and shun the last. " Yea, with a noble dread to shun. The path that ought not to be run ; As bears the steed his rider back, When urged upon some dang'rous track. " So turn I from life's common snares, Her common joys, her common cares. That I may set my spirit fi:ee. And so lay hold, my God, on Thee ! " Yea, so at length appear before Thee, For endless ages to adore Thee ; Thou Who crownest with delight. Those Who serve their God aright. " To know that those I love on earth, Are bom again of heavenly birth j Are free from sin, and sin*s control. Is purest transport to my soul ! " For those whose spirits thus are freed, I, sinner, dare not intercede ; But I may join their hallowed prayers, And lift my soul to Heaven with theirs. " Tis therefore that I love so well To hear the convent's evening bell, For then I think with joy on those The convent's guardian walls enclose. 410 SIR ELIDOC. " Those sisters holy, pure, and just, For whom my soul is bowed to dust ; No, not to dust— our clay alone. Returns to earth to meet its own. " Earth turns to dust — ^but heavenward springs The soul of man on angel wings. In love's pure kingdom to remain, And with the saints for ever reign." The Abbot embraced his monk, and said : "Henceforth meditate and sing at the sound of the convent bell, as long as thou wilt, my son, for thou art aiming at Heaven !" SIR ELIDOC. 411 CHAPTER XIX. | 49,393 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21082019 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | 2009년 7월 중앙소방학교 | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 19 | 60 | 2009년 7월 중앙소방학교
2009년 7월 중앙소방학교 Commons gallery 2009년 7월 중앙소방학교 시설
2009년 7월 중앙소방학교 instance of Commons gallery | 15,476 |
5946306_1 | Court Listener | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,022 | None | None | English | Spoken | 80 | 115 | The above-named petitioner having presented an application to this Court praying for an order, pursuant to article 78 of the Civil Practice Law and Rules, now, upon reading and filing the papers in said proceeding (deemed filed under the *453above caption), and due deliberation having been had thereon, it is unanimously ordered that the application be and the same hereby is denied and the petition dismissed, without costs or disbursements. Concur — Ren wick, J.P., DeGrasse, Freedman and Feinman, JJ.
| 6,743 |
sn86063381_1922-10-20_1_7_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | None | None | English | Spoken | 1,826 | 2,864 | WANT ADS Cost $1 a word for first insertion, $0.50 a word for subsequent consecutive insertions. No Ad Taken for Less Than 25c. Halmg-Walker Electrical Co. Phone 202-J, 119 Third St. ELECTRICAL WIRING of all kinds. PROMPT SERVICE ON TROUBLE CALLS. We also handle a complete line of National Mazda LAMPS. WE DELIVER. Phone 202-J. McKee Furniture and Undertaking Co. M. N. McKEE Licensed Embalmer and Funeral Director. PHONE J222-W RESIDENCE PHONE 22241 120 THIRD STREET Huffman & O'Leary FURNITURE AND UNDERTAKING O.M. OLSON LICENSED EMBALMER AND FUNERAL DIRECTOR. Day phone 178 Night phones 332 or 358 AUTO SERVICE IS OUR BUSINESS AND WE WORK BOTH NIGHT AND DAY. WARD. BROTHERS PHONE COUNTRY TRIPS A SPECIALTY. Seven-passenger Buick, Seven passenger Enclosed Dodges and Dodges Touring cars for every occasion. WANTED WANTED Kitchen help at Third street cafe. WANTED Dining room help at the Kelliher Cafe. WANTED Good girl for work. Call 714-W house. WANTED Stenographer at Clifford's & Co., apply to bookkeeper. WANTED Teachers' and Men's laundry. Will call for and deliver. Phone 700-W WANTED Girl for general house work. Apply to F. Al Schultz, 707 13th St. Phone 806-J. WANTED TO BUY Dry Birch and tamarack wood in car lots. See Mr. Kerr at Clifford's store. WANTED Girl or woman for light house work. Apply at 602 4th Street. WANTED Office work or clerking by high school student. Address F. H. care of Pioneer office. WANTED Capable woman for house cleaning. Inquire at the Markham hotel. Apply at once. WANTED Fancy work or dress making will do the work at your home. Mrs. Aloys care of Robt. Gelinskey, P. O. Box 593 Bemidji WANTED: Man with car to sell tires and tubes. $100 per week. Stevingworth Tire Co., 100 Main, E. Liverpool, Ohio. WANTED: Trade either Ford roadster or Buick touring car for three foot wood. If on good roads will haul wood ourselves. Koors Bros. Co. WANTED: Position wanted by middle aged man clerking in grocery or hardware store. Ten years experience. Address J. M. O., care of the Pioneer. WANTED: Man with car to sell guaranteed cord tires. Will arrange salary and expense with the right man. Cord-O-Van Rubber Company, 1108 S. Michigan ave., Chicago, Ill. FOR RENT: Six-room cottage, 1001 Dewey. Phone 566-J. FOR RENT: Seven-room modern house, 719 Minnesota ave. FOR RENT: Four-room shanty, in quit at 720 14th street. FOR RENT: Furnished room at 700 America avenue. FOR RENT: Modern furnished room close in. Phone 983-J. FOR RENT: Modern furnished room at 10 America avenue, phone 459-J. FOR RENT: Nice modern furnished rooms, 515 Bemidji ave., Phone 310. FOR RENT: Strictly modern furnished room, 1220 Minnesota ave., Phone 443. FOR RENT: Strictly modern furnished room, 501 American avenue, Phone 668-w. FOR RENT: Large modern furnished room, 1023 Minnesota Ave. Call 817-L. 6-15tf FOR RENT very desirable modern room. Close to business district 701 Beltrami, phone 804 FOR RENT 2 room apartment with private bath, furnished or unfurnished. New Kaplan building. tf FOR RENT Modern nine room house with large garage facing Library park, for particulars see W. C. Klein, G12 Bemidji ave. tf PENT..Six room house with bath, November 1, partly furnished 1019 Park avenue. See G. A. Walker at M. & I. freight depot. 3tdl0-20. FOR RENT Very desirable modern furnished rooms, light and comfortable in a home where there are no children. Mrs. Anna Schober, 109 Eleventh street. Phone 379-J 5t 10-23 FOR SALE WOOD FOR SALE call 927. Troppman's, 1 10-7tf FOR SALE 16-inch dry jack pine $2.75 a cord, single cord $0.25 extra. Call Troppman's, phone 927. 10-7tf FOR SALE Underwood typewriter, desk and chair. F. R. Duxbury Land Co. tf. FOR SALE 10 tons of very good red top hay at $10 per ton in the stack 6 miles from Bemidji. Call telephone 29F20. 2tdl0-21 FOR SALE Child's white enameled crib bed with springs and mattress. 1220 Minnesota ave. Phone 443. 4tl0-21. FOR SALE My grocery and Meat business at 108 Irvine avenue So. doing a good cash business, fine fixtures. Rent reasonable. P. R. Peterson. 3t 10 21 FOR SALE Cheap, good sound team weigh about 2500, will work any place. Will trade for a good car or anything I can use. H. A. Glick phone 37F14. 3tdl0-23. FOR SALE One registered Hampshire ram four years old, price $20 or would trade for young ewes. E. E. Schulke, Tenstrike, Minn 3110-2,3 TOO MANY CARS FOR SALE We offer your choice at a very low price 1922 Dodge, 1920 Dodge, 1917 Dodge, 1921 Ford. Prices are right for cash or bankable paper. Duxbury Land Co. For Sale: One 30-room Hotel, 75 x 80 feet, four lots, pool hall and back bar counter, pool table complete, 1 large heater, cash register, 1 gas lighting plant. One grape vine worth $5,000, owner is a widow and will sell at a loss. For quick sale $2,200. J. Bisiar, agent, 1111 Dewey avenue, Bemidji, phone 334-5td10-25. To the interested parties, please give correct address and phone number so that we can communicate with you without any trouble. BRING IT TO OUR "WANT AD" DESK For Sale: Cheap, Boston Terrier. Frank Lane, 502 Third St. 3t10-20 For Sale: Two heating stoves, call evenings at 911 Dewey avenue or phone 151. 4td10-24 For Sale: Universal coal stove in first class condition. 800 Irvine avenue. Phone 553. 4t 10-23 For Sale: Bedroom set complete, kitchen table, two chairs. 510 America avenue. Phone 380-W. 3t 10-20. For Sale: One team, harness, wagon and sleigh, also 16 months old colt, will sell or trade. F. R. Webster, Bemidji, Box 901 3 wk 11-2 For Sale: 15 sewing machines, different makes, all in good condition. At bargain prices, 1101 Bemidji ave. 6t 10-21 For Sale: Rubber stamps of all kinds made to order. Stamp pads all sizes and colors. Corporation and notarial seals, daters, rubber printing outfits. Mail orders promptly filled Bemidji Book & Stationery Co., Bemidji 6-24fr For Sale: Legal blanks of all kinds. Mail orders promptly filled. Complete stock always at hand. For quick service, send your orders to the Bemidji Book & Stationery Co., Bemidji. 6-24tf For Sale: One purebred Guernsey bull, $50, and a few high-grade Guernsey heifers at reasonable prices. Apply at No-Pe-Ming Lodge or farm, Cass Lake, Minn. 40 or 80 acres of unimproved land in Beltrami County. Will take a Ford runabout as part payment. For particulars, see Earl L. Grinols, Scway, Minn. Phone 24-F-3. Lost by a high school boy, a bunch of keys. Leave at Pioneer Office for reward. Lost, a gold watch chain. Finder please return to Clayton Johnson at City Hall. Lost, a burnt wood handkerchief box containing valuables between Wayville and town Saturday night. Liberal reward if returned to owner. Mrs. H. R. Rasmussen. Phone 427-J. Proper Mechanical Equipment plus experienced skill insures A-1 Dry Cleaning Service. Dry Cleaners HOGANSON BROS. 309 MO ST. PHONE 527 TODAY'S BLUNDER CORRECTED This man is afflicted with the most malaise- "MOTHER NATURE" AT WORK Wise Old Dame Makes No Mistakes in Looking Out for the Safety of Her Numerous Progeny. A striking example of the effects of environment and changed conditions of life upon the forms of animals is furnished by species of partridges living in the Canary Islands. About 100 years ago the Spaniards introduced the red-legged partridge from Europe into these islands but as recent examination proves, it has undergone modifications clearly brought about by the conditions under which it lives. Its back has turned from russet color to gray. This looks like a case of protective coloration, since the bird passes its life amid gray volcanic rocks. Then its beak has become one fourth longer and thicker than that of its ancestors and of its European relatives, and its legs have also increased in length and grown stouter. These changes are exactly such as were needed to suit it to the life that it is now called to lead amid the locks and on the mountain sides of the Islam, where a more robust physical development is required than was needed upon the plains of England and France. As has been remarked, if such changes can be wrought by nature in the animal form in 400 years, what might not human been accomplished in the centuries? People Living Longer. According to the life tables for the year 1920 for the original registration states, just constructed, there has been an increase of two and a half years in life span in the last 20 years, 1901-1920, says the New York Medical Journal. The complete expectation of life at birth is now 54.3, which in 1910 was 51.2 and in 1901, 49.2. In the last two decades there has been added five years to the expectation of life, and the span of life has been lengthened by five in less than one generation. PLUMBING AND HEATING 313 Fourth Street Phones 620-W, 620-R Robert J. Russell Bemidji Floral Company CHOICE CUT FLOWERS & PLANTS ARTISTIC DESIGNS PROMPT ATTENTION GIVEN TO MAIL ORDERS 512 Beltrami Ave. Phone 418-W Bemidji, Minn. KOORS BROTHERS All Want Ads Must Be Cash Because of the detail of collecting we can not undertake to open accounts for small amounts, therefore cash must accompany ad except for those who have open accounts with us. MADAM KNOWS GOOD MILK Koors Pasteurized milk carries its own argument for goodness sealed in every bottle. It makes its appeal to your sense and to your appetite. Order it. BEMIDJI MINN. Ladies' Tailoring Our Specialty Pressing, cleaning, repairing and tailoring of all kinds. Suits Made to Order New Fall and Winter samples are here. Reasonable Prices A. HENDRICKS Phone 540-W Over Gill Bros. Store DRS. Larson & Larson EYE EXAMINING AND GLASS FITTING Office, First Floor 213 Third St. Office Phone 131 Res. 310 A. E. RAKO Licensed Auctioneer Phone 26-F-12 Working it Backward PAGE SEVEN BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL DOCTORS B. J. Martin, M. D. PHYSICIAN & SURGEON Northern National Bank Bids Office Phone 55 Residence 80S DRS. Johnson & Borreson Physicians and Surgeons BEMIDJI, MINN. Dr. E. A. Shannon Physician and Surgeon OFFICE In Larson Block Dr. E. H. Smith Physician and Surgeon FIRST SECURITY BANK Bids DRS. Gilmore & McCann Physicians and Surgeons OFFICE, Miles Block Dr. E. H. Marcum Physician and Surgeon BARKER BUILDING Hours 11-12 in., 3-8 p. Phone Office 802. Res. 211 DRS. Garlock & Garlock Eye, Ear, Nose, Throat GLASSES FITTED 217½ Third St. Barker Bldg. Dr. Earl R. Two CHIROPRACTOR Phone 316 Troppman Bldg. DRS. Northrop & Berston Osteopathic Physicians Battles Bldg. Bemidji, Minn. PHONE 153-W Dr. A. Dannenberg Bemidji's Pioneer Chiropractor Palmer Graduate FIRST NATIONAL BANK BLDG. Phone 401-W Bemidji DENTISTS Dr. G. M. Palmer Dentist and Orthodontist BARKER BUILDING Bemidji, Minn. Dr. A. J. Melby DENTIST Over Gill Bros. Drug Store Passed Out Bemidji FOR SALE On easy terms, 40 to 200 acre tracts of land on good roads. W. N. BOWSER ROOM 10 O'LEARY, BOWSER BLDG. 11 Si. | 14,842 |
https://github.com/TrakHound/MTConnect/blob/master/src/MTConnect.NET-Common/Models/DataItems/VolumeSpatialModel.cs | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | null | MTConnect | TrakHound | C# | Code | 224 | 459 | // Copyright (c) 2022 TrakHound Inc., All Rights Reserved.
// This file is subject to the terms and conditions defined in
// file 'LICENSE.txt', which is part of this source code package.
using MTConnect.Observations.Samples.Values;
namespace MTConnect.Models.DataItems
{
/// <summary>
/// The geometric volume of an object or container.
/// </summary>
public class VolumeSpatialModel
{
/// <summary>
/// The measured or reported value of an observation.
/// </summary>
public VolumeSpatialValue Actual { get; set; }
public IDataItemModel ActualDataItem { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Boundary when an activity or an event commences.
/// </summary>
public VolumeSpatialValue Start { get; set; }
public IDataItemModel StartDataItem { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Boundary when an activity or an event terminates.
/// </summary>
public VolumeSpatialValue Ended { get; set; }
public IDataItemModel EndedDataItem { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Reported or measured value of the amount used in the manufacturing process.
/// </summary>
public VolumeSpatialValue Consumed { get; set; }
public IDataItemModel ConsumedDataItem { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Reported or measured value of the amount discarded.
/// </summary>
public VolumeSpatialValue Waste { get; set; }
public IDataItemModel WasteDataItem { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Reported or measured value of amount included in the Part.
/// </summary>
public VolumeSpatialValue Part { get; set; }
public IDataItemModel PartDataItem { get; set; }
}
}
| 8,917 |
manueldesantiqu02humbgoog_25 | Multilingual-PD | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,888 | Manuel des antiquités romaines | Marquardt, Joachim, 1812-1882 | Mommsen, Theodor, 1817-1903 | Friedlaender, Ludwig, 1824-1909 | Krueger, Paul, 1840-1926 | Humbert, Gustave Amédée, 1822-1894, tr | French | Spoken | 7,148 | 12,716 | (3) Polfbe, loe. cil., attribue au peuple, par opposition anx pouvoirs du sénat, la décision n<p( au|i.p:>-/iK( xai iiaXijoEu; xa\ 9uv(ii]xûv, OÙ. il ne faut pas prendre te dernier mot tropA la Icltrc. Uicéron. Pi-o Batbo, U, 35, exige encore plus expressément \6jiinui popvli pour l'alliance jurée. Cela se re- produit à plusieurs reprises dans Tile-Live (9, Z, I. c. 9, 4: VI, t, p. 339, nolo 3;32, !3, a: VI,1. p. 3S2, noie 5). l.o litrod'ollianco d'Aphrodisias, du tempo du triumvirat, C. t. Gr, 73", contient aussi k la fois un sénalus-con- sulte, un serment de magistralet uneloi. Parmi les exemples, VI. 1, p. 394, note 2, le plus ancien est le célébra traité d'alliance défensive avec les Ma- merlins de 499. Le plébiscite proposé, en 6S3, de iaiatu3 aentenlîa, relative- ment à la ville de Termessos en Pisîdîe, nous eat parvenu, comme on sait. idbvGoogle DROIT PUDLIC ROMAIN. été rei^ardée là comme suffisaiite (1) et que l'andeane doc- Irine, qui attribue la ratificatioii des traités au peuple, a été remplacée par celle de l'assimijaliou du sénat et du peuple (2) ou même par la reconnaissance exclusive du droit de rati- (1) Laa GaditaoB, lorsqu'ils ToularenI rendre lâgnlement inattaquable leur alliance avec ,Rome, conclue seulament avec le mandataire d'un ma- gistrat et par coosâquent diinuée de validité, au moina iJ;iiib le système da droit public ràcent, la conslurent uniquement avec le sénat : Cicdron, loc. cit., le rapporte expressément et c'est à ce point de vue un témoignage certain. Si, en même lemps qu'il exilée le jusius popuii pour l'alliance, il re- pousse théoriquement et admet pratiquement celle de Gadès, c'est là un [ait caractéristique pour sa situation intermédiaire enti'o les deux partis el leura théories et pratiques opposées. Au reste la [l'idéralion peut, dès avant Sulla, avoir été pratiquement accordée par le sénat sans vote du peuple ; dans le document d'Astypaltea, do 6\a {C. 1. Gr. 2iSj), le se nalus-con suite et le serment figurent seuls, el, toute réglementation de ce genre étant une loi relative à un cas isolé, l'ahus fait par le sénat du privilegium peut s'être étendu à ceci. '_%) Les écrivains se placent, dès le tempa de César et d'Auguste, commu- nément à ce point de vue déterminé par le changement de position du sénat, Salluste. Jug, 30 : Senalits iia ulï par ftieral ilecernit iiio alque popul' injuasunullumpoluisse ftrdtis fieri. c. 112.3: Vlijiitsu senalus aut}iopvlifœdui fierel. Cela ressort d'une manière remarquable dans l'opposition de Po. lybo et de Tite-Live; lorsque nous pouvons comp^irer, le second intercale en général le sénat, même lorsqu'il ne fait que traduire. Tite-l'îve, Ep. 16: Auxilium Mameriinii fircndum senaluscensuit, tandis que, selon Polybe, 1, 1), le peuple décida la cbose contre la rèsoluliondusènat ou tout au moins en de- hors d'elle (tô (liv ouviSpiov oCB' ai tO^o; ixilpaos tt.v fiiâ^Ty). Tite-LiTe, 2t, 18, 10 : Quod C. Lutaliui coiuiil primo nobiicum fitiius icil, quia neqae auciori- lale palrum nec papuli jussu itiim erat. negasiis vos eo leneri, tandis que lu traité de paix, dans Polybe, 1, 62, contient la clause : Kal tû if,tt,ia tûv 'Pui- ^tlwvouvËoxiict que le peuple (d'après Zonaras. 8, t7. le$<^nat)lH rejettealiirs (c. 63, 1). Flamininusetleroi Nabis envoient, selon Tite-Live, 34, 33, 2, après la conclusion du traité, des députés à Rome, utpax auclorltaU o'naUaconfirma- r«/ur, alors que le peuple a certainement dit le dernier mol. Tito-Live, 3I.1!>. S: Cairala ist/i pax eril.quam lineconaute {lo magistral qui agit est nii préteur), non ex aiictoritate senaliis, injussu poputi Romani pi^igerimia, où Polybe. 21 , 10. 9, que Tite-Live no tait que traduire, dit seulement : IIiù; fàf ivîixETai yir, 'Rfaaiiia\iivoui Chhtov qviu tt,; ixiivou ivtô\ir,i pi^atiioai Tac iii.aiof'iMaxc oyvSr,xac, pareilleuienl c. i5, 14 ; Cum senfilua populinque Romaniu pacem coin prohaverint pour Polybe, 21, 17,5: 'Enciiàv i Sî,)ioî xupùoTi ta; mjï6r,xa!. Les négociations avec leii jËtoli en 515 sont conduites par lo sénat; mais à I» fin Pol3'be n'oublie pas de dire (21, 3i, I); ioSavto; £-. -û a-jï-Ep-i. »ii toC ir,|uu (iuveKi')iT|TiTiivio; iiupiùBTi TB xiTi Ti; £ii),-jm;, taiiJi!' que Tite-Lîvc. dans sa traduction, 3S, 11, ne fait que niculiomierlapaix en termes Kénâraux. Enfin on lit chez lui, Ep. 64 : Pacem ciim Jugarlha injuaxu popali el senaliu fecil. Appien, Jltac. 9. attribue également la conclusion do la paix avec Plii- lippe en 5S7 au sénat, tandis que Polyiie. IS, 43, 3, età peu prés pareillement idbvGoogle RELATIONS ÈTRANCtRES. 3U3 0cation du sénat (1). Dans des cas isolés, les comices ont aussi chargé ud magistrat de la conclusion de la paix, ou des magistrats propres ont été élus & cotte fin (2). Les r^glemen- laitons d'une espèce difTéreule, en particulier la convention d'amitié, qu'elle soit conclue avec un étranger isolé (3), ou avec un prince étranger (4), ou avec une ville libre (5), ren- trent régulièrement dans la compétence du sénat ; cependant des décisions dece genre ont elles-mêmes éléà titre isolé soumi- ses au peuple (6). Les réglementations étudiées plus haut des Tile-Live, 33, 2S, 6, rapportent que le sénat admit le traité, mais qu'il faillit échouer aux comices. (!) Tite-Ltve. 28, 18, 3: Sciphne abnuenle.. . de repubtica quiequam « cum koals agere injuuu senalus passe. 32, 36, 7 : Neque sine aactoritate senatut ra- lum quiequam eorum fort qum cum rege pepigisseiil. (£) Dans la guerre d'Hannibal. le proconsul f^cipion el la consul de 353 priilendaut tous deu^ cooclure la paix, la question fut tranchée pur un plé- biscite en faveur du premier (Tite-Live , 30, iù, 14. c. 43, 3). Dos décemvirs pour la conclusion de la paii, qu'il ne f;iut pas confondre avec les X iegali, ont, à la ândalaprcmièroifuerre punique, conclu la paix après le rejet des préliminaires arrâtfs par Caluliis, et il oat probable qu'on a procédé de même après la troisième guerre punique. (3) Pour la concluiiion dâ cos conventions personnclIeB (VI, 2, p. 201). Dlo- dore, li, 93, nomme le peuple relativement au Liparéen Timasitheos, et Tite- Live nomme le sénat relativement à lui, 5, SS. S. et au Macédonien One- simos, i4, IG. Le sénatus-consulta relatif à Aaclépiado et A Eoa compagnons de GTS, se présente comme déSnitif, ce qui peut être rattaché k l'élévation de la situation du sénat au temps de Sulla, mais ce qui n'a pas besoin d'être expliqué par lu. (4) Par exemple, le roi Persée devint roi en S73, d'après la relation de Tite-Live, i5. 9, 3, et fut l'anné ■ suivante a senntu rei appellalut (cf. tO, 38, 9 et VI, 2, p. 31 1, note 3). Je no relève pas les nombreux lémoiRnages do ce genre; l'opposition faite note 6 corrobore surtout la réfle. Quand le rfx tociu) et ami'cu» entre avec Rome en alliance offensive et défensive, une loi est nécessaire. Si, en 695, une socielai est contractée avec le roi PtolJmée d'Egypte et lege et senatui consulta {César. B. c. 3, tÛ7 ; cf. Dion. 39, l. ii. la loi se rapporte vraisemblahlemenl à l'alliance militaire jurée (Giiéron, Pro ISab. Pûst. 3, 6 : Quicum fadus feriri in CapiloUo viderai), qui fournil le fonde- ment juridique de t'expéiiition de Uabinius (et. p. 316, note 1). (5) La reconnaissance dos popuïi iiberi comme tels est loiijoura faite ex- clusivement par le sénat. (6) t^icéron. Pro Seil. 25, 56. signaie. parmi les méfaits légaux de (.ilodius, appelUili reges a populo, gui id num^unm ne a sennlu quiden pontulaisenl. Ga doivent nécessairement avoir été de c<;s petits dynasles il'Orient, dont se moque Cicéron, jtd fam. !), 15, 4, collétîues assortis du prince des prélraa de Pessiuuute également lege Iribunicia mentionné en même temps par Ci- céron. — Quand Salluste, Jug. 65. dit que les roia quo» populus Ronianus idbvGoogle 304 DROIT PUBLIC ROHIIH. relations ioternationales, qui suivent le traité de paix, appar- tiennent exclusivement jL la compétence du sénat. La pensée du premier des Gracques de soumettre aux comices, en passant par dessus le sénat, la disposition du royaume de Pergame échu aux Romains, atteignait le gouvernement des optimates à la racine (1), et la mise à exécution de la même idée par rap- port aux institutions établies par Pompée en Asie et en Syrie marque la fin de ce gouvernement et l'avènement du Principal édifié sur la démocratie pure (2). rtgea apptUaoUtel, odI seuls le droit da s'asseoir & cûtë des magistrats, il ne parle pas des comices, mais del'Ëtat. (i) Plutarque, Ti. Gracch. H: IIipl ik tùv TtiXsutv, Bam t^t 'Attâlou pa- •Tliliïf iîo»V, OÙÎÈV ÏÇll -rij OWÏ«).T|T(ll pOuJÉUEoflai npOOTiXtlV, Œ)i).àtlù ÎTlHli) 1-hÛ|1T,Ï BÙTà( ITpoe^ITtlV (x T0U1OU (tiXllTH JCpOoinpOUIK T5 pO'jX^. {3) V. tome IV, ta théorie de Légats du sâcat, sur les ambassades de dix mambres charges de r^ler la paix. idbvGooglc \ L'ADMINISTRATION DE LA VILLE DE ROME ET DU PEUPLE EN GÉNÉRAL. L'administration de la ville de Rome appartient, k l'époque L<i«nii la plus ancienne, au roi et, sous la République, aux consuls, '"''* auxquels sont coordonnés ou subordonnés, pour des branches déterminées, les magistrats inférieurs créés progressivement, en particulier les édiles. Le sénat y participe, en sa qualité de conseil permanent placé légalement près des consuls (p. 226), de conseil d'administration supérieur autorisé tant à prendre des décisions pour des cas isolés qu'à convenir avec les consuls de règlements généraux et à donner des instructions relatives aux divers départements. La compétence du sénat s'étend aussi loin que celte du consul ou du préteur qui le préside, en ce sens que ce magistrat peut soumettre au sénat toutes les affaires qui sortent de son administration courante (1) et solliciter de lui (I) 11 peut aussi demandar à ce sujet des initriiotions gânéralea. Lu prétout ne peut paa s'iidresetir nu gânit ralatiTemant à un procès particulier, ni le consal relativemeot Aune application particuliers de robliga.tion au service militaire ou & l'impôt. Maia les magistrats ont parfaitement soumis au sé- nat la qnostion ilo savoir dans quelle mesure le^ privilèges des colonies ma- ritimes comprenaient l'exemplion du service militaire (p. 311, note 2), et dos questions spéciales ont même été exceptionnellement soumises au sénat en matière d'éligibilité (V. tome II. la ibôorie de la i^pacité d'être magis- trat, sur la définition de la capacité). idbvGoogle 396 DROIT PUBLIC ROMAIN- des instructions à leur sujet. Les tribuns du peuple peuvent ds même se procurer les avis et les instructioDs du séuat relative- ment à l'eziircice de leur droit d'intercession (1). Les magistrats qui n'avaient pas le droit d'interroger eux-mÉmes le sénat, no- tamment les censeurs et les édiles, devaient régulièrement recourir à l'inlermédiairedu consul, ce qui était d'autant mieux à sa place pour les édiles qu'ils étaient dans l'administration urbaine les auxiliaires des consulsct que leur compétence était comprise dans la compétence consulaire. Ils avaient aussi le droitde parler au sénat et raôme, semble-t-il, celui d'adresser au sénat, & n'importe quel moment, toutes les communications qu'il leur convenait dans toutes les séances convoquées par un magistrat compétent (p. 12S et ss.). Les magistrats absents de Rome, par exemple les consuls et les questeurs italiques, doivent avoir eu symétriquement le droit d'adresser au sénat des com- munications écrites que le président ne pouvait retenir par de- vers lui (p. 131, note 2). Ce droit général des magistrats avait une importance pour le sénat, parce que toutes les questions administratives pouvaient ainsi être posées devant lui par cha- que magistrat particulier. Les particuliers ne pouvaient point, au contraire, en dehors des relations internationales, s'adres- ser au sénat : il n'y a, dans sa situation, rien qui présente une analogieavec le droit des assemblées représentatives modernes de recevoir des pétitions. Il faut toujours passer par les magis- trats pour arriver au sénat, et les magistrats eux-mêmes ont bien accueilli les requêtes des particuliers, mais ils n'ont pas facilement permis aux particuliers de les développer eux-mêmes devant le sénat (p. 145, note 2). (1) Dans Titc-Live, 3, 13, les Iribuns forcent leurs collègues à n d'un accusé des cautions de sa comparution; le sénat est interrogo Eiir le montant data sonimo lidad aenatum rejicitur). Lorsque, en 5G3, les citoyeos des colonies maritimes en appellent auï Iribuns au sujet de lenr obligation au service, ces derniers sollicitent des instructions du sénat (p. 317. notu S), +0, 29, M, un citoyen auquel le préteur a enlevé sa propnûté tait appel aux Iribuns de la violence du magistrat iv. tome III, la théorie du Tribunat, sur la surveillance générale exercée par les tribuns), elles tribuns en face de cette question scabreuse demandent des instructions au Sénat {ab Iribuait al srmiiim res rgl lejectit). idby Google ADMINISTRATION DB LA VILLE ET DU PEUPLE. 3S7 Ce serait un travail stérile, surtout en face de la manière fortuite dont les renseignements nous sont parvenus, que de vouloir suivre dans tous leurs détails les questions administra- tives multiples qui rentrent dans les notioas indiquëus et qui par conséquent peuvent venir en délibération dans le sénat. Nous devons d'abord relever ici les matières dans lesquelles la sollicitude du sénat pour la sûreté publique et pour le maintieu du bon ordre se manifeste au premier plan : les mesures rela- tives aux auspices et au culte des dîeus ; aux assemblées du peuple; aux associations; aux marchés pseudo-communaux, et enRu à la vie privée et à l'économie domestique ; puis nous exposerons quelles distinctions honorifiques et quelles dégra- dations ont été prononcées par le sénat ; et enfin nous verrons jusqu'à que] poîQt l'intervention des magistrats dans l'intérât de la sécurité et du bon ordre, ce que les Romains appellent la coercition du magistrat, peut être appuyée et renforcée par le sénat. Ce qui sera remarqué à ce sujet se rapporte, il est vrai, directement & la ville de Rome, mais s'applique aussi essen- tiellement aux citoyens romains qui se trouvent hors de Rome, notamment en Italie. Les menaces àla sécurité publique, contre lesquelles la coercition de la paix ne suffit pas, seront étudiées plus loin au sujet de la proclamation de la loi martiale. 1. Le contri^le religieux des actes publics, exercé par le sénat, doit, dans la cité ancienne, encore intimement dominée par les règles de la religion nationale, avoir rencontré son expres- sion prépondérante dans l'interrogation du sénat sur les in- fractions au rituel, sur les prodiges et sur toutes les mesures religieuses extraordinaires (p. SCO et ss.]. Ces résolutions n'ac- quirent una portée plus étendue que lorsque elles ne furent plus prises sans idées préconçues, mais en vertu de considérations personnelles et politiques, lorsque l'instauration de la fête la- tine fut décidée afin de retarder le départ des consuls pour l'armée, lorsque une défectuosité do l'auspication fut utilisée pour perpétuer le droit da fait des patriciens à l'une des places de consul (VI, 1, p. 418, note 2). Cependant il ne faut pas juger les choses d'après l'image déformée que nous en pré- idbyGoOgle DROIT PUBLIC ROMAIN. seDte l'agonie de la République; quelque lot que l'on ait pu notammeDt abuser de l'auspication sous ce rapport, la sophisticatioude l'ancleone foi s'est cependant mainlenue dans des limites mcsurtes jusqu'à l'explosion des guerres civiles. Le pouvoir d'empêcher ou de provoquer des actes religieux extraordinaires et surtout d'examiner tout acte des citoyens, eu particulier tout vote du peuple, en chercbant si les prescriptions religieuses n'avaient pas été enfreintes, a tou- jours été t'un des pouvoirs les plus importants du sénat. Il avait là comme instrument le collège des augures. Pour provo- quer une pareille résolution, il fallait ou la demande d'une consultation de ce collège faite par le sénat ou une nuntiation du collège (p. 144). Que la question eût été ouverte d'une façon ou de l'autre, les magistrats ne pouvaient guère se soustraire k la nécessité de la mettre en délibération ; el, lorsque le col- lège avait déclaré une loi ou une élection entachée d'un vice, il ne restait en général au sénat qu'à adhérer à la consultation des hommes de l'art. Sans doute l'acte n'était aucunement an- nulé en droit par un tel sénatu s -consulte, mais cependant la conséquence a été d'ordinaire l'abrogation du vole reconnu défectueux et la déposition des magistrats élus irrégulière- ment (1). L'obligation morale de restreindre dans la mesure du possible les suites juridiques de l'acte vicieux combinée avec l'autorité du sénat exerçait une pression qui (rendait dif- ficile et souvent pleinement impossible de résister. 2. Il incombe aux magistrats, en particulier aux consuls et aux édiles, de veiller au maintien de la pureté de la religion nationale et à l'exclusion des cultes étrangers ; mais ils ont en géndralétii appuyés dans ce sens par les instructions du sénat (2). Nous rappellerons, pour la résistance aux philoso- (1) VI, i, p. 418 ; cf. tome II, la théorie des Formes de la retraite et de la déposition du maBîstrat. sur l'abrogation. (2) Tite-LiTB. 39, 16 : Quotient hoc patrum avorumque Ktait negolium est ma- gislratiliiis daium, uti sacra exlerna fieri velarenl, tacrificutos valesgue foro circo urbe prohibèrent, valicinios lïbros conguirerent comburerenlgiie, omnem diicipli- nam sacrificandi prjelerguam more Romano abolerent. Judicabant enim prudtn- liisimi viri omnii divim hamanigue juris nthil xgue diisolvendM rtligionit tilt idbvGoogle ADHIHISTRATtON DB LA TILLE BT DU PEUPLE. 390 phes helléoiques oégatours de la divinité, leur expulsion de Rome par ua sénatus-coQSulte eacoro existant de l'an S93 (p. 416, note 3); pour la résistance aux superstitions nouvelles, les avertissements du sénat aux édiles plusieurs fois meutiou- uésdaasles annales (1); la destruction par le fuu des livres laissés par le roi Numa opérée sur le comilium en S73 en vertu d'un sénatus-consulte (2); l'iavitatioa encore adressée aux consuls dans les derniers temps de la République d'agir contre le culte d'isis (3). Mais, et il ne pouvait en être autrement, il a'a pas été rare non plus que le sénat ait pris des résolu- tions dans le sens opposé, soit par condescendance pour les souhaits de la multitude, soit en vertu des propres tendances de la majorité du sénat elle-même. C'est ainsi que le culte d'Apollon a reçu une extension d'un sénatus-consulte en vertu des prophéties de Marciuset que les cultes de la Mère des dieux de Phrygie et d'autres dieux étrangers ont également été appe- lés à la vie par des sénatus-coosultes en vertu des oracles sibyllins. Ce n'est ici le tieu de développer en détail ni l'un ni l'autre point (i). 3. Le sénat est fréquemment intervenu dans la surveillance sn^fiii de la tranquillité el de la sûreté des réunions populaires qui "" appartient au magistrat. Ses décisions relatives aux fftles et aux jeux sont, pour une bonne part, déterminées par de telles considérations, il est remarquable que le sénat de la Républi- que refusait des sièges aux spectateurs des spectacles gratuits et qu'il s'est opposé avec succès à la construction de théâtres permanents, sans doute, quant au dernier point, principale- ment dans l'intention d'empêcher les contions dangereuses (5). (tes livres de Numa sont aassi dissohxndantm religionum : Tite-Live, 40, 29, It). quant ubi non palrio, ted exlemo ritu aacrificaretur: (\) V. tome IV, lathiarie âe l'Édilité, nur UsurveilLinco des places et des lieux publics, n" 8. (!) Tito-LiTo, iD, 29. PHdo, 13. 13. 81. Augustin, Dt civ. dei, '„ 3i. (3) Dion. *0, 47. Vul. Max. 1. I, 3. Teriullien, Apol. 6. (4j [V. aujourd'hui la dissertation spùdalo de il. Momm^ien, Der ReU- gionifrevcl naeh rœmUchen Rechl. Hiilorimhe ZeiUchnfl, tome M, 1890, pp. 3m-i2t.] (3) Val. Max. 2, 42, relata la démolition {ex lenatua conaulto. d'aprto Tltd- D,g,tza:Jb.GOOgle 400 DROIT PUBLIC ROMAIN. Nous constatODs avant tout l'aclivité du sénat par rapport aux comices, assurément autant et plus qu'en vertu de la préoccu- palioD de la sécurité publique, à raison d'autres considérations politiques multiples. Les règles prescrites par la constitution s'imposent à lui comme à tout autre; mais tout ie domaine qui reste laissé dans ce cercle à l'arbitraire du magistrat appar- tient également aux conseils du sénat et plus tarda ses instruc- tions. Lorsque avant la loi Licinia les consuls et les tribuns militaires alternaient, la décision du point de savoir si l'on nommerait des uns ondes autres appartenait en droit au magis- trat qui présidait le vote, et sans doute en fait au sénat. La question, souvent importante en pratique, de savoir quel ma- gistrat doit faire procéder au vote peut toujours être tranchée constitutionnellement sans le concours du sénat; mais te sé- nat exerce là une action de toute antiquité, au moins autant que nous sachions. Il n'a pas légalement à statuer sur le point de savoir si les consuls doivent eux-mâmes procéder à la nomi- nation de leurs successeurs ou s'il doit y avoir un interrègne; mais il en a fréquemment provoqué un contrôla volonté des ma- gistrats supérieurs, en détournant par des objections religieuses les magistrats supérieurs en fonctions de tenir les comices (1). L'intervention du sénat se manifeste en particulier pour la fixation des termes des comices électoraux, dont l'accomplisse- ment en temps utile était, d'une part, la condition de la mar- che constitutionnelle des choses et, d'autre part, était essentielle- ment compliquée par le départ régulier des consuls pour l'ar- mée établi à une époque précoce. Cette intervention a encore lieu au vi^ siècle sous une forme discrète : le sénat se borne Live, i%) au théfttre en pierre commencé par les ci ajoute; Senatus comulto cmilumtst.Tie qaitin urbe propiumie pasius mille sui- sellia posuisae sedensve ludoa speelare veilel. Sur leB contionei, cf. VI, 1, p. 456. note 3. [i) Notre tradition ne s'occnpe que du cas où le magislrat est amené à se retirer avant le temps et où l'ioterrôgne est provoqué par là; mais l'interrè- gne se produit également au cas de retraite au temps normal, lorsque les élections n'ont pas eu lieu préalablement, et la sénat a tout au moins pu prendre cette voie. idbvGoogle ADUINISTRATION DB LA VILLE ET DU PEUPLE. 401 à adresser aux deux consuls absents l'invitation que l'un d'eux revieune à Rome à cette fin (1). Si la chose semble faisable aux deux consuls eu face de la situation militaire, il reste ré- servé à leur eutente ou au sort de déterminer lequel se rendra à Rome (2); si elle ne leur semble pas faisable, ils s'enten- dent en général avec le sénat pour nommer un dictateur chargé des élections (3)- Lès pouvoirs du sénat sur le consul absent se résument donc exclusivement dans le droit de provo- quer, s'il Y a lieu, raccomplissement régulier des élections dans la forme appropriée. On a très fréquemment délibéré dans le sénat sur la fixation d'assemblées populaires de toute sorte (i) et la détermination des termes, qui exerce à de nombreux points de vue une influence politique décisive, a été de plus en plus enlevée aux magistrats (5), ce à quoi, spécia- (1) La Ttvocatio comiliorum coûta otst meationnAe eiprassémsat pour la premiire fois an sujet des élections pour 4£S (Tite-Live. S, 20, 1). La procé- dure suivie relativement aux élections pour 643 dsns Tite-Live, 35, i\, où les deux consulH étalent devant Capoue. est un paradigme de la procédure normale : Jam ferme in exitu annut eral ilaqiie aenatu$ Romx deerevit, ut P. Cornélius prxior lilteras Capuam ad coniulei millerel, dum Harmibal procul abeasel ner ulia magni discrimina re$ ad Capuam gererrlur, atter eorum, li ila viderelur, ad magiatratua tubrogandoa Romam venirel. Litterii accepta inUr tt conauiei compararunl, ul Claudiia comitia perficerel, Fulviui ad Capuam ma- Tttrel. Pareillement Tite-Live, ii, i^, U, etc. (î) Y, tome I, lu ttiéorie de la Gollâgialité, sur le tirage au sort du droit d'accomplir l'acte. Si l'un des consuls se trouve outre-mer et l'autre en Ita- lie, les comices reviennent naturelleinent d'ordinaire au sacoud (Tite-Live. 29, 10. 32, 7), quoique on rencontre une eioeplion [Tite-Live. 27, *). Si donc les consuls tirent au sort un département extra-italique et le département d'Italie, le dernier lot comprend la présidence des élections (Tite-Live, 3S, 20. 7). Si l'Italie a âté attribuée aux deux consuls, la présidence des élections est parfois tirée au sort (Tite-Live, 39, 32, 5). (3) Cela est rapporté ponr la première fois au sujet des élections pour 403 (Ttle-Llve, 7, 2i, 9); puis dans Tite-Live, 7, 26. 8, 16. 23. etc. cf. tome m, la tbéorie de la Dictature, sur la compétence spéciale du dictateur. {\) Dans Tite-Live, iZ, il. 3. le sénat décide, u( A. AtiUiu consul comilia coruulibuê rogandis ila ediceret, ut mente Januario conpei (le Ma. : comilia) poiienl. En SS9, il est proposé dans le sénat, ut prietorea Ha crearentur, ut dlei texaginta privati etienl (Cicéron, Ad. Q. fi: 2, 7 [9], 3), (5) L'ajournement des comices (VI. I, p. 177 et se.) n'a sans doute jamais été Ué théoriquement à l'asseatiment du sénat; mais les tnxtes cités YI. 1, p. ^^^, note s. montrent par eïsuiple avec quelle fréquence le magistrat s'est appuyé sur le sénat ponr y procéder on le sénat l'y a eontroint au temps de Cicéron. Droit Publ. Rom., t. 711. 2S idbvGoOgle 403 DROIT PUBLIC ROUAIN. temeutdans la période postérieure à Sulla, le droit du sénat de délier des lois réglant les comices, que nous étudierons plus loin, a essentiellement contribué. Cependant le sénatoe pouvait, sous la présidence d'un préteur, fixer le terme d'une assem- blée du peuple présidée par un consul; il pouvait seulement . prier le consul de ta tenir le plus tôt possible (primo quoque tempore) (1). Sous ta présidence du consul, une décision pou- vait être prise dans le sénat sur te terme même, et cela est arrivé en fait, au moins dans la période postérieure à Sulla, où les consuls restaient ordinairement à Rome pendant leur aanée de fonctions (2). I* 4. Le droit d'association a en général été laissé aux citoyens sous la République, mais il peut être restreint par voie admi- nistrative et une telle mesure extraordinaire appartient de droit à la compétence du sénat. C'est de la sorte qu'en Tan 568, les confréries de Bachkos ont élu, sans consultation du peuple (3), interdites en principe à Home et en Italie, par les consuls et le sénat, sous réserve des dispenses qui pourraient être accordées dans des cas particuliers par la même autorité. Lorsqu'on pro- céda de même, en 690, contre les associations politiques de la capitale (4), la compétence du sénat fut attaquée par le parti populaire (5) et le droit d'association fut délivré de ce frein par (1) La plupart doa taxtea se rapportent à des maglstrata abaenta (Tile- Liv», il, 14, 3. të. a. i. 43. 11, 3. 41, 17. 2; cf. VI, 1, p. 432, nota 9); maiB des magistrats présents sont aussi iavitéa à soumettre un projet de loi au peuple primo quoque tempore (Tite-Live, 4, 5S, 8). {i) Il suffit de rappeler la Bxalion des comicea consulaires pendant le eoDHulat de Cicéron. Drumann, S. 418 et sa. (3) La procédure est pleinement éclairée par l'àdit des consuls qui noua Bat parvenu (C. J. L. I, n. 196] et la relation de Tite-Live, 39, 3 19; apèciale- nient il est établi qu'il n'y a aucune loi. {4} Cicàron mentionne, dans le discours pour C. Cornélius, prononcé en 689, un coltègd des Cornéliens, récenimecl ortfanisé. au Rujet duquel Asco- niug, p. 9i, remarque : Freqiienler tum etiam cœtus faclioaarum hominum siite publica auclorilale malo pubtico fiebani; propler quod postea eollegia el si,ena- ius) c{oniuito] et pluribus tegibus sunt subiala prxler pauea atgue cerla. Le mâmo sur le discours In Pis. i, S : L. Julio C. Marcio coa. (an 693J... amalui comullo collegia mlilala aiint çux aduerius rem publicam oidebanlur eue. (.1) Dès la Qn de G93, un IriLnin promit sa protection à ceux qui vou- draienl organiser les jeux des rues défendus dans ce sénatus-coosulle ; mais idbvGoogle ADMINISTRATION DE Ll TILLE ET DU PEUPLE. f03 une' loi. Mais bieotôt après il fut aupprimé, également par voie législative {!). Nous reviendrons, en nous occupant du pseudo- pouvoir législatif du sénat, sur le droit qu'il eut désormais d'ac- corder des exemptions de ta défense générale. 5. Les établissements faits hors de la ville de Rome sur son territoire, qui ne rentrent pas dans la catégorie des fondations de communautés urbaines (VI, 2, p. 417 et ss.), échappent pour ainsi dire complètement à nos regards. Quoiqu'un pareil établis- sement soit toujours laissé au gré de chacun et que le vieus, le village (VI, 1 p. 134) soit une chose de pur fait, il ne peut ce- pendant guère être devenu un lieu de réunion (conciliabulum), un marché (forum) sans le concours des organes du peuple, et certaines dispositions prises pour la publication des édits des magistrats (2) indiquent une organisation officielle de tels établissements. Il est probable quecette organisation a été d'une importance étendue pour le système romain, à l'époque an- cienne, avant l'introduction des villes dans l'État. La vente du sel faite hors delà ville (p. 327, note 5) peut s'y être liée; les établissements de citoyens romains qui tirent leur origine des douanes italiques (p. 330, note 1) pourraient appartenir à la même catégorie. Un point de départ général est fourni par le droit de marché, c'est-à-dire le droit accordé à un certain em- placement, en vertu duquel des marchés périodiques (nundinse) peuvent y être tenus à des jours fixes du mois. La pseudo-or- ganisation municipale dont on rencontre les traces çk et là, a pu facilement se grelTer sur lui. Au temps de l'Empire, qui est le seul oùle droit de marché nous soil connu, ce droit est, comme celui d'association, concédé par le sénat sous forme de pri- il De réassit pas ('^iefiron, tn Pu. 4, S). Au contraire, les codshIs de 696, Piso et GabiniuB permirent les jeux des compiialia arant que la loi de Ciodlus n'eât été volée (Ascoulas, ad h. l.) (1) Les plurei leqes, qui rétablireot, d'après AbcodIub (p. 403, noie 4), le aéDatus-consDlle abrogé par la loi Clodia, sont aatiB doute MlleB de César (Suétone, 42) et d'A.uguBte (Suétone, 3â); tout au moins nous n'en connaia- flons pas d'autres. (S) T. tome I, la théorie du Droit d'agir arec le peuple et da lui adresser des eommunicalions, sur le lieu de publication de l'èdit. idbvGoOgle UV DROfT PUBLIC ROUMN. vilège (i); on peut supposer qu'à l'époque ancienne des dispo- sitions de ce genre ont été prises, par voie administrative, par les consuls et le signât, et en effet nous avons la preuve que le sénat a eu une part dans li;s établissements occasionnés par la perception des douanes italiques. 6. Le sénat a souvent pris des mesures dans l'intérêt du bon ordre intime et de la réglementation de l'économie domesti- ' que. On sait comment il a limité la durée du deuil après des défaîtes graves, afin de réagir contre le découragement des ci- toyens (2). La preuve que, même à l'époque où il gouvernait le monde, il resta en première ligne le conseil communal de la ville de Rome est dans ses décisions sur la circulation des voi- tures dans les rues (3), le nettoyage des rues (4) et la prohibition de l'iinportation de bêtes féroces (5). Cependant il n'a guère pris de dispositions de police générale. Les mesures prises contre le luxe de table, qui ne pouvaient être appliquées sans un contrôle pénible de la vie privée, ont été établies par le peuple sous la République; une mesure plus spéciale, con- cernant exclusivement les sénateurs, a seule été prise par un sénatus-coDSulte en 593 (6). Si, d'après une décision de Ti- bère, le sénat dut régler annuellement le prix des comestibles recherchés (7), cela se rattache à sou pouvoir législatif de (1) y, toma V. la théorie de la Participation de l'empereur au pouvoir lâgislatif, sur le droit de marché. (2) Après la bataille do Gannaa: Tite-Live. 23, S6; après ta catastrophe do la forOt de Litaoa: Tite-Live. 23, 23; pendant la guerra sociale; Appien, B. c. 1, »3. [3j Lea disposilions sur le droit des ferameE d'aller en voiture sont ratta- ctiées au sânat chez Tite-Live, 5. 25, 9. et chez Plularqne, Q. A. 5G, mais an peuple, il est vrai, chez Diodore, 14, H6- (i) V. tome IV, la théorie de l'Ëdililé, à la section <te la surveillance des places, des rues et des lieui publics, n" S. - {5) Selon Pline, N. k. S. 17, 64, un « vieu\ » BL'natus -consulte défendait d'importer en Italie des hêtes féroces d'Afrique, et cette défense fut ensuite abolie par uu plébiscite. Cf. Dig. 21, i, 40. 1. (6) Aulu-Gelie, ï, 24. La déci.sion dispose que, pour las repas que les grands s'offruienl réciproquement à l'occasion des Mogslensia. chaque maître de maison s'engagerait par serment devant le cinsut à ne pas dépasser un eurl.iin maximum de dépenses do table. {") Suétone, Tib. 34: CeTuait annonam... macelli senatus arbilralu guolan- tii) iemperandam. idby Google ADMINISTRATION DE LA VILLE ET DU PEUPLE. W5 l'époque récente. Ce qui nous est connu de l'intervention du sénat dans les crises fioancières, émane bien du sénat, sous la République, mais est réalisé sous la forme de loi (I). Ainsi donc l'aocien gouvernement de la ville s'abstient en général de pénétrer dans l'économie privée des citoyens. Ce n'est pas vrai dans la même mesure du gouvernement général de l'empire. Dans le but de relever l'agriciilture italienne, l'exploitation des mines fut interdite en Italie par un sénatus-consulle (p. 330, note 3) et la culture de la vigne et de l'olivier fut défendue dans la province nouvellement acquise de Narbonnaise (2); on peut rapprocber de cela le sénatus-consulte, unique de son espèce, qui prescrivit de traduire en latin l'ouvrage d'agriculture du Phénicien Mago trouvé dans ta bibliothèque de la ville détruite de Carthage (3). Il en est de même des limitations au com- merce (t). Tant que Rome ne Tulque l'une des villes du La- tium, il en a difiîcilement existé; même postérieurement, le commerce, à notre connaissance, a été et est demeuré libre dans l'intérieur de la fédération italique (5). Mais aux tioa- (1) V. tome IV. la théorie dea Magistrats extraordinaires nommés pour exercor les droits réservés du peuple, sur ceux chargés de préls publica. (Si Cicérou, De re p., 'i, 0, 16, met dans la bouche du second Atrictûci les mots ; Nos justissimi liomines, qiii Traaaalpina» gentei oleam et vilem serere non jiriiiniu, çuo pluris sliil no>tra olivela noslrœque viiiex. Cf. R. G. 2, 160. 392 :=tr. Ir. 9, iSi. S, S2. Le sénat n'est d'ailleurs point nommé. (31 Columelle. 1, 1, 13. riine, II. n. 18, 3, 22. 23. Le mandai parait avoir été donné à l'occaition de la donation de la bib'liotbéqua de la ville aux. rois de Numidio ; le traducteur s'appelle Dionysius, mais le Romain D. SilanuB participa aiieai au travail. (4) et. ce qui a élé remarqué p. 330, note S. au sujet des aénatus-con suites relatifs à des impôts ou k des monopolcH. (5) L'avantage qu'ont les Latins de pouvoir acquérir des esclaves et du gro bétail dans les formes roniuines ne peut pas étro porté jusqu'à ce point qu'un échange da ces objets ait été interdit entre un Romain et un Néapoli- tain. Lo fait que le Ilomain n'acquerra pas la propriété sur l'esclave par la vente, mais pur l'ueuespion annale, est en dehors de la question ; dans le cas inrerse, l'usucBpicn ne procède pas au profit de l'acheteur néapolitain ; parauilo, lu vendeur l'om^tin est garant de l'éviction par rapport ^l'acheteur néapolitain, en vertu de la réi;lcdes XII tables : Adiitrius hotttm aiema auc- toriiai, qui se rapporte proliablemont à cela, et il resle légalement le proprié- taire, mais une presrrijition ucquisitive de l'espèce de la longi lemporù praseriptio de l'édit a certainement été introduite de bonne heure au profit du pérégrin. idbvGoogle 406 DROIT PUBLIC BOHAIK. tières de l'empire, en face de l'étranger proprement dit, des prohibitionB d'exportation ont existé, sous la République, cer- tainement pour l'or at l'argent (1) et pour les chevaux (2) et peut-être pour les autres marcbaiidises, avec une étendue égale à celle de la période récente de l'Empire (3). Nous n'avons aucune conoaissance de résolutions des comices volées en ces matières; au contraire, il est expressément attesté, pour l'expor- tation de l'or, que le sénat en a fréquemment confirmé la dé- fense. 11 est probable que toutes les dispositions do cette espèce ont été prises pour Rome et l'Italie par les consuls, pour les pro- vinces par les gouverneurs, mais en général sur les instruc- tions du sénat. 7. Les distinctions publiques d'un caractère personnel ont été enfermées, ches les Romains, dans des limites plus étroites que partout ailleurs, grâce à l'opiniâtre énergie avec lar^uellc ils ont maintenu extérieurement l'égalité devant la loi. Cependant elles sont mèmecbez eux de la nature la plus diverse. Nous ne pouvons avoir le dessein de rassembler ici tout ce qui peut être rattaché à cette idée vague. Certaines de ses applications, par exemple l'exemption du service militaire (VI, l, p. 273), les donations de terres (p. 332) et d'argent (p. 33o), ont été étudiées ailleurs; d'autres ne concernent pas le sénat, ainsi (1) Cicéroii, In Valin. S, iî: Miausne sis [comma questeur on 691) a me cumule Puleolos, ut inde aui-um ejporfnri argenlwnqiie prohiberei? où vient ensuite la description des moleHlations caiisùes aui marina et aux ehanda par ces recherches. Le même, Pro Flaceo, 2S, 67 : Cum aurum JudMo- rum nomine quolannU ex Italia et ex omiiibta provinriit Hitrosotyma exporlari $olerel, Flaccus (gouverneur d'Asie en 692}, ta-nxit edicto, ne e-c Asîa exportari liceret.,. exportari aurum non oporlere cum eapr antea senaha, tum me coniuU (en 691) graviasime judicavif. (S) Tite-Live. 43, S, 9, sur l'an 684 : Petentibua (aux envoyés des Garni- dos Hislri et d'autres peuplades de la frontière nord de l'Italie) dala Ipar le sénat) ut denorum equorum iii cammeirium easel (qui leur man'[nait an 'BUT qualité d'étrangeral educendigiic ex llalia polestaa fierel (droit qui par conséquent n'appartenait même pas au propriétaire ré^nilier). (3) Métaux en );ènéral (Hérodien, i, 10. i). en particulier fer et articles do fer (Paul, Dig._ 39, *, H, pr, où est aussi comprise la pierre à aiguiser né- cessaire ; Cod.'jusl. i. 41, 2 ; Proeope, Fera. 1, 19) et or (constitution de 374 environ, C. Jusl. 4. 63, 2), — sel (Paul, loc. cil.), — grains (Paul, loc. cil.; Cod. Juii. 4, 40. 3). — vin (conalitution de 37S, C.Jtiat.i, 41, 1)— huile (toc. «(.), — liquamen. (toc. cit.), — armes {Cod. Jtut. 4, 41, 2). idbvGoogle AOHINISTRATION DE LA VILLE ET DU PEUPLE. 407 en particulier les préseats du géiidral auxquels le sénat n'a ja- mais parlicipé (1). L'exposition qui suit se borue aux points les plus importaats et spécialement à ceux dans lesquels la compétence du sénat se trouve en question en face de celle des comices. a. Nous avons montré ailleurs (2) que, sous la Républi- que, il ne pouvait être élevé de statues (3) & des vivants que par l'État et que naturellement il pouvait en être élevé de la même façon aux citoyens décédas. L'érection d'un tel monu- ment — qu'il ne faut pas confondre avec la concession d'un em- placement public, qui est souvent nécessaire pour les érections licites de monuments privés, mais qui ne doit pas être comptée parmi les distînclions publiques, — se rencontre de bonne beure spécialement pour les citoyens qui, sans être soldats, ont perdu la vie dans un service public (i) ; elle se présente comme ac- cordée à un vivant, et comme sûrement avérée, pour le consul de l'an 116 (3). C'est un point douteux de savoir s'il fallait originairement pour cela un vote des comices (6). Au vi" siô- (1)P, 33S, DOta 4. Une décision des comicea rondit à une femme bbs droits d'Iiononbilité et la libéra da la tutella fondée Ftur la sexe (Tlte-Live, 39, t9J. — Les coDditioog dans lesquelteH les èdi&ces sont nommée d'après les per- sonnes (v. tome II, la théorie dea Honneurs des ai -magistrats et de leur postérité n* 5 in /Tn«) sont trop peu connnea pour qne la question de com- pétence poisse senlemant être posée. — Les adresses de remerciements ne sont pas une ehnsa romaine ; si gratiw actm tant, dans un sénatas-con suite, à l'occasion des désordres provoqués par Catilina (Val. Mai. 4, S, \ cela a été certainement dans les considérants, et la décision a eu un objet concret- (2) V. tome II, la théorie des Honneurs des ex-magistrats et de leur postérité. d> S. (3) La columna n'est pas autre chose qu'une statue placée sur un pié- destal ulevé. montre la représentation du monameni de Minucius àla Porta Trigeniina(li. M. W. p. 550 = tr. fr. S, p. 304); Pline l'appelle aussi tantôt cùlumna (34. 5,20) tanlût stalua (18, 3, 15). Les monuments d'une antre forme, par exemple l'érection d'un bmuf doré, que Titc-Live, 4, 16, 1, met k la place, rentrent dans le même point de vue. (4} Cicémn, Phil. 9, 1 , 3 ; le plus ancien exemple est placé aooa la date de l'an 3(6 (Tite-Livs, 4, 11 ; Pline, 34, 5, S3). Sans aucun doute, une décision spéciale a <''té prise dans chaque cas particulier, et l'érection de statue est toujours restée légale. iient an priviltgium personnel. (5) Pline, H. n. 34, S. 20. Tile-Live, 8. 13, 8. (6) La construction du monument de Minneina qne le» Annales placent en 315, fat décidée d'après Tite-Live, 4, 16, S, par un plébiscite, tandis que idbvGoOgle 408 DROIT PUBLIC ROMAIN. cle, cet hoaaeur est accordé tantôt pnr le peuple, tantôt par le séaat seul (1). Si la statue était érigée sur le Forum, elle servait en mémo temps à la postérité du personnage de place pour les spectacles qui avaient lieu là (^); un siège d'honneur était aussi sans doute offert de la même façon au cirque à lui et à sa postérité (3J. — Sous le Principat, l'érection d'une statue à Rome dépend légalement du sénat (4), auquel elle est deman- dée même par les empereurs (S). C'est simplement par une application de ce principe que le sénat se prononce, sur la propo- Denys, 12, 4. l'attrlbas au sâoat. Selon Pline, 34, 5, SI (cf. IS, 3, 15), il tut élevé imâaria slipt conitzta, neicio an primù iali honore a populo, antea enim atenatu era(, ob l'idée est peut-être que les Trais furent BujiportèH là pour la première fols par des contributions volontaires taodiB qa'nntârîouremant ils tombaient à la charge de l'^rarium. Ces relalioDs non-historiques ne per- mettent mâme pas do reconnaîtra aveu sûretâ quel était l'avis des anciens sur la question de compétence. (1) Les censeurs firent, en 596, enlever toutes les statiiea du Forum, prxter eaa qum populi aul tenaCiiS satlenlia statutx estent (Pison dans Pline. 34, 6, 30; cf. tome II, la théorie dee Honneurs des ei-maipatrats at de leur postérité, anr le droit à l'exposition d'i m agaa publiques). Le sénat est souvent nommé à, l'occasion d'érection de statues (Tile-Live, 9. 43. 22; Pline, H. n. 34, G, 24 ; Val ère- Maxime, 3, I, 1, cf. tome II, loc. cil.) ; la dialinction faits par Piaon prouve qu'il pouvait agir seul. | 5,244 |
US-202217986306-A_2 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,022 | None | None | English | Spoken | 6,898 | 8,485 | FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate an embodiment of a method of producing the semiconductor package 500 shown in FIG. 5 . In FIGS. 5A and 5B, the left-hand side of the respective figures shows a plan view of the first main side 104 of the insulating substrate 102 and the right-hand side of the respective figures shows a plan view of the second main side 106 of the insulating substrate 102.
FIG. 6A shows the semiconductor package 500 after embedding the power semiconductor dies 108, 502 in the insulating substrate 102 of the package 500, but before forming the metallizations 126, 514 at the first main side 104 of the insulating substrate 102. As shown in FIG. 6A and as explained previously herein, solderable first contact pads 128 for the half bridge switch node SW at the second main side 106 of the insulating substrate 102 are formed by the first vias 124, a solderable second contact pad 130 at the second main side 106 of the insulating substrate 102 is formed by the second load terminal bond pad 118 of the power semiconductor die 108, a solderable third contact pad 520 at the second main side 106 of the insulating substrate 102 is formed by the first load terminal bond pad 504 of the additional power semiconductor die 108, a solderable fourth contact pad 132 at the second main side 106 of the insulating substrate 102 is formed by the control terminal bond pad 122 of the first die 108, and a solderable fifth contact pad 518 at the second main side 106 of the insulating substrate 102 is formed by the corresponding additional via 516.
FIG. 6B shows the semiconductor package 500 after forming the metallizations 126, 514 at the first main side 104 of the insulating substrate 102. The first solder mask 136 is formed on the first main side 104 of the insulating substrate 102. The first solder mask 126 has a first opening 600 that defines the layout/footprint for the first metallization 126. The first opening 600 in the first solder mask 126 exposes at least part of the first load terminal bond pad 114 at the first side 116 of the first power semiconductor die 108, exposes at least part of the second load terminal bond pad 508 at the second side 510 of the additional power semiconductor die 108, and exposes at least part of the first vias 124 which extend through the insulating substrate 102.
The first solder mask 126 also has a second opening 602 that defines the layout/footprint for the second metallization 514. The second opening 602 in the first solder mask 126 exposes at least part of the control terminal bond pad 512 at the second side 510 of the additional power semiconductor die 502 and exposes at least part of the corresponding via 516 which extends through the insulating substrate 102.
Copper is then deposited in the openings 600, 602 of the first solder mask 126. The first vias 124, the first load terminal bond pad 114 at the first side 116 of the power semiconductor die 108, the second load terminal bond pad 508 at the second side 510 of the additional power semiconductor die 108, and the control terminal bond pad 510 at the second side 510 of the additional power semiconductor die 108 and corresponding via 516 are illustrated as dashed boxes in the left-hand part of FIG. 6B, since the vias 124, 516 and the terminal bond pads 114, 508, 512 are covered by the metallizations 126, 514 and therefore obstructed in the left-hand plan view of FIG. 6B.
The right-hand plan view of FIG. 6B shows the second side 106 of the insulating substrate 102 after a second solder mask 140 is provided at the second main side 106 of the insulating substrate 102. The second solder mask 140, if provided, defines the exposed surface area of the respective solderable contact pads 128, 130, 132, 518, 520 provided at the second main side 106 of the insulating substrate 102 for surface mounting of the semiconductor package 500, as previously explained herein.
FIGS. 7A through 7I illustrate respective cross-sectional views of an embodiment of a method of batch producing semiconductor packages of the kind previously described herein.
FIG. 7A shows a core insulating panel 700 adhered to a temporary bonding tape 702 at a second main side 704 of the core insulating panel 700 opposite a first main side 706. The core insulating panel 700 has a plurality of openings 708 each sized to receive a power semiconductor die. Only one opening 708 is shown in FIGS. 7A through 7I for ease of illustration. The core insulating panel 700 also has electrically conductive vias 710 which extend through the panel 700. The vias 710 are wide/large enough so that the vias 710 have sufficient surface contact area for use as final/direct pads at the second main side 704 of the panel 700. The core insulating panel 700 may be a laminate with the vias 710 embedded in the laminate as Cu blocks. In another example, the core insulating panel 700 may be a standard PCB laminate with the vias 710 being filled Cu vias. In yet another example, the core insulating panel 700 may be a molded panel with the vias 710 being embedded Cu vias, blocks, leadframe components, etc. The vias 710 in FIG. 7A may correspond to any of the vias 124, 202, 516 shown in FIGS. 1 through 6B.
FIG. 7B shows a power semiconductor die 712 inserted in each opening 708 of the core insulating panel 700. Each power semiconductor die 712 is thinner than or a same thickness as the core insulating panel 700 and includes a first load terminal bond pad 714 at a first side which faces the same direction as the first main side 706 of the core insulating panel 700, a second load terminal bond pad 716 at a second side which faces the same direction as the second main side 704 of the core insulating panel 700, and a control terminal bond pad 718 at the first side or the second side of the die 712. The left-hand side of FIG. 7B shows the control terminal bond pad 718 at the side of the die 712 facing the temporary bonding tape 702 (e.g. source-up configuration), and the right-hand side of FIG. 7B shows the control terminal bond pad 718 at the side of the die 712 facing away from the temporary bonding tape 702 (e.g. source-down configuration). In either case, each power semiconductor die 712 is adhered to the temporary bonding tape 702 at the side of the die 712 facing the tape 702.
FIG. 7C shows, after inserting a power semiconductor die 712 in each opening 708 of the core insulating panel 700, filling each opening 708 and covering each power semiconductor die 712 with a resin film 720. Any standard resin film lamination process may be used.
FIG. 7D shows, after filling each opening 708 and covering each power semiconductor die 712 with the resin film 720, removing the temporary bonding tape 702 and planarizing the resin film 720 at the first main side 706 of the core insulating panel 700. Standard planarization techniques may be used such as CMP (chemical-mechanical polishing).
FIG. 7E shows removing the resin film 720′ from at least part of the first load terminal bond pad 714 at the side of each power semiconductor die 712 which faces the same direction as the first main side 706 of the core insulating layer 700. In one embodiment, the resin part 720″ which remains after exposing the first load terminal bond pad 714 of each power semiconductor die 712 is the insulating material 112 shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 5.
FIG. 7F forming a seed layer 722 for Cu growth on the first main side 706 of the core insulating panel 700 and on the part of the first load terminal bond pad 714 of each power semiconductor die 712 exposed by removing the resin film 720′. For example, the seed layer 722 may be sputtered on the first main side 706 of the core insulating panel 700 and on the exposed part of the first load terminal bond pad 714 of each power semiconductor die 712.
FIG. 7G shows plating copper 724 on the seed layer 722. Any standard Cu plating process may be used such as ECD.
FIG. 7H shows patterning the plated copper 724 to define at least a first metallization 726. For example, the plated copper 724 may be pattered to define any of the metallizations 126, 204, 514 shown in FIGS. 1 through 6B. Any standard patterning processes such as lithography and etching may be used to pattern the plated copper 724.
FIG. 7I shows singulating the core insulating panel 700 into separate (individual) packages 728. The core insulating panel 700 may be singulated along dicing/kerf zones 730 to form the separate packages 728 using any standard singulation process such as sawing, laser cutting, etc. One or more solder masks (not shown in FIG. 7I) may also be formed, e.g., as previously described herein.
The individual packages 728 in FIG. 7I may correspond to any of the packages 100, 200, 500 shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 5 . That is, a singulated section of the core insulating panel 700 may correspond to the insulating substrate 102 shown in FIGS. 1 through 6B. Also, the second load terminal bond pad 716 at the side of each die 712 which faces the same direction as the second main side 704 of the singulated core insulating panel 700 forms a solderable contact pad 730 at the second main side 704 of the singulated core insulating panel 700. For the source-up configuration shown in the left-hand side of FIG. 7B, the control terminal bond pad 718 of each die 712 likewise forms a solderable contact pad 732 at the second main side 704 of the singulated core insulating panel 700 as shown in FIG. 7I and similar to what is shown in FIG. 1 . For the drain-up configuration shown in the right-hand side of FIG. 7B, the control terminal bond pad 718 is at the other side of the die 712 similar to what is shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 8 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a method of batch producing semiconductor packages of the kind previously described herein. According to this embodiment, two core insulating panels 700 of the kind previously described herein in connection with FIGS. 7A through 7I are vertically stacked on one another to improve processability and throughput. The core insulating panels 700 may be stacked using a double-sided release tape, temporary glue/wax, or other type of temporary carrier structure 800 such as a carrier 802 interposed between two temporary bonding tapes 804. The core insulating panels 700 instead may be clamped together under a vacuum, with a jig, screw, etc. before die placement, or by lamination, sputtering, plating, etc. Power semiconductor dies 712 are inserted in the openings 708 in both core insulating panels 700 as shown in FIG. 8 , and then processing of both panels 700 continues as shown in FIGS. 7C through 7I.
FIG. 9 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a semiconductor package 900. According to this embodiment, the semiconductor package 900 includes a substrate 902 having a first main surface 904, a second main surface 906 opposite the first main surface 904, an electrically insulating core 908 between the first and second main surfaces 904, 906, and at least one electrically conductive first via 910 extending through a periphery region 912 of the core 908, the periphery region 912 defining an opening 914 in the core 908 that is at least partly filled with an insulating material 915 such as an epoxy, resin, etc. For example, the insulating material 915 may be a resin that comprises glass fibres interwoven with epoxy material.
At least one power semiconductor die 916 is embedded in the opening 914 in the electrically insulating core 908 of the substrate 902. The power semiconductor die 916 is thinner than or a same thickness as the core 908 (T_die≤T_core). The power semiconductor die 916 includes a first load terminal (e.g. drain) bond pad 918 at a first side which faces a same direction as the first main surface 904 of the substrate 902. The power semiconductor die 916 also includes a second load terminal (e.g. source) bond pad 920 at a second side which faces a same direction as the second main surface 906 of the substrate 902. The power semiconductor die 916 further includes a control terminal bond pad 922 at the first or second side of the die 916.
The semiconductor package 900 illustrated in FIG. 9 also includes at least one plated first contact pad 924 at the second main surface 906 of the substrate 902 and provided by the first via 910. In one embodiment, the plated first contact pad 924 is also provided in part by a metallization 926 at the second main surface 906 of the substrate 902. For example, the substrate 902 may be a DBC (direct bonded copper) substrate, an AMB (active metal brazed) substrate, an IMS (insulated metal substrate), a PCB, a PCB laminate, etc. and having a sheet of copper 926, 928 bonded to one or both sides 104, 106 of the electrically insulating core 908. One or both copper sheets 926, 928 may be patterned or un-patterned. For example, the metallization 926 at the second main surface 906 of the substrate 902 may be patterned to form a plated second contact pad 930 at the second main surface 906 of the substrate 902 and provided by the second load terminal bond pad 920 of the power semiconductor die 916. The plated contact pads 924, 930 may be separated from one another by a solder mask 931 applied at the second main surface 906 of the substrate 902.
The semiconductor package 900 illustrated in FIG. 9 further includes a thermal capacitor 932 attached to the first main surface 904 of the substrate 902. The thermal capacitor 932 should not be confused with a standard heat sink. A standard heat sink is a passive heat exchanger that transfers heat generated by an electronic or a mechanical device to a fluid medium, such as air or a liquid coolant, where it is dissipated away from the device, thereby allowing regulation of the device temperature. Instead, the term ‘thermal capacitor’ as used herein means that the thermal capacitor 932 is designed to absorb transient heat pulses from the power semiconductor die 916 and subsequently release the transient heat pulses to the surrounding environment. A standard heat sink would have to be oversized to handle such transient heat pulses, thus increasing the package size and cost.
Under certain application conditions, the power semiconductor die 916 may have to be robust against peak current events for a short time period. A typical application example is a battery-powered drill where the power semiconductor die 916 forms part of an inverter placed around a rotor of the drill motor. A fan provides air cooling for the inverter when the motor turns. At the moment the rotor begins to lock as a result of too high torque, a worst-case thermal load condition occurs since the motor current is at a maximum peak and at the same time no cooling is provided since the fan on the rotor does not rotate anymore. The energy, however, still needs to be stored to avoid overheating and potential damage or destruction of the power semiconductor die 916. The thermal capacitor 932 is designed to absorb the transient heat pulses from the power semiconductor die 916 during the worst-case thermal load condition. After the drill returns to normal operation, the thermal capacitor 932 is further designed to release the transient heat pulses to the surrounding environment. In a specific example, the power semiconductor die 916 may be a 60V device with a package size of 6.3 mm×4.74 mm and an Ron (on-state resistance)=1 milliohm at operation temperature. The maximum peak current Imax_peak may be 300 A for t=250 ms.
In this example, the thermal capacitor 932 is designed to store 6.25e-6 kWh or 22.5 J of energy in the form of transient heat pulses from the power semiconductor die 916 and subsequently release the energy to the surrounding environment. As shown in FIG. 10 , the thermal capacitor 932 in this example is designed to store 6.25e-6 kWh or 22.5 J of energy (‘E_store’) at a thickness (‘T_therm_cap’) of about 2200 μm.
More generally, the thickness ‘T_therm_cap’ of the thermal capacitor 932 is based on the magnitude of the transient heat pulses generated by the power semiconductor die 916 during a worst-case thermal load condition. In one embodiment, the magnitude of the transient heat pulses is in a range of 5 to 25 Joules and the thickness T_therm_cap of the thermal capacitor 932 is in a range of 500 to 2500 μm. In another embodiment, the thickness T_therm_cap of the thermal capacitor 932 is in a range of 100 to 500 μm.
As shown in FIG. 9 , the thermal capacitor 932 may be attached to the metallization 928 at the first main surface 904 of the substrate 902 or to a plated (e.g. Au) surface 934 of the metallization 928 using a thermally conductive material 936. The metallization 928 at the first main surface 904 of the substrate 902 connects the first load terminal bond pad 918 of the power semiconductor die 916 to the first via 910, according to this embodiment. The thermally conductive material 936 may be electrically insulative or conductive. For example, the thermally conductive material 936 may be solder, an adhesive glue or tape, etc. In the case of an electrically conductive material 936 for attaching the thermal capacitor 932, the thermal capacitor 932 may also improve the electrical performance of the package 900 by distributing current and therefore reducing package resistance.
The surface 938 of the thermal capacitor 932 that faces away from the substrate 902 may be structured to increase surface contact with the surrounding environment. For example, the surface 938 of the thermal capacitor 932 that faces away from the substrate 902 may have fins, bumps, etc. that improve the transfer of heat energy to the surrounding environment.
The thermal capacitor 932 may have lateral dimensions (in the x and/or z directions in FIG. 9 ) that are less than the lateral dimensions of the electrically insulating core 908 of the substrate 902. Accordingly, the (lateral) border 940 of the thermal capacitor 932 is spaced inward from the (lateral) border 942 of the core 908. In one embodiment, the (lateral) border 940 of the thermal capacitor 932 is spaced inward from the (lateral) border 942 of the core 908 in a range of 100 to 250 μm.
FIG. 11 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a semiconductor package 1100. The embodiment shown in FIG. 11 is similar to the embodiment shown in FIG. 9 . Different, however, the metallization 928 and corresponding plated surface 934 are omitted at the first main surface 904 of the substrate 902. Instead, the thermal capacitor 932 is attached to the first via 910 and to the first load terminal bond pad 918 of the power semiconductor die 916 by the thermally conductive material 936. According to this embodiment, the thermally conductive material 936 that attaches the thermal capacitor 932 to the first via 910 and to the first load terminal bond pad 918 of the power semiconductor die 916 is also electrically conductive. For example, the material 936 may be solder. Accordingly, the thermal capacitor 932 electrically connects the first load terminal bond pad 918 to the first via 910. In this way, the thermal capacitor 932 helps to bring the electrical connection from the backside of the power semiconductor die 916 to the second main surface 906 of the substrate 902.
FIG. 12 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of an edge region of a semiconductor package 1200. According to this embodiment, the thermally conductive material 936 that attaches the thermal capacitor 932 to the substrate 902 is solder and the (lateral) border 940 of the thermal capacitor 932 has a protrusion 1202 that prevents a solder fillet 1204 from reaching the surface 938 of the thermal capacitor 932 that faces away from the substrate 902. The protrusion 1202 may be formed by stamping, etching, etc. In one embodiment, the length or extension ‘L_ext’ of the protrusion 1202 is in a range of 25% to 75% of the thickness T_therm_cap of the thermal capacitor 932.
FIG. 13 illustrates an embodiment of a method of batch producing any of the semiconductor packages 900, 1100, 1200 shown in FIGS. 9, 11 and 12 . The method includes providing (a) a first panel 1300 and a second panel 1302. The first panel 1300 includes a plurality of interconnected substrates 902 with openings and a power semiconductor die embedded in each opening, e.g., as shown in FIGS. 9, 11 and 12 . Only the top metallization 928 of each interconnected substrate 902 is visible in FIG. 13 . The second panel 1302 includes a plurality of interconnected thermal capacitors 932. The interconnected thermal capacitors 932 may be formed from a high thermal conductive metallic material such as Cu, AlSiCu, etc. The surface of the interconnected thermal capacitors 932 may be plated with another thin metal layer such as Ni, NiAu, Ag, etc. FIG. 14 illustrates an enlarged top plan view of the first panel 1300, and FIG. 15 illustrates an enlarged top plan view of the second panel 1302. As shown in FIG. 15 , the thermal capacitors 932 may be interconnected to one another by narrow metal bridges 1303. Instead of being interconnected, the thermal capacitors 932 may be mounted individually, e.g., as separate Cu blocks mounted to respective substrates 902 of the first panel 1300 using a standard surface mount process.
The method further includes applying (b) an attach material 1304 such as a solder paste to the substrates 902 of the first panel 1300 and/or the thermal capacitors 932 of the second panel 1302, e.g., by screen printing.
The method further includes aligning (c) the first panel 130 with the second panel 1302 such that the interconnected thermal capacitors 932 are aligned with respective ones of the substrates 902.
The method further includes attaching (d) each thermal capacitor 932 to the corresponding substrate 902 aligned with the thermal capacitor 932 by the attach material 1304 previously applied to the substrates 902 of the first panel 1300 and/or the thermal capacitors 932 of the second panel 1302. Depending on the type of attach material 1304 used, the attach material 1304 may be cured, reflowed, etc. to attach the thermal capacitors 932 to the corresponding substrates 902.
FIG. 16 illustrates a top plan view of one of the interconnected thermal capacitors 932 after being attached to the corresponding substrate 902. FIG. 16 maps the different edges of the stacked structure to the example embodiment shown in FIG. 12 , as an example.
The method further includes, after the attaching, cutting (e) through regions of the first panel 1300 which interconnect the substrates 902 and through regions of the second panel 1302 which interconnect the thermal capacitors 932 to form individual packages 1306. Each individual package 1306 includes a substrate 902, a power semiconductor die (out of view) embedded in the substrate and a thermal capacitor 932 attached to the substrate 902, the thermal capacitor 932 being designed to absorb transient heat pulses from the power semiconductor die included in the same package 902 as the thermal capacitor 932 and subsequently release the transient heat pulses to a surrounding environment, e.g., as previously described herein connection with FIGS. 9 through 12.
The panels 1300, 1302 are cut in the x and y directions in FIG. 13 . Two of the cuts are shown as dashed lines in FIG. 9 , and may be done by sawing, laser etching, stamping, etc. The cutting may be performed successively (one line at a time in the x and y directions) or simultaneously, e.g., in the case of stamping. As previously explained herein, the (lateral) border of each thermal capacitor 932 may be spaced inward from the (lateral) border of each substrate core 908 to prevent damage/contamination of the thermal capacitors 932 during the cutting/package singulation process.
FIG. 17 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a semiconductor package 1700. According to this embodiment, the semiconductor package 1700 includes an electrically insulating core 1702 having a first side 1704, a second side 1706 opposite the first side 1704 and configured for mounting to another substrate (not shown), and at least one electrically conductive first via 1708 extending through a periphery region 1710 of the core 1702. The periphery region 1710 defines an opening 1712 in the core 1702. The core 1702 comprises glass fibres 1714 interwoven with epoxy material 1716 as shown in the upper enlarged view of FIG. 17 . The core 1702 has one or more regions 1718 at the second (mounting) side 1706 where the glass fibres 1714 are exposed from the epoxy material 1716.
At least one power semiconductor die 1720 embedded in the opening 1712 in the core 1702. The power semiconductor die 172 is thinner (‘T_die’≤‘T_core’) than the core 1702 and has a first load terminal (e.g. drain) bond pad 1722 at a first side which faces a same direction as the first side 1704 of the core 1702, a second load terminal (e.g. source) bond pad 1724 at a second side which faces a same direction as the second (mounting) side 1706 of the core 1702, and a control terminal bond pad 1726 at the first side or the second side of the power semiconductor die 1720.
A resin 1728 fills the opening 1712 in the core 1702 and encases the power semiconductor die 1720. At least one plated first contact pad 1730 at the second (mounting) side 1706 of the core 1702 is provided by the first via 1708. A plated second contact pad 1732 at the first side 1704 of the core 1702 is provided by the first load terminal bond pad 1722 of the power semiconductor die 1720. A plated third contact pad 1734 at the second side 1706 of the core 1702 is provided by the second load terminal bond pad 1724 of the power semiconductor die 1720. A plated fourth contact pad 1736 is provided by the control terminal bond pad 1726 of the power semiconductor die 1720.
An optional solder mask 1738 covers the one or more regions 1710 at the second side 1706 of the core 1702 where the glass fibres 1714 are exposed from the epoxy material 1716. Accordingly, when the package 1700 is subsequently mounted to a substrate such as a circuit board with the second side 1706 of the core 1702 facing the substrate, the exposed glass fibres 1714 will not be readily visible. With optimal die design, the solder mask 1738 may be omitted.
Glass fibres 1714 become exposed from the epoxy material 1716 during removal of the resin material 1728 from the second side 1706 of the core 1702, the removal being done by a dry plasma process. Hence, the resin 1728 is formed coplanar with the first side 1704 of the core 1702 so that the resin 1728 need not be removed by dry plasma etching at the first side 1704 of the core 1702 which is the visible side post mounting of the package 700.
According to the embodiment shown in FIG. 17 , a recess 1740 is present at the second (mounting) side 1706 of the package 1700. The recess 1740 is deeper than other pad areas. Since a larger solder ball can be trapped in the recess 1740 which can lead to degraded thermal and/or electrical performance of the device, a solder ball (not shown) may be added under carefully controlled conditions prior to package shipment. This way, any issues associated with a larger solder ball may be addressed before shipment of the semiconductor package 1700 shown in FIG. 17.
Described next is an embodiment of a method of producing the semiconductor package 1700 shown in FIG. 17.
FIG. 18 illustrates an embodiment of a method of producing the semiconductor package 1700 shown in FIG. 17 . The method includes positioning (a) the electrically insulating core 1702 with the first side 1704 of the core 1702 facing downward and the second side 1706 of the core 1702 facing upward. As previously explained herein, the second side 1706 of the core 1702 is configured for mounting to another substrate and at least one electrically conductive first via 1708 extends through the periphery region 1710 of the core 1702. The periphery region 1710 defines an opening 1712 in the core 1702 and the core 1702 includes glass fibres interwoven with epoxy material. In one embodiment, the core 1702 is an FR4 prepreg (pre-impregnated) material.
The method further includes placing (a) at least one power semiconductor die 1720 in the opening 1712 in the core 1702. The power semiconductor die 1720 is thinner than the core 102 and has a first load terminal bond pad 1722 facing downward in the same direction as the first side 1704 of the core 1702, a second load terminal bond pad 1724 facing upward in the same direction as the second side 1706 of the core 1702, and a control terminal bond pad 1726 at the first side or the second side of the power semiconductor die 1720.
The method further includes, at the second side 1706 of the core 1702, filling (a) the opening 1712 in the core 1702 with a resin material 1728 that encases the power semiconductor die 1720.
The method further includes, at the second side 1706 of the core 1702, reducing (b) the thickness of the resin 1728 in a region overlying the second load terminal bond pad 1724 of the power semiconductor die 1720. If the control terminal bond pad 1726 is provided at the same side of the die 1720 as the second load terminal bond pad 1724, the thickness of the resin 1728 is also reduced in a region overlying the control terminal bond pad 1726 of the power semiconductor die 1720. In one embodiment, the thickness of the resin 1728 is (locally) reduced in a region overlying the second load terminal bond pad 1724 of the power semiconductor die 1720 by laser etching/drilling 1800 of the region of the resin 1728 overlying the second load terminal bond pad 1724 of the die 1720 at the second side 1706 of the core 1702. If the control terminal bond pad 1726 is provided at the same side of the die 1720 as the second load terminal bond pad 1724, the region of the resin 1728 overlying the control terminal bond pad 1726 of the power semiconductor die 1720 is also laser etched at the second side 1706 of the core 1702.
The method further includes, after reducing the thickness of the resin 1728 in target regions, thinning (c) the resin 1728 to expose the first via 1708 and the second load terminal bond pad 1724 of the power semiconductor die 1720. If the control terminal bond pad 1726 is provided at the same side of the die 1720 as the second load terminal bond pad 1724, the thinning (c) of the resin 1728 also exposes the control terminal bond pad 1726. In one embodiment, the resin 1728 is thinned at the second side 1706 of the core 1702 to expose the first via 1708, the second load terminal bond pad 1724 of the power semiconductor die 1720 and optionally the control terminal bond pad 1726 of the die 1720 by plasma etching of the resin 1728 at the second side 1706 of the core 1702. The plasma etching process exposes the glass fibres 1714 from the epoxy material 1716 of the core 1702 in one or more regions 1718 at the second side 1706 of the core 1702. However, since the second side 1706 of the core 1702 is the mounting side, the exposed fibres will not be visible post package mounting.
The method may further include plating (d) the first via 1708 at the second side 1706 of the core 1702 to form a plated first contact pad 1730 at the second side 1706 of the core 1702. In one embodiment, the first via 1708 at the second side 1706 of the core 1702 is plated with Cu. Surface unevenness present at the one or more regions 1718 at the second (mounting) side 1706 of the core 1702 where the glass fibres 1714 are exposed from the epoxy material 1716 may transfer to the plated first contact pad 1730 at the second side 1706 of the core 1702. The second load terminal bond pad 1724 of the power semiconductor die 1720 is also plated (d) to form a plated second contact pad 1734 at the second side 1706 of the core 1702. If the control terminal bond pad 1726 is provided at the same side of the die 1720 as the second load terminal bond pad 1724, the control terminal bond pad 1726 may also be plated (d) to form a plated third contact pad 1736 at the second side 1706 of the core 1702.
The method may further include plating (d) an unmasked region at the first side 1704 of the core 1702 to form a metallization 1732 that electrically connects the first load terminal bond pad 1722 of the power semiconductor die 1720 to the first via 1708 at the first side 1704 of the core 1702. In one embodiment, the metallization 1732 is formed by plating Cu onto the unmasked region at the first side 1704 of the core 1702.
The method further includes partly covering (e), with a solder mask 1802, the one or more regions 1710 at the second side 1706 of the core 1702 where the glass fibres 1714 are exposed from the epoxy material 1716. Accordingly, the part of the plated first contact pad 1730 with surface unevenness and which is not contact by an interconnect such as a solder ball, Cu pillar, etc. is covered by the solder mask 1802.
FIGS. 19A through 19D illustrate an embodiment of an alternative approach wherein the non-mounting side of the package 900 shown in FIG. 9 is processed, but without the laser thinning step (b) shown in FIG. 18 . Each of FIGS. 19A through 19D includes a cross-sectional view (a) and a corresponding top down plan view (b) of the package during different stages of production.
In FIG. 19A, the core 908 is processed with the second (mounting) side 906 facing down such that the resin 915 covers the first side 904 of the core 908. The resin 915, which comprises glass fibres interwoven with epoxy material in this case, has already been thinned in FIG. 19A by a plasma process. The resin 915 may be completely removed from the first side 904 of the core 908, if preferred, so that only a thinned region of resin 915 remains over the first load terminal bond pad 918 of the power semiconductor die 916. A mask 1900 is formed on the thinned resin 915, e.g., by sputtering a layer of material on the thinned resin 915.
As previously described herein in connection with FIG. 9 , at least one power semiconductor die 916 is placed in an opening 914 in the core 915. The power semiconductor die 916 is thinner (‘T_die’≤‘T_core’) than the core 915 and includes a first load terminal (e.g. drain) bond pad 918 facing upward in the same direction as the first side 904 of the core 908, and a second load terminal (e.g. source) bond pad 920 facing downward in the same direction as the second side 906 of the core 908. The opening 914 in the core 908 is filled with the resin 915 that encases the power semiconductor die 916.
In FIG. 19B, a photoresist 1902 is formed on the sputtered layer 1900. The photoresist 1902 has a first opening 1904 aligned with the first via 910 and a second opening 1906 aligned with the first load terminal bond pad 918 of the power semiconductor die 916.
In FIG. 19C, the first and second openings 1904, 1906 in the photoresist 1902 are transferred to the underlying mask 1900, e.g., by etching where the etch chemistry depends on the material of the mask 1900. The mask 1900 now has the first opening 1904 aligned with the first via 910 and the second opening 1906 aligned with the first load terminal bond pad 918 of the power semiconductor die 916.
In FIG. 19D, the photoresist 1902 is removed and the resin 915 is etched through the first opening 1904 to expose the first via 910 and through the second opening 1906 to expose the first load terminal bond pad 918 of the power semiconductor die 916. After the etching of the resin 915, the sputtered layer 1900 may be removed from the thinned resin 915. The exposed first via 910 and the exposed first load terminal bond pad 918 of the power semiconductor die 916 may be plated, e.g., with Cu, to connect the first load terminal bond pad 918 of the die 916 to the first via 910 at the first side 904 of the core 908. The first via 910 and the bond pads 920, 922 at the other side of the power semiconductor die 916 also may be plated, e.g., with Cu, to form respective contact pads at the second side 906 of the core 908, e.g., as shown in FIG. 9.
Although the present disclosure is not so limited, the following numbered examples demonstrate one or more aspects of the disclosure.
Example 1. A semiconductor package, comprising: an insulating substrate having a first main side and a second main side opposite the first main side; a power semiconductor die embedded in, and thinner than or a same thickness as, the insulating substrate, the power semiconductor die comprising a first load terminal bond pad at a first side which faces a same direction as the first main side of the insulating substrate, a second load terminal bond pad at a second side which faces a same direction as the second main side of the insulating substrate, and a control terminal bond pad at the first side or the second side; electrically conductive first vias extending through the insulating substrate in a periphery region which laterally surrounds the power semiconductor die; a first metallization connecting the first load terminal bond pad of the power semiconductor die to the first vias at the first main side of the insulating substrate; solderable first contact pads at the second main side of the insulating substrate and formed by the first vias; and a solderable second contact pad at the second main side of the insulating substrate and formed by the second load terminal bond pad of the power semiconductor die.
Example 2. The semiconductor package of example 1, wherein the control terminal bond pad is at the second side of the power semiconductor die, the semiconductor package further comprising: a solderable third contact pad at the second main side of the insulating substrate and formed by the control terminal bond pad of the power semiconductor die.
Example 3. The semiconductor package of example 1, wherein the control terminal bond pad is at the first side of the power semiconductor die, the semiconductor package further comprising: an electrically conductive second via extending through the insulating substrate in the periphery region; a second metallization connecting the control terminal bond pad of the power semiconductor die to the second via at the first main side of the insulating substrate; and a solderable third contact pad at the second main side of the insulating substrate and formed by the second via.
Example 4. The semiconductor package of any of examples 1 through 3, wherein the insulating substrate comprises a first material in which the power semiconductor die is embedded and a second material different than the first material and which forms the periphery region.
Example 5. The semiconductor package of any of examples 1 through 4, wherein the first vias, the first metallization, and the first load terminal bond pad of the power semiconductor die each comprise copper.
Example 6. The semiconductor package of any of examples 1 through 3, wherein the solderable second contact pad is coplanar with the solderable first contact pads at the second main side of the insulating substrate.
Example 7. The semiconductor package of any of examples 1 through 3, further comprising: a solder mask at least partly covering the first metallization at the first main side of the insulating substrate.
Example 8. The semiconductor package of example 7, wherein the solder mask covers the entire first main side of the insulating substrate.
Example 9. The semiconductor package of any of examples 1 through 3, further comprising: a heat sink attached to the first metallization at the first main side of the insulating substrate.
| 16,656 |
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Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 147 (Wuppertal) ist ein(e) Wohngebäude
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Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 147 (Wuppertal) liegt in der Verwaltungseinheit Wuppertal
Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 147 (Wuppertal) Schutzkategorie Baudenkmal in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Startzeitpunkt 1987
Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 147 (Wuppertal) Straße Friedrich-Ebert-Straße, Hausnummer 147
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https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%8B%20%28%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%29 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Едигы (Элмадаг) | https://tt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Едигы (Элмадаг)&action=history | Tatar | Spoken | 59 | 220 | Едигы () — Төркия Җөмһүриятенең Эчке Анатолия бүлгесе Анкара иле Элмадаг илчесенә караган бер мәхәллә ().
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Турция // Большая российская энциклопедия : [в 35 т. / гл. ред. Ю. С. Осипов. — М. : Большая российская энциклопедия, 2004—2017.]
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bsb00018650_13 | German-PD | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,986 | Deutsches Reich, Reichstag: Verhandlungen des Reichstages. Stenographische Berichte. 104. 1888 | None | German | Spoken | 7,792 | 14,770 | Von dem Vermögen, welches unter irgend einem Rechts titel von einem Deutschen in Guatemala oder von einem Guatemalaner iu Deutschland erworben ist und aus dem Lande geführt wird, darf weder in dem einen noch in dem sonal, eu los sjsrsitos äs tisrra v mai' v ou las gnaräias ö milisias nasionalss, eowo äs 1a obligasiön äs assptar los sargos v olisios politisos, aäministrativos ^ jnäisialss; Io rnismo gas äs toäas las sontribnoionss sxtraoräinarias äs gnsrra, äs los prsstamos kor^osos, rsqnisas o ssrvisios militarss, ssau eaalss kasrsu. Ln toäos los äsmas easos uo poäran ssr somstiäos por sns bisnss mnsblss « raiess ä otras sargas, sxassionos s jwpnsstos qns los gas ssan 6 knsrsn sxigiäos ä los miswos uaolonalss 6 a los Oinäa- äanos 6 sübäitos äs 1a nasion was kavorssiäa. ^.rtisnlo ?o. Los bnqnss, eargamentos, wsreaneias 5 sksstos äs los oiuäaäanos äs uno 5 otro pals no poäran ssr soms- liäos rsspsetivamsuts a ningnn smbargo, ni ästsnläos para nva sxpsäision militar enalqnisra, ni para enalqnisr nso pnbliso, sin qns ss üuva üjaäo prsviamsnts por las partss illtsrssaäos 6 por psritos qns Silos nowbrsn, nna inäsmnixasiön justa v snüsisnts sn toäos los sasos por- toäos los psrjnieios, pöräiäas, rstaräos v äanos qns oeasions sl ssrvieio a qns üavaa äs ssr somstiäos v qns äs sl pnäisrsn rssnltar. L.rtisnlo 80. Los Knaltsmaltssos rssiäsntss sn ^.lsmania v los alsmanss rssiäsntss sn Onatsmala goraran äs nna sow- plsta libsrtaä äs soneisnsia v vnlto; x sns rsspsstivos gobisrnos no psrmitiran qns ssan molsstaäos, inqnietaäos ni psrtnrbaäos por sn srssnsia rsligiosa, ni por sl sjsr- eisio äs sn rsligion sn sasas privaäas, sn sapillas, igls- sias 6 lngarss äs aäorasion ässignaäos al skssto, son sl ässoro äsbiäo ä la Liviuiäaä 5 sl rsspssto sorrsspon- äisnts a las lsvss. nsos 5 sostnmbrss äsl pais. Los gnaltsmaltssos 5 alsmanss tsnäran tambisn libsrtaä para sutsrrar ä sns rsspsstivos oollnaeionalss qns mnsran sn ^lsmania 6 sn Onatsmala sn los lngarss son- vsnisntss v näsenaäos, ässiKnaäos 5 sstablssiäos por sllos mismos son antormasion sxprssa äs las antoriäaäss lo- salss ö sn lngarss äs sspnltnra sstablssiäos 6 ässignaäos por sllos, qns slijan los parisntss ö amiKOs äs los äiknn- tos, 5 los knnsralss qns ss sslsbrsn sonkorms a 1a solsm- niäaä äs sn Iglssia, no ssran psrtnrbaäos, ni los, sspnl- sros ssrän violaäos 0 ässtrniäos por ningün motivo. ^rtisnlo 90. Los einäaäanos äs saäa nna äs las partss sootra- tantss tsnäran äsreebo ä aäqnirir 5 posssr sn los tsrri- torios rsspsstivos äs 1a otra, toäa slaso äs bisnss mnsblss v raiess, sl äs sxplotarlos son toäa libsrtaä, Io mismo qns sl äs äisponsr äs sllos eomo Iss sonvon^a por vsnta, äonasiön, psrmnta, tsstamsnto 0 äs enalqnisra otra wa- nsra. Ignalmsoto los einäaäanos äs nno äs los paisss qns ssan bsrsäsros äs bisnss sitnaäos sn sl otro pais, poäran snssäsr sin impsäiwsllto sn aqnolla xarts äs äisbos bisnss qns Iss toqnsn abintsstato 6 por tosta- wsnto, son 1a kasnltaä äs äisponsr äs sllos ä sn arbitrio son 1a rsssrva äs pagar los mismos äsrsebos äs vsnta, snsssiün ö snalssqnisra otros qns sn sasos ssmsjantss xagarian los nasionalss. Lnanäo lltzgns sl saso äs sxxortarss los bisnss aä- qniriäos por snalqnisr titnlo por gnaltsmaltseos sn ^ls- mania ü por alomanss sn 6natsmala no ss impovärä sobrs sstos bisnss sn nno ni sn otro pais, ninguno äs Reichstag. Aktenstück Nr. 175. (Bericht der achten Kommission.) 769 krilleipsliler. HvvntuÄlilvr. als sich in 2 Gramm neutralen schwefelsauren Kaliums vor findet. Die Umwandlung von weißem Wein in rothen Wein vermittelst Farbstoffe, sowie die Verwendung von Farbstoffen überhaupt bei Rothwein ist verboten. 8- 6. Wenden Vorschriften der §§. 1 bis 5 dieses Gesetzes vorsätzlich zuwiderhandelt, wird mit Gefängniß bis zu einem Jahr und Geldstrafe bis zu 3000 Mark, oder mit einer dieser Strafen bestraft. Ist die Handlung aus Fahrlässig keit begangen worden, so tritt Geldstrafe bis zu 300 Mark oder Haft ein. 8- 7. , Neben der Strafe kann auf Einziehung der Getränke er kannt werden, welche den Vorschriften dieses Gesetzes zuwider hergestellt, verkauft oder feilgeboten sind, ohne Unterschied, ob sie dem Verurtheilten gehören oder nicht. Ist die Verfolgung oder Verurtheilung einer bestimmten Person nicht ausführbar, so kann auf die Einziehung selb ständig erkannt werden. 8- 8. Nach zweimaliger Bestrafung wegen Zuwiderhandlung gegen dieses Gesetz kann neben der Strafe auf Entziehung der Befugniß zum Gewerbebetrieb erkannt werden. 8- 9. Wer wissentlich mit der Bezeichnung „Naturwein", „reiner Wein", „zusatzfreier Wein" oder einer ähnlichen Be zeichnung ein Getränk gewerbsmäßig feilhält oder verkauft, welches außer vergohrenem Traubensaft noch Zusätze von Zucker- oder Zuckerlösung nach Maßgabe der Bestimmung des §. 1 dieses Gesetzes enthält, wird, sofern nicht schwerere Strafbestimmungen Anwendung finden, mit Gefängniß bis zu 6 Monaten und Geldstrafe bis zu 1500 Mark, oder mit einer dieser Strafen bestraft. Die gleiche Strafe trifft denjenigen, welcher dem Käufer, der ausdrücklich „Naturwein" u. s. w. verlangt, wissentlich ein Getränk liefert, welches Zusatz von Zucker oder Zuckerlösung nach Maßgabe des §. 1 enthält. Ist die Handlung aus Fahrlässigkeit begangen worden, so tritt Geldstrafe bis zu 300 Mark oder Haft ein. Neben der Strafe kann — in Wiederholungsfällen — auf Entziehung der Befugniß zum Gewerbebetrieb erkannt werden. §§. 10 und 11. Gleichlautend mit §§. 5 und 6 der Regierungsvorlage. 8-5. Wer den Vorschriften der §§. 1—4 dieses Gesetzes .. .. u. s. w. wie nebenstehender §. 6. 8- 6. Gleichlautend mit nebenstehendem §. 7 resp. mit §. 4 der Regierungsvorlage. 8- 7. Gleichlautend mit nebenstehendem §. 8. 8.8. Gleichlautend mit nebenstehendem §. 9. 9 und 10. Gleichlautend mit §§. 5 und 6 der Regierungsvorlage. Der Entwurf mit milderem direkten Deklarationszwang lautet: H. Die nachbezeichneten Stoffe, nämlich: lösliche Aluminiumsalze (Alaun re.), Baryumverbindungen, metallisches Blei oder Bleiverbindungen, Glycerin, Kermesbeeren, Magnesiumverbindungen, Salicylsäure, unreiner (freien Amylalkohol enthaltender) Sprit, nicht krystallinischer Stärkezucker, Theerfarbstoffe, oder Gemische, welche einen dieser Stoffe enthalten, dürfen Wein, weinhaltigen oder weinähnlichen Getränken, welche bestimmt sind, Anderen als Nahrungs- oder Gennßmittel zu dienen, bei oder nach der Herstellung nicht zugesetzt werden. Aktenstücke zu den Verhandlungen des Reichstages 1887/88. Reichstag. Aktenstück Nr. W5. vierzehnter Bericht der Kommission für die Petitionen.) 835 Nr. 195. Vierzehnter Bericht der Kommission für -ie Petitionen. Berichterstatter: Abgeordneter Parey.1Journal II. Nr. 11 953. Die in den staatlichen Eisenbahn-Werkstätten beschäftig ten Petenten führen aus, sie seien durch ein Statut vom Jahre 1856 gezwungen worden, der Krankenkasse der Schlosser-, Sporer-, Büchsen- und Windenmacher- und der Feilenhauer-Gesellen beizutreten. Unabhängig hiervon sei ihnen aber auch die Verpflichtung auferlegt worden, der für die Arbeiter der Eisenbahn-Werkstätten errichteten Kranken- und Unterstützungskasse beizutreten. Für die, erstere dieser beiden Zwangskassen sei auf Grund des Ge setzes vom 15. Juni 1883 ein neues Statut erlassen wor den, in dessen §. 1 die Bestimmung enthalten sei: „Die Kasse besteht für die vorbezeichneten Gewerbe, mit Ausnahme derjenigen derselben angehörigen Betriebe, für welche eine Betriebs-)Fabrik-sKranken- kasse errichtet ist." Auf Grund dieser letzteren Vorschrift und unter Be zugnahme aus den §. 27 des Krankenkassengesetzes hat der Magistrat zu Breslau 1886 (mithin drei Jahre nach der Er richtung des neuen Statuts) die Namen der Petenten in der Liste der Mitglieder der Ortskrankenkasse gestrichen. Hierdurch fühlen sich die Petenten in ihren Rechten ver letzt. Sie behaupten, es sei ihnen bei der Berathung des neuen Statuts ausdrücklich erklärt worden, daß ihre Mit gliedschaft bei der Ortskrankenkasse ein durch die Verpflich tung des Beitritts erworbenes Recht sei, welches den Be theiligten durch das Reichsgesetz vom 15. Juni 1883 nicht geschmälert werden könne. Auch für die Eisenbahnwerk- stätten-Krankenkasse sei ein neues Statut aufgestellt worden. Auch diese Kasse sei eine Zwangskasse; es sei jedoch den jenigen Personen, welche vermöge ihrer Beschäftigung zum Beitritt sowohl berechtigt als verpflichtet seien, freigestellt, auf ihren Antrag von der Theilnahme an der Eisen bahnwerkstätten - Krankenkasse freizubleiben, wenn sie nachweislich Mitglieder einer den Bestimmungen des Ge setzes vom 15. Juni 1883 entsprechenden Krankenkasse seien. Von dieser Befugniß hätten die Petenten jedoch keinen Ge brauch gemacht, weil es in ihrem Interesse gelegen habe, beiden Kassen auch weiter anzugehören. Würden da gegen diejenigen Personen, welche vor Erlaß des Kranken versicherungsgesetzes der Eisenbahnwerkstätten-Krankenkasse und der Ortskrankenkasse angehörten, nunmehr, nachdem sie die Beiträge in vielen Fällen dreißig und noch mehr Jahre entrichtet hätten, des Anrechtes auf weitere Zugehörigkeit zu der Ortskrankenkasse für verlustig erklärt, so würde aus dem Gesetz nicht ein Vortheil, sondern umgekehrt der schwere Nachtheil gerade für die besseren Arbeiter, welche auf zwei fache, aber so erst ausreichende Weise für die Fälle der Krankheit für sich und ihre Angehörigen schon vor Erlaß des Gesetzes gesorgt hätten, erwachsen, daß die von ihnen nicht ohne verhältnißmäßig erhebliche Opfer für eine lange Reihe von Jahren zur Ortskrankenkasse entrichteten Beiträge für immer verloren seien. In diesem Sinne haben sich die Petenten auch an den Herrn Reichskanzler in dessen Eigenschaft als Minister für Handel und Gewerbe gewendet, sie sind aber durch die Verfügung des Handelsministers vom 5. Januar er. abschlägig beschieden worden, und zwar lediglich unter Hinweis auf den H. 1 des Statuts. Dazu ist noch bemerkt, die weitere Frage, ob etwaige Beschlüsse der Kassenvertretungen, welche auf eine Abänderung der statutarischen Vorschriften im Sinne der gestellten Anträge abzielen, zu genehmigen seien, entziehe sich der ministeriellen Entscheidung, da über die selben nach den bestehenden gesetzlichen Bestimmungen in Preußen der Bezirksausschuß zu befinden habe, gegen dessen Entscheidung allein das Rechtsmittel der Berufung an das Oberverwaltungsgericht zugelassen sei. (§. 24 des Kranken versicherungsgesetzes, Nr. 38, 39 der preußischen Ausfüh rungsanweisung vom 26. November 1883.) Die Petenten stellen nunmehr den Antrag: der Reichstag wolle die Königliche Staatsregierung auffordern, durch geeignet erscheinende Verfügung den Vorstand der Breslauer Ortskrankenkasse zu ihrer Wiederaufnahme als vollberechtigte Mitglieder der Kasse zu veranlassen. Unter Betheiligung eines Regierungs-Kommissars, des Geheimen Oberregierungsraths Herrn Lohmann, hat die Petitionskommission am 29. Februar er. über diese Ange legenheit verhandelt. Die beiden Referenten waren über einstimmend der Ansicht, es stehe gesetzlich nichts entgegen, daß Jemand gleichzeitig zweien Kassen angehöre; das Gegentheil ergebesich nicht aus dem §. 27 des Gesetzes vom 15.Juni 1883, auf welchen sich auch der Herr Minister in seinem oben gedachten abschlägigen Bescheide nicht berufen habe. Auch der §. 1 des Statuts von 1884 lasse die Deutung zu, daß Jemand Mitglied der Ortskrankenkasse sein könne, ohne deshalb aus der Betriebs- (Fabrik-) Krankenkasse ausscheiden zu müssen, und umgekehrt. Zwar bestehe die Befugniß zu einem der artigen Ausscheiden, aber nicht die Verpflichtung zu demselben. Möge aber auch das Statut im Sinne des Magistrats aus gelegt werden, so bleibe doch immer noch der Grundsatz bestehen, daß ein behördliches Statut niemals geeignet sei, wohl erworbene Rechte ohne Entschädigung aufzuheben. Die Petenten seien seit langen Jahren durch Gesetz genöthigt worden, Beiträge zu beiden Zwangskassen zu leisten, und dadurch hätten sie auch bestimmte Rechte auf Krankenver sicherungsgelder aus diesen Kassen erworben. Seitens der Regierungsvertretung wurde hiergegen Folgendes eingewendet: Schon vor dem Erlaß des Kranken versicherungsgesetzes habe kein Zwang bestanden, zwei Kassen anzugehören, was sich aus §. 141a Absatz 2 und Artikel 2 des Gesetzes vom 8. April 1876 (Reichs-Gesetzbl. S. 134) ergebe. Daselbst heißt es: „Von der Pflicht, einer solchen Hülfskasse beizutreten oder fernerhin anzugehören, werden diejenigen befreit, welche die Betheiligung an einer anderen eingeschriebenen Hülfskasse nachweisen." Ferner bemerkt der Herr Regierungskommissar: der §. 1 des Orts krankenkassenstatuts von 1884 entspreche dem §. 19 Absatz 2 des Krankenversicherungsgesetzes, welcher lautet: „die in diesen Gewerbszweigen und Betriebsarten beschäftigten Personen werden, soweit sie versicherungspflichtig sind, mit dem Tage, an welchem sie in die Beschäftigung eintreten, Mitglieder der Kasse, soweit sie nicht nachweislich einer der übrigen in §. 4 be nannten Kassen angehören." Hiernach entspreche die Streichung der Petenten aus der Liste der Kassenmitglieder dem §. 1 des Kassenstatuts und dem §. 27 des Gesetzes, weil mit dem Zeitpunkte, mit welchem das neue Statut in Kraft getreten sei, die Beschäftigung in Eisenbahnwerkstätten aus der Reihe derjenigen Beschäftigungen ausgeschieden sei, für 105» Reichstag. Aktenstück Nr. 162. (Bericht der fünfzehnten Kommission.) 685 Zusammenstellung des von den Abgeordneten vr. Lieber, Hitze eingebrachten Gesetzentwurfs, betreffend Abänderungen und Ergänzungen der Gewerbeordnung vom 1. Juli 1883 — Nr. 54 der Drucksachen — mit den Beschlüssen der XV. Kommission. Anlage. 814 Reichstag. Aktenstück Nr. 185. (Dreizehnter Bericht der Kommission für die Petitionen.) Rauhweizen das gleiche Gewicht (715 Gramm per Liter) wie der gute Weizen haben, Die Frage, ob Rauhweizen von der Lieferung ausgeschlossen werden solle, sei mehrfach erörtert worden. Man habe davon absehen müssen, da größere Konsumentenkreise, außer in Süddeutschland, z. B. in Sachsen und Hannover, den Rauhweizen gebrauchen und bei ihren Einkäufen auf den Berliner Markt ange wiesen seien. Uebrigens würden in Berlin 1887 nicht mehr als 5000 Tonnen Rauhweizen gehandelt und ein verhält- nißmäßig kleines Quantum könne auf die Preisbildung des Weizens bei der großen deutschen Produktion keine Ein wirkung üben. Im Frühjahrstermin 1887 sei der Unterschied zwischen gutem und Rauhweizen6—9 Mark per Tonne gewesen. Die Kommission gelangte in ihrer Mehrheit zu der Auf fassung, daß bei der eminenten Bedeutung und gewaltigen Macht der Berliner Börse, welche auf den Börsenverkehr der sämmtlichen anderen Börsen Deutschlands ausschlaggebend wirkte, auch der Reichstag alle Veranlassung habe, sich mit der so wichtigen Frage der Ordnung des Börsenwesens, als eines nicht blos für den Handel, sondern auch für Produktion und Konsumtion wichtigen In stitutes zu beschäftigen. Erst von dem Resultate der etwa anzustellenden Enqueten sei es abhängig zu machen, ob im Wege der Reform des Handelsgesetzbuches, also im Wege der Reichsgesetzgebung oder im Wege der Verordnungen durch die Handelsminister der Einzelstaaten, kraft ihres Aufsichtsrechts und behufs Wahrung der Inter essen aller Erwerbskreise/ vorgegangen werden solle. Sie hielt daher den Reichstag für kompetent, in die Er örterung der Frage einzutreten. Obgleich sich noch mehrere Redner zum Wort gemeldet hatten, wurde der Antrag auf Schluß der Diskussion an genommen. Der Kommission lagen die Anträge vor: „die Petition für ungeeignet zur Be rathung im Plenum zu erklären; und ein Gegenantrag:1, Der Reichstag wolle beschließen:1. dem Plenum mittelst schriftlichen Berichtes zu empfehlen, „die Petition dem Herrn Reichskanzler zur Erwägung zu überweisen, ob aus Anlaß der in der Petition so wie auch vielfach in der Presse zur Sprache ge brachten Mißstände eine Enquete über die Zustände der einheimischen Börsen vorzunehmen sei, und eventuell, ob eine reichsgesetzliche Regelung der Materie sich empfehlen möchte." Der zuletzt gedachte Antrag gelangte zunächst zur Abstimmung und wurde mit 10 gegen 6 Stim men angenommen, nachdem drei Mitglieder sich entfernt und ein Mitglied sich der Abstimmung enthalten hatte. Berlin, den 3. März 1888. Die Kommission für die Petitionen. Freiherrv. Buol-Berenberg, Vorsitzender. Graf v. Arnim, Berichterstatter Arnpach. Banrschmidt. Bergmann. Bock (Minden). Brand. Dietz v. Baz er. Dejaniez v. Gliszczynski. Goeser. v. Goldfus. Goldschmidt. Haberland. Hegel. Hitze. Hoffman« (Königsberg) Hnltzsch. v. Kehler, vr Krnse. Knlemann. Limbonrg. Lriders. Nickel, v. Oertzen - Parchim. Parey. Seipio. Temper. Trimborn. Schlußschein-Bedinguttgen, auch für Roggen und Hafer re. maßgebend. §. 1. Der verkaufte Weizen respektive Roggen, Hafer muß dem Käufer in Posten von 50 Tonnen (siehe §. 5) gegen Zug um Zug zu leistende baare Zahlung des bedungenen Preises effektiv geliefert werden, und zwar nach des Verkäufers Wahl vom Kahne oder vom Boden, oder zum Theil vom Kahne und zum Theil vom Bodm, doch höchstens in zwei getrennten, aber gleichzeitig anzu kündigenden Partien. §. 2. Der Verkäufer ist verpflichtet, die Lieferung des verkauften Weizens durch Uebergabe eines Kündigungs scheins an der Börse bis 12^ Uhr Mittags an einem ihm beliebigen Werkeltage innerhalb der obigen Frist dem Käufer anzukündigen. Endet die Lieferungsfrist an einem Feiertage, so muß die Ankündigung spätestens am vorhergehenden Werkeltage geschehen. — Die beiden jüdischen Neujahrstage und der jüdische Versöhnungstag werden hierbei, wie überall in diesem Vertrage, als Feiertage gerechnet. Beide Theile sind an die Beobachtung des an der Börse aushängenden Kündigungsreglements gebunden. §. 3. Der Kündigungsschein muß enthalten: Bei Lieferungen vom Kahne: das Datum der Kündigung, den Namen des Schiffers, der auch in das an der hiesigen Börse ausgelegte Kahnregister eingetragen sein muß, die Nummer und den Standort des Kahnes, der dem Schiffer von dem Polizei-Schiffahrts-Bureau als Auslade- oder Anlegeort angewiesen ist, und an dem er zur Zeit der Besichtigung seitens des Empfängers bereits angekommen sein muß, den Ort der Abladung und das Quantum der Ladung; und bei Lieferungen vom Boden: das Datum der Kündigung, sowie genaue Bezeichnung der Partie Weizen nach Lagerraum und Quantum. Der Aussteller hat bei Ausreichung ein Duplikat des Kündigungsscheins der Kündigungs-Registratur zu übergeben. ß. 4. Entspricht die Kündigung nicht den vorstehen den Bestimmungen, so wird sie als nicht erfolgt angesehen, und hat der Ankündiger alsdann alle sich daraus ergeben den Nachtheile zu tragen. Hat bei Lieferungen vom Kahn der Schiffer den Standort innerhalb des Weichbildes auf Anordnung der Polizeibehörde verändern müssen, so ist dies kein Grund, die Kündigung für ungültig zu er klären. §. 5. Ergiebt sich bei der Abnahme einer gekündig ten Partie von 50 Tonnen (ek. tz. 1) ein Minus bis zu ^ 20-2 Tonnen, so wird dasselbe zum Durchschnittspreise, wie dieser für den laufenden Termin am Tage der Abnahme amtlich festgestellt ist, regulirt. Für diese Regulirung bleibt ; jedoch spätestens der letzte Tag der kontraktlichen Abnahme- ! frist maßgebend (ek. §. 7). tz. 6. Der Empfänger ist berechtigt, über die kontraktliche Qualität des gekündigtenWeizens und dessen Oualitätsgewicht ! das Urtheil der vereideten Sachverständigen anzurufen. Macht der Empfänger von diesem Rechte Gebrauch, so muß er spätestens am nächsten Werkeltage nach der Ausstellung des Kündigungsscheins dem Vorsitzenden der betreffenden Sachverständigen, resp. dessen Stellvertreter, doch nur an der Börse, bis 1 Uhr 30 Minuten schriftliche Anzeige machen und gleiche Anzeigen bis zur selbigen Frist, ebenfalls an der Börse, sowohl dem Aussteller des Kün- 562 Reichstag. Aktenstück Nr. 120. (Ergänzung des Entwurfs des Reichshaushalts-Etats.) der Anlagen) wie der Majorität des Reichs tags (Bericht der IV. Kommission, S. 91 der Anlagen) eine dauernde Institution nicht werden solle, den Bundesrath zu ersuchen, dem Reichstage rechtzeitig den Entwurf eines Gesetzes vorzulegen, welches das gemeine Reichsrecht in soweit abändert oder ergänzt, als es dessen bedarf, um den Staat und die Gesellschaft nachhaltig und dauernd vor den besonderen Gefahren zu schützen, deren zeit weilige Abwehr das vorgenannte außerordent liche Gesetz bezweckt hat.1^ 2. in Erwägung, daß die eigenen Mittel von Reich und Staat nicht hinreichen, um die gemeingefährlichen Bestrebungen der Sozial demokratie in ihren eigentlichen Grundursachen zu treffen, vielmehr die Wurzel dieses Uebels nur dadurch ausgerottet werden kann, daß die Religion in das Herz des deutschen Volks wiederum weiter und tiefer eingepflanzt und darin zu frischer Lebenskraft entfaltet wird, den Bundesrath zu ersuchen, soweit seine Kompetenz reicht, dahin zu wirken, daß überall die Hemmnisse beseitigt werden, welche die verschiedenen Religionsgemein schaften in der freien und ungeschmälerten und nur so gesegneten Wirksamkeit für Fortpflanzung und Förderung christlichen Glaubens und Lebens im deutschen Volke zur Zeit noch hindern oder beengen. II. Im §. 22 Absatz 1 der Vorlage „statt zwei Jahren zu setzen ein Jahr". m. Dem §. 22 u Absatz 1 der Vorlage am Schluß hin zuzufügen: „und daß derselbe sich die Agitaüon für die in §. 1 Absatz 2 bezeichneten Bestrebungen zum Ge schäft macht". IV. Zu tz. SS u Absatz 2 der Vorlage. Dem Absätze hinzuzufügen: „Rücksichtlich der Entscheidung über die Zulässig keit der Entziehung der Staatsangehörigkeit findet Berufung an das Reichsgericht statt." V. Evetttual-Antrag: Für den Fall der Ablehnung des 2. Absatzes des tz. 22 a der Vorlage statt der Absätze 2 bis 5 dieses Para graphen folgende Bestimmung zu setzen: „Auch kann sowohl in dem vorbezeichneten Falle, wie in dem Falle des §. 22 Absatz 1, wenn die Verurtheilung wegen Zuwiderhandlung gegen den §. 19 oder wegen Betheiligung an einem verbotenen Verein als Mitglied (§. 17 Absatz 1) erfolgt ist, auf den dauernden Verlust der aus öffentlichen Wahlen hervorgegangenen Rechte, sowie auf die Unfähigkeit erkannt werden, in öffentlichen Ange legenheiten zu stimmen, zu wählen oder gewählt zu werden oder andere politische Rechte auszuüben." Nr. 120. Berlin, den 10. Februar 1888. Im Namen Seiner Majestät des Kaisers beehrt sich der Unterzeichnete mit Bezug auf den Entwurf eines Gesetzes, betreffend die Aufnahme einer An leihe für Zwecke der Verwaltung des Reichsheeres, — Nr. 92 der Druck sachen — die beiliegende Ergänzung des Entwurfs des Reichshaushalts-Etats für das Etatsjahr 1888/89 nebst Anlagen, wie solche vom Bundesrach beschlossen worden, dem Reichstage zur ver fassungsmäßigen Beschlußnahme vorzulegen. Der Stellvertreter des Reichskanzlers, v. Boetticher. An den Reichstag. R.S.A. i. 506 Reichstag. Aktenstück Nr. 99. (Bericht der zehnten Kommission.) Vorlage. Beschlüsse der Kommission. Der weitere Bedarf ist zu entnehmen: a)1aus der Zahl derjenigen tauglichen Militär- pflichtigen, deren häusliche Verhältnisse die Be freiung von der Ableistung der aküven Dienstpflicht zur Folge haben; b)1aus der Zahl derjenigen Militärpflichtigen, welche wegen geringer körperlicher Fehler von der Ab leistung der aktiven Dienstpflicht befreit werden (d. h. bedingt tauglich sind); e) aus der Zahl derjenigen Militärpflichtigen, welche wegen zeitiger Dienstuntauglichkeit von der Ab leistung der aktiven Dienstpflicht befreit werden (d. h. zeitig untauglich sind), deren Kräftigung aber während der nächstfolgenden Jahre in dem Maße zu erwarten ist, daß sie den Anstrengungen des Dienstes gewachsen sind. Die Ueberweisung ist in der vorstehenden Reihenfolge zu bewirken. Ist ein Ueberschuß vorhanden, so entscheidet unter den Freigeloosten ((Überzähligen) die Reihenfolge der Loosnummer, unter den übrigen Militärpflichtigen die Ab- kömmlichkeit, das Lebensalter und die bessere Dienst tauglichkeit. §. 10. Eine Ueberweisung anderer als der im tz. 9 bezeichneten tauglichen Militärpflichtigen zur Ersatzreserve kann durch die Ersatzbehörden dritter Instanz ausnahmsweise verfügt werden, wenn besondere im Reichs-Militärgesetz vom 2. Mai 1874 nicht ausdrücklich vorgesehene Billigkeitsgründe eine Befreiung von der Ableistung der aktiven Dienstpflicht gerechtfertigt erscheinen lassen. j 8- 10. Unverändert. §- 11- Die der Ersatzreserve überwiesenen Personen gehören zu den Mannschaften des Beurlaubtenstandes und sind allen für die letzteren — insbesondere den für Reserve und Landwehr — gültigen Bestimmungen unterworfen, in soweit nicht in den nachstehenden Paragraphen besondere Festsetzungen getroffen sind. 8- 12. Die Ersatzreservisten können alljährlich einmal — und zwar zu den im Frühjahr stattfindenden Kontrolversamm- lungen — herangezogen werden. Unverändert. 8- 11- Unverändert. §. 12. 8- 13- Die Ersatzreservisten sind im Frieden zur Ableistung von drei Uebungen verpflichtet, von denen die erste zehn Wochen, die zweite sechs Wochen und die dritte vier Wochen dauert. §. 13- Die Ersatzreservisten sind im Frieden zur Ableistung von drei Uebungen verpflichtet, von denen die erste zehn Wochen, die zweite sechs Wochen und die dritte vier Wochen dauert. Die Zahl der zur ersten Uebung einzuberufenden Mann schaften wird durch den Reichshaushalts-Etat festgesetzt. Die Heranziehung zur ersten Uebung erfolgt in der Regel innerhalb eines Jahres nach Ueberweisung zur Ersatz reserve. Den Ersatzreservisten, welche zur ersten Uebung einberufen werden sollen, ist, von besonderen Ausnahme fällen abgesehen, der Gestellungstag bis zum 15. Juli des betreffenden Kalenderjahres bekannt zu machen. Schiffahrt treibenden Mannschaften und solchen Ersatz reservisten, welche auf ihren Wunsch später, oder als Nach ersatz nachträglich, zur ersten Uebung herangezogen werden sollen, ist der Gestellungstag 14 Tage vor Beginn der Uebung bekannt zu machen. Als Nachersatz sind die wegen hoher Loosnummer der Ersatzreserve überwiesenen Mann schaften nicht heranzuziehen. Neu. Laufende Nummer. 850 Reichstag. Aktenstück Nr. 198. (Bericht der Reichsschulden-Kommission.) Zulässige Ausfertigung laut Gesetz vom Noch 2 u) 8. März 1886, §§. 3 bis 6 (Reichs- Gesetzbl. S. 29) — Reichshaushalts-Etat für 1886/87 —. Zur vorübergehenden Verstär kung des ordentlichen Betriebsfonds der Reichs-Hauptkasse nach Bedarf, jedoch nicht über den Betrag von 70000000 ^ hinaus, b) 1. Juni 1886, Artikel IV §. 3 (Reich s- Gesetzbl. S. 181), die Besteuemng des Zuckers betreffend. Der unter u bezeichnete Betrag zur vorüber gehenden Verstärkung des ordentlichen Be triebsfonds der Reichs-Hauptkasse ist bis zum Betrage von 150 000 000 ^ ausgedehnt. zulässige Dauer des Umlaufs. UebeUrag . .. bis 30. September 1887. Innerhalb dieses Zeitraums kann nach An ordnung des Reichskanzlers der Betrag der Schatzamveisungen wiederholt, jedoch nur zur Deckung der in Verkehr gesetzten Schatzan weisungen ausgegeben werden. Summe. Erfolgte Serie von 1886 XXX XXXI XXXII XXXIII XXXIV XXXV XXXVI XXXVII XXXVIII XXXIX von 1887 1 II III IV V VI VII VIII X Reichstag. Aktenstück Nr. 198. (Bericht der Reichsschulden-Kommission.) 851 Die verzeichneten Schatzanweisungen sind unverzinslich ausgefertigt. Deshalb erscheinen in der Rechnung der Staatsschulden-Tilgungskasse für die im Rechnungsjahre 1886/87 eingelösten Schatzanweisungen nur die zurück gezahlten Kapitalbeträge. 107* 448 Reichstag. Aktenstück Nr. 87. (Vierter Bericht der Kommission für die Petitionen.) einer Auszählung führte, welche die Beschlußunfähigkeit des Hauses ergab. In der laufenden Session ist von dem Vorstande des Verbandes deutscher Schlosserinnungen mittels Eingabe vom 21. November 1887 die frühere Petition ohne weitere Aen derung überreicht, als daß als dasjenige Gesetz, in welches man die für Jnnungsmeister verlangte ausschließliche Gewerbe- befugniß eingeschaltet zusehenwünscht, dertz.369R.-St.-G.-B. bezeichnet wird, so daß der Hauptantrag nunmehr lautet: der Reichstag wolle im Interesse der öffentlichen Sicherheit den §. 369 Absatz 1 R.-St.-G.-B. da hin abändern, daß der Verkauf von Schlüsseln, das Einpassen derselben und das Oeffnen von Schlössern ausschließlich in die Hand von Schlossern gelegt werde, welche durch Zugehörigkeit zu einer Innung Gewähr gegen Mißbräuche bieten. Für den Fall, daß dem Reichstage solche Maßregel zur Zeit noch nicht ausführbar erscheinen sollte, beantragt die Petition: wenigstens den Uebelstand zu beseitigen, daß auf Grund des §, 369 Nr. 1 Schlosser mit schwerer Strafe bedroht seien für Handlungen, die von Nichtschlossern täglich straflos vorgenommen würden, was sich sehr einfach dadurch werde erreichen lassen, daß man an genannter Stelle die Eingangsworte „Schlosser, welche", durch das Wort „Wer" er setze. Die Kommission hat die Petition in der Sitzung vom 20. d. M. verhandelt, dabei auch dem Unterzeichner der selben, Schlossermeister Remmert, auf dessen Wunsch Ge legenheit gegeben, unter Vorzeigung einer Anzahl von Schlüsseln und Schlössern mündlich darzulegen, wie selbst zu kunstvoll gearbeiteten Schlössern passende Schlüssel ledig lich unter Angabe des dem Schlosse eingepreßten Buch stabens oder Zeichens im Handel zu kaufen seien. Der zugezogene Regierungskommissar, Geh. Ober- Regierungsrath und vortragende Rath im Reichs-Justizamt HerrDeegen, hat ausBesragenseine in den früheren Sessionen gegebenen Erklärungen mit dem Hinzufügen wiederholt, daß auch in der Zwischenzeit weder darüber, in welchem Um fange die in Frage stehenden Arbeiten und Verkäufe von anderen Personen, als von Schlossern vorgenommen würden, noch darüber, ob und in welchem Maße auf diesen Um stand die zur öffentlichen Kunde gelangten Fälle von Ein bruchsdiebstählen zurückzuführen seien, Ermittelungen an gestellt oder auf anderem Wege Material für die Beurtheilung gewonnen sei. Als seine persönliche Auffassung sprach der gedachte Regierungskommissar die Ansicht aus, daß eine irgendwie in Betracht kommende Erleichterung der Einbruchsdiebstähle in den von den Petenten hervorgehobenen Umständen aus dem Grunde nicht zu finden sein dürfe, weil in den in früherer Zeit zu seiner Kenntniß gelangten Fällen die Diebe die von ihnen benutzten Dietriche und Nachschlüssel entweder selbst angeferügt oder von Anderen hätten an fertigen lassen. In der Kommission war man einstimmig der Ansicht, daß die Fassung des §. 369 R.-St.-G.-B., welche sich aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach daraus erkläre, daß zur Zeit des Erlasses desselben die in Frage stehenden Arbeiten that sächlich nur von Schlossern ausgeführt seien, nach Lage der jetzigen Verhältnisse der Fabrikation und des Geschäfts verkehrs einerseits als ausreichender Schutz gegen die dabei ins Auge gefaßte Gefährdung des Eigenthums nicht mehr anzusehen sei, und andererseits eine den Schlossern zur Be schwerde gereichende Einseitigkeit darstelle, auf deren Be seitigung durch eine entsprechende Aenderung des Straf gesetzbuches Bedacht genommen werden müsse. Die Meinungsverschiedenheit beschränkte sich in dieserffMch- tung lediglich auf die Frage, ob die hervorgetretenen Uebelstände in dem Maße erheblich seien, daß ein so fortiges gesetzgeberisches Eingreifen geboten erscheine, oder ob man die Regelung für eine umfassendere Revision des Strafgesetzbuches vorbehalten dürfe. Im Gegensätze zu der bezüglich dieses Punktes vor handenen Uebereinstimmung fand der von den Petenten in erster Linie gestellte Antrag, die Anfertigung der mehr gedachten Arbeiten ausschließlich Jnnungsschlossern zu über tragen, nur bei einer Minderzahl der Kommissionsmitglieder Vertretung, während seitens der Mehrheit geltend gemacht wurde, daß auch bei den größten Sympathien für die in neuerer Zeit hervorgetretenen Jnnungsbestrebungen die be antragte Maßregel offenbar zu weit gehe und jedenfalls so lange nicht gerechtfertigt sei, als man gegen die ange regten Uebelstände auf andere Weise Abhülfe schaffen könne. Seitens eines Mitgliedes der Mehrheit wurde so gar die Ansicht aufgestellt, daß der Zweck der Peütion aus schließlich darauf gerichtet sei, das Interesse der Innungen dadurch zu fördern, daß man den außerhalb der Innungen stehenden Schlossern gewisse Arbeiten untersage, während das angebliche öffentliche Interesse lediglich als Deckmantel dieser eigennützigen Bestrebungen benutzt werde. Bei der Abstimmung wurde der Antrag: dem Reichstage zu empfehlen, den Hauptantrag der Petition dem Herrn Reichskanzler zur Kenntniß nahme zu überweisen, mit 14 gegen 4 Stimmen abgelehnt und mit 13 gegen 5 Sümmen beschlossen: beim Reichstage zu beantragen, über den Haupt antrag der Peütion zur Tagesordnung überzu gehen. Hinsichtlich des noch verbleibenden zweiten Theiles des Petitionsantrages schlug eines derjenigen Mitglieder, welche die Abänderung des §. 369 eit. nicht im Wege eines be sonderen Gesetzes, sondern bei Gelegenheit einer Revision des Strafgesetzbuches befürworteten, zur Vermittelung zwischen den entgegenstehenden Anträgen, welche dahin gingen, dem Reichstage zu empfehlen, einerseits: die Petition dem Herrn Reichskanzler zur Berück sichtigung zu überweisen, und andererseits: die Petition dem Herrn Reichskanzler zur Berück sichtigung bei einer demnächstigen Revision des Strafgesetzbuches zu überweisen, als Vermittelung folgende Fassung vor: die Peütion dem Herrn Reichskanzler zur Berück sichtigung bei einer in Aussicht zu nehmenden Re vision des Strafgesetzbuches zu überweisen, wobei darauf hingewiesen wurde, daß eine baldigst um fassende Revision ohnehin aus anderen Gründen dringend wünschenswerth sei. Bei der Abstimmung wurde der Antrag: die Peütion dem Herrn Reichskanzler zur Berück sichtigung zu überweisen, mit 12 gegen 6 Stimmen abgelehnt und darauf der be zeichnete Vermittelungsantrag mit 11 gegen 7 Sümmen an genommen, wodurch der noch verbleibende beschränktere An trag erledigt war. Hiernach beantragt die Kommission: der Reichstag wolle beschließen: 1. über die Petition des Vorstandes des Verbandes deutscher Schlosser-Innungen (Journ. II. 13), soweit (dieselbe darauf gerichtet ist, durch gesetzliche Bestimmung den Verkauf von Schlüsseln, das Ein passen derselben und das Oeffnen von Reichstag. Aktenstück Nr. 138. (Bericht der neunten Kommission.) 603 Befördemngen vornehmen müssen; tüchtige Richter würden nicht so, wie sie es verdienten, zur Anerkennung gelangen. Die stille Gegenwart der Vorgesetzten und Revisoren gefährde nicht die Unabhängigkeit der Rechtsprechung; der Gesetzgeber müsse den Richtern so viel Muth und Selbständigkeit zu trauen, daß sie sich durch dieselbe in ihrem Votum nicht beeinflussen lassen würden. Es wurde erwidert: Der Antrag enthalte keinen neuen Gedanken, sondem stehe auf dem Boden der preußischen Verordnung vom 3. Januar 1849, welche ausdrücklich aus gesprochen habe, daß die Berathung des Gerichts ohne Beisein anderer Personen erfolge. Auch die Jnstizgesetz- kommission habe durch ihren ursprünglichen Beschluß un zweifelhaft denselben Grundsatz aufstellen wollen. Auch der spätere Beschluß, der gegenwärtig geltendes Recht sei, habe in Wirklichkeit denselben Sinn gehabt; es handle sich jetzt nur darum, diesen Sinn gegenüber den in der Praxis bei der Auslegung entstandenen Zweifeln festzustellen. Veranlassung za einer solchen Feststellung habe die Vorlage selbst geboten, dadurch, daß sie die Frage, ob und in welchem Umfange die Dienstaufsicht zur An wesenheit bei den nichtöffentlichen Gerichtsverhandlungen berechtige, aus eigenem Antriebe in dieses Gesetz hinein gezogen habe. Die Beantwortung der Frage gehöre also wohl in dieses Gesetz. Sie solle beantwortet werden in demselben Sinne, in welchem die preußische Gesetzgebung und in welchem die Justizgesetzkommission sie beantwortet habe. Damals habe man sich nicht davon zu überzeugen vermocht, daß das Interesse der Justizverwaltung die Gegenwart des Oberlandesgerichtspräsidenten bei den Be rathungen der seiner Dienstaufsicht unterstehenden Gerichts kollegien erheische; auch die jetzt dafür vorgebrachten Gründe seien nicht überzeugend. Dem Aufsichtsbeamten ständen noch andere Wege offen, um sich über die Befähigung der Richter zur Bekleidung höherer Stellen zu informiren; wisse er diese nicht zu benutzen, so würden auch die Beobach tungen, welche er als gelegentlicher Zuhörer bei der Be rathung mache, von zweifelhaftem Werthe für die Beur theilung der einzelnen Persönlichkeiten sein. Das Urtheil, welches er hierauf gründe, werde möglicherweise sehr trügerisch sein. Der Vorsitzende, welcher nur mäßiges Talent für die Leitung der Debatte entwickle, werde vielleicht durch andere Eigenschaften zur Bekleidung einer Landgerichts präsidentenstelle in hohem Grade befähigt sein; der Richter, welcher in Gegenwart des Aufsichtsbeamten in der Debatte wenig hervorgetreten sei, sei möglicherweise an Rechts kenntnissen, an scharfem, gesundem Urtheil und an Arbeits kraft einem anderen bedeutend überlegen, der die Gelegen heit benutzt habe, um vor dem Vorgesetzten seine Rednergabe zur Geltung zu bringen. Die Berathung eines Gerichts kollegiums sei überhaupt nicht bestimmt, den Mitgliedern Gelegenheit zu geben, daß sie sich mit Probeleistungen vor dem Dienstvorgesetzten produzirten; sie sei der Sache halber da. Schon die Möglichkeit, daß der sachliche Charakter der Berathung durch die Anwesenheit des Aussichtsbeamten ge trübt werde, spreche gegen seine Zulassung, in noch ungleich höherem Grade die Gefahr, daß nicht blos in Bezug auf die Art und Weise der Geschäftsbehandlung, sondern sogar in der Beurtheilung der Sache selbst die Unbefangenheit einzelner Richter unter dem Eindrucke seiner Gegenwart leiden könnte. Das Vertrauen zur Unparteilich keit der Gerichte würde einen Stoß erleiden. Dem müsse vorgebeugt werden. Von Mitgliedern sämmtlicher Parteien wurde betont, daß es im allgemeinen Interesse liege, die Rechtsprechung vor jeder Beeinflussung, ja auch schon vor dem Verdachte der Beeinflussung zu schützen. Der Antrag wurde angenommen und auch bei der zweiten Lesung mit 13 gegen 1 Sümme aufrecht erhalten. Im Laufe der Verhandlung war zur Sprache ge kommen, daß es bei den Gerichten zum Behufe der Zeit- ersparniß vielfach üblich sei, bei einfachen Sachen sich nicht in das Berathungszimmer zurückzuziehen, sondern im Sitzungssaale zu berathen und abzustimmen. Ohne Wider spruch wurde festgestellt, daß die Zulässigkeit dieses Ver fahrens durch die beschlossene neue Fassung des §. 195 nicht beeinträchtigt werden würde; wenn Dritte sich zwar in demselben Saale befänden, aber außer Stande seien, die mit gedämpfter Stimme geführte Berathung zu ver nehmen, so seien sie nicht bei der Berathung zugegen. Ein Mitglied beantragte, in §. 377 der Strafprozeß ordnung und H. 513 der Civilprozeßordnung folgende neue Nummer einzuschalten: „kru wenn bei der Berathung und Abstimmung über das Urtheil (bezw. die Entscheidung) Personen, deren Anwesenheit gesetzlich nicht zulässig war, an wesend gewesen sind." Das Urtheil müsse dann stets als auf einer Verletzung des Gesetzes beruhend angesehen werden und unterliege der Re vision: anderenfalls werde die Revision in einem solchen Falle nur dann möglich sein, wenn bewiesen werde, daß das Urtheil, bezw. die Entscheidung auf der Verletzung des §. 195 beruhe; ein Beweis, welcher thatsächlich kaum jemals zu führen sein werde. Die rechtliche Ausführung wurde von anderer Seite als zutreffend anerkannt, den Anträgen aber entgegengehalten: Ein so weit reichender Formalismus sei nicht erforderlich, um den gefaßten Be schluß wirksam zu machen. Es stehe nicht zu besorgen, daß ein höherer Justizbeamter den Versuch machen werde, der klaren Vorschrift des Gesetzes zum Trotze in eine Be rathung sich einzudrängen. Dagegen werde die Annahme der Anträge eine sehr unliebsame und schädliche Wirkung in einer anderen Richtung üben: wenn gelegentlich ein Bote oder Gerichtsdiener oder auch ein zu einer anderen Kammer gehöriger Richter vorübergehend das Berathungs zimmer betrete, so werde sofort die Gefahr entstehen, daß ein solcher an sich gleichgültiger Vorgang demnächst als Revisionsgrund benutzt werden würde. Bisher habe noch jede Gesetzgebung sich gehütet, diesen Weg zu beschreiten; auch die unserige habe kein Interesse, derartigen Miß bräuchen Vorschub zu leisten. Die Anträge wurden ab gelehnt. Artikel II enthält das Strafgesetz, welches die Befolgung des in dem neuen Absätze zu §. 175 vorgesehenen Schweigebesehls zu verbürgen bestimmt ist. Zum gesetzlichen Thatbestände der Strafhandlung soll gehören, daß die Mittheilung eine unbe fugte sei; eine befugte Mittheilung würde die Anwendung des Strafgesetzes nicht begründen. Behufs schärferer Ab grenzung des Thatbestandes beantragte ein Mitglied fol genden Zusatz zu §. 175:1„Die Verpflichtung erstreckt sich nicht auf Mittheilungen, welche zur Wahrnehmung berech tigter Interessen gemacht werden." Als einen Hauptfall dieser Art führte der Antragsteller die Mittheilung an, welche der Verurtheilte seinem Vertheidiger zum Zwecke der Wiederaufnahme des Verfahrens mache. Gegen den An trag wurde geltend gemacht: Soweit derselbe sich auf diesen Fall beziehe, sei er überflüssig; kein Richter werde be zweifeln, daß diese Mittheilung eine befugte sei. Dagegen sei der Antrag insofern nicht unbedenklich, als er dahin mißverstanden werden könne, auch eine Mittheilung, welche ein Betheiligter der Presse mache, um sich gegen Zeitungs artikel zu vertheidigen, sei schon wegen des Zweckes der selben als eine solche anzusehen, welche der Verpflichtung zur Geheimhaltung der betreffenden Thatsachen nicht zu widerlaufe. Der Antrag wurde abgelehnt. Der Artikel II wurde unverändert angenommen. 76» 710 Reichstag. Aktenstück Nr. 169. (Bericht der Rechnungs-Kommission.) abgehalten werden müßten und die militärischen Noth wendigkeiten haben sich diese Ausgaben nicht vermeiden lassen. Kapitel 32 Titel 2 Preußen. Zum Ankauf der Remontepferde. Auf die Anfrage, ob der Preis der Remonteu sich nicht hätte vermindern lassen, wenn man größere Bezüge aus Ostpreußen gemacht hätte, führt die Verwaltung aus: „Eine allgemeine Erhöhung der Pferdepreise ist in Folge der großen Nachfragen und des bedeutenden An kaufs von Pferden für das Ausland unverkennbar, und kann der Ausfuhr der für Militärzwecke geeigneten Pferde nur dadurch vorgebeugt werden, daß für Remonteu höhere Preise gezahlt werden. Ein weiterer Grund der Erhöhung der Durchschnittspreise für Remonteu ist aber auch der, daß in Folge der höheren Anforderungen an die Militär dienstpferde nur gutes Material gekauft werden darf, für welches auch entsprechend höhere Preise anzulegen sind. Ein weiterer vermehrter Ankauf in Ostpreußen, wo selbst jetzt jährlich über 5000 Remonteu erkauft werden, ist nicht ausführbar, da dort alles brauchbare Material aufgekauft wird. Bei einem selbst möglichen Mehrankaufe von Remonten in Ostpreußen würde eine Schädigung der sonst noch Pferde züchtenden Provinzen hervorgerufen, besonders aber eine Schädigung der Landespferdezucht, durch welche der Bedarf von Pferden für den Fall einer Mobilmachung in Frage gestellt werden würde." Kapitel 33 Titel 4 Preußen: Die Nothwendigkeit, die Kosten für die Bewirthschastung der Remontedepots in so hohem Grade zu steigern, wird von der Verwaltung in folgender Weise erläutert: „Die Ueberschreitung des Titels um 180 593,32 ^ ist in Folge von Mindereinnahmen der Depots im Betrage von 96 293,17 ^ und von Mehrausgaben der Depots, denen jedoch Erstattungen gegenüberstehen, entstanden. Abgesehen von solchen Mehrausgaben bei speziellen Betriebszweigen, welche durch Mehreinnahmen bei denselben gedeckt sind, von den minder erheblichen Mehr- und den Minderausgaben bei einzelnen Titeln, bestehen die Mehr ausgaben der Depots gegen den Etat speziell in folgenden, und zwar: an Tagelohn1rund 48 260 für das todte Inventar1......1-12916001- für Vieharzneien und dergl. .1. . .1-1211301- für Hafer, Ersatz- und Kraftsuttermittel und dergl11 - 17460 - für Saatgetreide und Sämereien ... - 8010 - für Brücken, Wege und1Gräben1...1-1119601- für Umwährungen und1Brunnen1...1-1518701- an Abgaben und Lasten1-13 220 - In dem Tagelohn find auch die Kosten des Ersatzes für fehlende Dienstleute, wie Knechte, und des Dreschens auf Tagelohn rc. mit Maschinen inbegriffen, die Mehrausgaben hierfür werden dnrch die Minderausgaben an Dienstlöhnen im Betrage von rund 5260 ^ und an Dreschlerlohn in Natur gedeckt. Im Uebrigen sind die Mehrausgaben an Tagelohn hauptsächlich durch die ver mehrte Anstellung von Arbeitern zu den nothwendigen land- wirthschaftlichen Arbeiten in Folge stärkeren Getreide- und Erdfruchtbaues, zur stärkeren und besseren Bearbeitung des Ackers, Bewältigung stärkerer Ernten auf einzelnen Depots, Kohlen Steinkohle Plauenschen Grund. Stückkohle Mittelkohle pro1pro 10000 kg 10000 kg vor Oktober 1886 . . . 85,so183,gg^ I.Okt. 86 bis 30. Septb. 87 96,«o -193,oo - vom 1. Oktober 1887 ab . 105,oo -1103,oo - Urbarmachung und Kultivirung von Oed- und Waldslächen, Verbesserung von Acker und Wiesen durch Befahren, Auf füllen, Planirungen, Ausmooren, Reinigung von Steinen und Gesträuch, Roden, Anpflanzen rc. herbeigeführt; Tage- lohn-Erhöhungen haben nur durch Heranziehung von aus wärtigen Schnittern für die beiden westlichen Depots und in einzelnen, durch Lokalverhältnisse bedingten Fällen von Arbeitermangel stattgefunden. Die Mehrausgaben für Unterhaltung des Inventars sind durch die stärkere Abnutzung desselben und die nothwendig gewesenen Neubeschaffungen, zur Ergänzung und Vervoll ständigung der Inventarien der Depots mit Maschinen, Instrumenten und Gerüchen rc. verbesserter Konstruktion, sowie durch Ergänzung der Nutz- und Schirrholzvorräthe auf einzelnen Depots entstanden. Die übrigen Mehrausgaben, und zwar an Vieharzneien, sind durch vermehrte Erkrankungen bei den Remonten und größeren Bedarf an Desinfektionsmitteln und Futtersalz; für Hafer rc. durch Minderertrag, höhere Haferrationen an Stelle fehlenden Heues und Strohes, dem eine ent sprechende Minderausgabe bei diesen gegenübersteht, und erforderlich gewesene Futterzulagen; für Saatgetreide und Sämereien durch Ernteausfälle, nothwendig gewesenen Saatwechsel und größeren Bedarf; für Brücken, Wege, Gräben, durch vermehrt nothwendig gewesene Wege- und Graben-Arbeiten und Plasterungen; für Umwährung und Brunnen, durch nothwendig ge wordene Erneuerung von Zäunen um Höfe und Gärten und Hofumwährungen, Verbesserung von Tummelplätzen und vermehrte Brunnen- und Pumpen-Reparaturen, endlich au Abgaben durch höhere Ausschreibungen und Bedarf veranlaßt. Detaillirte Wirthschaftspläne (Ueberschläge) werden unter Zugrundelegung der angenommenen Feldeiutheilung und Fruchtfolge für jedes Depot für 3 Jahre im Voraus fest gestellt und in diesen auch für die gewöhnliche Unterhaltung des Inventars und der Wege, im Anhalt an den Bedarf der letzten Jahre, Beträge ausgeworfen. Zur Neubeschaffung größerer Jnventarienstücke und größerer Wegebauten werden die Mittel in jedem einzelnen Bedarfsfälle vom Kriegsministerium bewilligt. Zu Abweichungen von dem festgestellten Wirthschafts plan, wenn sie irgend erheblich, namentlich bezüglich des finanziellen Effekts, haben die Remontedepot-Administrationen die Genehmigung des Kriegsministeriums einzuholen. Die Selbstbewirthschaftung der Remontedepots läßt sich, soll der Zweck derselben, die für die Armee angekauften jungen Remontepferde bis zu deren Abgabe an die Truppe aufzunehmen und zur Vervollkommnung ihrer körperlichen Entwickelung gut und möglichst billig zu ernähren, erreicht werden, nicht einschränken." Kapitel 43 Titel 1 Preußen: Zu Entschädigungen. Die Etatsüberschreitung beträgt 10 094,44 Mark. Der Titel dient zur Deckung unerwarteter Ausgaben, bei denen sich unberechenbare Schwankungen ergeben. Kapitel 27 Titel 10 und 13. Sachsen: Feuerung und Erleuchtung der Kasernen und Dienstgebäude 2127,2g und 893,61 Mark. Zur Darlegung der eingetretenen Steigerung der Kohlenpreise wurde von den sächsischen Vertretern folgende Tabelle überreicht: preise. l aus dem1^ Zwickauer Becken.1Braunkohlen. Pechstückkohle Nutzkohlen Mittelkohle Schuttkohle 460 Reichstag. Aktenstück Nr. 90. (Entwurf eines Gesetzes, betreffend den Schutz von Vögeln.) Mit diesen Maßgaben find die einzelnen Bestimmungen des Entwurfs, wie folgt, zu begründen: Die §§. 1 bis 4 enthalten, in thunlichst engem An schluß an die bezüglichen Festsetzungen des österreichisch italienischen Vertrages, ein Verbot derjenigen Veranstaltungen, welche ganz besonders eine massenhafte Vertilgung von Vögeln herbeizuführen geeignet sind. Vorangestellt ist im §. 1 als die weitgehendste und allgemeinste Maßnahme das bereits in allen einschlägigen Gesetzgebungen enthaltene Verbot der die Fortpflanzung der Vögel beeinträchtigenden Nachstellungen, das Verbot der Zerstörung der Brutstätten und Eier der Vögel. Aus nahmen von diesem Verbot sind nur zugelassen in Betreff der an Gebäuden und dergleichen befindlichen Nester, sowie im Absatz 3 für die als Nahrungsmittel geschätzten Eier gewisser Wasser- und Sumpfvögel. Diese Vögel (§. 1 Absatz 3) gehören zwar nach den meisten Landesgesetz gebungen zum jagdbaren Federwild und fallen daher, gemäß §. 8 b ohnehin nicht unter die Verbotsbestimmnngen des Gesetzentwurfs; da indessen der Rechtszustand kein für dasge- sammte Reichsgebiet durchaus gleichartiger ist, so erschien die Aufnahme einer besonderen Ausnahmebestimmung bezüglich der Eier dieser Vögel räthlich. Nach Ansicht der Sachver ständigen ist das Sammeln der Eier von Strandvögeln bis zum 1. Mai, desgleichen von Möven und Seeschwalben bis zum 15. Juni zu gestatten; indessen wird es vorzu ziehen sein, den Erlaß dieser nach den verschiedenen lokalen Verhältnissen sehr variirenden Bestimmungen der Landes polizei zu überlassen. Hieran reiht sich im §. 2 das Verbot derjenigen Fang arten, welche eine Massenerlegung ermöglichen; das Ver zeichniß derselben ist auf Grund neuerdings unter sachver ständigem Beirath erfolgter Erörterungen etwas abweichend von den bezüglichen Bestimmungen des Entwurfs von1879/83 gestaltet worden, um dasselbeden besonderen deutschen Verhält nissen genauer anzupassen. Was insbesondere die Vorschrift unter b anlangt, so ist hier dem Bundesrath die Befugniß zur Gewährung von Ausnahmen vorbehalten (§. 5 Absatz 4), da das Verbot des Fangens und der Erlegung von Vögeln für dieZeit, w ährendwelcherder BodenmitSchneebedeckt ist, im Zu- sammenhalt mit dem §. 3 des Entwurfs, in einigen Gebirgs gegenden dem gänzlichen Verbote des Vogelfangens nahe kommen würde. Im §. 2e ist, den Vorschlägen des deutschen Landwirthschaftsraths entsprechend, auch das Fangen unter Anwendung geblendeter Lockvögel als unzulässig bezeichnet worden. Nach der Schlußbestimmung soll das Verzeichniß erforderlichenfalls einer Vervollständigung durch Beschluß des Bundesraths unterliegen. Im §. 3 ist, den Vorschlägen der Sachverständigen entsprechend, die Sommerzeit vom 1. März bis zum 15. September als allgemeine Schonzeit für die Vögel fest gesetzt, unter Erweiterung der bezüglichen Fristbestimmung des österreichisch-italienischen Vertrages dahin, daß auch die (in diesem Vertrage zugelassene) Erlegung der Vögel mittelst Schußwaffen in der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. September unter sagt ist. Die Verbotsbestimmungen in den 1 bis 4 erscheinen ganz allgemein aus den Vogelfang anwendbar; von der Aufstellung eines Verzeichnisses der sogenannten nützlichen Vögel ist daher in Uebereinstimmung mit den bei den früheren Berathungen überwiegend hervorgetretenen An schauungen Abstand genommen worden. Ohnehin würde die Trennung in nützliche und schädliche Vogelarten bei dem gegenwärtigen Stande der Erfahrungen unüberwindliche Schwierigkeiten bieten. Dagegen sind diejenigen Vogelarten, welche sich als überwiegend schädlich oder jedenfalls als nicht wesentlich nützlich darstellen, von dem Schutze des vorliegenden Gesetzes auszunehmen. Unter diesem Gesichtspunkte ist das in dem früheren Entwurf enthaltene Verzeichniß nach dem jetzigen Stande der Erfahrungen revidirt und erheblich er weitert worden (§. 8o), so daß vielfache, gerade in der hier fraglichen Hinsicht erhobene Bedenken gegen den Entwurf als beseitigt angesehen werden dürfen. Daß ferner auch von den Bestimmungen im §. 3 Aus nahmen für solche Fälle zugelassen werden müssen, in welchen sonst nützliche Vögel Schaden anstiften, war bereits im §. 3 Absatz 2 des Entwurfs von 1879/83 zum Aus druck gelangt. Es unterliegt keinem Bedenken, die dort materiell etwas enger begrenzte Ausnahmevorschrift auf alle Fälle besonderer Schadenstiftung zu erstrecken. Dagegen erscheint es. andererseits unthunlich, die Handhabung einer so weitgehenden Befugniß dem einzelnen Betheiligten zu überlassen, da alsdann der durch das Gesetz beabsichtigte Schutz über haupt nicht mehr wirksam kontrolirt werden könnte. Es werden vielmehr Behörden, welche zur Prüfung der ört lichen Verhältnisse geeignet und von den Landesregierungen hierzu bezeichnet sind (Landrath, Bezirksamtmann, Amts hauptmann, Oberamt rc.), zu ermächtigen sein, für solche Theile ihres Verwaltungsbezirks, in welchen sich wegen des Vorkommens von Schadenstiftungen die Schonzeitbestim mungen nicht in vollem Umfange durchführen lassen, eine auf die betroffenen Oertlichkeiten sich erstreckende Ausnahme zu gestatten. Wo eine allgemeine Anordnung dieser Be hörde als nothwendig sich nicht erweist, wird der Grund besitzer sich regelmäßig durch Verscheuchen der Thiere in auskömmlicher Weise schützen können. Um die Gleichmäßig keit des Vorgehens der Lokalbehörden zu sichern und das in dieser Beziehung vorhandene technische Material zu verwerthen, muß dem Bundesrath der Erlaß einer all gemeinen Anweisung vorbehalten bleiben. Diesen Zwecken entspricht die Fassung des §. 5 Ab satz 1 und 3 des Entwurfs. Der Absatz 2 des letzteren Paragraphen wahrt die auch in dem früheren Entwurf aufgenommene Befugniß zur Ausnahmebewilligung für wissenschaftliche oder Lehrzwecke oder wegen besonderer ört licher Bedürfnisse. Der Ausschluß der nach Maßgabe des Landesrechts jagdbaren Vögel von den Bestimmungen des gegenwärtigen Gesetzes (§. 8 b des Entwurfs) ist bereits in der allgemeinen Begründung erörtert. Daneben ist aber auch, in Rücksicht nahme auf die bei den früheren Berathungen geltend ge machten Gründe, der in der bisher üblichen Weise betriebene Krammetsvogelfang den Vorschriften dieses Gesetzes ent zogen worden (§. 8 Schlußsatz). Der Ausschluß des in der Land- und Hauswirthschaft gehaltenen zahmen Feder viehes (§. 8 a) ergiebt sich aus der Natur der Sache. Was die Höhe der gegen Uebertretungen des Gesetzes anzudrohenden Strafe (§§. 6 und 7) anlangt, so wird daran festzuhalten sein, daß die Maximalgrenze nicht zu niedrig bemessen werden darf und daß auch die Erkennung einer Freiheitsstrafe zugelassen werden muß, um den in größerem Umfange stattfindenden, sowie den lediglich aus Rohheit veranlaßten Eingriffen wirksam entgegentreten zu können. Im §. 9 ist, der bereits oben dargelegten Abgrenzung entsprechend, wonach der Gesetzentwurf das Mindestmaß des den Vögeln zu gewährenden Schutzes festzusetzen bezweckt, das Verhältniß zum Landesrecht dahin geregelt, daß die jenigen landesgesetzlichen, bezw. nach Maßgabe der Landes verfassung von den Polizeibehörden erlassenen Bestimmungen, welche zum Schutz der Vögel weitergehende Verbote ent halten, unberührt bleiben. Es wird dies insbesondere Reichstag. Aktenstück Nr. 198. (Bericht der Reichsschulden-Kominission.) 875 Rekapitulation. | 3,281 |
26637abb04adad57ee4cd62d318783cf | French Open Data | Open Government | Various open data | 2,009 | FCCNS016567_20090119.pdf | info-financiere.fr | English | Spoken | 119 | 232 | January 16th, 2009
MONTHLY DISCLOSURE OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF SHARES AND VOTING RIGHTS
ARTICLE 223-16 OF THE AMF GENERAL REGULATION
Voting rights
Date
31 December 2008
Shares
33, 773,540
Theoretical*
Exercisable**
42, 525,816
41, 043,833
*This number is calculated on the basis of all the shares to which voting rights are attached, including
shares which voting rights have been suspended, in accordance with Article 223-11 of the AMF
general regulation related to the calculation of the crossing of thresholds with regard to the number of
voting rights.
**For information purposes, this number excludes the shares which voting rights have been
suspended.
The information is also available in the « Regulated Information » section of the Ipsos website:
http://www.ipsos.com/invest/Regulated_Information/Nb_shares_Voting_Rights.aspx
| 17,537 |
5645827_1 | Court Listener | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,022 | None | None | English | Spoken | 259 | 372 | Johnson, Judge.
Richard Allen Dingier pled guilty to one count of driving on a suspended license. The court imposed a sentence of 12-months probation and a fine of $750. This is an appeal by the State of Georgia asserting, in a single enumeration of error, that the sentence entered *392by the trial court was void.
Decided February 18, 1993.
Keith C. Martin, Solicitor, Leigh A. Moore, Assistant Solicitor, for appellant.
Richard A. Dingier, pro se.
Void sentences are appealable by the state. State v. Marshall, 195 Ga. App. 535 (1) (394 SE2d 379) (1990). OCGA § 40-5-121 mandates the following sentences for the offense of driving with a suspended or revoked license. A first offense is punishable “by imprisonment for not less than two days nor more than six months, and there may be imposed in addition thereto a fine of not less than $500.00 nor more than $1,000.00.” Second or subsequent convictions, within five years, are punishable “by imprisonment for not less than ten days nor more than 12 months and there may be imposed in addition thereto a fine of not less than $1,000.00 nor more than $2,500.00.” No record of the proceedings was transmitted to this court for review. Nonetheless, the sentence imposed on Dingier falls outside the parameters for either a first or subsequent offense, and is therefore void. This case is remanded to the trial court with direction that Dingier be resentenced in accordance with the statute referenced above.
Sentence vacated and case remanded with direction. Pope, C. J., and Carley, P. J., concur.
| 45,785 |
4604952_1 | Court Listener | Open Government | Public Domain | null | None | None | English | Spoken | 3,352 | 4,857 | C. FREDERICK and PATRICIA B. FRICK, Petitioners v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RespondentFrick v. CommissionerDocket No. 8351-71.United States Tax CourtT.C. Memo 1976-343; 1976 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 59; 35 T.C.M. (CCH) 1572; T.C.M. (RIA) 760343; November 11, 1976, Filed *59 (1) In 1967 and 1968, the years in issue, petitioner owned certain lots, acquired in 1959, some of which were sold in the years in issue. Held, although this Court previously held that this same petitioner could add the amount of certain special assessments to his basis used in connection with the sale of certain other lots, the doctrine of collateral estoppel does not apply to the position maintained by the Commissioner in this case. Held, further, in 1967 and 1968, petitioner may not deduct the principal portion of special sewer assessments; however, in connection with the sales of lots in those years, he may add to his bases the principal portion of special sewer assessments but may not include the interest on such assessments or the special assessments for weed control. Held, further, in computing the basis for the sale of one of the lots, petitioner may include a brokerage commission paid by him. (2) In 1967, the petitioner sold an interest in a partnership for $24,000. He received cash of $20,000 and a $4,000 note from the purchaser. He reported the face amount of the note on his 1967 Federal income tax return, the year he received the note. Held, under sec. 705(a)(2)(A), I.R.C. 1954, *60 the petitioner's basis in the partnership must be reduced by his proportionate share of its losses allowed in prior years. Held, further, the petitioner has failed to establish that the note was worth less than its face value in the year of receipt; it was thus properly reported in the year of receipt. C. Frederick Frick, pro se. Nelson E. Shafer, for the respondent. SIMPSONMEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION SIMPSON, Judge: The Commissioner determined the following deficiencies in, and additions to, the petitioners' Federal income taxes: Addition to Tax YearDeficiencyUnder Sec. 6653(a) 11967$2,809.84$140.4919681,882.1394.10Some of the issues have been conceded by the Commissioner; those remaining for decision are: (1) Whether collateral estoppel bars the Commissioner from arguing that special assessments paid by the petitioner during the years 1959 through 1964 and 1967 and 1968 are not capitalizable to the extent they represent taxes or special assessments for maintenance of the properties; (2) whether the petitioner may deduct as taxes under section 164 the principal *61 portion of special sewer assessments he paid during the years in issue; (3) whether brokerage commissions were paid by the petitioner in connection with the sale in 1967 of two lots and may be added to the basis of such lots; (4) whether the petitioner's basis in certain partnership property must be reduced under section 705(a)(2)(A) by his proportionate share of partnership losses allowed in prior years; (5) whether a partinership in which the petitioner was a member sustained any loss in 1967; and (6) whether the petitioner must report the face value of a $4,000 note in 1967, the year he received it. FINDINGS OF FACTSome of the facts have been stipulated, and those facts are so found. Other facts have been established by admissions in accordance with Rule 90, Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure, and by reference to an opinion of this Court in a prior trial involving the same parties ( C. Frederick Frick,T.C. Memo. 1972-71). Still other facts have been found on the basis of the evidence submitted at the trial of this case. The petitioners, C. Frederick Frick and Patricia B. Frick, husband and wife, resided in Wauwatosa, Wis., when they filed their petition herein. They *62 timely filed joint Federal income tax returns for 1967 and 1968 with the Internal Revenue Service Center, Kansas City, Mo. Mr. Frick will sometimes be referred to as the petitioner. During the years in issue, the petitioner owned several lots in a subdivision, located in Brookfield, Wis. (Brookfield lots). On his 1967 Federal income tax return, he claimed a deduction of $1,972.31 for taxes paid on such lots in that year; and on his 1968 return, he deducted $1,545.96 as taxes paid on such lots. Such deductions were based on payments of two types: general property taxes and special assessments.The special assessments were levied for two purposes: weed control and sewer improvements. The special sewer assessments were for sewer improvements which benefitted the properties on which they were levied, and no part of them was attributable to sewer maintenance or repair. However, the sewer assessments were apportioned between the principal and interest costs of such improvements. The following table sets forth the allocation of the payments in 1967 and 1968 with respect to the Brookfield lots: Special AssessmentsSewerGeneral BlockLotTaxesWeedsPrincipalInterestTotalPayments in 196722$ 54.37$10.00$ 101.75$ 42.74$ 208.867854.3710.00104.4343.86212.6671154.3710.00101.7542.74208.8671254. 3710.00122.0651.27237.709110.8710.00126.8253.26200.959254.3710.00101.7542.74208.869 554.3710.0095.7228.20188.2911154.3710.00136.8065.66266.8311454.3710.00123.1951.74239.30Total$445.83$90.00$1,014.27$422.21$1,972.31Payments in 196822$ 65.79$12.00$ 101.75$ 36.63$ 216.177865.7910.00104.4337.59217.8171165.7910.00101.7536.63214.179113.1610.00126 .8145.65195.629265.7910.00101.7536.63214.179565.7910.0095.7246.46217.9711165.7910.00136.8057.46270.05Total$407.90$72.00$ 769.01$297.05$1,545.96*63 During the years in issue, the petitioner sold some of the undeveloped Brookfield lots. The following table sets forth the date of each sale, the year of acquisition, the gross sales price, the adjusted basis of the property, and the cost of sale, which the parties have agreed upon, without taking into account any of the issues herein: Date ofYear ofGross SalesCost of BlockLotSaleAcquisitionPriceAdjusted BasisSale7124-2-671959$6,800.00$1,637.50$ 765.801145-15-6719597,950.002,337.50797.307113-8-6819598,800.001,640.50947.24The Commissioner has conceded that the adjusted basis of such lots may also be increased by the principal portion of special sewer assessments which the petitioner paid during 1967 and 1968, if this Court should find that these amounts are not currently deductible. The amounts are as follows: BlockLotAmount712$122.06114123.19711203.50During the years 1959 through 1964, the petitioner paid special weed control and sewer assessments on the Brookfield lots he sold during the years before us. The total amounts of such assessments attributable to each lot are as follows: Special Assessments BlockLotWeedsSewer712$49.32$134.2711445.00135.5171147.32111.93 The record contains *64 no allocation of the sewer assessments between principal and interest. The Commissioner has not allowed the petitioner to add any part of such assessments to his basis in these lots. The petitioner used a real estate broker to sell two of the Brookfield lots. He had lent such broker $500, and the broker waived his commission on such sales in exchange for a release from his obligation to repay such loan. The Commissioner has denied the petitioner any basis adjustment by reason of the payment of a commission on such sales. In December 1968, the petitioner sold property known as Knolls Terrace & Burleigh for $16,900.00. He had acquired this property in April 1958 for $5,188.89. The Commissioner, in his brief, concedes that the petitioner is entitled to increase his basis in such property by $3,842.07, the principal portion of special assessments paid by the petitioner for such property during the period he owned it. However, the interest portion of such assessments amounted to $267.46, and the Commissioner contends that such amount may not be added to the petitioner's basis in the property. In 1967, the petitioner sold his partnership interest in rental property located at 3660 *65 North Teutonia Avenue (North Teutonia property) in Milwaukee, Wis. Under the terms of the sale agreement, he was to receive $24,000. He received $2,500 of the purchase price in 1966 and reported that amount on his 1966 Federal income tax return. In 1967, he received $17,500 in cash and a note for $4,000 from the purchaser. On the petitioner's 1967 Federal income tax return, he reported the sales price of the North Teutonia property as $17,445.34, and reported the receipt of a $4,000.00 note as a separate transaction. He never collected anything on the $4,000 note, and although in 1971, he secured a judgment against the purchaser for that amount, he has never collected anything on the judgment. At trial, he claimed that he should not have to report such note.The petitioner had acquired his partnership interest in the North Teutonia property more than 6 months prior to its sale. In his notice of deficiency, the Commissioner determined that the petitioner's adjusted basis in the partnership property was $11,768.66. However, in C. Frederick Frick,T.C. Memo. 1972-71, this Court determined that the petitioner was entitled to his proportionate share of partnership losses incurred during *66 1965 and 1966, and in computing the amount of the decisions, those losses were determined to be $1,400.00 for 1965 and $696.44 for 1966. In an amended answer in the present case, the Commissioner sought to decrease the petitioner's basis for his partnership interest in the North Teutonia property by the amount of such losses. The Commissioner has conceded certain adjustments which he determined in the notice of deficiency, including the determination of the addition to tax under section 6653(a) (relating to negligence). OPINION Prior to the trial in this case, the Commissioner submitted a motion for partial summary judgment requesting us to hold that the petitioners are not entitled to deduct for the years in issue the principal portion of the special sewer assessments and that the petitioner must adjust the basis in his partnership interest by reason of the losses allowed him in 1965 and 1966. There was a trial in the case at which the parties were allowed to present evidence on the other issues. In this opinion, we are setting forth the facts and our holdings with respect to the issues presented by the motion for summary judgment and the issues which have been tried. The first *67 issue we must decide is whether the Commissioner is collaterally estopped from contending that certain special assessments may not be capitalized by the petitioner. The classic exposition of the doctrine of collateral estoppel in tax cases is found in the Supreme Court's opinion in Commissioner v. Sunnen,333 U.S. 591">333 U.S. 591 (1948). In that case, the Supreme Court instructed that a prior decision can operate as an estoppel in a subsequent suit on a different cause of action involving the same parties or their privies, "'only as to those matters in issue or points controverted, upon the determination of which the finding or verdict was rendered.'" 333 U.S. at 598. Thus, if an issue was merely assumed and not actually contested and decided in the prior suit, collateral estoppel may not be invoked on that issue in the subsequent suit. Pelham Hall Co. v. Hassett,147 F. 2d 63, 67 (1st Cir. 1945). Moreover, before collateral estoppel may be invoked, the controlling facts in the subsequent suit must be identical with, and not separable from, those in the prior suit. Commissioner v. Sunnen,supra at 601. In C. Frederick Frick,supra, involving the same petitioners as those herein, one issue was *68 whether the petitioner could capitalize special assessments on certain lots in Brookfield, Wis., which were paid by him during the years 1959 through 1964. The purposes for which those special assessments were levied were not identified in our prior opinion. We stated in that case: Respondent does not contend that the special assessments are not properly an item to be added to basis, but argues that petitioner cannot claim the special assessments as an adjustment to basis, because he deducted those amounts in prior years and the statute of limitations prevents the respondent from going back to the prior years to correct the errors. * * * [31 T.C.M. (CCH) 286">31 T.C.M. 286, 289, 41 P.-H. Memo. T.C. par. 72,071 at p. 304 (1972).] We held that such action did not prevent the petitioner from adding them to basis; we pointed out that the Commissioner could use the mitigation provisions set forth in sections 1311 through 1315, and thus the petitioner would not receive a double tax benefit. Here, however, we are concerned with special assessments which have been levied upon lots different from those which were before us in the prior Frick case. It is apparent, therefore, that the controlling facts in this *69 case are separable from those in the prior case. Assessments made upon lots in one part of a subdivision are not necessarily made for the same purposes as those made upon other lots in that subdivision. On some lots in a subdivision, special assessments may be made for maintenance charges, while on other lots in that subdivision, the assessments may be made for improvements which benefitted those lots. Cf. Consolidated Edison Co. of New York v. United States,279 F.2d 152">279 F. 2d 152, 154 (2d Cir. 1960), affd. on other grounds 366 U.S. 380">366 U.S. 380 (1961). Furthermore, the issue in this case, i.e., whether the special assessments are properly capitalizable, was never actually litigated in the prior case--it was merely assumed. There is no estoppel on issues which were not actually litigated in a prior case. Commissioner v. Sunnen,supra;Pelham Hall Co. v. Hassett,supra.Accordingly, we hold that collateral estoppel does not bar the Commissioner from raising this issue in this case. We now address the merits of the issue. Section 164 provides, in relevant part, as follows: (a) General Rule.--Except as otherwise provided in this section, the following taxes shall be allowed as a deduction for the *70 taxable year within which paid or accrued: (1) state and local, and foreign, real property taxes. * * *(c) Deduction Denied in Case of Certain Taxes.-- No deduction shall be allowed for the following taxes: (1) taxes assessed against local benefits of a kind tending to increase the value of the property assessed; but this paragraph shall not prevent the deduction of so much of such taxes as is properly allocable to maintenance or interest charges. The petitioner claims that he is entitled to add to the basis of the Brookfield lots and the Knolls Terrace & Burleigh property he sold during the years before us the total amount of special assessments paid with respect to those lots. The Commissioner, on the other hand, contends that to the extent the special assessments are for weed control, or are attributable to the interest costs of the sewer improvements, those amounts may not be added to basis, since under section 164 they are currently deductible when paid. In addition, the Commissioner contends that the petitioner should not be allowed to add to his basis of such Brookfield lots any portion of the special sewer assessments he paid during the years 1959 through 1964, since he *71 failed to demonstrate what portion of them is attributable to interest or principal. Since the special assessments for weed control are for the maintenance of the property, those assessments are currently deductible and may not be added to the bases of the Brookfield lots. Similarly, the portions of the special sewer assessments allocable to interest charges are deductible and may not be added to the bases of the Brookfield lots and the Knolls Terrace & Burleigh property. 2 Secs. 164(a)(1), (c)(1), and 1016(a)(1)(A); sec. 1.1016-1(a), Income Tax Regs. However, the petitioner has demonstrated that he is entitled to an adjustment in the bases of the Brookfield lots, as a result of the special sewer assessments which he paid between the years 1959 and 1964, to the extent they are attributable to principal. Although the petitioner did not present an apportionment of those assessments between principal and interest, we can determine, in accordance with the rule of Cohan v. Commissioner,39 F. 2d 540 (2d Cir. 1930), the amount reasonably allocable to principal. During the year 1967, the interest portion of the special sewer assessments on the petitioner's Brookfield lots was approximately *72 26 percent; and in 1968, that percentage was about 30 percent. Accordingly, we find and hold that 70 percent of the total amount of special sewer assessments paid by the petitioner with respect to each of the Brookfield lots during the years 1959 through 1964 is attributable to principal and may be added to the basis of each Brookfield lot sold during the years before us. 3 With respect to the special assessments paid by the petitioner during 1967 and 1968 on the Brookfield lots, there was no dispute as to the amounts of such assessments, nor their approtionment between principal and interest.The Commissioner, in his motion for partial summary judgment, asked us to rule as a matter of law that the petitioner may not deduct, during the years before *73 us, the principal portion of the special sewer assessments. Under section 164(c)(1), it is clear that such portion of the sewer assessments may not be currently deducted, and we so hold. Accordingly, we will grant the Commissioner's motion for partial summary judgment on this issue. In light of this holding, the Commissioner concedes, as he must, that the principal portion of such sewer assessments are proper adjustments to the bases of the properties on which they were levied. Next, we must decide whether the petitioner may increase his bases in lot 12 block 7 and lot 11 block 4 by reason of his claim to have paid brokerage commissions in connection with the sales of such lots. The petitioner testified that he cancelled a $500 loan owed to him by Mr. McMahon, and in return, Mr. McMahon waived two $500 commissions in connection with the sale of the two lots. However, the documentary evidence produced by the petitioner indicated that the waiver related to the sale of a single lot, which was identified by him as lot 11 block 4. Accordingly, since the repayment of a single loan of $500 was waived, we hold that the petitioner has established that he is entitled to an addition to *74 the basis of lot 11 block 4 of $500, but that he has failed to establish such a commission waiver with respect to lot 12 block 7. Rule 142(a), Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.The next issue we must decide is whether the petitioner's basis in his partnership must be reduced by his proportionate share of the partnership's losses for the years 1965 and 1966, which this Court held were deductible by him. Section 705(a)(2) provides in relevant part: (a) General Rule.--The adjusted basis of a partner's interest in a partnership shall, except as provided in subsection (b), be the basis of such interest determined under section 722 (relating to contributions to a partnership) or section 742 (relating to transfers of partnership interests)-- * * *(2) decreased (but not below zero) by distributions by the partnership as provided in section 733 and by the sum of his distributive share for the taxable year and prior taxable years of-- (A) losses of the partnership * * * Thus, it is clear that the petitioner must reduce his basis in his partnership property by $2,096.44, the total amount of partnership losses which he was allowed to deduct for 1965 and 1966. The Commissioner's motion *75 for summary judgment on this issue will be granted. The next issue to be decided is whether the petitioner is entitled to deduct any portion of an alleged operating loss sustained by his partnership during 1967. He introduced no evidence at trial relating to the income and expenses of the partnership, and thus he has failed to establish that any loss was sustained by it. Accordingly, we hold that the petitioner has failed to carry his burden of proof on this issue. Rule 142(a), Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.The last issue to be decided is whether the petitioner must report the note he received in 1967 upon the sale of his partnership interest. He reported the full face value of the note on his 1967 Federal income tax return. However, during the trial of this case, he claimed that he should not have to report any part of the note in 1967 because it was worthless. He bears the burden of proof with respect to such claim.Rule 142(a), Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure; cf. Coast Coil Co.,50 T.C. 528">50 T.C. 528, 531 (1968). To sustain his burden, he must prove that the fair market value of the note was less than its face value. Scharf's Estate v. Commissioner,316 F. 2d 625, 630 (7th Cir. 1963), *76 affg. 38 T.C. 15">38 T.C. 15 (1962); Harry Leland Barnsley,31 T.C. 1260">31 T.C. 1260, 1262-1263 (1959); Estate of Eugene Merrick Webb,30 T.C. 1202">30 T.C. 1202, 1213 (1958). | 6,021 |
10207078_1 | Caselaw Access Project | Open Government | Public Domain | 1,942 | None | None | English | Spoken | 1,901 | 2,529 | LESLIE, Chief Justice.
W. R. Sharrock instituted this suit against A. O. Barclay for specific performance of the execution and delivery of an oil and gas lease, and in the alternative for damages for failure to do so. Barclay denied liability, and in a trial before the Court without a jury, plaintiff was awarded $300 damages for breach of the alleged contract. At request of appellant, the trial court filed findings of fact and conclusions of law.
The appellent's main contentions are (1) that the alleged contract was unenforceable under the Statute of Frauds (Article 3995) That the undisputed evidence in this case shows that none of the parties sought to be held executed any contract or memorandum in writing to make the lease and neither did they authorize the appellant, A. O. Barclay, to make such contract; and (2) that the evidence failed to disclose any market value for the lease, and that the judgment was erroneous in awarding $300 damages.
In the light of the first group of contentions, .it appears that about December 29, 1940, Sharrock and Barclay entered into negotiations involving the purchase by Sharrock of a 20-acre oil and gas lease, owned by Barclay, his brother and sister. The land was situated in close proximity to a drilling- wildcat well. At the time of the alleged contract Sharrock agreed, among other things, to pay Barclay $200 in cash, or $10 per acre, and $200 in oil if such was struck in a well he was contracting to drill under certain conditions. After oral negotiations and the delivery of abstract and instruments relating to title, plaintiff, Sharrock on December 30, 1940, sent by mail to defendant Barclay at Fort Worth, a typewritten letter signed by plaintiff reading in part as follows: "Enclosed you will find the mineral lease which I have had drawn up in accordance with our agreement". In this letter plaintiff instructed the defendant to send the lease, when executed, to plaintiff's bank to be delivered upon the payment of the $200 and he further stated in such letter: "Please make it clear to the bank that I am only to pay $200.00 upon the delivery of the lease."
Upon receipt of the plaintiff's letter and the enclosed lease, Barclay redrafted it, leaving out of it (1) the option granting to Sharrock the right to lease the balance of the tract of land owned by lessors, and (2) reciting a term of two years; but otherwise the lease, as redrawn by Barclay, embraced the conditions that were in the lease plaintiff had sent him.
In redrafting the lease and with reference to the option to lease the balance of the land, Barclay in his letter of December 31, 1940, replying to Sharrock's letter of December 30, 1940, stated: "The refusal of the balance of the land for lease still goes with me, but it has no place in the lease, so I have omitted that". Barclay further stated in that letter: "I hope that this lease is satisfactory to you, and that you will return the same to me so that we may sign."
On receipt of Barclay's letter of December 31st, containing the redrafted lease, plaintiff Sharrock promptly approved the lease, placed $200 on deposit in the bank to pay for same, and in a letter to Barclay dated January 1, 1941, he returned said approved lease (as redrafted) to Barclay, stating in such letter: "Your letter and lease received today and the revised lease is OK, so am mailing it to you by return mail." Defendant Barclay was also instructed to send the lease when executed to the bank for delivery.
After such negotiations and the exchange of the above letters and other instruments, Barclay, his brother and sister, executed the lease which Sharrock okayed in his letter of January 1st.
Under the circumstances developing the plaintiff Sharrock was naturally eager to close the deal, because he was expecting a producer to be drilled in soon on adjoining property. It is alleged, and the evidence shows, that such prospective producer affected favorably the market value of the lease involved. Appellant Barclay's testimony shows as much and also discloses that the contemplated lease was in or near a locality of early and possibly favorable development. While on the witness stand he testified to the communications and instruments involved in the transaction, admitting that he redrafted the lease, that he and his brother and sister executed the same, and that it was tendered for delivery in the cross action. This effort at delivery was after the wildcat failed to produce.
Concerning a conversation about the lease with Mr. Joe Overton, agent of Shar-rock, Barclay testified:
"Q. When you wouldn't return this lease to Mr. Sharrock, after he had approved it and sent it back to you, he talked to you over the phone, didn't he? A. On Sunday morning; the same day I had the conversation with Mr. Overton.
"Q. He talked with you? A. Yes, sir.
"Q. One week later? A. Yes, sir.
"Q. When you were talking to Joe Overton, over the phone, and Joe Overton told you that they had conferred and advised with his attorneys, you told him that if they had advised with attorneys that you were not going to let them have the lease for any price, didn't you? A. You want his conversation?
"Q. Please answer the question; did you tell him that? A. Yes, sir.
"Q. You told him if he had gotten advice from attorneys you would not let him have the lease for any . .A. Not advice — I said if they had to go consult an attorney to hold me to something that I did not mean, why I would just withdraw the lease and lease it to anybody I wanted.
"Q. When you told him if he had to consult a lawyer you would not lease it to him at any price, you meant it? A. Yes, sir.
"Q. And you told him you was not going to let him have the lease,.didn't you? Is that so? A. Yes, sir.
"Q. This is the very lease that he approved? A. Yes, sir.
(The lease later tendered by Barclay)
"Q. And you never got into the notion of making this léase, until he sued you, did you? A. No. We didn't intend to make that lease.
"Q. And if these dry holes hadn't come in and changed the conditions, where nobody would offer you anything, you wouldn't have ever made this lease in March would you? Tell the Court, isn't that so ? A. I don't have any idea I would.
"Q. Yes, And you thought that would stop this suit didn't you? A. Yes, sir.
"Q. And you thought that by sending him a worthless lease, after the dry holes had come in here that you could make it all right with Roy Sharrock for your refusing to give him a lease because he had consulted a lawyer? A. Just as much oil in the ground now as there was the day that the lease was made.
⅝ ⅜ ⅜ ⅜ ⅜
There is testimony suggesting still another motive for refusing to make and deliver the lease in time. In the letter of December 31, 1941, returning the redrafted lease to Sharrock, Barclay made the observation: "I had a call from Albany Sunday night insinuating that there was more money to be had. I heard from the same party again yesterday."
Touching upon such considerations, he testified:
"Q. There was a number of parties negotiating with you? A. Yes, sir.
"Q. And there were various offers that had been made to you? A. Yes, sir.
"Q. And Mr. Woods had made two .different offers to you? A. Yes, sir..
"Q. What offers did he make? A. The last offer that I know anything about was $500.00 in cash; $500.00 in oil and a well; one well.
! "Q. Then he offered 2½ times as much as Roy had offered you, did he? A. Yes, sir.
⅜ ⅜ ⅝ ‡ ⅜
There is other testimony, that while activities existed about the wildcat well, the appellant Barclay was offered $50 an acre for the lease. Obviously time was of the essence of the lease contract.
• From the above and other testimony it is apparent that the lease 'fras not executed and delivered at the time contemplated for at least two reasons: In the firsj place, Barclay seems to have been indignant at Sharrock for venturing to consult an attorney concerning his legal rights in the premises, and in the second place, he was quite certain that the speculative value of the lease had enhanced. Be that as it may, it is quite evident from the appellant's testimony that he refused to make the lease or have the same executed and delivered as per the understanding with Sharrock.
It is unnecessary to discuss the different elements, instruments and communications leading up to and entering into the consummation of the deal. After a careful consideration of the same we are of the opinion that the letters and communications specifically referred to, especially when taken in connection with other instruments furnished Sharrock by Barclay, fully establish and .constitute memorandum in writing, evidencing an enforceable contract between said Shar-rock and A. O. Barclay. This action is not inhibited by the statute of frauds.
In 20 Texas Jur. page 306, § 98, it is said "Inasmuch as the memorandum is required only as evidence of the contract, the courts consider that, in order to satisfy the requirements of the law, it need not be made at the time when the parties enter into the agreement, but that it may be made at a later date. 'The memorandum may be made subsequent to the agreement.' Thus the condemnation of the statute of frauds is removed, for example, by the execution of an oil lease after the making of an oral leasing agreement or by the execution and tender of a deed after the making of an oral agreement for the sale of land."
For other'pertinent authorities reflecting the nature of instruments held sufficient to evidence enforceable contracts under the statute of frauds, see the following: Duble v. Batts & Dean, 38 Tex. 312; G. C. & S. F. Railway Co. v. Settegast, 79 Tex. 256, 15 S.W. 228; Longinotti v. McShane, Tex.Civ.App., 184 S.W. 598; McKy et al. v. Walker, Tex.Civ.App., 293 S.W. 921. Black v. Hanz, Tex.Civ.App., 146 S.W. 309; 20 Texas Jur. page 306, § 97, etc.
The evidence supports the judgment in the amount of damages givén. The learned trial court has made full and specific findings on all issues raised, and we approve the same.
Barclay's effort to deliver The lease by tendering same in his cross action filed as late as March 17, 1941, should avail him nothing as a basis for recovery of the contemplated price ($200 etc.) which Sharrock in the outset agreed to pay for the twenty acre lease. Long prior to that date (March 17th) the wild cat well had been abandoned as a dry hole, and for reasons satisfactory to him, the appellant had theretofore withheld any earlier delivery of the instrument.
All assignments of error in the respective briefs have been considered and are hereby overruled. For the reasons assigned, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed..
| 18,676 |
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygrophila%20difformis | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Hygrophila difformis | https://no.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hygrophila difformis&action=history | Norwegian | Spoken | 53 | 127 | Hygrophila difformis er en art av tofrøbladete planter.
Den lever i ferskvanni Bangladesh Bhutan, India og Nepal.
Den blir rundt 20-50 cm høy og 15-25 cm bred.
Hygrophila difformis er en hurtigvoksende plante og lett å dyrke i tropiske akvarier.
Den trives best med mye lys og næringsrikt vann.
Eksterne lenker
Leppeblomstordenen
Akvarieplanter | 20,708 |
https://github.com/XperiaSTE/android_hardware_sony_DASH/blob/master/sensors_sysfs.c | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,016 | android_hardware_sony_DASH | XperiaSTE | C | Code | 326 | 1,011 | /*
* Copyright (C) 2012-2014 Sony Mobile Communications AB.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
#define LOG_TAG "DASH"
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include "sensors_log.h"
#include "sensors_input_cache.h"
#include "sensors_sysfs.h"
static const char *input_class_path = "/sys/class/input/input";
static int sensors_sysfs_write(struct sensors_sysfs_t* s, const char* attribute,
const char *value, const int length)
{
char sysfs_path[SYSFS_PATH_MAX];
int sysfs_fd;
int count;
int ret;
count = snprintf(sysfs_path, sizeof(sysfs_path), "%s/%s",
s->data.path, attribute);
if ((count < 0) || (count >= (int)sizeof(sysfs_path))) {
ALOGE("%s: snprintf failed!\n", __func__);
return -1;
}
sysfs_fd = open(sysfs_path, O_RDWR);
if (sysfs_fd < 0)
return -errno;
ret = write(sysfs_fd, value, length);
if (ret < 0)
ret = -errno;
close(sysfs_fd);
return ret;
}
static int sensors_sysfs_write_int(struct sensors_sysfs_t* s, const char* attribute,
const long long value) {
char buf[32];
int count;
count = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%lld", value);
if ((count < 0) || (count >= (int)sizeof(buf))) {
ALOGE("%s: snprintf failed!\n", __func__);
return -1;
}
return sensors_sysfs_write(s, attribute, buf, count);
}
int sensors_sysfs_init(struct sensors_sysfs_t* s, const char *str,
enum sensors_sysfs_type type)
{
const struct sensors_input_cache_entry_t *input;
int count;
switch (type) {
case SYSFS_TYPE_INPUT_DEV:
input = sensors_input_cache_get(str);
if (!input) {
ALOGE("sensors_input_cache_get failed!\n");
return -1;
}
count = snprintf(s->data.path, sizeof(s->data.path), "%s%d",
input_class_path, input->nr);
if ((count < 0) || (count >= (int)sizeof(s->data.path))) {
ALOGE("%s: snprintf failed!\n", __func__);
return -1;
}
break;
case SYSFS_TYPE_ABS_PATH:
strlcpy(s->data.path, str, sizeof(s->data.path));
break;
default:
ALOGE("unknown sysfs type %d for %s\n", type, str);
return -1;
}
s->write = sensors_sysfs_write;
s->write_int = sensors_sysfs_write_int;
return 0;
}
| 23,792 |
5943200_1 | Court Listener | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,022 | None | None | English | Spoken | 591 | 793 | Order Supreme Court, New York County (Harold Tompkins, J.), entered on or about August 30, 1990, which denied the defendant’s motion for summary judgment dismissing the complaint, unanimously reversed, on the law, the motion for summary judgment is granted and the complaint is dismissed, without costs.
After receiving Workers’ Compensation benefits from the Holy Trinity Cathedral School where she was employed, the plaintiff instituted this action against the defendant, as owner of the property where the school is located, to recover damages for personal injuries purportedly sustained on two separate occasions at the school. In its motion for summary judgment dismissing the complaint, the defendant maintained that since the Cathedral School is an institution of the defendant Archdiocese, the defendant was the plaintiff’s employer. Therefore, the action is barred by the exclusive remedy provision of Workers’ Compensation Law § 11. The plaintiff opposed, contending that she was an employee of the school, not the defendant Archdiocese.
Based on its conclusion that an issue of fact exists as to whether the plaintiff was employed by the Holy Trinity Cathedral School or the defendant, the Supreme Court denied the defendant’s motion for summary judgment. We find that the record supports the defendant’s contention that it was the plaintiff’s employer at the time of her accidents and that this action is therefore barred by Workers’ Compensation Law §11.
*105The plaintiff concedes that if the defendant is found to have been her employer, recovery is barred pursuant to Workers’ Compensation Law § 11 (Billy v Consolidated Mach. Tool Corp., 51 NY2d 152, rearg denied 52 NY2d 829). Factors to be considered in determining whether the defendant was the plaintiff’s employer are "the right to control, the method of payment, who furnishes equipment, the right to discharge and the relative nature of the work (Matter of Wittenstein v Fugazy Cont. Corp., 59 AD2d 249, mot for lv to app den 43 NY2d 648; Matter of Bedder v Gambardella, 49 AD2d 968)” (Matter of Ziegler v Fillmore Car Serv., 83 AD2d 692, 693, lv denied 54 NY2d 609; and see, Carrion v County of Westchester, 99 AD2d 793, appeal dismissed 63 NY2d 943).
In an affirmation submitted in support of the defendant’s motion, the President of the Board of Trustees of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity alleged that the Cathedral School is an institution of the defendant Archdiocese and has no separate legal status of its own. The defendant owns the school and the property on which it is located. The school is administered by a Board of Trustees and Officers who are appointed by the Archdiocese. The Archdiocese also approves the appointment of the school’s Administrator or Principal. Each teacher’s contract is signed by the President of the Board of Trustees, the Administrator and the Chairman of the School Board. Student diplomas are signed by the Archbishop, the Vicar, the Dean of the Cathedral, the President of the Board of Trustees and by the Administrator. There are no separate bank accounts, deeds or other indicia of a distinction between the defendant and the school.
In sum, the record supports the conclusion that the school is controlled, administered and funded by the defendant and that its personnel are Archdiocese appointees. Since no issue of fact exists as to the status of the defendant as the plaintiff’s employer, and since this action is barred by section 11 of the Workers’ Compensation Law, it was error to deny the defendant’s motion for summary judgment dismissing the complaint. Concur—Murphy, P. J., Sullivan, Rosenberger and Asch, JJ.
| 17,317 |
https://github.com/SummerOf15/Image-Filter-FPGA/blob/master/test/test.cache/ip/2019.1/78becdf9a5ea1461/design_1_rst_ps7_0_100M_0_sim_netlist.vhdl | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | null | Image-Filter-FPGA | SummerOf15 | VHDL | Code | 3,643 | 15,418 | -- Copyright 1986-2019 Xilinx, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
-- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Tool Version: Vivado v.2019.1 (lin64) Build 2552052 Fri May 24 14:47:09 MDT 2019
-- Date : Thu Dec 3 21:17:07 2020
-- Host : ck-pc running 64-bit Ubuntu 18.04.5 LTS
-- Command : write_vhdl -force -mode funcsim -rename_top decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix -prefix
-- decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_ design_1_rst_ps7_0_100M_0_sim_netlist.vhdl
-- Design : design_1_rst_ps7_0_100M_0
-- Purpose : This VHDL netlist is a functional simulation representation of the design and should not be modified or
-- synthesized. This netlist cannot be used for SDF annotated simulation.
-- Device : xc7z020clg484-1
-- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
library IEEE;
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
library UNISIM;
use UNISIM.VCOMPONENTS.ALL;
entity decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_cdc_sync is
port (
lpf_asr_reg : out STD_LOGIC;
scndry_out : out STD_LOGIC;
lpf_asr : in STD_LOGIC;
p_1_in : in STD_LOGIC;
p_2_in : in STD_LOGIC;
asr_lpf : in STD_LOGIC_VECTOR ( 0 to 0 );
aux_reset_in : in STD_LOGIC;
slowest_sync_clk : in STD_LOGIC
);
end decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_cdc_sync;
architecture STRUCTURE of decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_cdc_sync is
signal asr_d1 : STD_LOGIC;
signal s_level_out_d1_cdc_to : STD_LOGIC;
signal s_level_out_d2 : STD_LOGIC;
signal s_level_out_d3 : STD_LOGIC;
signal \^scndry_out\ : STD_LOGIC;
attribute ASYNC_REG : boolean;
attribute ASYNC_REG of \GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_IN_cdc_to\ : label is std.standard.true;
attribute XILINX_LEGACY_PRIM : string;
attribute XILINX_LEGACY_PRIM of \GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_IN_cdc_to\ : label is "FDR";
attribute box_type : string;
attribute box_type of \GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_IN_cdc_to\ : label is "PRIMITIVE";
attribute ASYNC_REG of \GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_s_level_out_d2\ : label is std.standard.true;
attribute XILINX_LEGACY_PRIM of \GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_s_level_out_d2\ : label is "FDR";
attribute box_type of \GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_s_level_out_d2\ : label is "PRIMITIVE";
attribute ASYNC_REG of \GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_s_level_out_d3\ : label is std.standard.true;
attribute XILINX_LEGACY_PRIM of \GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_s_level_out_d3\ : label is "FDR";
attribute box_type of \GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_s_level_out_d3\ : label is "PRIMITIVE";
attribute ASYNC_REG of \GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_s_level_out_d4\ : label is std.standard.true;
attribute XILINX_LEGACY_PRIM of \GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_s_level_out_d4\ : label is "FDR";
attribute box_type of \GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_s_level_out_d4\ : label is "PRIMITIVE";
begin
scndry_out <= \^scndry_out\;
\GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_IN_cdc_to\: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '0'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => asr_d1,
Q => s_level_out_d1_cdc_to,
R => '0'
);
\GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_IN_cdc_to_i_1__0\: unisim.vcomponents.LUT1
generic map(
INIT => X"1"
)
port map (
I0 => aux_reset_in,
O => asr_d1
);
\GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_s_level_out_d2\: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '0'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => s_level_out_d1_cdc_to,
Q => s_level_out_d2,
R => '0'
);
\GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_s_level_out_d3\: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '0'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => s_level_out_d2,
Q => s_level_out_d3,
R => '0'
);
\GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_s_level_out_d4\: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '0'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => s_level_out_d3,
Q => \^scndry_out\,
R => '0'
);
lpf_asr_i_1: unisim.vcomponents.LUT5
generic map(
INIT => X"EAAAAAA8"
)
port map (
I0 => lpf_asr,
I1 => p_1_in,
I2 => p_2_in,
I3 => \^scndry_out\,
I4 => asr_lpf(0),
O => lpf_asr_reg
);
end STRUCTURE;
library IEEE;
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
library UNISIM;
use UNISIM.VCOMPONENTS.ALL;
entity decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_cdc_sync_0 is
port (
lpf_exr_reg : out STD_LOGIC;
scndry_out : out STD_LOGIC;
lpf_exr : in STD_LOGIC;
p_3_out : in STD_LOGIC_VECTOR ( 2 downto 0 );
mb_debug_sys_rst : in STD_LOGIC;
ext_reset_in : in STD_LOGIC;
slowest_sync_clk : in STD_LOGIC
);
attribute ORIG_REF_NAME : string;
attribute ORIG_REF_NAME of decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_cdc_sync_0 : entity is "cdc_sync";
end decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_cdc_sync_0;
architecture STRUCTURE of decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_cdc_sync_0 is
signal exr_d1 : STD_LOGIC;
signal s_level_out_d1_cdc_to : STD_LOGIC;
signal s_level_out_d2 : STD_LOGIC;
signal s_level_out_d3 : STD_LOGIC;
signal \^scndry_out\ : STD_LOGIC;
attribute ASYNC_REG : boolean;
attribute ASYNC_REG of \GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_IN_cdc_to\ : label is std.standard.true;
attribute XILINX_LEGACY_PRIM : string;
attribute XILINX_LEGACY_PRIM of \GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_IN_cdc_to\ : label is "FDR";
attribute box_type : string;
attribute box_type of \GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_IN_cdc_to\ : label is "PRIMITIVE";
attribute ASYNC_REG of \GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_s_level_out_d2\ : label is std.standard.true;
attribute XILINX_LEGACY_PRIM of \GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_s_level_out_d2\ : label is "FDR";
attribute box_type of \GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_s_level_out_d2\ : label is "PRIMITIVE";
attribute ASYNC_REG of \GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_s_level_out_d3\ : label is std.standard.true;
attribute XILINX_LEGACY_PRIM of \GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_s_level_out_d3\ : label is "FDR";
attribute box_type of \GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_s_level_out_d3\ : label is "PRIMITIVE";
attribute ASYNC_REG of \GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_s_level_out_d4\ : label is std.standard.true;
attribute XILINX_LEGACY_PRIM of \GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_s_level_out_d4\ : label is "FDR";
attribute box_type of \GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_s_level_out_d4\ : label is "PRIMITIVE";
begin
scndry_out <= \^scndry_out\;
\GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_IN_cdc_to\: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '0'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => exr_d1,
Q => s_level_out_d1_cdc_to,
R => '0'
);
\GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_IN_cdc_to_i_1\: unisim.vcomponents.LUT2
generic map(
INIT => X"B"
)
port map (
I0 => mb_debug_sys_rst,
I1 => ext_reset_in,
O => exr_d1
);
\GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_s_level_out_d2\: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '0'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => s_level_out_d1_cdc_to,
Q => s_level_out_d2,
R => '0'
);
\GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_s_level_out_d3\: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '0'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => s_level_out_d2,
Q => s_level_out_d3,
R => '0'
);
\GENERATE_LEVEL_P_S_CDC.SINGLE_BIT.CROSS_PLEVEL_IN2SCNDRY_s_level_out_d4\: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '0'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => s_level_out_d3,
Q => \^scndry_out\,
R => '0'
);
lpf_exr_i_1: unisim.vcomponents.LUT5
generic map(
INIT => X"EAAAAAA8"
)
port map (
I0 => lpf_exr,
I1 => p_3_out(1),
I2 => p_3_out(2),
I3 => \^scndry_out\,
I4 => p_3_out(0),
O => lpf_exr_reg
);
end STRUCTURE;
library IEEE;
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
library UNISIM;
use UNISIM.VCOMPONENTS.ALL;
entity decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_upcnt_n is
port (
Q : out STD_LOGIC_VECTOR ( 5 downto 0 );
seq_clr : in STD_LOGIC;
seq_cnt_en : in STD_LOGIC;
slowest_sync_clk : in STD_LOGIC
);
end decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_upcnt_n;
architecture STRUCTURE of decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_upcnt_n is
signal \^q\ : STD_LOGIC_VECTOR ( 5 downto 0 );
signal clear : STD_LOGIC;
signal q_int0 : STD_LOGIC_VECTOR ( 5 downto 0 );
attribute SOFT_HLUTNM : string;
attribute SOFT_HLUTNM of \q_int[1]_i_1\ : label is "soft_lutpair1";
attribute SOFT_HLUTNM of \q_int[2]_i_1\ : label is "soft_lutpair1";
attribute SOFT_HLUTNM of \q_int[3]_i_1\ : label is "soft_lutpair0";
attribute SOFT_HLUTNM of \q_int[4]_i_1\ : label is "soft_lutpair0";
begin
Q(5 downto 0) <= \^q\(5 downto 0);
\q_int[0]_i_1\: unisim.vcomponents.LUT1
generic map(
INIT => X"1"
)
port map (
I0 => \^q\(0),
O => q_int0(0)
);
\q_int[1]_i_1\: unisim.vcomponents.LUT2
generic map(
INIT => X"6"
)
port map (
I0 => \^q\(0),
I1 => \^q\(1),
O => q_int0(1)
);
\q_int[2]_i_1\: unisim.vcomponents.LUT3
generic map(
INIT => X"78"
)
port map (
I0 => \^q\(0),
I1 => \^q\(1),
I2 => \^q\(2),
O => q_int0(2)
);
\q_int[3]_i_1\: unisim.vcomponents.LUT4
generic map(
INIT => X"7F80"
)
port map (
I0 => \^q\(1),
I1 => \^q\(0),
I2 => \^q\(2),
I3 => \^q\(3),
O => q_int0(3)
);
\q_int[4]_i_1\: unisim.vcomponents.LUT5
generic map(
INIT => X"7FFF8000"
)
port map (
I0 => \^q\(2),
I1 => \^q\(0),
I2 => \^q\(1),
I3 => \^q\(3),
I4 => \^q\(4),
O => q_int0(4)
);
\q_int[5]_i_1\: unisim.vcomponents.LUT1
generic map(
INIT => X"1"
)
port map (
I0 => seq_clr,
O => clear
);
\q_int[5]_i_2\: unisim.vcomponents.LUT6
generic map(
INIT => X"7FFFFFFF80000000"
)
port map (
I0 => \^q\(3),
I1 => \^q\(1),
I2 => \^q\(0),
I3 => \^q\(2),
I4 => \^q\(4),
I5 => \^q\(5),
O => q_int0(5)
);
\q_int_reg[0]\: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '1'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => seq_cnt_en,
D => q_int0(0),
Q => \^q\(0),
R => clear
);
\q_int_reg[1]\: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '1'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => seq_cnt_en,
D => q_int0(1),
Q => \^q\(1),
R => clear
);
\q_int_reg[2]\: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '1'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => seq_cnt_en,
D => q_int0(2),
Q => \^q\(2),
R => clear
);
\q_int_reg[3]\: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '1'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => seq_cnt_en,
D => q_int0(3),
Q => \^q\(3),
R => clear
);
\q_int_reg[4]\: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '1'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => seq_cnt_en,
D => q_int0(4),
Q => \^q\(4),
R => clear
);
\q_int_reg[5]\: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '1'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => seq_cnt_en,
D => q_int0(5),
Q => \^q\(5),
R => clear
);
end STRUCTURE;
library IEEE;
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
library UNISIM;
use UNISIM.VCOMPONENTS.ALL;
entity decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_lpf is
port (
lpf_int : out STD_LOGIC;
slowest_sync_clk : in STD_LOGIC;
dcm_locked : in STD_LOGIC;
mb_debug_sys_rst : in STD_LOGIC;
ext_reset_in : in STD_LOGIC;
aux_reset_in : in STD_LOGIC
);
end decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_lpf;
architecture STRUCTURE of decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_lpf is
signal \ACTIVE_LOW_AUX.ACT_LO_AUX_n_0\ : STD_LOGIC;
signal \ACTIVE_LOW_EXT.ACT_LO_EXT_n_0\ : STD_LOGIC;
signal Q : STD_LOGIC;
signal asr_lpf : STD_LOGIC_VECTOR ( 0 to 0 );
signal lpf_asr : STD_LOGIC;
signal lpf_exr : STD_LOGIC;
signal \lpf_int0__0\ : STD_LOGIC;
signal p_1_in : STD_LOGIC;
signal p_2_in : STD_LOGIC;
signal p_3_in1_in : STD_LOGIC;
signal p_3_out : STD_LOGIC_VECTOR ( 3 downto 0 );
attribute XILINX_LEGACY_PRIM : string;
attribute XILINX_LEGACY_PRIM of POR_SRL_I : label is "SRL16";
attribute box_type : string;
attribute box_type of POR_SRL_I : label is "PRIMITIVE";
attribute srl_name : string;
attribute srl_name of POR_SRL_I : label is "U0/\EXT_LPF/POR_SRL_I ";
begin
\ACTIVE_LOW_AUX.ACT_LO_AUX\: entity work.decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_cdc_sync
port map (
asr_lpf(0) => asr_lpf(0),
aux_reset_in => aux_reset_in,
lpf_asr => lpf_asr,
lpf_asr_reg => \ACTIVE_LOW_AUX.ACT_LO_AUX_n_0\,
p_1_in => p_1_in,
p_2_in => p_2_in,
scndry_out => p_3_in1_in,
slowest_sync_clk => slowest_sync_clk
);
\ACTIVE_LOW_EXT.ACT_LO_EXT\: entity work.decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_cdc_sync_0
port map (
ext_reset_in => ext_reset_in,
lpf_exr => lpf_exr,
lpf_exr_reg => \ACTIVE_LOW_EXT.ACT_LO_EXT_n_0\,
mb_debug_sys_rst => mb_debug_sys_rst,
p_3_out(2 downto 0) => p_3_out(2 downto 0),
scndry_out => p_3_out(3),
slowest_sync_clk => slowest_sync_clk
);
\AUX_LPF[1].asr_lpf_reg[1]\: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '0'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => p_3_in1_in,
Q => p_2_in,
R => '0'
);
\AUX_LPF[2].asr_lpf_reg[2]\: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '0'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => p_2_in,
Q => p_1_in,
R => '0'
);
\AUX_LPF[3].asr_lpf_reg[3]\: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '0'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => p_1_in,
Q => asr_lpf(0),
R => '0'
);
\EXT_LPF[1].exr_lpf_reg[1]\: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '0'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => p_3_out(3),
Q => p_3_out(2),
R => '0'
);
\EXT_LPF[2].exr_lpf_reg[2]\: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '0'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => p_3_out(2),
Q => p_3_out(1),
R => '0'
);
\EXT_LPF[3].exr_lpf_reg[3]\: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '0'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => p_3_out(1),
Q => p_3_out(0),
R => '0'
);
POR_SRL_I: unisim.vcomponents.SRL16E
generic map(
INIT => X"FFFF"
)
port map (
A0 => '1',
A1 => '1',
A2 => '1',
A3 => '1',
CE => '1',
CLK => slowest_sync_clk,
D => '0',
Q => Q
);
lpf_asr_reg: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '0'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => \ACTIVE_LOW_AUX.ACT_LO_AUX_n_0\,
Q => lpf_asr,
R => '0'
);
lpf_exr_reg: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '0'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => \ACTIVE_LOW_EXT.ACT_LO_EXT_n_0\,
Q => lpf_exr,
R => '0'
);
lpf_int0: unisim.vcomponents.LUT4
generic map(
INIT => X"FFFD"
)
port map (
I0 => dcm_locked,
I1 => lpf_exr,
I2 => lpf_asr,
I3 => Q,
O => \lpf_int0__0\
);
lpf_int_reg: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '0'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => \lpf_int0__0\,
Q => lpf_int,
R => '0'
);
end STRUCTURE;
library IEEE;
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
library UNISIM;
use UNISIM.VCOMPONENTS.ALL;
entity decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_sequence_psr is
port (
MB_out : out STD_LOGIC;
Bsr_out : out STD_LOGIC;
Pr_out : out STD_LOGIC;
bsr_reg_0 : out STD_LOGIC;
pr_reg_0 : out STD_LOGIC;
lpf_int : in STD_LOGIC;
slowest_sync_clk : in STD_LOGIC
);
end decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_sequence_psr;
architecture STRUCTURE of decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_sequence_psr is
signal \^bsr_out\ : STD_LOGIC;
signal Core_i_1_n_0 : STD_LOGIC;
signal \^mb_out\ : STD_LOGIC;
signal \^pr_out\ : STD_LOGIC;
signal \bsr_dec_reg_n_0_[0]\ : STD_LOGIC;
signal \bsr_dec_reg_n_0_[2]\ : STD_LOGIC;
signal bsr_i_1_n_0 : STD_LOGIC;
signal \core_dec[0]_i_1_n_0\ : STD_LOGIC;
signal \core_dec[2]_i_1_n_0\ : STD_LOGIC;
signal \core_dec_reg_n_0_[0]\ : STD_LOGIC;
signal \core_dec_reg_n_0_[1]\ : STD_LOGIC;
signal from_sys_i_1_n_0 : STD_LOGIC;
signal p_0_in : STD_LOGIC;
signal p_3_out : STD_LOGIC_VECTOR ( 2 downto 0 );
signal p_5_out : STD_LOGIC_VECTOR ( 2 downto 0 );
signal \pr_dec0__0\ : STD_LOGIC;
signal \pr_dec_reg_n_0_[0]\ : STD_LOGIC;
signal \pr_dec_reg_n_0_[2]\ : STD_LOGIC;
signal pr_i_1_n_0 : STD_LOGIC;
signal seq_clr : STD_LOGIC;
signal seq_cnt : STD_LOGIC_VECTOR ( 5 downto 0 );
signal seq_cnt_en : STD_LOGIC;
attribute SOFT_HLUTNM : string;
attribute SOFT_HLUTNM of \ACTIVE_LOW_BSR_OUT_DFF[0].FDRE_BSR_N_i_1\ : label is "soft_lutpair5";
attribute SOFT_HLUTNM of \ACTIVE_LOW_PR_OUT_DFF[0].FDRE_PER_N_i_1\ : label is "soft_lutpair4";
attribute SOFT_HLUTNM of Core_i_1 : label is "soft_lutpair3";
attribute SOFT_HLUTNM of \bsr_dec[2]_i_1\ : label is "soft_lutpair6";
attribute SOFT_HLUTNM of bsr_i_1 : label is "soft_lutpair5";
attribute SOFT_HLUTNM of \core_dec[0]_i_1\ : label is "soft_lutpair2";
attribute SOFT_HLUTNM of \core_dec[2]_i_1\ : label is "soft_lutpair6";
attribute SOFT_HLUTNM of from_sys_i_1 : label is "soft_lutpair3";
attribute SOFT_HLUTNM of \pr_dec[0]_i_1\ : label is "soft_lutpair2";
attribute SOFT_HLUTNM of pr_i_1 : label is "soft_lutpair4";
begin
Bsr_out <= \^bsr_out\;
MB_out <= \^mb_out\;
Pr_out <= \^pr_out\;
\ACTIVE_LOW_BSR_OUT_DFF[0].FDRE_BSR_N_i_1\: unisim.vcomponents.LUT1
generic map(
INIT => X"1"
)
port map (
I0 => \^bsr_out\,
O => bsr_reg_0
);
\ACTIVE_LOW_PR_OUT_DFF[0].FDRE_PER_N_i_1\: unisim.vcomponents.LUT1
generic map(
INIT => X"1"
)
port map (
I0 => \^pr_out\,
O => pr_reg_0
);
Core_i_1: unisim.vcomponents.LUT2
generic map(
INIT => X"2"
)
port map (
I0 => \^mb_out\,
I1 => p_0_in,
O => Core_i_1_n_0
);
Core_reg: unisim.vcomponents.FDSE
generic map(
INIT => '1'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => Core_i_1_n_0,
Q => \^mb_out\,
S => lpf_int
);
SEQ_COUNTER: entity work.decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_upcnt_n
port map (
Q(5 downto 0) => seq_cnt(5 downto 0),
seq_clr => seq_clr,
seq_cnt_en => seq_cnt_en,
slowest_sync_clk => slowest_sync_clk
);
\bsr_dec[0]_i_1\: unisim.vcomponents.LUT4
generic map(
INIT => X"0090"
)
port map (
I0 => seq_cnt_en,
I1 => seq_cnt(4),
I2 => seq_cnt(3),
I3 => seq_cnt(5),
O => p_5_out(0)
);
\bsr_dec[2]_i_1\: unisim.vcomponents.LUT2
generic map(
INIT => X"8"
)
port map (
I0 => \core_dec_reg_n_0_[1]\,
I1 => \bsr_dec_reg_n_0_[0]\,
O => p_5_out(2)
);
\bsr_dec_reg[0]\: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '0'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => p_5_out(0),
Q => \bsr_dec_reg_n_0_[0]\,
R => '0'
);
\bsr_dec_reg[2]\: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '0'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => p_5_out(2),
Q => \bsr_dec_reg_n_0_[2]\,
R => '0'
);
bsr_i_1: unisim.vcomponents.LUT2
generic map(
INIT => X"2"
)
port map (
I0 => \^bsr_out\,
I1 => \bsr_dec_reg_n_0_[2]\,
O => bsr_i_1_n_0
);
bsr_reg: unisim.vcomponents.FDSE
generic map(
INIT => '1'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => bsr_i_1_n_0,
Q => \^bsr_out\,
S => lpf_int
);
\core_dec[0]_i_1\: unisim.vcomponents.LUT4
generic map(
INIT => X"9000"
)
port map (
I0 => seq_cnt_en,
I1 => seq_cnt(4),
I2 => seq_cnt(3),
I3 => seq_cnt(5),
O => \core_dec[0]_i_1_n_0\
);
\core_dec[2]_i_1\: unisim.vcomponents.LUT2
generic map(
INIT => X"8"
)
port map (
I0 => \core_dec_reg_n_0_[1]\,
I1 => \core_dec_reg_n_0_[0]\,
O => \core_dec[2]_i_1_n_0\
);
\core_dec_reg[0]\: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '0'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => \core_dec[0]_i_1_n_0\,
Q => \core_dec_reg_n_0_[0]\,
R => '0'
);
\core_dec_reg[1]\: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '0'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => \pr_dec0__0\,
Q => \core_dec_reg_n_0_[1]\,
R => '0'
);
\core_dec_reg[2]\: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '0'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => \core_dec[2]_i_1_n_0\,
Q => p_0_in,
R => '0'
);
from_sys_i_1: unisim.vcomponents.LUT2
generic map(
INIT => X"8"
)
port map (
I0 => \^mb_out\,
I1 => seq_cnt_en,
O => from_sys_i_1_n_0
);
from_sys_reg: unisim.vcomponents.FDSE
generic map(
INIT => '0'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => from_sys_i_1_n_0,
Q => seq_cnt_en,
S => lpf_int
);
pr_dec0: unisim.vcomponents.LUT4
generic map(
INIT => X"0018"
)
port map (
I0 => seq_cnt_en,
I1 => seq_cnt(0),
I2 => seq_cnt(2),
I3 => seq_cnt(1),
O => \pr_dec0__0\
);
\pr_dec[0]_i_1\: unisim.vcomponents.LUT4
generic map(
INIT => X"0480"
)
port map (
I0 => seq_cnt_en,
I1 => seq_cnt(3),
I2 => seq_cnt(5),
I3 => seq_cnt(4),
O => p_3_out(0)
);
\pr_dec[2]_i_1\: unisim.vcomponents.LUT2
generic map(
INIT => X"8"
)
port map (
I0 => \core_dec_reg_n_0_[1]\,
I1 => \pr_dec_reg_n_0_[0]\,
O => p_3_out(2)
);
\pr_dec_reg[0]\: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '0'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => p_3_out(0),
Q => \pr_dec_reg_n_0_[0]\,
R => '0'
);
\pr_dec_reg[2]\: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '0'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => p_3_out(2),
Q => \pr_dec_reg_n_0_[2]\,
R => '0'
);
pr_i_1: unisim.vcomponents.LUT2
generic map(
INIT => X"2"
)
port map (
I0 => \^pr_out\,
I1 => \pr_dec_reg_n_0_[2]\,
O => pr_i_1_n_0
);
pr_reg: unisim.vcomponents.FDSE
generic map(
INIT => '1'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => pr_i_1_n_0,
Q => \^pr_out\,
S => lpf_int
);
seq_clr_reg: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '0'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => '1',
Q => seq_clr,
R => lpf_int
);
end STRUCTURE;
library IEEE;
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
library UNISIM;
use UNISIM.VCOMPONENTS.ALL;
entity decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_proc_sys_reset is
port (
slowest_sync_clk : in STD_LOGIC;
ext_reset_in : in STD_LOGIC;
aux_reset_in : in STD_LOGIC;
mb_debug_sys_rst : in STD_LOGIC;
dcm_locked : in STD_LOGIC;
mb_reset : out STD_LOGIC;
bus_struct_reset : out STD_LOGIC_VECTOR ( 0 to 0 );
peripheral_reset : out STD_LOGIC_VECTOR ( 0 to 0 );
interconnect_aresetn : out STD_LOGIC_VECTOR ( 0 to 0 );
peripheral_aresetn : out STD_LOGIC_VECTOR ( 0 to 0 )
);
attribute C_AUX_RESET_HIGH : string;
attribute C_AUX_RESET_HIGH of decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_proc_sys_reset : entity is "1'b0";
attribute C_AUX_RST_WIDTH : integer;
attribute C_AUX_RST_WIDTH of decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_proc_sys_reset : entity is 4;
attribute C_EXT_RESET_HIGH : string;
attribute C_EXT_RESET_HIGH of decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_proc_sys_reset : entity is "1'b0";
attribute C_EXT_RST_WIDTH : integer;
attribute C_EXT_RST_WIDTH of decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_proc_sys_reset : entity is 4;
attribute C_FAMILY : string;
attribute C_FAMILY of decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_proc_sys_reset : entity is "zynq";
attribute C_NUM_BUS_RST : integer;
attribute C_NUM_BUS_RST of decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_proc_sys_reset : entity is 1;
attribute C_NUM_INTERCONNECT_ARESETN : integer;
attribute C_NUM_INTERCONNECT_ARESETN of decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_proc_sys_reset : entity is 1;
attribute C_NUM_PERP_ARESETN : integer;
attribute C_NUM_PERP_ARESETN of decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_proc_sys_reset : entity is 1;
attribute C_NUM_PERP_RST : integer;
attribute C_NUM_PERP_RST of decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_proc_sys_reset : entity is 1;
end decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_proc_sys_reset;
architecture STRUCTURE of decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_proc_sys_reset is
signal Bsr_out : STD_LOGIC;
signal MB_out : STD_LOGIC;
signal Pr_out : STD_LOGIC;
signal SEQ_n_3 : STD_LOGIC;
signal SEQ_n_4 : STD_LOGIC;
signal lpf_int : STD_LOGIC;
attribute box_type : string;
attribute box_type of \ACTIVE_LOW_BSR_OUT_DFF[0].FDRE_BSR_N\ : label is "PRIMITIVE";
attribute box_type of \ACTIVE_LOW_PR_OUT_DFF[0].FDRE_PER_N\ : label is "PRIMITIVE";
attribute box_type of \BSR_OUT_DFF[0].FDRE_BSR\ : label is "PRIMITIVE";
attribute box_type of FDRE_inst : label is "PRIMITIVE";
attribute box_type of \PR_OUT_DFF[0].FDRE_PER\ : label is "PRIMITIVE";
begin
\ACTIVE_LOW_BSR_OUT_DFF[0].FDRE_BSR_N\: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '0',
IS_C_INVERTED => '0',
IS_D_INVERTED => '0',
IS_R_INVERTED => '0'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => SEQ_n_3,
Q => interconnect_aresetn(0),
R => '0'
);
\ACTIVE_LOW_PR_OUT_DFF[0].FDRE_PER_N\: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '0',
IS_C_INVERTED => '0',
IS_D_INVERTED => '0',
IS_R_INVERTED => '0'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => SEQ_n_4,
Q => peripheral_aresetn(0),
R => '0'
);
\BSR_OUT_DFF[0].FDRE_BSR\: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '1',
IS_C_INVERTED => '0',
IS_D_INVERTED => '0',
IS_R_INVERTED => '0'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => Bsr_out,
Q => bus_struct_reset(0),
R => '0'
);
EXT_LPF: entity work.decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_lpf
port map (
aux_reset_in => aux_reset_in,
dcm_locked => dcm_locked,
ext_reset_in => ext_reset_in,
lpf_int => lpf_int,
mb_debug_sys_rst => mb_debug_sys_rst,
slowest_sync_clk => slowest_sync_clk
);
FDRE_inst: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '1',
IS_C_INVERTED => '0',
IS_D_INVERTED => '0',
IS_R_INVERTED => '0'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => MB_out,
Q => mb_reset,
R => '0'
);
\PR_OUT_DFF[0].FDRE_PER\: unisim.vcomponents.FDRE
generic map(
INIT => '1',
IS_C_INVERTED => '0',
IS_D_INVERTED => '0',
IS_R_INVERTED => '0'
)
port map (
C => slowest_sync_clk,
CE => '1',
D => Pr_out,
Q => peripheral_reset(0),
R => '0'
);
SEQ: entity work.decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_sequence_psr
port map (
Bsr_out => Bsr_out,
MB_out => MB_out,
Pr_out => Pr_out,
bsr_reg_0 => SEQ_n_3,
lpf_int => lpf_int,
pr_reg_0 => SEQ_n_4,
slowest_sync_clk => slowest_sync_clk
);
end STRUCTURE;
library IEEE;
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
library UNISIM;
use UNISIM.VCOMPONENTS.ALL;
entity decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix is
port (
slowest_sync_clk : in STD_LOGIC;
ext_reset_in : in STD_LOGIC;
aux_reset_in : in STD_LOGIC;
mb_debug_sys_rst : in STD_LOGIC;
dcm_locked : in STD_LOGIC;
mb_reset : out STD_LOGIC;
bus_struct_reset : out STD_LOGIC_VECTOR ( 0 to 0 );
peripheral_reset : out STD_LOGIC_VECTOR ( 0 to 0 );
interconnect_aresetn : out STD_LOGIC_VECTOR ( 0 to 0 );
peripheral_aresetn : out STD_LOGIC_VECTOR ( 0 to 0 )
);
attribute NotValidForBitStream : boolean;
attribute NotValidForBitStream of decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix : entity is true;
attribute CHECK_LICENSE_TYPE : string;
attribute CHECK_LICENSE_TYPE of decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix : entity is "design_1_rst_ps7_0_100M_0,proc_sys_reset,{}";
attribute downgradeipidentifiedwarnings : string;
attribute downgradeipidentifiedwarnings of decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix : entity is "yes";
attribute x_core_info : string;
attribute x_core_info of decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix : entity is "proc_sys_reset,Vivado 2019.1";
end decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix;
architecture STRUCTURE of decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix is
attribute C_AUX_RESET_HIGH : string;
attribute C_AUX_RESET_HIGH of U0 : label is "1'b0";
attribute C_AUX_RST_WIDTH : integer;
attribute C_AUX_RST_WIDTH of U0 : label is 4;
attribute C_EXT_RESET_HIGH : string;
attribute C_EXT_RESET_HIGH of U0 : label is "1'b0";
attribute C_EXT_RST_WIDTH : integer;
attribute C_EXT_RST_WIDTH of U0 : label is 4;
attribute C_FAMILY : string;
attribute C_FAMILY of U0 : label is "zynq";
attribute C_NUM_BUS_RST : integer;
attribute C_NUM_BUS_RST of U0 : label is 1;
attribute C_NUM_INTERCONNECT_ARESETN : integer;
attribute C_NUM_INTERCONNECT_ARESETN of U0 : label is 1;
attribute C_NUM_PERP_ARESETN : integer;
attribute C_NUM_PERP_ARESETN of U0 : label is 1;
attribute C_NUM_PERP_RST : integer;
attribute C_NUM_PERP_RST of U0 : label is 1;
attribute x_interface_info : string;
attribute x_interface_info of aux_reset_in : signal is "xilinx.com:signal:reset:1.0 aux_reset RST";
attribute x_interface_parameter : string;
attribute x_interface_parameter of aux_reset_in : signal is "XIL_INTERFACENAME aux_reset, POLARITY ACTIVE_LOW, INSERT_VIP 0";
attribute x_interface_info of ext_reset_in : signal is "xilinx.com:signal:reset:1.0 ext_reset RST";
attribute x_interface_parameter of ext_reset_in : signal is "XIL_INTERFACENAME ext_reset, BOARD.ASSOCIATED_PARAM RESET_BOARD_INTERFACE, POLARITY ACTIVE_LOW, INSERT_VIP 0";
attribute x_interface_info of mb_debug_sys_rst : signal is "xilinx.com:signal:reset:1.0 dbg_reset RST";
attribute x_interface_parameter of mb_debug_sys_rst : signal is "XIL_INTERFACENAME dbg_reset, POLARITY ACTIVE_HIGH, INSERT_VIP 0";
attribute x_interface_info of mb_reset : signal is "xilinx.com:signal:reset:1.0 mb_rst RST";
attribute x_interface_parameter of mb_reset : signal is "XIL_INTERFACENAME mb_rst, POLARITY ACTIVE_HIGH, TYPE PROCESSOR, INSERT_VIP 0";
attribute x_interface_info of slowest_sync_clk : signal is "xilinx.com:signal:clock:1.0 clock CLK";
attribute x_interface_parameter of slowest_sync_clk : signal is "XIL_INTERFACENAME clock, ASSOCIATED_RESET mb_reset:bus_struct_reset:interconnect_aresetn:peripheral_aresetn:peripheral_reset, FREQ_HZ 100000000, PHASE 0.000, CLK_DOMAIN design_1_processing_system7_0_0_FCLK_CLK0, INSERT_VIP 0";
attribute x_interface_info of bus_struct_reset : signal is "xilinx.com:signal:reset:1.0 bus_struct_reset RST";
attribute x_interface_parameter of bus_struct_reset : signal is "XIL_INTERFACENAME bus_struct_reset, POLARITY ACTIVE_HIGH, TYPE INTERCONNECT, INSERT_VIP 0";
attribute x_interface_info of interconnect_aresetn : signal is "xilinx.com:signal:reset:1.0 interconnect_low_rst RST";
attribute x_interface_parameter of interconnect_aresetn : signal is "XIL_INTERFACENAME interconnect_low_rst, POLARITY ACTIVE_LOW, TYPE INTERCONNECT, INSERT_VIP 0";
attribute x_interface_info of peripheral_aresetn : signal is "xilinx.com:signal:reset:1.0 peripheral_low_rst RST";
attribute x_interface_parameter of peripheral_aresetn : signal is "XIL_INTERFACENAME peripheral_low_rst, POLARITY ACTIVE_LOW, TYPE PERIPHERAL, INSERT_VIP 0";
attribute x_interface_info of peripheral_reset : signal is "xilinx.com:signal:reset:1.0 peripheral_high_rst RST";
attribute x_interface_parameter of peripheral_reset : signal is "XIL_INTERFACENAME peripheral_high_rst, POLARITY ACTIVE_HIGH, TYPE PERIPHERAL, INSERT_VIP 0";
begin
U0: entity work.decalper_eb_ot_sdeen_pot_pi_dehcac_xnilix_proc_sys_reset
port map (
aux_reset_in => aux_reset_in,
bus_struct_reset(0) => bus_struct_reset(0),
dcm_locked => dcm_locked,
ext_reset_in => ext_reset_in,
interconnect_aresetn(0) => interconnect_aresetn(0),
mb_debug_sys_rst => mb_debug_sys_rst,
mb_reset => mb_reset,
peripheral_aresetn(0) => peripheral_aresetn(0),
peripheral_reset(0) => peripheral_reset(0),
slowest_sync_clk => slowest_sync_clk
);
end STRUCTURE;
| 34,294 |
bpt6k5710043q_5 | French-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | Séance publique de la Société d'agriculture, commerce, sciences et arts du département de la Marne | None | French | Spoken | 3,781 | 7,213 | Notice sur la ville et le château de La Motte. GOMART. — Notice sur le château de Ham. LAINE. — Guérison des pommes de terre malades. LEROY-MABILLE. — La Pomme de terre régénérée par la maturité. Sur la Maladie de la pomme de terre. PETIT.— Mémoire sur l'utilité d'une étude des lois et de l'esprit public. PIDOUX. — Méthode de lecture. SEURRE (Onézime).— Croyances, poésies. Trois feuilletons insérés dans La Concorde. SELLIER. — Rapport au Conseil général sur l'instruction primaire. VALLOT. — Supplément à l'Ichthyologie française. Observations entomologiques. 2° Ouvrages envoyés par M. le Ministre de l'intérieur, de l'agriculture et du commerce. Brevets d'invention expirés, tomes 75, 76. Description des machines et procédés pour lesquels des brevets ont été pris sous le régime de la loi du 5 juillet 1844, tom. 5 à 9. Annales de l'Institut agronomique, 1re et 2e livraisons. Annales agronomiques. Annales de la Colonisation algérienne, 1852. Histoire statistique de la colonisation algérienne, par MM. Victor Martin et Foley, 1851. — 129 — 3° Ouvrages adresses par les Sociétés correspondantes. AMIENS. — Mémoires de l'Académie de la Somme, 2e sem., 1851. Mémoires de la Société des Antiquaires de Picardie, 1851. ANGERS.— Bulletin de la Société industrielle d'Angers et du département de Maine-et-Loire, 1851. Compte rendu des produits vinicoles du département de Maine-et-Loire. Mémoires de la Société d'agriculture, sciences et arts d'Angers, 1851. BEAUVAIS. — Bulletin de l'Athénée du Beauvaisis, 2e semestre, 1851. BOULOGNE-SUR-MER. — Procès-verbaux des séances de la Société d'agriculture, du commerce, des sciences et des arts de Boulogne-sur-Mer, 1851-52. BOURG. — Journal d'agriculture, sciences, lettres et arts de la Société d'émulation de l'Ain, 18511852. Journal de la Société d'horticulture de l'Ain, 1852. CAEN.— Extraits des séances de la Société d'agriculture et du commerce de Caen , 1851. Bulletin de la Société d'horticulture de Caen , 1851. CHALONS-SUR-MARNE. — Bulletin du Comice agricole du département de la Marne, 1852. CHATEAU-THIERRY. — Comice agricole de l'arrondissement de Château-Thierry, 1852. — 150 CLERMONT-FERRAND. — Annales scientifiques littéraires et industrielles de l'Auvergne, 1851-1852. Annales de la Société d'agriculture du Puy-de-Dôme, 1851. Bulletin agricole du Puy-deDôme, 1851-52. COLMAR. — Revue d'Alsace (avril 1852). DOUAI. — Mémoires de la Société d'agriculture, des sciences et arts du département du Nord, 1852. DRAGUIGNAN. — Bulletin de la Société des sciences, belles-lettres et arts du département du Var (8 octobre 1851 ). Bulletin agricole du Var. EPINAL. — Annales de la Société d'émulation des Vosges, 1851. FOIX. — Annales agricoles et littéraires de l'Ariège. GISORS. — Annales du Comice agricole du canton de Gisors, 1851. GRENOBLE. — Almanach agricole. Comice agricole, 1852. LE HAVRE.— Recueil des publications de la Société havraise havraise diverses, 1851. LE MANS. — Bulletin de la Société d'agriculture, sciences et arts de la Sarthe, 1851. LIÈGE. — Exposition de fleurs. MACON. — Journal de la Société d'horticulture de Macon, 1851-52. MEAUX. — Société d'agriculture, sciences et arts de Meaux, 1850-51. MEULAN. — Bulletin de la Société horticole pratique. MARSEILLE. — Comptes rendus de l'exposition publique de la Société d'agriculture, 1851. — 151 — MENDE. — Bulletin de la Société d'agriculture de la Lozère. Lozère. — Mémoires de l'Académie de Metz, 1850-51. Bulletin de la Société d'horticulture du déparpartement de la Moselle, 1851. MULHOUSE.— Bulletin de la Société industrielle de Mulhouse, 1852. NANTES.— Annales de la Société académique de Nantes et de la Loire-Inférieure, 1851. NÎMES.— Comptes rendus des travaux de l'Académie du Gard, 1851. ORLÉANS. — Bulletin de la Société d'horticulture d'Orléans, 1852. PARIS. — Annuaire de l'Institut des provinces. Bulletin de la Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale, 1851-52. Société nationale d'horticulture de la Seine , 1851-52. Bulletin des travaux de la Société nationale de la Seine, 1852. Annales de la Société centrale d'horticulture de France, 1851-52. Journal de la Société de la morale chrétienne, 1852. Bulletin des séances de la Société nationale et centrale d'agriculture de France, 1852. Annales agronomiques, recueil de mémoires sur l'agriculture, 1851. Annales de la Société séricicole, 15e vol. 1852. REIMS. — Séances et travaux de l'Académie de Reims, 1851-52. — 152 — ROUEN. — Bulletin du Cercle pratique d'horticulture et de botanique de la Seine-Inférieure, 18511852. Précis analytique des travaux de l'Académie des sciences, arts et belles-lettres de Rouen, 1850-51. Bulletin des travaux de la Société libre des pharmaciens de Rouen. Extrait des travaux de la Société centrale d'agriculture du département de la SeineInférieure, 1er, 2e, 5e et 4e trimestres, 1851. Bulletin de la Société d'émulation de Rouen, 1851. SAINT-ÉTIENNE. — Bulletin de la Société industrielle et agricole de Saint-Étienne. SENS.— Bulletin de la Société archéologique. TOULOUSE. — Journal d'agriculture pratique, d'économie rurale pour le midi de la France , 1851-52. Annuaire de l'Académie nationale de Toulouse. Société d'agriculture de Toulouse, 1852. Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences, des arts , belles-lettres et inscriptions de Toulouse. TOURS. — Annales de la Société d'agriculture d'Indreet-Loire, 1851. Journal de la Société médicale d'Indre-etLoire. TROYES. — Mémoires de la Société d'agriculture de l'Aube, 1852. LISTE DES MEMBRES COMPOSANT LA SOCIÉTÉ D'AGRICULTURE, COMMERCE , SCIENCES ET ARTS DU DÉPARTEMENT DE LA MARNE, Au 15 décembre 1852. Prèsdent-né. M. LE PRÉFET du département. Composition du bureau pour 1852-1853, MM. MAUPASSANT, président. SELLIER *, vice-président. ROYER, secrétaire. N........ vice-secrétaire. DUGUET , trésorier. Membres honoraires non résidants. M. Ch. DUPIN, G. 0. *, membre de l'Académie des sciences. S. E. Mgr le cardinal GOUSSET, O. *, archevêque de Reims, sénateur. M. DOZON * , ancien conseiller à la Cour d'appel. M. GAYOT (Eugène) *, ancien inspecteur général des haras. 9 — 154 — M. le comte DE DAMPIERRE, C. * , général de division en retraite. M. BOURLON DE SARTY *, ancien préfet de la Marne. Membres honoraires résidants. Mgr MONYER DE PRILLY, O. * , évêque de Châlons. M. DE JESSAINT , G. O. * , ancien préfet de la Marne et ancien pair de France. M. GRANDAMY , avocat, ancien membre du Conseil général de la Marne. M. PRIN *, docteur en médecine (3 novembre 1851). M. GAYOT *, médecin-vétérinaire du département (15 novembre 1852). Membres titulaires résidants. MM. CAQUOT, ancien notaire, juge suppléant au tribunal civil ( 1er septembre 1818). GODART, O. *, maire de la ville de Châlons, membre du Conseil général de la Marne (15 juillet 1820). GARINET, conseiller de préfecture ( 1er février 1826 ). JOPPÉ, bibliothécaire (1er juin 1826). COPIN *, conseiller de préfecture (1er février 1827 ). MAUPASSANT, principal du collége (1er février 1830 ). SALLE , docteur en médecine, chirurgien en chef des hôpitaux ( 1er février 1830). GASCHEAU , professeur de mathématiques à l'École d'arts et métiers (16 janvier 1832). DELACROIX , docteur en chirurgie ( 15 janvier 1833 ). — 155 — MM. DROUET, greffier du tribunal civil (15 mai 1835). PERRIER (Joseph), négociant, président du tribunal de commerce ( 15 mars 1836 ). PICOT, mécanicien ( 3 janvier 1837 ). PERRIER (Eugène), négociant ( 15 novembre 1836 ). MARSON, professeur de mathématiques spéciales au collége ( 16 novembre 1840 ). ROYER , receveur et économe de l'asile public d'aliénés (15 décembre 1840 ). FAURE (Hippolyte), pharmacien (15 avril 1843). SELLIER *, avocat, juge suppléant au tribunal civil, membre du Conseil général et du Conseil académique de la Marne (15 novembre 1843 ). DUGUET , maître de poste ( 1 er février 1844). BOULARD * , capitaine en retraite (15 janvier 1845 ). LE BRUN *, directeur de l'École impériale d'arts et métiers ( 1er décembre 1840 et 2 janvier 1847). MOHEN, docteur en médecine (2 octobre 1848). DEBACQ, professeur de mathématiques au collège (1er décembre 1848). BOSELLI, O. *, préfet du département de la Marne ( 15 mars 1850). SAVY, agent-voyer en chef du département (15 mars 1850). MALENFANT, pharmacien (15 avril 1850). L'abbé MUSART, chanoine de la cathédrale ( 15 juin 1850). DORIN , docteur en médecine ( 15 juillet 1850 ). — 156 — Membres titulaires non résidants. MM. GILLET *, président honoraire du tribunal civil, à Vitry-le-François. Le baron PÉRIGNON *, conseiller à la Cour impériale, à Paris. Le comte DE LAMBERTYE , propriétaire à Chaltrait. Le baron DE PINTEVILLE CERNON, président du Comice agricole de la Marne , à Cernon. SAUBINET aîné, naturaliste à Reims. LANDOUZY *, docteur en médecine, à Reims. FRÉROT , notaire, membre du Conseil général, à Sézanne. Sézanne. *, juge, membre du Conseil général, à SainteMénehould. SainteMénehould. ( Jean ) , ancien représentant de la Marne. Membres correspondants. MM. ANDRIEUX, propriétaire à Pouillon (Marne). ANOT DE MAIZIÈRES, ancien inspecteur d'Académie. AUBRIET , docteur en médecine, à Vertus. BALTET-PETIT , pépiniériste à Troyes. BAUNY DE RECY *, directeur de l'enregistrement et des domaines, président de la Société d'agriculture et de commerce de Caen. L'abbé BAUTAIN *, ancien direct, du collège de Juilly. Mme BAYLE-MOUILLARD (Elisabeth CELNART), à Paris. BECQUEY *, ancien préfet, à Vertus. — 157 — MM. BÉGIN, C. *, docteur-médecin, chirurgien inspecteur, président du conseil de santé des armées, à Paris. BELLIN (Gaspard), juge suppléant au tribunal civil, à Lyon. BELLY (DE), naturaliste, à Beaurieux (Aisne). BÉRANGER, ancien rédacteur de l'Industriel de Reims. BÈRES (Emile), propriétaire, à Paris. BLANCHARD , professeur de mathématiques au lycée de Clermont-Ferrand. BLAVIER, ingénieur en chef des mines. BAUDESSON , médecin-vétérinaire à Reims. BONNEVILLE *, président du tribunal civil, à Versailles. BOUQUET, instituteur, à Poix. BOURGEOIS-THIÉRY , ancien membre du Conseil général de la Marne, propriétaire à Suippes. BOUVART , de Charleville. BRESSON (Jacques), négociant à Paris. BROUILLON, docteur en médecine, à Contault. BRULÉ, ancien notaire, membre du Conseil général de la Marne , à Fismes. BUVIGNIER (A.), ingénieur des mines , président de la Société philomatique, à Verdun. CANARD , propriétaire à Jonchery-sur-Suippe. CARL (l'abbé), directeur du collége de Juilly. CATALAN, professeur de mathématiques, à Paris. CHAIX-D'EST-ANGE. O. *, avocat, anc. député, à Paris. CHANLAIRE , professeur de rhétorique au Lycée d'Avignon. — 158 — MM. CHARPENTIER-COURTIN , président du Comice agricole de l'arrondissement de Reims. CHARPENTIER, instituteur, à Reims. CHAUBRY *, baron DE TRONCENORD, membre du Conseil général de la Marne. CHEVILLION, docteur-médecin, à Vitry-le-François. CLÉMENT , propriétaire à Fismes. COLLARD-DESCHERRES , capitaine en retraite. COMTE (Achille), professeur d'histoire naturelle à Paris. CONTANT, notaire, membre de l'Académie de Reims. CROISSANT *, avocat général près la Cour impériale, à Paris. DAGONET (Henri), médecin en chef de l'Asile d'aliénés de Stephansfeld ( Bas-Rhin), DEBACQ aîné , ancien notaire, à Paris. DE BRIÈRE , archéologue, à Paris. DE CHALLEMAISON , à Paris. Le comte DE CHEVIGNÉ *, ancien colonel de la garde nationale de Reims, à Boursault. DECORDE, conseiller à la Cour impériale , à Rouen. DÉCOSTE, médecin-vétérinaire à Sézanne. DELAFOND, professeur à l'école d'Alfort. Le marquis DE LA ROCHEFOUCAULT-LIANCOURT (GAÉTAN), ancien député, président de la Société de la morale chrétienne , à Paris. DE LA RUE (d'Avize) , ancien inspecteur des forêts de la couronne, à Privas. DELCAMBRE DE CHAMPVERT , docteur ès-sciences , à Perpignan. — 159 — MM. DELEAU , docteur en médecine, à Paris. DE MILLY, médecin-vétérinaire, à Reims. DE MONTUREUX ( A. ) , propriétaire , à Arracourt ( Meurthe). DENIS, membre de la Société des antiquaires de France, à Commercy (Meuse ). DE SAINT-MARCEAUX, ancien maire de Reims et ancien membre du Conseil général de la Marne. DE SAUVILLE *, sous-préfet de Provins. DES ÉTANGS (Stanislas), botaniste à Troyes. DE TILLANCOURT, propriétaire, à la Douthe, près VieuxMaisons (Aisne). DEVERGIE aîné, docteur en médecine, à Paris. DE VROIL (Jules) , avocat, à Paris. DIDRON *, secrétaire du Comité historique des arts et monuments, à Paris. DINET-PEUVREL , maire d'Avize. DISAUT , ancien sous-préfet de l'arrondissemt de Briey. D'HOMBRES-FIRMAS, géologue, à Alais. DROUET (J.-B. ), ancien professeur de l'Université, à Reims. EGRON, ancien imprimeur, propriétaire, à Saint-Germain-en-Laye. ENDRES, ingénieur des ponts et chaussées, au Mans. ETIENNE-GALLOIS, homme de lettres, à Paris. FAILLE, lieutenant-colonel d'artillerie en retraite, à Douai. FAILLY, ancien inspecteur des douanes, à Paris. FÉRAT , docteur en médecine , médecin principal à l'hôpital militaire de Bourbonne-les-Bains (Haute-Marne). — 140 — MM.. FLEURY * (Henri), chargé d'une mission en Perse. FORNERON *, recteur de l'Académie de la Seine-Inférieure, à Rouen. FOSSOYEUX, inspecteur de l'instrn primaire, à Troyes. L'abbé GALLOIS, curé desservant à Bussy-Lettrée. GAMA , ancien chirurgien principal et premier professeur au Val-de-Grâce, à Paris. GASC , chef d'institution, à Paris. GASCHEAU , professeur à la Faculté des sciences, à Toulouse. GASTEBOIS, O. *, propriétaire à Lachy, président du Comice agricole de la section de Sézanne. GAUBERT *, chef de bataillon du génie à Haguenau. GÉRARDOT (A.-J.), cultivateur, à Potangis. GÉRUZEZ *, secrétaire de la Faculté des lettres, à Paris. GIBBON * ( Alexandre ), professeur de philosophie au lycée Napoléon , à Paris. GIBON (Joseph), chef d'institution, à Paris. GIRARDIN, professeur de chimie, à Rouen. GIRAUD DE SAINT-FARGEAU , homme de lettres, à Paris. HÉMART (Emile), juge de paix, à Montmort. HAUDOS , membre du Conseil général et du Conseil académique de la Marne, à Loisy-sur-Marne. HAVARD, ancien notaire , à Paris. HÉLIE (Faustin), conseiller à la Cour de cassation, à Paris. HENRIOT fils, propriétaire, à Reims. HERMANT, propriétaire et maire , à Sompuis. HERPIN, chimiste, à Paris. — 141 — MM. HIVER, ancien procureur de la République, à Orléans. JOLLY *, docteur-médecin, membre de la Société nationale de médecine, à Paris. JOLLY (Jules), procureur impérial, à Vitry-le-François. LACATTE-JOLTROIS, propriétaire, à Reims. LAIR *, conseiller de préfecture, secrétaire perpétuel de la Société nationale d'agriculture et de commerce , de Caen. LAMAIRESSE (Jules), propriétaire, à Saint-Martin-surle-Pré. LAMAIRESSE (Eugène), ingénieur hydraulique, à Bourg (Ain). LAPOULLE, notaire, membre du Conseil général de la Marne, à Witry-lez-Reims. LE BRUN, juge de paix, à Avize. LÉGER, docteur en médecine , à Paris. LEROUX *, pharmacien, à Vitry-le-François. LOUIS-PERRIER, avocat, Juge suppléant au tribunal civil, à Epernay. MACQUART, naturaliste, à Lille. MAIRE, horticulteur, à Paris. MAILLET, ancien avoué, à Reims. MALDAN, docteur en médecine, à Reims. MARTIN, docteur en médecine, à Lyon. MARTINET, proviseur du Lycée de Chaumont. MASSON, ancien sous-préfet, à Lectoure (Gers ). MATERNE, inspecteur de l'Académie de Seine-et-Oise. Le comte DE MELLET, naturaliste, à Chaltrait. — 142 — MM. MERGAUT, docteur en médecine, à Mirecourt. MILLON (Eugène) , docteur en médecine, pharmacien principal à l'hôpital militaire d'Alger. MITTRE , ancien avocat au Conseil d'Etat et à la Cour de cassation. MOET DE LA FORTE MAISON, archéologue, à Rennes. MONNOT DES ANGLES, professeur émérite , à Reims. MOREAU DE JONNES, O. *, correspondant de l'Académie des sciences, chef du bureau de la statistique générale de la France au ministère de l'agriculture et du commerce , à Paris. NANCEY aîné, juge au tribunal civil, à Troyes. NANCEY jeune, avocat, à Melun. NEY D'ELCHINGEN, O. *, général de brigade. Mme Eugénie NIBOYET, secrétaire général du comité de bienfaisance de la Société de la morale chrétienne, à Paris. NICOT, ancien recteur de l'Académie de Nîmes. NITOT, membre du Conseil général et du Conseil académique de la Marne, maire, à Ay. NOEL , ingénieur en chef des ponts et chaussées , à Angoulême. PAGESY DE BOURDEILLAC, C. *, lieutenant-colonel d'état-major en retraite, ancien chef de bureau au ministère de la guerre, à Montpellier. PARIS * (Louis), ancien bibliothécaire de la ville do Reims, à Paris. PATIN , docteur en médecine, à Troyes. PEIN (Louis), avoué, à Verdun. PERRIER (Charles), négociant, à Epernay. — 145 — MM. PERRIER-JOUET , maire d'Epernay. PERROT , ancien principal du collége, à Phalsbourg. PHILIPPE, docteur en médecine , membre de l'Académie de Reims. PIÉRARD, O. *, chef de bataillon du génie en retraite, à Verdun. POISSON , ancien sous-préfet, à Paris. PONSART , membre du Conseil général, à Omey. PONSORT (DE) père *, horticulteur, à Châlons. RADOUAN , propriétaire, à Vanault-les-Dames. RAISON, ancien professeur de littérature latine à la Faculté des lettres, à Dijon. REMY, docteur en médecine, à Châtillon-sur-Marne. REMY père, instituteur et botaniste, à Livry. REMY (Jules), botaniste, à Paris. RENARD, ancien propriétaire des marais de SaintGond , à Paris. RICHON, officier de santé, à Saint-Amand. ROBELIN , juge, à Charolles. ROUSSEAU, docteur en médecine, à Epernay. ROUTHIER, O. *, ancien avocat au Conseil d'Etal et à la Cour de cassation, à Paris. RUINART DE BRIMONT, propriétaire à Brimont. SALLERON *, chirurgien-major de 1re classe, à Alger. SÉGALAS, professeur agrégé à la Faculté de médecine. SEURRE , docteur en médecine , à Suippes. SEURRE (Onésime), homme de lettres, à Paris. SIMONNET, conducteur des ponts et chaussées, à Reims. SIRET , pharmacien , à Provins. — 144 — MM. TARBÉ (Prosper ), ancien magistrat, à Reims. TARIN , ancien juge de paix, propriétaire, à Montépreux. TESTU ( Léon ), principal du collége, à Montargis. THIÉBAUT , ancien imprimeur-libraire , à Vitry. THIRION, avocat, à Paris. THURIOT DE LA ROSIÈRE, ancien représentant de la Marne, à Paris. TIRLET , ancien représentant de la Marne, à Paris. TISSOT , professeur de philosophie à la Faculté des lettres, à Dijon. TROCHU, membre du Conseil général d'agriculture, propriétaire, à Lyon. VALENTIN, docteur en médecine, à Vitry-le-François. VALLOT, docteur en médecine, naturaliste, à Dijon. VAUTRIN-DELAMOTTE, propriétaire, à Ay. VIDAL , pasteur protestant, à Bergerac (Dordogne). VILLERYAL DE SÉRICOURT , propriétaire , à Séricourt (Pas-de-Calais). VINCENT , membre de l'Académie des incriptions et belles-lettres, ancien professeur de mathématiques spéciales, à Paris. WARMÉ, docteur en médecine, à Beauvais. WIBRATTE , de Metz, homme de lettres , à Paris. WILLIAME, propriétaire, membre du Conseil général de la Marne et juge de paix, à Ambrières. — 145 — TABLE ALPHABÉTIQUE DES NOMS DES PERSONNES QUI, PENDANT L'ANNEE 1852, ONT PRIS PART AUX TRAVAUX DE LA SOCIÉTÉ , ET AUX CONCOURS QU'ELLE AVAIT OUVERTS. Pages MM. AUBRIET , docteur en médecine à Vertus ; communication sur l'état des récoltes. AVIAT , vigneron au Mesnil-sur-Oger. 8, 46 BARROIS, propriétaire à Bouy ; communication sur l'état des récoltes. BAUDESSON , médecin-vétérinaire à Reims. 35 , 127 BOITEL , curé à Montmirail 35 BORNOT (Frédéric), propriétaire-cultivateur à Vert-laGravelle Vert-laGravelle 39 BORNOT, propriétaire à Vert-la-Gravelle ; communication sur l'état des récoltes. BOUCHÉ-PIERRE , à Châlons 36 BOUQUET, instituteur et propriétaire à Poix ; communication snr l'état des récoltes. BOTIGNIER , ingénieur des mines, à Verdun 527 CANARD , propriétaire à Jonchery ; communication sur l'état des récoltes. CHANLAIRE ( de ) , 127 CHARBAULT , instituteur à Fère-Champenoise ; communication sur l'état des récoltes. CHAURÉ , maire de Favresse ; communication sur l'état des récoltes. CHAURÉ , de Vitry-le-François 26 CHOPIN , propriétaire à Somme—Bionne ; communication sur l'état des récoltes. COURTIN , instituteur communal à Sompuis 7, 44 COURTOIS-GÉRARD , à Paris 127 CULLOT , maire de Romain 7, 41 , 42 DELACROIX fils, docteur en médecine à Châlons-surMarne 33, 127 — 146 — Pages. MM. DELAIRE , maire d'Allemanche-Launay et Soyer 7, 44 FAILLY, inspecteur des douanes en retraite, à Paris. 30, 12 FAUSTLN-FRANCART , de Cernay 26 FOLLIEZ (Auguste), cultivateur à St-Jean-sur-Moivre... 35 FORNERON , recteur de l'Académie de la Marne.... 29, 128 FORMEZ , maire de Francheville 7, 42 FRÉROT (Désiré), propriétaire à Désiré, commune du Gault ; communication sur l'état des récoltes. GASTEBOIS , président du Comice agricole, section de Sézanne, à Lachy ; communication sur l'état des récoltes. GASTEBOIS , lieutenant-colonel en retraite , à Lachy. 52 GÉRARDOT , cultivateur à Potangis ; communication sur l'état des récoltes. GOBINOT , instituteur à Sauvage , commune de St-Just ; communication sur l'état des récoltes. GOMARD , à Saint-Quentin 128 HAUDOS , membre du Conseil général, à Loisy-surMarne Loisy-surMarne , 45, 46 HERMANT-LESAINT, propriétaire et maire à Sompuis; communication sur l'état des récoltes. JONDREVILLE (Paulin), jardinier de M. Sellier, à Oger. 8, 45 LAINE 128 LAMAIRESSE (Jules), propriétaire à St-Martin-sur-le-Pré 28 LAMAIRESSE (A.), propriétaire à Saint-Martin-sur-lePré ; communication sur l'état des récoltes. LEBEL , de Vitry-le-François 26 LEBLANC, instituteur à Ville-en-Tardenois ; communication sur l'état des récoltes. LECOMTE, fabricant de produits chimiques , à Reims. 27 LÉCUYER, instituteur à Aulnay-sur-Marne ; communication sur l'état des récoltes. LEGRIS, adjoint au maire de Romain 7, 41, 42 LEROY-MABILLE 128 LONCLAS, maire de Ponthion en Perthois 7, 42, 45 LOREZ , fermier à Megricourt , commune de Margegerie Margegerie , 40, 41 LUCE , jardinier à Châlons 45 MAIZIÈRES (de), professeur en retraite 127 MALVAL , pharmacien à Châlons ; communication sur le fenu grec, foenum groecum (Trigonella, Linnée). — 147 — Pages. MM. MARIÉ , instituteur à Marsou ; communication sur l'état des récoltes. MARIÉ , instituteur communal, à Marsou 8, 45 MASSEZ , instituteur à Vitry-la-Ville ; communication SUT l'état des récoltes. MATHIEU, docteur en médecine, à Vitry-en-Perlhois 27,56 MAURY (Théodore), négociant à Villefranche (HauteGaronne 6, 75 et suiv. MÉTAYER , maire , membre du Comice agricole , à Bagneux Bagneux communication sur l'état des récoltes. MIRAUCOURT, instituteur à Bussy-le-Repos, communication sur l'état des récoltes. MONTUREUX (de), maire à Arracourt (Meurthe). . 36, 127 NAUDIN, jardinier de M. le comte de Lambertyc, à Chaitrait 8, 46 PETIT , de Paris 128 PHILIPPE , docteur en médecine , à Reims 54 PIDOUX 128 PIERRE , maire de Saint-Thomas 7, 42 PONSAED , membre du Conseil général, à Omey 27 POTEL, homme de lettres , à Paris 55 REGNAULD , cultivateur à Saint-Lumier-en-Champagne ; communication sur l'état des récoltes. REMY, docteur en médecine , à Châtillon-sur-Marne; communication sur l'état des récoltes. REMY , instituteur à Livry ; communication sur l'état des récoltes. RICHON , officier de santé, à Saint-Amand 56 ROCHE , instituteur à Jonquery ; communication sur l'état des récoltes. RUINART DE BRIMONT , propriétaire à Brimont ; communication sur l'état des récoltes. SERGENT , instituteur à La Veuve ; communication sur l'état des récoltes. SEURRE (Onésime), homme de lettres à Versailles. 29, 128 TILLOY ( Charles ), cultivateur à Lachapelle , près Servon ; communication sur l'état des récoltes. VALLOT , naturaliste, à Dijon. VARIN , propriétaire-cultivateur à Épense. . 7, 59, 40, 41 VINCENT, adjoint à Ponthion en Perthois.. ... 7, 42, 45 — 148 TABLE DES MATIÈRES. Pages. Procès-verbal de la séance du 27 septembre 1852 5 Programme des concours ouverts par la Société pour l'année 1853 8 Discours d'ouverture, par M. MAUPASSANT, président 15 Compte rendu des travaux de la Société, par M. MOHEN, secrétaire 24 Rapport sur le premier concours, par M. SELLIER 48 Géologie. — Réponses à quelques questions proposées par l'Institut des provinces de France, par M. DROUET. 77 Mémoire sur le Trigonamètre et sur une Méthode donnant la résolution des triangles rectilignes obliquangles, au moyen de leur décomposition en triangles rectangles, etc., par M. SAVY 87 Rapport sur l'instrument de M. SAVY, appelé Trigonomètre et sur une Méthode, etc., par M. DEBACQ 107 — sur la proposition de M. GODART, relative aux haras, par M. DUGUET 114 Catalogue des ouvrages adressés à la Société, du 25 septembre 1851 au 25 septembre 1852 127 Liste des membres composant la Société 155 Table alphabétique des noms des personnes qui, pendant l'année 1852, ont pris part aux travaux de la Société, et aux concours qu'elle avait ouverts 145 CHALONS, TYP. BONIEZ-LAMBERT. | 12,783 |
https://history.stackexchange.com/questions/33579 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,016 | Stack Exchange | Bent, C Monsour, Jon Story, MCW, Ne Mo, Pieter Geerkens, SJuan76, Schwern, Smith, https://history.stackexchange.com/users/1401, https://history.stackexchange.com/users/17620, https://history.stackexchange.com/users/1823, https://history.stackexchange.com/users/21235, https://history.stackexchange.com/users/2283, https://history.stackexchange.com/users/32092, https://history.stackexchange.com/users/4615, https://history.stackexchange.com/users/8296, https://history.stackexchange.com/users/8451, https://history.stackexchange.com/users/8820, jwenting | English | Spoken | 2,926 | 3,792 | Did the Allies benefit, by having Italy fight on Germany's side rather than remain neutral?
All things considered and with perfect hindsight, did the Allies benefit, by having Italy fight on Germany's side rather than remain neutral?
I was inspired to ask this question after reading Paul Kennedy's rather amazing claims in The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (1988). On p. 298:
In 1939 and 1940, the western Allies frequently considered the pros and cons of having Italy fighting on Germany's side rather than remaining neutral. On the whole, the British chiefs of staff preferred Italy to be kept out of the war, so as to preserve peace in the Mediterranean and Near East; but there were powerful counterarguments, which seem in retrospect to have been correct. Rarely in the history of human conflict has it been argued that the entry of an additional foe would hurt one's enemy more than oneself; but Mussolini's Italy was, in that way at least, unique.
And also on p. 340:
Had Italy also joined in the conflict in September 1939, its own economic deficiencies might have posed an excessive strain upon the Reich's slender stocks and, arguably, dislocated the chances for the German westward strike in 1940. To be sure, Italy's participation would have complicated the Anglo-French position in the Mediterranean, but not perhaps by much, and Rome's neutrality made it a useful conduit for German trade—which is why many of the planners in Berlin hoped that Mussolini would remain on the sidelines.
I would say that as stated, the question seems mostly opinable. Maybe a question asking about downsides and upsides of Italy participation would be better, because we would not have to measure if the advantages were bigger than the disavantages.
THis is close to speculation.....
No. And in WWI the Central Powers did not benefit from Italy's turning on them, though the WWI case is closer to actually being in question
All things considered and with perfect hindsight, did the Allies benefit, by having Italy fight on Germany's side rather than remain neutral?
No.
While the popular impression is that Germany had to "bail out" Italy more often than not, this does not mean they were a net burden on the Axis. On the contrary, Italy opened up the Mediterranean and African theaters of war that required an extensive diversion of resources, ships, aircraft, men, and material to fight in the very critical early years of the war. The campaign to clear the Mediterranean and then liberate Italy went on through the whole war. All that could have been instead fighting Germany.
Hostile Italians also prevented the Allies from using the Mediterranean as a "British lake". The Italians threatened the supply lines between Britain and her Empire, Allied supply lines to the Pacific and the Soviet Union. They prevented the Allies from using the Mediterranean to stage raids and attacks on Southern and Central Europe.
To avoid a "what if" answer that's frowned upon here, I'll instead go into the ways the Italians tied down Allied forces and delayed Allied victory.
The Regia Marina and Aeronautica
The Regia Marina and Regia Aeronautica (Italian Royal Navy and Air Force) during WWII were a large, modern, and powerful threat, if not the best commanded, that required a diversion of large numbers of British ships, aircraft, and men to fight. This stretched the British even thinner than they already were.
Germany alone had no hope of combating the Royal Navy on the surface, but entry of Italy gave the Axis something closer to parity. The battles in the Mediterranean pulled away aircraft and anti-air artillery desperately needed for the Battle of Britain. They pulled ships away from the Battle of the Atlantic. The British Army was unable to defend Greece because they were busy fighting the Italians in North Africa and had to halt their successful offensive there to transfer troops to Greece ultimately suffering in both theaters. 100,000 British colonial troops were tied down fighting the Italians in East Africa.
It was during this critical stage of the war, 1940 to 1942, that Germany could have won. During this period the Italians were effective at tying down British resources.
The Italians also made it difficult for the British to use the Mediterranean as a British lake. It secured the German southern front against air attack and invasion. Without the Italians in the war, Britain's Mediterranean holdings could be used as a staging area for an invasion of Southern France or bombing German submarine pens in Western France.
Naval Historiographer Drachinifel and Military History Visualized did a piece on Italy's forgotten WW2 Victories? which expands on the impact of a hostile Mediterranean and the effect on the Pacific War and convoy battles.
In particular he points out…
The fast transports and escorts used in the defense and resupply of Malta.
The heavy units needed to counter the Italian Navy.
The 135 British ships lost in the Mediterranean.
Mers-el-Kébir
One of the most infamous actions by the British during the war was their attack on the powerful Vichy French fleet at Mers-el-Kébir in North Africa. After the fall of France the British feared the French fleet would be seized by the Axis and allow them to stretch the Royal Navy even thinner than it already was, so they destroyed them in harbor. This severely strained Anglo-French relations and could have tipped Vichy France into declaring war on the British; what one normally does after you attack their navy.
It might not have happened with a neutral Italy.
While the Kriegsmarine gets all the attention, particularly Bismarck and Tirpitz, the German Navy was quite weak. Even combined with captured French ships they could not seriously challenge the Royal Navy. But the Kriegsmarine, the French Navy, and the Italian Navy was a very serious concern. With major French naval warships anchored in North Africa, their being seized by Italian troops from Libya was a real concern.
North African Theater
The entire North African theater from mid 1940 to mid 1943 is because of the Italians. The German Africa Corps gets all the press, but the only reason they were in North Africa at all was to bolster the Italians.
The popular narrative is that the Germans had to rescue the Italians from defeat, and there is truth in that, but the bulk of Rommel's army was Italian. North Africa was a side-show for the Germans compared to what they were sending to the Eastern Front and using to garrison their empire. At Second El Alamein, the height of Rommel's advance, Panzer Armee Afrika was just three divisions while the Italians had eleven.
From the see-saw battles across Egypt and Libya in the east, to the massive US and British landings of Operation Torch in the west, to the final battles in Tunisia. Hundreds of thousands of Allied casualties, multiple amphibious invasions, thousands of tanks and aircraft and vehicles lost, dozens of ships, hundreds of transports... all because Italy was in the war.
North Africa and Italy get invaded, not Norway or Greece
When the Western Allies were planning their second front in 1942, and after ruling out the fantasy of invading Europe, several options were considered. The Allies chose Italy, but Italy was only one option.
An invasion of Norway was very tempting to the Allies: cut off the iron ore supply to Germany, prevent its use to threaten northern supply lines to the Soviets, open a new supply line to the Soviets, place Allied aircraft within easy reach of Germany.
An invasion of the Balkans was also considered. Liberate Greece, link up with partisans in Yugoslavia, threaten Romanian oil fields, open a new supply line to the Soviets.
The Allies had to invade somewhere to take pressure off the Soviets. With Italy neutral, the Allies would have chosen another location to invade. In Italy, the Allies had to fight the Italians and the Germans. Without Italy, this invasion would have to be defended with solely German troops stretching the Wehrmacht even thinner.
Finishing off Italy
When the war in Europe ended, fighting was still going on in Italy drawing away Allied resources.
Finishing off the Mediterranean theater required a huge invasion by both US and British forces. Operation Torch, Tunisia, and Sicily involved 500,000 troops and much of the Allied naval transport capacity fighting mostly Italians. While the Americans advocated invading France in 1943, the decision to invade Italy probably delayed the invasion of Europe by a year.
Even after the Italian Armistice, the march up the Italian peninsula remained a very costly distraction for the Allies. It's questionable what the end goal was. Germany could fight the Allies in strong defensive terrain and ultimately fall back to the defensive line of the Alps.
Without Italy in the war there would be no Mediterranean nor African nor Italian fronts to draw British resources away from Germany in the critical early years of the war, nor would there be an Italian liberation campaign to delay the invasion of Europe.
Supplying the British Empire and the Pacific War
In addition to the direct effects, the Italians made the Mediterranean dangerous for use as a supply line to the Pacific and the Soviet Union.
After 1941, Allied ships wishing to reach the Pacific Theater quickly could avoid having to go around Africa by using the Suez Canal. Similarly, the Allies had a supply line to the Soviet Union, the Persian Corridor.
With Italy in the war this presented a terrible choice: run a gauntlet of Italian ships and aircraft in the Mediterranean in the hopes of getting there faster, or go all the way around Africa adding weeks to the journey and making themselves vulnerable to German U-Boats and surface raiders. Both required additional escorts. Both added risk and time to supplying these theaters.
These supply lines made it vital that the Italian navy and air force were dealt with drawing yet more forces away from fighting Germany and delaying supplies to the Pacific and Soviet Union.
Italy contributes to Japan's success
Italy being in the war had a profound effect on the Pacific War. I picked up on this from Drachinifel's Drydock #43.
As above, a belligerent Italy drew away a significant portion of the British armed forces to defend their interests around the Mediterranean. This, in turn, left Britain's Pacific holdings thinly defended. Britain's plan was to essentially bluff. If attacked they would abandon their outlying holdings and fallback to Singapore, India, and Burma. Few reinforcements would be coming until the Mediterranean was under control.
The capture of the SS Automedon in Nov 1940, and her top secret documents outlining all this, gave the Japanese assurance that the British were a paper tiger. Emboldened by this information, the Japanese knew they could send the cream of their Navy on far-flung offensives without being concerned with a major British counter-offensive.
If, instead, the Italians were neutral this would have freed up significant assets to reinforce the British Far East, and allowed the British to take a more active and offensive attitude towards Japan.
Couldn't agree with this more - the Italians very nearly won the North African Theatre without German involvement, and came pretty damn close to denying the entire Mediterranean to the British. If that had come to pass, Britain would've been incredibly hard pressed to maintain control/influence in India, the Middle East and links to Australia/NZ. With control of the Med, Italy could've massively pressured Gibraltar and pushed Force H out: Force H, we'll not, being vital to events such as the sinking of the Bismarck and similar convoy defence activities
Great answer. I have to underline the effect of Italy during 1944-1945. The Italian Front was still a major drain of resources for the Allies even up to the end of the war. The US tried to de-emphasize this theater for others and shifted away a lot of their better units, but the British were seized with the concept of advancing toward the Balkans via Italy and pressed on the Italian front to the end, although unsuccessfully.
Weren't there any italian forces on the eastern front fighting USSR? I believe they got as far as Stalingrad and did win engagements the germans then didn't have to. That could possibly extend this excellent answer.
@Bent Yes, the Italian Army in Russia was about 240,000 men mostly infantry and alpine divisions. They fought from August 1941 to their destruction at Stalingrad at which point they were withdrawn. Rather than being used in the mountainous Caucuses, their Alpine troops found themselves guarding the German flank on the plains of the river Don.
This answer doesn't take account of the fact that Italy's participation drew German troops into Africa, which wasn't where Germany wanted to be. The Allies eventual conquest of North Africa was what enabled them to attack the Axis from the south
re "The British Army was unable to defend Greece because they were busy fighting the Italians in North Africa and had to halt their successful offensive there to transfer troops to Greece ultimately suffering in both theaters." - It is just so wrong it is difficult to know where to begin. Both the North African and Greek theatres would not have existed without Italian entry. The German parachute corps would not have been destroyed on Crete. I could go on, but comments are of limited length
@NeMo "Attack the Axis from the south" to what end? The restricted rough terrain of Italy gave the Axis excellent defensive terrain. The Allies didn't penetrate the Gothic Line until March 45. Once they pushed past that they had the Alps to contend with. The invasion of southern France in Aug 44 made the whole Italian Campaign strategically moot. A neutral Italy meant the resources of the North African and Italian campaigns could have been used for an invasion of the Balkans (which the British pushed for) or an earlier and better coordinated invasion of France.
@PieterGeerkens I agree the North African and Balkan Campaigns would likely not have existed, or would have had a very different form. That strays into the counter-factual which we avoid here. To avoid a counter-factual answer I had to frame it in terms of the historical benefits to the Axis of a belligerent Italy.
The attack on Italy achieved its objective of drawing troops away from the Russian front, and from France too. I accept that answers to this question are likely to be counterfactual, though.
@NeMo That presupposes Italy was the only option to strike back in 1942/43. A neutral Italy means the Allied resources of the Mediterranean, North African, Sicilian, and Italian campaigns can be used elsewhere. Norway was a strong candidate. A neutral Italy means a secure supply route to Southeast Europe and the Middle East allowing an invasion of Bulgaria (had they still joined the Axis, questionable) and offering a more direct route to supporting the Soviets. And, of course, a 1943 invasion of France as pushed for by the US (whether it would have succeeded is another matter).
@Schwern worse, after conquering Italy the allies would have to face mountain warfare in the Alps. During WW1 this had been a theater of multi-year stalemates and artillery exchanges not dissimilar to the border skirmishes between India and Pakistan in the Karakorum. Neither side gained an inch effectively, but casualties were horrendous both from artillery directly and from exposure and accidents. It wouldn't have been much better during WW2, even with aircraft it'd still have been an extended slogging match.
Italy won just one major battle without Germany's help: the conquest of Somaliland.
Everywhere else, the Italians were beaten by the British... and sometimes even without British help. The Greek forces pushed them back into Albania, they were fought to a standstill in Yugoslavia.
The British forces defeated them in North Africa. In every case, this created a humongous risk for the Germans, who couldn't afford to let the British get a toehold on the continent. So the Germans, expending personnel and materiel, had to bail out the Italians every time.
So yes, the Italians inadvertently helped the Allies.
This answer only lists the ways the Allies benefited from Italian belligerence. It doesn't consider how they were harmed, the "rather than remain neutral" half of the question.
As mentioned in the first answer, the Italians were parts of an important theater: the Mediterranean Sea.
One could argue that wit Italy remaining neutral, the Germans would have stayed out of the Mediterranean theater. But the consequences would have been huge:
With the neutrality of Italy, the Allies could use the sea as a short line of communications to Egypt (and thus India and Australia). The navy in mediterranean would have been only of a little help to the Atlantic battle, because frigates were more necesary than cruisers, destroyers or battleships. However these boats would have been an help to oppose the Japanese Navy.
The second point is that the South of France "free zone", would have been close to the English forces: thus, it is likely that the "Free zone" of Vichy would have not existed and that the Maghreb, along both Syria and Lebanon would have fight to prepare a landing on the South Coast of France. Somehow, the Germans would have entered a battle for the Mediterranean Sea, but not with the good strategic position of the Italian territory.
So no, the Allies did not benefit of having the Italy enter the war on the side of Germany rather than remaining neutral.
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https://github.com/tonyberrynd/SugarDockerized/blob/master/sugar/src/IdentityProvider/Authentication/User/LocalUserChecker.php | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | null | SugarDockerized | tonyberrynd | PHP | Code | 186 | 416 | <?php
/*
* Your installation or use of this SugarCRM file is subject to the applicable
* terms available at
* http://support.sugarcrm.com/Resources/Master_Subscription_Agreements/.
* If you do not agree to all of the applicable terms or do not have the
* authority to bind the entity as an authorized representative, then do not
* install or use this SugarCRM file.
*
* Copyright (C) SugarCRM Inc. All rights reserved.
*/
namespace Sugarcrm\Sugarcrm\IdentityProvider\Authentication\User;
use Sugarcrm\Sugarcrm\IdentityProvider\Authentication\Exception\ExternalAuthUserException;
use Symfony\Component\Security\Core\User\UserInterface;
/**
* Checks User local authentication regarding Sugar-specific business logic.
* Does not include logic for common checks that encompass Local, Ldap, SAML; but only specific to the Local auth.
*
* Class LocalUserChecker
* @package Sugarcrm\Sugarcrm\IdentityProvider\Authentication\User
*/
class LocalUserChecker extends SugarUserChecker
{
/**
* @inheritdoc
*
* @throws ExternalAuthUserException
*/
public function checkPreAuth(UserInterface $user)
{
parent::checkPreAuth($user);
// There is a checkbox in User's profile - External (LDAP, SAML) auth only.
// If it's on, User is not allowed to use local Sugar authentication, but only an external one.
if (!empty($user->getSugarUser()->external_auth_only)) {
throw new ExternalAuthUserException(
'External auth only user is not allowed to login using Sugar credentials.'
);
}
}
}
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sn91070630_1892-03-04_1_5_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | None | None | English | Spoken | 5,435 | 9,029 | For Local Items See Page 8. If needing Engraving, Electrotyping or Printing of any kind, see THE J.J. Kyper Co., 146 West. A Curious Fact. When darkies get mad, they turn pale as a sheet, Despite the dark hue of the race— And plenty of white men we frequently meet When angry get black in the face. It Wouldn't Work. Weary Looking Man—Doctor, can insomnia be cured?” Doctor—Nothing is easier. Anyone can fall into a sound sleep by simply trying to count a thousand. Weary Looking Man—Yes, but baby can’t count,—Good News. Tale of a Wise Man. He learned to advertise And thus a fortune made, Right here the secret lies— He added to his trade, Marriage and Funeral Notices, one insertion, Loe.; each additional insertion, 1¢, MARRIED, FOYER-TILLEY in this city, Feb. 224, by the Rev. T. Cochran, Sr. SIMEON H. TILLY and Annie F. Foyner, both of this city. WALLACE—Nelson—A. Harrisville, Jan. 25, by the Rev. A. H. Granger, FRANK H. WILLING and Miss Isabelle H. N. ASHON, both of Nasonville. DIED. LOUIS—M. Lincoln, on the 1st inst., NANCY ALL OLU, for the 78th year of her age. Funeral postponed until Saturday, 11th inst., at 2 o'clock P.M., at the residence of Silas Appleby, near Georgiaville. Relatives and friends are invited to attend. Burial later. BRADY - In this city, 34th inst., at his late residence, No. 31 Dean street, JAMES BRADY, member of Providence Branch, No. 53, C. K. of A. Notice of funeral hereafter, GIBBS - In this city, 8th inst., FRANKLIN A. Gibbs aged 82 years. Notice of funeral hereafter. In this city, 3rd Inst, EMMA BERTHA, mother of Charles C, and Emma W, Henry, in the 16th year of her age. Funeral services Monday, 7th inst. at 2 P.M., from her parents' residence, 314 Potter's avenue. Relatives and friends are invited to attend without further notice. Burial at convenience of family. In North Scituate, 2nd inst., HAL LAM H, HAWKINS, in the 70th year of his age. Funeral at his late residence, Saturday, at 11:30 A.M. Relatives and friends are invited to attend. Burial at convenience of family. In Schenectady, 24th inst., ALBERT F. ORMSBEE, in the 63rd year of his age. Funeral from his late residence, in Schenectady, Saturday, 6th inst., at 1 o'clock P.M. Relatives and friends are invited to attend. In Pawtucket, 24th inst., VIOLA, wife of Warren B. Slocum, and daughter of George R. and Emma F. Wood, aged 4 years. Funeral from her husband's residence, 125 High street, Saturday, at 2 o'clock. Relatives and friends are invited to attend. Burial at the convenience of the family. In this city, on the 84th inst., NlcygOLAS VAN SYILCK, in the 634 year of his age. Funeral from his late residence, No. 4 Young Orchard avenue, on Monday, 7th inst., at 12 M. Relatives and friends are invited to be present. Burial private. WHITE In this city, on the 3rd inst., MARY A., WHITE, widow of William L. White, aged 76 years, 5 months and 6 months. Funeral on Saturday, the 6th Inst., at 2:30 o'clock, from her son's residence, No. 199 Carpenter Street. Relatives and friends are invited to attend. YOUNG In this city, on the 3rd inst., CHALOTTE A., wife. Of Nicholas B, Young, Funeral Saturday, 6th inst., at 12 o'clock, from her late residence, No. 78 Manning street. Relatives and friends are invited to attend. Burial later, Newport papers please copy. SPECIAL NOTICES. DENTAL CARD, G. H. AMES, D. M. D, Snow st. DR. W. A. GREENLEAF, DENTIST, 2½ Westminster St., Providence, R. I. HELP WANTED - FEMALE, FEMALE COMPOSITION: PERMANENT POSITION. GEORGE A. WILSON & Co., 21 Eddy st. Do you want a Situation? A 10-cent advertisement in the News will supply it. WANTED - MISCELLANEOUS. LADIES WANTING CUTTING, fitting and draping done, can be accommodated at reasonable prices at 240 High st. Root's Building. Room 4, MISS. 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SALE - NEW DEAL IN HOUSE LOTS BY reliable parties; will sell choice lots on the Sprague Houseond Plots at $100 each, with a warranted deed, on payment of $56; balance in weekly monthly payments without interest or any other charge whatsoever. No lottery; no humbug, but the big game and a square deal. A. L. ANDEEWS, 75 Westminster st. Land at Edgewood is our $250 lots, For residence or investment they can be equalled at the price, Narragansett Real Estate Co., 70 Weybosset St. See our selection of lots for sale. LOANS, PRICE 5 o 5 In sums to suit at a low rate on noon hours, rates, pianos, organs, store fixtures, silverware, and other articles in strict confidence, no sale is made without the consent of the owner. Loans and leaf terms are available. BUSINESS EXCHANGE, 89 Weybossel St, Boston and 38 SPECIAL NOTICES. The certificate of authority given to the Guarantee & Accident Loyds of New York City to the business in this State has been revoked, and they have no authority to transact business in this state. The Atlas Accident Insurance Co. of Boston, Mass., Commercial Travelers Accident Association of New York, and the Preferred Mutual Accident Association of New York are not authorized to transact business in Rhode Island. ALBERT LANDERS, Insurance Commissioner, MEETINGS, OF THE R. 1. Business Men's Association Will be held at the “TROCADERO.” ON Saturday Evening, MARCH 6, At 8 o'clock. Supper will be served at 7 o'clock, after which the subject of the meeting “RHODE ISLAND AT THE WORLD’S FAIL,” will be discussed by Gov. HERBERT W. LADD, Hon. JOHN C. WYMAN. R. 1. World’s Commissioner; Hon. JOHN W. CANDLER of Massachusetts, Hon. CHAS. H. GEORGE, President Providence Board of Trade; DAVID M. THOMPSON, Esq., resident Advance Club, As the subject is of great importance to our MANUFACTURING and MERCANTILE INTERESTS and one in which the INFLUENCE AND WORK OF WOMAN is a prominent and distinct feature, tickets will be sold to all who are interested (both ladies and gentlemen) at $1.00 each. Application for tickets must be made to the Treasurer, R. J. PEEVES, PP, O. Box 1600, before Friday night, or can be obtained at BARDEN & KELLEY, 19 Ex. Change Place. The elegant parlors of the "Treadwell" will be thrown open for the reception and entertainment of guests. FIFTH WARD, NOTICE. There will be an adjourned meeting of the Republicans of the Fifth Ward at the headquarters of the City Committee, No. 70 Weyhosset street, on FRIDAY EVENING, March 4th, 1802 at 8 o'clock. All Republicans who wish to join the Ward Club now organizing are cordially invited to be present. PROFESSIONAL CARDS, DR. CRIFFIN. Permanent Office, Room 11, Slade Building, opposite City Hall, Hours from 10 A. M. to 9 P. M. (All diseases treated) Cures for "Nervous Debility." The CHARCOTT METHOD of SUSPENSION, with the very best remedy. Prompt results. Terms moderate. Artificial Eyes. A Fine Assortment of the Best German Make. SPECIAL ATTENTION Given the Fitting of Spectacles, and all Diseases of the E. E. Ear, Deafness and Discharges from the Ear, and all Catarrhal Affections, Nervous Debility, Weaknesses and Chronic Affections. A. SAWYER, M. D., Oculist and Aurist, 204 Westminster Street, Providence, R. I. Consultation Free Hours 2 to 4 STATE CONVENTION, REPUBLICAN STATE CONVENTION. At a regular meeting of the Republican State Central Committee held at Tillinghast's Hall in the City of Providence, on Saturday, the 27th day of February, 1802, the following resolutions were unanimously adopted: Resolved, That a State Convention of Republican delegates be held at Music Hall, Westminster Street, in the City of Providence, on TUESDAY, March 15, 1892, at 11 o'clock A.M., for the purpose of nominating State delegates for the ensuing year, and for the transaction of such other business as may properly come before said convention. Resolved, That the several Town and City Committees are hereby requested to call Primary Meetings for the purpose of electing delegates to said Convention, double in number to the representation of the said Towns and Cities in the General Assembly, and to elect members of the State Central Committee for the ensuing year, as follows, namely: three from the City of Providence and one from each of the Cities and Towns of the State; also to elect Town and City Committees for the ensuing year, and to report the names of the State Committee and the names of the Town and City Committees, with the names of the Chairmen and Secretaries thereof, with their respective offices, upon the credentials of the delegates to the Convention; and that said meetings be held at least three days previous to the day designated for holding said Convention; and that the Secretaries of said Primary Committee be instructed to report the names of the delegates to the Convention. Meetings be requested to forward a copy of the credentials of delegates immediately after their election, to the Secretary of the State Committee. Resolved, That the members of the town, city or ward committees, calling the primary meeting to order under the above call, together with the chairmanship. man and secretaries of salid meetings, be instructed to cortify upon the credentiais of delegates, tha' sald delegates were elected pursnant to a regular call of u:lcl town or city committee., ALMON K. GOODWIN, Chairman ISAAC L. GOFF Secrotary i 70 LIASNE. Water Power and Mill Sites to Lease. | e Tl e Fonemah Mills, having purchased the DPaltie Mill P state, together with all the Water Power on the Shetucket KRiver, bevwe n Baltic and Wil. [ Hmantic, are prepared to lease Water Power, Miil | Sites for buiidings and buildings to parties desiring such facilities for maoufacturing purposes, | Those contemplating the location of new enter. prises or the enlargement of old industries would do well to examine thesy locations betore deciding to go clsewhere, 1 It I 8 projposed to employ electrical machinery in | eonne (‘u'. with the Water Power for the transmis. | slon of the power to the desired place of ar plication | These locations are only three (9 miles from 1l i imantic: elght (83) miles from Norwich ; forty (#0) miles fron Hartford and le aleng the line of the I New York and New England Hatroad for ten miles, 1 Freight facilities are very favorable from all | polints l For full particulars, inspection of plats, etc., call | or address | ROBERT R. TAFT. Taftville, Conn, NATHAN R. GARDNER, Baltie, Conn., ' or EDWARD P, TAFT, Treasurer, | sl DO 48 providence, Rl. Piano and Music Dealers, 15,000 elegant pianos, second hand, for sale at ruinous prices, must be sold within 30 days. M. Steinert & Sons Co., 176 and 175 Westminster St., Worcester, Mass. Coal Dealers, have discharged a cargo of gypsum, R.B. Little & Co., 90 Point Street, Worcester, Mass. Do you want a room or tenement? Watch the columns of the "Sensational" after still, insert 10 of the "scenic" ads went, amusements, etc. Providence Opera House, Wednesday and Saturday, The Superb Lyric Organization, The J.C. Duff in a spectacular production of "The Queen's Mate." Also, in the satirical Operetta, "Palo Alto," by the authors of "Erminie." Thursday Night, "Queen's Mate," "Palo Alto," "Paola," and "Paola." Prices—matinee and night, $1.00, 75, 50, 20 cents. Next Week—SHENANDOAH. ROBERT MORROW... Proprietor and Manager, Commencing Monday, March 7. Matinees Wednesday and Saturday at 2:30, BRONSON HOWARD'S TRIUMPHANT RECORD BREAKER, SHENANDOAH. The Original Effects, Scenery and War Reelsmus. THE CREAT CAST Just as Performed 300 Times in New York, 150 Times in Chicago. 100 Times in Boston, GREATER THAN EVER, Even at 8:00, The., Habe, b A Good Reserved Seat Hoc. Box Sheet open March 4, 9 A. M. 13.. KEITH'S (ne week, commencing Monday, Feb. 29, Presentation of the Realistic Drama. Clad in & Scenic Dress of Great Beauty, Tmposing and Sumptuous Stage Settings. The Yacht in Mid Ocean, London by Moonlight. Best Company Travelling, Next Attraction—* Hands Across the Sea." LLOTHROP'S Providence Museum. G. K. LOTHROP & Co..... Proprietors and Managers WILLIAM C, CHACE....Business Manager MONDAY, FEB. 29, 1802, AND DURING THE WEAR, CRAND DOUBLE BILL. Lothrop's Stock Company will present for the first time at popular prices the great sensational -and-drama, in 4 acts, by John Thompson, Esq., entitled ON HAND. MISS KATE GLASSFORD.. as, LUCY HABRISON JERE GRADY... as.... JACK NORTON And the beautiful domestic Irish Comedy made famous by the late Barney Williams, (comedy) TEMPTATION. J. FRANCIS KIRKE. (of TOM BOBOLINK " by Hafford and Rossiter will p\ ¥.‘-'n" -xh) the comedy (‘company opens each performance, Matinees daily at 2 P. M, Evenings at 7:30 o'clock. Doors open at 1:30 and 7 P. M. PRICES: 10¢., 20¢., 25¢. Reserved seats secured one week in advance. Box office open from 10 A.M. to 10 P.M. daily. GEO. I. BATCHELLER, Prop. and Manager, Week of February 29th. Afternoon 2:15. Evening 8. A BRAN NEW SHOW, A Companion Play to Miss A SPLENDID COMPANY, A — CONEDIANS — ALL SPUECIAL SCENERY. GREAT SPECIALTIES, A PLAY FOR THE PEOPLE. Popular prices 10, 20, 30, 50 cents, Best seats 5.50c. Week March 7=LESTER'S SPECIALTY CO. ! e ‘ ‘ el AN EVENING WITH | “ ! MISS HARRIET E. BARROWS AND THE ' AT ! Y. M. C. Association Hall, | Jackson, Corner Westminster Streets, l Wednesday, March 9. ‘ ADMISSION, 10 CENTS, | Inclnding Reserved Seat o 13 Conts Ten Reserved Seat Tickets for s§l.oo, if purchased ' before .0 P. M. of the 9th Reserved seat sale opensat the Y. M. C. A. Bullding. 4 P. M, SATUR- | DAY, March b | GIRAND IRIEOPPENING ! EXT | monbay, Mar. T HALL i Bos'on's Famons Full ! NAVAL EATTALION BAND And Ceiehrated Sololsts, : Tickets 15¢c. Reservel seats 10¢, extra. Now at | Gotlt & Co.'s Musie Store | CATERERNS. ‘ i e | faving Purchased the Entire Business or I L. A. COPELAND, ‘ I shall be pleased to see as many of my friends and | customers at the new store, 162 North Main Street, | where a full line of my goods are dally ' manufactured ! JOHN H. ALTHANS .. THE L. A. TILLINGHAST COMPANY, CATERERS, 231 Westminster St. - Providence R. L | m_ | turnished rocins supplied with Lodgers by o ICcemt adveirtiscaucntl in the ** Newe.” ‘ THE PROVIDENCE NEWS, FRIDAY, MARCH 4, CITY ADVERTISEMENTS, THE CITY OF FROVIDENCUE. e unders d hereby gives notl g ordance """KEY"' o 4 ot "the Public Statetes. b will.on TUESDAY, the sth day of March. 186 evy o:l n’l‘ll li;oc_l' .&Mo }u m‘cny of Providen.. zainst which ¢l xes for - : o paid before sard b){h day n(l .\hn-h._'e unpaid, unies ). L. D, G AN THE CITY OOF PiOViowLCl CANAL AND CHARLES STREETS. m% ted by the Ilonorable the October term, A. D. x?'. rs of and Au’uxmmt. under 'R W utovhlom of the act of the A-‘m-u ed “An Act la relation to out, ."’ll.hto#rlu‘ and other wise alte Ing strects e city of Providence,"” .«Yd the several acts in nt thtg'w! aud in addi ;?."w, ton of the City Counell of city npw.. “t Is dnlrn&lr and neces saPy to lay out, u‘o den or otherwise alter Canal street, m -geet to Mill street, and Charles street, il Itest to Kanda'l square, mk‘l‘t& Al strec. as extended of uniform w y feot, aud the westerly line :hnnot to ml through a goln' thirty-four feot east erly from mw y corner of the butldln, -{.:mmh.fl. Smith street, and west o and uuly ll&’ t’w Moshassuck river, and ranging ? " ot rty-three feet easterly from the nort rly corner of finune underpin - aing of the bulldi standing between Charles street and k river just south of Ml mgéu n! for the easterly boun dary Char street as widened and im roved, & line oonunencx% at & point ru the northerly lne of Il street a lit tle westerly from Bark strect, sald point b.mq in range wfl?b l.bx wumwmw'l’( cor ner o nndngmn“o the fire station bullding on the easterly slde il street a 1 a point sixty feet easterly from the om-‘d uortheasterly corner of ite underpinning of bullding -uuam’ betwee ogfx.‘;}ulolourefl “;2 e lo:blll":uk rh'tir. lunlwultxh street, s unning northerly (in the range last above ducrlbedf 10 & point eighty feet easterly from westerly line of Charles -treot as fit present cub hed ; thence running northerly iu nes parallel with, and elghty feet oasterly from, the present wml-kllnu of said Charles strect to spo\’ut. lityje south of the range of the southerly line of Orms street; thence ruuning norvherly in sllnorn-lngoltlny feet easterly from tae north easterly corner of ual_:rlnnlnl of bullding at the therly corner of sireel and Charles street lni t rminatin utsrolm in the southerly llue of Stdvens urafi:&ht{ummrly from the ?rmm westerly line Charles street as aforesaid, and that certain real estate will be required for that ptir puse, and r«‘:..ung !2. Early one of Smith Street to a group of 100 feet westerly from the westerly line of State Street; thence turning and running northerly in a line parallel with, and 100 feet westerly from State Street to the northerly line of Orins Street; thence turning and running westerly in the northerly line of Orins Street to a point 100 feet westerly from the westerly line of Shawmut Street; thence turning and running westerly in a line parallel with, and 100 feet westerly from the westerly line of Charles Street; thence turning and running northerly in a line parallel with, and 800 feet westerly from the westerly line of Charles Street; thence turning and running northerly in a line parallel with, and 800 feet westerly from the westerly line of Charles Street; thence turning and running northerly in a line parallel with, and 800 feet westerly from the westerly line of Admiral Street to a point in the northerly line of Douglas Avenue; thence turning and running northerly in a line parallel with, and 800 feet westerly from the westerly line of Douglas Avenue; thence turning and running west. In the number of Thomas Street to North Main Street and thence running westerly, crossing North Main Street to the point of beginning. The plats of the aforesaid building, extension, widening and alteration of Canal Street and Charles Street, and of the assessment area, way be seen at the office of Charles Mumford, 87 Weybosset Street, Rooms 45 and 45-A, in the City of Providence, GEORGE R. PHILLIPS, JOHN W. BRIGGS, DEXTER GORTON, ELISHA S. ALDRICH, CHAKLES C. MUMFORD, Commissioners Providence, Feb. 10, 1808, £20-11 STATE ADVERTISEMENTS, STATE OF RHODE ISLAND. PUBLIC HEARING. Senate Chamber, Providence, March 3, 1892, The Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate will on a final Public Hearing on TUESDAY, March 6, 1882, on the rising of the Senate to all persons interested in an act in amendment of the Public Statutes, commonly called the "Reapportionment Bill." The bill will be reported to the Senate on the following day. J. C. B. WOODS, Chairman, SHEFFIELD GREENE, Clerk. Myers will give a Public Meeting on TUESDAY, March 8, 1892, on the rising of the House with persons interested in an "Act authorizing the Old Colony Railroad Company to lay a track on Water Street, at Providence. FREDERICK RUCHERT, Chairman. Everett P. ALLEN, CLERK. LEGAL NOTICES, NOTICE. I. Asa K. Potter, doing business under the firm name of Potter & Co., hereby give notice that I have this 1845. All my right, title and interest and business (established in 1845, except as specified in the following co-partnership notice. Certificate of Limited Co-partnership. This certificate signed and execnted by Frank K, Potier mq &’alur X Potter. both of the city and county of vidence a state of Rhode [lsland, and Asa K. Potter of sa rovidence on this first dv’ot February, A. 1), 1802 Itnesseth that the arnnk K . Walter A. and Asa K. Potter have ag and entered Into 8 limit. &F‘lfl‘bl for the purpose of manufacturing and .‘u. in fnrgmuro and t:;ier honsehold it m nhl' business sto be condac and on nader eof Votter & Co. Sald K“Mn mwuml A. Potter r:--Mo ll: dence ar neral partners 1n sald Jf‘“ fiv!{cr 1"..htl Il‘t‘n bln 1”!(’ ve ) wer 1n sa ueiness has ufis&t&mbfim‘fim W the toms= -R..ock .Wn. said part -ru to commence ou the day of tbhato of this T“"' and to terminate on the thirty-firet day of Januarys A D lp‘, ;_R A \)‘\: h gl‘Tl‘.R. ALTER A POTTER, LSI b B R Lt T R Providence, Se - In Providence, in sald County, on this first w)' of February, A. D, 1802, then Frank K. Potter, Walter A Potter and Asa K. Potter, sev. m'.' "Plu betore e and Acknow ‘M‘fl the wffl by b sigaed tobe thelr act wd MORIN M. c‘m.‘, dowary Publle RAILROADS, STEAMBOATS, ETC, A - - . .~ S~ N NN RAYMOND'S EXCURSIONS. ALL TRAVELING EXPENSES INCLUDED, Three Parties will lenve Boston April 25, for Magnificent Sight-Seeing Tours No. 1. 725 Days' Trip through Colorado, New Mexico, ('n?lfurnm. the l‘u’clnv Northwest, Alaska, Montana and the Yellowstone Natioual Park. No. 2. 68 Days’ Trip the same as No. 1, but omitting Alaska. No. 3. 62 Days’ Trip through New Mexico, Arizona, Cu?furnln.y.\'c\ udn.. Utah and Colorado, The Yosemite Valley may be visited in connzction with either of these excursions. Each party will travel in a Pullman Vestibuled Train with Dining Cars, and all other first-class appointments, March 10. A party will leave Boston for California via Chicago and Santa Fe, March 11, April 1, and May 6. Excursions to Washington; also May 6 to Washington, Old Point Comfort, and Richmond. Send for descriptive book, mentioning the particular tour desired. RAYMOND & WHITCOME, 2006 Washington St., (opposite School St.), BOSTON. Warrant Line. First-Class Steamships between Liverpool and Boston. Failing from Liverpool every Saturday. Steerage Passages from Liverpool, London, Queenstown, Glasgow, Derry, and Delight, $16.50. From other points at low rates. Office, 125 Milk Street, Boston. Agents in Providence—Mrs. J. H. Farrell, Wm. Chureh & Co., Y. Cox, E. G. Windsor, P. Carney, J. B. Hawkins, Jas. McNally and D. Y. McCarthy & Son, Olneyville, Providence & Gough. Pewtucket—Kennedy, Gough, Murray, and Michael Moy. CONTINENTAL STEAMBOAT CO. Leave Providence, week days, for Fleld's Point, Silver Spring, Riverside at 6:40,000 A.M., 12 M., 2:30, 4:30, 6:15 P.M. Return 6:00. 7:15, 9:50 A.M., 1:10, 3:20, 5:00 P.M. Sundays 6 P.M., only. 9:00 A.M., 12:00 M., 2:30 and 6:15 P.M. to Pleasant Bluff week days. Notice to Cottagers. Steamers will commence running Sundays to shore resorts as far as Crescent Park on and after SUNDAY, March 6, Shore dinners at Pleasant Bluff. Secure your cottage early. A season pass will be furnished to the first three families moving to shore resorts after March 6. LEAVE PROVIDENCE FOR Week days, 4 P.M. Leave Newport for Providence, week days, 8 A.M. Stop at Prudence Tuesdays and Fridays only; stop at Connecticut Fridays only. Express trip Monday, Wednesday, Thursday and Saturday. EXCURSION TICKETS ONLY 90 CENTS, All freight must be delivered at wharf 30 minutes before boat leaves to insure shipment. A. LIVINGSTON MASON, General Manager, DENTISTRY. U. S. DENTAL ASSOCIATION, MUSIC HALL, The largest and best equipped organization for the practice of scientific dentistry in the world. All the most approved methods and each department in charge of a graduate of skill and experience. While our prices are moderate, our motto is "Not how cheap, but how good." Extracting with Gas or Zonine... veeeee.0 Closing with Plating...ceeooococcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc At Teeth on Gold and Filling, Crowning Teeth, Prices Reasonable, Take Elevator. H. O. Spencer Dental Rooms, 35 Arcade, 2nd Floor, Painless Extracting a Specialty. Drive away your fears of extracting, for with our methods we can guarantee all perfectly painless, either with the anatomical or, If you prefer to be content with our new outstanding, imported brushes, candies from $1.50 up to 35 cents, and various kinds of tooth powders, including our own make, for sale, 86 Arcade, 2nd Floor. What You Will Find at W. H. BARNEY'S, 103 Weybosset Street, Rhode Island Redick Filtered Sweet Cider, Celery, Watercress, Parsley, Lettuce, Turkeys, Chickens, Fowls, Ducks, Geese and Fresh and Salt Meats, Cream, Butter, Eges, also all kinds of Game for the Hoardwalk. FLOWERS! FLOWERS! Roses, Pinks, Callas, Vielets, Daffodils, Longfellow, Funeral Designs at Short Notice, MILLER BROS. & CHAPELL, 307 Westminster St. CREAY REDUCTION IN WATCHES, JEWELRY, ETC., AT JUSHILA GRAY'S, NO. 19 Westminster Street, Providences The stock consists of a great variety of Gold and Silver Watches, diamonds, Fine Jewelry, Solid Silver and Silver Plated Ware Watches and Jewelry Repaired in the Best Manner. Do you want a Situation? A 10 cent advertisement in the "News" will supply it. AUCTION SALES, ASSIGNEE'S SALE. Will be sold at Public Auction, SATURDAY, March 6th at 9 A. M., at No. 200 North Main Street, the stock, fixtures, tools, etc., on said premises, HERMAN EPSTEIN, Assignee of John Rubin, GEORGE H. BURNHAM gives his personal attention to Auction Sales of Real Estate and Stocks. Estate, Office 4 Equitable Building, Piano and Music Dealers. First-Class Music, Chickering Sons, Schmer, Fisher, Bush, Gertz, Newby & Evans. Musical Merchandise of Every Description at Ira N. Coff & Co.'s, 168 Westminster Street. If You Want a Fine at All Low Prices, Call on M. Steinert & Sons Co., New England representatives of Steinway & Sons, Weber, E. Gabler & Bro., Harr & Co., Hennings, Wester Bros., and Hennings, W. H. Herrick, 176 and 178 Westminster St. Real Estate & Insurance. On at Per Cent. Per Annum, WM. H. Herrick, 27 Custom House St., Providence, R.I. WM. H. HALL, Real Estate Auctioneer and Broker Houses and Lots in all parts of the City and Suburbs, also farms at reasonable prices and easy terms, Choice Building Sites at Edgewood, 190 Weybosset Street, TO LET. Apply to WILLIAM H. HALL, TO Gor. Dorrance. id F. Goff David F. Goff, DEALER IN Real Estate v Mortgages, 70 Weybosset Street, ROOM 4, Providence, R. I SAMUEL S. YOITRE A CO. HOUSE STREET, New Cotten Carding Machines! This machine is similar to the Common for Ml Card, but has much more capacity, The machine Cylinder & 30 or 40 inches wide, and “S.nehos 1D d?.m.v-nv-, with 44 iron top flats. The Doffer is twice ty llll‘?n'l. in :Oim;u::;:;t "} 'l‘x;-!l“ k:"l I'n' i‘r"u hu"lln\; l", fi‘:;l\):-:”:{r: Ar‘nl'rn'v.p'v"{ %0 a 8 1o km#klm)nt'alnll:ln t and refuse. The qv Artificial Steel can be arranged so that all the flats from 10 to 50 minutes, as requires no attention. The arrangement of the steel is of high speed, the adjustment of the steel is more than doubled. BUILT BY THE FRANKLIN MACHINE CO. PROVIDENCE, R. & L THE MAGNIFICENT BOSTON HEATER FURNACES Are giving entire satisfaction. They are easily improved and have more space with less fuel than any other furnace on the market, Magee's Combination of Hot Water and Hot Air Are worthy the attention of those about to build, WILLIAM, MILLER, Sole Agent for all Magee Ranges, Ranges, Furnaces and Repairs 130 North Main Street, Are you in want of Melp? Try a 10-cent advertisement in the "News," PIANO AND MUSIC DEALERS, 1412 and 144 Westminster Street, NEW YORK, EVERYTHING New styles, Ew. Call and see us and be convinced how easy it purchase a Piano or an Organ on our SELF-SALENT INSTALLMENT PLAN. Large variety of select from, having an experience & have years. We feel confident that we have a selection of instruments second to none in the United States CORY BROTHERS, 142 and 144 Westminster Street, PROVIDENCE, R. I, MEDICAL ECONOMY. Nothing Succeeds Like Success DR. LEWIS IS SUCCESSFUL . The Glory of a Man is in His Strongness, Nerve or Physical Force. When Lost, Quickly Regained by Consulting Dr. C. J. Lewis, has discovered a new, extraordinary quick cure for diseases of the nervous system, including the causes of the nervous system, spinal cord, supermatorrhea, seminal weakness, and deranged functions of the nerves and general organs. This new and marvelous remedy has cured the most desperate cases of nervous disorders in both young and old, debilitated youth, it bestows the vigor of youth and in advanced age it establishes the vigor and vigor of youth. It is established the vigor and vigor of youth without the possibility of failure. Dr. Lewis's Compound Extract of Buchu, Acute or Chronic Discharges, Stomach, Retention of Urinary, Pimples, Mucous, and other disorders are particularly invited to visit Dr. Lewis. A ten guarantee of cures given in all cases arranged and undertaken. Dr. Lewis was recently consulted by Dr. Lewis, who have been personally consulted by Dr. Lewis. In curing various ailments, electric belts, etc., were wonderfully more harmful than good, as every disease commands different and least treatable treatment. To those who may have been ill, Lewis would say consult him and he will be disappointed one to all the duties of life, whether physical or mental, pertaining to life or "humanly" impaired. Consultation free, Dr. C.J. Lewis is permanently located at 129 Friendship Street, Providence, R.I., one from Richmond Street, (off and street). Hours all the year round from 9 to 2 and 6 to 9; day 10 to 2, not later. Rheumatism effectively cured. JUST PUBLISHED, GAS Cooking Ranges GAS Heating Stoves Will do all the work coal stoves can do with less expense, less trouble, and with much more comfort and convenience. Broiling of steaks, chops, fish, etc., cannot be equalled by any coal stove or range. Over 4,000 in use. FOR SALE AT THE GAS STOVE STORE, No. 16 Market St., Providence. CALL AT W. B. THOMPSON'S 847 and 349 High Street, And purchase a Recommended by the City Medical Department, Office Superintendent of Health, Blological Laboratory. City Hall, Providence, R. I., Aug. 21, 1888, A Pastour Flier, submitted to me for detailed examination, has been upon the face in the laboratory for upwards of a year, during which time daily and weekly analyses have been made, the results invariably showing a complete filtration of an analysis from the water supplied. SIRDNER T. SWARTS, M.D. Medical Inspection THOMAS JACKSON MANUFACTURER OF DYEING, BLEACHING And Calico Printers. Engraving Machinery, Shafting, Gearing, Calender and Mangle Rolls, ENGINE AND BOILER REPAIRING. 225 Dy St. Telephone 418-3 PROVIDENCE, R. I. ADVERTISEMENTS L ARGE OR SMALL INSERTED IN ANY NEWSPAPER, AT LOWEST RATES, WILLIAM J. DANIELSON, Newspaper Advertising and Subscription Agency NO. 62 WESTMINSTER ST. BROWN BROS. & CO, MANUFACTURERS OF Leathee Beiting, U. S. Standard Ring Travelers, Belt Hooks, Loom Forks, Factory Wire Goods, etc. GENERAL MILL FURNISHERS. PROVIDENCE NEW THELEPHONE NUMBER. 19768. MANCHESTER & HUDSON, MASONS' MATERIALS, % PINT STREET, EDICAL MINUTES the additional color "d'"l::““o fix},“oh m n iING “DEVELOPMENT ‘lBO, speedy cure of Yjects, Sexual BUSINESS Price 25 cents by mail to by address, from Alle Jor, Dr. U, LE or To the agents, the e st et Juce, Proprietor physician, lb‘m RHODE ISLAND. | 50,766 |
https://github.com/rchen8/connect-five/blob/master/src/Board.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,017 | connect-five | rchen8 | Java | Code | 660 | 1,437 | import java.util.Arrays;
/**
* The Board class represents the connect-five game board.
*
* @author Richard Chen
*
*/
public class Board {
/**
* Number of rows and columns of the game board
*/
public static final int BOARD_SIZE = 15;
/**
* Stores a human and AI version of the game board as well as the game
* winner
*/
private int[][] human, ai;
private int winner;
/**
* Constructs a connect-five game board
*/
public Board() {
human = new int[BOARD_SIZE][BOARD_SIZE];
ai = new int[BOARD_SIZE][BOARD_SIZE];
winner = 0;
}
/**
* Copies the values contained in the current game board
*
* @return the copied game board
* @see java.lang.Object#clone()
*/
@Override
public Board clone() {
Board copy = new Board();
for (int i = 0; i < BOARD_SIZE; i++) {
copy.getBoard(true)[i] = Arrays.copyOf(getBoard(true)[i],
BOARD_SIZE);
copy.getBoard(false)[i] = Arrays.copyOf(getBoard(false)[i],
BOARD_SIZE);
}
copy.setWinner(winner);
return copy;
}
/**
* Gets a human or AI version of the game board
*
* @param isHuman
* true if the desired board is human, false otherwise
* @return the desired version of the game board
*/
public int[][] getBoard(boolean isHuman) {
return isHuman ? human : ai;
}
/**
* Gets the current value of the game board
*
* @return the current value of the game board
*/
public int getBoardValue() {
int value = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < BOARD_SIZE; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < BOARD_SIZE; j++)
if (human[i][j] >= 0)
value += ai[i][j] - human[i][j];
return value;
}
/**
* Gets the winner of the game
*
* @return a value indicating the winning player of the game
*/
public int getWinner() {
return winner;
}
/**
* Checks if the given coordinate is within the bounds of the game board
*
* @param x
* the given x-coordinate
* @param y
* the given y-coordinate
* @return true if the move is within the bounds, false otherwise
*/
public static boolean isValid(int x, int y) {
return x >= 0 && y >= 0 && x < BOARD_SIZE && y < BOARD_SIZE;
}
/**
* Checks if the given move is valid
*
* @param x
* the given x-coordinate
* @param y
* the given y-coordinate
* @return true if the move is valid, false otherwise
*/
public boolean isValidMove(int x, int y) {
return isValid(x, y) && human[x][y] >= 0;
}
/**
* Moves the given player to the desired coordinate
*
* @param player
* a value indicating if the player is human or AI
* @param x
* the given x-coordinate
* @param y
* the given y-coordinate
*/
public void move(int player, int x, int y) {
human[x][y] = player;
ai[x][y] = player;
}
/**
* Sets the given coordinate to the desired value
*
* @param player
* a value indicating if the player is human or AI
* @param x
* the given x-coordinate
* @param y
* the given y-coordinate
* @param value
* the desired value
*/
public void setValue(int player, int x, int y, int value) {
if (player == Human.HUMAN_PLAYER)
human[x][y] = value;
else if (player == AI.AI_PLAYER)
ai[x][y] = value;
}
/**
* Sets the winner to the given player
*
* @param player
* a value indicating if the player is human or AI
*/
public void setWinner(int player) {
winner = player;
}
/**
* Creates a String representation of the game board
*
* @return a String representing the game board
* @see java.lang.Object#toString()
*/
@Override
public String toString() {
String print = " ";
for (int i = 0; i < BOARD_SIZE; i++)
print += String.format("%3d", i);
print += "\n";
for (int i = 0; i < BOARD_SIZE; i++) {
print += String.format("%3d", i);
for (int j = 0; j < BOARD_SIZE; j++)
print += String.format("%3s", human[i][j] >= 0 ? "-"
: human[i][j] == Human.HUMAN_PLAYER ? "X" : "O");
print += "\n";
}
return print;
}
}
| 14,290 |
US-201113184607-A_1 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,011 | None | None | English | Spoken | 7,383 | 8,780 | Method of manufacturing ceramic electronic component, ceramic electronic component, and wiring board
ABSTRACT
A method of manufacturing a ceramic electronic component prevents variations in characteristics even when the ceramic electronic component is embedded in a wiring board. Ceramic green sheets containing an organic binder having a degree of polymerization in a range from about 1000 to about 1500 are prepared. A first conductive paste layer is formed on a surface of each of the ceramic green sheets. The ceramic green sheets are laminated to form a raw ceramic laminated body. A second conductive paste layer is formed on a surface of the raw ceramic laminated body. The raw ceramic laminated body formed with the second conductive paste layer is fired.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a ceramic electronic component, a ceramic electronic component, and a wiring board. The present invention particularly relates to a method of manufacturing a ceramic electronic component that is preferably embedded in a wiring board, a ceramic electronic component, and a ceramic electronic component-embedded wiring board embedded with the ceramic electronic component.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, along with the reduction in size and thickness of electronic devices, such as mobile phones and mobile music players, wiring boards mounted on the electronic devices have been reduced in size.
A method of reducing the size of a wiring board is proposed in, for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2001-352141. The method embeds a chip capacitor in a wiring board, forms a through-hole with a laser in a portion of the wiring board located above the chip capacitor, and plates the interior of the through-hole, to thereby form a wiring leading to the chip capacitor. According to this method, it is possible to reduce the component mounting area on a surface of the wiring board, and to reduce the size of the wiring board.
If a chip capacitor is embedded in a wiring board by the method described in the above patent application publication, however, there arises an issue of variation in the characteristics of the wiring board embedded with the chip capacitor.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In view of the above, preferred embodiments of the present invention provide a method of manufacturing a ceramic electronic component in which variations in characteristics are prevented and minimized even when the ceramic electronic is embedded in a wiring board.
A method of manufacturing a ceramic electronic component according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention manufactures a ceramic electronic component including a substantially rectangular parallelepiped-shaped ceramic body, first and second internal electrodes, and first and second external electrodes. The ceramic body includes mutually facing first and second main surfaces extending in the length direction and the width direction, mutually facing first and second side surfaces extending in the length direction and the thickness direction, and mutually facing first and second end surfaces extending in the width direction and the thickness direction, and has a length dimension L, a width dimension W, and a thickness dimension T satisfying relationships of T≦W<L, about ⅕ W≦T≦about ½ W, and T≦about 0.3 mm. The first and second internal electrodes are arranged inside the ceramic body to at least partially face each other in the thickness direction. The first external electrode is located on an end portion of the first main surface on one side in the length direction, and is electrically connected to the first internal electrode. The second external electrode is located on an end portion of the first main surface on the other side in the length direction, and is electrically connected to the second internal electrode. In the method of manufacturing a ceramic electronic component according to the present preferred embodiment of the present invention, ceramic green sheets containing an organic binder having a degree of polymerization in a range from about 1000 to about 1500 are prepared. A surface of each of the ceramic green sheets is applied with conductive paste to form a first conductive paste layer for forming the first or second internal electrode. The ceramic green sheets are laminated to form a raw ceramic laminated body having the first conductive paste layer formed therein. A surface of the raw ceramic laminated body is supplied with conductive paste to form a second conductive paste layer for forming the first and second external electrodes. The raw ceramic laminated body formed with the second conductive paste layer is fired.
In a specific aspect of a method of manufacturing a ceramic electronic component according to a preferred embodiment of the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the method of manufacturing a ceramic electronic component may further include a pressing process of pressing the raw ceramic laminated body before the firing. The pressing process may press, via an elastic body, the raw ceramic laminated body in the thickness direction. In this case, it is possible to reduce the surface roughness of the first and second external electrodes. When laser light is applied to the first and second external electrodes, therefore, it is possible to prevent diffuse reflection of the laser light from the respective surfaces of the first and second external electrodes.
In another specific aspect of a method of manufacturing a ceramic electronic component according to a preferred embodiment of the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the method of manufacturing a ceramic electronic component may further include a step of performing Cu-plating on the fired second conductive paste layer. In this case, it is possible to increase the reflectance of the laser light from the first and second external electrodes.
In another specific aspect of a method of manufacturing a ceramic electronic component according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, polyvinyl butyral having a degree of polymerization in a range from about 1000 to about 1500 may be used as the organic binder.
A ceramic electronic component according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a substantially rectangular parallelepiped-shaped ceramic body, first and second internal electrodes, and first and second external electrodes. The ceramic body includes first and second main surfaces, first and second side surfaces, and first and second end surfaces. The first and second main surfaces extend in the length direction and the width direction, and face each other. The first and second side surfaces extend in the length direction and the thickness direction, and face each other. The first and second end surfaces extend in the width direction and the thickness direction, and face each other. The ceramic body has a length dimension L, a width dimension W, and a thickness dimension T satisfying relationships of T≦W<L, about ⅕ W≦T≦about ½ W, and T≦about 0.3 mm. The first and second internal electrodes are arranged inside of the ceramic body to at least partially face each other in the thickness direction. The first external electrode is located on an end portion of the first main surface on one side in the length direction, and is electrically connected to the first internal electrode. The second external electrode is located on an end portion of the first main surface on the other side in the length direction, and is electrically connected to the second internal electrode. When a plane passes through a portion of the first main surface corresponding to the location of an end portion of the first external electrode on the other side in the length direction and a portion of the first main surface corresponding to the location of an end portion of the second external electrode on the one side in the length direction, the distance between the plane and a portion of the first main surface most distant from the plane is about 4.9 μm or less.
In a specific aspect of a ceramic electronic component according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the surface roughness (Ra) of the respective surfaces of the first and second external electrodes may be about 1.55 μm or less. According to this configuration, it is possible to reduce the surface roughness of the first and second external electrodes. When laser light is applied to the first and second external electrodes, therefore, it is possible to prevent diffuse reflection of the laser light from the respective surfaces of the first and second external electrodes.
In various preferred embodiments of the present invention, the surface roughness (Ra) refers to arithmetic mean roughness Ra specified in JIS B0601-1994.
A wiring board according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention includes the above-described ceramic electronic component according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and a wiring board body embedded with the ceramic electronic component.
In a specific aspect of a wiring board according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the wiring board body may be formed with through-holes opening toward the first and second external electrodes of the ceramic electronic component.
According to various preferred embodiments of the present invention, it is possible to provide a method of manufacturing a ceramic electronic component with minimized variation in characteristics even when embedded in a wiring board, and to provide a ceramic electronic component.
The above and other elements, features, steps, characteristics and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments with reference to the attached drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a ceramic electronic component according to a first preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic side view of the ceramic electronic component according to the first preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of FIG. 1 taken along the line III-III.
FIG. 4 is an enlarged schematic cross-sectional view of a part of the ceramic electronic component according to the first preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view of FIG. 3 taken along the line V-V.
FIG. 6 is a schematic plan view of a ceramic green sheet formed with conductive patterns.
FIG. 7 is a schematic plan view of a mother laminated body.
FIG. 8 is a schematic cross-sectional view for explaining a pressing process of the mother laminated body.
FIG. 9 is a schematic cross-sectional view for explaining a process of applying an adhesive to a base board.
FIG. 10 is a schematic cross-sectional view for explaining a process of bonding the ceramic electronic component to the base board.
FIG. 11 is a schematic cross-sectional view for explaining a process of forming a wiring board body.
FIG. 12 is a schematic cross-sectional view for explaining a process of forming a via hole.
FIG. 13 is an enlarged schematic cross-sectional view of a part of a wiring board.
FIG. 14 is a schematic view for explaining the amount of warping of the ceramic electronic component.
FIG. 15 is a schematic view for explaining a process of forming a via hole with laser light, when a ceramic body is warped.
FIG. 16 is a schematic view for explaining a process of forming a via hole with laser light, when the surface of an external electrode has high surface roughness.
FIG. 17 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a ceramic electronic component according to a second preferred embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS First Preferred Embodiment
A first preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to a ceramic electronic component 1 illustrated in FIG. 1 as an example. The ceramic electronic component 1, however, is only an example. The present invention is not limited at all by the ceramic electronic component 1 and a manufacturing method thereof described below.
FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a ceramic electronic component according to a first preferred embodiment.
FIG. 2 is a schematic side view of the ceramic electronic component according to the first preferred embodiment. FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of FIG. 1 taken along the line III-III. FIG. 4 is an enlarged schematic cross-sectional view of a portion of the ceramic electronic component according to the first preferred embodiment. FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view of FIG. 3 taken along the line V-V.
With reference to FIGS. 1 to 5, the configuration of the ceramic electronic component 1 will be first described.
As illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 3, the ceramic electronic component 1 includes a ceramic body 10. The ceramic body 10 is made of a suitable ceramic material according to the functions of the ceramic electronic component 1. Specifically, if the ceramic electronic component 1 is a capacitor, the ceramic body 10 may be made of a dielectric ceramic material. Specific examples of the dielectric ceramic material include, for example, BaTiO₃, CaTiO₃, SrTiO₃, and CaZrO₃. In the ceramic body 10, the above-described ceramic material serving as a main ingredient may be added as appropriate with an accessory ingredient, such as a Mn compound, a Mg compound, a Si compound, an Fe compound, a Cr compound, a Co compound, a Ni compound, and a rare earth compound, for example, in accordance with the desired characteristics of the ceramic electronic component 1.
If the ceramic electronic component 1 is a ceramic piezoelectric element, the ceramic body 10 may be made of a piezoelectric ceramic material. Specific examples of the piezoelectric ceramic material include, for example, a PZT (lead zirconate titanate)-based ceramic material.
If the ceramic electronic component 1 is a thermistor element, the ceramic body 10 may be made of a semiconductor ceramic material. Specific examples of the semiconductor ceramic material include, for example, a spinel-based ceramic material.
If the ceramic electronic component 1 is an inductor element, the ceramic body 10 may be made of a magnetic ceramic material. Specific examples of the magnetic ceramic material include, for example, a ferrite ceramic material.
The ceramic body 10 is formed preferably into a substantially rectangular parallelepiped shape, for example. As illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 3, the ceramic body 10 includes first and second main surfaces 10 a and 10 b, first and second side surfaces 10 c and 10 d, and first and second end surfaces 10 e and 10 f. As illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 3, the first and second main surfaces 10 a and 10 b extend in the length direction L and the width direction W, and face each other. As illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 5, the first and second side surfaces 10 c and 10 d extend in the thickness direction T and the length direction L, and face each other. As illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 5, the first and second end surfaces 10 e and 10 f extend in the thickness direction T and the width direction W, and face each other.
In the present specification, the term “substantially rectangular parallelepiped shape” includes a substantially rectangular parallelepiped having corner portions and ridgeline portions square-chamfered or round-chamfered. That is, a member having a “substantially rectangular parallelepiped shape” refers to any member having first and second main surfaces, first and second side surfaces, and first and second end surfaces. Further, portions of or all of the main surfaces, the side surfaces, and the end surfaces may have irregularities. That is, each of the main surfaces, the side surfaces, and the end surfaces is not necessarily required to be flat.
The dimensions of the ceramic body 10 are not particularly limited. However, when the thickness dimension, the length dimension, and the width dimension of the ceramic body 10 are represented as T, L, and W, respectively, it is preferred that the ceramic body 10 be thin enough to satisfy relationships of T≦W<L, about ⅕ W≦T≦about ½ W, and T≦about 0.3 mm, for example. Specifically, it is preferred that the ceramic body 10 have dimensions of about 0.1 mm≦T≦about 0.3 mm, about 0.4 mm≦L≦about 1 mm, and about 0.2 mm≦W≦about 0.5 mm, for example.
The thickness of a ceramic layer 10 g (see FIG. 3) is not particularly limited. The thickness of the ceramic layer 10 g may be set in, for example, a range from about 0.5 μm to about 10 μm.
As illustrated in FIG. 3, inside the ceramic body 10, a plurality of substantially rectangular first and second internal electrodes 11 and 12 are alternately arranged at regular intervals in the thickness direction T. Each of the first and second internal electrodes 11 and 12 is parallel or substantially parallel to the first and second main surfaces 10 a and 10 b.
As illustrated in FIG. 3, the first internal electrode 11 is arranged to extend in the length direction L and the width direction W. The first internal electrode 11 is exposed to the first end surface 10 e of the ceramic body 10, and extends from the first end surface 10 e toward the second end surface 10 f. The first internal electrode 11 does not reach the second end surface 10 f and the first and second side surfaces 10 c and 10 d. Meanwhile, the second internal electrode 12 is arranged to also extend in the length direction L and the width direction W. As illustrated in FIG. 3, the second internal electrode 12 is exposed to the second end surface 10 f of the ceramic body 10, and extends from the second end surface 10 f toward the first end surface 10 e. The second internal electrode 12 does not reach the first end surface 10 e and the first and second side surfaces 10 c and 10 d. The first and second internal electrodes 11 and 12 are located at the same position in the width direction W. Therefore, the first and second internal electrodes 11 and 12 face each other via the ceramic layer 10 g in a central portion of the ceramic body 10 in the length direction L. The first and second internal electrodes 11 and 12 do not face each other in the thickness direction T in opposite end portions of the ceramic body 10 in the length direction L.
A portion of the ceramic body 10, in which the first and second internal electrodes 11 and 12 face each other, defines an effective portion 10A exhibiting the functions of a capacitor.
The material forming the first and second internal electrodes 11 and 12 is not particularly limited. The first and second internal electrodes 11 and 12 may be made of, for example, a metal, such as Ni, Cu, Ag, Pd, and Au, or an alloy containing one or more of the metals, such as an Ag—Pd alloy.
Further, the thickness of the first and second internal electrodes 11 and 12 is not particularly limited. The thickness of the first and second internal electrodes 11 and 12 may be set in, for example, a range from about 0.3 μm to about 2 μm.
As illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 3, first and second external electrodes 13 and 14 are provided on the surface of the ceramic body 10. The first external electrode 13 is electrically connected to the first internal electrode 11. The first external electrode 13 includes a first portion 13 a located on an end portion of the first main surface 10 a on one side in the length direction L, a second portion 13 b located on the second main surface 10 b, and a third portion 13 c located on the first end surface 10 e. In the present preferred embodiment, the first external electrode 13 is preferably arranged to slightly wrap around respective end portions of the first and second side surfaces 10 c and 10 d in the length direction L. Specifically, the length in the length direction L of the first external electrode 13 on the first and second side surfaces 10 c and 10 d is less than half of the length in the length direction L of the first portion 13 a. Further, the first external electrode 13 hardly projects from the first and second side surfaces 10 c and 10 d in the width direction W. With this configuration, it is possible to reduce the dimension of the ceramic electronic component 1 in the width direction W. The first external electrode 13 may be configured not to be substantially formed on the first and second side surfaces 10 c and 10 d.
Meanwhile, the second external electrode 14 is electrically connected to the second internal electrode 12. The second external electrode 14 includes a first portion 14 a located on an end portion of the first main surface 10 a on the other side in the length direction L, a second portion 14 b located on the second main surface 10 b, and a third portion 14 c located on the second end surface 10 f. In the present preferred embodiment, the second external electrode 14 is arranged to slightly wrap around respective end portions of the first and second side surfaces 10 c and 10 d in the length direction L. Specifically, the length in the length direction L of the second external electrode 14 on the first and second side surfaces 10 c and 10 d is less than half the length in the length direction L of the first portion 14 a. Further, the second external electrode 14 hardly projects from the first and second side surfaces 10 c and 10 d in the width direction W. With this configuration, it is possible to reduce the dimension of the ceramic electronic component 1 in the width direction W. The second external electrode 14 may be configured not to be substantially provided on the first and second side surfaces 10 c and 10 d.
In the present preferred embodiment, the first and second portions 13 a and 13 b and 14 a and 14 b of the first and second external electrodes 13 and 14 partially face the effective portion 10A in the thickness direction T.
Subsequently, with reference to FIG. 4, description will be made of the specific configuration of the first and second external electrodes 13 and 14 of the present preferred embodiment. The first and second external electrodes 13 and 14 are preferably defined by a laminated body including first and second conductive layers 15 and 16. The first conductive layer is located on the ceramic body 10. The second conductive layer 16 is location on a portion of the first conductive layer 15. In the present preferred embodiment, therefore, the second conductive layer 16 defines the outermost layer of the first and second external electrodes 13 and 14.
The first conductive layer 15 may be made of a suitable conductive material. The first conductive layer 15 may be made of, for example, a metal, such as Ni, Cu, Ag, Pd, and Au, or an alloy containing one or more of the metals, such as an Ag—Pd alloy. The thickness of the first conductive layer 15 may be set in, for example, a range from about 3 μm to about 20 μm.
The first conductive layer 15 preferably includes an inorganic bonding material. The inorganic bonding material is an ingredient for enhancing the adhesion strength to the ceramic body 10. If the first conductive layer 15 is formed by co-firing, the inorganic bonding material is also called a common material, and may be, for example, a ceramic material which is the same type as the ceramic material contained in the ceramic body 10. The inorganic bonding material may be, for example, a ceramic material whose main ingredient is the same as that of the ceramic material contained in the ceramic body 10. Further, if the first conductive layer 15 is formed by post-firing, the inorganic bonding material may be, for example, a glass ingredient.
The content of the inorganic bonding material in the first conductive layer 15 is preferably in, for example, a range from about 40 volume percent to about 60 volume percent.
In the second conductive layer 16, it is preferred to use, for example, a metal selected from a group of Cu, Ni, Sn, Pb, Au, Ag, Pd, Al, Bi, and Zn or an alloy containing the metal.
In particular, if the ceramic electronic component 1 is embedded in a wiring board, it is preferred to use, as the metal defining the outermost layer of a plated layer, a metal selected from a group of Cu, Au, Ag, and Al or an alloy containing the metal. This is because laser light passing through the wiring board is applied, in some cases, to the first and second external electrodes 13 and 14 in the embedding process, and the above-described metals effectively reflect the laser light.
The second conductive layer 16 preferably includes a plated film, and the thickness thereof is preferably in a range from about 1 μm to about 15 μm, for example.
Further, the second conductive layer 16 is preferably arranged to completely cover the first conductive layer 15.
Further, another conductive layer, such as a resin layer, for example, may be provided between the second conductive layer 16 and the first conductive layer 15.
In the present preferred embodiment, the first portions 13 a and 14 a and the second portions 13 b and 14 b of the first and second external electrodes 13 and 14 are partially embedded in the first main surface 10 a and the second main surface 10 b, respectively. Therefore, the portions of the first and second main surfaces 10 a and 10 b, on which the first and second portions 13 a and 13 b and 14 a and 14 b are located, are located closer to the center in the thickness direction T than the portions of the first and second main surfaces 10 a and 10 b, on which the first and second portions 13 a and 13 b and 14 a and 14 b are not located.
It is now assumed that t₀ represents the thickness of each of the first and second portions 13 a and 13 b and 14 a and 14 b of the first and second external electrodes 13 and 14, and that t₁ represents the thickness of a portion of each of the first and second portions 13 a and 13 b and 14 a and 14 b of the first and second external electrodes 13 and 14 embedded in the ceramic body 10. In this case, the thicknesses t₁ and t₀ preferably satisfy a relationship of about 1/10t₀≦t₁≦about ⅖·t₀ in the present preferred embodiment. Therefore, the reduction in thickness and high reliability of the ceramic electronic component 1 are both reliably achieved.
If the thickness t₁ is less than about 1/10t₀, the adhesion between the ceramic body 10 and the first and second portions 13 a and 13 b and 14 a and 14 b of the first and second external electrodes 13 and 14 is excessively reduced, and the first and second portions 13 a and 13 b and 14 a and 14 b easily separate from the ceramic body 10. As a result, the reliability is reduced in some cases. Further, if the thickness t₁ is less than about 1/10t₀, a thickness t₂ of the non-embedded portion of each of the first and second portions 13 a and 13 b and 14 a and 14 b of the first and second external electrodes 13 and 14 is excessively increased. As a result, a sufficient reduction in thickness of the ceramic electronic component 1 is not attained in some cases.
Meanwhile, if the thickness t₁ is more than about ⅖·t₀, the reliability of the ceramic electronic component 1 is reduced in some cases. This is considered to be because, when the first and second portions 13 a and 13 b and 14 a and 14 b are embedded into the ceramic body 10, the first and second internal electrodes 11 and 12 are applied with large stress and damaged, and a failure to obtain a desired capacitance or a short-circuit occurs.
In the present preferred embodiment, the thickness t₀ may be set in, for example, a range from about 10 μm to about 50 μm.
Subsequently, an example of a method of manufacturing the ceramic electronic component 1 of the present preferred embodiment will be described mainly with reference to FIGS. 6 to 8.
A ceramic green sheet 20 (see FIG. 6) containing a ceramic material for forming the ceramic body 10 and an organic binder is first prepared. Herein, the degree of polymerization of the organic binder is set in a range from about 1000 to about 1500 in the present preferred embodiment. Specific examples of a preferably used organic binder include, for example, polyvinyl butyral (PVB) having a degree of polymerization in a range from about 1000 to about 1500.
Then, as illustrated in FIG. 6, conductive paste is applied onto the ceramic green sheet 20 to form a first conductive paste layer 21 for forming the first or second internal electrodes 11 or 12. The application of conductive patterns may be performed by a variety of printing methods, such as a screen printing method, for example. The conductive paste may contain a publicly known binder or solvent, as well as conductive microparticles.
Then, the ceramic green sheets 20 not formed with the first conductive paste layer 21 and the ceramic green sheets 20 formed with the first conductive paste layer 21 are laminated with the respective positions thereof shifted as appropriate in the length direction L, and are pressed in the direction of lamination by a method such as isostatic pressing. Thereby, a mother laminated body 22 illustrated in FIG. 7 is produced.
Then, as illustrated in FIG. 7, conductive paste is applied onto the mother laminated body 22 by a suitable printing method, such as a screen printing method. As a result, a second conductive paste layer 23 is formed which has a shape corresponding to the portions of the first conductive layer 15 of the first and second external electrodes 13 and 14 defining the first and second portions 13 a and 13 b and 14 a and 14 b.
Then, the mother laminated body 22 is pressed again in the direction of lamination (thickness direction). With this pressing process, the second conductive paste layer 23 is partially embedded. The amount of embedding of the second conductive paste layer 23 can be adjusted by the adjustment of, for example, the pressing amount, the pressing pressure, or the hardness or modulus of elasticity of a member which comes into contact with the mother laminated body 22 in the pressing process.
Specifically, for example, if the mother laminated body 22 is pressed without an elastic body, such as rubber, interposed between each of the opposite main surfaces of the mother laminated body 22 and a die facing the main surface, the amount of embedding of the second conductive paste layer 23 is increased. Meanwhile, if the pressing is performed with elastic bodies 24 a and 24 b, such as rubber, respectively arranged in contact with dies 26 a and 26 b and the opposite main surfaces of the mother laminated body 22 facing the dies 26 a and 26 b, as illustrated in FIG. 8, the amount of embedding is relatively reduced. Further, the amount of embedding can be adjusted by the adjustment of, for example, the modulus of elasticity of the elastic bodies 24 a and 24 b.
Further, with this pressing process, it is possible to reduce the surface roughness of the surface of the second conductive paste layer 23, and thus to reduce the surface roughness of the respective surfaces of the first and second external electrodes 13 and 14.
Then, the mother laminated body 22 is cut along virtual cut lines CL illustrated in FIG. 7. Thereby, a plurality of raw ceramic laminated bodies are produced from the mother laminated body 22. The cutting of the mother laminated body 22 may be performed by dicing or press-cutting.
After the raw ceramic laminated bodies are formed, square-chamfering or round-chamfering of corner portions and ridgeline portions and polishing of the surface layer may be performed on each of the raw ceramic laminated bodies by barrel polishing or other suitable process.
Thereafter, the opposite end surfaces of the raw ceramic laminated body are applied with conductive paste by, for example, a dipping method. Thereby, each of the opposite end surfaces of the ceramic laminated body is also formed with a conductive paste layer.
Then, the raw ceramic laminated body is fired. In the firing process, the above formed conductive paste layers are simultaneously fired (co-fired). The firing temperature may be set as appropriate in accordance with the type of the ceramic material and the conductive paste to be used. The firing temperature may be set in, for example, a range from about 900° C. to about 1300° C.
Thereafter, polishing, such as barrel polishing, is performed as required.
The simultaneously fired conductive paste layers are subjected to plating, such as Cu plating, for example. Thereby, the second conductive layer 16 is formed, and the first and second external electrodes 13 and 14 are completed.
The ceramic electronic component 1 of the present preferred embodiment is preferably embedded in a wiring board. Subsequently, a method of manufacturing a ceramic electronic component-embedded wiring board embedded with the ceramic electronic component 1 will be described mainly with reference to FIGS. 9 to 13.
As illustrated in FIG. 9, an adhesive 31 is first applied onto a base board 30. The base board 30 is not particularly limited. The base board 30 may be formed by a resin board or other suitable material made of, for example, a glass epoxy resin. Further, the thickness of the base board 30 is not particularly limited, and may be set in, for example, a range from about 25 μm to about 50 μm. As the adhesive 31, an epoxy resin-based adhesive may be used, for example. The adhesive 31 may be, for example, a heat-curing resin adhesive or a light-curing resin adhesive.
Then, the ceramic electronic component 1 is disposed on the adhesive 31, and the adhesive 31 is cured to form an adhesive 32, as illustrated in FIG. 10. As a result, the ceramic electronic component 1 is bonded to the base board 30.
Then, as illustrated in FIG. 11, a core material 33 is disposed on a portion of the base board 30, on which the ceramic electronic component 1 is not disposed. Further, a sheet 34 containing a curing resin in a half-cured state is placed on and pressed against the core material 33 and the ceramic electronic component 1. In this state, the sheet 34 is fully cured. Thereby, as illustrated in FIG. 12, a wiring board 37 can be completed which includes the ceramic electronic component 1 embedded in a wiring board body 35 formed by the base board 30, the core material 33, and the sheet 34. The core material 33 may be formed by a resin board or other suitable material made of, for example, a glass epoxy resin.
Then, laser light is applied to the wiring board 37 from above a Cu layer 36 patterned on the base board 30 (conformal mask method). Thereby, a via hole 39 (see FIG. 13) opening to the first or second external electrode 13 or 14 is formed in the wiring board 37. Preferably, the spot diameter of the laser light is about 100 μm, for example. Therefore, the length in the length direction L of each of the first portions 13 a and 14 a is preferably in a range from about 170 μm to about 250 μm, for example.
Thereafter, a desmearing process is performed to remove smear adhering to the side wall of the via hole 39 and so forth. Specifically, the smear is removed by a treatment using a strong alkaline substance, such as potassium permanganate, and thereafter acid rinsing is performed.
Plating, such as electroless plating, may be further performed to form, in the via hole 39, a conductor connected to the first or second external electrode 13 or 14.
Meanwhile, in a related art ceramic electronic component formed into a substantially prismatic shape and including a multitude of first and second internal electrodes, the ceramic electronic component is resistant to warping in the thickness direction T, and the warp of the ceramic electronic component has not been a major issue. However, in a thin and substantially flat ceramic electronic component, as in the present preferred embodiment in which the relationships of T≦W<L, about ⅕ W≦T≦about ½ W, and T≦about 0.3 mm hold, the thickness dimension T of the ceramic body 10 is small. Therefore, an issue arises in that the ceramic body 10 is subject to warping in the thickness direction T.
For example, as illustrated in FIG. 14, if the ceramic body 10 warps in the thickness direction T, when a wiring board embedded with the ceramic electronic component 1 is applied with laser light to form a via hole, laser light 40 is reflected in a different direction from the incident direction by the first or second external electrode 13 or 14, as schematically illustrated in FIG. 15. Therefore, the via hole 39 is formed into an undesired shape. As a result, the electrical characteristics of the wiring board 37 embedded with the ceramic electronic component 1 vary.
Meanwhile, in the present preferred embodiment, the degree of polymerization of the organic binder contained in the ceramic green sheet 20 (see FIG. 6) is preferably set in a range from about 1000 to about 1500, for example. It is therefore possible to reduce the amount of warping of the ceramic body 10, as supported by experiment examples described later. Specifically, when a plane passes through a portion of the first main surface corresponding to the location of an end portion of the first external electrode on the other side in the length direction and a portion of the first main surface corresponding to the location of an end portion of the second external electrode on the one side in the length direction, it is possible to set a distance X1 between the plane and a portion of the first main surface most distant from the plane to about 4.9 μm or less, for example. It is thereby possible to preferably reduce the amount of warping of the ceramic body 10. Accordingly, it is possible to form the via hole 39 with high accuracy, and to prevent variations in the electrical characteristics of the wiring board 37.
Further, in the present preferred embodiment, the surface roughness of the surface of the second conductive paste layer 23 is reduced by the pressing process of the mother laminated body 22 formed with the second conductive paste layer 23. Consequently, it is possible to reduce the surface roughness of the respective surfaces of the first and second external electrodes 13 and 14. Specifically, it is possible to reduce the surface roughness (Ra) of the respective surfaces of the first and second external electrodes 13 and 14 to about 1.55 μm or less, for example. As illustrated in FIG. 16, therefore, it is possible to prevent scattered reflection of the laser light 40. Consequently, it is possible to further improve the accuracy of the via hole 39, and to more effectively reduce the variation in the electrical characteristics of the wiring board 37.
Another example of a preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described below. In the following description, members substantially similar in function to the members of the above-described first preferred embodiment will be designated by the same reference numerals, and description thereof will be omitted.
Second Preferred Embodiment
FIG. 17 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a ceramic electronic component according to a second preferred embodiment of the present invention.
In the above-described first preferred embodiment, description has been made of the example in which each of the first and second internal electrodes 11 and 12 is drawn to the first or second end surface 10 e or 10 f, and in which each of the first and second end surfaces 10 e and 10 f includes the first or second external electrode 13 or 14, to thereby electrically connect each of the first and second internal electrodes 11 and to the first or second external electrode 13 or 14. The present invention, however, is not limited to this configuration.
For example, as illustrated in FIG. 17, via hole electrodes 25 a and 25 b may be formed to draw the first and second internal electrodes 11 and 12 to the first and second main surfaces 10 a and 10 b and electrically connect the first and second internal electrodes 11 and 12 to the first and second external electrodes 13 and 14 on the first and second main surfaces 10 a and 10 b. In this case, the first and second external electrodes 13 and 14 may be formed on at least one of the first and second main surfaces 10 a and 10 b, and may not necessarily be formed on the first and second side surfaces 10 c and 10 d and the first and second end surfaces 10 e and 10 f.
Experiment Examples 1 to 5
As described in Table 1 given below, 10000 ceramic electronic components serving as ceramic capacitors similar in configuration to the ceramic electronic component 1 of the above-described first preferred embodiment were produced in each of the experiment examples by the manufacturing method described in the above-described first preferred embodiment with different degrees of polymerization of the binder, and were mounted on a wiring board. Then, in the mounting process, the number of ceramic electronic components that failed to be sucked by a suction head of a mounting device (the number of suction failures) was counted. Further, the number of ceramic electronic components cracked or chipped in the mounting process (the number of cracks or chips) was counted. The results are presented in Table 1 given below.
Further, the shape of the first main surface was measured with the use of a laser displacement meter to measure the distance X1. The results are presented in Table 1 given below.
Detailed conditions for Experiment Examples 1 to 5 are as follows.
Conditions for Experiment Examples 1 to 5
Thickness of ceramic layer (after firing): about 4 μm
Binder: polyvinyl butyral
Ceramic material: BaTiO₃
Number of internal electrodes: 23
Designed capacitance: about 100 pF
Dimensions of ceramic electronic component: length of about 1 mm, width of about 0.5 mm, and thickness of about 0.14 mm
Second conductive layer: two-layer laminated body including Cu-plated layer (total thickness: about 7.5 μm)
Maximum firing temperature: about 1200° C.
Time duration at maximum firing temperature: about two hours
Pressing pressure applied to mother laminated body after formation of second conductive paste layer: about 77.2 MPa
Thickness of core material: about 0.15 mm
Thickness of base board: about 25 μm
Length of via hole: about 25 μm
Laser light applied in via hole forming process: CO₂ laser
Laser light application condition: apply laser light with about 2 mj for about 16 μs
TABLE 1 Experiment example 1 2 3 4 5 Degree of 900 1000 1200 1500 1600 polymerization X1 (μm) 5.9 4.9 1.9 1.7 Failed Suction 48/10000 0/10000 0/10000 0/10000 to failures form (number) Cracks or chips 12/10000 0/10000 0/10000 0/10000 (number)
As described in Table 1 given above, in Experiment Example 1 with a distance X1 of more than about 4.9 μm, suction failure and cracking or chipping in the mounting process occurred in some cases. Meanwhile, in Experiment Examples 2 to 5 with a distance X1 of about 4.9 μm or less, neither suction failure nor cracking or chipping in the mounting process occurred. Experiment Example 5 with a degree of polymerization of about 1600 failed to preferably form paste, and failed to form a ceramic body. It is understood from the above results that it is preferred to set the degree of polymerization of the resin binder in a range from about 1000 to about 1500, for example, and to set the distance X1 to about 4.9 μm or less.
| 24,120 |
7514897_1 | Caselaw Access Project | Open Government | Public Domain | 1,991 | None | None | English | Spoken | 34 | 67 | In re Lofton, John T. Jr.; — Plaintiffs); applying for writ of certiorari and/or review; to the Court of Appeal, Third Circuit, No. CA91-0229; Parish of LaSalle, 28th Judicial District Court, No. 25,308.
Denied..
| 42,099 |
5660447_1 | Court Listener | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,022 | None | None | English | Spoken | 4,066 | 5,906 | KAUS, P. J.
When a minor who is subject to the control of the Youth Authority nears his 21st birthday, the time he would normally be discharged (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 1769), the Youth Authority Board may apply to the committing court for an order directing that he remain subject to its control after he has reached the age of majority. (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 1800.) If the court finds “that discharge of the person would be physically dangerous to the public because of his mental or physical deficiency, disorder, or abnormality,” it must make an order that the Youth Authority “continue the treatment.” (Welf. & Inst. Code, §1801.) Thereafter the *764Youth Authority may seek renewal of the commitment every two years in case the original commitment was by the juvenile court, and every five years if it resulted from a conviction in criminal proceedings. (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 1802.) It may, of course, discharge the “person” at any time if “it is satisfied that such discharge is consistent with the protection of the public.” (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 1766.)
This is an appeal from an order of commitment made under the provisions of section 1802.1
Because of the nature of the contentions made by appellant, we must summarize his various contacts with the processes of the Juvenile Court Law.
On May 19, 1960, an order was made making F. a ward of the juvenile court. He was committed to the care of the probation officer to be returned to his home on probation. On September 29, 1960, after the filing of two additional petitions, physical custody was taken from the parents and F. was ordered placed in a forestry camp. On December 27, 1960, after a hearing at which F. was not represented by counsel, he was committed to the Youth Authority. It appeared at that time that he had been unable to adjust to the probation program. This was what we shall refer to as the “first commitment.” Sometime thereafter F. was paroled (Welf. & Inst. Code, §1766), but while on parole he again got into trouble. On February 19, 1963, there was held a so-called “detention hearing.” (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 632.) The court explained to F. who was then 17 years old, that the purpose of the hearing was to acquaint him with the charges contained in a petition that had been filed by the probation officer, to inform him and his parents of their legal rights and to determine where he would spend his time between then and the date for the hearing on the petition. The court continued: “Under the law, James, you and your parents have the right to be represented by counsel at all stages of these proceedings, and to have court process issue in your behalf, such as subpoenas for witnesses. In addition, you have the right to remain silent, but if you care to you may answer questions which the Court is going to ask you this morning. . . .” F. said he understood, as did his father, who was present.
F. was detained pending the hearing, which took place before a referee on March 7, 1963. The referee recommended *765that F. be readjudged a ward of the court and that he be returned to the Youth Authority for further disposition. The order was approved by the court on March 11. This was what we shall call the “second commitment.” The record shows that at the hearing of March 7, F. was not represented by counsel. The parties have, however, been unable to obtain a reporter’s transcript which would show whether or not he effectively waived the right to counsel.
On October 18, 1966, the Youth Authority Board petitioned the superior court that F. be returned to it for disposition under section 1800 et seq.2 After an extensive hearing, at which F. was represented by private counsel, the court made a finding that it was “of the opinion that the discharge of [F.] would be physically dangerous to the public because of his mental deficiency, disorder and abnormality ...” The petition was granted and this appeal followed.
The sufficiency of the evidence is not attacked. We are, however, faced with the following contentions:
1. The present appeal is a proper vehicle for a challenge of the constitutional validity of the first and second commitments, since the validity of the section 1800 proceedings depends on the legality of these prior commitments.
2. The two prior commitments were constitutionally invalid because on neither occasion was F. represented by counsel, nor does the record disclose a constitutionally adequate waiver. Implicit in this point is a major premise that the right to counsel in juvenile proceedings, recognized in In re Gault 387 U.S. 1, 34-42 [18 L.Ed.2d 527, 550-554, 87 S.Ct. 1428], must be retroactively applied.
3. Regardless of the validity of the first and second commitments, the order under review must be reversed because:
(a) F. was denied due process in that he was deprived of his liberty without his “guilt” having been established beyond a reasonable doubt;
(b) it is a denial of the equal protection of the laws to single out minors who have been committed to the Youth Authority as persons whose “guilt” need not be established beyond a reasonable doubt;
(c) the code sections under which F. was committed are unconstitutionally vague; and
(d) F. was denied due process in that the trial court failed to make findings ‘1 or render an opinion from which any meaningful appeal can be taken. ’ ’
*766We first deal with the attack on the prior commitments. We agree that the section 1800 proceedings derive their legitimacy from the validity of the prior commitment. (In re Bevill, 68 Cal.2d 854, 858-861 [69 Cal.Rptr. 599, 442 P.2d 679].) We also assume, for the sake of argument, that the right to counsel, as vouchsafed by Gault, is fully retroactive. (Pickelsimer v. Wainwright, 375 U.S. 2 [11 L.Ed.2d 41, 84 S.Ct. 80] ; In re Woods, 64 Cal.2d 3 [48 Cal.Rptr. 689, 409 P.2d 913].)3 This does not settle the question whether appellant may challenge the validity of the prior commitments on this appeal.
We have noted that at the section 1800 hearing F. was represented by counsel. At no time did counsel make an issue of the constitutional validity of the prior commitments.
In re Woods, 64 Cal.2d 3 [48 Cal.Rptr. 689, 409 P.2d 913],4 established that in this state habeas corpus is a proper vehicle with which to challenge the constitutional validity of prior felony convictions, long since final, where there is a claim that the petitioner had not been “advised of his right to, nor was provided with, nor expressly waived, the services of counsel. .” (64 Cal.2d at p. 5.) Woods also recognized that it was constitutionally impermissible to presume waiver from a silent record. (64 Cal.2d at p. 7.)
For a short time after the Woods decision, it became arguable that even on a direct appeal, where no issue concerning the validity of a prior conviction had been made at the trial level, findings that such a prior conviction was true could be stricken on appeal. This was the clear implication, if not the holding, of People v. Ebner, 64 Cal.2d 297 [49 Cal.Rptr. 690, 411 P.2d 578], There the defendant admitted three prior convictions and was found to be a habitual criminal under section *767644, subdivision (a) of the Penal Code. He appealed. After affirming Ebner’s conviction in the case on appeal, the court held: “Defendant finally contends that the trial court in determining whether defendant was an habitual criminal could not properly consider his Arizona conviction because in the proceedings leading to that conviction defendant was deprived of his constitutional right to counsel. (Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) 372 U.S. 335 [9 L.Ed.2d 799, 83 S.Ct. 792, 93 A.L.R.2d 733].)
“We have held that a prior felony conviction cannot support an adjudication of habitual criminality under Penal Code section 644 unless at the prior proceeding the defendant was represented by counsel or intelligently and understandingly waived that right. (In re Tucker (1966) ante, p. 15 [48 Cal.Rptr. 697, 409 P.2d 921]; In re Luce (1966) ante, p. 11 [48 Cal.Rptr. 694, 409 P.2d 918]; In re Woods (1966) ante, p. 3 [48 Cal.Rptr. 689, 409 P.2d 913].) We cannot determine on the basis of the record before us whether defendant’s Arizona conviction of burglary can support an adjudication of habitual criminality. Following the procedure outlined in Tucker, Luce, and Woods, we must return this cause to the trial court for hearing and findings on the factual issue whether defendant suffered a deprivation of his constitutional right to counsel in the Arizona proceedings.” (64 Cal.2d at pp. The first commitment antedates the legislative changes of *7691961 and the possibility of a valid waiver is more remote, but, if valid, the second commitment alone provides a sufficient foundation for the section 1800 proceedings.
We therefore turn to the claimed defects in those proceedings. Before discussing the several arguments advanced on behalf of F., some general observations are in order: quite clearly a commitment, continued beyond the age of majority, is permitted by statute not because of what the minor has done in the past, but by reason of what “because of his mental or physical deficiency, disorder, or abnormality” he is likely to do in the future. (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 1801.) Past misconduct is, at most of evidentiary value. While the concept of preventive detention raises interesting problems, nowhere in this proceeding is it attacked as such.9
Established principles prevent us from trying to deal with constitutional broadsides until they are fired.
Further, at the outset, we note that, constitutional assertions aside, the section 1800 hearing which F. received was scrupulously fair. No claim to the contrary is made.
Finally—still by way of preface—it is noted that there is no contention that Gault—or for that matter our state Constitution (a,rt. I, § 7)—called for the right of trial by jury, either at the first two commitments, or at the section 1800 proceedings. Although this matter was first briefed before the decisions in Duncan v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 145 [20 L.Ed.2d 491, 88 S.Ct. 1444]; Bloom v. Illinois, 391 U.S. 194 [20 L.Ed.2d 522, 88 S.Ct. 1477]; and Dyke v. Taylor Implement Mfg. Co., 391 U.S. 216 [20 L.Ed.2d 538, 88 S.Ct. 1472], appellant has had several later opportunities to inject a jury trial issue into this case. In any event, as far as federal due process is concerned the right to trial by jury in state trials only dates from May 20, 1968, the date of the Duncan, Bloom and Dyke decisions. (DeStefano v. Woods, 392 U.S. 631, 635 [20 L.Ed.2d 1308, 1312, 88 S.Ct. 2093].) Theoretically, however, there is still the possibility of arguments based on our state Constitution or the equal protection clause.10
*770We now turn to the issues raised. Whether or not it follows from the specific holdings of Gault that juveniles are entitled to the protection of the burden of proof applicable in criminal cases11—that is to say, proof beyond a reasonable doubt—is the subject of some debate. The Supreme Court of Illinois has so held (In re Urbasek, 38 Ill.2d 535 [232 N.E.2d 716])12 as has the United States Court of Appeals of the Fourth Circuit (United States v. Costanzo, 395 F.2d 441, 444-445). Two decisions of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, In re Bigesby, 202 A.2d 785 and In re Wylie, 231 A.2d 81, are to the contrary. Chronologically Bigesby pre- ' ceded, WylAe followed Gault'.13
We do not believe that our own Supreme Court would fol*771low Urbasek, supra, in section 1800 proceedings. In People v. Moore, 69 Cal.2d 674, 685 [72 Cal.Rptr. 800, 446 P.2d 800], it held that in narcotics commitment proceedings proof of addiction, or imminent danger thereof, need only be made by a preponderance of the evidence. In so ruling the court approved a decision of this division, People v. Valdez, 260 Cal.App.2d 895 [67 Cal.Rptr. 583], which was to the same effect. There we had said: “In re De La O, 59 Cal.2d. 128, 136-150 [28 Cal.Rptr. Caution demands, however, that we draw attention to the limited nature of this holding. Giving F. the benefit of any doubt, we have assumed—see footnote 12, ante—that section 1800 proceedings are governed by the express holdings of Gault. It does not necessarily follow, however, that even if Gault, by implication, demands proof beyond a reasonable doubt at an adjudicatory hearing pursuant to section 602 of the Welfare and Institutions Code, where the question is whether the minor has violated a specific law (In re M.G.S., 267 Cal.App.2d 329 [72 Cal.Rptr. 808]) ; Gault requires the same burden of proof at section 1800 proceedings. Conversely, this decision does not represent a holding that at the hearing which may result in the original commitment to the Youth Authority, the higher burden of proof is not required.
F. complains that the application of the “preponderance of the evidence” standard deprives him of the equal protection of the laws.
In In re Cavanaugh, 234 Cal.App.2d 316, 322 [44 Cal.Rptr. 422], the claim was made that section 1800 proceedings violated the equal protection clause in that they singled out the minors to whom it applied from all other members of society who were physically dangerous. The court held that the classification was “neither arbitrary nor unreasonable.” F. seeks to distinguish Cavanaugh on the basis that he is attacking the burden of proof, rather than the statute as a whole. We think this is a distinction without a difference. In any event, just as the claim that minors committed to the Youth Authority are the only persons who can be confined because of dangerous propensities never was correct,14 so it is not true that the commitment of such minors is the only type of commitment subject only to a “preponderance of the evidence” test. For example “mentally ill persons” as defined in section 5550 of the Welare and Institutions Code may be committed after a trial which “shall be had as provided by law for the trial of civil causes.” (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 5575.)15
*773The claim that the statutory standards prescribed for commitment under section 1800 are unconstitutionally vague was considered and rejected in In re Cavanaugh, supra. We follow that decision.
Finally F. complains that the court failed to make findings from which a meaningful appeal can be taken. This claim is prompted by Specht v. Patterson, 386 U.S. 605 [18 L.Ed.2d 326, 87 S.Ct. 1209], Specht involved a proceeding under the Colorado Sex Offenders Act. (Colo.Rev.Stat.Ann. §§ 39-19-1 to 10.) Without any hearing “in the normal sense, no right of confrontation and so on” (386 U.S. at p. 608 [18 L.Ed.2d at p. 329]) Specht was committed under that act. The record does not show what findings, if any, were made. In condemning the procedure the Supreme Court said: “. . . Due process, in other words, requires that he be present with counsel, have an opportunity to be heard, be confronted with witnesses against him, have the right to cross-examine, and to offer evidence of his own. And there must be findings adequate to make meaningful any appeal that is allowed. . . .” (386 U.S. at p. 610 [18 L.Ed.2d at p. 330].)
While we agree that section 1800 proceedings require adequate findings, nowhere is it pointed out why the findings made in this case are inadequate. Insofar as the court thought it applicable, it made a finding in the statutory language that “the discharge of [F.] would be physically dangerous to the public because of his mental deficiency, disorder and abnormality.” The court’s failure to find that F. was a danger because of “physical deficiency” demonstrates that this was no rubber stamp finding. There were, of course, several evidentiary conflicts a.t the section 1800 hearing, but nothing in Specht or in any other authority familiar to us requires findings on such conflicts. The findings were adequate.
The order is affirmed.
Stephens, J., and Aiso, J., concurred.
Unless otherwise noted all code references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code. For the sake of brevity, we shall from time to time refer to sections 1800 to 1803 of that code collectively as "section 1800.”
F. was to reach his 21st birthday on February 1, 1967.
The jurisdictions are split on the point. Holdings or dicta to the effect that the right to counsel in juvenile court proceedings is retroactive are: Marsden v. Commonwealth, 352 Mass. 564 [227 N.E.2d 1]; Application of Billie, 103 Ariz. 16 [436 P.2d 130] ; State ex rel. La Follette v. Circuit Court of Brown County, BR. 1, 37 Wis.2d 329 [155 N.W. 2d 141]; and Steinhauer v. State (Fla.App.) 206 So.2d 25. Dicta for an opposite view include Cradle v. Peyton, 208 Va. 243 [156 S.E.2d 874]; and State v. Hance, 2 Md.App. 162 [233 A.2d 326]. Both Cradle and Sanee involved certification procedures similar to those involved in Kent v. United States, 383 U.S. 541 [16 L.Ed.2d 84, 86 S.Ct. 1045]. Our own Supreme Court has held that Sent ‘ ‘ does not apply to cases in which the judgment became final prior to May 15, 1967, the date of the decision in Gault.” (In re Harris, 67 Cal.2d 876, 879 [64 Cal.Rptr. 319, 434 P.2d 615].)
See also In re Luce, 64 Cal.2d 11 [48 Cal.Rptr. 694, 409 P.2d 918]; In re Tucker, 64 Cal.2d 15 [48 Cal.Rptr. 697, 409 P.2d 921].
Merriam does not mention Elmer. It does, however, expressly disapprove People v. Shanklin, 243 Cal.App.2d 94 [52 Cal.Rptr. 28], which had relied on Elmer. See also People v. Womack, 252 Cal.App.2d 761, 766, fn. 3 [60 Cal.Rptr. 870] and People v. Dadney, 250 Cal.App.2d 933, 946 [59 Cal.Rptr. 243].
In People v. Coffey, 67 Cal.2d 204, 217-218 [60 Cal.Rptr. 457, 430 P.2d 15], the Supreme Court established certain procedural ground rules governing such a trial court challenge.
Merriam also disposes of any argument pointing to the fact that the section 1800 proceedings here took place a few months before Gault. In Merriam, the trial had preceded the Woods decision and it was argued that this fact entitled Merriam to raise the issue for the first time on appeal. The court disagreed. “. . . In the event that defendant is presently able to make the allegations necessary to raise the issue in question, a remedy by way of collateral attack upon the judgment remains available to him.” (66 Cal.2d at p. 398.) Just what collateral attacks on his prior commitments are open to appellant at this time, we are not prepared to say. We are informed by counsel that he is no longer subject to the control of the Youth Authority. While the parties agree that this fact does not make this appeal moot (People v. Succop, 67 Cal.2d 785, 790 [63 Cal.Rptr. 569, 433 P.2d 473]; In re Byrnes, 26 Cal.2d 824, 827-828 [161 P.2d 376]; of. Carafas v. LaVallee, 391 U.S. 234, 237-240 [20 L.Ed.2d 554, 558-560, 88 S.Ct. 1556]), it has not been suggested to us what particular type of proceeding is still available to F., so that he may “clear his name.” (People v. Suceop, supra, p. 790.) Perhaps there is none, but as we read Merriam it is not the availability of habeas corpus or other collateral attack which makes the rule of that case applicable although the trial proceedings took place before Woods, but the fact that “the scope of direct appeal is limited by the trial record.” (66 Cal.2d at p. 398.)
Not, however, the constitutional requirement of Gault, if applicable. “We conclude that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires that in respect of proceedings to determine delinquency which may result in commitment to an institution in which the juvenile’s freedom is curtailed, the child and his parents must be notified of the child’s right to be represented by counsel retained by them, or if they are unable to afford counsel, that counsel will be appointed to represent the child.” (387 U.S. at p. 41 [18 L.Ed.2d at p. 553]. (Italics added.)
See In re Bevill, supra, footnote 5.
Nieves v. United States, 280 F.Supp. 994, held that jury trial is a matter oí constitutional right under the Federal Juvenile Delinquency Act, 18 U.S.C. § 5031 et seq. Peyton v. Nord, 78 N.M. 717 [437 P.2d 716] held that the Constitution of New Mexico guaranteed the right to jury trial in the juvenile court and, by way of dictum, said that the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution contains an identical command. On the other hand, In re Estes v. Hopp, 73 Wn.2d 263 [438 P.2d 205] and Commonwealth v. Johnson, 211 Pa.Super. 62 [234 A.2d 9] are directly contra. All these decisions are post-Gault but pre-Dunean.
It is noted that while section 701 of the Welfare and Institutions "Code provides for a preponderance of evidence test during the adjudicatory phase of a hearing pursuant to section 602 (In re Jones, 256 Cal.App.2d 240 [63 Cal.Rptr. 758]), no statutory standard is prescribed for section 1800 proceedings. In Jones this division had no occasion to consider whether the statutory standard of section 701 violates the implications of Gault, since we held that there was no substantial evidence to support the adjudication.
A student note in 72 Dickinson Law Review, 547, 552 suggests that ürbasék does not follow as automatically from Gault as the Illinois court thought: “It may be argued, however, that the Gault decision does not imply that a reasonable doubt test is required in juvenile proceedings. Gault involved a lack of procedural devices which were common to both criminal and civil trials. The issue simply was: did Gault get a fair hearing? The Supreme Court found he did not. The distinction “between criminal and civil is meaningless where the minimum requisite safeguards in either proceeding are absent. In Gault, such safeguards were lacking and consequently the hearing was unfair no matter what name it was ' given. The Supreme Court alluded to this when in Gault it reaffirmed its opinion in Kent v. United States. ‘We do not mean ... to indicate that the hearing to be held must conform with all of the requirements of a criminal trial or even of the usual administrative hearing; but we do hold that the hearing must measure up to the essentials of due process and fair treatment. ’ Similarly, the Gault court required notice which is ‘. adequate in a civil or criminal proceeding. ’ Therefore, it is not .the name by which the proceeding is called but the lack of standards and safeguards that is important in both juvenile and criminal cases. It would seem to follow then, that as long as some standard is used by which the judge may determine the juvenile’s guilt, the hearing is a fair one. That standard, though, should be an accepted one such as proof by a preponderance of the evidence, clear and convincing proof, or proof beyond a reasonable doubt. .’’
See also: Michael and Cunningham, From Gault To Urbasek: For The Young The Best of Both Worlds, 49 Chi.B.Rec. 162; Ketcham, Guidelines From Gault: Revolutionary Requirements and Reappraisal, 53 Va.L.Rev. 1700, 1713; Oakey, Gault, Whither Goest Thou?, 6 Ill. Cont. Legal Educ. Vol. 4, 139, 140; Gardner, Gault and California, 19 Hastings L.J. 527, 539; Browne and Port, In re Gault—Its Impact In Oregon, 5 Willamette L.J. 1, 24; Comment, 47 Ore.L.Rev. 166, 179; Comment, 47 Neb.L.Rev. 558, 579; Comment, 43 Ind.L.J. 661, 674; Comment, 19 Case West. Reserve L.Rev. 394, 401; Note, 9 Wm. and Mary L.Rev. 492, 501-502. See for example the statutes permitting the confinement of mentally disordered sex offenders (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 5500 et seq.), mentally ill persons (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 5550 et seq.), and mentally abnormal sex offenders (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 5700 et seq.). It is noted that starting July 9, 1969, the statutory provisions with respect to the treatment of mentally ill persons of all types undergo a drastic change. (Stats. 1967, ch. 1667; Stats. 1968, ch. 989.)
Section 5575 of the Welfare and Institutions Code was repealed by Statutes 1967, chapter 1667, section 36.5, operative July 1, 1969.
| 25,778 |
18440-0-12 | Gutenberg | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | Logic: Deductive and Inductive | Read, Carveth | English | Spoken | 9,997 | 14,488 | Hence, only the classification of the elements themselves (amongst
concrete things), at present, depends largely upon empirical
Coinherence. If the elements remain irresolvable into anything simpler,
the definitions of the co-inherent characters that distinguish them must
be reckoned amongst the ultimate Uniformities of Nature. But if a
definite theory of their origin both generally and severally, whether
out of ether-vortices, or groups of electric corpuscles, or whatnot,
shall ever gain acceptance, similarity of genesis or causation will
naturally be the leading consideration in classifying the chemical
elements. To find common principles of causation, therefore, constitutes
the verification of every Natural Classification. The ultimate
explanation of nature is always causation; the Law of Causation is the
backbone of the system of Experience. CHAPTER XXII
NOMENCLATURE, DEFINITION, PREDICABLES
§ 1. Precision of thought needs precision of language for the recording
of such thought and for communicating it to others. We can often
remember with great vividness persons, things, landscapes, changes and
actions of persons or things, without the aid of language (though words
are often mixed with such trains of imagery), and by this means may form
judgments and inferences in particular cases; but for general notions,
judgments and inferences, not merely about this or that man, or thing,
but about all men or all kinds of things, we need something besides the
few images we can form of them from observation. Even if we possess
generic images, say, of 'horse' or 'cat' (that is, images formed, like
composite photographs, by a coalescence of the images of all the horses
or cats we have seen, so that their common properties stand out and
their differences frustrate and cancel one another), these are useless
for precise thought; for the generic image will not correspond with the
general appearance of horse or cat, unless we have had proportional
experience of all varieties and have been impartially interested in all;
and, besides, what we want for general thought is not a generic image of
the appearance of things, though it were much more definite and fairly
representative than such images ever are, but a general representation
of their important characters; which may be connected with internal
organs, such as none but an anatomist ever sees. We require a symbol
connected with the general character of a thing, or quality, or process,
as scientifically determined, whose representative truth may be trusted
in ordinary cases, or may be verified whenever doubt arises. Such
symbols are for most purposes provided by language; Mathematics and
Chemistry have their own symbols. § 2. First there should be "a name for every important meaning": (a) A
Nomenclature, or system of the names of all classes of objects, adapted
to the use of each science. Thus, in Geology there are names for classes
of rocks and strata, in Chemistry for the elements and their compounds,
in Zoology and Botany for the varieties and species of animals and
plants, their genera, families and orders. To have such names, however, is not the whole aim in forming a
scientific language; it is desirable that they should be systematically
significant, and even elegant. Names, like other instruments, ought to
be efficient, and the efficiency of names consists in conveying the most
meaning with the least effort. In Botany and Zoology this result is
obtained by giving to each species a composite name which includes that
of the genus to which it belongs. The species of Felidæ given in chap. xvii. § 7, are called _Felis leo_ (lion), _Felis tigris_ (tiger), _Felis
leopardus_ (leopard), _Felis concolor_ (puma), _Felis lyncus_ (European
lynx), _Felis catus_ (wild cat). In Chemistry, the nomenclature is
extremely efficient. Names of the simpler compounds are formed by
combining the names of the elements that enter into them; as Hydrogen
Chloride, Hydrogen Sulphide, Carbon Dioxide; and these can be given
still more briefly and efficiently in symbols, as HCl, H_{2}S, CO_{2}. The symbolic letters are usually initials of the names of the elements:
as C = Carbon, S = Sulphur; sometimes of the Latin name, when the common
name is English, as Fe = Iron. Each letter represents a fixed quantity
of the element for which it stands, viz., the atomic weight. The
number written below a symbol on the right-hand side shows how many
atoms of the element denoted enter into a molecule of the compound. (b) A Terminology is next required, in order to describe and define the
things that constitute the classes designated by the nomenclature, and
to describe and explain their actions. (i) A name for every integral part of an object, as head, limb,
vertebra, heart, nerve, tendon; stalk, leaf, corolla, stamen, pistil;
plinth, frieze, etc. (ii) A name for every metaphysical part or
abstract quality of an object, and for its degrees and modes; as
extension, figure, solidity, weight; rough, smooth, elastic, friable;
the various colours, red, blue, yellow, in all their shades and
combinations and so with sounds, smells, tastes, temperatures. The terms
of Geometry are employed to describe the modes of figure, as angular,
curved, square, elliptical; and the terms of Arithmetic to express the
degrees of weight, elasticity, temperature, pitch of sound. When other
means fail, qualities are suggested by the names of things which exhibit
them in a salient way; figures by such terms as amphitheatre, bowl-like,
pear-shaped, egg-shaped; colours by lias-blue, sky-blue, gentian-blue,
peacock-blue; and similarly with sounds, smells and tastes. It is also
important to express by short terms complex qualities, as harmony,
fragrance, organisation, sex, symmetry, stratification. (iii) In the explanation of Nature we further require suitable names for
processes and activities: as deduction, conversion, verification,
addition, integration, causation, tendency, momentum, gravitation,
aberration, refraction, conduction, affinity, combination, germination,
respiration, attention, association, development. There may sometimes be a difficulty in distinguishing the terms which
stand for qualities from those that express activities, since all
qualities imply activities: weight, for example, implies gravitation;
and the quality heat is also a kind of motion. The distinction aimed at
lies between a quality as perceived by means of an effect upon our
senses (as weight is resistance to our effort in lifting; heat, a
sensation when we approach fire), and that property of a body which is
conceived to account for its energy (as gravitation that brings a body
to the ground, or physical heat that expands an iron bar or works an
engine). The former class of words, expressing qualities, are chiefly
used in description: the latter class, expressing activities, are
chiefly needed in explanation. They correspond respectively, like
classification and explanation, with the static and dynamic aspects of
Nature. The terms of ordinary language fall into the same classes as those of
science: they stand for things, classes of things, parts, or qualities,
or activities of things; but they are far less precise in their
signification. As long as popular thought is vague its language must be
vague; nor is it desirable too strictly to correct the language whilst
the thought is incorrigible. Much of the effect of poetry and eloquence
depends upon the elasticity and indirect suggestiveness of common terms. Even in reasoning upon some subjects, it is a mistake to aim at an
unattainable precision. It is better to be vaguely right than exactly
wrong. In the criticism of manners, of fine art, or of literature, in
politics, religion and moral philosophy, what we are anxious to say is
often far from clear to ourselves; and it is better to indicate our
meaning approximately, or as we feel about it, than to convey a false
meaning, or to lose the warmth and colour that are the life of such
reflections. It is hard to decide whether more harm has been done by
sophists who take a base advantage of the vagueness of common terms, or
by honest paralogists (if I may use the word) who begin by deceiving
themselves with a plausible definiteness of expression, and go on to
propagate their delusions amongst followers eager for systematic insight
but ignorant of the limits of its possibility. § 3. A Definition is necessary (if possible) for every scientific name. To define a name is to give a precise statement of its meaning or
connotation. The name to be defined is the subject of a proposition,
whose predicate is a list of the fundamental qualities common to the
things or processes which the subject denotes, and on account of
possessing which qualities this name is given to them. Thus, a curve is a line of which no part is straight. The momentum of a
moving body is the product of its mass and its velocity (these being
expressed in numbers of certain units). Nitrogen is a transparent
colourless gas, atomic weight 14, specific gravity .9713, not readily
combining, etc. A lion is a monodelphian mammal, predatory, walking on
its toes, of nocturnal habits, with a short rounded head and muzzle;
dental formula: Incisors (3-3)/(3-3), canines (1-1)/(1/1), præmolars
(3-3)/(2-2), molars (1-1)/(1-1) = 30; four toes on the hind and five on
the fore foot, retractile claws, prickly tongue, light and muscular in
build, about 9-1/2 feet from muzzle to tip of tail, tawny in colour, the
males maned, with a tufted tail. If anything answers to this
description, it is called a lion; if not, not: for this is the meaning
of the name. For ordinary purposes, it may suffice to give an Incomplete Definition;
that is, a list of qualities not exhaustive, but containing enough to
identify the things denoted by the given name; as if we say that a lion
is 'a large tawny beast of prey with a tufted tail.' Such purposes may
also be served by a Description; which is technically, a proposition
mentioning properties sufficient to distinguish the things denoted, but
not the properties that enter into the definition; as if nitrogen be
indicated as the gas that constitutes 4/5 of the atmosphere. § 4. The rules for testing a Definition are: I.--As to its Contents--
(1) It must state the whole connotation of the name to be defined. (2) It must not include any quality derivative from the connotation. Such a quality is called a Proprium. A breach of this rule can do no
positive harm, but it is a departure from scientific economy. There is
no need to state in the definition what can be derived from it; and
whatever can be derived by causation, or by mathematical demonstration,
should be exhibited in that manner. (3) It must not mention any circumstance that is not a part of the
connotation, even though it be universally found in the things denoted. Such a circumstance, if not derivable from the connotation, is called an
Accident. That, for example, the lion at present only inhabits the Old
World, is an accident: if a species otherwise like a lion were found in
Brazil, it would not be refused the name of lion on the score of
locality. Whilst, however, the rules of Logic have forbidden the
inclusion of proprium or accident in a definition, in fact the
definitions of Natural History often mention such attributes when
characteristic. Indeed, definitions of superordinate classes--Families
and Orders--not infrequently give qualities as generally found in the
subordinate classes, and at the same time mention exceptional cases in
which they do not occur. II.--As to its Expression--
(4) A Definition must not include the very term to be defined, nor any
cognate. In defining 'lion' we must not repeat 'lion,' nor use
'leonine'; it would elucidate nothing. (5) It must not be put in vague language. (6) It must not be in a negative form, if a positive form be obtainable. We must not be content to say that a lion is 'no vegetarian,' or 'no
lover of daylight.' To define a curve as a line 'always changing its
direction' may be better than as 'in no part straight.'
§ 5. The process of determining a Definition is inseparable from
classification. We saw that classification consists in distributing
things into groups according to their likenesses and differences,
regarding as a class those individuals which have most qualities in
common. In doing so we must, of course, recognise the common qualities
or points of likeness; and to enumerate these is to define the name of
the class. If we discover the qualities upon which a class is based by
direct observation and induction, by the same method we discover the
definition of its name. We saw also that classification is not merely the determination of
isolated groups of things, but a systematic arrangement of such groups
in relation to one another. Hence, again, Definitions are not
independent, but relative to one another; and, of course, in the same
way as classes are relative. That is to say, as a class is placed in
subordination to higher or more comprehensive groups, so the definition
of its name is subordinate to that of their names; and as a class stands
in contrast with co-ordinate classes (those that are in the same degree
of subordination to the same higher groups), so the definition of its
name is in contrast or co-ordination with the definitions of their
names. Lion is subordinate to _Felis_, to Digitigrade, to Carnivore and
so on up to Animal; and, beyond the Animal Kingdom, to Phenomenon; it is
co-ordinate with tiger, puma, etc.; and more remotely it is
co-ordinate with dog, jackal, wolf, which come under _Canis_--a genus
co-ordinate with _Felis_. The definition of lion, therefore, is
subordinate to that of _Felis_, and to all above it up to Phenomenon;
and is co-ordinate with that of tiger, and with all species in the same
grade. This is the ground of the old method of definition _per genus et
differentiam_. The genus being the next class above any species, the _differentia_ or
Difference consists of the qualities which mark that species in addition
to those that mark the genus, and which therefore distinguish it from
all other species of the same genus. In the above definition of lion,
for example, all the properties down to "light and muscular in build"
are generic, that is, are possessed by the whole genus, _Felis_; and the
remaining four (size, colour, tufted tail, and mane in the male) are the
Difference or specific properties, because in those points the lion
contrasts with the other species of that genus. Differences may be
exhibited thus:
_Lion._ _Tiger._
SIZE: about 9-1/2 feet from nose | About 10 feet. to tip of tail. |
COLOUR: tawny. | Warm tawny, striped with black. TAIL: tufted. | Tapering. MANE: present in the male. | Both sexes maneless. There are other differences in the shape of the skull. In defining lion,
then, it would have been enough to mention the genus and the properties
making up the Difference; because the properties of the genus may be
found by turning to the definition of the genus; and, on the principle
of economy, whatever it is enough to do it is right to do. To define 'by
genus and difference' is a point of elegance, when the genus is known;
but the only way of knowing it is to compare the individuals comprised
in it and in co-ordinate genera, according to the methods of scientific
classification. It may be added that, as the genus represents ancestral
derivation, the predication of genus in a definition indicates the
remote causes of the phenomena denoted by the name defined. And this way
of defining corresponds with the method of double naming by genus and
species: _Felis leo_, _Felis tigris_, etc.; _Vanessa Atalanta_,
_Vanessa Io_, etc. The so-called Genetic Definition, chiefly used in Mathematics, is a rule
for constructing that which a name denotes, in such a way as to ensure
its possessing the tributes connoted by the name. Thus, for a circle:
Take any point and, at any constant distance from it, trace a line
returning into itself. In Chemistry a genetic definition of any compound
might be given in the form of directions for the requisite synthesis of
elements. § 6. The chief difficulty in the definition of scientific names consists
in determining exactly the nature of the things denoted by them, as in
classifying plants and animals. If organic species are free growths,
continually changing, however gradually, according as circumstances give
some advantage to one form over others, we may expect to find such
species branching into varieties, which differ considerably from one
another in some respects, though not enough to constitute distinct
species. This is the case; and, consequently, there arises some
uncertainty in collecting from all the varieties those attributes which
are common to the species as a whole; and, therefore, of course,
uncertainty in defining the species. The same difficulty may occur in
defining a genus, on account of the extent to which some of its species
differ from others, whilst having enough of the common character to
deter the classifier from forming a distinct genus on their account. On
the other hand the occurrence of numerous intermediate varieties may
make it difficult to distinguish genera or species at all. Even the
Kingdoms of plants and animals are hard to discriminate at the lowest
levels of organisation. Now, where there is a difficulty of
classification there must be a corresponding difficulty of definition. It has been proposed in such cases to substitute a Type for a
Definition; to select some variety of a species, or species of a genus,
as exhibiting its character in an eminent degree, and to regard other
groups as belonging to the same species or genus, according as they
agree more with this type than with other types representing other
species or genera. But the selection of one group as typical implies a
recognition of its attributes as prevailing generally (though not
universally) throughout the species or genus; and to recognise these
attributes and yet refuse to enumerate them in a definition, seems to be
no great gain. To enumerate the attributes of the type as an Approximate
Definition of the species or genus, true of _most_ of the groups
constituting the species or genus, answers the same purpose, is more
explicit, and can mislead no one who really attends to the exposition. An approximate definition is, indeed, less misleading than the
indication of a type; for the latter method seems to imply that the
group which is now typical has a greater permanence or reality than its
co-ordinate groups; whereas, for aught we know, one of the outside
varieties or species may even now be superseding and extinguishing it. But the statement of a definition as approximate, is an honest
confession that both the definition and the classification are (like a
provisional hypothesis) merely the best account we can give of the
matter according to our present knowledge. § 7. The limits of Definition are twofold: (a) A name whose meaning
cannot be analysed cannot be defined. This limitation meets us only in
dealing with the names of the metaphysical parts or simple qualities of
objects under the second requisite of a Terminology. Resistance and
weight, colour and its modes, many names of sounds, tastes, smells, heat
and cold--in fact, whatever stands for an unanalysable perception,
cannot be made intelligible to any one who has not had experience of the
facts denoted; they cannot be defined, but only exemplified. A sort of
genetic definition may perhaps be attempted, as if we say that colour is
the special sensation of the cones of the retina, or that blue is the
sensation produced by a ray of light vibrating about 650,000,000,000,000
times a second; but such expressions can give no notion of our meaning
to a blind man, or to any one who has never seen a blue object. Nor can
we explain what heat is like, or the smell of tobacco, to those who have
never experienced them; nor the sound of C 128 to one who knows nothing
of the musical scale. If we distinguish the property of an object from the sensation it
excites in us, we may define any simple property as 'the power of
producing the sensation'; the colour of a flower as the power of
exciting the sensation of colour in us. Still, this gives no information
to the blind nor to the colour-blind. Abstract names may be defined by
defining the corresponding concrete: the definition of 'human nature' is
the same as of 'man.' But if the corresponding concrete be a simple
sensation (as blue), this being indefinable, the abstract (blueness) is
also indefinable. (b) The second limit of Definition is the impossibility of exhausting
infinity, which would be necessary in order to convey the meaning of the
name of any individual thing or person. For, as we saw in chap. iv., if
in attempting to define a proper name we stop short of infinity, our
list of qualities or properties may possibly be found in two
individuals, and then it becomes the definition of a class-name or
general name, however small the actual class. Hence we can only give a
Description of that which a proper name denotes, enumerating enough of
its properties to distinguish it from everything else as far as our
knowledge goes. § 8. The five Predicables (Species, Genus, Difference, Proprium,
Accident) may best be discussed in connection with Classification and
Definition; and in giving an account of Classification, most of what has
to be said about them has been anticipated. Their name, indeed, connects
them with the doctrine of Propositions; for Predicables are terms that
may be predicated, classified according to their connotative relation to
the subject of a proposition (that is, according to the relation in
which their connotation stands to the connotation of the subject):
nevertheless, the significance of the relations of such predicates to a
subject is derivative from the general doctrine of classification. For example, in the proposition 'X is Y,' Y must be one of the five
sorts of predicables in relation to X; but of what sort, depends upon
what X (the subject) is, or means. The subject of the proposition must
be either a definition, or a general connotative name, or a singular
name. If X be a definition, Y must be a species; for nothing but a general
name can be predicated of a definition: and, strictly speaking, it is
only in relation to a definition (as subject) that species can be a
predicable; when it is called _Species predicabilis_ (1). If X be a connotative name, it is itself a species (_Species
subjicibilis_); and the place of the subject of a proposition is the
usual one for species. The predicate, Y, may then be related to the
species in three different ways. First, it may be a definition, exactly
equivalent to the species;--in fact, nothing else than the species in an
explicit form, the analysis of its connotation. Secondly, the predicate
may be, or connote, some _part only_ of the definition or connotation of
the species; and then it is either genus (2), or difference (3). Thirdly, the predicate may connote _no part_ of the definition, and then
it is either derivable from it, being a proprium (4), or not derivable
from it, being an accident (5). These points of doctrine will be
expanded and illustrated in subsequent pages. If X be a singular name, deriving connotation from its constituent terms
(chap. iv. § 2), as 'The present Emperor of China,' it may be treated as
a _Species subjicibilis_. Then that he is 'an absolute monarch,'
predicates a genus; because that is a genus of 'Emperor,' a part of the
singular name that gives it connotation. That he wears a yellow robe is
a proprium, derivable from the ceremonial of his court. That he is
thirty years of age is an accident. But if X be a proper name, having no connotation, Y must always be an
accident; since there can then be no definition of X, and therefore
neither species, genus, difference, nor proprium. Hence, that 'John Doe
is a man' is an accidental proposition: 'man' is not here a _Species
predicabilis_; for the name might have been given to a dog or a
mountain. That is what enables the proposition to convey information: it
would be useless if the proper name implied 'humanity.'
'Species' is most frequently used (as in Zoology) for the _class
denoted_ by a general name; but in Logic it is better to treat it as a
general name used connotatively for the attributes possessed in common
by the things denoted, and on account of which they are regarded as a
class: it is sometimes called the Essence (§ 9). In this connotative
sense, a species is implicitly what the definition is explicitly; and
therefore the two are always simply convertible. Thus, 'A plane
triangle' (species) is 'a figure enclosed by three straight lines'
(definition): clearly we may equally say, 'A figure enclosed by three
straight lines is a plane triangle.' It is a simple identity. A genus is also commonly viewed denotatively, as a class containing
smaller classes, its species; but in Logic it is, again, better to treat
it connotatively, as a name whose definition is part of the definition
of a given species. A difference is the remainder of the definition of any species after
subtracting a given genus. Hence, the genus and difference together make
up the species; whence the method of definition _per genus et
differentiam_ (_ante_, § 5). Whilst in Botany and Zoology the species is fixed at the lowest step of
the classification (varieties not being reckoned as classes), and the
genus is also fixed on the step next above it, in Logic these
predicables are treated as movable up and down the ladder: any lower
class being species in relation to any higher; which higher class,
wherever taken, thus becomes a genus. Lion may logically be regarded as
a species of digitigrade, or mammal, or animal; and then each of these
is a genus as to lion: or, again, digitigrade may be regarded as a
species of mammal, or mammal as a species of animal. The highest class,
however, is never a species; wherefore it is called a _Summum Genus_:
and the lowest class is never a genus; wherefore it is called an _Infima
Species_. Between these two any step may be either species or genus,
according to the relation in which it is viewed to other classes, and is
then called Subaltern. The _summum genus_, again, may be viewed in
relation to a _given_ universe or _suppositio_ (that is, any limited
area of existence now the object of attention), or to the _whole_
universe. If we take the animal kingdom as our _suppositio_, Animal is
the _summum genus_; but if we take the whole universe, 'All things' is
the _summum genus_. "Porphyry's tree" is used to illustrate this doctrine. It begins with a
_summum genus_, 'Substance,' and descends by adding differences, step by
step, to the _infima species_, 'Man.' It also illustrates Division by
Dichotomy. SUBSTANCE
/ \
CORPOREAL || INCORPOREAL
||
BODY
/ \
ANIMATE || INANIMATE
||
LIVING BODY
/ \
SENSIBLE || INSENSIBLE
||
ANIMAL
/ \
RATIONAL || IRRATIONAL
||
MAN
//||\\
// || \\
// || \\
// || \\
// || \\
// || \\
// || \\
_Socrates_ _Plato_ _Aristotle_
Beginning with 'Substance,' as _summum genus_, and adding the
difference 'Corporeal,' we frame the species 'Body.' Taking 'Body' as
the genus and adding the difference 'Animate,' we frame the species
'Living Body;' and so on till 'Man' is reached; which, being _infima
species_, is only subdivisible into individuals. But the division of Man
into individuals involves a change of principle; it is a division of the
denotation, not an increase of the connotation as in the earlier steps. Only one side of each dichotomy is followed out in the 'tree': if the
other side had been taken, Incorporeal Substance would be 'Spirit';
which might be similarly subdivided. Genus and species, then, have a double relation. In denotation the genus
includes the species; in connotation the species includes the genus. Hence the doctrine that by increasing the connotation of a name we
decrease its denotation: if, for example, to the definition of 'lion' we
add 'inhabiting Africa,' Asiatic lions are no longer denoted by it. On
the other hand, if we use a name to denote objects that it did not
formerly apply to, some of the connotation must be dropped: if, for
example, the name 'lion' be used to include 'pumas,' the tufted tail and
mane can no longer be part of the meaning of the word; since pumas have
not these properties. This doctrine is logically or formally true, but it may not always be
true in fact. It is logically true; because wherever we add to the
connotation of a name, it is possible that some things to which it
formerly applied are now excluded from its denotation, though we may not
know of any such things. Still, as a matter of fact, an object may be
discovered to have a property previously unknown, and this property may
be fundamental and co-extensive with the denotation of its name, or even
more widely prevalent. The discovery that the whale is a mammal did not
limit the class 'whale'; nor did the discovery that lions, dogs, wolves,
etc., walk upon their toes, affect the application of any of these
names. Similarly, the extension of a name to things not previously denoted by
it, may not in fact alter its definition; for the extension may be made
on the very ground that the things now first denoted by it have been
found to have the properties enumerated in its definition, as when the
name 'mammal' was applied to whales, dolphins, etc. If, however,
'mammal' had formerly been understood to apply only to land animals, so
that its definition included (at least, popularly) the quality of
'living on the land,' this part of the connotation was of course lost
when the denotation came to include certain aquatic animals. A proprium is an attribute derived from the definition: being either (a)
implied in it, or deducible from it, as 'having its three angles equal
to two right angles' may be proved from the definition of a triangle; or
(b) causally dependent on it, as being 'dangerous to flocks' results
from the nature of a wolf, and as 'moving in an ellipse' results from
the nature of a planet in its relation to the sun. An accident is a property accompanying the defining attributes without
being deducible from them. The word suggests that such a property is
merely 'accidental,' or there 'by chance'; but it only means that we do
not understand the connection. Proprium and Accident bear the same relation to one another as
Derivative and Empirical Laws: the predication of a proprium is a
derivative law, and the predication of an accident is an empirical law. Both accidents and empirical laws present problems, the solution of
which consists in reducing them, respectively, to propria and derivative
laws. Thus the colour of animals was once regarded as an accident for
which no reason could be given; but now the colour of animals is
regarded as an effect of their nature and habits, the chief determinants
of it being the advantage of concealment; whilst in other cases, as
among brightly coloured insects and snakes, the determinant may be the
advantage of advertising their own noxiousness. If such reasoning is
sound, colour is a proprium (and if so, it cannot _logically_ be
included in a definition; but it is better to be judicious than formal). If the colour of animals is a proprium, we must recognise a distinction
between Inseparable and Separable Propria, according as they do, or do
not, always accompany the essence: for mankind is regarded as one
species; but each colour, white, black or yellow, is separable from it
under different climatic conditions; whilst tigers are everywhere
coloured and striped in much the same way; so that we may consider their
colouring as inseparable, in spite of exceptional specimens black or
white or clouded. The same distinction may be drawn between accidents. 'Inhabiting Asia'
is an Inseparable Accident of tiger, but a Separable Accident of lion. Even the occasional characteristics and occupations of individuals are
sometimes called separable accidents of the species; as, of man, being
colour-blind, carpentering, or running. A proprium in the original signification of the term ἴδιον was peculiar
to a species, never found with any other, and was therefore convertible
with the subject; but this restriction is no longer insisted on. § 9. Any predication of a genus, difference or definition, is a verbal,
analytic, or essential proposition: and any predication of a proprium or
accident, is a real, synthetic, or accidental proposition (chap. v. §
6). A proposition is called verbal or analytic when the predicate is a
part, or the whole, of the meaning of the subject; and the subject being
species, a genus or difference is part, and a definition is the whole,
of its meaning or connotation. Hence such a proposition has also been
called explicative. Again, a proposition is called real or synthetic
when the predicate is no part of the meaning of the subject; and, the
subject being species, a proprium or accident is no part of its meaning
or connotation. Hence such a proposition has been called ampliative. As to Essential and Accidental, these terms are derived from the
doctrine of Realism. Realists maintain that the essence of a thing, or
that which makes a thing to be what (or of what kind) it is, also makes
everything else of the same kind to be what it is. The essence, they
say, is not proper to each thing or separately inherent in it, but is an
'Universal' common to all things of that kind. Some hold that the
universal nature of things of any kind is an Idea existing (apart from
the things) in the intelligible world, invisible to mortal eye and only
accessible to thought; whence the Idea is called a noumenon: that only
the Idea is truly real, and that the things (say, trees, bedsteads and
cities) which appear to us in sense-perception, and which therefore are
called phenomena, only exist by participating in, or imitating, the Idea
of each kind of them. The standard of this school bears the legend
_Universalia ante rem_. But others think that the Universal does not exist apart from particular
things, but is their present essence; gives them actuality as individual
substances; "informs" them, or is their formal cause, and thus makes
them to be what they are of their kind according to the definition: the
universal lion is in all lions, and is not merely similar, but identical
in all; for thus the Universal Reason thinks and energises in Nature. This school inscribes upon its banners, _Universalia in re_. To define anything, then, is to discover its essence, whether
transcendent or immanent; and to predicate the definition, or any part
of it (genus or difference), is to enounce an essential proposition. But
a proprium, being no part of a definition, though it always goes along
with it, does not show what a thing is; nor of course does an accident;
so that to predicate either of these is to enounce an accidental
proposition. Another school of Metaphysicians denies the existence of Universal Ideas
or Forms; the real things, according to them, are individuals; which,
so far as any of them resemble one another, are regarded as forming
classes; and the only Universal is the class-name, which is applied
universally in the same sense. Hence, they are called Nominalists. The
sense in which any name is applied, they say, is derived from a
comparison of the individuals, and by abstraction of the properties they
have in common; and thus the definition is formed. _Universalia post
rem_ is their motto. Some Nominalists, however, hold that, though
Universals do not exist in nature, they do in our minds, as Abstract
Ideas or Concepts; and that to define a term is to analyse the concept
it stands for; whence, these philosophers are called Conceptualists. Such questions belong to Metaphysics rather than to Logic; and the
foregoing is a commonplace account of a subject upon every point of
which there is much difference of opinion. § 10. The doctrine of the Predicaments, or Categories, is so interwoven
with the history of speculation and especially of Logic that, though its
vitality is exhausted, it can hardly be passed over unmentioned. The
predicaments of Aristotle are the heads of a classification of terms as
possible predicates of a particular thing or individual. Hamilton
(_Logic_: Lect. xi.) has given a classification of them; which, if it
cannot be found in Aristotle, is an aid to the memory, and may be thrown
into a table thus:
Substance οὐσία (1)
{Quantity ποσόν (2)
Attribute {Quality ποιόν (3)
{Relation πρόσ τι (4)
{ Where ποῡ (5)
{ When πότε (6)
{ Action ποιεῑν (7)
Modes of Relation { Passion πάσχειν (8)
{ Posture κεῑσθαι (9)
{ Habit ἔχειν (10)
Taking a particular thing or individual, as 'Socrates,' this is
Substance in the proper sense of the word, and can never be a predicate,
but is the subject of all predicates. We may assert of him (1) Substance
in the secondary sense (species or genus) that he is a man or an animal;
(2) Quantity, of such a height or weight; (3) Quality, fair or dark; (4)
Relation, shorter or taller than Xanthippe; (5) Where, at Athens; (6)
When, two thousand and odd years ago; (7) Action, that he questions or
pleads; (8) Passion, that he is answered or condemned; (9) Posture, that
he sits or stands; (10) Habit, that he is clothed or armed. Thus illustrated (_Categoriæ_: c. 4), the predicaments seem to be a list
of topics, generally useful for the analysis and description of an
individual, but wanting in the scientific qualities of rational
arrangement, derivation and limitation. Why are there just these heads,
and just so many? It has been suggested that they were determined by
grammatical forms: for Substance is expressed by a substantive;
Quantity, Quality and Relation are adjectival; Where and When,
adverbial; and the remaining four are verbal. It is true that the parts
of speech were not systematically discriminated until some years after
Aristotle's time; but, as they existed, they may have unconsciously
influenced his selection and arrangement of the predicaments. Where a
principle is so obscure one feels glad of any clue to it (_cf._ Grote's
_Aristotle_, c. 3, and Zeller's _Aristotle_, c. 6). But whatever the
origin and original meaning of the predicaments, they were for a long
time regarded as a classification of things; and it is in this sense
that Mill criticises them (_Logic_: Bk. I. c. 3). If, however, the predicaments are heads of a classification of terms
predicable, we may expect to find some connection with the predicables;
and, in fact, secondary Substances are species and genus; whilst the
remaining nine forms are generally accidents. But, again, we may expect
some agreement between them and the fundamental forms of predication
(_ante_, chap. i. § 5, and chap. ii § 4): Substance, whether as the
foundation of attributes, or as genus and species, implies the
predication of co-inherence, which is one mode of _Co-existence_. Quantity is predicated as equality (or inequality) a mode of _Likeness_;
and the other mode of _Likeness_ is involved in the predication of
Quality. Relation, indeed, is the abstract of all predication, and ought
not to appear in a list along with special forms of itself. 'Where' is
position, or _Co-existence_ in space; and 'When' is position in time, or
_Succession_. Action and Passion are the most interesting aspect of
_Causation_. Posture and Habit are complex modes of _Co-existence_, but
too specialised to have any philosophic value. Now, I do not pretend
that this is what Aristotle meant and was trying to say: but if
Likeness, Co-existence, Succession and Causation are fundamental forms
of predication, a good mind analysing the fact of predication is likely
to happen upon them in one set of words or another. By Kant the word 'Category' has been appropriated to the highest forms
of judgment, such as Unity, Reality, Substance, and Cause, under which
the understanding reduces phenomena to order and thereby constitutes
Nature. This change of meaning has not been made without a certain
continuity of thought; for forms of judgment are modes of predication. But besides altering the lists of categories and greatly improving it,
Kant has brought forward under an old title a doctrine so original and
suggestive that it has extensively influenced the subsequent history of
Philosophy. At the same time, and probably as a result of the vogue of
the Kantian philosophy, the word 'category' has been vulgarised as a
synonym for 'class,' just as 'predicament' long ago passed from
Scholastic Logic into common use as a synonym for 'plight.' A minister
is said to be 'in a predicament,' or to fall under the 'category of
impostors.'
CHAPTER XXIII
DEFINITION OF COMMON TERMS
§ 1. Ordinary words may need definition, if in the course of exposition
or argument their meaning is liable to be mistaken. But as definition
cannot give one the sense of a popular word for all occasions of its
use, it is an operation of great delicacy. Fixity of meaning in the use
of single words is contrary to the genius of the common vocabulary;
since each word, whilst having a certain predominant character, must be
used with many shades of significance, in order to express the different
thoughts and feelings of multitudes of men in endlessly diversified
situations; and its force, whenever it is used, is qualified by the
other words with which it is connected in a sentence, by its place in
the construction of the sentence, by the emphasis, or by the pitch of
its pronunciation compared with the other words. Clearly, the requisite of a scientific language, 'that every word shall
have one meaning well defined,' is too exacting for popular language;
because the other chief requisite of scientific language cannot be
complied with, 'that there be no important meaning without a name.'
'Important meanings,' or what seem such, are too numerous to be thus
provided for; and new ones are constantly arising, as each of us pursues
his business or his pleasure, his meditations or the excursions of his
fancy. It is impossible to have a separate term for each meaning; and,
therefore, the terms we have must admit of variable application. An attempt to introduce new words is generally disgusting. Few men have
mastered the uses of half the words already to be found in our classics. Much more would be lost than gained by doubling the dictionary. It is
true that, at certain stages in the growth of a people, a need may be
widely felt for the adoption of new words: such, in our own case, was
the period of the Tudors and early Stuarts. Many fresh words, chiefly
from the Latin, then appeared in books, were often received with
reprobation and derision, sometimes disappeared again, sometimes
established their footing in the language: see _The Art of English
Poetry_ (ascribed to Puttenham), Book III. chap. 4, and Ben Jonson's
_Poetaster_, Act. V. sc. I. Good judges did not know whether a word was
really called for: even Shakespeare thought 'remuneration' and
'accommodate' ridiculous. But such national exigencies rarely arise; and
in our own time great authors distinguish themselves by the plastic
power with which they make common words convey uncommon meanings. Fluid, however, as popular language is and ought to be, it may be
necessary for the sake of clear exposition, or to steady the course of
an argument, to avoid either sophistry or unintentional confusion, that
words should be defined and discriminated; and we must discuss the means
of doing so. § 2. Scientific method is applicable, with some qualifications, to the
definition of ordinary words. Classification is involved in any problem
of definition: at least, if our object is to find a meaning that shall
be generally acceptable and intelligible. No doubt two disputants may,
for their own satisfaction, adopt any arbitrary definition of a word
important in their controversy; or, any one may define a word as he
pleases, at the risk of being misunderstood, provided he has no
fraudulent intention. But in exposition or argument addressed to the
public, where words are used in some of their ordinary senses, it should
be recognised that the meaning of each one involves that of many
others. For language has grown with the human mind, as representing its
knowledge of the world: this knowledge consists of the resemblances and
differences of things and of the activities of things, that is, of
classes and causes; and as there is such order in the world, so there
must be in language: language, therefore, embodies an irregular
classification of things with their attributes and relations according
to our knowledge and beliefs. The best attempt (known to me) to carry
out this view is contained in Roget's _Thesaurus_, which is a
classification of English words according to their meanings: founded, as
the author tells us, on the models of Zoology and Botany, it has some of
the requisites of a Logical Dictionary. Popular language, indeed, having grown up with a predominantly practical
purpose, represents a very imperfect classification philosophically
considered. Things, or aspects, or processes of things, that have
excited little interest, have often gone unnamed: so that scientific
discoverers are obliged, for scientific purposes, to invent thousands of
new names. Strong interests, on the other hand, give such a colour to
language, that, where they enter, it is difficult to find any
indifferent expressions. _Consistency_ being much prized, though often
the part of a blockhead, _inconsistency_ implies not merely the absence
of the supposed virtue, but a positive vice: _Beauty_ being attractive
and _ugliness_ the reverse, if we invent a word for that which is
neither, 'plainness,' it at once becomes tinged with the ugly. We seem
to love beauty and morality so much as to be almost incapable of
signifying their absence without expressing aversion. Again, the erroneous theories of mankind have often found their way into
popular speech, and their terms have remained there long after the
rejection of the beliefs they embodied: as--lunatic, augury, divination,
spell, exorcism: though, to be sure, such words may often be turned to
good account, besides the interest of preserving their original sense. Language is a record as well as an index of ideas. Language, then, being essentially classificatory, any attempt to
ascertain the meaning of a word, far from neglecting its relations to
others, should be directed toward elucidating them. Every word belongs to a group, and this group to some other larger
group. A group is sometimes formed by derivation, at least so far as
different meanings are marked merely by inflections, as _short_,
_shorter_, _shorten_, _shortly_; but, for the most part, is a conflux of
words from many different sources. _Repose_, _depose_, _suppose_,
_impose_, _propose_, are not nearly connected in meaning; but are
severally allied in sense much more closely with words philologically
remote. Thus _repose_ is allied with _rest_, _sleep_, _tranquillity_;
_disturbance_, _unrest_, _tumult_; whilst _depose_ is, in one sense,
allied with _overthrow_, _dismiss_, _dethrone_; _restore_, _confirm_,
_establish_; and, in another sense, with _declare_, _attest_, _swear_,
_prove_, etc. Groups of words, in fact, depend on their meanings, just
as the connection of scientific names follows the resemblance in
character of the things denoted. Words, accordingly, stand related to one another, for the most part,
though very irregularly, as genus, species, and co-ordinate species. Taking _repose_ as a genus, we have as species of it, though not exactly
co-ordinate with one another, _tranquillity_ with a mental differentia
(repose of mind), _rest_, whether of mind or body, _sleep_, with the
differentia of unconsciousness (privative). Synonyms are species, or
varieties, wherever any difference can be detected in them; and to
discriminate them we must first find the generic meaning; for which
there may, or may not, be a single word. Thus, _equality_, _sameness_,
_likeness_, _similarity_, _resemblance_, _identity_, are synonyms; but,
if we attend to the ways in which they are actually used, perhaps none
of them can claim to be a genus in relation to the rest. If so, we must
resort to a compound term for the genus, such as 'absence of some sort
of difference.' Then _equality_ is absence of difference in quantity;
_sameness_ is often absence of difference in quality, though the usage
is not strict: _likeness_, _similarity_, and _resemblance_, in their
actual use, perhaps, cannot be discriminated; unless _likeness_ be the
more concrete, _similarity_ the more abstract; but they may all be used
compatibly with the recognition of more or less difference in the things
compared, and even imply this. _Identity_ is the absence of difference
of origin, a continuity of existence, with so much sameness from moment
to moment as is compatible with changes in the course of nature; so that
egg, caterpillar, chrysalis, butterfly may be identical for the run of
an individual life, in spite of differences quantitative and
qualitative, as truly as a shilling that all the time lies in a drawer. Co-ordinate Species, when positive, have the least contrariety; but
there are also opposites, namely, negatives, contradictories and fuller
contraries. These may be regarded as either co-ordinate genera or the
species of co-ordinate genera. Thus, _repose_ being a genus,
_not-repose_ is by dichotomy a co-ordinate genus and is a negative and
contradictory; then _activity_ (implying an end in view), _motion_
(limited to matter), _disturbance_ (implying changes from a state of
calm), _tumult_, etc., are co-ordinate species of _not-repose_, and
are therefore co-ordinate opposites, or contraries, of the species of
_repose_. As for correlative words, like _master and slave_, _husband and wife_,
etc., it may seem far-fetched to compare them with the sexes of the
same species of plants or animals; but there is this resemblance between
the two cases, that sexual names are correlative, as 'lioness,' and that
one sex of a species, like a correlative name, cannot be defined without
implying the other; for if a distinctive attribute of one sex be
mentioned (as the lion's mane), it is implied that the other wants it,
and apart from this implication the species is not defined: just as the
definition of 'master' implies a 'slave' to obey. Common words, less precise than the terms of a scientific nomenclature,
differ from them also in this, that the same word may occur in different
genera. Thus, _sleep_ is a species of _repose_ as above; but it is also
a species of _unconsciousness_, with co-ordinate species _swoon_,
_hypnotic state_, etc. In fact, every word stands under as many
distinct genera, at least, as there are simple or indefinable qualities
to be enumerated in its definition. § 3. Partially similar to a scientific nomenclature, ordinary language
has likewise a terminology for describing things according to their
qualities and structure. Such is the function of all the names of
colours, sounds, tastes, contrasts of temperature, of hardness, of
pleasantness; in short, of all descriptive adjectives, and all names for
the parts and processes of things. Any word connoting a quality may be
used to describe many very different things, as long as they agree in
that quality. But the quality connoted by a word, and treated as always the same
quality, is often only analogically the same. We speak of a _great_
storm, a _great_ man, a _great_ book; but _great_ is in each case not
only relative, implying small, and leaving open the possibility that
what we call great is still smaller than something else of its kind, but
it is also predicated with reference to some quality or qualities, which
may be very different in the several cases of its application. If the
book is prized for wisdom, or for imagination, its greatness lies in
that quality; if the man is distinguished for influence, or for courage,
his greatness is of that nature; if the storm is remarkable for
violence, or for duration, its greatness depends on that fact. The word
_great_, therefore, is not used for these things in the same sense, but
only analogically and elliptically. Similarly with good, pure, free,
strong, rich, and so on. 'Rest' has not the same meaning in respect of
a stone and of an animal, nor 'strong' in respect of thought and muscle,
nor 'sweet' in respect of sugar and music. But here we come to the
border between literal and figurative use; every one sees that
figurative epithets are analogical; but by custom any figurative use may
become literal. Again, many general names of widely different meaning, are brought
together in describing any concrete object, as an animal, or a
landscape, or in defining any specific term. This is the sense of the
doctrine, that any concrete thing is a conflux of generalities or
universals: it may at least be considered in this way; though it seems
more natural to say, that an object presents these different aspects to
a spectator, who, fully to comprehend it, must classify it in every
aspect. § 4. The process of seeking a definition may be guided by the following
maxims:
(1) Find the usage of good modern authors; that is (as they rarely
define a word explicitly), consider what in various relations they use
it to denote; from which uses its connotation may be collected. (2) But if this process yield no satisfactory result, make a list of the
things denoted, and of those denoted by the co-ordinate and opposite
words; and observe the qualities in which the things denoted agree, and
in which they differ from those denoted by the contraries and opposites. If 'civilisation' is to be defined, make lists of civilised peoples, of
semi-civilised, of barbarous, and of savage: now, what things are common
to civilised peoples and wanting in the others respectively? This is an
exercise worth attempting. If poetry is to be defined, survey some
typical examples of what good critics recognise as poetry, and compare
them with examples of bad 'poetry,' literary prose, oratory, and
science. Having determined the characteristics of each kind, arrange
them opposite one another in parallel columns. Whoever tries to define
by this method a few important, frequently occurring words, will find
his thoughts the clearer for it, and will collect by the way much
information which may be more valuable than the definition itself,
should he ever find one. (3) If the genus of a word to be defined is already known, the process
may be shortened. Suppose the genus of poetry to be _belles lettres_
(that is, 'appealing to good taste'), this suffices to mark it off from
science; but since literary prose and oratory are also _belles lettres_,
we must still seek the differentia of poetry by a comparison of it with
these co-ordinate species. A compound word often exhibits genus and
difference upon its face: as 're-turn,' 'inter-penetrate,'
'tuning-fork,' 'cricket-bat'; but the two last would hardly be
understood without inspection or further description. And however a
definition be discovered, it is well to state it _per genus et
differentiam_. (4) In defining any term we should avoid encroaching upon the meaning of
any of the co-ordinate terms; for else their usefulness is lessened: as
by making 'law' include 'custom,' or 'wealth' include 'labour' or
'culture.'
(5) If two or more terms happen to be exactly synonymous, it may be
possible (and, if so, it is a service to the language) to divert one of
them to any neighbouring meaning that has no determinate expression. Thus, Wordsworth and Coleridge took great pains to distinguish between
Imagination and Fancy, which had become in common usage practically
equivalent; and they sought to limit 'imagination' to an order of poetic
effect, which (they said) had prevailed during the Elizabethan age, but
had been almost lost during the Gallo-classic, and which it was their
mission to restore. Co-ordinate terms often tend to coalesce and become
synonymous, or one almost supersedes the other, to the consequent
impoverishment of our speech. At present _proposition_ (that something
is the fact) has almost driven out _proposal_ (that it is desirable to
co-operate in some action). Even good writers and speakers, by their own
practice, encourage this confusion: they submit to Parliament certain
'propositions' (proposals for legislation), or even make 'a proposition
of marriage.' Definition should counteract such a tendency. (6) We must avoid the temptation to extend the denotation of a word so
far as to diminish or destroy its connotation; or to increase its
connotation so much as to render it no longer applicable to things which
it formerly denoted: we should neither unduly generalise, nor unduly
specialise, a term. Is it desirable to define _education_ so as to
include the 'lessons of experience'; or is it better to restrict it as
implying a personal educator? If any word implies blame or praise, we
are apt to extend it to everything we hate or approve. But _coward_
cannot be so defined as to include all bullies, nor _noble_ so as to
include every honest man, without some loss in distinctness of thought. The same impulses make us specialise words; for, if two words express
approval, we wish to apply both to whatever we admire and to refuse both
to whatever displeases us. Thus, a man may resolve to call no one great
who is not good: greatness, according to him, connotes goodness: whence
it follows that (say) Napoleon I. was not great. Another man is
disgusted with greatness: according to him, good and great are mutually
exclusive classes, sheep and goats, as in Gray's wretched clench:
"Beneath the good how far, yet far above the great." In feet, however
'good' and 'great' are descriptive terms, sometimes applicable to the
same object, sometimes to different: but 'great' is the wider term and
applicable to goodness itself and also to badness; whereas by making
'great' connote goodness it becomes the narrower term. And as we have
seen (§ 3), such epithets may be applicable to objects on account of
different qualities: _good_ is not predicated on the same ground of a
man and of a horse. (7) In defining any word, it is desirable to bear in mind its
derivation, and to preserve the connection of meaning with its origin;
unless there are preponderant reasons for diverting it, grounded on our
need of the word to express a certain sense, and the greater difficulty
of finding any other word for the same purpose. It is better to lean to
the classical than to the vulgar sense of 'indifferent,' 'impertinent,'
'aggravating,' 'phenomenal.'
(8) Rigorous definition should not be attempted where the subject does
not admit of it. Some kinds of things are so complex in their qualities,
and each quality may manifest itself in so many degrees without ever
admitting of exact measurement, that we have no means of marking them
off precisely from other things nearly allied, similarly complex and
similarly variable. If so we cannot precisely define their names. Imagination and fancy are of this nature, civilisation and barbarism,
poetry and other kinds of literary expression. As to poetry, some think
it only exists in metre, but hardly maintain that the metre must be
strictly regular: if not, how much irregularity of rhythm is admissible? Others regard a certain mood of impassioned imagination as the essence
of poetry; but they have never told us how great intensity of this mood
is requisite. We also hear that poetry is of such a nature that the
enjoyment of it is an end in itself; but as it is not maintained that
poetry must be wholly impersuasive or uninstructive, there seems to be
no means of deciding what amount or prominence of persuasion or
instruction would transfer the work to the region of oratory or science. | 31,973 |
https://github.com/romz-pl/kohn-sham-atom/blob/master/exm/77Ir/eig.gnuplot | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,022 | kohn-sham-atom | romz-pl | Gnuplot | Code | 437 | 1,193 | #
# Gnuplot script for ploting eigenfunction.
#
set terminal png size 800,600 enhanced font "arial,16"
set xlabel "Radius [bohr]"
set ylabel "Eigenfunction(r)"
set xtics 1 font "arial, 12"
set mxtics
set output 'eig-Ir-1s2.png'
set title "Eigenfunction 1s2 for Ir atom"
set xrange[0:0.3]
set xtics 0.1
plot "eig.dat.1s2" using 1:2 with lines title 'State 1s2' lw 4 lc rgb "#00FF00",
set output 'eig-Ir-2s2.png'
set title "Eigenfunction 2s2 for Ir atom"
set xrange[0:0.6]
set xtics 0.2
plot "eig.dat.2s2" using 1:2 with lines title 'State 2s2' lw 4 lc rgb "#00FF00",
set output 'eig-Ir-2p6.png'
set title "Eigenfunction 2p6 for Ir atom"
set xrange[0:0.8]
set xtics 0.2
plot "eig.dat.2p6" using 1:2 with lines title 'State 2p6' lw 4 lc rgb "#00FF00",
set output 'eig-Ir-3s2.png'
set title "Eigenfunction 3s2 for Ir atom"
set xrange[0:1]
set xtics 0.2
plot "eig.dat.3s2" using 1:2 with lines title 'State 3s2' lw 4 lc rgb "#00FF00",
set output 'eig-Ir-3p6.png'
set title "Eigenfunction 3p6 for Ir atom"
set xrange[0:2]
set xtics 0.5
plot "eig.dat.3p6" using 1:2 with lines title 'State 3p6' lw 4 lc rgb "#00FF00",
set output 'eig-Ir-4s2.png'
set title "Eigenfunction 4s2 for Ir atom"
set xrange[0:2]
set xtics 1
plot "eig.dat.4s2" using 1:2 with lines title 'State 4s2' lw 4 lc rgb "#00FF00",
set output 'eig-Ir-3d10.png'
set title "Eigenfunction 3d10 for Ir atom"
set xrange[0:3]
set xtics 1
plot "eig.dat.3d10" using 1:2 with lines title 'State 3d10' lw 4 lc rgb "#00FF00",
set output 'eig-Ir-4p6.png'
set title "Eigenfunction 4p6 for Ir atom"
set xrange[0:3]
set xtics 1
plot "eig.dat.4p6" using 1:2 with lines title 'State 4p6' lw 4 lc rgb "#00FF00",
set output 'eig-Ir-4d10.png'
set title "Eigenfunction 4d10 for Ir atom"
set xrange[0:5]
set xtics 1
plot "eig.dat.4d10" using 1:2 with lines title 'State 4d10' lw 4 lc rgb "#00FF00",
set output 'eig-Ir-5s2.png'
set title "Eigenfunction 5s2 for Ir atom"
set xrange[0:4]
set xtics 1
plot "eig.dat.5s2" using 1:2 with lines title 'State 5s2' lw 4 lc rgb "#00FF00",
set output 'eig-Ir-5p6.png'
set title "Eigenfunction 5p6 for Ir atom"
set xrange[0:5]
set xtics 1
plot "eig.dat.5p6" using 1:2 with lines title 'State 5p6' lw 4 lc rgb "#00FF00",
set output 'eig-Ir-6s2.png'
set title "Eigenfunction 6s2 for Ir atom"
set xrange[0:12]
set xtics 1
plot "eig.dat.6s2" using 1:2 with lines title 'State 6s2' lw 4 lc rgb "#00FF00",
set output 'eig-Ir-4f14.png'
set title "Eigenfunction 4f14 for Ir atom"
set xrange[0:10]
set xtics 1
plot "eig.dat.4f14" using 1:2 with lines title 'State 4f14' lw 4 lc rgb "#00FF00",
set output 'eig-Ir-5d7.png'
set title "Eigenfunction 5d7 for Ir atom"
set xrange[0:10]
set xtics 1
plot "eig.dat.5d7" using 1:2 with lines title 'State 5d7' lw 4 lc rgb "#00FF00",
| 27,364 |
https://github.com/apoorvkk/LeetCodeSolutions/blob/master/problems/11_container_most_water.py | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,018 | LeetCodeSolutions | apoorvkk | Python | Code | 62 | 187 | '''
URL: https://leetcode.com/problems/container-with-most-water
Time complexity: O(n)
Space complexity: O(1)
'''
class Solution(object):
def maxArea(self, nums):
"""
:type height: List[int]
:rtype: int
"""
start = 0
end = len(nums) - 1
max_area = 0
while start < end:
curr_area = (end - start) * min(nums[start], nums[end])
max_area = max(max_area, curr_area)
if nums[start] < nums[end]:
start += 1
else:
end -= 1
return max_area
| 49,476 |
US-499275D-A_1 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | null | None | None | English | Spoken | 1,286 | 1,615 | Safety device for systems of distribution
(No Model.)
H. G. WIRT. SAFETY DEVICE FOR SYSTEMS 0P DISTRIBUTION.
No. 499,275. Patented June 13, 18.93.
WITNESSES: INVENTOR:
ATTYS.
NITED, STATES PATENT OFFICE.
HERBERT O. \VIRT, OF BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS.
SAFETY DEVICE FOR SYSTEMS OF DISTRIBUTION.
SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 499,275, dated June 13, 1893.
Application filed March 16, 1892. Serial No. 425,109. (No model.)
To all whom it may concern:
Be it known that I, HERBERT G. WIRT, a citizen of the United States, residing at Boston, county of Suffolk, State of Massachusetts, have invented a certain new and useful Improvement in Systems of Distribution, of which the following is a specification.
My present invention has to do with electric distribution systems, and especially those employing currents of high tension, as for example, are light circuits or alternating current transformer systems. When a shock is received from a circuit of this character it is likely to be fatal, and my principal object is to so modify the system that this danger now attendant on the use of high voltages may be obviated. I do not remove the liability to receiving a shock but, by grounding the generator as hereinafter described, the voltage of the shock it is possible to get is brought within such limits that loss of life need not be feared.
The invention provides a fault indicator to indicate at the central station the existence of a ground upon the line, and the arrangement furthermore is such as to automatically cut out a section upon its becoming grounded. The mode of attaining these results will be clearupon an examination of the devices illus trated in the accompanying drawings,wl1ere- 1n Figure 1 is a diagrammatic view of the in vention, and Fig. 2 is a similar diagrammatic View, diifering from Fig. 1 mainly in illustrating the invention applied to a multiple rather than a series circuit.
Arepresents a generatorof electricity,which is here represented as an alternating current generator having a number of armature or generating coils B connected in series as is customary in such machine. The terminals of the series of coils are brought to collecting rings 0 and D on which bear brushes a and 1) leading to the external circuit E. This circuit is normally insulated from ground, and contains arc lamps or other desired translating devices F arranged either in series as shown in Fig. 1, or in multiple as in Fig. 2. At a point G approximately midway electrically between the terminals of the machines a connection is made from the coils to a third collecting ring H, which is insulated from the a shock of great severity.
other rings and dynamo shaft and is permanently grounded through a brush 7L. Hence there will be a difference of potential between the ring H and rings C andD of only about one half that existing between the terminals of the machine at the rings C and D, and a shock re ceived through a short-circuit including the ring II will be correspondingly less severe than were the entire machine short-circuited. In this fact is to be found an essential difference between the present invention and the prior art.
In prior systems there has constantly existed the danger of a shock of the entire, or practically the entire, voltage of theline. In the system now proposed the same high line voltage may be retained with all the attendant advantages making such practice desirable, and yet the voltage which will be received by any one accidentally grounding the line may be reduced one half. A thousand volt circuit, for example, may thus be rendered practically as safe as a five hundred volt circuit heretofore, and the chief objection to high tension systems be thus largely removed. To make this clear, suppose an ordinary circuit with my permanent ground connection absent, then should an accidental ground occur at some portion of the line J, no indication will be given and its existence will not beknown, but the condition of affairs remain such that any one establishing a second ground connection as at J must receive Now if the generator be permanently grounded in the manner described, a shock may indeed be received upon an accidental grounding of the line, but the shock will be much less severe because as has been explained the difference of potential between the ring H and the terminal rings 0, D is only a fraction of that which exists between the rings 0 and D.
To indicate at the central station the existence of a ground upon the line, magnet I is provided in the ground branch. \Nhen such ground occurs the flow of current through the short-circuit thus established energizes momentarily the magnet even on an alternating current circuit. The armature dis attracted, tripping the vane or indicator 1;, and permitting it to fall into a vertical position, where it remains until reset. In Fig. 1 a fuse or like circuit interrupter g is also placed in the ground connection which breaks the shortcircuit automatically after the desired indication of its existence has been given, so that the lights at most are only momentarily extinguished.
Referring now to Fig. 2, the translating devices are shown arranged in multiple arc branches L, and each subcircuit is connected to the mains M, N by fuses or circuit interrupters such as placed in the ground connection in Fig. 1. Vith a multiple circuit they are preferably arranged at this point in order that the entire sub-circuit grounded may be cut out until the fault is found and repaired. As will be understood from the foregoing explanation, if a shock is experienced by shortcircuiting the mains M, N, or the opposite wires of one of the sub-circuits, the full volt age of the machine will be felt, but by permanently grounding the generating coils the danger of fatal consequences is greatly lessened, and in fact, in such circuits as are now installed, is practically done away with altogether.
What I claim as new, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is
1. The combination of an electric circuit normally insulated from ground, with a source of electricity of high tension connected therewith, and permanently grounded at an intermediate point where the Voltage is only a fraction of the total voltage between the circuit terminals, as set forth.
2. The combination of an electric circuit normally insulated from ground, with a generator of electricity having one or more generating coils or sets of coils connected in series, and a connection normally grounding such coils at a point approximately midway electrically between the circuit terminals, as described.
3. An alternating current generator having its generating coils arranged in any ordinary manner, and connected at an intermediate point between the circuit terminals to a collecting ring or brush by which such coils are grounded, as described.
4. The combination of an electric generator normally grounded at an intermediate point between the circuit terminals so as to form a short-circuit upon the occurrence of a ground upon the line as described, with a safety catch or like automatic circuit interrupter arranged to form part of such short-circuit when established, and to automatically rupture it as set forth.
5. The combination of an electric generator normally grounded at an intermediate point between the circuit terminals and adapted to establish a short-circuit upon the occurrence of a ground on the line as described, with an indicator at the central station responding to, and indicating the existence of such a shortcircuit, as set forth.
In testimony whereof I have hereto set my hand this lath day of March, 1892.
HERBERT O. \VIRT.
lVitnesses:
C. L. HAYNES, A. M. OUSE.
| 5,726 |
https://github.com/companieshouse/chs-delta-api/blob/master/handlers/register_test.go | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,021 | chs-delta-api | companieshouse | Go | Code | 139 | 546 | package handlers
import (
"github.com/companieshouse/chs-delta-api/config"
"github.com/companieshouse/chs-delta-api/services/mocks"
"github.com/companieshouse/chs-delta-api/validation"
"github.com/golang/mock/gomock"
"github.com/gorilla/mux"
"net/http"
"net/http/httptest"
"testing"
. "github.com/smartystreets/goconvey/convey"
)
// TestUnitHealthCheck asserts that the healthcheck endpoint correctly returns 200 when called.
func TestUnitHealthCheck(t *testing.T) {
Convey("When I call the healthcheck endpoint, then I am given a 200 status", t, func() {
w := httptest.ResponseRecorder{}
healthCheck(&w, nil)
So(w.Code, ShouldEqual, http.StatusOK)
})
}
// TestUnitRegister asserts that all routes are correctly registered and can be called.
func TestUnitRegister(t *testing.T) {
mockCtrl := gomock.NewController(t)
defer mockCtrl.Finish()
Convey("When we call the register function then all routes are registered", t, func() {
router := mux.NewRouter()
callNewCHValidator = func(openApiSpec string) (validation.CHValidator, error) {
return &validation.CHValidatorImpl{}, nil
}
config.CallValidateConfig = func(cfg *config.Config) error {
return nil
}
cfg, _ := config.Get()
kSvc := mocks.NewMockKafkaService(mockCtrl)
kSvc.EXPECT().Init(cfg).Return(nil)
err := Register(router, cfg, kSvc)
So(router.GetRoute("healthcheck"), ShouldNotBeNil)
So(router.GetRoute("officer-delta"), ShouldNotBeNil)
So(router.GetRoute("officer-delta-validate"), ShouldNotBeNil)
So(err, ShouldBeNil)
})
}
| 41,153 |
bub_gb_PBv8vPALPREC_19 | Latin-PD | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,610 | Renati Choppini Andegaui I.C. ... Monasticōn, seu, De iure csnobitarum. Libri duo | None | Latin | Spoken | 6,972 | 18,687 | Franci» s. confuita. Constitvtis ergo a Principe melioris noti Juridicis , qui n Ecdcfultica iura xquis Decretis confoucant. Nunc rem lllullrc- mus Iudicatorum exemplis, ac .quidvaleatpium Magiilrarus in Ecclcfiam ftudium, oculis fubie&oncgotio, difpiciamus. Notum m? Atcei^Et £c! eft, Cccnobiarchas, & T cmpjorum Aiitiftitcs .militanti Regi fu p- Pniit.Libs.Tita.Ate p cnas f crrc debere , ea forni u!a ac fpecic,quam ex prilcis Gallici Vius Monumentis alibi protftlimus. At Francicus prudens Sena- tus id oneris Ecclcfiartici allcuauic , dato rcgrciTuadplcbciosfub- ditos,quitantumdcm dominis Sacerdotibus refundere teneantur inquettai expedii* in Sicuri vctullo hoc S. Confulto dccilum fuit , fecundum Ferrari cn- n» A"'°» l «'° 1< i.°o fc, Vaftinenftsagri,monafterium, in Parlamentohctx Pcntrcoiles c%Zf‘ F ' r ’ , "" , "‘ An. 12.8 4. ldiomacc lcquenti. Ci m dominus Rex peteret ab Abbate 0 Conuentu de Ferrarijs centum fermentes ,dsi,ts quadrigas 0\num [ummarium, in quibus difii Abbas 0 C ornemus eidem tenebantur edtioneEoctrattos pro Villa fua de Ferrarijs, 0 cius perimemus ,praus in Regtfns domini Regis co- tincrur. Abbas & Conuentus pradifhuicebant contra homines d. Villa: quid u EcUefiaflic^Mi*’ debebant prttd. Exercitum accipere fitpcr homines [nos: cum fu cor, fur cudo tarmiti «neram con . generalis in Francia, quod Ecdejue Francia, qua debent Exercitum domino Regi, illum accipiunt 0 recuperant fuper homines [tus. Dtlhs hominibus de Ferrarijs contrarium afferentibus, quod ipjrttd-J, excrarupi d. Abbati mtnims tenebantur Monafticati. Lib. 1 1 . 297 tenebatur.cum illudamini) Regi fer munii fuit /oluere teneretur, quum dominus RexperChartamJ.exercitii fuperd. homines referua/fet. Vifls rationibus (y probationibus d. Religio/orum, ey d. hominum de Ferrarijs, IvdiCatvm efl per iudicium Curue nofira, quod d. Abbas ey Conuenm f oluerent domino Regi Exercitum in Regiflro contentum, y quod illum capient feu recupera- bunt per manum fitam /aper homines de Ferrarijs, <y alios /itos homines, qui ad hoc tenebuntur. Saluo dido [unimano , quod d. zsibb.u ty Conuentus Joluent de fuo proprio : Et quod prad. homines, fuper quos d. Abbas & Conuentus capient d.Exercitum, [oluere Regi alium Exercitum minime tenebuntur. Qui- nimo plcbcia Ccenobicarum Miniftcria & Officiales eximuntur populari ifta Militaris oneris indemnitate Cocnobijs prsftanda. V c Arcfto pronuntiatum fuit Parlamcntan Diualium An. 1171. in hanc _ formula.Scruies Monachonide Pratea,apud Exoldunucomorans, omn s»aor.»n.n7u , , . n . . l N . * r 1 r t- P r oAbb*tia4*MPM«. „ viiaCharttd.MonachorumjClt immunis a contributione lublidij »*rr/. _ Exercitus, vna cum aliis Burgcnfibus de Exolduno domino Regi „ facicnda:Et ea quxd. Abbas acquifiuicantcdatam Literarum con- . firmationis Regis Ludouici,qux Bailliuus Bituricen. tenebat iaifi- „ tadchberabuntur ,& acquifltapoftdichmconfirnutioncm/aifi- „ ta remanebunt. Ex eadem BiturigumDiccccfi.vniucrfim dichrfunt pro libertate vindici®, immunitateque Apparitorum FaniCirici; eiufque facri Canonicorum Collegij, apud liTodunum , Biturici Municipij oppidum. Senatorio Decreto pridianisdiebus Pcnteco- LiRey Philippe s U R-rJj fils it t, Leis itfrm » lei prieiilegts it P Egh e da M gfctn: jph itlem' r telmj fur Itanti ?tpi.i, o* mhi *#s fu ut ,'/* • t gtuntnt concede, qttelet tUtflret sflicillsEghfc dt Mt/ctn/ertient exempti de toute pm([gnc e indictu- 0 & I ujhet fecubfr, OrJtn**' t que UiDtytn <y CbgpitrtdtS. V ineem [titmUtueitue-HK. tn ttirufl , tuse ftmlt peuutir [atre emprtfonrrr (y punit Ut delinquens tn leter 'ghft frCltiftrei. El percoque U reymrnpeUh* U pnhhcenen defJitta LettresAm Rej Philippei, tl j eu/l Arrejl ia [• et Ument de Veris Cen l ii 1. euprt/fit dejditi Dojten & Chefitte. fles An. u 76. ita concepto. Cumdicerent frior & Capitulum S. Cirici, Exoldunen. quod ipfl habuerunt a tempore, a quo non exrat memoria, \>num Pmttcoftct Seruientcm in Villa Exoldunen. liberum & immunemab omni Iujlitia,[cut S* coik.mi il r. "Vauatores de terra Exoldunen. ab omni co/luma [ori,bocagio,excubijs,redibi- r ’“****- " tione, equitatura exercitus, & leuda,<y aliis, prout in Rubrica continentur.Et frper hoc [ada [uerat Inquefla de mandato domini Regis. Pronuntiatum efl per Iudicium Curia, quod d. Prior (y Capitulum S. Clerici remanebunt in /aiflna [uad.Seruientis. ii Qvod avtem promifeue iftic Canonicos fcculi cum Reou- »<»»*»««■•**'*»•• Uribus committam , & limma vtnnquc producam Rerum iudica- ■4Canoni«>»,pr«tei. tarum exempla, facit vtriufque Sodaliti) affinitas vetus atqueCom • Cip *' munioiQuam fatis aperte indicat Arclatenfis. 4. Synodi Caput. 8. de monafterio Canonicorum, qui votiux Religionis profeffiori- K^"“ca*oioM.j' busadarquantur. Specialius vero, Aquifgrancnfis Concilii Proce- invoiiun.j.concd. tes Canonicis quibulquc pr.tfcriplcrunt «"»6«. y. Coenobitarum more, communem vidtum, cultumque vcftium plane religiofum,- , ... , . , r ... / ,. r 1 1 • 1 1 • V 1 Svnodui & adomcluca lamihanquediicrctum popularis vulgi conluetudU Prou.nciaiis Tomo. ncCap.iiLiti.U4.Quod& recentius graphice expreflum fuitab 4 ' c °°" i ' Digitized by Coogle 1 298 Renati Choppini »aot ApoRoiic op. Agrippinenfi ccrtu Germanici Cleri. An. 1536. in huncmodunri Rcfpondeat Canonicorum vita titulo rcfpondeat nomini: hnt RejoUCanomcorain re ipfa , vt funt nomine : Canonici,']', regulares. Prima eorum ©ri- TO°Ioou™fauone ? ,' 1 i go , Moiuftici difciplinz fuit. Imitentur Apoftolos , Sc nafccn- - uionTCoCuibgfiiVo tis Ecclcfiz miniftros : quorum erat cor vnum Sc anima vna, qui - candnnau pubi.cn q UO tidic perdurantes vnanimiter inTemplo, & frangentes circa - Scriput , flf in Anicu- ^ l . *. Q. los.itf- difttibut». Re- domos panem , lumcbanc cibum cum cxultanonc & limplicitatc • ■SaSPLSS: cordis, perfeucrantes in orationibus, collaudcntcs D E v m, & ha- - bentes gratiam ad omnem plebem. Atque adcohuiufmodi Coi- • legia Clericorum, vetuftum primzuz Ecclcfiz Infticutum prz fe ferre, oftcndic vel forma zdificiorum , quz Canonicos prope Templum, in vnum ferme habitaculum collocauit.-vt apromif- cua multitudine procul difparati , continuo Diuinis laudibus mfi- fterent. Hzc Synodica Agrippine fententia eft, Parte. 5. Cap. 4. De Canonicorum vita & officio. Inde Claujhales (acrorum eiuimo- *po f uw«. di Sodalium Domos,* a«ooi prohibentur condudicioiure ineo- ToroneaGi Synodi prouisctalis habite A n. r 5 1 } .Tit .De monich . 6c monafteriti , Prohibemus Abbatibus Sc Prioribus eonuca- tualibai tam rcligiuh* quam commcudaiariis, eorumque Procuratoribus 8c firmarm , Ne domosiocra fcpu Moualtcnorum fe- culaubu» Ac laicis locent, vel vxoratos refidere m Monafteriis permittantur Aec. Sic communiter viae- se debere Canonicos^ & * qualem magooru f rufluum partitionem facere fuarora Pr*b£- darum per Gogula Vi- cennia. ludi catum Aieili» Curi» , die. I. Mart.Ao.ij4*- *-f- Deccmk «JJ 4 Canonicus S. Iuliani, Cenomane». Et Are- ftisdie. i}. Auguft. Xjlt ac* tf. lanuar. 1197. iotet Canoni- cos S.Peui,Wft*“^- Iere, occupare. Nam Aurelianenfi.i. Concilio diftindafuit Cle- ricorum a prophanis habitatio , fedefquc domicilij. Cap. 9. Ac prifea quidem A-gypriorum , Se Athcnienfium Lege, fcorium ha- bitabant Sacerdotes, feiundHquc ab omni turba vitam agebant. Vt cftinTimzo Platonis. Tanto igitur decentius, veri Numinis myftas acfacnficos , profani vulgi concuoErnio, velut contagione S |uadam,non pollui, nec, cum iis, Plcbciosaut Nobiles viros, aeminafue communibus tedis pcrmifccri. Exin vetus Ecclcfiz Noraothefia cauit. Fanis proxima Clauftra conftitui: in quibus feparatim,Prclbyterorum chorus larem foucrct. Can. neccdaria Crecorint 4 . P. in Cap. Penult. De cleric. uen refident vocat AfltGos in Collegiati EccIefia.V. beuefiriatos qui non funt Cano- nici. Difti AffiGjquafi aflUui.qui ferum debent EccleG». Vt in multis Eccleuti pluics funt tales qui ManGonanj dicuntur, nec vocantur adeommunta inflatus cum Canonicis. Gloi.ind. Cap. penult. CauC n. Quzft. 1. Nec villa in atriis Delubrum ftrui poterant xdi- ficia antiquitus, prxterquam Cleticorum in vfum. Apoftolico Ni- colai. 1. decreto, Sc Can. nulla Ead. cauf Sc quzft. A Gallica de- mum noftri zui Hierarchia fuccurfum eft publico S: dedecori Sc incommodo, quod, liccntior popularium habitatio in zdibus Canonicorum , dictim inuchcrct. V ctuit quippe illa in focris Bitu- rigum Comiciis, extraneos, Sc Canonicorum domibus excipi, quamlibet genere propinquos, ijfuelocariquzin clauftris Templorum fuorum domicilia Canonici haberent: vtiftos, con- tra, popularium in zdibus commorari. Placitis Bituricz Synodi f™co”^ h “^P rouincialis >S c P‘c n >b.Me n f A n .. 5 84.Can.8.Tit.DeCanonidsSc Capitulis. Canonicam Monaftic»n.Lib.I I. 299 Canonicam deinceps facrorum Sodalium Normam tutan- tur ciuilcsGallix Magiftratus, cxprouocationc Heri lolita identi- dem abufus nomine. Quum enim maioribus Epifeoparuum T em- plisinhxreantaflidui quidem Canonici, aliena- Collegarum ope- rxfupplemcnco, Par clt, illos, qui facris continuo vacant, liberiori- bus Canonicis, Sacerdotalium ialtem redituu perceptione, 8: Co- mitialibus fuffragijscxxquari. VtS.C. PariAcnA gemino dccifum fuit nonis Scxtilib. An. 1535. &c 6 . Idiis Quintiles. 1546. ad appella- tionem ex abufuinterpofitam a Sexuiris Fam Cathcdralis Aurdio- rum, in alios ipAus Canonicos: Qui, rei fuat ergo, multa (latuerant: afliduis fex Canonicis noxia aedilpediofa. Pro irt Senatorius Ordo relcidit decreta Collcgij omnia , qux Bafilicnfi cunque Synodo, Se landfis Canonibus aduerfa proponcrentur.Iu(Iititidcm,exadfe(cr- uari quadruplex Pragmatica: Format Caput , Quomodo Dumum Of- Jic. Jit celebrand. , Quo ‘juifij. temp. deb. ejfein choro, De tenentibus Capitula tempore Miffe.,De rabula pendente in Choro.Ex in Conferipti P AT res ccnfucrc , frudhiarij Canonicatuum Aflisfcmiflemprxfcntibus folis attribui , titulo diurna: Sacerdotalis annonx ; quo, EccleAa- ftici Sodales ampliore numero Diuinis interefTent. Collegio praeterea, fuis interdidtum Comitijs hora ipla cclcbrandx Liturgix aut interci vagari in medio Templo. Illis deiiiquc praeceptum, ex fuo quendam Coetu deligere , qui inter Sacra folennia aditantes punftis notet , obfcruct. - Id quod pofteriiis etiam aduerterunt quodammodo Synodici Canones Tridentini, Sefliorien. Cap. 5.SelT. n.Cap.j.Self x4.Cap.11. §. Diftributiones. AcBullatum adeo Pij. 5. Diploma, a Nauarro citatum in Cap. 15. Num.m. Cum autem olim Gregorius. xj.P., qui, Aurelia:, Canonicus ex- titerat, prolpiccrct , facrorum Sodalium paucos Diuinis prxflo futuros , ab tenui re Canonicatuu Angulorum , ideo fex Prclby cc- risfpeciatimaddixittotidem Aurclianenfis Fani Sacerdotia , qua: prius poirefforem amifilTent, cum lege adidui miniftcrij, & Ecclc- Aaftici cultus dictim horatimque adimplendi. Referipto An. 1377. quod exeeutifunt NiucrnenfisEpifcopus Petrus, &: Vilhelm.Bru- nus,Auarici Biturigum Canonicus , decimo tertio Kalend. De- cem. Eod. An. VndcScholiallcs Pragmatica: Sandbon. prodidit memoria:. Diurnum officium in Aurelianen. Ecclefia, aballiduis quibufdam peragi confu 81 fc, non ab alijs : Quinumerum tamen omnes quinquagenarium luperant.lnprxd.Tit. Pragmar. De ta- bula pendentein Choro. Ad verb. per fe vel alium. Plane cundtos decet Canonicam vita aggrelTos,Prcsbyterij gradu infigniri , ope- rarique Sacris. Alias, diurna, przbendi fportula mulotandi fun t, ip- A. QuodnecobfcureinnuitTridentinaSynodus , de facris Ca- nonicorum ordinibus mentione habita. SelAone. 14. Abeo quo- que ipfoTridentiConucntuEccleAaftico, abnuitur ius fuftragij Canonici ftiui., hebdcuudarij : alij Tctol.t CII. Ltitecianar Curj.c. Ardlidc, f. Acjr. ipH.ac.io. ini ptHT tes f , Chaminis detrfidtltce , (j> /es 1, SttHtpreltnde*. . trem- eret. CbsuMtrt Mm- Mtrtms , appellans rl - me tC 'misu des frater-, O* Ordennt/urs C** l ir u Lutes auirpt Chanotr.es utres dt ttglij; iOrltAMS. M: licta» redituum •'labmdanim tn Dallr binione* reda- da At Tpdcnt. Con- cilio, «res boncrum Ecclcli* in dilUitu- tiones conticui de- bet, prarleniilnisaj- pliC2ndi*. Sfir. ai. cap.j. Ocrefoiraar. P u» iluaseur, eu Fattl- ttarejhu far U Cha- uti ilprefhrs le ftrment , & fera re- neuuelled'an en an. Dc tjuo ptindatoris muncrc.oinmbus pe- ne Collegiatis ecde - Cisvfiraio , fccipfit Tiom. Zcrula , 10 Praxicpifcopali.Vcr. Puodator. Et in Vei. Hotaccanouicc. Bulie Gicgoriane caecutio , dic. ly. No«cn)b,An. ij77. In ErclcfiaS. Croci» Autcliiota., fune Canonicam*. 49. fc Dignitates fcu Prr- ftuiatus.j. Cap. ia. Dccxcii De tclorraat- fubdiaccnciira. Csp. 4 .e : «f<!. Cccici». Rothon;c(n. Synodi Tit Dc cpifcops Si Cap tnhc. Tutotiicar, Tu Dc Capitulis, Di- goita'. it C anobicis. Aqucnfis.Tit. Lc Ca- nonicis. Renati Choppini VcrH *t Canonici tc! Clcnci csroYucc »i- iK.iitic Cjb Inom- mbuj.Ex Ltb. ». Capi* tui- Cmfililim tenui Ayx la C hMfptlle. Pragmat .SanA.Tit f. Quem. dniin. Quo quii que temp. dtb. Quali 'rrhot tao. duc. Ut his qui tcir.p. diui. iciuit. Dc lab. pcnd.m choro. 300 in Collegio, fententiique di« 5 Vio Canonicis, nifi qui* Ypodiaco- nJn (altem Albofint adferipti. Scflionc. j.x.Conlonahis, prodi- cantur neotericis Rothomagi , T uronum , & Aquarum Sextiarum ConcilijsFrancicis, dc Canonicorum officio : vtad Ecclefiafticos ordines prouchan tur ocy us , & in re diuina facienda vfqucquaquc elaborent. Scucriflima quidem viti Regula , ceu nexu quodam, obftringcbantur Canonici veteres : quibus &: a Regula: obferua- tione nomen impofitum erat. Can. 34. Verf vtCanoniciDccon- fecrat. Diftind. 5. Canonicam , rurfus , viucndi normam commcn- dauitdifcrtcKarolus.i.lmp.,eiu(quc(c compilandi au&orempro- feffus cft. Cap. ys.Lib i.Lcg. Franc. Sed alia funt domcftici pnua- tique vitae priccpta fingulorum Canonicorum , alia publici ift Templo , ac Ecclcfiafticiofficij eorumdem. Vtrumque genus di- ftindtis Capitibus cxplanauit Aquifgrani coaita Synodus An. 816. ac Mcldcnfis, An. 8 4 5. Cap. 53. &. 58. Ampliffime demum, apud Ba- filcam liabitis EcclcfiiComitijs,traclatum cft de iufto Canonico- rum munere in (acris Bafilicis, ac Diuinocultupcragendo. ArrePdtlaCeurarAudrtnreJut. surilutf. tntrtlfAnSmhlUt Chnr.tintdt Chartrei , AffielUnt t ement initu ie t tmpriftnnemut de faptr/onrr , dei OtdornahCfCapuulaires , dtm-r.deur entxtmption dtUimriJdititen du C bappttreji eaufe da me !ef!n Ju 'ii lujfai- Jcit (jy du .tniimraium a on u-aes, C? fTu.xtitndtfndifltihuticni frdejjtnm dtebanterfnr U hitrt.iluy faiffei far UdiU Qhapfitre &reifutiA/.t rtfer.r-atten du CLafpitu y fcHtltauelfuuUtoq i & MarillatptMT hCbapfitrt . La Gcur fnrrapptlecnwitdabm.amu Iti farti, t heri de ttur. Gutnt • laa<futptiixim tum , delenti: kt cyani ifrardaUrequtftde reformet ten , laCcurerdar.ne 'ai udam tuylii arti. It s dc refvrmatien ftttnt mi fu far deutn e Ut , feur &c. Er tt-pendnnt emcinft eudiil Chappitrtdr fardir& faire garderltt fiixiiidetrttt, quoquifqucumpcrc qualiter dw m m effici um lit cel«br.& de tenenub capitula icmpoteMiflar. E nieinSaudi3 Cbappnredetraittir Jrunainementltdiel SaltllatUurttnfrere c* Chanayne . & audiit s aitllat ft icr.ttr.ir en medeflit .humilitedn fra - Urniti enutri tnx, C* Jtrtfermtr\»Xv intjmii l qu.itninpronun:iaiioDC,o> xxtrti fiaiuti ty- ttremomn deladiStEglife , fumant Ut Ar~ hjh dum rc feut raifcn dudittft nuce dium. Er jirotit auditi afpt liant fay iri. sac.Pe iit Lib.j.Tit j. Assidv itatis porro vacatione fubnixi quidem funt Sacer- )+ *“ 17 acii ?H d otcs > vtpote Scholarum alumni, Con(cripti Curiarum fuprema- rum clerici, Aulici cantores (acricoli, &idgc»usalij : dequibus, .i Nobis illata commemoratio, in Politicis Ecclcfii. Aft triplex iftis temperamentum forcnfia Gallia; Dccrcraadhibuerc.Primum enim, (aniliore inPritorioiudicauit Princeps, Lutetianum fena-- Artium anpn.ic.n- torciu,clcrictim, Iuftido Curii indidlo : Aulicum item (acrificum, expicto trimeftri A ulioblcquio, Canonicatuslui munia ailucum obite debere, ipfiusalioquin compendiisfruduarnfqucobucntio- "yUmM. nibus excludendos. Arello (acri Auditorij, prolato. 15. Kal. Quin- tiles An. 1583. 'inter Sodales Fani Mcldcnfis, ailores : & Lazarum f!u’^'e^f' ULlml ' Cocleuin.Parifien. Curii Confiliarium , ac Dcfidcrium Lelchenc- ru iT c,. : At. tum, in Regia Saccllanum, ambos Canonicos Mcldcnfis Ecclcfii, bronc sRcqticiit. ta r cos. Qiiotics, ad hscc, prtuilcgiarij Clerici Canonicatus, cllalli- a«!moui>*miilic! dui funilioni obnoxius particulatim, cuiuimodi non nulli in Ca- nthZLvmfnll" tbtdralthu Templis, glcbiquc vclutadfcriptitii : Tuncabfcnsillc, n,si,,:cuhebdcinidjj. Aulici officii excuftitionc non lucrifacit fui reditus Sacerdotii , ciuo itiuit.o iLbictianin: minime priiens iit perlunctus. ita dccctnante Senatu Pannorum, t^cVp«Si'raV«£i' 6. Kalend. Sextiles An. 1371. lecundum Claromontanam canoni- r ‘ 6“ 5 eorum Societatem Arucmii, qui a Palatinis libellorum Judicibus yCo< Monaftic^n.Lib.I I. 301 ConfiliatiisCuri* illuntappellarat: contra Francif.T cxrorem, Ca- nonicum fubditum, Aulicumquc faccrdotcm, qui perceptos , ab- fente fe , Canonicatus fui fruttus , a Collegio rcpoiccbat. Tamccfi cnimhic Clementina niteretur immunitate aflidui minideriipro Sacrificulis Regix Francis : Iudicio rite definitum ed, Canonica- tus ciufmodifcruos. Hebdomadarios , Se lubditosClaromotanxEcr clefix , nihilo magis Pontificio tali Priuilegio includi , quam gcnc- ratim conceptis Romanx Curis Mandatis , Induitis , &: Expcdla- tionibus facrorum Beneficiorum : Qusad illos, afliduis Templi Minillrisaddidtos, Canonicatus non porriguntur. Neque idcirco tamen facri Muneris vacatione vti poliunt indiferiminatim Eccle- iiaflict alij collcgx. Nam in Iuridicis Lugduni Conuentibus .pla- cuit Senatoris Decuris, diaria ex Anniuerfarijs, alnTque ob dc- fundtorum obitum indituris rei Diuins officijjs erogari tantum prssetibusCononicis.abfentiumquc portiones folidasidis aduol- ui. Judicato, Septembris Luce. 9. An. i596.intcrClaromontanum Aruernis Sodalitium Epifcopale, pro quo.Mauguinus: Et Heb- domadarios fex Canonicos, faccrdotes, pro quibus, Robertus, eo-erc , vna cum Anton. Seguerio , Fifei Aduocat». Deniquein diurna Canonicorum Annona, quam Victvalivm vocabulo dcfi- gnat Alexander. 3. P. .abfentis ratio nulla habetur, quamlibetpri- uilegiarij acimmunis.Cap.licct De Prsbft. Cap. dccstero Dccler. non rcfid.Cap.vn.Eod.Tit.In.6.Cap.almamater$.Adijcimus,Dc fentcn.cxcommun. Apud Bonifacium.g.P. Senatori tamen clerico, qui Rcipubl. caufa abeft, Lvtetiani Patres adiudica- runt omnes omnino Prsbendifui reditus : Demptis modo diurnis hifce fportulis, qus peculiari sris fpecic ,indies , quacunqucuc hebdomade, adilantibusTcmplo Canonicis manu porrigantur. Vnde manuales hs Difinbunonrs vernacule didis. Sicuti ex Senato rijs decretis pcrfpicue oftendimus , cum bimembri Distribv- tiokvm (aerarum dillindiione, Lib. x. Lecvm AndecayeN., Cap.76.Art.vlt. Neque ijs diffcntancum quicquam , nuperrime pronuntiatum ed aConscriptis Cvrix , Quinto Idus lu- nias An. 1600. in publica concertatione Fori: quum T. Chauueli- nus pro Ludou. Tillio, Senatore : & Mondrculius.pro Cenomano canonicorum Sodalitio, viciflim pcrorallcnt. Idem iuris Aulico Sacricols tributum fuit aSenatu,exccptaquc Diaria iola, qusprs- fenti pecunia facris Sodalibus dietim manu tradantur. Suprema Sententia, 10. Kalend. luniasAn. 1586. pro Regij Sacelli Admini- ftro illo, aduerfus Sacrificulorum Societatem Ambiani Fani ma- ioris. Bulli Clementis.*. P. pio Cfprlbnn Rcg 5 Irancix: Cui fumlem Pii.» P refer» 01 ' m. Pt aginat i eat , tn Tir. Qiufct.huic cano». Sacerdotale» & Hdxi' in.iil.it ii C.. m ooMciaf-iid Clar* m- montem , q- 1 omi.i- tushmtsaeTilleic e- r.eixurDiit no ic-.ur* »0, Euocni. ua Bella; si Cal Iui An 1458. te Pauli 10. Cal.IcLruar. Senatorium Areftwn Magnorum d’e iim, LugJuncril. Aa.iyj*. Atetaoder. |.ia Cap. T Dccler non iclid. Curia: Tat-fien Are- divmr» pl»tdtint,d it. s Itin.An. i rfoo. pro Ludou. dn 1 itht. 1 a- nomeo Ecclefiar Ce~ nomanen appellante a Coniilariis Requs - Harum Paiatj : Cr' omnes ptarbeda: Icar prouer.tus addifii fuci e, htrt-mit Ut di- fltibstuent munutUtl en /t rgtnt, aut fepjyet.t »h tbxur mutis U I tr- uset. ii. Decrerum Curiae die. 1 j.Man.tfM confir- mans Sementum Rcqneftarom Palatu diram die,j j I»mi.\i. 1 t * f .pro ‘'e r ffirji- nt;Ci).ivitllMtn dt Se- 'pted»tr.td'Arniens,& ('tutatu drSlnfiqutdl htChaftUt&tt Rty. A I» th»rft qut Irty r e- tcum t 4M ierunt du Re ) , fer» tenti d‘»fijftr enticrenunt «* {ifr..t;e dt !aJ. F-lltft ¥. innent Mitte Ic Frrucfi d» Cl-MppelUtnt r [ap»t- Ediir du R«) dennttn Mmti r f 94 penr Ut chmttrts eyCJ-*fftiUir.i Jtl» ChafptU t irduuur* du Poypeurl» prsuiftS Rcynledet diftii- ttz , prtbtndtigjrQhdfftikl dts E fiifts etlUginltt, vnqn*nits fm meri, tncnpaut/ <y uuitimini Lrdut fJittvtrifie AttjrMudCusftiNi 19 , 1 usllti»ud.0» 1 4. peurlt rtgttrd dt(dtiit bmrfitti vatqnuns parmart/iuUmrnt. Et»!» ih»rgt tput Its frtutj tni e» fent txttnetes^ ItfqutlUs ftront prtftTtts »»x Ch»»etnr 1 tn C»t dt rtg»le. Et *uf[t quis Egitfts de U Ch»pptllt {jr otlret , tu »‘y 0 q »t 1 1 . Chaneinti , tlny pemrr» Mueirqut \.dt(duisQhMntTtsfr»mUgux.lLt 0» il y *ttr 0 plustU Ch»niinti , entet»tt\y feurr» sndiH ntrniTtiuJqms» £. Ck»*trtid»RtJpt»rteiir. . ; Bb ij 30Z Renati Choppini V ltra Priuilcgiariosimmunelque Canonicos, dequibusfu- ij pra,caufantur quidam externas occupationes, quo minus fuo va- care Sacerdotio queant , ac veluein Ratione perpetuo confiftcre. SoTm-cT.': A tprouifum vtrobique eft.Templorum Przfcdhs, fimul & ordi- Tit ' k's'n°rDsar nario Diuini culeus Miniftcrio. Qui enim necelTarijs rebus diftri- to.u.Dcicfoiicit. fti^ab Ecclcfia fua abelfe compelluntur aliquantifper , hi alliduita- tis onere leuanturexoluunturquc, integro Annurimeftriadfum- mumuntro quodT rimclTrc, fua ipfi negotia explicent. Hoc autem condonat® ablcntizfpatium quotannis, fiuc continuum, fiue in- terruptum , pritergredi non debent beneficiarij Ecclefi® Antifti- Ks>Parochi jlacrarum a£dium Canonici : Quippe quum longius ah- ,n u, dttftu fordefeant Jrud Colonis. Atque lraabfcntizmodum rationem- cM' V *u dc s. iniit» que oporccc conflare, vc lulla panccr cx cauia abiens excuictur,ncc ''**""*• vlluminterimChriftianus grex detrimentum ferat. Qucmadino- diim Synodici Prafules apud Tndcntum fanxerc. Quo etiam in Conucntu O ccumenico , prolpcdum fuit temporarij fcccffus ab Ecdefia incommodo, vt qui ex ea abceflerint identidem, fcupri- uilegiarij , fcu alij quilibet , Annuis faltem celebrioribus Fertis die- bus prefto adfint ei Bafilic® , cuius Prafc&uram gerunt : putain Dominico Aduentu, Quadragenario Iciunio, Rcfurre&ione Domini, pentccofte , & corporis Christi Fcfto.Qmbus die- bus maxime refici , ac Paftoris conlpcdhi , oues frui , fecundo Nu- mine, expedit. Si ramen necclTaria Ecclcfia? fu® negotia tra&atiirus petierit Romam Antiftcs , haud iniquum fit, abfentem facr® Rei- publ.crgo , iuuari Legum beneficijs,nox®que eximi illicit® abfen- tix. Pontificio Honorij. Refcripto, Exparte Dc cleric. non refid. Vnde&, Aulicoin Prztorio, dicenteMe , decretum fuit pridem sufuvmj* lugmii forenfis cuiufdam controudrfi®Iuftitium,poftulantiAmcdeoCru- i** rmn , it rji. ceo Ciftercicnfis Ordinis principi Abbd, pro quo orabam : qui j,uc>"x iniijmc, nouus tum Rom® incola , res Monaitic® totius Sed® Iu® procu- ciiicmjsbba.caftc ra k ac Extcmporanca Sententia Prstoriani cius Confilij Idibus Noucmb. An. 1591. quum Loyfcilus , econtra, Karol® dcCluy^, Di«. ri.Nouemb. M on jalium Prxfe&z, caulam egilfet. Necmultbaliterdc Theo- pndium cuii* p*ri. l 0 g 0 dodofe, qui in Epifcopi lui comitatu eratiulTu ipfius,pro- nuntiatum cft Arefto Curi® in publica difccprationc litium , 14. KaL Quintiles An. 1587. pro Adriano Ambcefio, Nouiomcnris fi Veromanduorum Ecdefi® Sodali , qui Canomcatus fructus fuos «statuto capimijri fecit i ad uerfus Sodalitium ipfum Epilcopale, quodprifcam luam poftn g C.u,Vdr;°i illi Conrtitutionem opponebat, prxfentilfimi in Ecclcfia ofEcij, ad confequcndos Saccrdotijprouentus.Sed ne tempus, chartaequc eaic.t comia c.pitu- f ru (Era tcranturin vacatione cxcufationeque aflidui muneris Eccle- fiaftici moderanda , prxftat, facr® Difciplin® fontes repetere, ac comUm». Tomo.t. e i u s przfcripto , vnum vni Sacerdotium duntaxat,cui rite obeun- do refpondere poflit , adfignarc. Sic enim Chalccdoncnfis Synodi Aftionc. 15. ftatutumfuit, Clericum bino in Templo confcribi MonallictSn. Lib. 1 1 . 303 neminem,* Polygamia Sacerdotiorum explofa. Can. clericum in _ r J n 1 ■ 1. r t 1 wiouc, ceocotiugaJi. duarum ^aut. ii.Qusiti.Quod tamen, Onentahs pmertim Cie- riambitione, obfolcuidet, nifiaPatribus Nicxni.i. Concilij fuif- vnuqui^uc.D tv : ; fetreftitutum. Synodico canone. 15. Ne clericus in duabus Eccle- « 5 * 111 ,' fijs collocetur. Ex Paulina. 1. adCorinth. Cap. 7. Occidui itidem c ' Orbis Concilia nobis (uppetunt , confentanea fuperioribus. Pla- centinum nempe, ab Vrbano. 1. Pontifice coaflum , cuius memi- *«f«c»iwwwo.. hit Canon , San diorum , DiftimR. 70. V erf ommno autem in duabus fufficmuii, Ecdefjt intititlari, cui ftam non liceat &c. Huic Synodo affinis Late- „ 5 ™ fl “‘" ranafiicccdit.audtoreAlcxandro.j.quiChriftianisfacrisprxfidcbat An. 1175. Cap. ij. &. 14. Vetiftiorumfilco Congrcdum Ecdefix Aquifgrancnfcm,cuiusperfimiliCap. 50. cauctur, duarum Ciuita- tiimEcclefijs miniilrare , Clerico nefas c(Fe. A quo nec multum abeftcelebtisMediomatricum Synodus, cuiRatbodusT rcuirorum sn.oiaroni anguli Archiepifcopus praefuit. In Cap. 1. Vcrf. vnufquifquc Presbyter &c. Poftremo facra Tridenti Comitia fanxerunt , vnicumpotlca Ecclcfiadicum beneficium in fingulos conferri, tamctfi Purpureo Tndcmiiu Syaoj„i galero honcftatos. Sedionc. 14. Cap. 17. Decreti de Moribus re- formandis. Cui decreto congruens Edidhim promulgauit Erricus. j. Princeps noffer An. 1579. ex Blcfenfi Francicorum Ordinum concilio, Artic.xj.Quifnam ergo, menris compotes exiftimarc eos poffit in Gallia , qui quum vni Pontificatui vix queant fatis e ile, alterum eiaddere non dubitent, binoque Lituo infigniti ? Quis non mente captos facerdotesiudicct, qui modum vcriufquc Pagi- na: nullumefle arbitrentur : quum ipfi maxime , fubdu&a ratione, a itum fuum Domino probare teneantur?. At nunc,infit Budxus, - Pontificatui Ccenobiarchiam,quafi coniugem,adiungcrc , tam fo- lcnne apud nos coepi: cde,vc mancus Pontificatus, aut coelebs alio- quinefle videatur: perinde atque fi femiuirum coniUgem effe con- tendas, qui cum vxore concubinam non habeat. Ego verohxcin plcrifqueiacerdotibus tam inter fc dididere ccnfeo, quamconiu- gcm& pellicem in hominibus profanis : etiam fi hac de re Iurif- prudentum Rcfponfa annos ferre non credentur. Mundo iam prx- cipiti. V t Lib. j. de Aflc proditum cft. Arrtjf de UCtnr du )c.Tuilht XfS ) ftur Maiflrt lAcqutideSanufe CinftiUerdiU Csur, unln Ut Chersinis o Chalitirtdt fntr.fi HiUirt di Ptifhen, trdjnni qutfnni f*trt fxr Itditi dtmnndmr Chnnttnt dt Indifti Eghft, n» en» fixge » * ufidmtt tn itilh , tlgnignern . grtt, dtfUihttieni d* fxfrtitnd* , hort rr.n Ut difinkulitni mmnutllts m xrgtnt ;it , quiit diLurtnl {tp tranent. * Arnfl dt Ix Courdu Jte-i:utcitefmi I uilltt If/I. penr mxijiu Ahxnndre Gteurot Ctaftilitr d* Ix C»ur, (*• Gi Antintdu Mam. €>ui! ixigntrxfrxne ItigrtifrniSt dtjx p/thndi.fxnirtfider ,fxmflet diflrtbunent mxnuelUi. . rutri A rreflpaur tnxiiirt Shthtldt Mtucht CtnfeiUtrdu Pnrlemint dt Reuen, utnmtlt CbafWred* Sint fur vnnjftl dei Reque fles du FaIau ,eht vingitru/iifmtdeluin, Tjfj. 16 Po rro fi Ecclefix Adminiftri, officio nondefint, necdcc- ,mv,r- 7 » cynia.Occirajiij^uie runt ijs pariter Mccccnates,ac patroni Reges. Nam etfi prediarix poflediones ordinariis Fifci indi&ionibus fint promifeue , cum Plebcijs alijs , obnoxix in Aquitanica & Narbonenfi Gallia : Illius tamen tribucario &: vettigati folo fupcrftrudfa noua Cafa D e i, Bb iij 1 3 ° 4 Renati Choppini Atcflum cmi«*> aut £ c l| a monaftica in illis finibus, liberatur qualibet in Fifcum Jjdnd* Mtntpr/htr,. dic-y.Maij i } )j. ieris pcnhtationc aut collatione. Sicuci Monpcflulana regiorum vcdtigalium Curia, Occitanix,cenfuk Iudicio, Nonis Maijs An. Aa«L“ Rn.bau'Jl°* 1555. Tcftc cius Confcripto Curia: Ranchino ,in Notis fuis ad De- umc.nuV R>bou’m ciliones Vidi Papii Grationopolicanas. Demus enim, Principis in- ciucidaruni occido )U {J' U fundum Sacro dedicare non licere: lemel certe concepta prae- net GuxtoaiS Pap*. .. . . _ r r -i i» L.b. iiupiciio An. dij donatione m ItruCturam T empu , coque coniccrato, nil pro- fanx rei fuperfiat, ex qua tributum exigat Filcus Aurclianenfis Synodi decreto, tradudlo in Canonem , N emo Ecclcfiam xdificet De confecrat. Diffindi. i.Et Can.conucnior iple a Comitibus Cauf 1 j. Quxft. 8. Cap. fcmel Deo dicatum De regul. Iur. Apud Bonifa- cium. 8. Pij infuper Ecclefiarum patroni conditorefque Reges no- BcncSci, Cmpiici., 11 ri eas, vacuo Epifcopatus Solio, dignis mandanc erogantque, Re- ”'«c^ibtio^”,\cn- gali lurc tutelaris patrocinij : vtpote Canonicatus, Sacella, & alia a ‘“' tiufmddi Sacerdotia,qux animarum curationem coniundam non raicmcsic;i.,Jic habcant.Talia autem Regaliorum lura & commoda , qux,noui- dVi«tlmcnfo“r'dc'iIl Prxfulis fide Regi obftricla , definunr, ex vicario non cedant fidc- "P' fea “ i:“ litatisEpifcopifacramento.Nam valctquidem procuratoria ifthatc j*r«’cmat*'tem Catdi * . . 4 . r • 1 r\ r faaias Epifcopi d*Tht- Epilcopi m hdem allumptio , vc proranis exinde cenlibus Epileo- c“mc^Voop”'oi'u”. pij fui fruarur: Sed dc lacrts fructibus, faccrdotiorum puta colla- none, non item. V ti concinne Regalia fua diffinxit Carolus. 7. •'•“'Titj.Ait.fc- Diplomate luculento, poftridie Iduum Februar. An. i45i.delien- tclari, Fidciquc iurciurando illi prxffico a Cardinalis procuratore Litccx Regite , apnd An tiffitis M orinorum. Quod certe diploma , in Rationalium Pa- fc' piilraci ictit™ rifien. Commentarios fubinde regellumfuir. Quinctiam in ver- prl.ij 99 . ... ^ — Pr incepi pro oouoA iocDucio aduentu iut > minina. di canonica . ^ .. v* , .. 1 n Ecciei:«» cathedraii- nonicatus, Principis candidato debetui a Regio cliente, pontifice sSiltc Diccccfano. Ex Codicillari nouo, accommcntitio Iure,quodPrx- rutTceclr’.** po'i toriani Senatus A diis inferiptum voluitur Pridie Calcnd. Maias ipccui.iat. «ft.c De An.itg®. Quandiu autem, orba Epifcopo Sede, exerceantur Re- prabend Rotam An- . J / * C n 1«. imj. i car }4 sed galia, Veteribus placuir,lpirirales Decumarum rrudtus ad Regem n& ba Principis iurante ipfomct Epilcopo , clauduntur vtique omni- modo Regalia: Alt qui primum dehinc polfdTorcm amiferit Ca- Franoi.Matchtu De* non |p c dtarc, & futuro PraTuli refcruandos. Arnulpho Ruzxoau- da,,»ucipt™,u^i efore, in Tradi. RegaliorumfPriuil.jj. )& Rogcrio Barma ,in Se- cil. Delpliinaii 1014. dilFcm.anh icpatauieiia Reg.i. natu Prxfidc,cuius manuferiptis Milccllancis hacintcrferiturfcn- Rex Dclphinu*. tCHtia. N O R M A , DE DECIMIS DE ORVILLA, DE Bv- fo'f M°a. lici A CHERVILLA, QV* , SEDE VACANTE, FVtSVST PBR- dccccirni. rpilcopa- cepta EPISCOPO C O NS T A S T II N S I PER ARESTVM cm dt Co*tl*nH ' , tn 3. iitrmwdit, f v e r v n t reddita. An. 1 181 . At noitri rtui lurifprudcn- fwla.Tc. i° ,l Feb° tia fccusdclinitum,conllatDccrctoSenatus prolato in caufisagcn jmaVm R E|’['cop™5 dis. u. Calcnd. MartiasAn. 1585. fecundum Canonicos Palati luiercaoo- n i Sacelli, LutcciXjbcneficiarios Principis, petitores taduerfus Lr. t iRcgaiiiias ica Rc- xouicnfc Normanorum Collegium Cathcarale.hlcorccjco , Adlo- ^“ciwie"'^»! tum, &Botllco, reorum cauudicis. Nec alienum ab hoc S.Con- T;i,Urr fr,nc ' fuhum ciuuimus, in Libris Rei DomiNicie Francorum. Ec- quid vero IVlonafticuin. Lib. II. 305 quid vero deannuis Epifeopx cenfibus , qui antePrxfulis inaugu- rationem cclTerint quidem, fed perfolui vlterioredie confu£rinr, qua (aeratus iam ille, Regalibus claufis , rerum potiatur? V trinam, penfiones hic debiti , quxrantur, Regine , an Pontifici ifti > Deci- lam iudicio quxftionem Parlamentan , obferuato,in hanc phrafin. < p .i£» Cum Sedes Camotenfis diu 'vacauiffet creatus ibi fuijfet Epifcopus Symo "^tuiecofiViAr.. nomine, qui in Vigilia A fcenfionisfua Regalia hdbuer.tr, idem Epifcopus ni- ' ,,, • sebatur habere denarios ceris , pro eo quodpojlqudm fua Regalia habuit, fcili - cet in Feriis Pentecojfes per P resbyteros Dictcefis afferri eonfueuerunt, (yfolui. Cuflodtbus Regalium Camotenf ex aduerfb dicentibus, d. denarios ad domi- num Regem pertinere, quia debiti erant ad Pafeha pra ter itum, (y recepti tunc per Presbyteros: licet non afferrentur ab bis , donec pofl ‘Tentecofen, Auditis bincinde propofitis , (y Vfu fuperhoeinquifito , pronuntiatum fuit per Iudi- eium, d. denarios cera de termino Pafeha, quo Rex regalia habuerat ad dominii Regem pertinere gycAn Pariam. Pentccoftes An.u8r. 7 Vicina fupcriori,Epifcopalium redituum contentio cft, in- ter hxrcdes,&fuccelTorem Pontificem, ex qua Anni parte inea- tur fruduum computatio, interambos parciundorum. Quocun- que aedepol Anni Menfe , diem obierit Prxful anteceflorThiredi competunt Pontificalis faccrdoci j prouentus, ex rata onerum por- tione metiunda ab Calendis lanuariis cius Anni , fatalem vfqucdc- fundi horam. Quippe quum a corporeo mortalium Coniugio, ad fpiritale, ducatur argumentum. Cap.i. De tranflat.Epif cum Pa- c«ri»*Mihimd«».' r . . , - , i a . . r . , depam- piniamlcg.7.D. loluc. matnm. Atque ita indicanti Senatui placuit, tione fiuAiinm Epif- 5. IduumSextiliumAn.i597.1itigatorcFrancifcoa Rupe-Focaldi, otwAmKnTa’” 0 ” 1 *" Gergouii Aruernorum Epifcopo,hinc: & Chazerone dynafta, in- de , Petri Sannedcri , Antiftitis vltimi, per vxorem hxredc. Alia in hanc rem Curii Placita recenfuimus, Lib.j. Ecclefiaft. Polic. Id T ‘" quod trahendum opinor ad ftudus Regaliorum, qui a dic obitus Epifeopi cedunt Sacerdotibus Templi Palatini .apud Lutetiam, Principis donatariis. Regalia autem ipfa ilico procedunt, ex quo dic, Prxful dioccefanus.rueric fandiore in Collegio Romano ac- clamatus Cardinalis, £c purpurea in Trabea refulgeat: tametfinon- diim Cardinei Tituli peculiaris Infignia acceperit. Quemadmo- dum a Curia Parificn. definitum cft. 11. Cal. Decemb. An. 1361. de Canonicatu T ornacenfis,Ncruiorum, EcclefiauQucm Regali iurc contulerat (ubinde Princeps, ac Ncruiorum Pontifex Aflelinus, ,vr Romano in Confflorio defignatus fuifict Cardinalis, & facrofan- oidnuiilomTpctu dum in Senatum cooptatus. Sacerdotij quidem competitor obic- cerat tum Principis beneficiario, Cardiua/iuam nomen, abfque re & titulo certo , inane videri. Alios enim Cardinales Epifcopos infti- tuicB. Sylucftcr. P., alios Prcftjytcros, Diaconos alios:Quibus illu- ftrem fingulis titulum officij adfignauit. In Synodo Roras habita, can. Prilul. Cauf. 1. Quxft. 4. Can. A Subdiacono Diltind. 95. Quales dehinc Chriftiani Orbis Cardinum titulos defcripfir Ni- li b iiij Digitized by Coogle nente Concilia. 306 Renati Choppini ah.jo^d. co i aus , 2 . p. } muncrifque fumffiioncm in legendo fupremo Anti- !nVibrc“ g ,‘°p.opier fate, An. 1059. V t fertur facto Can. 1 n nomine Domini DiUinft.i;. Exin Pontif. Nicolaus. 3. propalam declatauit , fumma Chriftian* Rcipubl.negotia ab ApoftolicoPrxfule geri.de comuniPurpuratd- r U m Patruni fencetia.Cap.fundametaS.decetjDeelc&.ApudBoni- ntque f ac i u m.8 .Lugdunenfi itcmConcilio, cuius audtorGregorius.i o.si- cita fuit eius ApoftoliciSenatus poteftas rerumq;arbitrium,in Ciero ETS* D ‘ 6 °“* re Interegno vacui Pontificatus Max. Quod tamen rerum Arbitrium ftatuto modulo, coar&arut Synodici proceres Ecclefix apud Lug- Lugdanenfr, a Vico- d unum t &apud Viennam Allobrogum. Clem.Nc RomaniDc dea. Peculiares autem CWiWikw Titulos feric longua perccnfcnt x— r— y,>i»Bei s io. Annalibus fuis Bcmardus, Guido, Polonus : tum ex nolln Ordinis I urtfpcritis. Albericus Rolares ad Rubric. Deflatu hominu m , An- c«JiMti».*J h » n<> - ton Capycius,inNeapolit. Decif.iio.EcHieronym.Manfrcdus. I. C. Fcrraricnfis.in Tradt. DcCardinal.Rom. Ecclef AquinTor- naccnfisilleNeruiorumEpifcopusCardincumTitulurn forti tus efl, rntbiia. diu multumque poft (plcndidam nudem Cardinalis appellationem p, 0 i™ i» Galetiquc rubri geftamen. Quocirca EpifcopidonarariusCanoni- Qu.rixium R'V»- cus obnixe diflcrcbat nondum Paflore viduam Ecclefiam,neccce- puZ ptafuiffic Regalia, quum CarJwaluipfc honorarius , idoneo Titu- to careret i Qui folus confortis impatiens Epifcopalis tituli , indu- liontmidcardinJ». ccret vacationem Epifcopatus. V erum ad ea Regalium affertor «minKioocon rrplicabat , pofteriorem Cardinci tituli affignationem rctrodu- ««■ ci ad diem honoraria: nominationis in Co nfijhrio facro decre- 'opT cf tx. Quandoquidcm,mandata paricer Iurifdi<aione priuato cui- cardmaiin* pnftiti. D : ara imperium videtur mandatum , exteraque conccfla , fine Monich.in Cip.G.- quibus Iunfdicho explicari nequeat. Lcg. 5.*. Dc ottic. cius cut «ili.. t>ecua.«s. man£ j ^ Ce funid. omn. ludie. Pratcrca qui fcmcl allc£lus cflin Romani Senatus Collegium, creditur, vniiam Rom. Ponti- pu«<oaa carar. **. b c j pure addictus Gallicus Prxful, & ita abclicntclari officio fidc- litateque Regi deumdta abftitiffie : nifi,tanquam vacuoPrxfulatus b'’«p' «ccd l dc c.‘- Sacerdotio ,°in verba fui Principis dcnuoiurct. Quamobrem fc- cX 6 '™i"u=.nu"i eundum Regis beneficiarium Ordo Clariffi pronuntiauit. Affine p iuic 5. Conlukum faftum eft. 4. Kalcnd. Septembres An.1598.coc i»»- publicaFori decertatione,oonfilio pcrmiffia,7. Calcnd. Martiasan- ,tanU.B«<v»> tcriorcs.Namlacob. Ionchcrcus,abRegiadonatione, iudicio ab- K.ToaT.f»7' ftulit Canonicam /Edis Germani , Antiiliodorem, Apud Lutetiam ‘‘ffiftlZZ aductfarioGrabricliMaupeauEpifcopalemunus iadati Parifienfis i«f * Antiftitis Petri Gondij.qui paulo antea purpuratus RomxScnator jppellatus fuerat , licet multis pbft Mcnfibus Cardinalitio T itulo 1 'i.fc"'/"/. d,”“’ iniignitus . Neque hinc longe diffidet Regaliorum Priuilcgiaria Lex.13.apud RuzxumiQuxPnncipi tum adapcrtaRcgalia.ccnfue- re Lutetiani patres, cum Pctr. Forcfius , RothomagiNeuft rix {£*■' J/in.i.,.»™- pontifex, Cardinalitia auctus effiet Dignitate. Decimo tertio Kal. wfj.o/" Apriles An. 1364. Ex his demun facile intclligitur, longas Regibus effie Momftic“n. Lib. II. 307 elTemanusiquum &prxnotato illo Anno.i 198. Piincipiadiudicata fint in Atmoncos Epifcopatus Regalia profana , qux diutino tcm- <•« Nco»««fi bhu r * ,* < .Tv - r* ni* Regalia , in tem- porum ipatio controucrla , indcciuquc permanlcrant. Senatorio poraiibu»,pro Cano- dccrcto. 10. Calcnd. Ianuar. eius An. , pro Sodalibus (acne Bafdicx Lutctiani palatij :contraphilip.Beccum,Nannetenfem prxfulem, **?""»'** cuius pridem caulae patronus adfueram. Dn. Dehcro, Confcripto Curi?,litem.qu? confilio prius commilTa fuerat,Senatui enarrante. 18 In mvltis quidem alijs facratum Dicecefum finibus Gal- inquefl** AppC* lix, ignota illa funt,nec Vfu trita Regaliorum iura. Sed harum to oinaiunt Saolimu tamen Dicecefum rrxfcdi tenentur arftiflimo in Reges fidelita- £'Xl^l 7 u." tis facramcnto . Sicuti dc auxitano Aquitanix pontificatu fuit E rxiudicatum in vetere Parlamento Diualium an. 1191. , hoc ver- orum tcnorc.Vifdlnformarionc faftd fufer bomagio , fro temporali Ec- cltfia Auxitana , faciendo , Refertum effer tcjles /enes & 'valetudinarios, d. homagium d quondam Archiefifcofo cAuxitano , Regibus quondam Francis fartum ejfe , & domnum Ht fanum quondam Archiefifcofum , dominum Ludouicum quondam Regem FrancU requifiuiffe , tanquam do - minum temf oralem, quod Ecclefiam Auxitdnam fundatam & dotatam d Clodoueo quondam Rege Francorum, iuuarct.Cr defenderer, ficut tenebatur. Item quod dominus Amaldus de Armantaco feat homagium domno Hifd- no quondam Archiefifcofo Auxitano , fro Comitatibus Armaniaci , &Fc- pnfiaci Et de ijs loquendum ejl domino Regi. Secundum qux.decreta ell poftmodum miflio ili poffeflione bonorum aquitanici cuiufquc Coenobij , & prxfulatus, ob clicntelarc , Fideique obfequium Re- gi non prxftitum. Mandatis Principalibus, Ianuar. Luce. 4. an. ^^0^'«. jj-j. Qujbus ita Narbonenfis Gallis Clerus acquieuit, vt iurato cx defectu lutamenti fpondendx Fidelitatis inducias paucorum Mendum fupplcxim- aiwiXgc ho,mgl ’ petrarifc. Publicis tabulis. 8. Kalcnd.Maias an. 1)74. quxcxtant in Monumentis prxfe&urx Ratiociniorum Parificn . Interea Vero, quum auxitani illi archiprxfules debitum Regi fidelitatis offi- cium abnc<ra(Tcnt , decitum fuit conrridi&o Senatus iudicio, quod Archieftfcofus Auxitanus tenetur facere fidelitatem Regi .ratione fua i>„Imkot! «r.n.™ temforalitatis. Tertio Idus lunias an. 1517. alixporro Franco- rum Prouinci^ faerx , fuerunt quondam Regalibus facerdoriorum obnoxix, vt plurimum : fed quibus vitro cefferinc principes, in DimcefanxHicrarchix gratiam. V tputa, auguftus Rex , antiffio- Dchic [c(nooc fcu dori CoUegioEpifcopalitranfcripfit fua Regalia, an. 1x06. Qux- 3-^*$- fitum fuit nuper, an, orbaEpifcopo Sede, vacui interim Canoni- •*'{* •» 1 uU h^ ,. catus donatio eapotiorfotet, qux ab Ecclefiafticis illis Sodalibus collata fuiffet Regaliorum iure cefTo , quam anterior cius Muneris concelfio pontificia, feu Pontifici j Legati in Gallias. Beneficia- rius enim Cathedralis Sodalitij, prxfradc contendit, legem Rega- liorum , vacante illa Cathedra, Pontificias quafque (acrorum Be- neficiorum collaciones iri irritum deducere. Atquin Sodalitium iftud ,quafi tranferiptis fibi Regalibus, iam olim Sacerdotio peten- tibus erogjpit. ac prppterea Sodalibus ijsaddi&acft pridem va- Die. >4, IJ74- April. Digitized by-Google 30 8 Renati Clioppini I £ a « «££ CU1 Episcopatus bonorum pofldlio proranorum.Rcgia manu fub- 7 j£?,!%' ! £L ,ata - ,udicat0 Curia:. 10. Kal. Apriles An. 1513. aduerfus procura- «j Mui. *«. 1,11. rorem Fifci. Dciacris autem Regalibus, collationcue Munerum Ecclcfia: Antilliodorcnfis, Patres C. cenfucrc maturius deli- ,, t ^u .. berandum. .7 Cal. Februar. An. i 55S . Aft Pontificij, contra, Lega- j» u,- ti donatanus defendit, Au gultum R egem, Ecclcfia: verius remifif- fcaccondonailc fua Regalia videri, vt liberius illa, primxuofuo h»,™,. Rhcmcn. poteftatequc facra vtcretur,quim Regale ius in eam tranf. tc^ts“«L£ P |.''f fr^jqub. Regia vcluti vice duntaxat, poftulanti ecclcfiaftica copusi: <iui& iio beneficia largiretur. Principali enim Diplomate ,{ic data funtRc- iubdch u (uadifpcn gaiia.vt Decanus & Capitulum ca Jua Ecclcfia cuflodirent,Scde Vacante, laridi habe* pocclU- ” f 1 ^ .. teni , ' tedefiii v rr.;>r(cr.i E, ilcopi pe- nes czcuuouuinuuic- Pr£pendas,ft quas interim vacare contingeret, ai opus futuri Ept/copi. Qua- ivid.iiipoii lis Curtodi® formula non finit, Ecclcfi* relidam , fcu redditam li- omunuuie- bertatem, a nudis Cuftodibus interuerti: & quod futuro facrorum f“rr«o“fcc«fldri Antiftiti cuftodicndu, credatur ipfius Oeconomo CoIlcgioueEc- «.“stfiftopo.4.c, clcfia^nouari, immutari. Quandoquidem prillinum in (tatum re- ftjtuta potius res exiftimetur, quam nouum ius attributum. Lucu- dc tcllittnc Rcgtltc lenta in idRuzci fcntentia,de Atrebaticis Regalibus cellis, Priuilce. hfla> - h ‘C*T.tc°-xj. Vbiaffincm rei citat Bartoli opinionem. inProcem. rwft vl Kepe, Ectlcli licnli. 1 opinionem, inProcem. Digeft.Ec Can.ab exordioDiftind.35. Caiteroquin minime valeret Regaliori! in priuatos ceflio.qua: Sceptris infolubili nexu Regalia cohxrcanc. Hoc denique Regaliorum problema Antilliodorcnfis Ecclcfix, pendet inexculfum apud C o n s c r i r t o s C v r i m Parificn. , in publico caufaruCampanarumVolumincMaijMcnf. An. 16 oo.Fou- leo, Legati : & Dclyo, Epifcopalis Collcgij iura viciflim tiimfo- rcnfi Adione tueri paratis. Quoniam vero lflicobiter, de Ce l- siss. SEDisin Gallias Legato, didumeft, nofle expedit, peruc- Crrmijiit* a» u.y • tuftum Gallica: huiufmodi Legationis vfum cfle. Bina Epiftola ( 44 - *-’• 6S -) Y uonis Carnutum Epifcopi ad Pafchalem.i.P.Qua, w‘p 2 ’£ri. A l hiceorum admonetur , qua: minus exofficio a Romanis Lcgacis 1..««», r« u?7.^ in Prouincia Francica flinc gererentur. lamdudum autem cereo n,, Facuituc, Lcj,- modulo conftrida fuit in Gallijs Romani Legati fundio ac potc- i\°! ijjcunj.Ldi' • Ec" Has, multiplici S. C. Parifienfi. Nam , pritertradata a Nobis de Tit - co raptim, Sacra: Polit. Lib. a. .decreuit Ordo AmplilT. Nono Ka- f 1. ,«m i cn d- Quintiles An. ij47-in promulganda Potificia Legatione Car- aR.itoiici., c.tdt- dinahs , aS.Gcorgiodidi, hunc ipfumnullaiurisdicundimunia aggredi inter Gallos homines debere, licetcius fc iurifdidioni vl- cro iubijcientcs, vel pure quidem fubicdos Apoftolico Pnfuli f a _ ut i Jteci.iju.Aii. cerdotes. Saluo eo , vt Appcllatorijs Clericorum litibus Iudiccs Refcripto delegaret, ex formula Lege dida Concordati Bononicn- fis, Rubric. Decaiifis.Lcgatoprzccreavetitumeft.Nothosalior- fiim natalibus rcllituere, quam vc Ecclefiafticis ordinibus Munc- ribufqueinfignirivalcant.non autem prophanas hereditates Offi- ciauccapeflcrc, ac ciuilia huiufmodi Magiftratuum muniaobirc. Sacris item in Ordinibus illis , Bcneficijfue a Legato conferendis! Monafticin.Lib.II. 3^9 llatutum fnit, minime derogatum irifcriptis Fundationum cau- tionibus Sacerdoti) cuiufque,necPriuilcgijs,Rctibufuepatri;s, aut ciuicis Conftitutionibus decolatis. Bcncficiarijs, adharc, Vnio- nibusnouis Legato cftintcrdidum , tcmporari)s xque ac perpe- tuis. De quibus tamen, legitima difccptatio erit penes factos Ma- giflratus , queis Legatus ipfe cognitionem eam mandaucrit : vt ex coneM. cmaiiitini- Svnodicis Conftantu canonibus , de Vnionc poftulata, pronun- 'defialiitis. tient. Senatui infuperplacuit. Sacerdotiorum petitores Schola - Iticos . ab illo , ncutiquam lege foluipofle llati iuftfque curriculi 7 .. .. * , . . * » . ■ * duit orum nc minato- fiudiqrum liberalium, quod, Fracicis Sanctionibus, prinniturHo- t.un.iiTmpiciuir.ad norarijs litcratorum gradibus , A cadcmicilquc iplorum Nomina- tionibusad Munera Ecclelii adipilccnda. RurlusLvTETiANi Patre s,irritas declararunt Beneficiarias quafuis penfitationes i f,"“' i ris annuas , qu*ali)S , quam gratiof-a ccflione , vel controuerfi iuris ?*^*£T* m tranfadione Sacerdotium dimittentibus, adfignarentura Legato r«'«Coiij.iL;,bin >?. Romano. Cui pariter fas nori efre,cenfuit,Curia,Ecclefiallicorum fundorum alienationem vllam permittere ,quouis titulo nomine- halrni'. ue cxauifnamiSiue etiam latifundia, eorum forentTcmploru,quae , ,. Apoftolicx Sedi, nullo intermedio, iubiaccanr. Illi vero vtique mm.bo» r t*reEccie- licebit, rei Difccptatoresfeu Iudiccs dare ex Gallico eo Klunici- pio, cuius facra prxdia (olo contineantur : Qui,ipfa diftrahi expe- diat necne, perpendant accurate, & alienationi demum ex Lc- i*: ... . ■ r • r _ « Dccicu Concilior. gibus decretum interponant. Siinilitcrlcgatus.vtriufuis (exus Coe- nobiarchiasinaliosconfcrrcprohibctur.quamnominatosaPrin- cipejaut eas quidem fecus poftulanti, in tepus aliquod commen- dare, tametfiannuo fortcreditu minus aillimatas quam ducentis io«rio.^i C ,*c-ji florenis Apollolici Fifci. Regias itidem Senatorum Patificn. nomi- nationesae facerdotia, obferuabit difttide Lcgatus,nequc alijs ta- lia ctogabic.Idem porro,in Ecclefiafticis Muneribus alicui difpcn- fandis neutri derogabie Rom. Pontificum Reguli Diplomaticx, D:\ienfimth Notitia, & Dc publicandis Refignationwus : N ec percepto - rum Sacerdoti) fruduum nomine, ijs nullatenus indulgebit, qui pnrpoftcre fefe illius poflcflioniobtruferinr. Ab hoc deinde nul- la fiet Clericis, Coenobitifue gratia veniaque fupremi voluntatis tcllandi Ecclefiafticis de rebus fcu prouentibus facrorum Bcncfi- ciorum.contra patrios Mores ac Conftitutioncs. Teftamentorum item Curatoribus minime prorogabitur a Legato tempus cxc- qucndis ipfisFrancico Ritu priftitutum: nec, fuprcmisijfdcmcb. piis pie relida , alios in vius transferen tur , nifi rellatorum manda- ta alias impleri nequeant, tranilationemque neceflitascxpofcatne- •mrii Pntcrhic, conftitutumeftafumma Curia, Legatum, ad- uerfus Pa&aconilenta integri rclticutioncm dare non polle, pro- frmiam.qus ineunt, fanis quidem , omnimodo : Clericis vero , de re foli , aliaue quali- | , £!' <s L..taX «' bet contrada literis apud Regium fcu inferioris DynaftiTabcl- honem. Cautum denique, Francica facerdotia , ab illo tantilpec 310 Renati Choppini modo conferenda , quantifpcr maneret in Gallica fine Legationis prouinciarexcracampriuatoipfi, facrarum Collationum ius nul- lum luperforc, feddiutnafingulacomifli Muneris obitiAda Dia- riaque lcdilfimo cuidam viro relinquenda, ex quibus rerum gefta- rum fides in pofterum defumeretur. Episcopatvvm autem Rcgalia,a quibus digrefli,vt refricc-*? An Rse»iij loesh,- mus paulifpcr, Lucionenfem ijs non fubefle Regalibus, iudicarunt Lvtetiani Patres, regio Adore manus dante. Decreto 7. ro.ii j, Cal.N0uemb.An.1595.cui caulam prxbuiffe videtur fiueRegiaLu- tnsinltuet^ O» ilouici 7.pictas,qui Burdigalenfi (acriMctropoli,ac fuffragantibus " ipfi Epilcopis cefTerit iurc fuo Regaliorum , feu prifea ipia Lucio- nenfis Cocnobij conditio, Regalibus libera acimmunisrQux nimi- ”e ”7 riim pofteriore Monaftici in Ejiifcopalem tituli conuerfionc, mu- umd"CM tata non exiftimetur. Veruntamen inflante poftea Canonicorum ^ttuhtrJnw Collegio Bafilicx palatini, qui tranfcriptitiisRegaliorum comitio- ‘JSS&ySw disfruuntur , in confilium miiTa cft hic Lucionenfis Regali* qui- ftioacdilceptatio. Extemporali Cuti* iudicio in cautis orandis. " ° Sexto Calend.Augufti An.i6oo.diccntibus, Monarco,^£dis Pala- tini Canonicorum : & Butelerio, Lucionenfis Collcgij , patronis. Porro vbicunquc exercentur Rcgalja, ijs extemplo patenradicus: cip m. abfquc prae.iia quafi orba Pallore dmccfi, cum hic ad Principis hoftes Rcique aiciirii. nlno “* 1 Publ.dcfciuerit.Namctfiaxioma quidem iftudRuzxo minusatti- deat. Regalior. Priuil.35.,ex propofita Erardi Marckx Carnutum ErrtaiK cardinali* a» p ra; |' u lis ad Cxfarem defedionc. Aliud tamen placuit Viris Pru- Lcod:«i.(!..*iCa 1 iiii. dentibus noftrxxtatis , Senatuique adcoipli Parificnfi. Quippe icnfi* , mdiUobello „ . r X p ‘ tt ir.r-.r francticirm Re- qui , Regaliorum iurc , petitori Scnonenle addixerit Canonicatus laccrdotium: aduetlus beneficiarium Antiftitis Senonum,Pcleucij iccdiinn pane, c«. q U j ; n B c His ciuilibus perduellis dcccfliflc Antiftcs ferebatur. De- larunaJ. 1 . „ creto in publica diilcrcatione caularum, i4.Kal. Mart. An. 1595. | 48,726 |
https://github.com/lyp-liu/CUGCS/blob/master/1-1大一上/计算机高级语言程序设计（C++）（童恒建）/课件/例题源代码第二版/第四章例题/Ex4_9/Ex4_9.cpp | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,020 | CUGCS | lyp-liu | C++ | Code | 32 | 182 | //【例4.9】用静态数据成员对同一类建立的对象的数量进行计数。
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Ctest{
private:
static int count; //注意私有
public:
Ctest(){
++count;cout<<"对象数量="<<count<<'\n';
}
~Ctest(){
--count;cout<<"对象数量="<<count<<'\n';
}
};
int Ctest::count=0; //A行 对静态数据定义性说明
int main(void){
Ctest a[3];
return 0;
}
| 9,526 |
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yass%C4%B1kaya%2C%20Halkap%C4%B1nar | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Yassıkaya, Halkapınar | https://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yassıkaya, Halkapınar&action=history | Turkish | Spoken | 18 | 72 | Yassıkaya, Konya ilinin Halkapınar ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.
Nüfus
Kaynakça
Halkapınar'ın mahalleleri
Evrifaessa Bot tarafından oluşturulan mahalle maddeleri | 31,000 |
https://github.com/kurowana/habitquest6/blob/master/resources/js/router.js | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | habitquest6 | kurowana | JavaScript | Code | 101 | 339 | import Vue from "vue";
import VueRouter from "vue-router";
import Home from "./components/pages/base/Home.vue";
import UserStatus from "./components/pages/base/UserStatus.vue";
import Opening from "./components/pages/events/Opening.vue";
import NormalDungeon from "./components/pages/battles/NormalDungeon.vue";
Vue.use(VueRouter);
const routes = [
{
path: "/",
name: "main",
components: {
gameUnit: Opening
}
},
{
path: "/home",
name: "home",
components: {
gameUnit: Home
}
},
{
path: "/status",
name: "status",
components: {
gameUnit: UserStatus
}
},
// イベント関連
{
path: "/opening",
name: "opening",
components: {
gameUnit: Opening
}
},
// バトル関連
{
path: "/dungeon",
name: "dungeon",
components: {
gameUnit: NormalDungeon
}
}
];
const router = new VueRouter({
mode: "history",
routes
});
export default router;
| 35,482 |
https://github.com/mmoayyed/syncope/blob/master/ext/flowable/logic/src/main/java/org/apache/syncope/core/logic/BpmnProcessLogic.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,022 | syncope | mmoayyed | Java | Code | 275 | 824 | /*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* software distributed under the License is distributed on an
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
* under the License.
*/
package org.apache.syncope.core.logic;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.util.List;
import org.apache.syncope.common.lib.to.BpmnProcess;
import org.apache.syncope.common.lib.types.FlowableEntitlement;
import org.apache.syncope.common.lib.types.BpmnProcessFormat;
import org.springframework.security.access.prepost.PreAuthorize;
import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;
import org.apache.syncope.core.flowable.api.BpmnProcessManager;
public class BpmnProcessLogic extends AbstractTransactionalLogic<BpmnProcess> {
protected final BpmnProcessManager bpmnProcessManager;
public BpmnProcessLogic(final BpmnProcessManager bpmnProcessManager) {
this.bpmnProcessManager = bpmnProcessManager;
}
@PreAuthorize("isAuthenticated()")
@Transactional(readOnly = true)
public List<BpmnProcess> list() {
return bpmnProcessManager.getProcesses();
}
@PreAuthorize("hasRole('" + FlowableEntitlement.BPMN_PROCESS_GET + "')")
@Transactional(readOnly = true)
public void exportDefinition(final String key, final BpmnProcessFormat format, final OutputStream os) {
bpmnProcessManager.exportProcess(key, format, os);
}
@PreAuthorize("hasRole('" + FlowableEntitlement.BPMN_PROCESS_GET + "')")
@Transactional(readOnly = true)
public void exportDiagram(final String key, final OutputStream os) {
bpmnProcessManager.exportDiagram(key, os);
}
@PreAuthorize("hasRole('" + FlowableEntitlement.BPMN_PROCESS_SET + "')")
public void importDefinition(final String key, final BpmnProcessFormat format, final String definition) {
bpmnProcessManager.importProcess(key, format, definition);
}
@PreAuthorize("hasRole('" + FlowableEntitlement.BPMN_PROCESS_DELETE + "')")
public void delete(final String key) {
bpmnProcessManager.deleteProcess(key);
}
@Override
protected BpmnProcess resolveReference(final Method method, final Object... args)
throws UnresolvedReferenceException {
throw new UnresolvedReferenceException();
}
}
| 3,280 |
https://github.com/sierra-lang/libsierra/blob/master/polybench-c-4.1/linear-algebra/kernels/mvt/execute.sh | Github Open Source | Open Source | NCSA | 2,018 | libsierra | sierra-lang | Shell | Code | 102 | 348 | #!/bin/sh -x
FILE='mvt'
MINTASK=`./$FILE-task.exe 2> dump-$FILE-task.txt`
MINPARALLEL=`./$FILE-parallel.exe 2> dump-$FILE-parallel.txt`
MINBOTH=`./$FILE-both.exe 2> dump-$FILE-both.txt`
# run everything
for i in `seq 1 10`; do
TMP=`./$FILE-task.exe 2> dump-$FILE-task.txt`
if (( $(echo "$MINTASK > $TMP" | bc -l) )); then
MINTASK=$TMP
fi
TMP=`./$FILE-parallel.exe 2> dump-$FILE-parallel.txt`
if (( $(echo "$MINPARALLEL > $TMP" | bc -l) )); then
MINPARALLEL=$TMP
fi
TMP=`./$FILE-both.exe 2> dump-$FILE-both.txt`
if (( $(echo "$MINBOTH > $TMP" | bc -l) )); then
MINBOTH=$TMP
fi
done
echo "=========== 11 runs and picked out the minimum respectively ============="
echo ""
echo "task"
echo "$MINTASK"
echo ""
echo "parallel"
echo "$MINPARALLEL"
echo ""
echo "both"
echo "$MINBOTH"
echo ""
| 4,976 |
https://github.com/raphael-papazikas/tenancy/blob/master/src/Jobs/QueuedTenantDatabaseDeleter.php | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,019 | tenancy | raphael-papazikas | PHP | Code | 89 | 316 | <?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace Stancl\Tenancy\Jobs;
use Illuminate\Bus\Queueable;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Queue\ShouldQueue;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Bus\Dispatchable;
use Illuminate\Queue\InteractsWithQueue;
use Illuminate\Queue\SerializesModels;
use Stancl\Tenancy\Contracts\TenantDatabaseManager;
class QueuedTenantDatabaseDeleter implements ShouldQueue
{
use Dispatchable, InteractsWithQueue, Queueable, SerializesModels;
/** @var TenantDatabaseManager */
protected $databaseManager;
/** @var string */
protected $databaseName;
/**
* Create a new job instance.
*
* @param TenantDatabaseManager $databaseManager
* @param string $databaseName
* @return void
*/
public function __construct(TenantDatabaseManager $databaseManager, string $databaseName)
{
$this->databaseManager = $databaseManager;
$this->databaseName = $databaseName;
}
/**
* Execute the job.
*
* @return void
*/
public function handle()
{
$this->databaseManager->deleteDatabase($this->databaseName);
}
}
| 19,515 |
https://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/144024 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,017 | Stack Exchange | ColleenV, FumbleFingers, https://ell.stackexchange.com/users/126, https://ell.stackexchange.com/users/15971, https://ell.stackexchange.com/users/9161, stangdon | English | Spoken | 661 | 985 | Mummy is talking with who?
He saw his mother speaking in the phone.
"Who is mummy talking?"
"Mummy is talking with who?"
Can the question rephrase as the second one?
Your second version is "valid", but very unlikely (particularly from a child, since it's syntactically complex). Your first version isn't valid at all though - it must include a preposition: Who is Mummy talking with? (or more likely, Who is Mummy talking to?).
A couple other minor corrections: his mother was speaking on the phone, and you want to ask "Can the question be rephrased..."
I believe that both sentences are incorrect. They lack the preposition and the use of the relative pronoun is not correct.
"Who is mummy talking?", should be "Whom is mummy talking to?"/"To whom is mummy talking?"
WHILE
"Mummy is talking with who?", should be "Mummy is talking to/with whom?".
I've learnt that when using who+preposition, whom is the adequate option. But I am not a native speaker.
I am an ESL teacher and every book we use teaches the "whom" case. Always emphasising its old-fashioned use, though, along with other examples as the use of elder/eldest, ou even the reading of numbers. Spoken everyday-English may be different from what scholars teach, but the use of whom is certainly the most correct when a preposition is dependent on. Whom are you speaking to? sounds more awkward than To whom are you speaking?, but both are correct. Even if it isn't much used.
Technically, you are correct; it should be whom. But in practice, almost nobody says whom anymore; it's always who.
@stangdon Nope. If almost nobody says whom anymore, then "it should be whom" is incorrect as a description of the English language. It doesn't help to spread the myth that the way everyone speaks Standard English is somehow incorrect.
@snailplane - Well, I think we're getting a little philosophical now. I certainly wouldn't say "whom" is wrong, and just because many people don't use it (regularly) doesn't make it wrong, just perhaps an incomplete description. But English(es) cover a lot of ground and it's almost impossible to give a complete description.
@stangdon On the flip side of that, just because people used to speak a certain way, doesn't make it more correct than the modern usage. Part of what makes English so difficult to learn is that we keep changing the rules ;)
@stangdon I don't have any reason to refute your comment, but I need to clarify something since you appear to have misunderstood. Using whom isn't wrong, and I wouldn't and didn't make that claim. What is wrong is the claim that "it should be whom", which is incorrect as a description of the English language.
@snailplane - How is saying "technically, it should be whom" incorrect, especially since it was followed up with "in practice, almost nobody says whom anymore"? I never said "saying who is incorrect".
The following forms are correct:
Who is Mummy talking to?
Who's Mummy talking to?
Who is Mummy talking with?
Who's Mummy talking with?
"To" sounds more idiomatic here.
The following sounds somewhat awkward:
Mummy is talking to who?
The only time we would be likely to say that would be if we were emphasising the word "who" and expressing surprise:
(A:) Mummy's talking to Uncle Bob.
(B:) Mummy's talking to who? [She never talks to Uncle Bob!]
Note: The word "whom" has been mentioned. The "whom" forms are correct formal usage (but most people would consider "who" equally correct, and almost everyone would consider "who" acceptable in all but the most formal contexts). Admittedly, even informal usage doesn't always tolerate "who" directly after a preposition - but the above example would be an exception to that.
There are some English speakers who avoid "whom" altogether. Others use it in at least some circumstances. However, in a child's speech, particularly since the sentence uses the informal term "Mummy", it's unlikely that the word "whom" would be used.
| 28,074 |
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%20Astr%C3%B3nomo%20%28Vermeer%29 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | O Astrónomo (Vermeer) | https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=O Astrónomo (Vermeer)&action=history | Portuguese | Spoken | 2,128 | 3,903 | O Astrónomo () é uma pintura a óleo sobre tela do mestre holandês Johannes Vermeer, datada de 1668 e conservada no Museu do Louvre em Paris.
A obra está assinada e datada: "IV Meer MDCLXVIII", sendo uma das três obras datadas por Vermeer; a assinatura e a data estão registadas num dos lados visíveis do armário, ao nível da mão do cientista. Houve dúvidas no passado sobre a autenticidade da assinatura, pensando alguns críticos que tinha sido inserida a posteriori. Mas os dados técnicos publicados em 1997 parecem ter dissipado qualquer possível dúvida sobre a autenticidade da data e da assinatura do artista.
Descrição
Numa sala iluminada por uma janela à esquerda, um homem está sentado a uma mesa de frente para a luz que está coberta com uma toalha estampada que tem em cima vários objetos. Entre eles uma esfera armilar que o homem toca.
O nosso astrónomo, numa modalidade característica do retrato de sábio, não está ao telescópio, que não está sequer representado; em vez disso, ele parece estar à procura no globo as constelações e os corpos celestes que estão descritos no livro que tem à sua frente. Em cima da mesa pode ver-se também um astrolábio plano, importante instrumento da astronomia e da navegação, porquanto permite obter, com base na posição dos astros, as próprias coordenadas geográficas.
Existem várias analogias com a sua obra seguinte, O Geógrafo, desde logo a figura e a similitude do formato. Em ambas as pinturas, Vermeer retrata um intelectual com cabelos longos e apanhados, com um vestuário bastante peculiar, à primeira vista semelhante a uma toga: talvez a veste se destinasse a dar aos personagens um aspecto invulgar. São retratados em instalações próprias e a desenvolver a sua actividade. Supõe-se também que possa tratar-se da mesma pessoa.
Livros, instrumentos e objectos
Como na maioria das pinturas de Vermeer, a janela está presente: neste caso está decorada com motivos polícromos. O globo celeste pintado por Vermeer é o criado por Jodocus Hondius em 1618, reproduzido de modo extraordinariamente fielː encontramo-lo de novo no armário de O Geógrafo. Como sempre, Vermeer não coloca os objetos de forma aleatória ou inventada: a realidade não pode ser inventada, mas filtrada e interpretada. As constelações que o astrónomo está a estudar no globo são a Ursa Maior à esquerda, o Dragão e Hércules ao centro e a Lira à direita. O livro que está em cima da mesa é a segunda edição de Institutiones astronomicae Geographicae (Geografia dos Corpos Celestes) de Adriaen Metius.
Sobre o armário vê-se pelo menos uma dúzia de livros de vários tamanhos, e aplicado no lado visível está um diagrama curioso com um grande círculo e dois círculos menores nos cantos superiores, mas o seu significado é obscuro. Alguns sugeriram que as três formas circulares podem indicar um tipo de projecção estereoscópica, enquanto outros estudiosos pensam que pode ser um planisfério, um gráfico em forma de estrela com dois discos rotativos reguláveis com um eixo comum, usado para exibir as estrelas visíveis a qualquer data e hora.
O pano que cobre a mesa – parece ser o mesmo de A rendeira – tem motivos florais que o caracterizam como produto local e não exótico. É, no entanto, a veste do personagem a dar todo um toque de exotismo. Trata-se, segundo muitos, de um kimono japonês, trazido por comerciantes holandeses
O compasso na linguagem iconográfica convencional indica precisão e rigor. Já a falta de um telescópio pode surpreender. De facto, ao tempo em que Vermeer criava estas obras houve grandes evoluções neste campo. Luís XIV tinha mandado construir um observatório astronómico em Paris (1667-1672); dez anos antes Christiaan Huygens tinha descoberto, con ajuda de um telescópio, os anéis de Saturno. O jovem Isaac Newton, naquele mesmo ano, tinha melhorado o telescópio refletor que James Gregory tinha idealizado em 1663.
Tudo isso parece não afetar o nosso astrónomo, que, na verdade, nem olha para o céu através da janela. Ele parece mais dedicar-se à ciência antiga da astrologia. Talvez ele está a elaborar um horóscopo: a astronomia e a astrologia ainda se confundiam na época.
A pintura na parede parece a confirmação desta ideia. Representa Moisés salvo das águas, antecipação do nascimento de Jesus. O tema do nascimento, tão importante na formulação do horóscopo, vai um par de anos mais tarde, ser reproduzido por Vermeer em Senhora escrevendo carta com criada, mas com significado diferente. Aqui, Moisés também está relacionado com a astronomia pois foi "educado na sabedoria dos antigos egípcios" designadamente em astronomia.
Assim, o quadro é, como muitas vezes em Vermeer, nada mais que a representação realista do estado da arte: o velho e o novo coexistem, justapostos, mas não em oposição. A matemática e a sabedoria antiga, estão no começo da sua divergência, mas o olho do artista ainda pode aproveitar a conexão íntima anterior como não mais vai acontecer no futuro. De qualquer forma, no microcosmos de Vermeer podemos ver o olhar interessado num mundo maior, terrestre e celeste, muito para além de Delft.
O Personagem
Vermeer sempre privilegiou, como se sabe, a figura feminina; a masculina normalmente desempenha um papel de apoio: o pretendente, o pedagogo, o músico. Isto é assim, em geral, no conjunto da pintura do quotidiano holandesa: quando trata a figura masculina, o pintor representa frequentemente o protótipo de uma profissão ou de uma arte: assim, Gerrit Dou, um dos pintores mais bem pagos, representou um astrónomo como a imagem do conhecimento; e até Cornelis de Man, de Delft, pintou vários estudiosos no seu ambiente.
No caso de Vermeer, é provável que para além destas duas pinturas que conhecemos, possa ter havido outras - perdidas - com estas características. Em especial, sabe-se que no leilão de 1696 em Amsterdão (em que foram vendidos 21 trabalhos de Vermeer), se descreve um quadro "em que um homem através de um vidro está lavando as mãos numa sala com esculturas, perfeito e único, do referido (Vermeer)" e outro como "um retrato de Vermeer numa sala com vários acessórios, extraordinariamente bonitos, pintado por ele".
Estilo
Para suscitar no observador o sentido de ordem e de recolhimento no istante da imagem, Vermeer cuidadosamente mantém o conjunto dos elementos pictóricos das suas pinturas numa excepcional unidade de estilo, fazendo uso do rigor da perspectiva e do recurso a algumas características típicas: a origem da luz, sempre da esquerda, o sentido de silêncio devido à situação no canto de um sala, com uma barreira (uma mesa, uma cadeira) que separa o quadro do observador.
O respeito pela regra dos terços acentua essa impressão: o primeiro terço superior é ocupada pelo fundo, enquanto a figura humana ocupa os dois terços inferiores. Deste modo, na parte central está delimitado o campo de ação, onde está o gesto do homem, verdadeiro centro conceptual da pintura.
Esta é também a área de plena luz, que ilumina o globo, o rosto, as mãos, o drapeado do pano sobre a mesa. E sob o aparente realismo da composição é fácil de entender, como sempre nas suas obras, uma sensação de proximidade individual que nos devolve, séculos mais tarde, a realidade submetida e ordenada, iluminada por uma luz interior, de uma casa burguesa.
Os dois quadros
O Astrónomo aparece pela primeira vez em registo conhecido em 1713, num leilão em Roterdão em que foram vendidas pinturas que pertenceram a Adrian Paets, um conselheiro da cidade e conhecedor de arte. Depois, até o fim do século, foi sempre vendido juntamente com O Geógrafo (pintado este no ano seguinte, 1669).
Os nomes pelas quais as duas pinturas são agora designadas são recentes, porque no passado tiveram outros. Até 1713 foram vendidas como «Uma obra que representa um matemático, de Vander Meer», a primeira, e «O mesmo da primeira», a segunda. Alguns anos mais tarde eram designadas por «Astrólogo» e «O Mesmo». E ainda mais tarde esta última passou a ser «Filósofo», enquanto a primeira era o «Arquitecto» ou «Topógrafo».
Por todas estas características peculiares e pelas dimensões semelhantes considera-se que as duas obras foram realizadas uma a seguir à outra, provavelmente encomendadas pela mesma pessoaː o nome de Antoni van Leeuwenhoek surge não por acaso inúmeras vezes. O óptico e naturalista apaixonado pela ciência, contemporâneo de Vermeer, poderia muito bem ser um ícone da ciência: numa pintura alguns anos posterior do retratista Jan Verkolje, Antoni aparece representado com características em muitos aspectos similares às do Geógrafo de Vermeer (até o mesmo tipo de veste). Não existem, porém, provas documentais a esse respeito. Além disso, o comportamento deste sábio depois da morte do pintor como administrador da sua herança não parece marcado pela amizade nem pela benevolência, como anteriormente se acreditava.
Contexto histórico
O Século de Ouro dos Países Baixos, o fabuloso Gouden Eeuw, estava no auge em 1668: a conquista da independência face à Espanha, em 1648, com a paz de Vestefália, não é mais do que a certificação internacional dos Países Baixos como potência económica, marítima e comercial. É verdade que tudo estaria para acabar: em breve o exército de Luís XIV invadirá a República das Sete Províncias Unidas dos Países Baixos e mesmo tendo eles conseguido repelir a invasão, e manter a independência, o evento vai marcar o início de um longo e constante declínio.
Por enquanto, porém, nada prenuncia a crise: o comércio com terras distantes garantem conforto e riqueza. Há tempo e meios para se dedicarem à arte e à ciência. Astronomia e geografia são evidentemente as ciências do momento, essenciais para a navegação (de que dependem os ganhos da Companhia Holandesa das Índias Orientais e a das Índias Ocidentais) e a determinação da latitude em terra e no mar. Não surpreende, portanto, a escolha do tema e do fato da obra ter sido concebida para ficar junto do seu pendente, o Geógrafo, na casa opulenta de um especialista sobre a matéria.
Cronologia dos proprietários
Foram as seguintes, de acordo com o artigo da Wikipedia em italiano, as sucessivas mudanças de proprietário até ao presenteː
Adriaen Paets I, Roterdão (1669-1686);
Adriaen Paets II (filho do anterior), Roterdão (1686-1712);
Hendrick Sorgh, Amsterdão (1713-1720);
Govert Looten, Amsterdão (1720-1729);
Jacob Crammer Simonsz, Amsterdão (1729-1778);
Jean Etienne Fizeaux, Amsterdão (1778-1780);
A Viúva do anterior, Amsterdam (1780-1784);
Pieter Fouquet, Amsterdão, e Alexandre Joseph Paillet (mercante d'arte), Paris (1784-1785);
Jan Danser Nijman, Amsterdão (1794-1796);
Jan Gildemeester, Amsterdão (1797-1799);
John Gibbons, Birmingham (1820-1828);
Léon Gauchez, Paris;
Alphonse de Rothschild, Paris (final de 1905);
Edouard de Rothschild (filho do anterior), Paris (1905-1949);
Entre Novembro de 1940 e 1945 foi confiscado pelos Nazis para ser destinado ao museu de Linz;
Guy de Rothschild (1949-1982);
Museu do Louvre, Paris (inv. RF 1983-28), adquirido em 1983.
Uma pequena suástica
O Astrónomo era uma das pinturas que os nazis mais ambicionavam ter quando lançaram a grande pilhagem perpetrada pelas suas tropas em toda a Europa ocupada durante a II Guerra Mundial. Na intenção do seu líder, notoriamente um pintor falhado, deveria constituir o fulcro, com a Alegoria da Pintura , de um museu a construir em Linz, perto da sua cidade natal, enquanto representativas das conquistas científicas alemãs. A pintura foi extorquida, juntamente com outras 5000 pinturas, ao banqueiro judeu Edouard de Rothschild, a cuja família pertencia há meio século. A 3 de fevereiro de 1941, foi fechada numa caixa rotulada H13 e enviada de combóio de Paris para a Alemanha.
Em maio de 1945 a pintura foi encontrada numa mina de salgema em Altaussee, na Austria. O mérito do achamento – juntamente com outras 8000 obras, como a Virgem de Bruges de Michelangelo e o Retábulo de Ghent de Jan Van Eyck – coube aos chamados Homens dos Monumentos (Monuments Men), 345 oficiais dos exércitos aliados, na maioria norte-americanos, peritos em arte que pertenciam à divisão militar Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives (MFAA), que tinham a missão específica de proteger o património artístico e que conseguiram recuperar as obras apesar da ordem peremptória dada pela liderança nazi de destruição da mina e do seu conteúdo. Dois engenheiros de minas conseguiram bloquear com dinamite a boca da mina impedindo a passagem dos soldados alemães para concretizar a ordem de destruição.
Depois da guerra a pintura foi devolvida aos seus legítimos proprietários que a venderam ao Museu do Louvre em 1983. Como memória desta aventura resta uma pequena suástica pintada na parte de trás do quadro após ter sido extorquida aos seus proprietários.
Notas e referências
.
Bibliografia
James A. Welu, (1986), "Vermeer's Astronomer: Obsevations on an Open Book", Art Bulletin, volume 68, n. 2, pág. 263-267, em inglês
http://www.essentialvermeer.com/index.html, Essential Vermeer, em inglês
http://www.olanda.cc/, Olanda.
http://www.monumentsmen.com/, Monumental Men Fondation, em inglês
Pagnelli, Claudio, De Venere, Pia, Jan Vermeer - L’Astronomo,
Ligações externas
O Astrónomo na página do Museu do Louvre,
Pintura no museu do Louvre
Pinturas de Jan Vermeer
Pinturas do século XVII
Pinturas da década de 1660 | 5,564 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q78559844 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | LEDA 2367141 | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 1,682 | 4,981 | LEDA 2367141
astronomical galaxy in the constellation Canes Venatici
LEDA 2367141 radial velocity
LEDA 2367141 declination
LEDA 2367141 catalog code SDSS J125924.90+501426.5, catalog Sloan Digital Sky Survey
LEDA 2367141 catalog code LEDA 2367141, catalog Lyon-Meudon Extragalactic Database
LEDA 2367141 instance of galaxy
LEDA 2367141 redshift
LEDA 2367141 right ascension
LEDA 2367141 epoch J2000.0
LEDA 2367141 SIMBAD ID LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 constellation Canes Venatici
LEDA 2367141 apparent magnitude , astronomical filter z' band
LEDA 2367141 apparent magnitude , astronomical filter i' band
LEDA 2367141 apparent magnitude , astronomical filter r' band
LEDA 2367141 apparent magnitude , astronomical filter g' band
LEDA 2367141 apparent magnitude , astronomical filter u' band
লেডা ২৩৬৭১৪১
লেডা ২৩৬৭১৪১ বিষুবলম্ব
লেডা ২৩৬৭১৪১ ক্যাটালগ কোড SDSS J125924.90+501426.5, ক্যাটালগ স্লোয়ান ডিজিটাল স্কাই সার্ভে
লেডা ২৩৬৭১৪১ ক্যাটালগ কোড LEDA 2367141
লেডা ২৩৬৭১৪১ নিদর্শন ছায়াপথ
লেডা ২৩৬৭১৪১ লোহিত সরণ
লেডা ২৩৬৭১৪১ বিষুবাংশ
লেডা ২৩৬৭১৪১ সিমবাদ আইডি LEDA 2367141
লেডা ২৩৬৭১৪১ নক্ষত্রপুঞ্জ সারমেয় মণ্ডল
লেডা ২৩৬৭১৪১ আপাত মান
লেডা ২৩৬৭১৪১ আপাত মান
লেডা ২৩৬৭১৪১ আপাত মান
লেডা ২৩৬৭১৪১ আপাত মান
লেডা ২৩৬৭১৪১ আপাত মান
LEDA 2367141
sterrenstelsel in Jachthonden
LEDA 2367141 radiële snelheid
LEDA 2367141 declinatie
LEDA 2367141 catalogusnummer SDSS J125924.90+501426.5, catalogus Sloan Digital Sky Survey
LEDA 2367141 catalogusnummer LEDA 2367141, catalogus Lyon-Meudon Extragalactic Database
LEDA 2367141 is een sterrenstelsel
LEDA 2367141 roodverschuiving
LEDA 2367141 rechte klimming
LEDA 2367141 epoche J2000.0
LEDA 2367141 SIMBAD-identificatiecode LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 sterrenbeeld Jachthonden
LEDA 2367141 schijnbare magnitude
LEDA 2367141 schijnbare magnitude
LEDA 2367141 schijnbare magnitude
LEDA 2367141 schijnbare magnitude
LEDA 2367141 schijnbare magnitude
LEDA 2367141 (مجره)
LEDA 2367141 (مجره) واحد من جالاكسى
LEDA 2367141
réaltra i réaltbhuíon na Madraí Fiaigh
LEDA 2367141 treoluas gathach
LEDA 2367141 diallas
LEDA 2367141 cód catalóige SDSS J125924.90+501426.5
LEDA 2367141 cód catalóige LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 sampla de réaltra
LEDA 2367141 deargaistriú
LEDA 2367141 dronairde
LEDA 2367141 aga J2000.0
LEDA 2367141 ID SIMBAD LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 réaltbhuíon na Madraí Fiaigh
LEDA 2367141 méid dhealraitheach
LEDA 2367141 méid dhealraitheach
LEDA 2367141 méid dhealraitheach
LEDA 2367141 méid dhealraitheach
LEDA 2367141 méid dhealraitheach
LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 est galaxias
LEDA 2367141 constellatio Canes Venatici
LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 codice de catalogo SDSS J125924.90+501426.5
LEDA 2367141 codice de catalogo LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 instantia de galaxia
LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 abiadura erradiala
LEDA 2367141 deklinazioa
LEDA 2367141 katalogo-kodea SDSS J125924.90+501426.5
LEDA 2367141 katalogo-kodea LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 honako hau da galaxia
LEDA 2367141 gorriranzko lerrakuntza
LEDA 2367141 igoera zuzena
LEDA 2367141 garai astronomikoa J2000.0
LEDA 2367141 konstelazioa Canes Venatici
LEDA 2367141 itxurazko magnitude
LEDA 2367141 itxurazko magnitude
LEDA 2367141 itxurazko magnitude
LEDA 2367141 itxurazko magnitude
LEDA 2367141 itxurazko magnitude
LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 prędkość radialna
LEDA 2367141 deklinacja
LEDA 2367141 oznaczenie katalogowe SDSS J125924.90+501426.5, katalog Sloan Digital Sky Survey
LEDA 2367141 oznaczenie katalogowe LEDA 2367141, katalog Lyon-Meudon Extragalactic Database
LEDA 2367141 jest to galaktyka
LEDA 2367141 przesunięcie ku czerwieni
LEDA 2367141 rektascensja
LEDA 2367141 epoka 1 stycznia 2000
LEDA 2367141 identyfikator SIMBAD LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 konstelacja Gwiazdozbiór Psów Gończych
LEDA 2367141 obserwowana wielkość gwiazdowa
LEDA 2367141 obserwowana wielkość gwiazdowa
LEDA 2367141 obserwowana wielkość gwiazdowa
LEDA 2367141 obserwowana wielkość gwiazdowa
LEDA 2367141 obserwowana wielkość gwiazdowa
LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 vitesse radiale
LEDA 2367141 déclinaison
LEDA 2367141 numéro de catalogue SDSS J125924.90+501426.5, catalogue Sloan Digital Sky Survey
LEDA 2367141 numéro de catalogue LEDA 2367141, catalogue Lyon-Meudon Extragalactic Database
LEDA 2367141 nature de l’élément galaxie
LEDA 2367141 décalage vers le rouge
LEDA 2367141 ascension droite
LEDA 2367141 époque J2000.0
LEDA 2367141 identifiant Simbad LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 constellation Chiens de chasse
LEDA 2367141 magnitude apparente , filtre astronomique bande z
LEDA 2367141 magnitude apparente
LEDA 2367141 magnitude apparente , filtre astronomique bande r
LEDA 2367141 magnitude apparente , filtre astronomique bande g
LEDA 2367141 magnitude apparente , filtre astronomique bande u
LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 Radialgeschwindigkeit
LEDA 2367141 Deklination
LEDA 2367141 Katalognummer SDSS J125924.90+501426.5, Katalog Sloan Digital Sky Survey
LEDA 2367141 Katalognummer LEDA 2367141, Katalog Lyon-Meudon Extragalactic Database
LEDA 2367141 ist ein(e) Galaxie
LEDA 2367141 Rotverschiebung
LEDA 2367141 Rektaszension
LEDA 2367141 Epoche J2000.0
LEDA 2367141 SIMBAD-Kennung LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 Sternbild Jagdhunde
LEDA 2367141 scheinbare Helligkeit
LEDA 2367141 scheinbare Helligkeit
LEDA 2367141 scheinbare Helligkeit
LEDA 2367141 scheinbare Helligkeit
LEDA 2367141 scheinbare Helligkeit
LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 instancia de galaxia
LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 esas galaxio
LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 còdi del catalòg SDSS J125924.90+501426.5
LEDA 2367141 còdi del catalòg LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 natura de l'element galaxia
LEDA 2367141 constellacion Cans de caça
LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 velocidade radial
LEDA 2367141 código de catálogo SDSS J125924.90+501426.5
LEDA 2367141 código de catálogo LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 instância de galáxia
LEDA 2367141 constelação Canes Venatici
LEDA 2367141 magnitude aparente
LEDA 2367141 magnitude aparente
LEDA 2367141 magnitude aparente
LEDA 2367141 magnitude aparente
LEDA 2367141 magnitude aparente
LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 radiusa rapido
LEDA 2367141 deklinacio
LEDA 2367141 kataloga numero SDSS J125924.90+501426.5, katalogo Sloan Digital Sky Survey
LEDA 2367141 kataloga numero LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 estas galaksio
LEDA 2367141 ruĝenŝoviĝo
LEDA 2367141 rektascensio
LEDA 2367141 astronomia epoko J2000.0
LEDA 2367141 identigilo en SIMBAD LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 konstelacio Ĉashundoj
LEDA 2367141 ŝajna magnitudo , astronomia filtro z-bendo
LEDA 2367141 ŝajna magnitudo , astronomia filtro i-bendo
LEDA 2367141 ŝajna magnitudo , astronomia filtro r-bendo
LEDA 2367141 ŝajna magnitudo , astronomia filtro g-bendo
LEDA 2367141 ŝajna magnitudo , astronomia filtro u-bendo
LEDA 2367141
galaxia de la constelación de Canes Venatici
LEDA 2367141 velocidad radial
LEDA 2367141 declinación
LEDA 2367141 código del catálogo SDSS J125924.90+501426.5, catálogo Sloan Digital Sky Survey
LEDA 2367141 código del catálogo LEDA 2367141, catálogo Base de datos extragaláctica Lyon-Meudon
LEDA 2367141 instancia de galaxia
LEDA 2367141 corrimiento al rojo
LEDA 2367141 ascensión recta
LEDA 2367141 época J2000.0
LEDA 2367141 identificador SIMBAD LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 constelación Canes Venatici
LEDA 2367141 magnitud aparente
LEDA 2367141 magnitud aparente
LEDA 2367141 magnitud aparente
LEDA 2367141 magnitud aparente
LEDA 2367141 magnitud aparente
LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 velocitat radial
LEDA 2367141 declinació
LEDA 2367141 codi de catàleg SDSS J125924.90+501426.5, catàleg Sloan Digital Sky Survey
LEDA 2367141 codi de catàleg LEDA 2367141, catàleg Lyon-Meudon Extragalactic Database
LEDA 2367141 instància de galàxia
LEDA 2367141 desplaçament cap al roig
LEDA 2367141 ascensió recta
LEDA 2367141 època J2000.0
LEDA 2367141 identificador SIMBAD LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 constel·lació Llebrers
LEDA 2367141 magnitud aparent , filtre astronòmic banda z
LEDA 2367141 magnitud aparent , filtre astronòmic banda i
LEDA 2367141 magnitud aparent , filtre astronòmic banda r
LEDA 2367141 magnitud aparent , filtre astronòmic banda g
LEDA 2367141 magnitud aparent , filtre astronòmic banda u
LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 declinación
LEDA 2367141 códigu de catálogu SDSS J125924.90+501426.5
LEDA 2367141 códigu de catálogu LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 instancia de galaxa
LEDA 2367141 desplazamientu al bermeyu
LEDA 2367141 ascensión reuta
LEDA 2367141 constelación Canes Venatici
LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 velocidade radial
LEDA 2367141 declinação
LEDA 2367141 código de catálogo SDSS J125924.90+501426.5, catálogo Sloan Digital Sky Survey
LEDA 2367141 código de catálogo LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 instância de galáxia
LEDA 2367141 desvio para o vermelho
LEDA 2367141 ascensão reta
LEDA 2367141 época J2000.0
LEDA 2367141 identificador SIMBAD LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 constelação Canes Venatici
LEDA 2367141 magnitude aparente
LEDA 2367141 magnitude aparente
LEDA 2367141 magnitude aparente
LEDA 2367141 magnitude aparente
LEDA 2367141 magnitude aparente
LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 velocità radiale
LEDA 2367141 declinazione
LEDA 2367141 codice di catalogo SDSS J125924.90+501426.5, catalogo Sloan Digital Sky Survey
LEDA 2367141 codice di catalogo LEDA 2367141, catalogo Lyon-Meudon Extragalactic Database
LEDA 2367141 istanza di galassia
LEDA 2367141 spostamento verso il rosso
LEDA 2367141 ascensione retta
LEDA 2367141 epoca J2000.0
LEDA 2367141 identificativo SIMBAD LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 costellazione Cani da Caccia
LEDA 2367141 magnitudine apparente , filtro astronomico banda z
LEDA 2367141 magnitudine apparente , filtro astronomico banda i
LEDA 2367141 magnitudine apparente , filtro astronomico banda r
LEDA 2367141 magnitudine apparente , filtro astronomico banda g
LEDA 2367141 magnitudine apparente , filtro astronomico banda u
LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 velocidade radial
LEDA 2367141 declinación
LEDA 2367141 código do catálogo SDSS J125924.90+501426.5
LEDA 2367141 código do catálogo LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 instancia de galaxia
LEDA 2367141 desprazamento ao vermello
LEDA 2367141 ascensión recta
LEDA 2367141 identificador SIMBAD LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 constelación Canes Venatici
LEDA 2367141 magnitude aparente
LEDA 2367141 magnitude aparente
LEDA 2367141 magnitude aparente
LEDA 2367141 magnitude aparente
LEDA 2367141 magnitude aparente
LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 radiale snelheid
LEDA 2367141 deklinasie
LEDA 2367141 kataloguskode SDSS J125924.90+501426.5, katalogus Digitale Sloan-lugopname
LEDA 2367141 kataloguskode LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 is 'n sterrestelsel
LEDA 2367141 regte hemelvaart
LEDA 2367141 SIMBAD ID LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 sterrebeeld Jaghonde
LEDA 2367141 skynbare helderheid
LEDA 2367141 skynbare helderheid
LEDA 2367141 skynbare helderheid
LEDA 2367141 skynbare helderheid
LEDA 2367141 skynbare helderheid
LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 cyflymder rheiddiol
LEDA 2367141 gogwydd
LEDA 2367141 cod catalogio SDSS J125924.90+501426.5
LEDA 2367141 cod catalogio LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 enghraifft o'r canlynol galaeth
LEDA 2367141 rhuddiad
LEDA 2367141 esgyniad
LEDA 2367141 dynodwr SIMBAD LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 cytser Canes Venatici
LEDA 2367141 maint
LEDA 2367141 maint
LEDA 2367141 maint
LEDA 2367141 maint
LEDA 2367141 maint
LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 katalognummer SDSS J125924.90+501426.5
LEDA 2367141 katalognummer LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 tilfælde af galakse
LEDA 2367141 konstellation Jagthundene
LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 ist eine Instanz von Galaxie
LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 instance of galaxy
LEDA 2367141 constellation Canes Venatici
LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 radial velocity
LEDA 2367141 declination
LEDA 2367141 catalogue code SDSS J125924.90+501426.5, catalogue Sloan Digital Sky Survey
LEDA 2367141 catalogue code LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 instance of galaxy
LEDA 2367141 redshift
LEDA 2367141 right ascension
LEDA 2367141 epoch J2000.0
LEDA 2367141 SIMBAD ID LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 constellation Canes Venatici
LEDA 2367141 apparent magnitude
LEDA 2367141 apparent magnitude
LEDA 2367141 apparent magnitude
LEDA 2367141 apparent magnitude
LEDA 2367141 apparent magnitude
LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 radiaalkiirus
LEDA 2367141 üksikjuht nähtusest galaktika
LEDA 2367141 tähtkuju Jahipenid
LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 säteisnopeus
LEDA 2367141 deklinaatio
LEDA 2367141 luettelointitunnus SDSS J125924.90+501426.5
LEDA 2367141 luettelointitunnus LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 esiintymä kohteesta galaksi
LEDA 2367141 punasiirtymä
LEDA 2367141 rektaskensio
LEDA 2367141 SIMBAD-tunniste LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 tähdistö Ajokoirat
LEDA 2367141 näennäinen magnitudi
LEDA 2367141 näennäinen magnitudi
LEDA 2367141 näennäinen magnitudi
LEDA 2367141 näennäinen magnitudi
LEDA 2367141 näennäinen magnitudi
LEDA 2367141
LEDA 2367141 | 38,151 |
School_Files_Series-RG10_c-7944_21 | English-PD | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,879 | School Files Series - 1879-1953 (RG10) — c-7944 | None | English | Spoken | 7,135 | 11,916 | Rubena Wynn 1 Pt.Hope 385 ‘ 5.9.44 va Woeley 9 1 Albany 488 - $59.44 91 8 ee ee ~ Phyllis Beardy 1 Prout Lae 1 - 16.9.44 © 92 rota J roracs Me, 14, 2812 2B 8 6768 3388 NOTE—Additions to be correctly made and entered a¢ the foot of column, indian Affairs. (RG 1 PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada ‘www.collectionscanada.ge.ca CANADA "1 he INDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL NOTES ON THE PREPARATION QUARTERLY: RETURN OF THIS RETURN hunny Courvey thattba@within Return isa (gue and faithful atatement of the witendance LF giving full particular in the Hf each pup called for INDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL SIGUX LOOKOUT, ONT, Schiool for thi Quartor 2. The columns of the Return should be corre theroof JUN. 3,5 J9A8, }. When, ewing to the numbe pile, all the na the Return, vse another sheet, pagin 2, ar proper cohirans, 4. The Roturns must, embrace September and Bist Deoombar 5. No Quarterly Grant will be paid until Returns have t Sunda: days pupils in residence during qu af pupila during s ascortained by divi idence during quarter” by the “Total umber of days in quarte (RG 10, Volume 6214, f: PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada ‘www.collectionscanada.ge.ca INDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL QUARTERLY RETURN ly Agency School at Stoux Lookout,-Ontarde Indéan, Reasgentiak Bkoux Lookout an Reserve for Quarter ended 30th. Juve REPORT of the ATTENDANCE ciate om erupy Srauppes 1 DATE OF Toca BNTBANCE TO TRADE Of OTHER REMARKS AS TO PROGRESS, mROTETR wines WasEs oF PUPIL meposrey DATE OF ABRENCE, WEtETHE (9 B/Pwe. @1s4 11104 Henry Spenoe Chris. Cromarty Dantel Peters Louis Waswe Archie Ogemah Louis Ogemah Stephen Beardy Agripps Beardy David Weoley ias Seul 285 5 # Trout Lis 250 Ignace £08 | # ¥t. Hope 215 Tao Soul 412 Leo Soul 412 f Prout Less trout L.282 Lao Soul 259 # 549.48 20.9.45 B3.9.45 4.9.45 18410,48 8.10.45 14,10,45 14.10.45 2.9.46 1 91 91 35 58 CT) Truant from May & Adam, Quayash + 266 6.9.46 ” = 369 8 a 4/3 g§imon Rooster 9.46 Chickenpox Roy Muainekeestoe Hipigon 186 Trmant from May 6, pam, Hopeise =f 46 7 Wad yt. - ‘ake Wabash Chdckenpox. 69 16.9.46 " Simon Amik. Gordon Bottle "© e624 ¢ — ase of Sond “Uo® FOE Wadia Boe My vo David Strong Pakangkuml6s # yr. Headed) f Aaa of peveanta Gast die Walter Gray 25.53.48 Perey Gray 1 eee 25.80.46 fruant May 4-25 (inol.) roTaLs “ rorus 161818 36 @ “unease voraa NOTE—Additions to be correctly made and entered with the foot of column. PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada ww.collectionscanada.ge.ca et pee. : INDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL NOTES. ON THE PREPARATION QUARTERLY ‘RETURN OF THIS RETURN I Huueny Ceneey that the within Return is 2 thue and faithful statement of the attendance Wilt in-alt th columns of this Return, giving full particulars In called for under the various headings ANDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL 2 ‘The columns of the Return should be correctly added and the totals placed tuition with the BOOK, LOOKOUT, CONT, Sa te ee Oe thervo , ded. JUN 61948: 19. pupil 8 — eae ae y ic Nk Rann Wag Principal. diately t 5. No Quarterly Grait Wi y, 7 aes joins indian Agen SIOUX LGsinc. T WL Dated st INDIAN? PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada wwr.collectionscanada.ge.ca INDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL QUARTERLY RETURN REPORT of the Indian Readdential School at... Sdoux Teokont Reserve for Quarter ended 20th....7une 1948 Stowx—Lookout,.ontarto Agency EAM Om STUDY BD aTrempance sawn ot " TeADS om OTUeM 4 DATE OF . Sal, | REMARNS Ad TO'PROGRERS FIC., REABA YOR AlMuNC® reomren ; wpaenve a E mmpustey a 3 arr DATR OF ARSENCR, WHRTHIEE AUTHORIZED Of NOT wou 167 Richard Ferries Constance L. 29.68.38 Qruent May 14,15 206 George Carpenter taaksuane 149.40 807 Alvert Carpenter " ae v 1.9.40 214 Jooy Sakakeostoe , « 28T j 27.8.41 215 George Quoquat lao Soul 587 469042 fruant from May 5 219 Leonard Bunting Yr. Head @57 6.12.42 Truant May 15-89 (ancl.) Yreuk Weoley Albany 463 L 2325.48 Ernost Wesley "463 J 3.5.42 Tgnace R04 5.9.42 8 ®ruant May 18,14,25 Pt. Hope 116 1 39.9.42 fruant from May 13 p.m. Luke Yapput ae Osnadurgh 65 f y 22.9.4 1 Truant May 7-15 (¢nol.) Paddy Hal r a 218 8.10.4 Sinolatr Wyan ¥ Hope 308 4.9.43 Tomy Wynn 335 nb.9.48 4 fruant May 7-16 dnol, paved Wynn a = S09 5.9.43 2 P Truant from May 18, p.m Albany 463 / 4.9.44 Stanley Woaley Omaburgh 158 é 15.9.44 sick-eye treatments Alex. reaar Trout L. 38 é 14.9.44 2b Truant Ap.1%-23 dnel.& from aay Moses Muskotayunene , Se | +9. Be Truant May 14 -16 Albert Boaray Trout L, 42 Camiiiden Cromarty . 252 : 5.9. a8 BEARS MOR APTA buarter Seohate Beardy - AooRsoare umber of days pupils in Walldam John Beardy . : residence during Quarter fonnie Weeley Albany 46% # Kelly Bull 1 Yao Soul 373 ‘ 41.40 9 main aeadnnes hae Chas. Shapwaykeento yt. Hope 116 a : Preant from May Walter Kakepotum Deor L. 125 TOTAL g/t BT rors gO NOTE—Additions te be correctly made and entered at the foot of column, PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada wou.collectionscanada.ge.ca NOTES ON THE PREPARATION OF THIS RETURN {FU in all the nhs of chin Hetwen, giving full particolitte th-the caso of eae called for under the # headings thereof th . When, owing to t the Rotuen, use proper calutmas. diately thereafter thereat ter &. No Quarterly Grant will be paid until Returns have Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada wwr.collectionscanada.ge.ca The column of the Return should be correctly added and the total placed at the foot inded..30, the September 19.48 f AMADA INDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL QUARTERLY RETURN QUARTERLY.-RETURN f Z ‘ / Thaneny County, Canada tagtethiwithin Return is a true and faithful statement of the attendance and tuition at the Stowe Lookout Indian Resignation School for the Quarter f Principat Jike a f 6.%2 October 19.4 j PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA INDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL QUARTERLY RETURN Sioux Lake. Agency REPORT of the Sioux. Lookout..Indian Resignation..School St Sioux Lake on Reserve for Quarter ended. _..50. the September 19. 48. Ans om stop STADE tm ATTENDANCE TRAD Om OVER DATE OF Feat | QUARTERS AN TO PROGRIRS, BTC, RIDON POR AURKNER conning rile ¥ ] ENTRANCE TO peace rr oe : inpusTeY cMOOL 2 DATE OF AMMENCE, WHETHER AUTHORIZED on NOT usar purr on é amt 7B ATW 49. 4 28 L ily spade Jak: He. 15-9-48 Maggie Wapoose Fort Hope 28-9-48 Beasio Segetohway Fort Hope 29-9-46 Td Wapoose Port Ls 29-9-48 Cavoline Anishinabi Port Hope 29-9-48 TotaL number of days in Quarter Agargoate number of days pupils residence during Quarter Asounr of per capita grant due for Quarter Forate 67 60 wu 79 T1845 4 8 NOTE—Additions to be correctly made and entered at the foot of column. PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada ‘www.collectionscanada.gc.ca cama INDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL NOTES ON THE PREPARATION QUARTERLY RETURN OF THIS RETURN 4, Cry (hatgbartithin Retuen In a tie and faithful statement of the attendant 1. Fill in all the colun 4 this Return, giving full partiontars in culled for under the various headings thereof, vd tuition at the SOME MOGkout. Tntten, Raaigantial...Schoot tor the Quarter 9, ‘Tho columna of the Return should be eorrgetly added and tho F thoroaf 30, th. Sep tigphes 19.48 6. th Oatober. Weta correctly made 4 2 a — Se Oe eae Tndian Agent PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada ‘wwru.collectionscanada.ge.ca INDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL QUARTERLY RETURN Stoux Lookout Agency WEPORT of the. Sioux Lookout Indian Reaidembial School at Sioux Lookout on Reserve for Quarter ended__50 th Septeber, stagpri UF ATTREDANCE ety ace i r onmn DATE oF Tout REMAMIES AX TO PROGRESS, RTC, REASOM POW ADHRNCE Stonran aura oF PUPILS iy TRADE OR OTHE 4 as. Use the Poetry of Absence, Whether Authorized or Not Brought Forward Eva Ogemah Bla-la-46 Katie Wynm = Phen B-45 Josie Sharpe la-4-47 Alleen Wesley 16-48 Katie Tout B+9-47 Charlotte Wapoose Fort Hope 64947 Nellie Drake 6 Nipigom 310 eset MLIZARETY Peters Hudson 204 6-9-4 Melia Basketwang " Wipigon £3 539 Christina Thomas Lao Souk 6-994 4 16-9447 Gally Matthew dot Sore 266-48 Mery dno Matthew Yort Sevein 26~6-48 0368 Ida Punch B-9-48 0369 Datey Keeatc 2-948 0370. Dinah Keesie BH 9m48 $372. Agnes Quoguat, 2-90-48 0372. Sophie. Sahkeene 10-948 0573. Mary Bottle 10-9948 0374 Lydia Jacob Lieoe 4 0375 Naliie Spence 41-9648 - TOTAL number of days in Quarter 0876 Aue Spence 11-946 Poor a 5 Avarzoate number of day oe Ry 7 9-48 so” 1 residence during Quarter B77 gunioe wae’ 11-9-48 : ne 0278 Bessie +ounviak s L-9-48 Averar. attendance of pupils 0279. Amy Nemansayah 1-948 z during Quarter 0279. Amy Nemansayah 1-948 z during Quarter 0279. Agnus Ashpenaschkus 18-9-48 Amount of per capita grant due 0281 Neomi dpaie 0362 Moxy skeo Lb G48 1D-9-48 TOTALS 6 7 TOTALS PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada collections canada AMADA INDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL NOTES ON THE PREPARATION QUARTERLY WRETURN OF THIS RETURN giving full particulars in the County that the within Return is not true and faithful statement of the attendance at the Keckout Indien Reetdembiad...School for the Quarter a and of the Return should be correctly added and the thereof ed 30. Oh Sper ae When, owing to the plan, all the names and Principal... pam nudkb ath Be and Stet December, respectively, and should be pre and forwarded imp ted. tly added and the totals place 3. When, owing to the number of papila, all the names eatmhet-be included tho Return, use another aheot, paging it No. 2, and carry forward all tot proper caittnn 4. The Returns must embrace only: the quarterly periods wading 3) th September and 31st December, respeatively, and should be prepared and diately thereafter No Quartorh! Grant will be paid nti Returns 6. The total. number of daya in quarter monn jundayw and holidays under the heading "Total number of days pupils in ree 8, The average attendance of pupita du ividin number of days pupile in reaidence du Total number of ds multip! SPECIAL NOTE Library and Archives Canada / Bibliothéque et Archives Canada vwww.collectionscanada.ge.ca 1H and tuition PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA xuy Cenriey thagndaedeithin Returo ix a trae and faithful tnt INDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL QUARTERLY . RETURN nt of the attendance st the Stow Lookout, Indian Reaidentsak...schoal ur the Quirtor 30 th September 1048, 6 th Oatober 10.48 amined the within Return osrtify that it Is correctly ‘monde ith thedewtitctions of the De Oe ee Indian Agent NOTE be guided by the lnntructions printed on the last page INDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL QUARTERLY RETURN Agency ale Sioux Lookout REPORT of the gioux Lookout Indian Residential. School at_Sioux Lookout on. Reserve for Quarter ended... 30. th September. 19.48 Cass on srupy TAMING 1 ATTENDANCE ce moy OmmL } ‘TRADE om OTHER DATE oF Toa ast REMARID AS TO PROGREM, RTC, REASON FOR AusENCe AMES OF PUPILS a0 . jy ENTRANCE TO semberat | umber of mpuerey senor, Seren | are DATE OF ADSENCE, WHETHER AUTAORIEED OR NOT Brought Forward Stephen Akeese 15=9-48 Stanley Akeese 4 Mfe. Ab-9-40 Stanley Carpenter R~o-48 Stanley Yellowhead 21-948 Mather Strong , 21-9-48 PEter Makinakex | 2B~9=48 xeity flac peer. 4 23~9-48 somone Wit are t., 2349-48 Watus Lee, B3-9-48 Tease Rabbit Fort Hope 28-948 Roy Rabbit Fort Hayy Geordie Sugarhest yORT Hope ToTAL number of days in Quarter AGGREGATE number of days pupils in residence during Quarter Avei attendance of pupils during Quarter Aaounr of per capita great due for Quarter TorALs oT wee 4261851 82 NOTE—Additions to be correctly made and entered at the foot of colum. Industrial Affairs. PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLISHED CANADA Library and Archives Canada ‘www.collectionscanada.ge.ca NOTES ON THE PREPARATION OF THIS RETURN 1. Fibin all the columns of this Return, giving full particulars of pupils called for under the various headings thereof tals placed at the 2. The columns of the Return should be correctly added and the thereof 3. When, owing to the number of all the names the Return, use another sheet, paging it i, proper columns. 4. The Return must embrace only: the quarterly s0th September and Sixt December, respectively, and diately thereafter 5. No Quarterly Grant will be paid until Return total number of do holiday T. The aggregate number of days in residence of all under the heading ‘Total number 8. ‘The overage attendance number of days pupils in residence any ave A new number must the names of the boys and the girls must be in Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES CANADA CANADA INDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL QUARTERLY JRETURN any Comrive that shackle within Return is true Quarter De Jed, $30. th Sop rember. 10.48. 6th October 19.48 I examined the within Return and hereby certify that it is correctly made the instructions printed on the last page NOTE the instructions printed on the last page PUBLIQUE INDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL QUARTERLY RETURN Agency Sioux took out REPORT of the Sioux Lookout-Indan Record-List—School stowx Lode out on. z Reserve for Quarter ended...30..th..Saptember. LARS ON SUGAR STAND to fortune TRADE OR OTHER DATE OF THE BEMARIO AS TO PROGRESS, RTC, REASON FOR ABORCE Nantes OF PUPILS ENTRANCE TO Some Sore DATE OF AGE, WHETHER AUTHORIZED OF NOT Brought Forward B 4 4123812 2eR Jonah Kakekapetum Deer L, 8) " Bl~2-47 42 an Levius Weeley Lac Soul 490." 4-9-4647 92 Oe William Trout 2 tag & =" Bw2-47 12 te David Strong Cpls : 10eS=48 12 ae Joseph Grow Fort Severn « 266-48 92° Edward Loon onde 30+ Edward Thomas 2-9-46 2° William Cromarty Bn9n48 29 James Angéonip —, ‘ 8-29-48 29 Andrew ingen : 2-9-48 Samuel Bearman 2-9-48 Charlie Fox ’ 48 John King Ram $ o=66 Edward Wynn L fil ‘i Z 6~9-48 Tomes Wynn sly 6-948 John Fiddler 6-9-48 Ronnie Fiddler Na 6-9-48 John Bear Rs L 6-948 Soe eet imagens Parl nt Meherhkeont J 6-948 John Bear Rs L 6-948 Soe eet imagens Parl nt Meherhkeont J 6-948 John Bear Rs L 6-948 Soe eet imagens Parl nt Meherhkeont J 6-948 John Bear Rs L 6-948 Soe eet imagens Parl nt Meherhkeont J 6-948 John Bear Rs L 6-948 Soe eet imagens Parl nt Meherhkeont J 6-948 John Bear Rs L 6-948 Soe eet imagens Parl nt Meherhkeont J 6-948 John Bear Rs L 6-948 Soe eet imagens Parl nt Meherhkeont J 6-948 John Bear Rs L 6-948 Soe eet imagens Parl nt Meherhkeont J 6-948 John Bear Rs L 6-948 Soe eet imagens Parl nt Me Agarsoare number of days pupils in residence during Quarter Bandy Ned L lo-9-48 Avenacr attendance of pupils during Quarter Den Joahbiak K 21-9648 Amount of per capita grant due Thomas Jacob Livona for Quarter Mists, Cerralnck A cahbd ar. Li-9-48 TOTALS TOTAL NOTE—Additions to be correctly made and entered at the foot of column. PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada ‘www.collectionscanada.ge.ca NOTES ON THE PREPARATION OF THIS RETURN 1. Fill in all the oatled for under the 1s headings thereof, 2. The columns of the Return should be correctly wadded and the treat. pupils, afl ¢ under the heading 6 during «us Total number of day Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada www.collectionscanada.ge.ca ino of thin Return, giving full partioulan to the cave of each f tals placed at the toot PUBLIC ARCHIVES Sheet 1, CANADA INDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL QUARTERLY . RETURN Crwrivy that the within Return ies tene and faithful statement of the attendance ‘tion at the Stoux Ldokowh. Indian [email protected] for tho Quarter 30 th September... 19.48 Principal iit Noonan. 6. th. dotebar. 19.48. mined the within I with the instructions of the Indian Agent ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA INDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL, QUARTERLY RETURN in Agency Sioux Lookout REPORT of the Sioux Lookout. Indian Residential School at Sioux Lake, Iowa, on Took Reserve for Quarter ended 30th, September 194, CLAES OF STUDY AND REASON AT RENDANCE IT TRADE OR OTHER DATE OF Ound REMARKS esdtrisd ines -90 1 Lao Soul 268 6-948 2047%6 Christopher Cromarty 12 Trout Le 250 20=9—65 BEtE” ob Loui Weowa yort Hope, RhWOn45 672 “is PaAPay Kenny lao Soul 402. 29-98-45 2612017 Arabic Ogemah c Tao Seoul 428 Bk0-45 peers Towia Ogemah ‘Lac Seul 422 e148 | gaze Agesipys Beardy 10 Trout Lae Melo-46. 88412716 David Weoley i lao Seoul 499 Bn 94d aett ly jaan cuayash : maburgh 166 y eabens ext2is Torat nimber of days in Quurter Simon Rooster ‘Lao Sul 569 * Paidelpe 4h Tae Toute Hager oul <4 Red dale. aR mermecepenge ben Willtem Hagar Red dls * 13=9-46 B27 Pat Wabash Landodownelis Lh 9~46 as 16-9046 Landsdowne. H+ Amount of per capita grant due Average attendance of pupil Alex Sayabnahkey Timon Wabas S Fort Hapesé R 16-90-46 for Quarter Daniel Wabash 3 lenhationa tie a LOntn46 TOTAL TOTALS Trt 4 41851 NOTE-—Additions to be correctly made and entered at the foot of column. PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada www.collectionscanada.ge.ca NOTES ON THE PREPARATION OF THIS RETURN" 1. Fill in all the columns of this ieturs, giving Call purtionlare in che ean of exch pupil, a aalled for under the variout handings thereof. ‘ 3 2. The columnar of the Retuns shook be correstly,agided and the totals ptaoed at Ue tot 3. When, wing to the number of pupils, wil the riktaes cannot be Lichuded dn nt uhoot of the Return, use soother aheet, paging it ‘and carry forward all totals, placing them in the proper coltimnn. vi wigs i Poriods outling Siet March, 30th June, , and should be prepared and forwarded imme- 4, ‘The Returns must embrace only the quartarly 30th September and Bist December, Teapectivaly, dintely thorvafter: 5, No Quarterly Grant will be pald until Returns have been neqeivest by the Department 6. The total number of days in quarter sineans every day in tho querter, including Saturday, dunduys and holidays: ye pupile in rexidence during quarter raeans (he total number ‘entered on the Return and (a ascertained by adding the colxms aber of days pupils in reaidonce during quarter” The aggregaie number of of aya in roside under the heading B. The aceraye attendance of pupfia during quarler is axcertained hy dividing the ‘Aggregate number of daya pupils in residence during quarter” by the “Total number of day m in quarter 9, The amount per capita grant due for quatier iv ascnrtained. by anultiplying the “Average attendance of pupils during quarter’’ by the amount of the quarterly per capita In no tase, however, will payment be made for any average attendance in exces of the number of pupliaifor whioh grant ix allowed. SPECIAL NOTICES A new number must be given to each pupil upon entrance to the school. The names of the boys and the girls are: On this Return + be arranged consecutively according to numbers Library and Archives Canada Bibliothèque et Archives Canada Vol. collections can be made. VO tin le rt ete INDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL QUARTERLY RETURN LL sa..2 1 Hanewy Canterbury that the within Return to the true and faithful statement of ad unalec chlamia dt til ene 3.0 Dyes as wHF_ we Principal Dated... af) ’) $i. OI ¢ 4 T have carefully examined the within Return horeby certify that it is correctly made out in accordance with the instructions of the Department. You Noyt Mean, Nex 2187 PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA First Wher ccie xf, REPORT of the. Ta wasRS oF PUPILS Rey WWeinmekeouic. keyach me guint NOTER—Additions to be ¢ Library St. van om wewaxmve correctly made and entered at the foot of column, Reserve for Quarter ended...$90t emt arrmpaxce TRADE om OTUER emer. | ie Tyo, | RRMARKS AS TO ROGRES, RTC. REASOW FOR AMRENCH inposrey ; oo DATE OF ANMSIEH, WETRTHOER AUTHORIZED O® NOT 4.947 19,¢.42 The Date TOTAL number of days AVERAGE. atten during quarter PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA NOTES ON THE PREPARATION OF THIS RETURN 1, Fill in all the columns of this Return, giving full particulars in the case of each pupil, as called for under the various headings thereof. chondiy TH columns of the Return should be correctly indicated and, the total placed at the foot roa When, owing to the number of pupils, all the names cannot be included on one sheet of the Return, viz: another sheet, paging it No. 2, and carefully forward all total, placing them to the proper column. 4, The Returns must embrace only the quarterly per page ending. Last March, 30th June 30th September and 31st December, respectively, and should be prepared and forwarded immediately thereafter. 5. No Quarterly Grant will be paid until Returns have been received by the Department 6. The total number of days in quarter means every day in the quarter; including Saturdays, Sundays and holidays. 7, The aggregate number of days pupils in residence during quarter means the total number of days in residence of all pupils entered on the Return and to ascertained by adding the column under the heading “Total number of days pupils in residence during quarter” 8. The average attendance of pupils during quarter is ascertained by multiplying the “Average attendance of pupils during quarter” by the Total number of days in quart 9, The amount per capita grant due for quarter is ascertained by multiplying the “Average attendance of pupils during quarter” by the amount of the quarterly per capita grant. In no case, however, will payment be made for any average attendance in excess of the number of pupils for 9, which grant is allowed. SPECIAL NOTE A new number must be given to each pupil upon entrance to the school On this Return the names of the boys and the girls must be respectively according to numbers and tuition at the School for the Quarters ended... 3D Principal, 22. “« Dated / Hy) I have carefolly odmpitendtieg Within Weturn and hereby certify chat it ie correctly maelp out in accordance with the instructions of the Department. 3 ee 2 Cibewein Gaede Tndvan Agent Principals will ploase be guided by the instructions printed on tho Inat page Foust No. 1. A. 403 PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada ‘www. collectionscanada.ge.ca CANADA INDIAN RESIDENTIAL Agency Schoo! at..Sierxleskeut erve for Quarter ended. Chan om stuDY ATTENDANCE oe + 7 e pate oF 7 $ To PROG! ETC., REASON VOR ADEENCK BAND OF reane on OTHE = CHIE OR WOT wasens OF PUPILS or pene « is ° an Kacey wary Beardy 239 Dereus Andergon : Tr-lake 258 Kattie Agaman Tr.lake 1990 Rubens Kaomt fr.Lake I19 Mary Muaroe Tel.Lake 397 Tous te Bull LacSeul,373 Dasie Taylor Roste Chisel thoda(luda)Pisew Charlette« s caahadiviee Aline liqwakessic irene Drake TOTAL number of days in Quartor....2 coATE number of days pupils e during Qu 3OKF AGH attendance quarter AMOUNT of per capita grant due for Quartet NOTE—Additions to be correctly made and entered at the toot of column. PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada ‘www.collectionscanada.gc.ca LAflimetes, Bo, al gu hn Z Dery ant Genk A ake ap AMADA INDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL NOTES ON THE PREPARATION QUARTERLY RETURN OF THIS RETURN 1, Fill in all the eotwn giving.full partionlagn in tho oh pupil, I Huneny Cemrury thatthe within Return ies troo and faithful statement of thmattgndance called for under the variou { fp t. | / 2, ‘The columns of the Heturn nhould be correctly added and tbe totals placed ut the foot and tuition at te.) MMM. fA dendeale Setiool for the’ Quartir thereof . a 3. When, owityy to the number of pupils, all th e includ nheot of de fers ett ho Return, tise another alicet, paging it No, 2, and é et all totals, 1 th prop min 4. "The Returns mune nly the quarterly periods ending 31st March, 30h June, tember wnd Bint De ind forwarded imme y thereafter, 5. No Quarterly Grant will t (. The total number of days in quar indays and holiday. lly examine in. Return reby ce Ww oorreotly ‘made CLL tap hpenons, Indian Agent tain by dividing the Aggrega Total umber of days in quarter will paymant puplix for which grant in allowed. LA. 408 yngNo. 2 PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada ‘www.collectionscanada.ge.ca “g ass ab ablative Sb Noh aka ab PS nA, Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada ‘wwr.collectionscanada.ge.ca NOTES ON THE PREPARATION OF THIS RETURN 1. Fill-in ail the eolomns of this giving {dll partiquluss iit'the case of oxch pupil, » calind for under the various headings the 2, ‘The columns of the Return should be corrwetly added. did the totals placed at the foc thereof 3. When, owing to the number of pupils, all the names cannot be included on one sheot of the Roturn, uno another sheot, paging it No. 2, and carry forward all totais, pincing them in the proper columns:. 1st Moreh, 30th 4. The Returns must redl and forwarded i 10th Septembor and Bint Decerber, diately theronfter embrace only the quarterly periods endit reepmetively, and should be prep ‘0 Qonrterly Grant will be paid until F eceived by the Department tal number © quarter, including Baturdaye J holidays: number of daye pupils i mount per capil for quarte the amount ber mu: ‘ the boys and the ARCHIVES Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada ‘wwe .collectionscanada.ge.ca PUBLIC CANADA a, iff brnertary < va Rays and pine INDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL QUARTERLY RETURN rer) Ame Litfaweny Crscrtey that the within Return is « truo and faithful statement of thd attendance Sudha Resid wha 4s tt ths B and tition at the. School for the Quarter 30 Oiler bret ¥ Indian Agent | Indlanaeg ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES INDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL QUARTERLY RETURN gre out Pie REPORT of the....rmgdum i School at Helios + Siourleoko: Reserve for Quarter ended niiencouti i BAND On TWAE om cre 98 | DATE OF S| REMANIES 48 TO PROOKEGD, ETC, REASON FO ANNE y r t 4% =e : Z DATE OF ANSENCE, WHETHER AU HORIZED OM IGE sis : : sroverny ma fance Luke 37 Osnabardh 1quhQ57 412 aix Wyna Moueu Muskotaygnene Alvert Ben mad Simo. Jevsiah MoKs 2 Wp Le BAS Tatash z fr Lake, DIS Terr a grant due MNOTE—Additions to be correctt tered at the foot of column, PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada ‘www.collectionscanada.ge.ca Girle 6. -. INDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL NOTES ON THE PREPARATION QUARTERLY RETURN OF THIS RETURN 1, Fill in all the columns of this Roturn, giving full particulars in the ease of each pupil Hannay Century that the within Return is a true and faithful statement of the attendance called for under the various headings thereof. Sioux Lookout, tuition at the School for the Quarter 2. The columns of the Return should be correotly added and the totals placed at the foot a wallet a8 Doe far he Sonar, thereof Slat. Ded. 19... 48 3. When, owing t umber of pup the names eannot be include ho Rotien, ise anoths » Paging it Ne A carry forward all total beaper emcees Principal.......J.«W.. BVA. Tho R t farct ; per D.C,Wickenden, ho Returns must embrace only March, 80th June and forwanted imme Dated: POs Athy 19, 49 5, No Quarterly Grant will be paid until Returr 8, ‘The fotad numb daya in qua «und holid ined the within Return and bareby certify that it ia correctly made instructions of the Department yat aye pupile in rexidi of days i 1 pupils entered on the Return. under the heading “Total number of days pupils in re during 8. The averay dance of pupils during quarter is ascertained by dividing the “Aggregate number of daya j 2 residence during quarter” by the ‘Total number of days in quarter 9, The amount per capita grant due for quarter is ascertained by multiplying the “Average attendance of pupils during quarter’ by’ ¢ jount of the quarterly por capita grant. In no case, however, will nt bo made for any average attendauce in exeem of the number af pupils for which grant ls allowed. SPECIAL NOTE Principals will please be guided by the date on the last page A new number must be given to each pu the names of the boys and the girls must be arranged Fous No. LA. 403 R344 Volume 6214 PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada ‘www.collectionscanada.ge.ca 2) we Sioux Lookout, Onte REPORT of the Indian Residential wscmrne numer Br. Pwd, 0372 Sophie xavier(Sofea) 0873 Mary Bottle 0374 Lydia Jacob 0875: Ellie Spence 0376 Asa Sponge (hewayb1 sk) Iissie Jomnyatl iok (shewegoiox! Bessie Jowayahbi 0377 0378 0379 any Suanaqueb Mu 0380 Agnes Ashpanaqueshkuml0 0361 Neomi Spade 13 0383 Mary Akees 12 0383 Lily Spade 0384 Maggie Wapoose 0385 Doris Wapoose 0386 Bessie Sagutcheway 387 Elsie Cromarty 0688_ Ena Jacob 0390 Jemima Beardy 0391 Sybil Aneshinabi 0241 Doris Yellowhead 0393 Abigail arm RESERVE 71 86 (128)(85) 252 7: 1 Port. Hope 207 1 Jac seul 390 1 Fort Hope 1 298 Li 298 Ss 212 410 1 Lac Seul 1 port “dope 1 ee? 1 Trout L239 RAL 1 Port Hope 1 831 1 = 9 Ag 1 Pekangilom 156 CLASS OR STUDY FRADE OR OTHER meposrey gapo e 532 195562 19 z “9-48 937 11763 4824 50 92° 44h 11-9-48 927 ® 98. On a on 987 9B- 9ar 2O—-45 29-9-48 46 49% 67% BB~12-48 99 & 2435 |7421 1544 first don = PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLISHED Rates for Quarter ended...518% Dec REMARKS AS TO PROGRESS, RATES, RATES FOR PERFORMANCE DATE OF ABSENCE, WHITHER AUTHORIZED OR NOT Sick Mo Dynevor Hospital Dec.17- To San. Ft. William Dec, 23. Readmitted " OTAL number of days in Quarter, 9& Auouwe of per capita for Quarter oggb € 7 = 93Y% 28 49, Girls 7, ~e CANADA , INDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL NOTES ON THE PREPARATION QUARTERLY RETURN OF THIS RETURN 1, Fill in all the columns of the Return, giving full particulars in the Henny Crumbery that the within Return is a true and faithful statement of the attendance called for under the various headings thereof. ind tuition at the... Sows Lookout School for the Quarter ‘The columns of the Return should be correctly added and the 1st, De When, owing to the number of pupils, all the names the Return, use another sheet, paging it No. 1 in the proper columns. Principal... TAB VAM, per D.0.Wickenden. The Return must embrace only the quarterly periods ending 31st September and 31st December, respectively, and should be prepared and dedicated in the following order: 4th. February. diately thereafter 5. No Quarterly Grant will be paid until Return 6, The lolal number of days in quarter means e Sundayu and holidays © carefully examined the within Return and hereby certify that it ix correctly made 10 with the instructions of the Department / 4 ee ee Tadian Agent af under t 8. The average attendance of pupils during quarter is nace x Lookout number of daya pupils in residenco during quarter” by the ' FB 14 1949 9, The amownt per capita grant dus for quarter ix ascertained -by multiplying the attendance of pupils during quarter” by’ the « rly per c cave, however, will payment be mad. erage attendance pupils for which grant is allowed, Agency NOTE SPECIAL NOTE y the instruction» printed on the laut page A now nuinber must be g tho wames of the boys and the gir 0 go eo tivel ding to number Form No. L.A, 408 KR. S444 5 10, Volume 6214, file 470-2, PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada vww.collectionscanada.ge.ca INDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL QUARTERLY RETURN “ g Sioux Lookout,..Ont« Agency REPORT of the Indian Residential School at..8L0ux Lookout, ont. ow Reserve for Quarter ended... Slat .Das. RK REMARKS AS TO PROGRES, ETC, REAGON FOR AMIENCE (Durr wearsren MME mane OF PUPILS DATE OF ADSENCE, WIRTHER AUTHORIZED OR NOT Br. Pwie 7 §«636 2 $3 ald (12) (18) z 16515418 10086 3966 Lydia Mokay 1 Trout 1.208 1 83 40% Returned Oot.10. Mary Beardy 1 * 2839 1 a9 49 UL] Oat te 427 Josie Sharpe 1 Lao seul 1 1 92 “50 * 0343 Rubina Keomt (1) frout Delle (2) OL. 0.To be discharged +fo | 208 of acl 0344 illian Wesley 1, Lao Seul 1 1 92 50; © Returned (from Pt. William 0345 Mary Munroe 1 Trout 46335. 1 1 1s” Returned (from, ¥b6H2 134 92~ 50 92~ 294 To San, Dec.5,48,Dynevor Hosp. fo San, Pt.William Oct,23 359 0346 Katie Trout lac seul 7. 0347 Charlotte Wapoose Fort Hope 0348 Nellie Drake Nipigon 310 0350 Melia Basketwang Nipigon 23 -19=4 Returned Oot.4. 0351 Jessie Bull 1-19-47 1 1 1 0349 Elisabeth Peters Ignace 204 1 1 1 1 Christina Thomas 16-9=47 8-9= : ‘ rT Daisy Taylor (1) Constance 1.(1) 108-67 To be discharge Rosie Chisel (1)f.eaa 225 (1) hanes “hustle ) *. oda Pisew (1)frout Le 27 (1) derigeet Ashpanaqueshium 184 Charlotte (1)Fort Hope (1) siete 250 Alice Nawakeesie (1)Osnaburgh (1) Io1940 2 Irene Drake (1)Fort 250 Alice Nawakeesie (1)Osnaburgh (1) Io1940 2 Irene Drake (1)Fort 250 Hope (1) Sally Matthews 1 ¥t,gevern 7 1 Art TOTAL number of days in Quarter Mary Ann Matthews 1 ® 71 92” 474 am 92" 50% SUES. TAMER AG SONS : 1 Fort Hope BS Aoorsoate number of days pupils in 4 residence during Quarter 0367 Caroline Aneshinapi 12 1 " 318 1 92 ~ 50h on : 155 os 50 ap (Scene 1 Lec Beul Avmraas attendance of pupils during Quarter 0869 Daisy Keesick 2 1 _— 0370 Dinah Keesick 1 9a" 48 Amount of per capita grant due for Quarter 0371 Agnes Quoquat 1 os” 50 O.Fwd, LH s 536, 2ITCS-4524 TOTALS (12) (25) rors 79-9980 8 5 5 & 193862 19 NOTE—Additions to be correctly made and entered at the foot of column. PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLISHED CANADA Library and Archives Canada vwww.collectionscanada.ge.ca Girls 6. CANADA de INDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL NOTES ON THE PREPARATION QUARTERLY RETURN OF THIS RETURN 1, Bill in all the columns of this Return, giving full particulars it I Heneuy Cenrmy that the within Return in a true and faithful statement of the attendance called for under the various headings thereof. sition at the next Lookout School for the Quarter 2. The columns of the Return should be correctly added and the total: Oh sio yy. a ie thereof. Bist Dec, 3. When, owing to the number of pupils, all the names remain the Return, use another sheet, paging it No. 2, and carry forward tal proper ealumnna, Nipnn de ERO i per D,O@ickenien. 4, ‘The Return must embrace only the quarterly periods ending 80th September and 31st December, respectively, and should be deemed imme a). 4th Fabs 10,49 diately thereafter. 5. Mo Quarterly Grant will be paid until Returs 6. The total number of days in quarter means every d he cludin Sundays and holiday efully examined tho within Return and hereby certify that it is correctly made with the instructions of the Department ‘on the Return and is ascertained by adding the eolun . ‘ 4 under the heading of days pupils in residence during quartor é tnt Sioux Lookout 8, Tha average attendance of pupils during quarter is asce 1 by dividing the "A numbor of daya pupils in residence during quarter” by the ‘Total number of days in quarter 9. The amount par capita grant dus for ascertained by g the ‘Average EB 14 1949 attendance of pupils during quarter” by of the quarterly per a ae In however, will payment be for any average attendanee in pupila for which grant in allowed Agency NOTE SPECIAL NOTE 1 guided by the instructions printed dn tho last page. jut be given wand the girls nt No. 1A. 408 R, 3444 indian Affairs. (RG 10, Volume 6214, file 470-2, part 1) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada vww.collectionscanada.ge.ca REPORT of the Indian Reaider awousree woman 0293 yo205 0297 0300 0301 0306 0307 0312 0316 9317 0326 0527 0331 » -bookouty-Onte Br Iucy Matthew Greta Cromarty Kitty Wesley Annie shabakeesi@ Mary Bessie Okittick Mary Oskenegish Bllen Wynn Emma Shabakesié Sarah Kenny Ida Kenny Victoria Barkman hurra Rhoda Rachel Albany Bicg Albany Mina Wesley Marjorie Wynn Mary Besketwang Kathleen Drake Blisth Bas ang Marjorie Drake Ida Wabase Nancy Keesick Mary Ann Keesick Eve Ogemah Ketie Wynn Bophie Basketwang Jooie Basketwang 0.Fwd. orate NOTE—Additions to be correctly made und entered at the foot of column. Library and Archives Canada Bibliotheque et Archives Canada "www.collectionscanada.ge.ca "National" (12) (12) INDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL QUARTERLY RETURN School at SLQux Lookout, Ont. "BAND OR RESERVE" 7 "15" 1 "Troyer" 51 1 "Troyer" 51 1 "Troyer" 49% "25" "Sebastian" 235 Port Hope "Lao seul" 254 "Port Hope" 9-9-48 10-10~46 REMARKS AT TO PROORESS, ETC, REASON 70% ANSENCE, DATE OF ABSENCE, WHETHER AUTHORIZED OR NOT 8250) S151 Bg 494 o 9 oa 18k 28-7 154 To Fort William San,0ot.25. Returned Oct. 10. To be discharged. ea’ 50d 92/ 50 927 50 9° 11 ge.” 9 92 494 a3 lah Returned Oct. 10. es" 45. 92 “45% 0; © Mo be discharged 98. 50 92. 27% Sick O- 0 Mo be discharged 92 = 50 “ 0 To be discharged - 50 49% Torat number of days in Quarter 92 50 ‘Aoansaate number of days pupils in 92 45 residence during Quarter 9a)/ 47h Avunaae attendance of pupila 92“ 50 ‘during Quarter ol” © Mo be discharged ‘Auounr of per capita grant due ° ° © for Quarter 1948 NOTES ON THE PREPARATION OF THIS RETURN 1. Fill in all the columns of this Return, giving full particulate im t culled for under the various headings thereof 2. ‘The columns of the Return should be y added and th thereof. 8. When, the Return, w proper column ing to the number of pupils, all the names cantiot nather sheet, paging it No. 2, and carry forward all t urns must enibrave only the quarterly periods ending 3 nd 31st December, respectively, and should be pi No Quarterly Grant will be paid nti! Returns h The tolat number of day’ Sundaya and holidays. 8. The average attendance of p a during quarter is 9 number of days pupilé in residenc ring quarter” by the * The amount per capita grant dus for q f pupils during quarter” by the a waver, will payment b pupils for which grant is allowed, of the quarte made for any average attendance SPECIAL } A new sumber must be given t sch pupil up he names of the boys and th t bo urranged consecuti Indian Affairs, Library and Archives Canada / Bibliothéque el Archives Canada vww.collectionscanada.ge.ca ertained by multiplying the ARCHIVES CANADA INDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL QUARTERLY RETURN rivr that the within Return is a true and faithful statement of the attendance Sioux Lookout ion at the Sehool for the Quarter Bist. Ded. ion Principal. 22m vanes per D.C .Wickenden. 4th Fed. 19.49 1 the within Return and hereby certify thet it ie correctly made tructions of the Depar 4 4 (ee eee Indian Agent yo instructions printed on the last page (RG 10, Volume 6214, file 470- PUBLIC ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA ] > fookout.,-Omt« REPORT of the... Indien Residential sahoren NAMES OF PUPIL women Br. Pw. 0 Annie Rooster Ackewance Mary Medeline Greta Ferries Minnie Ferries Evelyn Aokewance Iydia Cromarty Bessie Bunting Christina Wesley Clifford 0236 Nora Chisel 0237 Dean Bull 0247 Panny Barkman 0249 Rosie Sharpe Rheadora Ferries Kathleen Dokwes 0257 Julia Thomas Ne 0262 Barbara Yeous 0267 Emily Wynn 0267 Jeasie Cromarty 0275 Jessie Basketwang ager 0281 EBlisth Oskenigish 0288 Rubina Wynn 0285 Eva Wesley 0288 Phyllis Beardy 0288 Phyllis Beardy 0288 Phyllis Beardy 0290 Christina Duncan if 12) 33, TOTALS Additions to be correctly made Library and Archives Canada ‘www.collectionscanada.ge.ca INDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL QUARTERLY RETURN Agency School at Sioux Lookout, ont CLASS OR STUDY BAND OF DATE OF ENTRANCE TO ‘SCHOOL TRADE OR OTHER RESERVE nepostry Iac seul "_ Sar 26z Constance L, b 27 = ay T9S am Lac seul 25-9-41 Trout 116 Fort Hope 19-9-42 339 Tac Seul 8-10-42 348 Fort Hope 16-9-43 # 309 59-43 Trout 1.2850 23 235 Nipigon port Hope Ld 335 491 Lac seul Trout L. 42 10 254410 TOTALS 4910 1685 32 TOTALS le and entered at the foot of column. PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Reserve for Quarter ended. 18%. DEG. Teil, | REMARKS AB TO PROGRESS, RTC, REAGON FOR ABSENCE unter DATE OF ABSENCE, WHETHER AU:HORIZED OR NOT (out 1 year) To be Gischarged ” Returned Ost,10, To be discharged Tora. number of days in Quarter Agaxxoare number of days pupils in residence during Quarter To be discharged. Averact attendance of pupils dusiog Quarter returned Och.10, © To be discharged. Auouwr of per capita grant due for Quarter Returned Oct. 4, 43% 12% PaHQ 5151 GIN INDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL QUARTERLY RETURN NOTES ON THE PREPARATION OF THIS RETURN 1. Fill in all the columns of this Return, giving full particulars in the case of each pupil that the within Return is a true and faithful state of the attendance called for under the various headings thereon and tuition at the Sioux Lookout School for the Quarter 2. The columns of the Return should be correctly added and the total placed at the foot 2. The following is the number of pupils, all the names cannot be omitted, paging it No. 2, and carry forward all places in the proper columns: Principal, A+ HEVERS 5. En ‘eaitrs thee per D.0,Wiokenden, once only the quarterly periods ending 31st March 4th, Feb. 19,49 Returns must be made and should be made on December, respectively. Instruction of the Department 7. The aggregate number of residences during the quarter is ascertained by dividing the number of days pupils in residence during the quarter by the number of days in each quarter. Arranged by rule The amount per capita grant due for quarter is only per capita grant due for quarter by the amount of waver, will payment be made for any average alton pupils for which grant is allowed. | 24,989 |
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna%20Suchocka | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Hanna Suchocka | https://io.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanna Suchocka&action=history | Ido | Spoken | 40 | 85 | Hanna Stanisława Suchocka (n. ye la 3ma di aprilo 1946), advokatino e politikistino, esis chefministro di Polonia de 1992 til 1993, dum la prezidanteso di Lech Wałęsa. El esis l'unesma muliero qua okupis ica ofico en Polonia.
Chefministri di Polonia | 37,333 |
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venturia%20inaequalis | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Venturia inaequalis | https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venturia inaequalis&action=history | Polish | Spoken | 448 | 1,212 | Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G. Winter – gatunek grzybów z rodziny Venturiaceae. Saprotrof i pasożyt. Wywołuje najbardziej pospolitą i najgroźniejszą chorobę jabłoni – parcha jabłoni.
Systematyka i nazewnictwo
Pozycja w klasyfikacji według Index Fungorum: Venturiaceae, Venturiales, Pleosporomycetidae, Dothideomycetes, Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota, Fungi.
Po raz pierwszy takson ten zdiagnozował w 1866 r. Cooke, nadając mu nazwę Sphaerella inaequalis. Obecną, uznaną przez Index Fungorum nazwę nadał mu w 1808 r. Winter, przenosząc go do rodzaju Venturia.
Ma ponad 30 synonimów. Niektóre z nich:
Cykl rozwojowy
Grzybnia Venturia inaequalis zimuje na opadłych z drzewa i porażonych jeszcze w okresie sezonu wegetacyjnego liściach. Rozpoczyna się tutaj jego saprotroficzna faza życia. Na opadłych liściach V. inaequalis wytwarza owocniki typu perytecjum, mające postać drobnych, czarnych kropek pod skórką martwych liści. W Polsce odbywa się to w okresie zimy i wczesnej wiosny. W każdym z perytecjów wytworzone zostaje około 100-150 worków, w których na drodze płciowej powstają zarodniki (askospory). Worki są 8-zarodnikowe, poprzedzielane wstawkami (parafizami). Zarodniki są dwukomórkowe, oliwkowej barwy, o rozmiarach 6–7 × 12–17 μm. Perytecja są zamknięte, zarodniki uwolnić z nich mogą się tylko podczas zwilżenia wodą, które powoduje pęcznienie worków i samorzutne ich uwolnienie. Minimalny opad atmosferyczny wynosi 0,2 mm. Prądy powietrzne mogą przenosić zarodniki nawet na odległość kilkuset m. Zarodniki te na jabłoni dokonują infekcji pierwotnej. Odbywa się to wiosną, często jeszcze przed pękaniem pąków jabłoni. Kolejne fazy uwalniania zarodników następują w fazie zielonego pąka, różowego pąka i podczas kwitnienia. W Polsce odbywa się to do połowy, lub do końca czerwca. Najsilniejsza inwazja następuje w fazie różowego pąka. Przy sprzyjającej pogodzie (duża wilgotność powietrza i odpowiednie warunki cieplne) zarodniki kiełkują, wytwarzając strzępki, które przylegają ściśle do kutykuli skórki liści i enzymatycznie rozpuszczają ją. Od tego momentu rozpoczyna się pasożytnicza faza życia V. inaequalis. Jego grzybnia rozwija się głównie między kutikulą liścia i komórkami jego skórki, ale jej ssawki wnikają pomiędzy komórki miękiszu palisadowego. Grzybnia na zaatakowanych liściach wytwarza bezpłciowo zarodniki konidialne, które na wzniesionych trzonkach konidialnych przebijają skórkę i wystają na zewnątrz liścia. Mają oliwkową barwę, maczugowaty kształt i rozmiary 7–10 × 28–40 μm. W czasie sprzyjającej pogody (duża wilgotność powietrza, deszcz) zarodniki te dokonują infekcji wtórnej. Najczęściej zaczyna się to podczas kwitnienia i trwa do jesieni. Zarodniki konidialne porażają także owoce i wytwarzane jesienią pąki. Na łuskach pąków i między łuskami mogą one zimować. Wiosną zakażone pąki stają się drugim (oprócz askospor wytwarzanych w opadłych liściach) źródłem infekcji, ale odgrywającym mniejszą rolę.
Występowanie i siedlisko
Venturia inaequalis jest szeroko rozprzestrzeniony w Ameryce Północnej i Środkowej, Europie, Azji i Australii. Występuje wszędzie tam, gdzie uprawia się jabłonie. Występuje na gatunkach i odmianach jabłoni uprawianych: jabłoń domowa, jabłoń rajska, jabłoń jagodowa, ale także na jabłoni dzikiej, Malus coronaria, Malus ioensis
Przypisy
Venturiaceae
Mykobiota Polski | 24,875 |
US-73928803-A_1 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,003 | None | None | English | Spoken | 7,259 | 8,702 | Method and system for importing data
ABSTRACT
A method and system for importing data comprising the downloading of product data from different sources and in different formats; processing the downloaded data by at least comparing it with data downloaded and stored in a product database; and reviewing the results of the comparison to detect differences in the data, the differences potentially being errors. The system and methods further comprise connecting the downloaded data from its supplier specific format into a standard format; comparing the downloaded data in the standard format with a previously downloaded data set saved in the standard format; categorizing the product data based on the results of the second comparison; and processing each category of data independently to automatically update the product database.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 09/741,766 filed on Dec. 21, 2000.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the automation of product and vendor data entry where the product and vendor data is provided by one or more product suppliers and can potentially be provided in many different formats. In particular, this invention relates to methods and systems to automatically import, analyze, and categorize data from different sources and in many possible different formats, and to output the processed data to on-line business-to-business service providers or to any other recipient with an interest in the cleansed data.
2. Description of Related Art
Computer networks such as the Internet have facilitated the transfer of information among computer users. Business-to-business (“B2B”) service providers, for example on-line shopping service providers, have taken advantage of the networking technologies to more efficiently and economically conduct their business transactions. The use of computers to transfer data, however, does not put an end to human intervention in the data transfer process.
Current on-line shopping web sites that offer a variety of products for sale, for example, face the formidable task of having to input and keep an inventory of the data related to the products they sell. Products are supplied by different sources which may also provide the information for the product being supplied.
Although the product data may be provided in electronic form, the on-line shopping service provider may have to enter the product information into their own databases manually. The reason for this is that there is no current data entry system that would convert product data formatted in any given manner to a standard format in which the data may be kept as part of the inventory database.
The data format problem is twofold. The first problem concerns the syntax of the data, which may differ according to the data supplier providing the data. A data supplier may, for example, use data transformation or conversion software such as Data Junction or InfoPump, both commercially available, to produce data with a given syntax or format.
The second problem, which is harder to solve than the first one, concerns the use of different terminology (semantics) by different product data suppliers in order to describe the same product. For example, one product supplier may use the term “IBM” while another may use “International Business Machines” as part of the description of the same product. That is, the descriptions for the same product may vary widely. Like the data syntax problem, this problem is associated with data formatting.
Consequently, there is a need in the art for a system that automates the data entry operation for products supplied by different sources where the data may be found in as many different formats. Further, there is a need in the art for a system that maps the different representations of a product into a common set of product information while preserving the original data sent by the different suppliers for use as a reference.
SUMMARY AND OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
Automated data importation methods and systems are disclosed. Specifically, such methods and systems enable an on-line shopping service provider to import product and vendor data being provided in different formats by different suppliers into a single product database. The on-line service provider acquires product and vendor data from a plurality of suppliers. Each acquired data set of a given type from a given supplier is compared to a product data set of the same type from the same supplier that had previously been acquired and that resides in the product database. The results of the comparison are reviewed as part of a data import pre-processing analysis.
The acquired supplier-specific data set is then converted to a standard data format before being further compared to a previously acquired data set stored in the standard format. The second comparison results in the categorization of data. The categorized data is used by different processes in order to automatically update the product database.
An object of the present invention is to provide methods and systems that enable the entry of data into a database system where the data is provided by different sources in different formats and where the entry takes place in an automated fashion. Further, it is another object of the invention to provide methods and systems that map different representations of a product included in different datasets into a common set of product information while maintaining the original datasets. Further, it is another object of the present invention to provide on-line shopping service providers with the ability to maintain a retail database containing product information that is up-to-date. Still further, it is another object of the present invention to achieve the objects stated above by minimizing human intervention in the importation of data into the retail database.
With these and other objects, advantages and features of the invention that may become hereinafter apparent, the nature of the invention may be more clearly understood by reference to the following detailed description of the invention, the appended claims and to the several drawings attached herein.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The preferred embodiments of this invention will be described in detail, with reference to the following figures, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a drawing of one embodiment of the system of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a drawing of a flow chart of one embodiment of the data preprocessing method of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a drawing of a flowchart of one embodiment of the data insertion method of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a drawing of a flowchart of one embodiment of the data updating method of the present invention; and
FIG. 5 is a drawing of a flowchart of one embodiment of the delete data processing method of the present invention.
These and other features and advantages of this invention are described in or are apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Although on-line shopping is used in this section to describe the invention, the present invention is not limited to on-line shopping services. Similarly, the transfer of data is not limited to transfers via the Internet. Thus, the processing of data taught by the present invention would apply, for example, to data being transferred among computers (by any transmission means).
Referring now to the drawings in which like elements are shown by like reference numerals, FIG. 1 shows a high-level block diagram of one embodiment of a system 100 of the present invention. The system 100 may include sources of data 101, 103, and 105, which may correspond to different product suppliers; an Import Manager (“IM”) 107; a Product Data Database 111; a Content Management Module 109; and an On-Line viewer 113.
The data may relate to products to be sold on-line by a company where the product transactions occur via a web site associated with that company. The sources 101, 103, or 105, of the data may include (but are not limited to) legacy system data streams, real-time data feeds, archived data media, flat files which are text delineated and/or comma delineated, and database files. The data may vary according to the source with respect to quality, format, and terminology used.
The data may be imported from product suppliers such as manufacturers, trade service agencies, distributors, specialty vendors, or any other suppliers.
The IM 107, the Content Manager 109, and the On-Line viewer 113 may be implemented as software modules running in a computer or in a distributed computing environment. The IM 107 automates the importation of data from the data sources 101, 103, and 105, in order to minimize labor-intensive manual intervention. The functions performed by the IM 107 are described with reference to FIGS. 2–5.
The Product Data Database 111 stores the product data after it has been imported and processed by the IM 107. The processed product data in the database 111 is available to both the Content Manager 109 and the On-Line viewer 113. The user interacts with the IM 107 via the Import Manager UI 117.
One advantage of the present invention is that the company providing the on-line shopping service (“on-line shopping service provider”) does not necessarily have to install software into their computer systems that would carry out the invention disclosed herein. Instead, they can obtain access to the product database 111 by having a contractor import the data into the database 111 and then place it in an export data file 115 for their access. This allows the normalized, cleansed data to be easily imported into any third-party catalog system.
A graphical user interface (“GUI”) may be displayed to an operator of the system 100 so that the operator enters commands to instruct the Content Manager 109 to perform specific operations or functions. These functions, for example, may include creating and maintaining multiple custom product catalogs, each organized uniquely (i.e., creating product classification hierarchies); maintaining detailed information on suppliers and manufacturers; assigning products to one or more product classification hierarchies; defining standard terminology for product attribute names or values; defining a template hierarchy independent of product classification hierarchies; defining templates within the template hierarchy to enforce uniform sets of attributes and rules for different product types; and defining lists of all allowable attribute values (i.e., valid ranges) for different product types. The content management operations (i.e., those manual operations which touch the product data database 111 directly) may be carried out by servlets. A servlet may be defined as a Java extension to a web server that enhances the web server's functionality.
The On-Line viewer 113 may be implemented by a GUI presenting to a user multiple custom product catalogs, displaying an unlimited number of attributes per product, and displaying one or more images per product. The GUI associated with the On-Line viewer 113 may also be used, for example, to conduct parametric searches on attributes, global text searches, or global searches by manufacturer, vendor, part number, or descriptors. Further, that GUI may display more than one product, enabling a user to conduct a side-by-side detailed comparison of the products.
The Import Manager UI 117 may be displayed to the user to manage and control the operations of the Import Manager 107. It may be used, for example, to display products in the various queues, map supplier original terminology to standard terminology, control the loading of supplier data into the IM processing stream, commit changes to the Product Data 111, etc.
When a data download is received from data suppliers from any of the sources 101, 103 and 105, a number of operations are performed by the IM 107 to analyze the data and prepare it for import into the database 111. The tasks performed during this pre-processing phase are explained below.
The following discussion assumes that the dataset received from a supplier 101 is a complete download. A complete download may be defined as a complete listing of all product data from that supplier for a given portion of the supplier's data. Processing of update (delta) datasets (i.e., a dataset containing products that are changed or removed from a product catalog associated with the specific supplier providing the dataset) is described in the discussion of FIG. 2. A data supplier may choose to provide distinct subsets of their data as separate datasets, for example electrical equipment as opposed to plumbing equipment. This is referred to as supplier datatype.
The data import pre-processing phase is shown in FIG. 2. The records corresponding to a supplier (e.g., 101) entering the IM 107 for analysis are first stored in a data file 203 and then compared to records previously stored in a file 201. The previously stored records correspond to a previous instance in which the supplier sent information corresponding to the products available through the supplier. That is, every time a supplier sends product data to the IM 107, that data is compared to the data corresponding to the supplier and already stored in the system. The data in both files 201 and 203 may be saved in a supplier-specific format. The comparison or analysis may be carried out by simple differential analysis 205, which may be implemented, for example, by applying the UNIX command “diff” to the data stored in file 203 and the data stored in file 201.
Simple differential analysis 205 is an automatic process (e.g., the execution of the UNIX command “diff”). Depending on the data format, file construction method, etc. this process can yield useful information. It does not yield useful information when the data supplier 101 submits a delta dataset, submits a data file in an exotic format (e.g., pdf), or the data supplier's file creation process does not tend to list the products in similar order in subsequent runs. Many data downloads, however, may be suitable for this type of analysis. The results of this analysis may preclude further processing. The results of the analysis are stored in file 207 to await the review of the preprocessing analysis 209 by a human operator (e.g., data load technician). The human operator may then decide whether there is a problem associated with the data.
As an alternative or in addition to simple differential analysis 205, the data load technician can use many other tools to gain insight into the contents of the latest supplier data file 203. In fact, the input data should be subjected to significant review before proceeding with the import process, especially for data from new or unreliable suppliers. These tools include, but are not limited to, viewing the file in a text editor, loading relational data into a database such as Oracle and executing various retrievals, and analyzing the data in an Excel spreadsheet. The main goal is to avoid feeding data into the data import process without having a thorough understanding of that data beforehand. The level of effort required to achieve that understanding of a given dataset depends on several factors. The factors include the amount of experience with a given data supplier and the data quality demonstrated by that data supplier in the past. The more reliable the downloaded data is, the less the human intervention required to import the data.
Another aspect of the pre-processing phase 200 is the conversion of the supplier data format into a standard data format. That standard data format may be XML. All the data may be converted to the XML format before being imported. The software program that implements this function may be customized for each data supplier as required.
The conversion to XML 211 is an automatic process and may be performed after the simple differential analysis 205. The process 211 converts the supplier data file into an XML file. An XML file may be defined as a file containing valid XML (extensible markup language). The supplier data is parsed as completely as possible. Parsing may be defined as extracting information from the supplier-specific data format so that it may be dealt with appropriately (e.g., constructing the XML file). In particular, the following fields in a supplier data record should be parsed (or constructed): supplier name, supplier product number, manufacturer name, manufacturer product number, vendor name, and vendor product number. In addition, all other fields should be parsed as completely as the supplier format allows. This means that every “field” that the supplier supplies/identifies as part of the dataset will be parsed from the input file and stored as separate elements in the supplier XML file.
All parsing is assumed to be product independent. In particular, parsing product attributes from descriptions using regular expression matching is not done at this stage (it may be performed during the Product Attribution stage that is part of the Insert and Update Phases). Certain standard product attributes should be constructed if possible, including a short description. An attribute may be defined as a piece of data that describes or identifies a given product.
Once the data from the supplier data file 203 is converted to a standard form (e.g., XML), the data is stored in the supplier XML file 215. The supplier XML file 215 and the export XML file (not shown) use the same document type definition (“DTD”), describing the allowable form of the XML file, since the export XML should be able to contain supplier original data values (i.e., the values from the supplier data file). Therefore the data exported from the system may include original data from the supplier and the standardized data (which has had all supplier idiosyncracies removed).
The previous supplier XML file 213 includes the supplier XML data from the last data file, if one exists for the given supplier. The data stored in the supplier XML file 215 and the previous supplier XML file 213 are then analyzed by the differential analysis process 217. The differential analysis 217 is an automatic process that looks at the supplier XML and the supplier XML from the last download for the supplier data processed and does an intelligent “diff” based on intimate, detailed knowledge of the data format of the supplier XML data files. Specifically, the differential analysis process splits the input data into separate data files (described below), and produces voluminous statistical analysis data.
The data files into which the input data are split are the identical products data file 219, the new products data file 221, the changed products data file 223, the deleted products data file 225, the faulty products data file 227, and the analysis statistics data file 229.
The identical products data file 219 includes the same product (with identical attributes) that was present in the previous data download from this supplier (i.e., products that were unchanged with respect to the previous data download for this supplier). The data in file 219 may be discarded since no product changes need to be imported into the regularized product database 111. The new products data file 221 includes products that are new (from this supplier) in the most recent download. The changed products data file 223 includes products that existed in the previous download from this supplier, but something about the product has changed in the current download. The deleted products data file 225 includes products from the previous download not present in the current download.
The faulty products data file 227 includes products whose records have at least one the following missing: Supplier Name, Supplier Product Number, Manufacturer Name, Manufacturer Product Number, Vendor Name, and Vendor Product Number.
The statistics generated by the differential analysis 217 are stored in the analysis statistics data file 229 as well as in the database 111. Complete statistics should be maintained regarding the processing of an import batch. In particular, the following statistics are useful, although more statistics may be kept:
- - Input product count - n Identical products - n New products - n Changed products - n Deleted products - n Faulty products - Output product count (starting with New, Changed and Deleted products above) - n Products inserted - n Products updated - n Products deleted - n Products rejected
The Output product count statistics reflect the operation of the import process. Therefore, those statistics are stored upon completion of the import process.
The differential analysis process 217 processes delta datasets in a different fashion. Such datasets only identify new, changed, and deleted products. If the supplier provides a delta dataset, then the previously described pre-processing phase changes only slightly. For example, the simple differential analysis 205 would not provide any useful data. The conversion to XML 215 would be the same, and the differential analysis 217 may construct the new products data file 221, the changed products data file 223, and the deleted products data file 225 directly from the supplier XML data file 215.
The delta data set might not explicitly identify products as new versus changed, i.e., a supplier might just supply a dataset containing only “things that have changed in the data.” In this case, the IM 107 will correctly sort out the difference between new and changed products.
Once the data is categorized by the differential analysis 217, it is reviewed 231 by the data load technician. After the review, the data may be loaded into the IM 107 to be inserted, updated or deleted 233 from the database 111.
FIG. 3 illustrates the process 300 used to insert product data into the database 111 as part of the import process. The process starts with the new products data file 221 and the changed products data file 223 produced by differential analysis 217. The new and changed products data is held in a queue 303 before import processing begins.
The Normalize Company process 305 is an automatic operation. It ensures that the manufacturer and the vendor listed as part of the new and changed product data being loaded exist in the production database 111. If the manufacturer and vendor are found (via bridge table lookups), the product is moved into the Product Lookup queue 311. If either the manufacturer or the vendor is not found, or if there are questionable or unknown manufacturer matches, the product is placed in the Insert Match Company queue 307 and is thereafter verified by a technician 309.
The Verify Company Match operation 309 results in a company bridge table update and possibly a company table update followed by the transfer of the product data back into the Insert Start queue 303. The company bridge table and company table updates performed in this step permit the successful processing of the product record by the Normalize Company task 305 the next time it is fetched from the Insert Start queue 303.
Both of the tables referenced above may be part of the database 111. The company bridge table may include company names as received from the data supplier. That table also points to a corresponding entry in the company table.
The company table may include the definition of a normalized, reference company. Further, all products in the database 111 refer to the company table to indicate the manufacturer and vendor.
The use of the two tables above allows for automatic processing of products that refer to a company that has already been mapped (i.e., an entry has been made in the company bridge table and that entry points to an entry in the company table). The use of the tables also allows the retrieval of data from the database 111 in both normalized and original supplier terms.
The Product Lookup process 313 is an automatic operation that identifies products that might already exist in the production database 111 (from this or another supplier). This process 313 takes a product from the Insert Product Lookup queue 311 and attempts to find that product in the product database 111. The product lookup uses a key of the ManufacturerName/ManufacturerPartNumber and VendorName/VendorPartNumber. If the product is found (exact match on the full product key) in the database 111, the product is moved into the Update Attribution queue 405 for update processing. If the product was not found, it is moved into the Insert Attribute queue 321. If the product lookup process fails as a result of questionable product matches, the product is moved into the Insert Match Product queue 315. Making this routing decision is a somewhat complicated process and is described below.
The ugliness of the input data is a constant theme in this system. That applies to product identification as well as all other forms of processing. With that in mind, it is important to consider what it means to succeed/fail when looking up a product in the product database 111 based on information from the input data (e.g., source 101). In particular, data elements from the input data file are used as keys for searches in the production database 111. These keys may include SupplierName/SupplierProductId and Manufacturer Name/ManufacturerProductId.
In the product insert phase, an attempt is made to find whether a given input product (which has been asserted to be new from the manufacturer 101) already exists in the database 111. First, a simple data query is performed based on the information above. That query either returns a match or it doesn't. The actions to be taken based on the results of the query depend on how much trust is put in the data from the input data feed. This “trust” in the results of the query mainly depends on the confidence placed on the data supplier (e.g., history of providing accurate data); the current condition of the database 111, (i.e., if the database is empty and the datafeed has 50,000 products, one might choose to trust the results of the query for the initial data load) and the size of the datafeed. To deal with all these issues, such decisions should be made (independently) configurable. At the start, the possibilities may be defined as (for a particular batch load) matches (accept all or schedule all for verification), and misses (accept all or schedule all for verification). The possibilities may be expanded.
The Verify Product Match process 317 is performed by a technician. If the possible match is verified, the product is moved into the Update Attribution queue 405. Otherwise the product is moved into the Insert Attribute queue 321.
The Verify Product Match process 317 is only required when the Product Lookup automatic task 313 is unable to make a reliable decision on a product match. This situation is expected to occur in at least the following circumstances:
1) The Product Lookup task was unable to find a matching product in the database and confidence in the decision for this supplier was defined to be low
2) The Product Lookup task then performed a fuzzy (or probabilistic) query for a matching product
3) The search process resulted in ambiguous results
The Locate Template process 323 is an automatic operation that attempts to locate a template for the present product. A template may be defined as a standard definition for this product type, including required attributes and their acceptable values. For example:
Laboratory Beaker
- - Material (glass, pyrex, plastic) - Capacity (milliliters, minimum value 0, maximum value 5000) - Copper Wire - Size (AWG) - Insulation material - Ampacity
When a product (from a data supplier) is assigned to a given template, we then immediately know a lot about the product, including required information to be retrieved from the supplier product data and added to the production database. Additionally, since the definition of all products assigned to a given template (from any combination of data suppliers) must be built according to the template, supplier differences in descriptions, attribute values, etc. are removed. This makes product comparison, searching, etc., much easier and more reliable.
If an appropriate template is not found, the product is moved to the Insert Assign Template queue 325.
Templates cannot be found for new products by directly examining products inserted in the past. The Locate Template process 323 must examine the Supplier Original Attributes fields in the current product and compare those to products from the same supplier that contained similar Supplier Original Attributes that were subsequently promoted to product attributes.
It is unlikely that simple product comparisons will result in a definitive fit of a new supplier product to a template. Therefore, manual verification 327 would likely be required. Another approach may be taken when the data supplier has grouped the products into categories (supplier-specific). If the supplier-specific categories can be mapped into an internal template hierarchy, automatic template assignments can be made for new products. Even when the mapping is imperfect, it can still be useful by constraining the search set of possible templates that the user will have to consider when manually specifying a template for a given product.
If a template is not located, the Assign Template process 327 is performed by a technician. As part of this process, data corresponding to a product is taken from the queue 325 and the technician assigns a template for that product. The technician may also create a new template. After assigning a template, the software will look for supplier products that are similar. The user may choose to assign the similar products to the same template.
The Product Attribution process 329 is an automatic operation that locates and normalizes attributes for the product and fits them to the requirements of the Template Attributes (such as unit conversion on values). For example, if the Template Attribute requires its value to be expressed in inches, then all supplier original attributes that are mapped to that Template Attribute have their value converted from their specified units to inches. Once again, this facilitates product comparison, searching and load quality control. If attribution fails, the product is moved into the Insert Update Attribute queue 331. Otherwise the product is moved into the Insert Final queue 335.
If description parsing (to locate attribute names and/or values) is required, it will be done during step 329. There may be more potential attributes in the supplier data than might be needed to apply a product into a template. There is no automatic extension of a template to use these new attributes. The potential for new attributes is noted but not acted on.
The Update Attribution Definitions process 333 is also performed by a technician. Its main function is to update attribution definitions such that the Product Attribution process 329 succeeds. As a result of the Update Attribution Definitions process 333, the product data may be placed in the Insert Missing attributes queue 341. That queue 341 contains products rejected by the data technician as containing insufficient information to be loaded into the production database 111. Products in that queue require examination before deciding whether to manually enter the data or discard the product.
The Insert Final queue 335 contains normalized, fully attributed product definitions. No products make it into this queue unless it is expected that the subsequent Insert Product process 337 will succeed. The Insert Product process 337 is an automatic operation that inserts products into production database 111. When multiple supplier downloads are being processed in parallel, an identical, new product may be present in both downloads. Since the product data is not committed to the product database 111 until the Insert Product operation 337, the same product may exist twice in the Insert Final queue 335 (once for each supplier download). That situation will be detected during operation of the Insert Product process 337 and the duplicate product will be transferred to the severe error queue 339.
The Severe Error queue 339 contains products that are detected as duplicates by the insert product task 337 (only when the same new product comes in simultaneously in two different import batches); or for which the insert failed due to data errors.
There are many other ways for products to get into the Severe Error queue 339. In general, any product that a data technician can't figure out how to fix (or how to modify the support tables such that the product can be inserted/updated) will end up in this queue. Then an expert operator can figure out how to modify the data such that the product can be processed.
As a record of how/why products end up in the Severe Error queue 339 is developed, the queue may be broken down further. That is, it may be broken down into more specific queues with specific reasons for a product ending up in the queue.
FIG. 4 illustrates the process 400 used to update product data in the database 111 as part of the import process. That is, FIG. 4 illustrates the process of importing changed products into the production database 111.
The process 400 starts with products determined to already exist in the database by the Product Lookup process 313. The processing flow is nearly identical to that of the New Data Import processing 300.
The Product Lookup process 313 is an automatic operation and is used to confirm the existence of a product in the production database 111. If the product is located in the product database 111, the product is routed to the Update Attribution queue 405.
The Product Attribution (Update) process 407 is an automatic operation used to update the attributes of a product. One difference between the Product Attribution (Update) process 407 and the Product Attribution process 329 in FIG. 3 is that process 329 concerns required attributes. Process 329 insists that all required attributes be present, while in process 407 it is not required to check that all required attributes are present (since some “missing” attributes might already in the product database 111). If the product is malformed in some way (fails prerequisite tests, etc), it is routed to Severe Error queue 409 for manual processing. If the product is correctly formed, but has new information available (i.e. cannot be processed using previously entered mapping rules or bridge table entries), it is sent to the Update Modify Attribute queue 413 for mapping by Update Attribution Definitions 415. This operation is similar to that in the Insert Update Attribute queue 331 and associated UI 333.
There may be other paths to the Severe Error queue 409. For example, a data technician might decide that there is some unrecoverable error with a product that is being processed (as part of the normal processing flow) and assign the product to this queue. If the error is corrected, the product data is then forwarded to the Update Attribute queue 405.
Once attributes are updated, the data is placed in the Update Attribute Resolution queue 417. The Resolve Attributes process 419 is an automatic operation used to compare attribute values specified in the input data with those present in the product database 111.
The system allows the user to specify complex rules for deciding which data to use (new or existing) as an attribute. For example, if is the user has a high degree of confidence in the data from Supplier X and a low degree of confidence in the data from Supplier Y, the data from Supplier X would be used to describe the product even if it is older than the data from Supplier Y. This may be done on a very granular level. For example, if Supplier Y provides some data that is not present in the data from Supplier X, that data will be used in conjunction with the data from Supplier X. If Supplier X provides the same type of data at a later date, it will overwrite the data from Supplier Y at that time. Data will flow into the Update Verify Attribute Resolution queue 421 when the data falls outside the rules of automatic processing. For example, the user may configure the mapping rules such that they want to look at any data from Supplier Y when it contradicts data from Supplier X. The Assign Attribute Values process 423 is performed by a technician in order to resolve any difficulties resulting from the Resolve Attributes process 419.
The Update Final queue 425 contains normalized, fully attributed product definitions. No products make it into this queue unless it is expected that the subsequent Update Product process 427 will succeed. If any errors are detected, the product data goes into the Severe Error queue 429. The Update Product process 427 is an automatic operation used to update product information in the product database 111.
FIG. 5 illustrates the process 500 used to handle products identified as deleted in the PreImport Analysis 200. The process 500 starts with the deleted products data file 225 produced by the differential analysis 217. The data then goes into Delete Start queue 501 to await further processing.
The process 500 does not necessarily delete records from the database 111. When a supplier identifies a product as deleted, at most it may be removed from that supplier in the product database 111. The product itself may still be available from other suppliers. When the last supplier for a given product has marked it for deletion, we then have a product in the database 111 for which there is no supplier.
The Product Lookup process 503 is an automatic operation used to confirm the existence of a product in the production database 111. It is essentially the same process as in the New Data Import processing 300 of FIG. 3.
The Severe Error queue 505 contains product records for which normal processing revealed an unexpected error, usually an integrity error in the production database 111. Addressing these errors (products) is considered outside the normal processing flow and therefore would be assigned to a “senior” data technician. In the Deleted Data processing 500, if the product is not found in the database 111, it is inserted into the Severe Error queue 505. There might be other paths to this queue. For example, a data technician might decide that there is some unrecoverable error with a product that is being processed (in the normal processing flow) and the technician decides to assign product to this queue. Further, the technician may investigate 507 the reason why the product in the Delete Start queue 501 did not exist in the product database 111.
If the product cannot be automatically processed as deleted (due to configuration/confidence), it is added to the Verify Delete queue 509. The Verify Delete process 511 allows the user to confirm/deny the proposed delete processing.
Once a product is ready for further processing as a deleted product, it is passed on to the Delete Final queue 513. The Mark Product Deleted process 515 is an automatic operation used to mark products as deleted in the production database 111 for a given supplier. Products for which the delete operation has failed are passed on to the Severe Error queue 517. Occasionally either a data technician or an automatic process might decide that a product cannot be processed using their knowledge and capabilities. When this happens, the product will be routed to the Severe Error queue 517. This queue is provided for the following reasons:
- - 1) The product must be removed from the mainstream of import processing - 2) All products inserted into this queue require some kind of special processing.
A senior data technician can examine products in this queue and decide what should be done to process the product or to decide that the product should be discarded.
While this invention has been described in conjunction with the specific embodiments outlined above, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations are apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the preferred embodiments of the invention as set forth above are intended to be illustrative and not limiting. Various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Two examples of potential areas in which the data cleansing methods of the present invention may be used follow:
- 1.) A company has multiple plant locations and each location has its own procurement system to buy products that are needed. The company wants to understand what they are buying across the enterprise. If two independent plants (and therefore two independent procurement systems) store the product data differently, the company has a need to consolidate these two independent datastores. - 2.) Any company that needs to manage product and vendor data, where that data originates from disparate sources and disparate format where there may exist product attributes that they care about keeping track of and where there exists a need to categorize/classify those products. Forms of data (other than “Products”) can be cast into the data and processing model. For example, a company may have multiple sites across the country in which diagnostic laboratory tests are performed. Each site has its own Laboratory Information System (“LIS”) in which the various diagnostic tests are identified and maintained, and in which results for each text are captured and stored.
Each site's LIS is independent from all of the others, and consequently, the actual code used to identify a specific lab test will be different across the multiple LIS's. Further, there may even be inconsistency within each LIS, where the identical lab test may be entered multiple times, each time including a different identifier.
The company wants to be able to extract lab test results from all of the multiple testing sites and combine this data to create information products for both internal use & potentially for sale to external entities (e.g., Phamaceutical Manufacturers, Managed Healthcare Companies, etc.). In order to accomplish this goal, the company must be able to bridge all of these different lab test codes from their multiple testing sites to a single, standardized version of these lab tests (a ‘Lab Test Master’ database). Only then would they be able to aggregate lab test results from their various sites & produce meaning reports, graphs, and other information products from this data.
A problem results from the fact that each of the multiple independent testing sites can create new codes for existing lab tests at any time or introduce entirely new tests (which they had never been performing before) at any time. Thus, there exists an ongoing requirement to detect and bridge new lab test codes which have never been encountered before.
Finally, there exists a need to categorize or group lab tests in various ways (by ‘Type of Test’ such as ‘Blood Test’, ‘Cholesterol Test’, etc. or by ‘Diagnosis’, etc.) for reporting purposes.
1. A computer-implemented data importation method comprising: receiving first product data in a first format; comparing the first product data with second product data previously received; reviewing results of the comparison to determine whether there is a problem with the first product data; changing a format of the first product data to a standard format; comparing the standard format first product data with third product data, the third product data corresponding to the second product data having format changed to the standard format; and outputting the standard format first product data to a database to enable import and export of the standard format first product data.
2. The computer-implemented data importation method of claim 1, further comprising: fixing the first product data when there is a problem before proceeding with conversion of the first product data to the standard format.
3. The computer-implemented data importation method of claim 1, wherein the comparing the first product data with the second product data step comprises performing simple differential analysis.
4. The computer-implemented data importation method of claim 1, wherein the comparing the standard format first product data third product data step comprises performing differential analysis.
5. The computer-implemented data importation method of claim 1, wherein changing a format of the first product data to a standard format comprises using XML as the standard format..
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lemagasinpittore3132unse_83 | French-PD-diverse | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,833 | Le Magasin pittoresque | None | French | Spoken | 7,062 | 10,953 | La terre végétale, restreinte par la montagne, ne nourrit pas les habitants, et la misère est cause qu'ils émigrent et voyagent durant six mois de l’année, cherchant leur pain dans le Piémont et la Lombardie. La moisson faite et les semonces achevées, toute la population mâle des villages exerce au dehors les professions de maçon, de chandronnier, et de ramoneur. Le voyageur qui arriverait à Courmayeur d’octobre à avril pourrait croire à l’existence d’une de ces tribus d’amazones que les anciens ont célébrées. Mais les femmes, demeurées seules au logis, ne s’entaillent point la poitrine pour élargir la place du baudrier; elles n’ont ni arc, ni lance, ni cavalerie. L’éducation des enfants les occupe assez. En mai, les émigrés rentrent au logis, qui avec cinquante, qui avec soixante francs; on peut évaluer à vingt mille francs, chiffre considérable, le numéraire que verse annuellement dans la vallée la vie nomade de ses habitants. Les seuls hommes qui demeurent à la maison sont les vieillards, les enfants et les crétins ou goitreux. Ces pauvres idiots sont en grand nombre, même dans certains quartiers de la ville; on les appelle marons. Saussure fut épouvanté de leur nombre à Villeneuve. « La première fois, dit-il, que je passai à Villeneuve, tous les êtres raisonnable du village en étaient sortis pour les travaux de la campagne; il ne restait ou du moins on ne voyait dans les rues que des imbéciles. Je ne connaissais pas encore les signes extérieurs de cette maladie : je m’adressai au premier que je rencontrai pour lui demander le nom du village, et, comme il ne me répondait point, je m’adressai à un second, puis à un troisième; mais un sombre silence ou quelques sons articulés étaient leur unique réponse; et l’étonnement stupide avec lequel ils me regardaient, leurs goitres énormes, leurs grosses lèvres entrouvertes, leur teint basané, avaient quelque chose de tout à fait étrange. On aurait dit qu’un mauvais génie avait changé en animaux stupides tous les habitants de ce malheureux village, en ne leur laissant de la figure humaine que ce qu’il en fallait pour qu’on pût reconnaître qu’ils avaient été des hommes. Les occupations des habitants sédentaires consistent dans le soin des nombreux moutons qui paissent sur les flancs abrupts des collines couvertes de sapins. Des carriers d’ardoise et des alambics de cuivre, des fabriques de goudron, de térébenthine et de poix, des eaux thermales, d’unssez riches filons de fer estimé, de cuivre, de plomb et d’argent, de manganèse et de sel gemme, constituent la richesse du pays. La montagne du Labyrinthe, près de Cormayer, témoigne encore d’une antique exploitation minière. Il y a là « des galeries creusées dans la roche et soutenues de distance en distance par des piliers; elles se bifurquent, fouillent le mont dans toutes les directions, et aboutissent, lesunes à des salles plus spacieuses, également soutenues par des piliers, les autres à des couloirs sans issue. Les fragments de minerai qu’on recueille sur le sol indiquent une mine d’argent » ; la tradition en fait remonter l’exploitation aux Romains, et donne aux galeries le nom de trous des Romains. Peut-être faut-il y voir ces mines des Salasses dont parle Strabon, et qui furent la véritable cause de la conquête romaine. Quoi qu’il en soit, ces souterrains, qu’on ne pourrait parcourir en un jour, ont été creusés il y a bien des siècles. Une couche épaisse de calcaire grossièrement cristallisé forme sur les parois, de distance en distance, des nœuds et des protubérances anguleuses qui ressemblent à des stalactites. L’aspect de cette vallée, depuis Cormayeur jusqu’au rocher et au fort de Bard, qui arrêta quelques jours le premier consul lors de la campagne de Marengo, est pitoresque toujours et souvent délicieux. Ce ne sont que rochers énormes, châteaux ruinés au bord des abîmes, villages jetés sur le flanc de la montagne comme des écharpes multicolores, avec leurs toitures moussues, noires ou brunes, leurs champs de seigle et leurs plantations de noyers. Non loin du village de la Salie, de profondes crevasses découpent la vallée comme autant d’immenses silons. Enlevez quelques planches qui joignent les deux bords de ces effroyables fentes, et toute communication est Vallée d’Aoste. — Ancien pilier en pierre taillée. — Dessin de Perotti. interrompue entre Aoste et les Alpes. Au-delà de la cité, « la vallée se resserre et le passage prend un aspect âpre et désolé. Des rocs à pic pendent sur le ravin au fond duquel la Doire écumante bondit de roche en roche. » On dirait la route de Barège ou de Cauterets qui serpente au-dessus des gaves. « Le chemin, taillé dans la pierre même, pénètre bientôt dans les rues d’une petite ville noire et misérable située au pied d’un rocher de forme conique, dont le sommet est couronné de murs et de bastions. Ces hauteurs de Bard ferment la vallée. » À peu près au centre de ce bassin montagneux s’étale une jolie ville peuplée de six mille habitants qui parlent un savoyard mitigé de piémontais, le plus abominable patois de tout le royaume italien. C’est la cité d’Aoste. « La salure des bétels, dit M. de Mercey, y est excessive, et la chère que l’on y fait détestable. Les grissinis remplacent le pain ; on mange la soupe au dessert. Les viandes salées, le vitello (veau) pané et grillé, les fritures de foie et de poumon, composent le menu de chaque repas. Quant aux fruits et aux raisins, si célèbres par les voyageurs, un propriétaire de bonne foi m’assurait que la qualité en était des plus secondaires. Pour ma part, et d’après ma propre expérience, je puis assurer qu’en fait de vin du cru le vin d’Aoste est plus à redouter qu’aucun autre. C’est une boisson aigre-douce des plus singulières; on dirait un composé de vin de Suresnes et de mélasse. Le voisinage des montagnes, qui permet toutefois à la cigale de chanter et aux mantes et aux Inciennes de déployer leurs ailes, s’oppose assez fréquemment à la complète maturité de la vigne. » Il faut même dire que ces passages brusques du chaud au froid « ébranlant singulièrement le système nerveux, et vous livrant à un état fébrile qui n’est pas sans charme, mais qui doit épuiser à la longue. » Il y a dans l’enceinte d’Aoste beaucoup de jardins, et aux environs, surtout vers le sud-est, de ces paysages tourmentés et charmants que reproduisent nos deux dessins, avec des profils bizarres sur un horizon bleu, de petites zones de verdure, de gros châtaigniers rouges où s’abritent les pâtres, et les ruines de quelque vieux château. Le Lépreux (de Xavier de Maistre) saluait tous les soirs « les glaciers de Ruitorts, les bois sombres du Saint Bernard et les pointes singulières, qui dominent la vallée de Rhéme. » En somme, on retrouve autour de soi, sans trop de peine, les éléments de cette description que nous empruntons encore à Xavier de Maistre : « La partie méridionale de la cité d’Aoste est presque déserte et paraît n’avoir jamais été fort habitée. On y voit des champs laitières et des prairies terminées d’un côté par les remparts antiques que les Romains élevèrent pour lui servir d’enceinte, et de l’autre par les murailles de quelques jardins. Cet emplacement solitaire peut cependant intéresser les voyageurs. Auprès de la porte de la ville, on voit les ruines de l’ancien château dans lequel, si l’on en croit la tradition populaire, le comte René de Chalans, poussé par les fears de la jalousie, laissa mourir de faim, dans le quinzième siècle, la princesse Marie de Bragance, son épouse ; de là le nom de Bramafan (qui signifie crève de la faim) donné à ce château par les gens du pays. Des monuments plus authentiques et plus anciens assureront à la cité d’Aoste l’attention des archéologues. Ce sont les débris des édifices élevés par la colonie romaine sous le règne de l’empereur Auguste. De ce nombre sont les fortes murailles flanquées de tours, indiquées dans la citation précédente, une porte à demi enfouie, dans la direction de Cormayeur, deux ponts, un amphithéâtre et un arc de triomphe. Les deux ponts sont d’une seule arche. L’un, « enseveli sous un faubourg de la ville, est d’une telle solidité, qu’outre le pavé de la route romaine et d'une route plus moderne, il porte encore le poids de plusieurs maisons. » L’autre, qui sert à la fois de pont et d’aqueduc, sur la Doire, a été bâti par Gaius Avilius. La hauteur de l’arcade est prodigieuse. L’amphithéâtre, comme les murailles, est dispersé dans les propriétés particulières. L’arène est une belle prairie où paissent les troupeaux de bœufs. De retour, on découvre des arcs décorés de pilastres, enterrés aux trois quarts, et quelques fragments de colonnes corinthiennes. A peu de distance de là, dans un monastère d’augustins, on voit de belles caves circulaires, voûtées solidement, et correspondant à l’arène par chaque bout. C’était là qu’on renfermait les animaux et les prisonniers qui devaient combattre dans le cirque. » L’arc de triomphe, seul reste dont on puisse apprécier les proportions, a été construit en l’honneur d’Auguste; il est donc parmi les plus anciens que l’on possède. Les colonnes d’ordre corinthien qui le décorent du côté de la campagne sont d’une belle conservation, et annoncent bien la ville du côté de la route d’Italie. Mais tous les bas-reliefs, tous les ornements de bronze ont disparu. L’arcade unique, couverte d’une sorte de toit qui la préserve de la destruction, semble pur elle-même assez solide pour braver le temps. Elle est formée de blocs énormes superposés sans ciment. Saussure a retrouvé sur la route d’Ivrée le gisement de poudingue qui en a fourni les matériaux. La voûte a près de 17 mètres de haut sur 10 de large. Tels sont, en résumé, le passé et le présent du val et de la cité d’Aoste, les caractères qu’ils ont reçus de la nature et du travail de l’homme. GUILLAUME TELL ET SCHILLER. Au quatorzième siècle, dans le canton d’Uri, en Suisse, un gouverneur autrichien du nom de Gessler a-t-il fait mettre son chapeau sur une perche, au milieu de la ville d’Altorf, et forcé tous les passants à le saluer, sous peine de prison ? Ce même personnage a-t-il obligé ensuite un paysan qui s’appelait Guillaume Tell, et qui n’avait pas voulu obtempérer à ses ordres, à percer d’un trait de son arbalète une pomme placée sur la tête de son jeune fils, acte abominable qui, remplissant le cœur de ce dernier d’un sentiment légitime de vengeance, l’aurait porté à tuer le despote d’un coup de flèche, et à donner avec ce meurtre le signal de l’affranchissement de la contrée ? Telles sont les questions qui ont attiré sur elles l’examen d’un grand nombre d’historiens et de critiques célèbres. Jean de Millier pense que ce chapeau élevé au bout d’une perche n’était pas celui du gouverneur, mais le chapeau ducal d’Autriche, placé là pour rallier tous ceux qui étaient attachés aux intérêts de cette maison. On les reconnaissait par l’hommage qu’ils lui rendaient. La mort de Gessler par la main de Tell n’est pas certaine. Quant au fait de la pomme, il est encore moins probable. Le silence des contemporains, l’analogie d’un événement semblable raconté par des historiens danois du douzième siècle, ont fait naître des doutes sur cette histoire. Voltaire, Rahn, Iselin et d’autres la regardaient comme fabuleuse. Cependant, Zurlauben, Balthazar de Lucerne et Haller de Berne ont recueilli les preuves historiques qui établissent sa vérité. Pour nous, d’abord, il n’est guère douteux que l’archer du nom de Tell n’ait rendu de grands services à son pays au temps de l’altranchisement. Des chapelles consacrées à sa mémoire dès le quatorzième siècle, tant sur la plateforme située près de Flüelen que dans le chemin creux qui conduit à Küssnacht, semblent l’attester. Nous croyons ensuite que l’orgueil insensé d’un despote subalterne peut fort bien lui avoir inspiré l'idée de faire courber une population de pauvres montagnards devant sa toque, et, enfin, que la perversité du cœur humain est malheureusement si féconde en inventions cruelles qu'elle peut aussi, à deux siècles de distance, et dans deux contrées différentes, avoir forcé un père de famille à jouer la vie de son enfant au tir de l’arc et de l’arbalète. Le poète Schiller a été de cet avis. Il a accepté tous les faits de la vie de Guillaume Tell, et s’est servi de cette figure rustique pour composer avec elle le poème dramatique de la résistance au despotisme de l’étranger; ouvrage magnifique, un des plus purs sortis de sa plume, et dans lequel le grand savoir de l’historien se combine heureusement avec l’habileté du dramaturge. Nous n’entrerons pas dans le détail de cette tragédie nous dirons seulement que les auteurs primitifs du complot de la résistance furent trois braves citoyens d’Uri, Unterwald et Schwytz, qui prêtèrent le fameux serment du Grünen, et qui se nommaient Arnold de Melchtal, Werner Stauffacher et Ulrich Volter. Guillaume Tell ne fut que le héros accidentel de la délivrance; mais son action mit. pour ainsi dire, le feu aux poudres, et commença la ruine du pouvoir autrichien. Schiller ne l’a point oublié, et c’est cette individualité remarquable qu’il s’est plu à faire ressortir dans toute l’étendue de son poème. Déjà il avait, sous les traits du marquis de Posa, exprimé les ardeurs philanthropiques d’un homme des hautes classes, les ruses d’un théoricien de la liberté cherchant à convertir le spectre lui-même en instrument de régénération. Avec le personnage de Guillaume Tell, il donne un corps aux sentiments généreux de l’homme du peuple; il peint le citoyen des rangs inférieurs, peu instruit mais énergique, qui sent plus qu’il ne conçoit, et qui agit plus qu’il ne rêve. À la mauvaise foi, l’orgueil brutal et la cruauté, il oppose l’instinct d’un cœur franc et honnête qui ne revendique ses droits naturels par l’action que lorsqu’il est blessé dans ses intérêts les plus chers, menacé dans sa vie et celle des siens. Il y a encore bien de l’idéal dans cette figure de paysan suisse; cependant le poète, en la modelant, s’est rapproché de la nature; et, en général, elle se montre avec une telle simplicité de langage et une si grande force de sentiment, que, de toutes les conceptions du même genre, elle est certainement celle qui offre le plus de vie et de réalité. Dès sa première apparition, Guillaume Tell révèle tout ce qu’il y a de bon et de brave en lui. Il s'agit de sauver un pauvre homme poursuivi par les satellites du gouverneur; il faut au plus vite lui faire traverser le lac, malgré la tempête. Plusieurs reculent; mais Tell s'avance et dit : « L’homme généreux ne pense point à lui-même; fiez-vous à Dieu et sauvez l’opprimé. » Personne n’osant se risquer, il monte dans une barque et entraîne sur les flots le malheureux fugitif. Son action courageuse émeut les assistants, et le doigt populaire le désigne déjà, quoique vaguement, comme un des libérateurs du pays. Une autre scène le représente en conversation avec un des citoyens les plus considérables du canton de Schwytz, Verlier Stauffacher. Celui-ci l’entretient du despotisme intolérable de Gessler, de la nécessité de mettre un terme à un pareil état de choses, et cherche à faire entrer l’honnête paysan dans la ligue que lui et plusieurs de ses amis ont tramée contre l’odieux officier. Mais Tell est un homme simple, ayant charge de femme et d’enfants, et qui, étant leur unique gagne-pain, ne peut s’aventurer dans des tentatives inutiles. Pressé cependant par les paroles de Stauffacher, qui lui demande si la patrie pourrait compter sur lui dans le cas où elle aurait recours aux armes, il répond : « Tell va jusqu’au fond d’un abîme pour secourir un agneau, et il délaisserait ses amis!... Quelle entreprise que vous formiez, ne m'appelez pas dans vos conseils, je ne sais ni méditer, ni rester longtemps indécis; mais si vous avez besoin de moi pour une action résolue, alors appelez Tell, et il ne vous manquera pas. » C’est bien parler selon sa nature et sa condition; et l'intelligence des mœurs du mouvement de résistance, comprenant cette âme fière et naïve, lui laisse sa liberté d’action, certaine de sa vigoureuse coopération au moment décisif. Tandis que le complot de la délivrance s’ourdit secrètement, en vue du jour de l’explosion, jour que doivent amener les excès de Gessler, Tell vaque à ses affaires et aux soins de sa famille. Durant le peu d’instants qu’il leur consacre au fond de sa chaumière, son travail de menuiserie et ses réponses alternatives à sa femme et à ses enfants forment un tableau d’intérieur rustique des plus charmants. C’est un père qui aime ses enfants, mais qui ne va point, dans sa tendresse, jusqu’à leur gâter l’âme et en amollir la trempe; c’est un mari qui chérit sa femme, mais non au point de perdre, par amour pour elle, le sentiment des souffrances de ses semblables, et d’oublier les misères de la patrie. Quand son épouse, inquiète à l'égard de cette bonté d’âme qui lui fait fréquenter tant de dangers, s’écrie : « Hélas! tous les miens fuiront donc la paix du foyer! » Tell répond : « Ce n’est pas pour n’être qu’un simple berger que m’a créé la nature... Je ne jouis vraiment de la vie que lorsque chaque jour j’ai lutté contre un nouveau danger. » Et, malgré les instances d’Hedwige, ayant besoin d’aller à Altorf, résidence du gouverneur, il se décide à s’y rendre en emmenant avec lui un de ses fils. La fin à la prochaine livraison. LE TRAVAIL DES ENFANTS. Voy. t. XI, 1843, p. 44. LES PETITS PIQUEURS DE CHAUDIÈRE. Il faut nettoyer une chaudière à vapeur : les incrustations calcaires y sont dures et adhérentes; l'espace intérieur est trop étroit pour qu'un homme y puisse entrer : on choisit un enfant de dimension convenable; on l'introduit dans les flancs encore tièdes de la chaudière à peine vidée. Couché dans le bouillier qu'il obstrue de son corps, armé d'un marteau, muni d'une lampe fumeuse, le pauvre petit pioche péniblement le dépôt qui tombe peu à peu en poussière. Quelle atmosphère pour ces jeunes poumons ! Vapeur d'eau, produits de combustion de la lampe, parcelles anguleuses de calcaire : voilà ce que respirent ces organes si délicats à peine formés, au lieu de l'air pur qui leur serait indispensable ! Et ce même enfant, de onze à douze ans à peine, déjà étiolé, travaille ainsi de deux jours l'un tout au moins, et toujours sans trêve, sans repos du dimanche, sans instruction d'aucune sorte : on tue à la fois son esprit et son corps... Voilà ce qu'on nous écrit. De pareils faits sont-ils vrais, sont-ils possibles ? Notre correspondant nous affirme qu'il peut en citer de nombreux exemples : nous ne saurions douter de sa parole ; un seul de ces abus suffirait d'ailleurs pour rendre utile un appel à l'opinion publique. Ingénieurs, que l'un d’entre vous se hâte, par quelque procédé, qu’il répugne absolument de croire impossible, d’affranchir les enfants d’un si odieux supplice. Il y va de l’honneur de l’industrie. Combien de prix proposés par nos sociétés savantes, pour des services qui sont loin d’être aussi urgents que celui-là! Mais qu’est-il besoin de prix, de récompenses? Écoutez vos instincts, votre conscience, votre cœur, et, en même temps qu’aux souffrances des enfants, pensez aux douleurs des mères. INCANDESCENCE De l’intérieur du GLOBE TERRE. La question de la terre nous touche de trop près pour que nous ne soyons pas curieux de savoir ce que c’est que cette terre, et sur quels faits positifs se basent les enseignements que l’on donne à son égard dans les divers traités scientifiques. On parle chaque jour de la chaleur centrale du globe, de l’incandescence de son noyau, du feu qui brûle sous nos pieds dans ce gigantesque foyer; il importe de faire connaître ce qu’il y a de vrai et de positif à ce propos et de rappeler sommairement les faits observés, sur lesquels s’appuie la théorie de la terre. Le premier, c’est l’accroissement graduel de la température à mesure que l’on s’enfonce dans l’intérieur du globe. Dans toutes les mines du monde où des observations météorologiques ont été faites, notamment en Saxe par M. Trebra, ailleurs par M. Cordier, dans les puits artésiens par M. Arago, etc., on a universellement reconnu l’accroissement de la température avec la profondeur. Les résultats sont unanimes à cet égard. Les premières expériences avaient accusé une augmentation régulière d’un degré par 100 pieds; plus tard, en d’autres localités, on ne trouva plus qu’une augmentation d’un degré par 22 mètres, ou 70 pieds environ; ailleurs, les résultats oscillaient entre ces deux limites. Ces différences, comme on le reconnut dans la suite, tout en proclamant l’accroissement de la température, montraient qu’il ne s’effectue pas partout de la même manière, et que, dans certains cas, des influences locales l’altèrent en plus ou en moins. Mais on put bientôt constater, par la comparaison d’un grand nombre d’observations, que l’accroissement moyen de la température est d’un degré par chaque 33 mètres de profondeur au-dessous du sol. Cet accroissement ne peut avoir sa source dans la quantité de chaleur émise par le soleil. L’observation et la théorie démontrent que les variations de température produites par les saisons, les climats et les jours, cessent de se faire sentir à une faible distance dans l’intérieur de la terre. À cette distance, variable selon les lieux (elle est égale à 25 mètres pour Paris), la température du sol reste constante et indépendante de l’action du soleil. La chaleur intérieure du globe appartient donc au globe même. Il résulte de l’accroissement exposé plus haut qu'à la distance de 3 kilomètres la température du sol doit être de 100 degrés, et que si la loi se continue régulièrement, on trouverait à une profondeur de 100 kilomètres plus de 3000 degrés, température suffisante pour fondre tous les corps que nous connaissons. Il est certain que ces corps sont en fusion ; mais on ne saurait pourtant affirmer que ce soit dès cette profondeur. De même nous nous garderons d’affirmer, comme on l’a fait récemment, que la progression de la chaleur soit régulière jusqu'au centre du globe et que ce centre soit porté à une température de 195 000 degrés. On est là dans la hypothèse, car nous n’avons pu pénétrer que la couche superficielle du globe, et nous sommes dans l’ignorance complète de la nature de sa masse interne. Il faudrait pour cela suivre l’idée de Maupertuis : creuser un trou jusqu’au centre de la terre. C’est dommage que l’entreprise en soit impraticable. Ce que les observations métallurgiques démontrent d’un côté, des faits d’un autre genre les confirment. La figure, la densité, la consistance du globe, sont solidaires; il n’est rien d’isolé dans l’étude de la nature : un phénomène complète l’autre; tout s’enchaîne et se commente. Ainsi la force centrifuge a déterminé l’aplatissement du globe, et celui-ci dénote la fluidité primitive de notre planète. Or cette chaleur primitive a laissé des traces; de plus, elle n’est pas éteinte et se manifeste par divers phénomènes, autres que ceux dont nous avons parlé. Ces phénomènes, qui établissent, chacun pour sa part et d’une manière irrécusable, l’accroissement graduel de la chaleur, sont: la température des eaux qui jaillissent des puits artésiens, celle des sources thermales répandues sur divers points du globe, enfin l’activité intérieure qui se manifeste par les tremblements de terre, et les éruptions volcaniques qui lancent dans l’espace leurs laves liquéfiées. Les sources artésiennes, d’après la loi de l’équilibre de la chaleur, possèdent la même température que les couches intérieures dans lesquelles elles ont séjourné. On sait que les sources artésiennes ont pour origine les eaux de pluie qui font entrée dans le sol, descendent jusqu’à ce qu’elles rencontrent une couche imperméable, un lit d’argile par exemple, et forment alors des nappes souterraines d’une grande étendue, qui suivent toutes les inflexions du terrain sur lequel elles reposent. Si l’on creuse un puits sur un sol moins élevé que le terrain d’infusion où la nappe d’eau prend naissance, le liquide jaillira à l’orifice, comme dans les vases communicants. Or les expériences des physiciens qui se sont livrés à ces études ont mis hors de doute le degré d’élévation de la température de l’eau proportionnellement à la profondeur de la couche où l’eau gisait. Les sources thermales viennent des profondeurs de la terre, où elles ont acquis la haute température qu’elles manifestent. Cette température est également celle des terrains qu’elles traversent. Au nombre des sources d’eau bouillante, nous citerons les geysers d’Islande, qui jaillissent sans cesse et remplissent l’air de vapeur, et dont quelques-uns s’élancent à des hauteurs considérables. Quelques-unes de ces sources ont une température de 100 degrés. Mais les faits qui mettent le mieux en évidence l’état de fluidité intérieure du globe, ce sont les tremblements de terre et les volcans. Les tremblements de terre ne sont explicables que par la réaction des liquides et des gaz intérieurs contre la croûte extérieure ; les phénomènes géologiques qui les caractérisent en sont, du reste, le témoignage irrévocable. Ils se font souvent ressentir sur une étendue considérable, et la même secousse agite le sol à plusieurs centaines de lieues de distance. On croirait voir en eux les convulsions du globe. Le mémorable tremblement de terre qui détruisit Lisbonne, en 1755, se prolongea à des distances immenses, et l’on observa en Angleterre une agitation extrême des eaux. Ces secousses se manifestent sous la forme d’ondulations, comme si elles étaient le résultat d’un ébranlement lointain dans les couches inférieures du globe ; l’intensité, la durée, la rapidité et la nature de ces secousses sont très variables. Tantôt une secousse violente renverse en un clin d’œil de vastes cités, transforme l’aspect de la nature, précipite les hautes montagnes sur les plaines qu’elles dominaient, soulève les flots de la mer à des hauteurs effrayantes, comme il arriva, en 1586, à Lima, où la mer monta de 11 brasses sur une étendue de 170 lieues. Tantôt ces "secousses" sont si faibles que, lorsqu’elles surviennent au milieu de la nuit, on ne s’en aperçoit qu’au bruit des objets légers suspendus dans l’intérieur des maisons. A. de Humboldt, en observation sur le Vésuve, ressentait à peine les secousses qui se succédaient de vingt en vingt secondes avant l’éruption des scories incandescentes. Tantôt encore les tremblements sont accompagnés d’éruptions d’eau chaude, comme à Catane en 1818, de vapeurs aqueuses, comme au Mississippi en 1812, de mofettes empoisonnées, de tourbillons de boue, de fumée noire et même de flammes, comme à Cumana en 1797. Dans le tremblement de terre de la Nouvelle-Grenade, en 1827, la quantité d’acide carbonique qui sortit des crevasses asphyxia une multitude de serpents, de rats et d’autres animaux qui vivent dans les cavernes. Ainsi diffèrent les effets physiques qui accompagnent ces secousses terrestres; mais, quelle que soit leur nature, ils révèlent unanimement l’existence du foyer calorifique intérieur. Ce mot vient de l'Artois, province où les premiers puits ont été creusés. Les volcans peuvent être regardés comme autant de chemins de communication temporaire ou permanente de l’intérieur avec la surface. On peut encore dire, selon l’expression de Humboldt, que ce sont des soupapes de sûreté pratiquées dans la vaste chaudière du foyer interne. La température sans égale des substances vomies par les bouches volcaniques, l’analogie chimique des laves de tous les volcans de la terre, leur rapport avec les anciens minéraux du sol primordial, les phénomènes de convulsions étranges qui les accompagnent en tous lieux du globe : tels sont les faits qui montrent que les éruptions volcaniques ont leur source dans les substances incandescentes qui forment encore actuellement le noyau fluide de la terre. Ce noyau fluide immense est recouvert d’une enveloppe extrêmement légère, mince pellicule à peine épaisse de 10 lieues, sur laquelle nous nous croyons en sécurité. En fait, si l’on pouvait avoir des nouvelles journalières de l'état de cette surface, on la trouverait perpétuellement agitée, tantôt sous une latitude, tantôt sous une autre. Mais si nous considérons, d’un côté, l’exiguité de la place que nous occupons sur le globe et la rapidité de notre vie, d’un autre côté, la lenteur des grandes révolutions géologiques dont ces phénomènes ne sont plus que de pâles vestiges, on conçoit que, grâce à notre infimité, nous puissions reposer avec confiance sur ce globe, comme le petit oiseau que le vent n’atteint pas sur le grand chêne. L’ORDRE TEUTONIQUE. Le château des Chevaliers de l'ordre Teutonique, à Marienbourg (Prusse). — Dessin de Grandsire. La première fois que je voyageai en Allemagne, je me trouvai en tête-à-tête tout un jour, dans un coupé de diligence, avec un habitant de Marienbourg-sur-Nogat. Il me parla, pendant plusieurs heures, de rien autre chose que de l’ordre Teutonique : je ne lui donnais guère la réplique; je savais très peu de chose sur cet ordre, et je vis bien qu’il était confondu et presque scandalisé de mon ignorance : j’ai dû faire grand tort dans son opinion à l’esprit français. Nous sommes tous ainsi. Que dirait un bourgeois de Nancy d’un étranger qui ne paraîtrait pas bien connaître l’histoire des ducs de Lorraine, ou un Dijonnais d'un individu qui resterait bouche close dans une conversation sur les ducs de Bourgogne? Comment un Marienburger supporterait-il même l'indifférence pour ces chevaliers teutoniques? D’abord il est lui-même une manière de fils de ces chevaliers. C’est par eux, pour ainsi dire, que sa ville natale, Marienbourg, fut construite. Il a sans cesse sous les yeux le somptueux palais des grands maîtres, bâti vers 1287, rebâti depuis, restauré, en 1815, par le prince couronné depuis sous le nom de Frédéric-Guillaume IV. Pourrait-il supposer un instant que vous ne comptez point parmi les merveilles de l’Europe la colonne de granit qui supporte toute la voûte de la salle du chapitre, le « Grosseremter »? Quel enfant ne raconterait l’histoire du boulet lancé contre cette colonne, en 1410, par les Polonais, sur l’indication d’un traître? Peu s’en fallut que du coup la voûte n’écrasât le grand maître et son conseil. Mais le boulet ne fit que crever la colonne et alla se perdre dans un angle de la cheminée, où il est encore captif. — Et les tombeaux, et les cellules, et les cachots des chevaliers! Que de légendes populaires y font revivre des spectres sombres! Ça et là, le château entier semble habité par d’étranges apparitions. Que de fois n’ai-je pas entendu mon guide raconter, au milieu de la nuit, des histoires terrifiantes de ces lieux! Mais aussi, qui pourrait en douter, ces lieux sont hantés. Tome XXXII. — OCTOBRE 1814. Ce n'est pas peu, cela que me disait, avec la chaleur de la conviction, mon compagnon de voyage, il y a quelque vingt ans. Depuis, j'ai lu l’histoire de cet ordre des frères hospitaliers teutoniques de Notre-Dame de Sion. Ce n’est pas, en effet, peu de chose. L’ordre fut fondé en 1190, devant Saint-Jean d'Acre, par quelques citoyens de Lübeck et de Brême. Les membres n’étaient d'abord que hospitaliers et dévoués uniquement à secourir les blessés et les malades. Bientôt ils devinrent militaires et chevaliers, comme ceux des deux autres ordres de Saint-Jean et du Temple. Ils portaient une croix noire sur un manteau blanc, et vivaient sous la règle de Saint-Augustin. En Europe, ces anciens hospitaliers devinrent terribles batailliers. Au treizième siècle, leur ardeur barbare versa en Allemagne bien plus de sang chrétien que leur piété n’en avait jamais étanché aux blessures de leurs frères, les croisés, en terre sainte. Ils asservirent la vieille Prusse orientale et occidentale pour la convertir à leur foi, puis la Poméranie, la nouvelle Marche et la Poméranie. Plus tard, l’ordre guerroya contre la Pologne et la Lituanie. Il absorba en Livonie l’ordre des chevaliers du Christ. Ces célibataires ambitieux ou porte-glaive ne tendaient à rien moins qu’à conquérir l’Allemagne entière. Riches, puissants, redoutés, en temps de paix ils fondaient des villes (Kœnigsberg, Marienbourg, etc.), achetaient des pays entiers (en Brandebourg, en Estonie, en Samogitie, etc.). Mais, vers le milieu du quinzième siècle, quelques nuages commencèrent à s’amonceler et à menacer cette fortune inouïe. En 1441, les villes d'Elbing, Thorn, Kœnigsberg et Dantzick secouèrent le joug que l’ordre faisait peser sur elles. En 1465, la Prusse occidentale échappa à leur domination. La moralité des chevaliers se relâchait de plus en plus. La réforme vint, et jeta parmi eux la discorde. Le grand maître Albert, margrave de Brandebourg, rompit ses vœux, se fit luthérien, et, en 1526, épousa la fille du roi de Danemark. Son exemple fut suivi par un grand nombre de chevaliers. Un chapitre général élut grand maître à sa place Walter Plettenberg; mais la décadence ne s’arrêta plus. Vers 1550, l’ordre perdit la Livonie. Les grands maîtres ne furent plus que les protégés ou les représentants des souverainetés germaniques. En 1805, l’empereur d’Autriche prit le titre de grand maître, et en 1809, Napoléon supprima l’ordre. S’ennuyer est quelque chose de méprisable. DE COIGNY. LES ŒUFS ET LES CHEVAUX. IL y avait une fois un homme qui parcourait les villes et les campagnes avec une voiture pleine d’œufs et une troupe de chevaux. Il donnait des œufs aux ménages où la femme était la maîtresse, et des chevaux à ceux où le mari commandait. Il distribuait ainsi beaucoup d’œufs, mais presque tous ses chevaux lui restaient. Un jour, il arriva dans une maison où tout paraissait indiquer que l’homme était le maître. Il résolut d’y passer la nuit, et le lendemain matin, au moment de faire ses adieux, il pria le mari de choisir entre deux chevaux, l'un brun, l'autre noir. — Je prends le brun, dit l’homme. — Non, s’écria la femme, tu n’es qu'un sot ; le noir est le meilleur. — Bien, reprit le mari; puisque tu penses ainsi, petite mère, je choisirai le noir. Mais ils furent bien penauds lorsqu'ils virent l'étranger emmener ses chevaux, et ne leur laisser qu'un œuf à la place. GUILLAUME TELL ET SCHILLER. Fin. — Voy. p. 318. Durant la course, le père et l'enfant conversent ensemble, et, à propos de quelques interrogations du jeune Walther, le bon citoyen d'Uri lui expose en peu de mots sa politique. WALTHER. Mon père, existe-t-il des pays où il ne se trouve pas de montagnes? TELL. Lorsque, suivant le cours de nos rivières, on descend de nos montagnes, on arrive dans de vastes plaines où les regards, sans que rien les arrête, embrassent l'immensité de l'espace. Les moissons y verdissent comme de riches prairies, et la contrée a l'aspect d'un jardin bien cultivé. WALTHER. Pourquoi donc, mon père, ne descendons-nous pas bien vite dans ce beau pays, au lieu de rester ici dans un étroit espace? TELL. Cette terre dont je te parle est fertile et riante comme le ciel lui-même; mais ceux qui la cultivent ne recueillent pas les richesses qu'ils y déposent. WALTHER. Quoi ! ne possèdent-ils pas librement leur propre héritage? TELL. Non; les champs appartiennent à un évêque ou à un roi. Ils peuvent cependant chasser à leur gré dans leurs forêts. Les oiseaux et le gibier, tout appartient au seigneur. Ne peuvent-ils pas pêcher dans leurs rivières? Les rivières, le vaste océan, le sel, sont la propriété du roi. Quel est donc ce roi que tous doivent craindre? C’est celui qui les nourrit et les protège. Ne peuvent-ils pas trouver dans leurs forces de quoi se protéger? Ils n’osent se confier l’un à l’autre les sentiments de leur cœur. Ah! mon père, on doit être à la gêne dans ce grand pays. Je préfère rester ici, au-dessous des avalanches. Oui, mon fils, ces montagnes de glace sont moins à craindre que les méchants!... Quelle préparation pour le père à sa lutte terrible avec Gessler! et, pour l’enfant, quelle leçon de courage et de liberté! Quelle satire sanglante des vices du régime féodal et des abus de la royauté! Enfin, comme la dignité de l’âme, préférée aux mollesseuses de la vie, se fait déjà sentir dans les réponses du jeune garçon! C’est ainsi que se forment les hommes vraiment forts, qu’ils s’élèvent à la direction de leurs propres affaires et à l’intelligence de la chose publique. C’est la politique toute simple de la justice et de l'effort individuel, la bonne, à notre avis. Guillaume et son fils sont bientôt à Altorf et passent devant le chapeau du gouverneur. Ici le poète a marqué le caractère de son héros d’une nuance sur laquelle il convient d’arrêter l’attention du lecteur. Quoique Tell ait l’esprit républicain, il n’est pas homme porté, de parti pris, au renversement des lois établies et à la rébellion. Sa nature n’est pas agressive. Il passe donc devant le chapeau sans le saluer; mais s’il agit ainsi, c’est par inadvertance et préoccupé d’autre chose, et il l’avouera en toute sincérité au gouverneur lui-même. Cependant, cette omission étant regardée par les sbires comme mauvaise intention de sa part, il est arrêté par eux et entraîné vers la prison. Alors a lieu la fameuse scène de la pomme. Cette scène est certainement une des plus belles de la pièce, et une des plus pathétiques du théâtre allemand. On y voit le cœur d’un père déchiré dans ses fibres les plus sensibles, la tyrannie dépassant les forces de l’humanité. Point de déclamation, rien de trop. Dans cet horrible duel, chaque mot qui s’échappe de la bouche des deux adversaires porte coup et vous émeut profondément. Tell est un cœur énergique, mais bon : il fait tout ce qu’il est possible de faire pour détourner l’homme inique de son action ; il le supplie, le conjure, par tout ce qu’il y a de plus sacré au monde ; de renoncer son dessein ; puis, quand il perd... toute espérance de changer ce cœur barbare, il prend sa résolution et invoque l’aide de Dieu, tout en s’aidant lui-même. Enfin le courage et l’innocence triomphent ; mais la perversité n’est point désarmée. Elle persiste à accabler sa victime. Alors le pauvre montagnard, sentant que le combat est mortel, se décide à profiter de la première occasion favorable pour en finir avec son bourreau et pour lui ôter la vie. Le vœu qu’il a fait de tuer l’homme qui l’exposait à immoler son fils, vœu tout spontané et arraché à l’excès de sa situation, il le médite et réfléchit dessus tandis qu’il attend le passage de l’oppresseur. « Je vivais, dit-il, tranquille et innocent; cette arme n’était dirigée que contre les hôtes des forêts, et l’idée d’un meurtre n’avait jamais souillé ma pensée. O gouverneur, tu as anéanti cette paix fortunée, tu m’as accoutumé à des actions dont frémit la nature!... Gouverneur, les jeunes et faibles enfants, les tendres épouses, il faut que je les sauve de ta fureur !... » Et de ce sentiment général, il revient aux souffrances particulières qu’il a endurées en dirigeant une flèche sur la tête de son fils. L’image de ses enfants repasse devant ses yeux ; il songe à ses jeux avec eux, il pense au bonheur qu’il leur causait lorsqu’il leur rapportait quelque chose de sa chasse. Et maintenant c’est une autre proie qu’il poursuit; et il jette ce dernier cri : "C’est vous, mes chers enfants, c’est vous seuls que j’ai dans ma pensée; et si je tend mon arc, c’est pour protéger votre timide innocence !" Schiller était père de famille à l’époque où il a composé son drame. Il fallait qu’il le fut pour avoir si profondément senti et si justement décrit les angoisses de la tendresse paternelle écrasée par la main de fer d’un pouvoir impie. Le méchant est tué. Aussitôt après l'avoir vu tomber sous sa flèche, Tell retourne à sa chaumière, et, en y entrant, ses premiers mots sont une explosion de bonheur conjugal et d'ivresse paternelle. « O Hedwige, Hedwige, mère de mes enfants. Dieu a été avec nous; aucun tyran ne nous séparera plus !... » Et il embrasse sa femme et ses enfants. Cependant, la douce femme tremble que son mari ait commis un meurtre : « Cette main, dit-elle, puis-je encore la presser ? — Cette main, répond Gnel la femme avec énergie, cette main nous a délivrés; elle a sauvé la patrie, et je l'élève libre vers le ciel ! » Ces derniers mots apaisent la conscience inquiète d’Hedwige, en montrant la tranquillité de celle de son époux. Si Tell se sentait coupable, élèverait-il sa main sanglante vers le ciel ? Cette réponse, cependant, n'a point suffi au poète. Voulant mettre son héros à l'abri de tout reproche, il a imaginé une rencontre entre lui et Jean le parricide, duc de Souabe. Ce prince, assassin de l'empereur d'Allemagne, son oncle, parce que ce dernier voulait lui ravir ses biens, proscrit et fugitif dans les montagnes de la Suisse, vient demander l'hospitalité à la femme du brave archer au moment où celui-ci rentre auprès d'elle. Il résulte du contact de ces deux hommes un colloque dans lequel Schiller marque nettement la différence qu'il y a entre l'homme qui tue dans un intérêt privé, même son ennemi, et celui qui, prenant les armes pour sa propre défense, celle de ses enfants et de son pays, n'agit qu'en vue de la justice et des intérêts généraux. TELL. Dégouttant du sang de ton père et de ton empereur, comment oses-tu pénétrer dans cet innocent asile? Comment oses-tu envisager un honnête homme et réclamer les droits de l’hospitalité? LE pénitencier. J’espérais trouver dans votre cœur quelque compassion pour mon infortune. Et vous aussi, vous avez tiré vengeance de l’ennemi qui vous opprimait. TELL. Malheureux! oses-tu bien confondre le crime sanglant de l'audition avec la légitime défense d’un père? Avais-tu donc à sauver la tête d’un enfant chéri, la sainteté des foyer domestiques à détruire? As-tu cherché à arracher les tiens au malheur qui s’appesantissait sur eux? J’élève vers le ciel mes mains innocentes, et je te maudis, toi et ton attentat! J’ai vengé les saintes lois de la nature; mais toi, tu as violées. Il n’y a rien de commun entre nous. Tu as assassiné ceux que tu devais respecter, et moi, j’ai défendu ce que je'avais de plus cher. Tell, tout en séparant sa cause de celle de Jean, ne ferme pas son cœur à la pitié. Il relève le courage du malheureux prince, en proie au désespoir, et lui donne le conseil d’aller en Italie se jeter aux pieds du souverain pontife, de lui confesser son crime, et de racheter ainsi son âme. | 9,116 |
bpt6k6137830b_8 | French-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | Journal militaire. Contenant... les ordonnances... les nominations... l'annonce ou extrait des ouvrages... | None | French | Spoken | 7,517 | 13,340 | . 104, Officiers proposés pour les emplois de commissaire du-gouverne '-.'.., ment et de rapporteur près les conseils de guerre et de révision. 73 •• 408. Officiers détachés comme substituts dans les parquets militaires.. 73 106. Officiers proposés pour les emplois de commandant. et d'adjoint au commandant des établissements pénitentiaires militaires.... 73 107. Admission des sous-officiers dans les emplois de la justice militaire militaire 108... Admission ; des officiers d'infanterie dans le régiment de sapeurspompiers de Paris .-. 78 109. . Recrutement des hommes de troupe du régiment de sapeurs-pompiers de Paris • 76: . 140. Propositions pour l'emploi de chef de fanfare., ; 76 144. Propositions pour les médailles d'honneur en faveur des employés .. . . et ouvriers 77 442. Emploi de portier-consigne ........;.... 77 443. Emplois civils , 77 114. Congés à l'étranger , 78 4e SECTION. — PERMUTATIONS. — MUTATIONS ET CHANGEMENTS DE" CORPS ou D'ARME. 445. Propositions concernant les officiers qui désirent passer de France en;Algërie ou en Tunisie, et réciproquement.. 78 446, Changements de corps ou de destinationdes officiers d'artillerie.. 79 447,118, 119 et 420. Mutations 80 421. Changements de corps ou de résidence, pour motifs de convenance personnelle, des officiers et des sous-officiers rengagés 82 422. Vétérinaires proposés pour changer de corps ou de service 83 Changements de eorps et d'arme des hommes de troupe. , 423, 4° Changements de corps pour convenances personnelles.,........ 84 424. 2° Permutations entré les sous-officiers et les caporaux ou brigadiers,...;.... .......... ..-• 86" 428. 3» Changements de corps ou d'arme des soldats-ordonnances..... 86 -426. 4°: Changements de corps ou d'arme d'office des ouvriers militaires 86 des corps de troupe '.' 87 427. • 8" Changements de corps ou d'arme par mesure de discipline 88 428 et 429. C° Changements d'armes pour convenancos personnelles et passage ..;.,.., dans un corps.de l'armée de mer (troupe).....,.' 88 130. 7° Changements d'armes pour inaptitude physique. 90 434. ' 8° Dispositions générales., 90 .-.. 132, Propositions pour les sections de secrétaires d'état-major et du recrutement , 94 433. Recrutement des sections de commis et ouvriers'militaires d'administration , 92 134. Recrutement des sections d'infirmiers militaires ;.... 93 43b. Compagnies de discipline. ■— Changement de section. — Passage dans d'antres corps., .......... .'.t.,.. 94 436. Bataillons d'infanterie légère d'Afrique. — Réintégration, des soldats soldats les autres corps de troupe 94 S' SECTION. — DÉMISSION. — RETRAITE. — RÉFORME. — MISE EN NON-ACTIVITÉ; 437. Démission des officiers ...98 438. Propositions des officiers pour la retraite à litre d'ancienneté de services -,-,. 96 439. Propositions des hommes de troupe pour la retraito à litre d'ancienneté d'ancienneté services 96 440. Propositions pour la retraite à titre de blessures ou d'infirmités.... 96 441. Propositions pour la pension proportionnelle. 97 205 — Articles. . Tiges, 142. Réforme pour infirmités incurables (officiers) 99 443. Réforme par mesure de discipline,(officiers). 400 444. Mise en non-activité pour infirmités temporaires 100 148. Miso en non-activité par retrait ou suspension d'emploi 101 446, Congés aux officiers proposés pour quitter leur corps 102 447. Congés aux sous-officiers, caporaux ou brigadiers et soldats en instancêppur la retraite ou? la pension proportionnelle...,,..;. 102 448.Propositions pour la gratification de réforme renouvelable...,...-. 403 4 49. Militaires amputés ou aveugles n'ayant pas droit à la pensi on.... 404 480. Règles a suivre pour l'établissement dés mémoires de proposition de pension. 104 484. Renseignements à fonrnir aux militaires réformés ou en instance 408 de retraite,., ..........,..,,,...,,.,.,...,.,.. 182. Transmission dès lettres de service et sursis (officiers) 7.. 406 — 206 —. RÉCAPITULATION PAR DATE DES OPÉRATIONS OU PROPOSITIONS (1) DU SERVICE COURANT. 1° Opérations ou propositions sans tlàtè fixe. ArticJeB. Pages. CHAPITRE II. 7. Surveillance et inspection de l'instruction (*)..." 42 CHAPITRE III. 8. Examen des parties du service concernant la mobilisation (■*).... 42 CHAPITRE IV. DIVERSES CATÉGORIES DE MILITAIRES SUR LESQUELLES L'ATTENTION DOIT SE PORTER D'UNE FAÇON PARTICULIÈRE. 28. Examen des hommes de recrue (*) 23 29. Engagés volontaires (*) 23 31, 32, 33, 34, 38. Rengagés (*) 24 36, 37, 38. Commissionnés {").... „ 27 39. Nominations. —Etats supplémentaires d'avancement (*) 28 40. Cassations et rétrogradations (*) 29 41. Candidats à l'Ecole polytechnique (*) 30 42. Musiciens (■') , 30 43. Sections et pelotons hors rang (*) 30 44. Vélocipédisfes (*) 34 48 et 46. Cavaliers télégraphistes (*) 31 47. Auxiliaires du service télégraphique (*) 33 48. Conducteurs des équipages attribués aux corps de troupe d'infanterie d'infanterie 34 49. Infirmiers et brancardiers (") 34 80. Formation des ouvriers armuriers des corps de troupe 34 81. Cantinièros vivandières (*) 3b 82. Soldats employés par les officiers (*) 35 CHAPITRE V. OPÉRATIONS ET PROPOSITIONS DIVERSES. 1" SECTION. — REMONTES. '83. Chevaux ddstinés à la remonte des officiers dos corps de troupes à cheval 35 85. Remonte des officiers des écoles militaires 38 (1) NOTA. — Les opérations ou propositions rentrant dans les attributions du général commandant le corps d'armée auquel app&rtiennnent normalement les troupes ou services sont marquées d'un astérisque. — M — Articles. ." Page». 86etS7. Chevaux provenant du commerce., ;.,..,,,..,.. ;....... t...... ,..- 38 57. Livraison, réintégration ou rétrocession,....,..,...,.»; > -, 39 58! Réforme. — Passage dans le rang. — Echange 40 59. Réforme des chevaux (troupe).et changements d'armes. 44 CHAPITRE V, 3" SECTION. — PROPOSITIONS DIVERSES. 94. Propositions pour le cadre auxiliaire de l'intendance militaire(*)... 62 105. Officiers détachés comme substituts dans les parquets militaires... 73 109! Recrutement des hommes de troupe du régiment de sapeurs-pompiers de Paris (") 76 113. Emplois'civils (*).;..,;,.;.;,;..:.,;.............'.'.:.....;;; 77 4» SECTION. — PERMUTATIONS, MOTATIONS ET CHANOEMEH'TB DÉ CÔRPS 00 D'ARME. . 116. Changement Ab corps où "de destination dés officiers d'artillerie (;). 79 417et448. Mutations (*). ; .......... 80 121. Changements de corps ou de résidence pour motifs de convenance personnelle ries officiers et des sbùs-Wfiéièrs rengages (*)i; ..".. 82 423. Changements 8e corps pourconvenances per-sbiiiielles des nommes de troupe 84 424. Permutations entre les sous-officiers et les caporaux ou brigadiers. 88 428. Changements de corps ou d'arme des soldats-ordonnances 86 127. Changements de corps ou d'arme par mesure de discipline, 88 430. Changements d'arme pour.inaptitude physique 90 133. Recrutement des sections de commis et ouvriers militaires d'administration..... d'administration..... .i i....-.,........:: -, 92 134. Recrutement des sections d'infirmiers militaires.,.,,,, ,u 93 8° SECTION. ^—RETRAITÉ, RÉFORMÉ, MISE EN NÔN-ACTivÎTÉ. 137. Démissions dos officiers (*)**;-. i ■.-.:96 138et 139. Propositions pour la retraite à titre d'ancienneté.de service (*).... 96 140. Propositions pour la retraite à titre de blessures ou d'infirmités.., 96 144. Propositions pour là pension proportionnelle '(*)i ;.. ; i ;■>. ;., i i.,. W 442. Infirmités incurables ...............,.: 99 443i Réforme par mesure disciplinaire (officiers) (*)-.... s, .i.........,;-; 400 444. Misé en non^aclivité pour infirmités temporaires.. 1 ;, ■. 4Ô0 145. Mise en non-activité par retrait mi suspension d'emploi !(*).."...... 101 '14601147. Congés aux officiers et aux hommes de troupe proposés polir quitlèï leur corps -, 102 148. Propositions pour la gratification de réforme renouvelable..,;,.., 403 3° Opérations ou propositions dont la date est fixée par une ibstrùctioii spéciale. 71.' Désignation pour i'Écoie normale de tir (") 50 106. Officiers proposés pour le commandement des établissements pénitentiaires pénitentiaires , 73 107. Admission des sous-officiers dans les emplois de la justice militaire militaire 74 3° Opérations ou propositions à faire au commencement de Chaque trimèëtrè. CHAPITRE Y. 1" SECTION. — REMONTES. 84, Chevaux destinés à la remonte dès' officiers étrangers aux corps de troupes à cheval. ........ , ,.......... ;,. 36 — 208 — Articles. Page». 58. Situation des chevaux livrés aux officiers des Ecoles.......... ...>■ 38 62. Jeunes chevaux. ,....;.. 44 CHAPITRE V. 3° SECTION. — PROPOSITIONS DIVERSES. 442. Emploi de portier-consigne (*);. 77 CHAPITRE Y. ... .^SECTION.'— MOTATIONS. 132. Propositions pour les sections de secrétaires d'état-major 94 438. ' Compagnies de discipliné.-Changement de section, passage dans d'autres corps., —... , 94 436. Ralaillons d'infanterie légère d'Afrique, Réintégration des soldats dans les autres corps de troupe.... 94 4° Opérations ou propositions dont la date est fixée par la présente instruction. 1er janvier. CHAPITRE V. . .2» SECTION. —ÉCOLES, 73, Désignation des officiers pour l'Ecole normale de gymnastique et d'escrime 81 CHAPITRE Y. 8» SECTION. — PROPOSITIONS DIVERSES.' '90,91 et.92. Propositions pour le corps du contrôle de l'administration de l'armée (') 89 96, Propositions pour les emplois dans les affaires indigènes de l'Al■ l'Al■ gérie et dans le service des renseignements en Tunisie (*) 64 .401. Propositions.pour la gendarmerie (officiers et sous-officiers) (*).., 66 402. . • Propositions pour la gendarmerie (")...,.........../,.. :...... 69 CHAPITRE Y. 4» SECTION. — MOTATIONS. 126. Changement de corps ou d'arme d'office des ouvriers militaires des corps de troupe (*) 87 18 mars. CHAPITRE V. 4° SECTION. — MUTATIONS. 128et429. Changement d'arme des hommes de troupe pour convenances personnelles -, 88 2° quinxaine de-mars, CHAPITRE 111. 8 à .26. Examen des parties du service concernant la mobilisation (*) 42 — 209 — Articles. . . Pages Pagesmai. CHAPITRE V. 3» SECTION. 8.5. Propositions pour l'admission à l'Ecole d'administration à Vin, cennes(').,."......' ........;. 55 4 e' juin. 144. Propositions pour les médailles d'honneur,,. ,. . 77 1er juillet. CHAPITRE Y. 2° SECTION. — ÉCOLES. 69. Propositions pour des emplois, dans les écoles militaires (*) 47 72. Désignations pour l'Kcole des travaux de campagne : 80 73. Désignations des officierspourl'Ecole normale de gymastique etd'es, crime(*) , 84 77. Propositions pour suivre les cours de l'Ecole d'application de l'artillerie et du génie. -, .. 62 78,79 et 80. Désignations dans l'artillerie, le train des équipages ot le génie pour l'Ecole d'application de cavalerie (*)........ 83 81. Désignations dans l'artillerie pour la division des officiers d'instruction de Fontainebleau (") 64 84. Propositions pour les établissements de l'artillerie (') 55 CHAPITRE V. 3° SECTION;. — .PROPOSITIONS DIVERSES. 93.' Propositions pour ^intendance (*) ......... 60 95. Propositions pour le service du recrutement (') ;. 62 96. Propositions pour les affaires indigènes en Algérie et le service des renseignements en Tunisie (*). 64 98. Propositions diverses concernant l'artillerie (*) , 64 99et100. Propositions pour le service de la remonte (intérieur) (*)....'-. 66 402. Propositions pour la gendarmerie (troupe) () "". "69 108. Propositions pour les sapeurs-pompiers de Paris (officiers) (') 78 140. Propositions pour l'emploi de chef de fanfare (*) 76 CHAPITRE V. 4° SECTION. — MOTATIONS. 422. Vétérinaires proposés pour changer de corps ou de service (') 83 424. Permutations pour l'Algérie (sous-officiers et caporaux) (*) 85 426. Changements de corps ou d'arme d'offico des ouvriers militaires des corps de troupe (*) 87 i"aout. CHAPITRE V. 3" SECTION. PROPOSITIONS DIVERSES. 89. Propositions pour le commandement d'un bataillon formant corps (*). 59 ANNÉE 1894. N° 22. 14 — 210 — Articles. Pages, 97. Officiers a proposer pour des emplois dans les compagnies de dis, cipline (*) .64 103. Propositions pour l'envoi des ouvriers armuriers des corps de troupe en manufacture (*) 72 4« SECTION. — MOTATIONS. 448. Propositions concernant les officiers qui désirent passer de France en Algérie ou en Tunisie, et réciproquement (*) 78 1er octobre. 82et83. Désignations pour l'Ecole de pyrotechnie (*) 84 99et100, Propositions pour le service de la remonte générale (Algérie et Tunisie) (") , 65 40 octobre. 70. Admission à l'Ecole supérienre de guerre (*) 49 ' 48 octobre, 86,87et88. Propositions pour l'état-major de l'armée, le service géographique et le service d'état-major (*) 57 4er novembre. 78. Propositions pour le cours d'escrime de l'Ecole normale de gymnastique et d'escrime 82 48 novembre. 141. Propositions pour les médailles d'honneur 77 18 décembre. 428ct429. Changements d'arme des hommes de troupe ;pour convenaaces personnelles et passage dans l'armée de mer; .,.,...,... 88 — 211 — TABLE DES. MODÈLES D'ÉTATS POUR LE SERVICE COURANT. Articles. pagesBordereau récapitulatif des états fournis trimestriellement (Remontes. ' 108 58 et 89. Etat n° 1. Chevaux réformés 409 Annexe de l'étal n° 4 141 88. Etat n" 2. Chevaux de l'Etat remis à titre gratuit ou par abonnement, passant du service des officiers à celui de la troupe ou échangés entre les officiers.. ; 113 89. Etat n° 3. Chevaux signalés pour passer dans une autre arme ou dans un autre service de la région 417 Etat n° 3 bis. Chevaux signalés pour passer dans une autre arme en dehors du corps d'armée où ils sont stationnés ou dans une école. 449 84, Etat n« 4. Chevaux désignés pour remonter les officiers du service d'état-major, d'infanterie et sans troupe 424 58. Etat n° 4 bis. Etat nominatif des chevaux livrés pendant le trimestre précédent aux officiers du service d'élat-major, d'infanterie ou sans troupe 423 62. Blat n° o. Appréciation des chevaux reçus au corps depuis le ... 425 Observations du général de brigade 428 68 et 59. Etat n° 6. Résumé numérique des décisions prises concernant les chevaux de l'Etat , 129 85. Etat n° 7. Faisant connaître le nombre de chevaux d'armes livrés aux officiers et assimilés par les Ecoles., ,. 430 Chevaux appartenant aux officiers et assimilés (Artillerie et Equipages militaires) 431 Appréciation d'ensemble sur les chevaux appartenant aux officiers.. 134 Artillerie. — Chevaux appartenant, à l'Etat, affectés soit par abonne» ment, soit à titre gratuit, au service des officiers et assimilés...-,. 435 Appréciation d'ensemble sur les chevaux appartenant à l'Etat et au service des officiers 4 38 Service des remontes. Bordereau des états fournis le 1erjuillet... 139 422. 4° Vétérinaires proposés pour changer de corps ou do service 141 2° Statistique des chevaux et mulets appartenant à l'Etat 443 69. Propositions pour des emplois dans les écoles militaires (modèle de l'infanterie) 446 Sous-officiers proposés pour des emplois dans les écoles militaires.. 447 78. 79, 80. Officiers (ou élèves maréchaux ferrants) proposés pour être envoyés à l'Ecole d'application de cavalerie 449 85. Propositions pour l'admission à l'Ecole d'administration à Vincennes. 454 86, 87, 88. Propositions pour l'état-major de l'armée, le service géographique et le service d'état-major , 465 89. Propositions pour le commandant d'un bataillon formant corps 457 90, 94, 92. Propositions pour le contrôle de l'administration de l'armée 459 93. Propositions pour le corps de l'intendance militaire 464 95. Articles. ■-.-...' Ptm. 97. Propositions pour passer dans les compagnies de discipliné ,'. 469 r 69 et 98. Propositions diverses spéciales l'artillerie 474_ 99 et 4 00. Propositions pour le service des rémontes 4 73 Service de la gendarmerie. — 'Bordereau récapitulatif , , 478 <04. Etat nominatif des officiers proposés pour être admis dans la gendar• gendar• 477 Etat nominatives adjudants, maréchaux des logis chefs ou sergentsmajors proposés pour être admis dans la gendarmerie comme maréchaux des logis ou brigadiers....,.........,.;....'...'...." 179 402. Etat nominatif des militaires proposés pour la garde républicaine.., 181 Etat nominatif des militaires proposés pour la gendarmerie départementale -,. , f. 1837 Etat nominatif des militaires proposés pour'la gendarmerie de la Corse. 488 Etat nominatif dés militaires proposés pour la gendarmerie coloniale .,..,..,.,,..,..,.,, 487 403. Propositions pour.l'envoi en manufacture des ouvriers armuriers., . 489 407. Propositions pour les emplois dans la justice militaire..,,;/'.-', 494 408. Propositions pour les sapeurs-pompiers de Paris, (officiers),. ., 193 448. Etat nominatif des officiers qui.demandent à passer de l'intérieur dans des corps d'Algérieoq.de Tunisie, et réciproquement 494 116. Changements de corps ou de-âésR'nlftirjn des officiers d'artillerie....,: 198 .22, 427, 42.8. et 432. Changements de.coï,p$'oiii d'aroin«^des hommes de troupe.. 497' 424, Demandes de: permutations pour -PAlge£ie>u la Tunisie et l'intérieur,..;, ..,..,. .(..:.-.. T-.^.Y499 -' : ""■ ■ ' /■■.•:-■■ i ■' ï '^ h •' ■ '■' ■■:■" LIBRAIRIE MILITAIRE DE L. BAUDOIN Rue et Passage Dauphine, 30, Paris. JOURNAL MILITAIRE iO&e ANNÉE.-1894. N" 20. (PUBLICATION HEBDOMADAIRE.) SOMMAIRE. 4894. ' Pages. 28 jùilli Circulaire ministérielle relative à l'application du règlement du 23 mars 1894 sur lès officiers de réserve....,...,.......... 47 26-juill... Décision ministérielle autorisant les officiers de réserve et de l'armée territoriale, de l'infanterie et de la cavalerie, affectés à des services spéciaux,'qui sont mis à la suite d'un corps de'> troupe de leur armé, par application des dispositions du règlement du 23 mars 4894, à conserver la tenue de leur subdivision d'arme d'origine 28 Librairie militaire de L. BAUDOIN, Rue et Passage Dauphins, 30, à faris. JVIaxLOBiivros de 1894 Carnet de campagne, couverture toile grise avec pochette, fermoir métallique, contenant : 1 bloc de 100 rapports de reconnaissance, 25 enveloppes, 1 porte-mines rouge et Meue, 1 crayonsgomme (dimensions : 14 cent, sur 22 cent.), modèle déposé. . . 4-fr. 25; franco, 4 fr-175 .; Carnet de campagne auto-copieur à souches, couverture toile grise avec pochette, fermoir métallique, contenant :: _ cahiers de 6 feuilles de rapport, 12 enveloppes, 2 feuilles à décalquer et.l crayon (dimensions : 15 :cent. sur 22 cent.), modèle déposé. 3 fr. ; franco, 3 fr. 25 — LE MÊME. Modèle de l'École supérieure de-guerre (dimensions : 11 cent, sur 17 cent..), contenant : 2 cahiers de 12 feuilles « Compte rendu », 25 enveloppes, 3 feuilles à. décalquer et i crayon. v : , 2 4r, 50 ; firmco, 2 fr. 75 ^ Planchette de marche pour les colonnes de toutes armeâ. /Généralisation du ; système Lewal; par M. le Colonel Madelor. Appareil et broch. in-8°, avec planches.. Franco, 5 fr. Librairie militaire de L. BAUDOIN, Rue et Passage DaupMne, 30» à Paris* Cahiers de dépêches^ de Rapports jet de Reconnaissances, ©te. Feuille de dépêche quadrillée, simple. . .. . .. : . . .. ".' . --. . .le cent. 2 fr.. » — — double, . ... .... . • • V . : ;— 3 fr. $0 Feuille de reconnaissance pouir patrouille (cavalerie). . . V. . ... — 2 fr. » Eapport d'installation, Rapport de; Cahiers t renseignements, Rapport de combat. Rapport de la reconnaissance, de } Reconnaissance -de la position, statistiqîiê. . . -..."• le cahier. » fr. -40 Raomris I ^'1'^mPort^' contenant* Embarquement, Cantonnement ... — » fr. 40 Avis urgent, . . , . . , . • '. . . . . — » fr40 Carnet figuratif de marche avee notice éî tables pour calçaler la longueur des colonnes ; j^ar M. le Général Warnet. Cartonné toile .,■ . .. .. , ". • .' . • ^Franco, 2i fr. 25 Paris^ — Imprimerie L. BAUDOIN, 2, rue Christine., LIBRAIRIE MILITAIRE DE L BAUDOIN Hue et Passage Baupnine, 30, Paris. Manoeuvres de 1894 . • Sacoche réglementaire pour contenir les cartes d'étatmajor, avec verrou nickelé et bouderie nickel. En vache vernie '.-• 20 fr. ■En'chagriné .' 12 fr. Sacoche de campagne pour officier d'infanterie. Nouveau modèle' muni d'un passant en cuir servant à immobiliser l'étui du revolver et d'un porte-sabre permettant à l'officier d'avoir, pendant les marches, la main gauche entièrement libre sans changer Paspect de la tenue. 27 % 30 % 33 % 35 % En mouton i doublé toile. 13 » U 50 16 » 17 50 chagriné, doublé peau, 15 » 16 50 18 » 19 50 En maroquin j doublé toile. 18 50 20 50 22 50 24 50 extra, } doublé peau. 21 50 23 50 25 50 27 50 Lecteur de cartes, transparent, à soufflets en peau, et quadrillé au 80,000e et au 100,000°, pouvant contenir 3 ou 4 cartes, et muni de 2 oeillets pour le port en marche 4 fr. 50: Cache-carte, étui imperméable, transparent et quadrillé au 1/80,000° permettant la lecture de la carte en campagne par tous les temps; de 25 % sur 16 % 2 fr. — Le même, de 16 % sur 11 X % 1 fr.,... Trousse d'officier, contenant une jumelle avec cordon en cuir, une boussole nickelée (45 %) et un curvimètre nickelé, à cadran et à manche 30 fr. Montre de campagne à remontoir pour officiers. Boîtier en métal blanc nickelé, échappement â ancre, muni d'un curvimèlre au l/80,000e et au 1/1,000,000°, avec protège-roue et d'une boussole isolée des pièces d'acier de la montre; renfermée dans un petit sac de peau. 2b fr. Jumelle avec cordon cuir, renfermée dans un étui en peau souple, fermeture porte-monnaie 15 fr. . ■ Boussole-savonnette nickelée, à ressort et suspension auto-" matique, barreau anglais, cadran argenté (45 %) qualité extra. 9 fr. Compte-pas, 3 aiguilles, 100,000 pas, petite trotteuse, boîte métal blanc, fond glace 13 fr. Compte-pas, 3 aiguilles, 25,000 pas, grande trotteuse, boîte ; métal blanc, fond glace :..... 16 fr. Curvimètre ordinaire à manche 1 fr. Curvimètre à cadran et à manche. Une face à un cadran aux deux échelles de 1/100,000° et 1/80,000°, en boîte carton 7 fr. 50 Sifflet lîaduel, modèle réglementaire 1 fr. — avec boussole et chaînette 2 fr. 50 LIBRAIRIE MILITAIRE DE L. BAUDOI* Rue et Passage Dauphlne, 30, Paris: JOURIAL MILITAIRE f 08* ANIMEE* — 1894. N°21. (PUBLICATION HEBDOMADAIRE.) SOMMAIRE. 4894;, Page». ■■8 jûjïli Décision présidentielle modifiant le tableau B annexé au décret du 46 novembre 1881-48 mars 1889, portant règlement sur le service de l'habillement dans les corps de troupe. ... 29 9 juill. Note ministérielle relative à la chaussure des hommes de l'artillerie et du train des équipages habillés en homines montés 29 10 juill. Décision présidentielle modifiant le litre I« du décret du 34 mai ' 4882 portant règlement sur les exercices delà cavalerie........ 39 13 juill. Modifications au traité du 18 juillet 4894, pour l'exécution des.trâos-c. • ports ordinaii'ës dû matériel delà guerre..... ir.34 Idem. Modifications à la décision du 6 juin 1890, portant détermination; . de la tenue des. troupes en campagne 36 17 juill. Note ministérielle relative à l'emploi du pétrole pour la conservation des ferrures, des crampons à glace et des clous à ferrer de réserve ...;........... 36 Idem. Note ministérielle relative aux réparations des armes des préposés des douanes...... ....;.......... 38 48 juill. Note ministérielle prescrivant aux corps de troupes à cheval; aux : établissements militaires et aux dépôts de remonte de demander au magasin central du service de santé militaire le matériel spécial destiné aux caisses d'instruments de chirurgie et aux can~ tines d'ambulance vétérinaires 39 1" août. Circulaire ministérielle relative à la formation d'une deuxième portion de la classe de 1893. Renvoi anticipé d'une partie des classes de 1891 et de4892. 39 LIBRAIRIE MILITAIRE DE L. BAUDOIN Rue et Passage Dauphine, 30, Paris. Manoeuvres de 1894 Le cavalier au service en campagne. Due méthode d'instruction. Traduil de l'allemand par B..., lieutenant au 10e chasseurs. Paris, 4891, in-42, avec croquis et modèle de rapport 1 fr. 80 Le service en campagne et l'application de la méthode d'instruction dans l'escadron au cours de la période annuelle, suivi d'un appendice sur le service de sûreté et le service d'exploration faits par la cavalerie attachée à une troupe d'infanterie opérant isolément ; par un Officier de cavalerie. Paris, 4889, broch. in-42 1 fr. 28 Indications sommaires sur la bataille. Paris, 4894, in-48.. 28 c. Quelques indications pour le combat; par M. le général Ferron. 8e édition mise à jour avec l'emploi de la poudre sans fumée. Paris, 1892, broch. in-8 avec croquis et plans 1 fr. 80 Le combat et les feux d'infanterie. — De l'offensive; — de la défensive; parle général X... Paris, 4892, broch. iu-8 avec figures. 2 fr. Le combat de nuit dans la guerre de campagne et de siège. Etude historique et tactique, pur le lieutenant-colonel Cardinal de Widdern (avec 48 croquis). Traduit de l'allemand par le capitaine Richert, professeur d'allemand à l'Ecole sup. de guerre. Paris, 4890, 4 vol. in-8. 8 fr. Éclaireurs d'infanterie; par X... (Général Warnet). Paris, 1890, broch. in-8 60 c. Emploi des éclaireurs d'infanterie pour les préliminaires du combat ; par le général "Warnet. Paris, 1893, broeb. in-8. 70 c. Je dois aller en avant-poste avec ma section ; comment l'établir ? par le général Pierron. Paris, 1892, broeb. in-8 30 c. Attaque d'un plateau; par de Gugnac, lieutenant au 423° régiment .d'infanterie. Paris, 4891, broch. in-8 1 fr. Défense d'un plateau; par &. de Gugnac, capitaine au 423° régiment d'infanterie. Paris, 4893, broch. in-8 avec ligures et planches... 1 fr. 80. Tactique française. —Cavalerie au combat ; par le général T. Bonie. Paris, 4887, 4 vol. in-8.... 8 fr. Tactique française. — Cavalerie en campagne ; par le général T Bonie. Paris, 4888,1 vol. in-8 k fr. Le combat de la cavalerie contre l'infanterie ; par un Officier d'infanterie (Extrait du Journal des Sciences-militaires). Paris, 1889, broch. in-8 1 fr. 80 L'artillerie de campagne en liaison avec les autres armés; par le colonel Langlois, professeur à l'licole supérieure de guerre, Toiuo4, 4 fort vol. in-8 avec de nombreuses figures dans le texte et Atlas... 9 fr. — Tome II 7 fr. LIBRAIRIE MIL I TA I RE DE L. B A U D 01 N Hue et Passage Dauphine-, 30, Paris. Manoeuvres de 1894 Paris, — Imprimerie L. BAUDÛIX, 2, rue Christine. La cavalerie et l'artillerie en face de l'armement actuel de l'infanterie. Paris, 4892, broch. in-12. 4 fr. 50 Quelques observations sur le service de l'artillerie en campagne; par C. de L. Paris, 1892, 4 vol. in-8 2 fr. Essai d'un règlement sur l'organisation et le fonctionnemest du Service des arbitres pendant les manoeuvres d'automne d'un corps d'armée ; par E. Koszarski, sbus-lieutenant au 70B régiment d'infanterie. Paris, 1884, 4 vol. in-12....... 2 fr. 75 Tactique des trois armes, exposé des principes pouvant servir de base à la réglementation du service des arbitres, par X... (Extrait du Journal des Sciences militaires). Paris, 4888, broch. in-8 4 fr. Décret du 40 juin 1889 sur la comptabilité .des corps de troupe en campagne, suivi de l'instruction pour l'application dudit décret. ^Paris, 4889, broch. in-8 30 c. Principales dispositions concernant l'alimentation des troupes en campagne, du 14 janvier 4893. Paris, 1894, broch. in-8.... 80 c. Administration intérieure d'une compagnie en station, en route, en campagne. Paris, 4894, 1 vol. in-12 cartonné. 2 fr. Manuel complet de l'officier d'approvisionnement ; par E. "Haricot, lieutenant au 432» régiment d'infanterie.-Pbris, 4894 ,:4'Tol;.m=8 avec 37 planches et figures dans le texte 8 fr. Relié toile 6 fr. Loi du 3 juillet 4877, modifiée et complétée, relative aux réquisitions militaires, suivie des décrets des 2 août 1877 et 9 avril 1878, mis au-courant ainsi que dos instructions sur le recensement et le classement annuel des chevaux, juments, mulets et mules; sur le recensement et le classement .triennal des voilures attelées et sur le logement, le cantonnement, les manoeuvres, etc., etc. Textes officiels annotés. Paris, 4892, 4 vol. in-8 de 220 pages avec modèles 3 fr. Règlement ministériel du 20 novembre 4889 sur l'organisation et le fonctionnement du service des étapes aux armées. Texte annoté avec modèles et planches en coul". Paris, 1889,in-48.1 fr. 20 Instruction du 3 mai 1892 sur l'organisation et le fonctionnement des _ta. tions halte-repas et sur l'alimentation pendant les transports stratégiques. Paris, 1892, broch. iu-8 avec figures GO c. Règlement provisoire du 2 avril 4892 sur l'organisation ot l'emploi duservice vélocipédique dans l'armée. Paris, 4.892, broch. in-8. 20 c. LIBRAIRIE MILITAIRE DE L. BAUDOIN Rue et Passage Dauphine, 30, Paris. Manoeuvres de 1894 Nouvel aide-mémoire de l'officier d'infanterie en campagne ; par. F. Gardin, capitaine au 84= régiment d'infanterie. Paris, 1894, " 1 vol. in-12 avec tableaux et figures, relié toile .... 2 fr. 80 Décret du 26 octobre 1883 portant règlement sur lé service des armées ' en campagne. Paris, 1893/1 YOI. in-48 cartonné. 4 fr. Décret du 11 mai 1894 portant règlement sur le service d'exploration "et de sûreté. (Infanterie, cavalerie, artillerie). Parisr 1894, broch. •in-18 20 c. v. . . .. ■ .. Instruction du 9 mai 1885 sur le service de l'infanterie en campagne, modifiée et complétée jusqu'au 1er niai 1893, suivie du " décret du 11 mai 1894. Paris, 4893, 4 vol. in-48 cartonné.. 78 c. Guide de l'instructeur au service en campagne, par le lieutenant de Cissey. Paris, 1893, 1 vol. in-48... 4 fr. Les petites patrouilles, méthode d'instruction par le capitaine B. 2° édition. Paris, 1890, broch. in-12 avec figures. 40 c, La patrouille d'infanterie ; par von Hellfeld, capitaine dans l'infanterie allemande. (Extrait du Journal des Sciences militaires.) Paris, 1890, broch. in-8 avec croquis 4 fr. 80 Aide-mémoire du sous-officier d'infanterie en campagne et aux manoeuvres ; par le commandant F. Daclon. 3° édit., revue cl mise à jour jusqu'au 4" juillet 4890. Paris, 4890, 1 vol. in-12....... 4 fr. 80 Noti6nspratiques.pour.les.pe.tites.operations.de la guerre, extraites des avant-postes de cavalerie légère du général de BnACK, à Piisagc des cadres inférieurs de l'infanterie, par A. Cordier, lieutenant au 134e régiment d'infanterie. Paris, 1887, broch. in-18. 40 c. Instruction pratique sur le service de la cavalerie en campagne (40 juillet 4884). Nouv. édit., modifiée et mise à jour d'après l'instruction du 29 juin 4892. Paris, 4892, 1 vol. iu-18 cartonné 1 fr. Instruction sur le service de la cavalerie éclairant une armée, approuvée par le Ministre de la guerre le 27 juin 4876. Paris, 4876, broch. in-18 28 c. Étude ' sur le service dé la cavalerie éclairant une armée (Ministère de la guerre, état-major général, 3° bureau). Paris, 1878, broch. in-48. '..20 c. Observations sur l'emploi des troupes de cavalerie appelées à opérer avec des détachements de toutes armes. Paris, 4890, broch. in-18 40 c. Le service des rapports et reconnaissances de l'officier de cavalerie ; par Pelet-Narbonne, colonel du régiment de hussards de Hanovre, n. 48. Ouvrage traduit de l'allemand, avec autorisation de l'auteur, par B..., sous-liculcnant. Paris, 4887, 4 vol. in-12 1 fr. 80 LIBRAIRIE MILITA IRE DEL. B A U DO] N Hue et Passage Dauphine, 30, Paris. JOeRHAt M1MITAIRE 10S« ANNEE.--1894. N» 23 (PUBLICATION HEBDOMADAIRE.) SOMMAIRE. 1894 Pages. 48 juill. Note ministérielle concernant la tenue des ordonnances des.officiers des.officiers deux chevaux, et des conducteurs de.c.aissûns légers de munitionsdans les bataillons de chasseursi alpins............ 87 49 juill.. Décret concernant les sous-ofïloiers des troupes coloniales jouissant jouissant pensions de retraite prévues par lu loi du 18 mars 1889......■...'.......• .'..'.'...'....' .........,.....'.'.... 87 20 juill. Programme du cours supérieur professé dans les écoles d'artillerie, à l'usage des smis-ofïiciers candidats à l'Ecole militaire ["■ dé l'artillerie et du génie (division de l'artillerie).; ..;.;...... 87 ■Idem. Note ministérielle relative au mode d'inscription,sur.les registres, r matricules,' livrets et états de services de la campagne du haut Mékong et du Siam en 4893 .;.... 06 23 juill. Décision ministérielle relative à l'allocation d'une journée de travail au personnel auxiliaire des établissements militaires à l'occasion de la fôte nationale ... ; 66 •24 juill. Note ministérielle abrogeant, pour les régiments de tirailleurs , algériens et les régiments étrangers, les dispositions de là circulaire du 48 février 4 894 relatives à l'enseignement'.de I?es. crime dans les corps de troupe. 67 Idem. Note ministérielle relative à l'administration des officiers retraités ressortissant au département de la marine 67 26 juill. Décision ministérielle autorisant les officiers de réserve et de l'armée territorinle, de l'infanterie et de la cavalerie, affectés à des services spéciaux, qui sont mis à la suite d'un corps de troupe de leur arme, pur application des dispositions du règlement du 23 mars 4894, à conserver lu tenue de leur subdivision d'arme d'origine 08 28 juill. Instruction pour l'emploi du bisulfite de soude comme régénérateur du filtre Ghamberlaud, muni du nettoyeur André 68 4894. '■■■Pages. 31 juill. Note ministérielle relative à la visite des paratoftnèrres des bâtiments militaires ressortissant au service du casernement '' 69 1" août. Note ministérielle relative à l'imputation des dépensés faites pour entretien et renouve lement du mobilier des écuries... ..... 69 Idem. Note ministérielle portant modification à la description de l'uniforme des spahis en date du 29 juin 4888 70 Idem. Noteministérieire relative aux officiers retraités maintenus dajàsles dajàsles detroupedetouteS armes et dans le servioe'du recrufe [:' fi temeiit.....».-..........;... ."••-.v".. ;'i.-.■;ï.-.:t.u.-i:. '■■* '74i S août. Décision présidentiello fixant l'indemnité pour frais de bureau à attribuer au commandant d'armes de la place de Longwy..-....71; Idem. Décision présidentielle portant fixation de l'indemnité pour frais de service à attribuer au général commandant la 49» division d'infanterie, à-Nice...........:,.». ...7. ■.:.>.--......... .i...... 71 3 août. Franco, 70 c. Librairie militaire de 1. EAIDOIN, Rue et Passige Dauphine, 30, à Paris. DES Par J. VIAL COLONEL D'ETAT-MAJOR EN RETRAITE ANCIEN PROFESSEUR D„RT ET D'HISTOIRE MILITAIRES A L'ÉCOLE D'APPLICATION D'ÉTAT-MAJOR e^& mise à joiir t PAR SON FILS C VIÀlL, CAPITAINE D'ARTILLERIE 5e EDITION Paris, 1894, L. Baudoin j 2 vol. in-8° avec atlas de 51 planches. .. 13 fr LIBRAIRIE MILITAIRE DE L. BAUDOIN Rue et Passage Dauphine, 30, Paris. JDUKRÂL MILITAIRE 10S« ANNEE— 1894. N» 24. (PUBLICATION HEBDOMADAIRE.) SOMMAIRE. ■4894. Pages. 2 août. Décision présidentielle rendant applicables aux régiments régionaux d'infanterie stationnés dans la 44" région les dispositions de l'article 424, alinéa 2°, du décret du 29 mai 4890, relatives à la régularisation des perceptions d'avoine 476 f-'k août. Note ministérielle relative au mode d'imputation, à partir du 4er avril 1894, de la solde et autres allocations acquises, pendant les traversées de retour en France, aux militaires de la marine servant aux colonies ..! ..;,..,............. i.*.;. 476 8 août. Note ministérielle réglant la manière d'établir lBs différents comptes de la masse d'habillement et d'entretien et portant ^~ modifications : 1° à l'instruction du 16 novembre 4887-18 mars 1889 et à certains modèles annexes aux décrets et instructions de mêmes dates; 2° à des annexes et modèles joints au décret du 44 janvier 1889 93 8 août. Circulaire ministérielle au sujet de la proportion des lieutenants de l'armée territoriale dans l'artillerie, le génie et le train des équipages militaires .'. 176 9 août. Note ministérielle relative à la tenue du feuillet du personnel des chefs de corps ou de service de l'armée territoriale 477 40 août. Note ministérielle portant modification à l'équipement des troupes d'Afrique......:........;.... -..-..-...• 178 Idem. Note ministérielle portant modification au § 8° (théories, règlements, placards, etc.) de l'instruction du 22 décembre 1.887 pour . l'application du décret du 27 novembre de là même année relatif à la création d'une masse des écoles dans les corps de troupe. 180 44 août. Circulaire ministérielle relative à l'adoption du crampon a vis pour la ferrure à glace des chevaux et mulets des corps de troupe d'infanterie 180 1894, .;■ .:■;':: 'Pages. 11 août. Note ministérielle définissant le rôle des conseils d'administration des régiments du génie de l'armée active à l'égard des unités territoriales rattachées à ces régiments... ,....'.. 484 14 août. Circulaire ministérielle indiquant les dispositions à prendre en ce qui concerne le service de l'habillement pour le renvoi dans leurs foyers des hommes qui seront libérés en 4894 184 47 août. Note ministérielle relative aux indemnités à allouer, en cas de mobilisation, aux membres des commissions départementales i d'évaluation des réquisitions 487. 48 août. Note ministérielle,portant description de la pèlerine à capuchon des élèves de l'École polytechnique 487 27 août. Circulaire ministérielle relative au renvoi dans leurs foyers des hommes à libérer en 4894..; : V......488 LIBRAIRIE MILITAIRE DE L. BAUDOIN Rue et Passage Dauphine, 30, Paris. RÈGLEMENTS RUSSES PMSGMPTIONS SPÉCIALES ; ' POUR ■ . ,. : : LES lAKCM Ef Ë €«BAT* ■ ■■.:j_>;3_fl ,.IS[ XJTX.T PROJET Traduit par Lucien ME "VER LIEUTENANT AO 6" BAUDOIN, %, rue Christine. LIBRAIRIE MILITAIRE DE L BAUDOIN Rue et Passage Dauphine, 30, Paris. L'UNITÉ DE BATAILLE DANS L'OFFENSIVE TACflfOE PAR ■:.:■■;.-• Paris, 189*, L. Baudoin. 1 vol. in-8° avec 2 croquis. 2 fr. LA CONCEPTION DE LA VICTOIRE CHEZ LES GRANDS GÉNÉRAUX PAR Cl. DERVIEU CAPITAINE BREVETÉ AU 3e REGIMENT D'iNFANTHRtB Paris, 1894, L. Baudoin, i vol. in-8». ...... 2 fr. 50 Librairie militaire de L. BAUDOIN, Rne et ioe, 30, à Paris. ELON LA CHARTE ET D APRES L'EXPÉRIENCE DES DERNIÈRES GUERRES (1792"1815) PAR LE COMTE !IOJKAII>, LIEUTEIVÎT-1_ÉIÉRAL tlBR/lIRIÊ MILITAIRE DE L. BAUDOIN Rue et Passage Dauphine, 30, Paris. IOÏIML MIMT AI1I :f €»f AIWEE» — iSm., Mo 25, (PUBLICATION HBBDOMApAJRE.) SOMMAIRE. ■_. 18,94. e . '.-Pages. 3: févr. Rapport au Ministre de la guerre sur la refonte de.l'instruction du 8 mars 4823, pour l'exécution des dispositions du Gode civil et de divers décrets et ordonnances applicables aux militaires de toutes armes ••••• •••;••••• ^1 $2 juill. Instruction pour l'exécution des dispositions du Gode civil, et de . divers décrets et ordonnances applicables aux militaires de.„Z" toutes armes 205 LIBRAIRIE MILITAIRE DE L. BAUDOIN Rue et Passage Dauphine, 30, Paris. nÔLB DES DIVISIONS DICAYALIRIB AlLIttlI Du 8 août au 1er septembre 1870 PAU UN OFFICIER DE CAVALERIE Paris, 1894, L. Baudoin. Broch. in-8°, franco. 1 fr. 25 Après la chute de Napoléon, quand on demanda aux chefs de l'armée prussienne les causes de la décadence et de la faiblesse de leur cavalerie, sur les champs de bataille d'Iéna et. d'Auerstsedt, ceux-ci, et Blucher le premier, reconnurent que, de tous les principes qui font sa force, elle avait omis le plus essentiel ; celui de l'action en masses indépendantes. Ils proclamèrent la nécessité urgente de rétablir l'organisation permanente des grands ..corps de cavalerie. Il fallut donc créer de toutes pièces. On sait [quelle patience, quelle énergie les monarques de la Prusse ont mises à la reconstruction de cet édifice militaire dont le travaille poursuit encore de nos jours. Le rôle des divisions de cavalerie allemande, leurs dispositions, ont été le thème des études qui ont marqué le relèvement de cette arme. Ils ont servi de bases à l'élaboration des systèmes d'exploration préconisés jusqu'alors. L'auteur de cette brochure, au lieu de suivre au jour le jour le détail des opérations de chacune de ces divisions, a pensé, tout d'abord, qu'il serait peut-être moins aride de. chercher à relever, dans leur ensemble, quelques-uns des traits les plus saillants sur lesquels se sont orientés les efforts de ceux qui ont formulé les grands principes de l'exploration. C'est à ce point de vue qu'il étudie la période du 8 août au 1er septembre 1870. LIBRAIRIE MILITAIRE DE L. BAUDOIN Rue et Passage Dauphine, 30, Paris. APPÀBIL DE BÉPlïMTM PRATIftHE DES... EFFETS DES FEUX D'INFANTERIE SUR LES TERRAINS INCLINÉS PAR le Général MILLE Paris, 1894-, L. Baudoin. Broch. in-8° avec 18 figurps. 75 c. Les effets des feux d'infanterie sur les terrains inclinés ont été étudiés théoriquement dans un grand nombre d'ouvrages remarquables :> Le Combat et les feux d'infanterie, par M. le général Philebert ; De la Rasance des fusils de petit calibre, par le colonel Paquié; Attaque et défense d'un plateau, par le capitaine de Gugnac. Tout dernièrement M. le général Warnet, dans une brochure intiulée Feuoo d'infanterie, a résumé d'une façon très heureuse le double problème à résoudre par chacun des partis en présence : 1° Déterminer les distances-limites entre lesquelles l'agresseur et le défenseur doivent placer les fractions^; pour obtenir le plus grand effet utile. 2° Étudier le terrain sur lequel se présente l'adversaire afin de déterminer en conséquence les terrains battus, les terrains rasés et les terrains défilés. Mais ces faits, prouvés par le calcul et les expériences de l'Ecole normale de tir, ne sont pas suffisamment rendus palpables pour un grand nombre de gradés que. rebute l'aridité des démonstrations mathématiques. Ce sont ces considérations qui ont amené l'auteur à faire construire un appareil très simple permettant de résoudre pratiquement toutes les questions du tir, et dont il donne en quelques pages la description complète et l'emploi sur différents terrains. Librairie militaire de L. BAUDOIN, Rue et Passage Daophine, 30, à Paris. ADMINISTRATION INTERIEURE D'UNE COMPAGNIE En Station — En Route — En Campagne Paris, 1894. In-12 de près de 200 pages, cartonné. 2 fr.; — franco, 2 fr. 20 JP«r demandes collective» d'au moins ÊO exemplaires, franco. 1 fr. 50 NOUVEL AIDE-MEMOIRE DE L'OFFICIER D'INFANTERIE EN CAMPAGNE Par F. GARD IN CAPITAINE AU Me RÉGIMENT D'INFANTERIE Paris, 1894, L. Baudoin, 1 vol. in-12 avec tableaux et figures, relié toile, ranco : LIBRAIRIE MILITAIRE DE L. BAUDOIN Rue et Passage Dauphine, 30, Paris. DU RÔLE DES FORÊTS ES TEMPS DE GUERRE PAR Lf. BRETOIV, GARDE GÉNÉRAI, DES FORÊTS Paris, 1894, L. Baudoin. 1 vol. in-8° avec figures. 4 fr. ; — franco, i fr. 20 REGLEMENTS RUSSES PRESCRIPTIONS SPÉCIALES POUR LES MARCHES ET LE COMBAT r> E NUIT PROJET Traduit par Lucien MBYER LIEUTENANT AU 6° BATAILLON D'ARTILLERIE A PIED Paris, 1894, L. Baudoin. Broch. in-18 • -i7S c. L'UNITÉ DE BATAILLE DANS L'OFFENSIVE TACTIQUE * EN * Paris, 1894. L. Baudoin, l vol. in-8° avec 2 croquis. 2 IV. LIBRAIRIE MILITAIRE DE L. BAUDOIN Rue et Passage Dauphine, 80, Paris. APERÇU SUR LE FEU ET LES PBOfiÉDIS 1 l'IIASïlII AU HIBAÏ PAR ' le Général LIBBRMAIVRI Paris, 1894, L. Baudoin. Broch. in-8° avec 7 figures. 1 fr. 2b Franco, 1 fr. 35. Tout progrès effectué dans l'armement détermine une tendance naturelle à modifier la tactique, par la constatation des effets plus puissants de l'arme nouvelle et des situations différentes qu'elle est appelée à créer sur le champ de bataille. Les changements introduits, en conséquence, tant en France qu'à l'étranger, dans la manière de combattre, n'ont cependant pas toujours atteint le but cherché. Aussi doit-on se demander si, dans leur élaboration, on a envisagé tous les éléments matériels et moraux avec lesquels il est indispensable de compter pour constituer la physionomie aussi exacte que possible de la lutte moderne et en déduire les meilleurs procédés à employer. L'examen approfondi de ces éléments s'impose avec plus de force que par le passé, en présence d'un arme' ment perfectionné et de la poudre sans fumée. Des expériences nombreuses faites sur les champs de tir et pendant les manoeuvres d'automne, sous les yeux des chefs les plus éminents de l'armée ; une sorte d'enquête à laquelle ont pris part un grand nombre d'officiers, sinon leur universalité; des travaux remarquables et des calculs savants dus à des publicistes militaires distingués ; des articles nombreux insérés dans des recueils spéciaux constituent un faisceau de documents bien cai, ables d'élucider la question et de concourir à la formation d'un corps de doctrine assis sur les bases les plus larges et sur les données les plus sérieuses. Mais dans un domaine qui reste spéculatif tant que LIBRAIRIE MILITAIRE DE L. BAUDOIN Rue et Passage Dauphine, 30, Paris. les conceptions émises, et les dispositions qui les traduisent n'ont pas subi l'expérimentation et la sanction du champ de bataille, toutes les idées, spécialement celles suggérées par l'observation et l'expérience de faits de guerre, ont leur utilité et, à ce titre, les quelques réflexions qui vont suivre peuvent apporter "leur part contributive à la solution cherchée. Les éléments moraux de la lutte entre adversaires munis de moyens similaires restant à peu près les mêmes à toutes les époques, les considérations que cette étude présentera pourraient, au moins en partie, s'appliquer à un passé plus lointain, dans une bien moindre mesure cependant, en raison du rapprochement beaucoup plus considérable des combattants d'alors, par le fait de l'imperfection de leurs armes et par là même des conditions différentes dans lesquelles ils se trouvaient. Cette étude rétrospective serait néanmoins d'un grand intérêt, mais elle nécessiterait des recherches minutieuses et partant trop longues pour une question d'actualité qu'il y a urgence à résoudre rapidement et à la solution de laquelle elle ne pourrait contribuer que faiblement, au moins d'une façon directe. Ainsi, encore sous le premier empire, on ne comptait guère sur une efficacité réelle des feux, dans les. meilleures conditions, qu'à une distance maximum de 30 à 40 mètres : les troupes bien dressées ne commençaient leur tir qu'à quinze ou vingt pas, de sorte que le choc se confondait pour ainsi dire avec la préparation. De là les colonnes profondes, telles que celles de Macdonald à Wagram, et l'influence si considérable de la cavalerie qui devenait irrésistible parfois, notamment en cas de pluie persistante, sur un terrain favorable à. son action. Dans le travail du général Libermann, le combat n'est envisagé que depuis l'apparition du fusil se chargeant par la culasse, et par conséquent se présente avec les modifications profondes qu'entraîne ce nouvel état de choses, non moins que la transformation générale et complète de l'armement moderne. Tel a été l'objectif des études approfondies auxquelles s'est livré l'auteur, et qui témoignent plus qu'on ne saurait le dire de sa haute compétence. LIBRAIRIE MILITAIRE DE L. BAUDOIN Ruei.,et Passage Dauphine, 30, Paris. ■' • » ; "', ' , ' ' . ■ -.., iDE iDE s.DEGr_O.IN;■■. L. A.,; OHARTE j ,.:.■, ;•• ET D'APRÈS ,..'.'..,' L'EXPÉRIENCE DES pRNl|RES: GUERRES ,7^" (1793-1815) r ..'. . .-.''.:'. '..•■." 'PAR '; ■ . ., '. , ' .': .-, ' Lie Comté MÔRA.ND, LIEUTENANT-GÉNÉRAL ■..,.-. Paris, 1894', L. Baudoin. 1 vol; in-8" avec figurés. ". i'.' .' . . ■ 6 fr. MÉMOIRES IWiLITAIRES DU Baron SERIIZIER ■';■'-.-'-/'V î-GOLONE^D'ARTILtERTE LÉGÈRE. (i369;-*828-)U y — '..';.;. "•.. ,"',.'. V V;' r ' ; Mis en ordre et rédigés par soiiami '■-';' 77. ■' LE, MIËRË DE CORVEY, OFFIGIER:;SU.riÉuiBy& ;.' "'[■/.,', . Bèimjp-efiBion. to_tu..élle iirùs^rée. ' Paris, L. Baudoin. 1 beau vol. in-8° avec 12-figures et'portrait. <3 frt ;/;,-::,..: ;.,;^ . .. ■' , ' ' FrOnÇO, 6'fr. . '60" .^T /; <"7 ^ ]-. 7; 7 ' '';' :7 C'AKflrè*-A.-C2ÎSf.___:'■ 7 " .' ' ' .'. ' '.". . ' DU .. " DU MA RE CHAI, SOULT DANS , . LES PYRÉNÉES OCCIDENTALES : : i EN 1813-1814 D'APRÈS LES ARCHIVES FRANÇAISES, ANGLAISES ET ESPAGNOLES PAR : EN 1813-1814 : 6'APRÈS LES ARCHIVES FRANÇAISES, ANGLAISES ET ESPAGNOLES PAR 7 : ■■' le Commandant CLERC du 49° d'inïanterie Paris,1893. i fort vol. in-8° avec 2 cartes. 9-ftv;. — franco, 9 fr. 88 Paris, — Imprimerie L. BAUDOIK, 2, rue Christine. LIBRAIRIE MILITAIRE DE L. BAUDOIN Rue et Passage Dauphine, 30, Paris. J0éRNAL MILITAIRE 10S* ANIMEE.—1894. N» 26. (PUBLICATION HEBDOMADAIRE.) SOMMAIRE. 4894. Pages. | 48,015 |
https://github.com/meanmail/intellij-community/blob/master/platform/util/testSrc/com/intellij/util/PathUtilTest.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,019 | intellij-community | meanmail | Java | Code | 154 | 984 | // Copyright 2000-2019 JetBrains s.r.o. Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package com.intellij.util;
import com.intellij.openapi.vfs.CharsetToolkit;
import com.intellij.util.PathUtilRt.Platform;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.nio.charset.Charset;
import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
public class PathUtilTest {
@Test
public void fileName() {
assertThat(PathUtilRt.getFileName("foo.html")).isSameAs("foo.html");
assertThat(PathUtilRt.getFileName("/bar/foo.html")).isEqualTo("foo.html");
assertThat(PathUtilRt.getFileName("bar/foo.html")).isEqualTo("foo.html");
assertThat(PathUtilRt.getFileName("bar/foo.html/")).isEqualTo("foo.html");
}
@Test
public void fileExt() {
assertThat(PathUtilRt.getFileExtension("foo.html")).isEqualTo("html");
assertThat(PathUtilRt.getFileExtension("foo.html/")).isEqualTo("html");
assertThat(PathUtilRt.getFileExtension("/foo.html/")).isEqualTo("html");
assertThat(PathUtilRt.getFileExtension("/bar/foo.html/")).isEqualTo("html");
assertThat(PathUtilRt.getFileExtension("")).isNull();
assertThat(PathUtilRt.getFileExtension("foo")).isNull();
assertThat(PathUtilRt.getFileExtension("foo.or.bar/bar")).isNull();
assertThat(PathUtilRt.getFileExtension("foo.")).isEmpty();
}
@Test
public void fileNameValidityBasics() {
assertFalse(PathUtilRt.isValidFileName("", false));
assertFalse(PathUtilRt.isValidFileName(".", false));
assertFalse(PathUtilRt.isValidFileName("..", false));
assertFalse(PathUtilRt.isValidFileName("a/b", false));
assertFalse(PathUtilRt.isValidFileName("a\\b", false));
}
@Test
public void fileNameValidityPlatform() {
assertFalse(PathUtilRt.isValidFileName("a:b", true));
assertTrue(PathUtilRt.isValidFileName("a:b", Platform.UNIX, false, null));
assertFalse(PathUtilRt.isValidFileName("a:b", Platform.WINDOWS, false, null));
}
@Test
@SuppressWarnings("SpellCheckingInspection")
public void fileNameValidityCharset() {
Charset cp1251 = Charset.forName("Cp1251");
assertTrue(PathUtilRt.isValidFileName("имя файла", Platform.UNIX, false, cp1251));
assertFalse(PathUtilRt.isValidFileName("název souboru", Platform.UNIX, false, cp1251));
Charset cp1252 = Charset.forName("Cp1252");
assertFalse(PathUtilRt.isValidFileName("имя файла", Platform.UNIX, false, cp1252));
assertTrue(PathUtilRt.isValidFileName("název souboru", Platform.UNIX, false, cp1252));
assertTrue(PathUtilRt.isValidFileName("имя файла", Platform.UNIX, false, CharsetToolkit.UTF8_CHARSET));
assertTrue(PathUtilRt.isValidFileName("název souboru", Platform.UNIX, false, CharsetToolkit.UTF8_CHARSET));
assertTrue(PathUtilRt.isValidFileName("文件名", Platform.UNIX, false, CharsetToolkit.UTF8_CHARSET));
}
} | 35,464 |
https://github.com/canliture/SEAL/blob/master/Tests/TestPrograms/TestSystemCoreCalls/TestSystemCoreCalls.cs | Github Open Source | Open Source | MS-PL | 2,016 | SEAL | canliture | C# | Code | 43 | 136 | using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
namespace TestSystemCoreCalls
{
public class TestSystemCoreCalls
{
String f = "Hello";
public void foo(HashSet<String> paramSet)
{
HashSet<TestSystemCoreCalls> hs = new HashSet<TestSystemCoreCalls>();
hs.Add(this);
foreach (var elem in hs)
{
elem.f = "Hi";
}
}
}
}
| 16,357 |
https://github.com/AlexRogalskiy/DevArtifacts/blob/master/control-master/control211/sass/style.scss | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,019 | DevArtifacts | AlexRogalskiy | SCSS | Code | 119 | 516 | @import url(https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:300);
$highlight: #ff5500;
$background: #222;
$text: #fff8d6;
body {
background: linear-gradient(to bottom, $background 0%,lighten($background,5%) 50%,$background 100%);
padding:0;
margin:0;
height:100vh;
width:100vw;
color:$text;
font-family: 'Lato', sans-serif;
line-height:200%;
font-size:24px;
display:flex;
align-items:center;
justify-content: center;
flex-direction:column;
}
blockquote {
width:50%;
max-width:1000px;
}
input {
background:$highlight;
border: solid 1px mix($highlight, $text, 50%);
padding:10px;
font-family: 'Lato', sans-serif;
color: $text;
font-size:32px;
width:40%;
max-width:800px;
&:focus {
outline: solid 1px $text;
}
&::-webkit-input-placeholder {
color: mix($highlight, $text, 60%);
}
&:-moz-placeholder { /* Firefox 18- */
color: mix($highlight, $text, 60%);
}
&::-moz-placeholder { /* Firefox 19+ */
color: mix($highlight, $text, 60%);
}
&:-ms-input-placeholder {
color: mix($highlight, $text, 60%);
}
}
span {
background: linear-gradient(to bottom, transparentize($highlight, 1) 0%,transparentize($highlight, 1) 45%, $highlight 45%, $highlight 75%,transparentize($highlight, 1) 75%,transparentize($highlight, 1) 100%);
} | 48,679 |
sn86076366_1909-07-09_1_4_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | None | None | English | Spoken | 3,175 | 4,515 | Bow To Make Miscbiel Keep your eyes on your neighbors. Take care of them. Do not let them stir without watching. They may do something wrong if you do. To be sure you never know them to do anything had, but it may be on your account that they have not. Perhaps if it had not been for your kind care they might have disgraced themselves a long time ago. Therefore do not relax any effort to keep them where they ought to be. Never mind your own business that will take care of itself. There is a man passing along? He is looking over the fence, be suspicious of him; perhaps he contemplates stealing, some of these dark nights; there is no knowing what queer fancies he may have got into his head. If you find any symptoms of anyone (Kissing out of the path of duty, tell everyone else what you see, and he particular to see a great many. It is a good way to circulate such things. It may not benefit yourself or anyone else particularly. Do keep something going silence is a dreadful thing; though it is said there was silence in heaven for the space of half an hour, do not let such a thing occur on earth; it would be too much for this mundane sphere. If, after all your watchful care, you cannot see that they have done anything, throw out hints that they are no better than they should be, that you should not wonder if the people found out what they were after a while, then they may not carry their heads so high. Keep it going, and someone may take the hint and begin and help it along after a while? Then there will be music, and everything will work like a charm. Follow the above directions and you will be pretty sure to make plenty of mischief? News-Miner. The Drinkless Drink Maxim's noiseless gun has been outdone. The drinkless drink is now on the market in the shape of an evaporated drink of whiskey made into a paste. This latest thirst quencher struck Baltimore several days ago in the sample cases of a whiskey salesman. Efforts are being made to induce the whiskey firms there to order them for the trade in Georgia and other dry states where the Ordinary drink is barred by law. The tabloid drink looks like cherry gelatin nestling in a salve box. It smells a little like old rye. It can either be chewed or drunk. It is guaranteed to reach the right spot and produce the desired effect either way. To take it dry, one has only to turn the box upside down and catch the gelatin as it drops out. If a wet drink is desired, the gelatin can be easily dissolved into a little water and makes a man's sign drit? The tabloid is going to be on the whiskey traffic, cannot be ignored, instead. Between acts, the thirsty one can chew a tabloid and have all the effects without leaving his seat. The inabilities are too numerous to mention. Clever Crabs. The tree stem or the south, as it stands, is akin to the hermit crab, but it is larger and has its peculiar flavor. The sheathed in a shell, it is also known as the palm crab, because the bark, which it nips, always takes care to choose a palm tree with plenty of stones at the root, so that the tree will be blotted. When the natives see that a branch is in a tree, they tie a ruff of grass around the trunk. When the crab comes down again, he is upset by the grass and rails heavily to the ground, where he lies stunned. He is then killed with a stone ax, his nippers are tied together and he is slung upon a spear to be carried to camp. The South Sea Islanders roast the palm cab between two hot dishes. A kindly misfortune. A young man who works in a Denver bank endorsed a check for $100 for a friend about two months ago. Later, the check came back, protested, and the bank employee had to make the amount good. He was very much broken up over the matter. "Well," he said to his wife, "I have to make up that $100. I won't smoke another cigar until the amount I would have spent for tobacco could be the amount I have lost in this transaction. He cut smoking out entirely. The other day, the father of his friend..." Mid back the $100. Now? A. I'm going to bank employee and his wife are happy. He has the $100, he's ahead about $50 on cigar money, and he has no desire to use tobacco anymore? Denver Post. India Marlape Lottery, Every year in the Kumal country. In India, a marriage lottery is held, usually in October. The names of all the marriageable girls and of young men desirous of matrimony are written on slips of paper and thrown into earthen pots. One of each kind is drawn out at a time by a wise man. The youth, where name is drawn out, obtains a letter of introduction to the young woman whose name accompanies his, and then all that remains for him to do is to start his love making at once. The majority of these for trivial courtships turn out admirably in every way. A Vital Point The most delicate part of a baby is its bowels. Every child suffers with the sick, the bowels so cold, the liver is so clogged, the life of the infant is relieved by Elixir, curing diarrhea, dysentery, and all derangement of the stomach or bowels. Sold by Elko Drug Co., Too Good To Be Well The accident bell at the door of the hospital clangs, and the next moment an agitated parent is seen running down the passage with a child tucked under the arm, its bare legs streaming behind it in the wind of its mother's rapidity. "What's the matter, miss?" Has she swallowed some poison? "No, sir; it ain't that," she pants, "but I'll that scared I don't know anybody which way to turn." "Well, but what's happened? Has she hurt herself? "No, sir, and her father's that upset he couldn't do nothing else I ain't used to running like that, and he'd have brought her up, but he says as how he doesn't touch her." and I've run all the way, and me heart? Come, now, missus, just tell me quietly what's the matter with the child." The patient, a pretty little thing of four, looks inquiringly at her alarmed parent. There seems to be little the matter with her. "It's all very well yet sitting there and a-telling of me to be quiet," cries the mother. "If your dear children of your own, you wouldn't like to see them die before your eyes. Oh, dear; oh, dear, and there isn't only two more and the baby!" The doctor in despair examines the little girl, but fails to discover anything wrong. "Now, look here," says he firmly, "I can't find anything the matter with your child, so you'll have to go away unless you tell me why you brought her up to the hospital." "Well, doctor, we were all having our tea a minute ago as it might be, and her father was eating a nice bit of tripe as was over from dinner when Susy, this one I have with me, says as how she loved (to do and was going to leave when she died. What!" in tones of horror. "Ain't you going to give her no medicine?" Cornhill Magazine. Suprrslitions of Matrimony Unlucky days for weddings are: January 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 11. 10, 21; July 1, 3, 12. 10.21; August 2. 11, 15, 20, 30; September 1. 10, 15, 15, 28; October 1. 8, 15, 27, 20; November 5. 11. 22. 25; December 1. 5. 10, 10, 21. It is most fortunate to be married upon the bridegroom's birthday. The day of the week one is born on is regarded as a fortunate wedding day for a man, but the reverse for a woman. Regarding the dress of the bride, she must have three things, a ring on her finger, a brooch on her heart, signifying maidenly innocence, a garland on her head, signifying the gladness and dignity of wedlock. The pins used about the wedding toilet should all be thrown away; if the bridesmaids keep them they "will not be married before Whitsuntide." A bride should always wear something old and something new. Something borrowed and something blue. And sometimes the following line is added to the couplet: And a four-leaf clover put in her shoe. Left His Eyes Behind. "Carefully hide eyes on dressing table. Destroy all evidence. Burn this message." When this telegram was received at the Turin post-office foul play was suspected, and detectives at once set to work to solve the mystery. Their investigations showed that the sender of the telegram was a man who had lost an eye, which had been replaced by an artificial one. He is engaged to be married, and so far has succeeded in hiding his infirmity from his future bride. A few days ago he stayed at the house of his prospective mother-in-law, and left two reserve glass eyes lying on the dressing table. He remembered the eyes after leaving, and also the fact that his fiance intended to visit her brother shortly. Embarrassing. A rather pompous looking man. deacon In In certain city church was asked to take charge of a class of boys during the absence of the regular teacher. While endeavoring to impress upon their young minds the importance of living a Christian life, the following question was propounded: "Why do people call me a Christian, children?" the worthy dignitary asked, standing very end and smiling down upon them. "Let us know they don't know you," was the ready answer of a bright-faced little boy, responding to the ingratiating smile with one very pritty guileless and winning. "Applause," said the young man, "I think they don't know you." A Peculiar War In the first or second, many produce a very serious sprain. A sprain is more painful than a break. In all quins, elite, lung and scalds, Miller's Snow Liniment in the best thing to use. Relieves the pain instantly, reduces swelling, is a perfect relief and heals rapidly. Price $1.00 and $2.00. Sold by Elko Drug Co. Children Set to Destroy Moths. In the rural districts of Saxony, hundreds were given a free day from school last summer so that they might gather moths of a species do not thrive to trees, for which they were given a couple of cents for every 100 caught. Business Locals. Furnished rooms to rent. Inquire at this office. For Rent? Three four-room cottages. Inquire of Mrs. L. L. Bradley. New line of Ladies shirt waists! Dutch collar at Engler Co's. Just received a shipment of Florsheim shoes for men at Engler Co's. New line of men's spring suits and Fancy Vests for the Fourth of July at Engler Co's. Wagon umbrellas just received at C. A. Harrington's. Inst the thing for this hot weather. For Sale? A latest improved Smith Premier Typewriter almost new. Inquire at the Henderson Bank. Save those natural teeth, thereby retain your facial expression. Dr. Gilliland, the dentist. Office over the Drug Store. From this date until July 10th, Mrs. Curienx will sell her line of stock and pattern hats at a reduction of one-third from the present price. This is an opportunity to secure bargains. For Sale? A five-room house completely furnished. All necessary outbuildings and a well of good water on the premises. Price reasonable. For further particulars inquire at this office. Milk! Milk! From May 1, 1910, I will furnish milk as follows: One quart per day for one month, $2.10; 1 gallon per day for one month, one gallon per day for one month, $7.50; from five gallons up per day, 20 cents a gallon. EUCKNER L. CURIANI. Teacher's Examination The regular semi-annual examination of applicants for teachers' certificates will be held in Elko at the high school building on July 13, 14th and 14th. The examination will begin at 8 a.m. each morning. Dr. E. Anderson, Deputy Sup't of Public Instruction. Elko Drug Company Dealers in Pure Drugs, Chemicals, Patent Medicines. In the realm of articles, Perfumery, Liquors, and Cigars. Orders by Mail Given Prompt Attention. Prescriptions Carefully Compounded From The Purest Drugs. Fine Line of Stationery, Allegretti Famous Chocolate Creams, Pure Stick Candy. A. L. MAUK THE SHOE MAN Men's, Women's, and Children's Dress Shoes WARNING All persons are hereby warned not to fish, hunt, or trespass upon either of my ranches, above and below Carlin, under penalty of prosecution to the limit. THOS. O'FARIN, Carlin, Nevada, May 1, 1911 For that, new summer suit SEE COMMERCIAL TAILORS THE HOUSE OF CLASSY WORKMANSHIP We clean everything you wear and guarantee the work Oval Top Buttons made to order E. DOTTA Wholesale and Retail Dealer In LUMBER Doors, Windows, Blinds, Shingles, Mouldings, Pickets, Lumber, Plaster, Cement, Plaster River St., Bet. 3rd and 4th ELKO - NEVADA New Plumbing Co. Smokeless and Steam Heating H. V. KELLER, Mgr. Phone The Dray Co PURE ICE For Family Use, Taken From the River Two Miles Above Elko. Delivered anywhere in Town for ONE CENT Per Pound PHONE 102 Elko Mercantile Company, Inc. Dotta Bldg. Elko THE D McElroy Co. REAL ESTATE AGENTS Elko - Nevada Coal, Doors, Building Paper, Terra Cotta Flues, Lime, Sash Blinds, etc., etc. Elko Lumber Company LUMBER All Orders Receive Prompt Attention Elko - - Nevada Professional Cards DR. J. R. EBY Physician and Surgeon; Office Over Drug Store ELKO - - - NEVADA E. T. L. TABER Attorney and Counselor at Law Office, Farrington Building ELKO - - - NEVADA DRS. HOOD & WEST Physicians and Surgeons ELKO - - - NEVADA DR. MABEL K. YOUNG D. D. S. Office, Carville Building ELKO NEVADA H. BERRY Assayer TENABO - - - NEVADA FREDERICK DAVIS Civil Engineer United States Deputy Mineral Surveyor Elko - - - Nevada! OTTO T. WILLIAMS Attorney-at-Law Office. Dotta Bldg. Front St. Upstairs ELKO - - - NEVADA! CHAS. B. HENDERSON Attorney-at-Law ELKO - - - NEVADA Henderson Banking Company ( Incorporated) Established 1880. John Kleinertz, President I. O. Kleinertz, Vice President I. O. Kleinertz, Cashier D. K. Davenport, Assistant Cashier DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN EXCHANGE Interest paid on foreign and Savings deposits at the rate of four percent. CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED. ELKO - - - NEVADA THE First National Bank Elko, Nevada Capital $100,000.00 UNITED STATES DEPOSITORY GENERAL BANKING BUSINESS RANCH FOR SALE; SITUATED AT ALPHA 30 miles north of Eureka on the E. & P. Ry., Eureka Co., Nevada. One acre patented. Land. In acres of contract land (most improved and in hay). Good range for horses, cattle and sheep, 100 head of good cattle; 100 head of which are cows and heifers broken to milk, 100 head of horses and some wild range horses. Auto Fedal hay press. Machinery and wagons. Corrals. Barn and Furnished House. 100 Fruit trees set out this spring. Chickens, turkeys and pigs. Water rights good. Pleasant place to live. Reason for selling is lack of school. For further particulars address A. W. Clayton, Alpha via. Palisade, Eureka Co., Nevada. For Sale Completely furnished, live-room dwelling, with bath, pantry, closets and outbuildings. Sanitary plumbing; hot and cold water; electric lighted. Every thing new. Also completely furnished and equipped home of six rooms, with bathroom, trunk-room, pantry, closets, laundry and outbuildings. Complete sanitary plumbing; electric lighted throughout; cemented cellar and walks, screened in porches. Three lots with lawn, garden, and poultry yard and sheds. One of the most comfortable and convenient homes in Elko. For terms and further particulars, address C. F. Hickery, Elko, Nevada. P?OE CIAJtM A PURELY VEGETABLE COMPOUND, /Tinrn biliousness, constipation, DYSPEPSIA, MALARIA, CHILLS, and ALL LUNG COMPLAINTS. A GUARANTEED CURE for all discuses caused by a TORPID LIVER. One bottle purchased today may you be a serious sick or sick. SMALL DOSE, LARGS LOTION. GET THE GENUINE. SOP- 'Ji.1, AkO 'ji I '' 1 j? iiViENT CO., SOP- "'?'.'Jr.-fiirxcij ST. LOUIS, MO. i? r~ %? Mondod L?^ r Sj 1 ? ELKO DRUG CO. DUNSCOMB TOWNSITE "DO IT NOW" INVEST IN LOTS IN THE TOWN NEAR THE MINES In the Hold Circle District. Beautiful spring water, nice level ground, an abundance of fuel close at hand, and many other advantages that are lacking in so many other Nevada mining camps. Real Estate is nearly always a good investment, especially in those mining camps that MAKE GOOD, and is sold by the Cleveland Circle has two mills running on high-grade ores night and day, it is not in the prospective stage any longer, but is a real live mining camp, and NOW IS THE TIME to invest in lots in DUNSCOMB For information address the Cunscomb Towsite Co. MABEL K. YOUNG, Manager. Dunscomb, i Midas, p. o.? Nevada B TT Me INDEPENDENT Daily and Weekly The Best and Most Reliable Advertising Medium in Eastern Nevada Book and Job Printing Best Equipped Job Printing Plant in Elko County INDEPENDENT Daily and Weekly Prints Facts Established 1869 Bids for School Building Healed proposals endorsed "Pioneer for School Building for the new public building for Elko, Nevada, will be received by H. Talier, Clerk The Board of Trustees of Elko School Building, Elko, Nevada, at 10 o'clock p.m. on the 11th day of July, 1869, when they will be opened and read daily. Proposals shall be accompanied by a written order of the board of trustees of Elko School Building, Elko, Nevada, and the contractor to whom the award is made will be required to furnish surety bond of the amount of the bid, and the contract is reserved to reject any and all bids. Drawings and specifications may be consulted. Ed at Talier's law office, Elk. November. Complete meeting of the and the public will be formed prospective building in the Phoenix in and in the center of This, My order of the Board of School Trustees. J. A. McMillan, President. H. M. Talley, Clerk. I. L. Lime all, With. Special Meeting A special meeting of the Conference of the First Presbyterian Church will be held in the church on July 11th at 8 p.m. for the purpose of electing a pastor for the coming year. The meeting will be held in the church on July 12th at 8 p.m. for the purpose of electing a pastor for the coming year. OHIO, IV B. K. K. | 9,094 |
bim_eighteenth-century_odes-by-mr-gray-author_gray-thomas_1757_1 | English-PD | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,757 | Odes by Mr. Gray, author of An elegy in a country church-yard. 1757 | Gray, Thomas | English | Spoken | 2,129 | 3,625 | O D 8 8 | Mr. G R A V, Author of an Elegy in a Country Church-Yard. ONANTA ETNETOIS PIN DAR, Olymp. II. DUB ‚ËŚ 1 M2 Printed for G. FAULKNER in Essex-street, and J. RUDD, at the Apollo in Dame-Street. MDCC LVII. ETr0ͤ́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́́� Now rowling down the steep amain, Headlong, impetuous, see it pour: The rocks, and nodding magic lulls the feather's bag With ruffled plumes, and flagging wing: Quench'd in dark clouds of slumber lie The terror of his beak, and lightnings of his eye. Thee the voice, the dance, obey, Temper to thy warbled lay. Odia's velvet-green The rosy-crowned Loves are seen On Cytherea's dax With antic Sports, and blue-eyed Pleasures, Fringing light in frolic measures; Now pursuing, now retreating, Now in circling troops they meet: To bright notes in cadence beating Glance their many-twinkling feet. Slow melting strains their Queen's approach declare Where'er she turns the Graces homage pay. With arms sublime, that float upon the air, In gliding state she wins her easy way: Odia's warm cheek, and rising boisterous, The bloom of young Desire, and purple light of Love. Man's feeble race what Ills await, Labour, and Penury, the racks of Pain, Diſeaſe, and Sorrow's weeping train, And Death, sad refuge from the storms of Fate The fond complaint, my Song, disprove. And justify the laws of Jove. Say, has he given in vain the heavenly Muse? Night, and all her sickly dews, Her spectres wan, and birds of boding cry, He gives to range the dreary sky: Till down the eastern cliffs afar Hyperion's march they spy, and glittering shrubs of war. In climes beyond the solar road, Where shaggy forms o'er the earth-built mountains roam, The Muse has broken the twilight-gloom To cheer the shining Natives dull abode. And oft, beneath the od'rous ſhade Of Chili's boundleſs foreſts laid, She deigns to hear the ſavage youth repeat In looſe numbers wildly ſweet | Their feather-cinQured Chiefs, and duſky Loves. Her track, where'er the Goddeſs roves, . , Glory — 9" x = Stretch'd forth his lie arms, and filed, o D E S. Glory purſue, and generous Shame, Th' unconquerable Mind, and Freedom's holy flame. = OS -- Woods, that wave o'er Delphi's ſteep, Iſles, that crown th' Egzan deep, Fields, that cool Iliſſus laves, Or where Mzander's amber waves In lingering Lab'rinths creep, How do your tuneful Echo's lanquiſh, Mute, but to the voice of Anguiſh ? Where each old poetic Mountain Inſpiration breath'd around : Ev'ry ſhade and hallow'd Fountain Murmur'd deep a ſolemn ſound : Till the ſad Nine in Greece's evil hour Left their Parnaſſus for the Latian plains. Alike they ſcorn the pomp of tyrant-Power, And coward Vice, that revels in her chains. When Latium had her lofty ſpirit loſt, They ſought, oh Albion! next thy ſea · encircled coaſt, | 1 Far from the ſun and ſummer-gale, In thy green lap was Nature's Darling laid, What time, where lucid Avon ſtray d, To him the mighty Mother did unveil Her awful face: The dauntleſs Child This: holy flame. cled coaſt, This z + 1 Thine too theſe golden keys, immortal Boy ! Scatters from her pictur'd urn OD E 8. This pencil take (ſhe ſaid) whoſe colours clear Richly paint the vernal year : This can unlock the gates of Joy; Of Horrour that, and thrilling Fears, Or ope the ſacred ſource of ſympathetic Tears, III. 2. Nor ſecond He, that rode ſublime Upon the ſcraph-wings of Extaſy, The ſecrets of th' Abyſs to ſpy. He passed the flaming bounds of Place and Time, The living Throne, the sacred-blaze, Where Angels tremble, while they gaze, He saw; but blazed with excess of light, Cloaned his eyes in endless night. Behold, where Dryden's tears pre-sumptuous ear, Wide over the fields of Glory bear Two Coursers of ethereal race, With necks in thunder clothed, and ——— Ing pace. Hark, his hands the lyre explore! Bright-eyed Fancy hovering over Thoughts, that breath, and words, that ordered all the Bards, that fell into his hands, to be put to death. THE. | | 1 I. UIN seize thee, ruthless King! Confusion on thy banners wait, Thou fanned by Conquest's crimson wing They mock the air with idle state. Helm, nor Hauberk's twisted mail, Nor even thy virtues, Tyrant, shall avail To save thy secret soul from nightly fears, From Cambria's curse, from Cambria's tears! Such were the sounds, that over the cursed pride Of the first Edward scattered wild dismay, As down the steep of Snowdon's shaggy side He wound with toil some march his long array. Stout Gloster stood aghast in speechless trance: On a rock, whose haughty brow Frowns over old Conway's foaming flood, Robed in the fable garb of woe, With haggard eyes the Poet stood; Loose his beard, and hoary hair Streamled, like a meteor, to the troubled air, And with a Master's hand, and Prophet's fire, Struck the deep sorrows of his lyre. Hark, how each giant-oak, and dearest cave, Sighs to the torrent's aweful voice beneath! Oer thee, oh King! their hundred arms they wave, Revenge on thee in hoar'ser murmurs breath; Vocal no more, since Cambria's fatal day, To high-born Ho. El's harp, or soft Llewellyn's lay. Cold is Cadwallo's tongue, That hushed the stormy main: Brave Urien sleeps upon his craggy bed: Mountains, ye mourn in vain Modred, whose magic song Made huge Plinlimmon bow his cloud-top'd head. On dreary Arvon's shore they lie, Smear'd with gore, and ghastly pale: Far, far aloof the affrighted ravens fail; The famished Eagle screams, and pauses by. 2 2 * —— — - ww *; — ——. — — - — —ä ——— — — — —— —26 — — — - n - —ů— — - — — — , , « Ü—5Q0ç '. —¼e ,.. — — — — | * " ” _ Sew , 0 c * — — _ 1 oe a - — _— — — — of my tuneful art, Dear, as the light, that viſits theſe ſad eyes, Dear, as the ruddy drops that warm my heart, Ve died amidft your dying country's cries No more I weep. They do not ſleep. * On yonder cliffs, a grieſly band, « I ſee them fit, they linger yet, © Avengers of their native land : Wich me in dreadful harmony they join, * And weave with bloody hands the tiſſue of thy line. IL - 3. « Weave the warp, and weave the woot, «© The winding-ſheet of Edward's race. Give ample room, and verge enough «« The characters of hell to trace. « Mark the year, and mark the night, « When Severn ſhall re-eccho with affright The fhrieks of — thro* Berkley's roofs that. % Fhrieks of an agonizing King She -Wolf of France, with unrelenting fangs, 4% That tear'ſt the bowels of thy mangled Mate, « From thee be born, who o'er thy country hangs ** The ſcourge of Heav” n. Whee Terrors round him | .< wait!” | « Amazement in his van, with Flight combined, « And forrow's faded form, and ſolitude behind. II. 2. O D E 8. 13 = = | d eyes, | 3 ny heart, % Mighty Victor, mighty Lord, . % Low on his funeral couch he lies! Neo pitying heart, no eye, afford A tear to grace his obsequies. Is the fable Warriour fled? & Thy son is gone. He rests among the Dead. 1 « The Swarm, that in thy noon-tide beam were e of thy line. " _ Ge « Gone to salute the rising Morn. « Fair laughs the Morn, and soft the Zephyr blows, 101. « While proudly riding over the azure realm | « In gallant trim the gilded Vessel goes; — « Youth on the prow, and Pleasure at the helm; | % Regardless of the sweeping Whirlwind's sway, | That, hushed in grim repose, expects his evening. | ght """”— | | EN, AM 7's roofs that | 3 | 4 e Fill high the sparkling bow, | | The rich repose prepare, | ng fangs, | % Rest of a crown, he yet may share the feast : ate, (Closed by the regal chair) ntry hangs * « Fell | rs round him MOREY no f [ "4 Richard the Second, (as we are told by Arch- | ombined, * bishop Scroop, Thomas of Walfingham, and all the q e behind. i older Writers was carried to death. The story of his life by Sir Piers of Exon, is of much interest. = * Fell Thirſt and Famine ſcowl | 4 | „A baleful ſmile upon, their baffled Gueſt. «1 oF «« Heard ye the din of battle bray, | EEE 1 Lance to lance, and horſe to horſe? J Long years of havock urge their deſtined courſe, « ] | % And thro' the kindred ſquadrons mow their way. 'D Je Towers of Julius, London's laſting ſhame, |} <* | «© With many a foul and midnight murther fed, 1 « Revere his Conſort's faith, his Father's fame, « “ And ſpare the meek Uſurper's holy head. « Above, below, the roſe of ſnow, « Twined with her bluſhing foe, we ſpread: « The briſtled Boar in infant-gore 8 4 « Wallows beneath the thorny ſhade. 8 %% Now, Brothers, bending o'er th' accurſed loom Stamp we our vengeance deep, and ratify his doom. il - III. 1. 1 « Edward, lo! to ſudden fate | | | « (Weave we the woof. The thread is ſpun) - Half of thy heart we conſecrate. il „(The web is wove. The work is done.)“ f = | Stay; il Eleanor of Caſtile, died a few years after the conqueſt of Wales. The heroic proof ſhe gave of her affection for her Lord is well known. The monuments. of his regret, and ſorrow for the loſs of her, are ſtill to be ſeen in ſeveral parts of England. ueſt. ed courſe, their way. g ſhame, her fed, r's fame, ad, ead ; urſed loom fy his doom. ſpun) __ © Stay, s after the ave of her nonuments. Stay, oh, stay! nor thus forlorn! Leave me unbleached, unpitied, here to mourn: In yon bright track, that fires the western skies, They melt, they vanish from my eyes. But oh! what solemn scenes on Snowdon's height descending flow their glittering skirts unroll? Visions of glory, spare my aching fight, Ve unborn Ages, crowd not on my soul! No more our long-lost Arthur we bewail. All hail, ye genuine Ni, — 5 I see, hail! Girt with many a Baron bold; Sublime their starry fronts they rear; And gorgeous Dames, and Stateſtmen old. In bearded majesty, appear. In the midst a Form divine! Her eye proclaims her of the Briton-Line; Her Lyon-port, her awe-commanding face, Attempered sweet to virgin grace. What strains of vocal transport round her play! Hear from the grave, great Talieſin, hear? They breathe a soul to animate thy clay. Bright action. Of the Line of Tudor. Talieſſin, Chief of the Bards, flourished in the Vith Century. His works are till preserved, and his memory held in a high veneration for his Countrymen. pans D. x.s. —Wiil-Ay and soaring, as the bags Of the eye of Heaven her n Waving. —— He — * — 1 2 OP © Fierce War, and faithful Love, | And Truth ſeyere, by fairy. Fiction dreſt. In buſkin'd measures as Pale Grief, and pleasing Pain. e Wich Horrour, Tyrant of the throbbing breaft, <A Voice, as of the Cherub-Choir, < Gales ſrom blooming Eden bear; 5 And diſtant warblings lefſen on my ear, =# That loſt in long futurity expire. =. 8 think't thou, yon fangvine cloud, 8 Raisd by thy breath, bas ; quench'd the Orb of day? To-morrot he repairs the golden flood, And warms the nations with redoubled ray. - Enough for me: Wich joy T __ The different doom our Fates align.. < Be thine Deſpair; and ſcept” red Care, 0 To triumph, and to die, are mine. -. > F „„ , : — — - * —— — — — * * 1 7 4 4 — 9 4 * PIR n — — _ ———— Däaeep in the roaring tide he plung d to endleſs night. N 8 5 —_—— ' * +66 : 94 | EY I > ra « 42 Vo") = is, 4 F — . . — 1 = © * ** 4 . * A. 2 DIES 7 3% 0 „ 1 „ * - aw > * ö 5 3 © F LIBRARY SS 1 1 * 5 He ſpoke, and headlong from the mountain 's height /. | 34,512 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/44910462 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,017 | Stack Exchange | English | Spoken | 114 | 151 | Can we send desktop/push notification using Google Sheet?
Is there any possibility to use some desktop/pop-up or push notification useing google sheet and =NOW() parametr? I would like to have some task remainder. In rows there are information like 1) current time [=NOW()] 2) schedule time 3) what to do. if 1st and 2nd row are the same i receive some notification/alert that scheduled task should be started
This feature is not supported by Sheets API per se. Try playing around with Push API and see how you can implement it in your app. You also need a mechanism that constantly checks for the values every second which calls for a real-time app implementation.
| 11,995 |
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https://github.com/JetBrains/intellij-community/blob/master/plugins/kotlin/idea/tests/testData/inspectionsLocal/replaceIsEmptyWithIfEmpty/defaultValueBlockHasBreak.kt | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0, LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference | 2,023 | intellij-community | JetBrains | Kotlin | Code | 32 | 96 | // PROBLEM: none
// WITH_STDLIB
fun test(listOne: List<String>, listTwo: List<String>) {
for (i in 1..10) {
val z = if (listOne.isNotEmpty<caret>()) {
listOne
} else {
listOf(listTwo.firstOrNull() ?: break)
}
}
} | 40,726 |
<urn:uuid:95a2c2e5-79ba-4f0a-aa35-ef870bb144bd> | French Open Data | Open Government | Various open data | 2,018 | https://www.cerema.fr/fr/centre-ressources/newsletters/connaissance-mobilisation-du-foncier/foncier-strategies-foncieres-annee-2018 | cerema.fr | French | Spoken | 22 | 41 | [Année 2018] - Le Pôle foncier et stratégies foncières du Cerema Nord-Picardie sélectionne pour vous les articles relatifs à l’actualité du foncier | 22,781 |
https://github.com/tg2648/cu-reports-app/blob/master/app/deptprofile/utils/charts.py | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | cu-reports-app | tg2648 | Python | Code | 72 | 190 | """
Helper chart-related functions
"""
def make_text_labels(hover_labels):
"""
Take hover lables and remove all except the first and the last label (excluding None)
Turns [None, None, 30%, 29%, 28%, 34%] into [None, None, '30%', None, None, '34%']
"""
hover_len = len(hover_labels)
text_labels = [None] * hover_len
i = 0
while (i < hover_len and hover_labels[i] is None):
i += 1
if i != hover_len:
text_labels[i] = hover_labels[i]
text_labels[-1] = hover_labels[-1]
return text_labels
| 20,780 |
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz%20%C3%87ami | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Aziz Çami | https://sq.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aziz Çami&action=history | Albanian | Spoken | 621 | 1,471 | Aziz Çami (1893 - Tiranë, 15 dhjetor 1943) ishte një ushtarak shqiptar, atentator, veprimtar i Ballit Kombëtar. Më 1920 ai ishte komandant në Luftën e Vlorës. Në mes të viteve 1920 ai u internua pas restaurimit të Monarkisë së Ahmet Zogut dhe qe një ithtar i Fan Nolit. Në 1931 Çami u arrestua për tentativën e atentatit kundër Ahmet Zogut. Gjatë Luftës së Dytë Botërore ai iu bashkua Ballit Kombëtar dhe luftoi kundër okupatorëve fashistë. U vra nga komunistët në Tiranë në dhjetor 1943.
Jeta
Aziz Çami, anëtar i familjes Çami, u lind në Filat, Çamëri, në vitin 1893. Në vitin 1917 ai u diplomua nga Akademia Ushtarake e Torinos si oficer artilerie. Pas pjesëmarrjes së tij në Luftën e Vlorës në vitin 1920, Çami u bë një pasues i Fan Nolit. Pas Lëvizjes së qershorit 1924 u largua nga Shqipëria Ai u bë një aktivist i Komitetit Nacional Revolucionar (Konare), të krijuar dhe udhëhequr nga Noli në 25 nëntor 1925 në Vjenë, e cili synonte përmbysjen e qeverisë së Zogut në Shqipëri.
Hasan Prishtina dhe Mustafa Merlika-Kruja, dy njerëz që udhëhiqnin shoqatat antizogiste në Vienë në atë kohë organizuan vrasjen e mbretit duke rekrutuar Aziz Çamin dhe Ndok Gjeloshin, dy ish-oficerë të xhandarmërisë dhe republikanë të vendosur. Sipas kujtimeve të Gjeloshit ai e studjoi shumë mirë skenën para se të kryhej atentati.
Më 20 shkurt 1931 Çami dhe Gjeloshi u përpoqën të vrisnin Zogun në Vienë, Austri në shkallët e Operas së Shtetit të Vjenës, kur mbreti shqiptar ishte duke e lënë ndërtesën, pasi kishte parë operan "Palaçot". Roja personal i Zogut major Llesh Topallaj u vra, dhe Ministri në gjykatë, Eqrem Libohova u plagos, ndërsa Zogu vetë shpëtoi i padëmtuar. Sipas disa burimeve, Zogu arriti nxjerrë pistoletën e tij dhe të qëllojë në drejtim të atentatorëve, pa arritur ti godasë. Thuhet se Zogut i janë bërë 55 atentate, gjatë sundimit të tij. Të dy Çami dhe Gjeloshi mbanin pasaporta jugosllave në atë kohë, edhe pse Jugosllavia në atë kohë nuk do të dëshironte vdekjen e Zogut, sepse kjo do të çonte në një ndërhyrje të Mbretërisë së Italisë në Shqipëri, e cila nuk ishte në interesin e Jugosllavisë.
Sipas kujtimeve të Gjeloshit, Gjeloshi vrau Llesh Topallajn sepse e ngatërroi atë me Zogun. Topallaj kishte rroba ushtarake, ndërsa Zogu ishte me rroba civile. Gjithashtu ishte Gjeloshi i cili plagosi Eqrem Libohovën. Gjeloshi gjithashtu kujton se revolveri i Çamit nuk shkrepi dy herë rresht dhe e shtëna e tretë e Çamit ishte e pafatë, sepse ajo tashmë ishte vonë. Gjeloshi e kundërshton faktin që Zogu bëri përpjekje për të mbrojtur veten e tij dhe aq më tepër që mbreti nxorri pistoletën e tij për të qëlluar ndonjë. Gjithashtu Gjeloshi kujton se Llesh Topallaj nuk e mbuloi me trupin e tij mbretin si thonë disa legjenda shqiptare, për shkak se Topallaj u qëllua nga Gjeloshi dhe nuk kishte kohë për të reaguar. Gjithçka sipas Gjeloshi ndodhi në jo më shumë se disa sekonda, sepse sigurimi austriak reagoi menjëherë dhe i kapi të dy atentatorët.
Në vitin 1939, pas pushtimit të Shqipërisë nga ana e Mbretërisë së Italisë, autoritetet italiane e emëruan Aziz Çamin shef të policisë së Korçës, por Çami dezertoi dhe u bashkua me Ballin Kombëtar, në të cilin ai do të bëhej komandant i një batalioni dhe në mënyrë aktive i rezistoi trupave gjermane. Në vitin 1943 ai u bë komandant i forcave të Vlorës të Ballit Kombëtar, duke pasuar Hysni Lepenicën, i cili ishte vrarë gjatë një beteje me trupat italiane. Çami vetë u vra nga komunistët shqiptar në dhjetor 1943, në të njëjtin shesh ku u vra Avni Rustemi në vitin 1924.
Referime
Biografi shqiptarësh
Lindje 1893
Vdekje 1943
Ushtarakë shqiptarë
Atentatorë shqiptarë
Balli Kombëtar
Shqiptarë nga Çamëria | 47,066 |
https://github.com/giancastro/ddpt/blob/master/{{cookiecutter.django_project_name}}/deployment/Makefile | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,019 | ddpt | giancastro | Makefile | Code | 424 | 1,117 | .PHONY: run stop enter shell format logs clean remove info help
.DEFAULT_GOAL := help
# Using the project name
STACK_NAME:={{cookiecutter.django_project_name}}
# You may want to install awk if you don't have already
# google it: Install awk in Windows|Linux|MacOS
help: ## show make targets
@grep -E '^[a-zA-Z_%-]+:.*?## .*$$' $(MAKEFILE_LIST) | \
awk 'BEGIN {FS = ":.*?## "}; \
{printf "\033[36m%-20s", $$1} \
/#__danger/ {printf "\033[31m%s ", "DANGER"} \
{gsub(/#__danger /, ""); printf "\033[0m%s\n", $$2}'
define proceed_or_not
@read -p "Do you want to proceed? y or n: " answer; if [[ "$$answer" != "y" ]]; then echo "Operation Cancelled"; exit 1; fi
endef
deployable: ## Show what's available to be deployed
@files=`find . -type f -name "docker-stack.*.yml"`;\
for file in $$files; do \
printf "\033[36m%-30s" "make deploy-`echo $$file | cut -f 3 -d '.'`" ; \
printf "\033[0m will deploy services from %s\n" $$file; \
done
# Usage:
# You must create inside this directory a Compose file using the name pattern
# docker-stack.*.yml, for example:
# docker-stack.caddy.yml
# Then you'll be able to deploy using this Makefile simply by typing:
# make deploy-caddy
# This will match docker-stack.caddy.yml, because docker-stack.>>>caddy<<<.yml.
# Finally your services defined in docker-stack.caddy.yml will be deployed using
# the `docker stack` command
deploy-%: ## Deploy services of the chosen Compose file. Type "make deployable" and see what's available for deploying.
@echo "\033[33mDeploying services from docker-stack.$*.yml\033[0m"
docker stack deploy --compose-file="docker-stack.$*.yml" $(STACK_NAME)
deploy-all: ## Deploy every service available
@files=`find . -type f -name "docker-stack.*.yml" | cut -f 3 -d '.'`;\
for file in $$files; do \
$(MAKE) deploy-$$file; \
done
stack-rm: ## #__danger This will stop and remove your running containers (won't remove volumes)
@echo "\033[31mATTENTION!\033[0m"
@echo "This will stop and remove your running containers (won't remove volumes)"
$(call proceed_or_not)
docker stack rm $(STACK_NAME)
# Depending on how you deploy, you may want to build/push some artifacts before deploying
# - Docker images
# - Compile things
# - Do some cleaning
# But hopefully you already do these things in your CI/CD.
build: ## Build things you need before deployment
@echo "\033[34mBuilding things for deployment\033[0m"
docker build --target=production -t my-registry.com/{{cookiecutter.django_project_name}}/django -f ../Dockerfile ../
docker build -t my-registry.com/{{cookiecutter.django_project_name}}/caddy -f caddy/Dockerfile ./caddy/
push: ## Push images to registry
# docker login my-registry.com
docker push my-registry.com/{{cookiecutter.django_project_name}}/django
docker push my-registry.com/{{cookiecutter.django_project_name}}/caddy
migrate: ## ATTENTION! Execute the databases migrations, check: ./db-migration.yml
docker stack deploy --with-registry-auth --compose-file=db-migration.yml $(STACK_NAME)
@echo "Check if everything went ok with: \033[33mmake migration-logs\033[0m"
migration-logs: ## Follow the live logs of your latest migration. (given you already performed "make migrate")
docker service logs -f $(STACK_NAME)_django-migrate
| 11,550 |
bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_enquiries-touching-the-d_brerewood-edward_1674_5 | English-PD | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,674 | Enquiries touching the diversity of languages, ... 1674 | Brerewood, Edward. | English | Spoken | 6,943 | 12,015 | ther, may by eſtimation, make a Region as large as Europe. In which , as alfo in the Iſlands , - ny 4 in the greater Iſlands of Hi/paviola, Cuba, Zamaica , anl Puereorico, the Chriſtian Religion is 6 largely ſpread, that + one hath preſumed, co equal in a manner , che Chriftians of Amorica, to thoſe of the Latin Church in Y A mand. Europe: And * another, bath left re- —_— corded, that within a few years after the An.1519, F8terance of the Goſpel. among them, +Surius in there were no leſs then feven Millions, or Chron. ad as others reported fourteen Millions, that An, Chriſt. in the Sacrament of Bapriſme had giver ou their names eo Chriſt, But eſpecially in the Kingdom of AMexico ( or Nueva E/- pers) Chriſtian Religion obtained that plentiful and proſperous ſucceſs, that we find recorded of ſundry of the Preachers, wy employed — ma MM RV =Iu@44 ik. £4 zKiMouc Bm a in America, $5 employed about the Converſion of that people, thit they Baptized each of chem, above 100000. and that in few years : Inſoms:ch that ( as is ſtoried by Swrips ) vid. Epiſt. it is to be found among the Records of Petri Gau- Charles che Fifth , that ſome old Prieſt denſ.in Com hach Baptized 700000. another 300000, SY "x" and certain others very great multitudes. Franciſes. But yet, what manner ot Chriſtians many pag,229, of thoſe Proſelytes were + am loath ro X i . : remem b«1. ; or report { and it may be tt, Martin? this ume "they are better fr, 1 he he inſtructed chan they were) for certainly "02903 4 te Oviedo,” and Benzo, -men that had long Epiſt. Epiſ- ge-W£ lived, and were well experienced ip thgſs <2P! Mexica- 100 parts, have left recorded , the firſt gf 2298-255: ol *C:4a, that there was ſcarce any one,, x. cer or but very few , that willing Lecams Ao Chriſtians, and both Oviedo of them, and cidental.l-v7s ON Benzy of the Chriſtians of N*eve Eſpanna, C4 _ ed, that they had nothing almoſt belonging Benzo. hiftors of ro Chriſtianity, but onely the bare name = 4" in of Chriſtians, beiog ſo utterly mindleſs, ©? re- F and careleſs of Chriſtian Religion, that the F they remembred not any thing of the o, F Covenant and Profeſſion , they made jn or F their Baptiſm : Only, they kept in mind "at F the Name they received then, which very en & name alſo they forgot ſoon after. But in all the reſt of America, except the Regions J- Þ afore mentiotied, which compared to the at F parts poſſeſſed by the Cqfi/iars and Por- - tngals ( make eſtimation by the Mapps ”$ ed that MBahumetans inhabit that we have of thoſe Regions, for the North and Weſt Coaſts of America, are not yet perfetly diſcovered) may be ſix to one, is poſſeſſed by Idolaters. CHAP. &L. Of the parts of the World poſſeſſed by Mahumetans, Aving declared the amplitude of H Chriſtianity, I will proceed to _£ ſhew the ſtate of other Religion; in the world , and withal , what parts of it, the Profeſſors of thoſe Religions do ſeverally inbabite, and laſtly, _ pro- portion they may have each to other, and all of them.to Chriſtians, To indeavout therefore your ſatisfaCtion in this behalf: There are four ſorts or Secs of Religion, obſerved in the ſundry Regions of the World : Namely , 1dslatry, Mahumets- niſme, 7udaiſme , and Chriſtianity, Of Chriſtians I have already-ſpoken : noy therefore will 1 relate tor your bette: contentment, of the other three ; and firſt of Mabumetanrs. Mahnmetan | what parts of Europe. Mabumetans then poſſeſs in Exrope , as I ſaid before ( baving in that part bur ea} ſmall mixture of ChriCians ) all the Re- gion betwixt 7 ana and Boriſthenes ( Don and Nieper they are now called ) being about a twentieth part of Evrope : beſide * ſome Villages in Lit#axia about Wilna, where the uſe of their Religion is by the King of Poland permitted them, for in Greece, Mcrcedon, Thrace, Bulgaria, Raſcia, ſel Servia, Boſina, Epirw, the greateſt part of Hungarie, and ſome part of Dalmatia (which-may be together about one four. teenth part of Exrope )) although the Go- e offs vernment be wholly the Turks, yet AMa- | to bametays ſcarcely paſs one third part of on the Inhabitants. 's of But in Africk, Adabwmet aniſme is ſpread sd exceeding far, for , firſt co conlider the "r0- maritime. Coaſt: It poſſeſſerh all the an(Y ſhoar -of "Atlantick, Ocean, from Cape "out Blanco to the Strait of Gibralter, being alf:Y about 1100 miles. Secondly, On the ion, ſhoar of the Mediterrane , all from that the Strait to eZgypt , abour 24co miles, ex- et4-f| cepting oaly on the one Coaſt, and on Offl the other, ſome ſeven Towns, in the non} poſſeſſion of the Spaniards. Thirdly, On tee} the Eaſt fide of Africk all the Coaſt of the and} Bay of Arabia, even from Smez to C. Gardafs , abour 1600 miles, excepting onely one Port ( Frcoco ) being of the 14% Dominion of the King of —— I An 97 * Mathia Mi- chov de Sar« mat.l,2.C3. * Paul. Ven. 1.2 C+39. Linſchor. | I, C+Z, The large ſpzeading of And thence (doubling that Cape) South. ward, all the ſhore of the «/£thiopick, Sea, as far as Afozambick. ( that is over againſt the 'mid{t of Madagaſcar ) about 1800 miles. And in all the Coalts of Afric hitherto mentioned , being altogether a- bout 7000 miles (that is, by ſome exceſs more then half the Circumference of A. rick) the Profeſſors of Mahwmeds Reli. gion, have both poſlefſion and dominion, rogether with the * Maritime parts of the great Iſle of Madagaſcar, and many other Iſlands along the Goalt of Africk, And yet, even beyond Afozambickalſo, as far as to the Cape 4s Corrientes (its under the Circle of Capricorn) although they have there no rule , yet they are found mingled with Idolaters., Bur yet never- theleſs, obſerved it is, that alongthe Eaft ſhore of Africk, namely from Szachen to Mozambick, (being rowards 3000 miley of the mentioned Coaſt) MMabwmetens pol- ſeſs only the margent of the Land, or the Sea ſhore, and have got but little footing in the Inland parts; except in the Kingdoms of Dargals and Adel, con- fining together, the tirſt within, and the ſecond without the Strait of Babel Man del , which yet are but ſmall-Provinces. And this alſo (to extenuate their number) is alſo true , that from the Kingdom of Adel, and Cape Guardafu, to Moxambick,, there is found among the Aſabnmetass, ſome NHahumetaniſitin Africk, ſome mixture of Idolaters, although the Dominien be onely in the Mabametars hands, ; But yet on the North and Weſt parts of Africk, itis far otherwiſe, and far worle': Mahuwmetaniſme having overſpread all the main Land of Africh , between the Mediterrane Sea and the great River Ne- ger : and.along the courſe of Nilus , a3 tar as the Iſle of Fferoc , which lyeth alſo about the ſame parallel] with the River Neger , and is poſſeſſed by Mabumetans. And yet, f beyond Niger alſo, it hath +Leo Afr. invaded and obtained all the Kingdoms of the Nigrites that border on that River, $0 that all Barbary and Biled: elgerid , and Libya deſerta, ond! the Region of Negroes, are become of that Religion, Exceptiog firſt ſome Maritime parts toward the At- lantich, Sea, namely from C. Blanco South- ward, which are indabited by Gentiles: Secondly, The Kingiom of Borneo, -and ſome part of Nsbia: And Thirdly, Cer-+ tain ſcattered multitudes of the Old African progeny \, that (ll: retain theie ancient Genti(s/me, and are found indivers places here-and there, in the Mountains and wilder 'parts of Barbary, of Biled- elgerid, and of Libya, Theſe 1 ſay, being excepted , all Africk, belide , from the Medirtefrane Sea, ſomewhat mobre South» - ward than the River Niger, is overſpread with the Mahbumetans : which ( adding bs I 2 theſe :The vaſt extent of theſe before mentioned , along the Eaſt Coaſt of e/£rhiopia.) may by eſtimation, take up four nine parts of Africk. And yet in Afis , Mahuniezaniſme is farther ſpread , being imbraced and maintained: chiefly. by tour mighty Na. tions, namely, the Arabians ,' Perſians , Turks, 'and' Tattars. Arabia was indeed the neſt, that-bred and foſtered rhat un. clean bird, : andhhad it been the =P alſo, for ever to incloſe it, it had been but too much ſpace and liberty, for Arahiais in Circuit above 40900 miles, and except a . ſmall mixture of. Chriſtians in E/tor , 1 , Port Town toward the inmoſt Angle of + -—anqgnmay P«3.1. 2.cap. de Mahome- aſs the Bay of Arabia, and Petra"'( Krac now iris called ) a; midland Town, and two Monaſteries abqut the Hill of Sinas , all 1s poſſeſſed with Mahnmetans. ' But from Arabia that\ .ppyſon hath in ſuch ſort diſperſed it ſelf through 'the veins of Aſia, that neer the one half is at this day corrupted by'it, For although it hath nothitherco atrained to the North Coaſt of Aſia, which is partly inhabited by Chriſtians',. namely , fromthe River of Dwyna tO Pethora , and partly by Idola- rers from Pechora to the Eaſt Ocean : nor yer to the'Faſt Coaſt, which from the moſt Nortberly part of Tartary,, to the moſt Southerly part of [ndia: ( * except ſome few places in the Kingdom of Siam) Idolaters in like ſort generally obtain : yet Bahumetaniſm i Aſa. yet nevertheleſs, it is, as aid, namely, that 2 very great part of. Af, is infected with that peſtilence. For firſt, All the Southerly Coaſt of Aſa, from the Bay of Arabia, to the River Indus, is poſſeſſed by Mabumetans : and if we proceed fur- ther along that ſhoar , 'even beyond the River of [naxs alſo, the great Kingdoms of Cambaia, and Bengala, for a great part of them, and about one fourth pare of the Inhabitants of Malabar , are ob- ſerved to be Mahumetans, And Secondly, To conlider the Inland parts : all from the Weſterly bounds of Aſia, namely the Ri- ver Tanas, with the Euxine, ZApgean,and Mediterrane Seas , as far Eaſtward as the Mountain Imaws ( which is more than half the length of Aſa) is poſſeſſed by them : Except 2 firſt the T Kirgeſſi neer + Guagiun. Imaxs, who are [dolaters : and ſecondly, deſcr. Tartar. the mixture of,Chriſtians among them , who yet have very ſmall proportion (tor their multitude) to Mabnmerans, in any Province, of all the mentioned vaſt Cir- cuit, for howſoever Bxrchardss about 320 years agoe, hath lefr recorded of thoſe part» of Aſia, that there were to be found in them 3o Chriſtians for 1 Mahu- metan, Deſcr.ter ſantt. pag,2.cap.2.1.9. yer certainly, that in theſe preſent times the exceſs of multitude is grown great on the Mahumerans (ide in reſpet of Chri- ſtians, the experience of many putzeth 3 our + Paul. Venet. I.1. c,41,42, 43s IJ Id.l.1.c.38, | 40447 62,63, 64 ,&C, * Nichol,de £onci. Viage nelle Indie, Barboſ. ap. Ramoſ. Vol.1, de Viaggi. P.313. 318, $19. Boter.Relar. p3; l,2,de ahumetan. Pahumetaniſm why ſo out of queſtion.- And, if we ball pro; ceed yet farther Eaſtward, in the Inland parts of Af, and paſs in our ſpeculation, beyond the Mountain 7maus , even there alſo ſundry Provinces are obſerved , az + Peim, Cotam, Lop , where Mahumetans are the main and ſole Inhabitants , and many more, as * Caſſar, Charcham, Chin- chintilus , T anguth » Ergimnl, Cergnth, Tenauc , &c, where they are mingled among Idolaters, which may for a great part countervail thoſe Regions of Aſia, which Chriſtians and Idolaters take up on this ſide that Mountain. So that, in 'my eſtimation , having about theſe points conferred Hiſtory with Geography in the moſt circumſpe&t and conſiderate man» ner that I was able , about nine parts of 20 of Aſa, are poſſeſſed by Mahumetans, Thus then is Mahumetaniſm ſpread over the one half almoſt of the' firm land of Afia, And yet moreover in the Iſlands alſo that are about Aſia, that Religion hath found large intertainment, For not onely a good part of the ſmall * Iſles of Maldivia, namely thoſe of them that are inhabited ( for they are above 7000 in all, and moſt without habitation) are poſſeſſed with Mahumetans, but moreover , all the Ports of the Iſle of Ceilan ( except Colombo which the Por- tugals have ) the Sea Coaſts of Sumatra , the Ports of ava, with the Iſle of Swnds, the nightly entreaſey. the Ports of Bands, of Boyneo and Glilels, with ſome of the Iſlands Malvces, are in the hands of Mahumetans. Of the great ſpreading and inlargment of which Religion, if the Cauſes were demanded of me, 1 ſhould make anſwer, That belide the Juſtice of Almighty God, puniſhing by that violent and wicked Set, the ſins of Chriſtians ( for we ſee that by the Conqueſt of the Arabian, and Twkzs, it hath chiefly ſeized on thoſe Regions, where Chriſtianity in ancient time moſt flouriſhed , both in Africk, and Aſia, and partly in Epyope) one cauſe , I ſay, of the large ſpreading of their Religion, is the large ſpreading of their Victories, For it hath eyer been the condition of the conquered , to follow for the moſt part the Religion of the Conquerors, A ſecond, their peremptory reſtraint ( even on the pain of death ) of age © touching their Reli- gion , and calling any point of it into ueltion, A Third, Their ſuppreſſion of the itudy of Philoſophy, by the light whereof, the groſneſs and vanity of many parts of their Religion might be diſcovered, which is inhibiced to be taught in their Univerlities, and ſo hath been, abour theſe 40o years, whereas till then, it greatly flouriſhed among them , in Cor- ava, in Fez, in Mwoccho, in Bagded, and other Cities, And yet , as Bel/onins I 4 and | ; 104 v Bellon. ob- fer. 1.3-C.30. Georgenirz. ] 2. de Ritib. Turcar.cap, de Scholis. and * others write, the 7»rks fall now apain'to thoſe ſtudies afreſh, A Fourth Cauſe may well be aſſigned, the ſenſual liberty allowed by it, namely, to have many Wives , and the like promiſe of ſenſual Pleaſures , to ſucceed after this life (to the Religious obſervers of it) in Paradiſe, wherewith men for the greateſt part, as being of things where- with their Senſe is affeted, and whereof they have had certain experience, are more allured and perſwaded, then with promiſes of Spiritual delights , preſented only to their hopes, and for which preſent and ſenſible pleaſures muſt in the mean time be forſaken. CHAP. XII. Of the ſundry Regions of the World inhabited by Idola- ters, N poſſeſs in Ewrope, a Region as I before obſerved , about goo miles in circuit, ( although the ordinary Geographical Charts repreſent it, (but falſly) more then twice ſo large) con- taining Lappia, Corelia, Biarmia, Scricfinia, and the North part of Fincmarch. All which together, may by eſtimation make about one (ixtieth part of Exyope , or a little more, more I mean in magnitude rather then in multicade, for it is indeed a little greater then ſo. Belide which Provinces, there are alſo to be found in divers places of * Lituania, and Samagotia, * Boem. de OW -ouching Idolaters , they ſome ſcattered remnants of Idolaters. Morib.gent.l. - . © . . Z.C+7. p But in Africk, their multitude is very OR great, for trom C\, Blanco On the Coaſt of |} 7 -t> Lybia , the moſt Weſterly point of all ——— Africk, ( being about the North latitude ot twenty degrees) even all the Coaſt of Africk, Cahat parts of Aſia Africk, Southward, to the Cape of Buens Eſperanza: And thence turning by the back of Africk as far as the Cape of Ae. zambick,, being (over againſt the midſt of Madagaſcar ) in the South latitude of fifteen degrees ;. v2 this Coult ,,\k ſay, being not. much leſs, then balf, the cir. cumference of Afritk,,. is inhabſeed by Idolaters. Only , on the Eaſt, lide, from Mozambick to Cape de Corriente: ( which is the South latitude of 24 degrees) they are mingled with Jabume- taxs 5; And on the Weſt lide , in the Kingdom of Cougo, and the North part of Axgola, with Chriſtians: Bur yet in both theſe places of their mixture, Idola- rers are the greater-mulcirude, Burt now, if we conlider the inland Region of Africk,, all between the River Nilus, and the Welt Sea of «Ethiopia, from about the North parallel of ten degrees, to the South parallel of lix or ſeven degrees, but from that parallel of ſix or ſeyen degrees, even all e/£rhiopia Southward, on both the (ides of N53las, from the Eaſt Sea of e/£rhbiopia , to the Welt, even to the molt Southerly point of all Africk, the Cape of Buone Speranza, 15 poſſeſſed by Idolaters : excepting only ſome part of Congo and Avgola aforemen» tioned, toward the Welt Sea, inhabited by Chriſtians, and the utmoſt fhore of the Ealt Sea, from Aorambick, oats ward, GG wot #@« as > RÞ,IUI2X poſſeſſed by Þolaters. 107 ward,” which is repleviſhed with Afabu- merans : and yet, beſide all the Regions before mentioned, even all the Kingdom of } Borno, and a great part * of - Nia is 4 Leo rn poſſeſſed by them ; to ſpeak nothing of 175" ga the infinite multicudes of the F ancient + Ares. not Africans , diſperſed in ſundry Tracts of hiſt. Xrhiops Barbary , Of Biled-elgerid, and of Lybia ©-30- deſerts , which fill} continue in their } Ev Airic. ancient Paganiſm. So that ( over and af... belide- theſe laſt ) very near about half Africk,, 1s poſſeſſed by Idolaters. And yet in Aſia Idolaters abonnd more then in Africk,, even as Af is larger then Africk, for the continent , and for the people, better inhabited, for of Aſia allo, very near about the one half, or rather a little more, is poſlefſed by Idolaters. For firſt if we conlider the maritime parts, all from the River of Pechora , Eaſtward to the Ocean, and then turning downward, to the moſt Southerly point of India, {and of all Af) the Cape of Cincapwa , and from that point returning Weſtward, by the South Coaſt, ro the ontlets of the River Zndxs, all that maritime Trac, I ſay, is entirely polſefled by Idolaters. laters and Mahumetans of Aſia, for al- though the hither part of Aſs, Weſt of Imass ; ' and poſſefſed of Mahumetars, take up more in the longitude of the earth, namely Eaſt and Weſt : yet in the forther part Eaſt of /mavs , ſpreadeth more in latitude., North and South, which may make ſome recompence to- ward that exceſs. But , if withal we ſubtra& choſe parts -of the hither Aſia, that are covered with:the Perſian, and Caſpian Seas, belide large parts of the Enxine and Mediterrane, the further Aſia (1 think ) will fully equal it. Now, although many Mahuwetans be alſo found onthe .other (ide of ./mans toward the Northeaſt of Aſia, both ſeveral in ſun- dry Provinces, and otherwiſe mingled with Idolaters or Chriſtians, or with both , as before was partly obſerved : yet many more whole Regions of Idola- ters ( to counteryail thoſe MMabumetans ) are found on this (ide 1mavs , both, to- ward the South, in the Kingdoms of the neater J«dia , and toward the North, betwixt Imaus and the River Pechora, all which Coaſt of Aſia is inhabited by Ido- liters, and laſtly , in the midit betwixc both , the Kirgeſſi , and ſome other of their neighbour Nations, And not only in the firm Land of Aſia, 15 Idolatry thus ſpread : bur in thoſe many thouſand Ilands that lye diſperſed in the valt : Ocean, 09 Ii The vaſt ertendment of Ocean, on the Eaſt an@ Southeaſt pa * Paul. Ven. Aſia > '* which over againſt China, are : 13.C 8, * 1d.1.3-c:42- and about * 7ndia, to be 127000. recorded upon. the report of Mariners, long practiſed in thoſe Seas, to be 9448; And which-mjght for their largeneſs, if they were all lard cogether, make a Continent as large as three or four parts of Enripe, In thoſe Iſlands, 1 ſay, Idolatry* overs ſpreadeth all, excepting only thoſe few, which 1 before obferved, to be poſleſved by the Spaniards, and by the Arabians. Finally, of all other parts of the'Earrh yet diſcovered , Idolatry ſpreadeth” far: theſt in America , which being' bur little leſs, then the Eaſtern Continent, (that we term the old World )- is at leaſt in parts of ſeven, inhabited with heathenjfh and idolatrous people, For except the Regions above-mentioned , poſselsed namely *by the Porzagals and Caſtilian, ( and. yer the inner, 'and wilder- TraQs even of thoſe," retyain fill for 4 great part, if their ancient Paganiſm) and Th. a Jef. de many ' notwithſtanding their Baptiſm, Con. gent. I, leC, Is withal worſhip Idols, together with ſome later Converts, made in the region about and above the Bay of California, of whom as yet, Hiſtories make ſo little report, that of their number I can make no eſti- mare : and laftly rwo or three Fortrefves, held by the Spaniards, on the Couſt of Florida, with the Engliſh A” in Ire s:/Idolatry fit America. Vivima, and the French in Canads, theſe I fay being excepted, all the reſt of Ame- rica, being as I ſaid about fix ſeventh parts, remaineth in their old Idolatry. And thus have I declared the three principal Sects , as touching Religion, that are at this preſent found in the ſeveral parts. of the Workd\\: with cheit particular egions. Burt © belide ; theſe ' obſerved, there are two or three #tregular- Nations, being for their Religion mingled as ir were, of ſome of the former Sects : As firſt, in Aſs, the Candi, inhabiting in the moumcainous Countrey above Metal, between. Armenia, and Meſopotamia : Se» condly-, the Drnſs ; | dwelling-ih- Syris, about tbe $kirts of. ZiÞaws, the Religion of! both, which Nations, ( ſuch as. je i$.) partaketh ſomewbat, both of Adahywera- »/m and Chriſtianity, ,;. And thirdly, -the Afordaites in Enroge, polkefiing the middle Conknes berwixt , che - Precopite: Tartarr, and, the. Adſnſcovites, thag are in 2 manver as' touching their Religion, mingled of all three Sects : for they are both bepti- ſed like Chriſtians, and. circumciſed like Mahbamet ans, and withal worſhip Idols, CHAP, 112 Diſperſion and Banthments mY > Lal CHAP. XIIL Of the Jews, diſperſed in ſever parts of the World. Ow, will-I-intreat a litcle, df N the Profeſsors of the fourth ſort and Se& of Religibn; that is found-in the World, namely of Z4dai/y, for, although the Fews have not for their Manſion , any peculiar Countrey , | bit are diſperſed abroad among forrain Natl. ons, for their ancient Idolatries, and their latcer unthankfulneſs, in 'rejeting their Saviour the Son of God :**So''that even in fers/alem, there be not”'to'be found at this time, an hundred houſhol Boter, Relat- of Zews : (Only of all the Towns of Pa Þ;3- 1-2. c-de |, p;14, Tiberias (which Ammath th indei. ines, Tiberias (which Amwath the great Turk gave to Alvarez, Mendez a 7ew ) and Staffiletto , are ſomewhat peopled with them. ) Neither have they at this preſent, for any thing that is certainly known, any other Region in the World, ſeveral to themſelves : Yet, becauſe there be ſome Provinces, wherein they are ob- : 2 "+ 3. _— [DWWuWNFFPuUFFDY_ "LET LS MMT EATS YL of the Fews.- | ſerved ſpevix{iy-ro abound}, avothers allo; whence they'are excluded and baniſhed, I will.conlider's little of theirpreſent con- ditzon, The firſt Countrey- of Chriſtendom!; whence 'the-Zews were” expelled, withotit' hope' of return, was out Corntry,” of Enplaad', whence they- were baniſhe@ , Anno 1290 by King Edward the firſt. Not long/ after they were likewiſe' baz niſhed' Frare An; 1307 by Phitippus Pris cher: Onely of all the Countries of France, if the juriſdiction of Aviguon'( thi Popes ſtate) ſome are remaining: Out'off ; by Ferdinand; and {Hortly' aft _— Portugal, An _-1497 by (Ema- u#el. t'of' the Kingdom of Niplerant Neily., Anno1539 by Charles the Fifth: Int other> Regions of Emrope they are fogndi, and in' ſome of them in numbers, as in'Germany, Boheme, Polonia; Ditrnania, Refſia, and part of 7raly,, ſpe- cially Yemire and" Rowe: In Greeee alſo a” grene multitude, wherein tyo'Cities (bez d+all rhemof other places) Conſtantinople and'Theſſalovice are eſteemed to be'abour 160000 Jewr. Avalſo they are to be found” by plentifhl numbers , in many parts of the Tiwks Dominion; both in' 45a", and: mr hee And for Aſa, ſpecially in” Atepps, ith 73pels , itt Damaſtus\, in' Rhodes , and" almoſtit every” City of great Trade and Traffick"in the 7rk;G Empire: as like- K wiſe 4 State of Jews in Europe, wiſe in divers parts of. the Perſian Go- vernment, ,in Arabia alſo ,-and laltly-in India ( namely about Crauganer) andin ſome other more remote Regions, And, . to come to Africk , they. are not onely by Leo Afr ICs 1,2.c,3.6,8&c; found .ia tbe Cities of Alexandria , and Cair in.«/£gype.,, bur, as.in many Other Regions and places of Africk., ſo prin- cipally , -in-the Cities of Feſs , and Tre- miſen : and ſpecially, in the Hills of Sev: ſava , and Demen in the Kingdom of Aaroccho,, many of which lalt, are by Leo Africanus , ſpecially noted: to be of that Sect, which the | fews name * Karraim, and. by the other 7ews of Africk,, are repu- ted no better than Hereticks. Bur yet, beſide theſe, and ſuch Jike diſper- ſions of the few Nation ,, that may be. elſewhere .in the World, there is a phantalie of many Learned men, not un- worthy ſome diligent conlideration , that the Tartars of Scythia, who about the year 12000, or a little be» fore, became firſt known * For of the Jews, as touching thei Religion, where be in theſe times three Sets. ' The firſt, which # the great- eſt of them, « named £J9" who beſide Scriptures , ms. brace the Talmud alſe. for Authenti: cal , and for that Cauſe, they are alſo termed prima The ſecond are called FIR which receive = theScriptures, And the the Holy: "Aſia, and Africk, the third 5nNnA known abroad in the that s, the Sama- world by that name, ritans («t this day and hold at this day a but wery, few ) great part of Aja, which, of all the in_fabjetion ; Thar Holy Scriptures, thoſe Tartars, I ſay, admit only thePen= are of the * 7/raelites * Poſtel.De- rateuch*,or Books progeny : Namely”, Kript.Syrize of Moſes. of 'the Ten Tribe, ©" —_ - Fn ROLION which by Salmanazar , Boater. Relats and ſome of his Predecefſors, were car- pag. 1.1.2.cs ryed Captive into Aſſ)ria. Which al- ultima parte though'ir be, as 1 ſaid, no other than a _ vain and capricious phintaſie, yer, harh Re Girlct it, not only found atceprance and en- cerrainment, with ſundry learned and underſtanding men : but reaſon ard au- thority are produced, or pretend' to eſtabliſh ir for a trurh, For Firſt, Ir is alleadpged that the word Tatari, or Totari' (for ſo indeed they are rightly called, as f Learned men obſerve, and not, + Leurclay. Tartari ) . lignifierh in' the Syriack and in Fancett: Hebrew Tongues, aReſidue or Remainder, In goo ſuch as theſe Tartars are ſuppoſed to be MNRN 5yr- of the Ten Tribes. Secondly, becauſe ( as the Patrons of this phantalie ſay) they have alwaies embraced ( the ancient CharaQter of 7adaiſme ) Circuracilion. And Thirdly, The authority of ſup. poſed Eſaras ( the very ſpring, I takeit, 2 Eſdras 13. whence hath flowed this ſtream of op1- v.41-42343; nion) is alleadged. Namely,that the Ten 44-45 K 2 Tribes 116 +Leuncla. in Pand, hiſtor, Turc. $43. * Boem., de morib. gent. 1.2. C» 10. Hairi 1. de {Tart .c-16. {ourney was great, even q The Taxtqzs Wpcaehto Tribgs, took. thy e fot , that. they mould (apa A Wake ang go. forth into, 4:tarcher Country, here never. Mankind, dwg/t. That. they, might hers keep their. Statutes, mych, they never kept, in, their. own, Land. © And that they entred in at the n >paſſages. of \the River Euphrates, ; 7b. woſt, High fhewing them. Set. and, taying; the Sprizgs of the flog, gill they were aſſet our. And, that their 4 147, 444. 4 alf, and the Re fon #4 calle ! Arſareth. Bur, tothe firſt, of theſe Argyments, I may anſwer, tha the Tarters 0þtained, thar, name, neither from Hebrew, nor Sypriack, original, ang appellayon., bur, from the River Tarter, ſaith Lewnelavive, and f,others, Qrelſe from the Region, as. ſaith Haithg , we a? the. prigcipal of them anciently,dwelled. Secondly, that the name run or "NRN in the, Hebrew, or, Syriack, lignikication,, importjng "Y Reſidue or Remainder, can, bue full ill ( as, it ſeems.) be applyed to the Tartar: in, relation of the, 1ſraclites, whom they. exceedingly ſurpaſs in multjtude_, as overſpreading half the vaſt continent of Aſia, or thereabout, For all the Nati- ons of A/fia, from the great Rivers of Wolgha and Oby , Ealtward, and from, the Caſpian Sea,the River Oxxs, the Countries of [*diq and China, Northward, are con- tained under the appellation of Tarters / an » -.V » X I” -- YO! he irfefitbs race. if Yit Wichour thee Vents thtty Ter - 4a; rdEre ire, b&th'(OWred the Welt, and Sourh, Ard what if the fnndmerable pedple'of fo many Natidis, a5 are known xd Tihabit and 'overſprevll 'the huge Con. rinevt'6f America, bt a\fo of the fame of-ſpring? Cercainly, if 1'be tor greatly deceived, they are ng other. For firſt, that their original Wuſt be derived from Aſa is apparent , beriuſe ,( as he thar readtth che Relations add Hiſtories of thoſe Countries of America may eaſily obſerve) they have 19 reliſh nor reſem- blkhce ar 4, of the Arts, or Learning, ot Civility of Euro : And their colour reſtifieth , they art nor of the Africans progeny ( there beilip not found in all that large Continent , any Black men , except a few about the River of S, Mar- tha, itt 3 ſmall Countrty called Pxarequa, which by force and violence of- fome Tempeſt, are ſuppofed to have been tranſported thither , from the parts of Gkiny, or ; 7 7%; en Thetefore it ſeera- eth, that chey had their driginal from Aſia, Which yer, will appear more cre. dible, if it'be obſerved, which by the Spaniards diſcoveries is well known to be true, namely, that the Weſt (ide of America reſpeting Aſia, is Exceeding much berrer peopled, than the oppolite or Eaſt (ide, thir earn toward E rirope. And, as for theſe teaſofis it is very likely , that K 3 America F _y 118 The people of America are the America received; her firſt Inhahitants , from the Eaſt border of Af; $0 1s it altogether unlike ,. that it received them from any other part. of all that Border, ſave from Tartary. Becauſe, 1n: America there is not to be diſcerned any token or indication at all, . of the Arts or Induſtry of China, or India, or Cataia,or any other Civil Region , along all that border of Aſia: Burt in-their , groſs ignorance of Letters, and of Arts, in their. Idolatry, and the ſpecialties of ic, in their In» civility, and many barbarous properties, they reſemble the ,old and rude T artars, above all the Nations of the Earth, Which opinion of mine, touchjng the Americans deſcending from the Tartars , rather than from 'any other Nation in that border of Aja, after the neer vici- nity of Aſa to America, this reaſon a- bove all other, may beſt eſtabliſh and perſwade : becauſe it is certain , that thatNortheaſt part of Aſia poſſeſſed by the T artars , is , if not continent with the Welt lide of America, which yet remain. eth' ſomewhat doubrful : yet certainly, and without all doubt, it is the leaſt dif. joyned by Sea , of all that Coaſt of Aſia, for that thoſe parts of Aſia and: America, are continent one with the other, or at moſt, diſ-joyned but by ſome narrow Channel of the Ocean, the ravenous and. harmful Beaſts, wherewith America is ſtored, flored, -as Bears, Lions, Tigers; Wolves, ' Foxes, &e. (which men', as is likely , would never to their own hatm tranſport our of the one Continent to'the other may import.: For from Noahs Ark, which reſted after the Deluge, in Aſia, all thoſe Beaſts muſt of neceility fetch their begin» ning, ſeeing they could not proceed "x the courſe of Nature , as the unperfe ſort of living Creatures do; - of Putre- faction: or if they might have Putre- faction for their parentage ,'-or receive their original ( by any other new ſort of Generation) of the Earth without ſpecial -. procreation'of their own kind , then I ſee no neceſſity, why they ſhould by Gods ſpecial appointment, be fo-carefully preſerved in Noahs Ark ( as they were ) in time of the Deluge. Wherefore,ſfeeing fris certain, that thoſe ravenous Beaſts ' of America, are the progeny of thoſe of the ſame kind in Aſia, and that men, as is likely, conveyed them not ( totheir own prejudice) from the one Continent to the other, it carryeth a great likelyhood and appearance of truth, chat if they joyn not together , yet are they neer neighbours, and but little di-joyned each from other, for even to this day, in the Iſles of Ca, famaica , Hiſpaniola, Barichena , and all thereſt, which are ſo far removed from the firm land, that theſe Beaſts cannot ſwim from it to them, the Spaniards K 4 record, FAO Joſeph. Acoft, de Matur, Nov.orb.1.14 C.2 Michov.de b6armatia, l, Is. Ces PBahy Nations ciroumaied record, that .npne of theſe' are forund; Wherefore ic ſeemerth (40 digreſs ng farther) «bat the Nation -of the Tarts. nians,, ſpreading fo exceeding far, asit doth , cannat certainly -be the poſterity of thoſe Caprive aebtes. Neither (to anſwer the ſecond Obge- fgion ) doth their Circumciſion in any ſort inforce at : for, neither was Cir- cumgition, among the Tartars ancienter than Aſabumeteni/m, but was received among them cogerher with it , as 4dichs, VIKs 2 qv av , ſo tbatto this day, It & nor entertained ( for ought I -cay had in Hiſtory) among thoſe T.artariass, which have not received Afabumetavifes, but remain in tbejr ancient Idolatry , ns for the moſt parc , both the Tarrers of ' Cat4ia, beyond the Mountain [mass to. wards the Eaſt Ocean, and the Tartars of Sarmatia, towards the North, on both fides the River of Qby, do. Neither if it ſhould be granted, that Circumciſion had been ancienter among them than Alabumeteviſm , were that an Argument of any importance, to prove them to be of the J/raclites progeny. Becauſe it is certainly kaown, that the Ceremony and cultome of Circumcifion hath been, and ſtzllis, uſual among many Nations, of whom there was never any ſufpition, that they deſcended from the J/ravliter, for RD as ac DvON/”dk wt mam nd, ng _ Gt "ny Sf" TRAETSW = - beſive the 'lvaolites, Tr for.Diadens hath recordetl-of the'Cutchi- Diodor.Sicgl, as , Philo , nll Torubo, vEgyptians, Horedotwy of both thoſe Na- | I. Part.2. C.1 of the Philo.) udz.1, de Circumci- tions -, «nil of the eA&#hioprans belittes, fone. that nhey whed Circumciſion , '#nd that Strab. 1.16, that -cuftom _—_—_ the /£ pary eEdbiopians, did ſeem very ancient, even "its able both thoſe Herodor, l, 2, and rum aMed, - 4 . 1.16. attons Terain- 1gns ed rill this day. And yer, belide theſe *Diodor.Sie Countreys already menrionel, rhe like 1-3-c-3- is 'alſo recorded of 'the 'Trogluditer by Agatharchid, L de Mat. Serabe, and by * others : Of the Phenici- rþ, £:94-aP. ans, and Arabians, by Cyprian and Nice- Phot. in Bibli- And (te leave this accomulating othecaCypra. efhomane reſttmonies) 4t 15 not obſcure- _— __ ly acknowledge! by the Prophet 7eremy, ;\ [1i1civio. tohave been uſual ( belide the Iſraelites ) * For, vhat the Ifmae\ires and $2. racens are the fame Nation , u menifeſt by Hie- rom, and S07z0- men , #vd others, which being wnci- ently termed Sce- nite (as Ammia- mus hath 05/erved ) namely of the Gre- clans, an? F onn- yov , Bocanſe they dwelkd in veurs ( for _ Niceph.Cal- with the e/£7yprian, IinLR, Ca.35s Edemites, Ammonites, Jer+9-26. Modbites, ind the in- Q1*190- in habiranrs of rhe de- (; ;.n 9 fart, that is the * F- Epiphan, Pa- maelites , or Saratens M2l.1.hezr.30, of Arabia : Of which a Nations, Hierom alſo $127 (to whom thoſe Re- Sozom. hift, SI0ns were well 1.6.c.38. known, (2s Epiphamus oa alfo of the moſt of P*'* ©<6. them) hath left celtifi- ed, that they retained Circumciſion, even in his time, Tonching ſome y_ *FLaco jam 3 Pal. 120. $. vid.ctiamJer, 49-28,29+ *®Scaliger in animad.' Euſ, theov.l 2,c.12. «17. Ann.$8. Frail. Miſcel. omg Jof which , al- ough it may be'pro- bably. mms, that they received it ( in ſome ſort) from the 1ſraclites : if not-as their progeny (which ax in ſome ſenſe may e ſaid of the inhabi- tants of the deſert, being the poſterity of Iſmact the ſon of A- brahans : and likewiſe of the Edomites, being the ſeed of E/as the fon of Iſaac) yet at ' lealt, by imication of Abrahams family , to whom alſo in bloud they were allied, as the Ammenites and Aowbites the poſterity of Lot, Abrahams bro- thers ſon, and who had lived long in his familiarity and fami- Y. Although I ſay of theſe Nations it may be conjectured , that their Ceremony of Circumciſion was ta-+ ken up, by imitation of the J/raelites : yet that Circumciſion na ſure token of - Manner of their has ( for ſuch to: beth bitatio® , 4s tw only. affirmed by * Hierom; :bst fig- nified ( and net: ob- ſecurely) by * Da- vid lamenting, bu dwelling in the tent of V1 which name Arabia de- ſerta « termed in the Hebrew) were of their dwelling in the deſert , by the Arabians them- ſelves named Sar- racens (for Sarra ſegnifieth, a deſert, and $1kan to inha- bit,in the Arabick tongue) or elſe, 1 a their Vid, yet at leaſt ( 45 * learned men cer- tainly rhink,) of their property, they might obtain that name of Sarracens, vazely,becanſe they lived much by 14+ pine ( for that the word Sarack in Arabick deſcent from#hg Iſraelites. 33 | Arabick doth im- thatthe ſame rite; *or port )to which above , cuſtom was alſo deri- al Nations they ved. originally, from ever were, and ſtill them, to the - whole gre addiited, For Nationof the Arabi- the deauttion of the ans(which was exceed- name Sarracens, ing great)'or. £6 the | from * Sara, as if e/£gyptians , or oflitr + py Sozom. they claimed deſcent neighbouring + Pro+ 1.6.c.38» from ber, being in- vinces , 1 know, aot deed Hagarens, why any ſhould con- (the progeny of Ha- ceive, or if they do, gar); a meer fan. yet appeareth it.t9 be cy and fable. They otherwiſe, becauſe claim it not, they circumciſed not in the eight day, which is the igviolable cuſtom of the Iſraeliter : but the «Egyptians in tbe fourteenth year, as is recorded by Am- TIES 4 broſe, and the Arabians in the thirteenth + $419.06 r57. (and ſome of them both ſexes) as * learned pert. 1. 1.c.10. men have recorded. Even as the * T»rks * Bellon.ob- alſo at this day, who received the rite of - wav 4 Circumcilion from the Arabiayr., are yo Tyr. known to circumciſe in. the eight, or car .c. de Cir- twelfth , or fifteenth year , or foonery cumciſ.. or Jatter , as opportunity may ſerve. Ma ns Of theſe Nations 1 ſay, how Circumcili- TP ong.l.1; on ſhould proceed from the Iſraelites tO Bgrer. Rebat; them, ] cannot conceive : no more then I p.l.1.c.Loan- can of the great Nation of the * Azzcbs, 8©: 4 on the Welt {tide of Ni/as beyond Nadia, T_ Un . X or of the inhabicants of * 7acatene 1n c.1, America, Ambr.l.2. de T34 Tartifaitis We dt the | Anthios, whereof the fit Yer are! th the ferond Trill they" Ehihe wider Y Govertiment bf the Spari-dr) Were r t Idotaters, for of theſe aſd, tie" Fecdi hid, and'the firſt fill Ni've Cicuntcifi in uſe, And although theſe inſtarrces, utti difſolve the force '6f this reaſon, rouchii the T aftarixns Circumcifion (the 'were #dmitted to have been ancienclyh wfe among them, as being uſual wit many other Nations, of whom no ful. | 36,479 |
wg163zb9776_1 | GATT_library | Open Government | Various open data | 1,968 | Proces-Verbal de la Reunion du Groupe non Officiel de Representants de Pays de Developpemet, Tenue le 27 Septembre 1968. Établi par le secrétariat | None | French | Spoken | 1,258 | 2,049 | RESTRICTED
ACCORD GENERAL SUR LES TARIFS LDC/M/73
10 octobre 1968
DOUANIERS ET LE COMMERCE Distribution spécial
PROCES-VERBAL DE LA REUNION DU GROUPE NiN OFFICIEL
DE REPRESENTANTS DE PAYS DE DEVELOPPEMET,
TENUE LE 27 SEPTEMBRE 1968
établi par le secrétariat
1. Le groupe non officiel des pays de developpement du GATT s'est réuni le
27 septembre 1968 sous la présidence de S.E.M. José Antonio Encinas del Pando,
Ambassadeur du Pérou. A cette reunion or.n assisté les représeritants des pays
suivants: Argentine, Brésil, Chili, Corée, Cuba, Espagne, Ghana, Inde, Israël,
Nigeria, Pakistan, Perou, République arabe unie, Trinité et Tobago, Tunisie, Turquie,
Uruguay et Yougoslavie.
2. Le Président a expliqué que la reunion avait été corvoquée pour donner aux
délégations la possibilité de procéder a un éhange de vues sur les questions les
intéressant que les divers organes du GATT aborderaient au cours des deux prochains
mois. Soulignant l'importance de la prochaine session des PARTIES CONTRACTANTES,
il a émis opinion que, compte tenu des débats recents de la CNUCED, le Groupe
pourrait utilement se pencher sur les problèmes des pays de développement afin
d'arriver à une position commune quo ces pars pourraient adopter, notamment au cours
des travaux des organes suivants: Groupe des restrictions résiduelles (3-4 octobre);
Comite des negotiations commerciales des pays de développement (14-25 octobre);
Comite du commerce des produits industriels (17-18 octobre); Groupe spécial des
produits tropicaux (ler novembre); Comité du commerce et du développement
(4-5 novembre) et PARTIES CONTRACTANTES a leur vingt-cinquieme session
(12-29 novembre).
Group des restrictions résiduelles
3. Des membres du groupe non officiel ont souligné que le problèm des restrictions
résiduelles n'interessait pas seulement les pars de développement dont les expor-
tations étaient effectivement touchés mais qu'il était devenu un problème qui
concernait tous les pays de développement lorsqu'il était examine en liaison avec
le plan propose de préférences generals. Un certain nombre de pays developpes ont
soutenu que les produits assujettis a des restrictions a l'importation ne devraient
pas, en principe, être compris dans le plan de préférencos. Come la question est. LDC/M/73
Page 2
donc devenuc plus importante ot plus urgonte, les pays de déveleppement dovraient
participor activement a la prochaine réunion du Groupe des restrictions
résiduells et insistor afin que des dates limites soiemt fixées pour l'éliminrt ion
des restrictions. Il a aussi été signalé que 1 'un des principaux pays développés
n'avait pas encore sign la Partie IV et qu' il importait d'établir des procédures
pour l'examen des restrictions que ce pays continuait d'appliquer. Il a été
suggéré qu'a la prociaino reunion du Groupe, les pays développés devraiont être
avisés que les pays de dveloppment avaient l'intention d'engager des consul-
tations intonsives par produit au titro du paragraphe 2 de l'article XXXVIII avoc
los pays qui appliqucnt oncorc des restrictions et qau l'on pourrait égalemment
rccourir aux dispositions de l'article XXIII et a la procédure spéciale adoptéc
le 5 avril 1966 en ce qui concerne l'invocation de ces dispositions par les pays
cn développrement.
4. Prenant la parole a la demande du Président, M. Hathur, Sous-Diroctour
generall, a expose quo les problèmes des restrictions résiduelles avaient reçu
une haute priorité dans le programme de travail immédiat des PARTIES CONTRACTANIES,
Tous les pays développés qui continuont d'appliquor des restrictions ont éte
avises qu'ils devaient etre prêts a fournir dos renseignemonts sur les circons-
tancos qui lour faisaicont juger nécessaire de maintonir leurs restrictions et
sur los perspectives de libéralisation. Dans bien des cas, il a été déclaré quo
les restrictions rentraient clans le cadre du Protocole d'application provisoire
ou des Protocoles d'accession qui régissent les obligations des pays a l'égard
de certainos dispositions du GATT. Toutefois, sauf lorsque lton pretend que
la legislation est de caractcre impératif, il ne faut pas en conclure qu'il
n'y a pas lieu d'tappliquer les dispositions de la Partie IV qui prescrivent aux
pays développés d'accorder unc haute priorité a la suppression des restrictions
concernant des produits dont lexportation préscnte un intérêt particulier pour
les pays de développement. D'autrc part", un grand nombre de ces restrictions
portent sur des produits qui ne présentcnt pas a lhoure actuello un trns grand
interet commercial pour les pays de developpoment, et la plupart d'entre elles
continuent d'êtroe appliquées en tant qu'él_ments d'un regime de protection de
l'agriculture qui doit êtrc envisagé clans un cont oxte plus vaste. Le Groupe
jugera peut-etre opportun de concortrer son, attention sur les produits qui
intéressent acttuellement les pays de développemont, étant donned, en particulier,
que la question des restrictions résiduelles sera probablement abordée sur unc
base plus large a la prochaine session des PARTIES CONTRACTANTES. Les restrictions
que la France applique encore seront sans aucun doute englobées dans ce débat
génerral.
5. Quant a la conviction du Groupe de l'aide aux aménagements de structure,
il a eté convenu a la dernière session du Comité du commerce et du dévcloppement
que la question pourrait etre soulevc si, apres la reunion du Groupe des
restrictions résiduelles, on estimait de façon génerale qu'il serait utile
d'examiner plus en detail les possibilities de rocourir a de tclles mesures
pour chercher une solution aux problèmes sous-jacents. LDC/M/73
Page 3
6. A l'issue de cet échange de vues, le Président a prié les représentants
du Pakistan et du Pérou de formuler en consultation avec d'nutres délégations
des propositions exprirnant l'inquiétude genérale que le maintien des restrictions
résiduelles cause aux pays de développement et les intentions de ceux-ci au
sujet d'une action future afin que les pays de développement participant aux
travaux du Groupe des restrictions résiduelles puissent on faire état.
Comité du commerce des produits industrials
7. Répondant a une question relative aux procedures que ce Comité doit suivre,
M. Mathur, Sous-Directeur general, a expliqué qu'a sa prochaine reunion, il
s'attacherait principalement a examiner les notifications concernant les obstacles
non tarifaires et paratarifaires diffusées dans les documents COM.IND/4 at Add.1
et a decider des procedures a suivre pour la verification, l'exploitation et le
traitement ultérieur des renseignements reçus. La question a de toute evidence
une importance considerable pour los pays de developpement mais, jusqu a present,
on n'a reçu qu'un très petit nombre de notifications d'obstacles non tarifaires
et paratarifaires touchant leurs exportations. Le groupe voudra peut-etrc
discutor la manière dont les pays de développement pourraient participer a ce
travail de façon plus active.
8. Des mombres du Groupe ont exprimé l'opinion que les pays de développement
devraient essayer d'intervenir dans les débats sur les obstacles non tarifaires
et paratarifaires e'tablis par les pays développés at dont la plupart nuisent
certainoment a leurs exportations. Las restrictions quantitativos que les pays
de devoloppamont continuent d'appliquer sont généralement nécessitees par la
situation de lour balance des paiements et olles ont touts été intégralement
signalées et expliquées au Comité des restrictions a l'importation (balance des
paiemcnts). Dans la mesure où des obstacles non tarifaires établis par des pars
do développment touchent les irtérets on matière d'exportation d'autres pays
de devoloppoment, ils pourraient être examines au cours des négociations
commercials entre pays de développemcnt qui se déroulent actuellement. Par
consequent, il parait a la fois superflu et injustifié que le Comité du commerce
des prodcuits industrials on reçoive notification ou les examine. Le groupe non
official est convenu que les pays de développement ne devaient épargner aucun
effort pour fournir a intention du Comite du commerce des produits industrials
des renseignements complets sur les obstacles non tarifaires maintenus par des
payrs dévoloppés at qui touchent lours oxportations,
Prochaine reunion
Le groupa non official est convenu de reprendre a une date rapprochée
l'examen des questions que le President a mentionnées danus sa declaration
liminaire..
| 42,374 |
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Donderen ass eng/e(n) Stad oder Duerf an Holland
Donderen GeoNimm ID 2756731
Donderen Postcode 9473
Donderen Bild 20120704 Vm munitiedepot Donderen Tynaarlo Dr NL.jpg
Donderen Zäitzon UTC+1
Donderen Kaart mat der Lag Map NL - Tynaarlo - Donderen.png
Donderen Commons-Kategorie Donderen
Donderen Who's-on-First-Identifikatioun 1158792191
Donderen
Donderen kok-ka Hô-lân
Donderen Só͘-chāi ê hêng-chèng léng-thó͘ si̍t-thé Tynaarlo
Donderen sī chi̍t ê Chū-lo̍h
Donderen tô͘ 20120704 Vm munitiedepot Donderen Tynaarlo Dr NL.jpg
دوندرن
دوندرن شناسهٔ رابطه در OSM 2675782
دوندرن کشور هلند
دوندرن موقعیت در تقسیمات کشوری تینارلو
دوندرن مختصات جغرافیایی
دوندرن شناسهٔ فریبیس /m/0cddsr
دوندرن نمونهای از سکونتگاه انسانی
دوندرن شناسهٔ جئونیمز 2756731
دوندرن کد پستی 9473
دوندرن نگاره 20120704 Vm munitiedepot Donderen Tynaarlo Dr NL.jpg
دوندرن منطقۀ زمانی یوتیسی ۱:۰۰+
دوندرن تصویر نقشهٔ مکانیاب Map NL - Tynaarlo - Donderen.png
دوندرن ردهٔ ویکیانبار Donderen
دوندرن شناسهٔ دانشنامه بزرگ کاتالان 0507397
دوندرن شناسۀ جاینامۀ نخستین نفر کیست 1158792191
دوندرن شناسه گنجواژ تاریخ هنر هلند 13529
دوندرن شناسه اطلاعات مکانی -2143548
Donderen
localitat dels Països Baixos
Donderen identificador OpenStreetMap de relació 2675782
Donderen estat Països Baixos
Donderen localitzat a l'entitat territorial administrativa Tynaarlo
Donderen coordenades
Donderen identificador Freebase /m/0cddsr
Donderen instància de assentament humà
Donderen instància de entitat de població dels Països Baixos
Donderen codi BAG 2916
Donderen identificador GeoNames 2756731
Donderen codi postal 9473
Donderen imatge 20120704 Vm munitiedepot Donderen Tynaarlo Dr NL.jpg
Donderen es troba dins el fus horari UTC+01:00
Donderen imatge del mapa localitzador Map NL - Tynaarlo - Donderen.png
Donderen categoria de Commons Donderen
Donderen identificador Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana (obsolet) 0507397
Donderen identificador Who's on First 1158792191
Donderen identificador RKD de tesaurus 13529
Donderen identificador WikiKids Donderen
Donderen identificador Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana donderen
Donderen identificador GNS -2143548
Donderen
Siedlung in Tynaarlo, Niederlande
Donderen OpenStreetMap-Relationskennung 2675782
Donderen Staat Niederlande
Donderen liegt in der Verwaltungseinheit Tynaarlo
Donderen geographische Koordinaten
Donderen Freebase-Kennung /m/0cddsr
Donderen ist ein(e) Siedlung
Donderen ist ein(e) Wohnplatz in den Niederlanden
Donderen BAG-Code für niederländische Städte 2916
Donderen GeoNames-Kennung 2756731
Donderen Postleitzahl 9473
Donderen Bild 20120704 Vm munitiedepot Donderen Tynaarlo Dr NL.jpg
Donderen Zeitzone UTC+1
Donderen Lagekarte Map NL - Tynaarlo - Donderen.png
Donderen Commons-Kategorie Donderen
Donderen Große-Katalanische-Enzyklopädie-Kennung (alt) 0507397
Donderen Who’s-on-First-Kennung 1158792191
Donderen RKD-Thesaurus-Kennung 13529
Donderen WikiKids-Kennung Donderen
Donderen Große-Katalanische-Enzyklopädie-Kennung donderen
Donderen GEOnet-Names-Server-Kennung -2143548
Donderen
Donderen Stoot Niedalande
Donderen geografische Koordinatn
Donderen Buidl 20120704 Vm munitiedepot Donderen Tynaarlo Dr NL.jpg
Donderen Commons-Kategorie Donderen
Donderen GNS-Kennung -2143548
Дондерен
село в Нідерландах
Дондерен OpenStreetMap зв'язок 2675782
Дондерен країна Нідерланди
Дондерен адміністративна одиниця Тінарло
Дондерен географічні координати
Дондерен ідентифікатор Freebase /m/0cddsr
Дондерен є одним із населений пункт
Дондерен є одним із кадастровий населений пункт у Нідерландах
Дондерен BAG-код населеного пункта Нідерландів 2916
Дондерен код GeoNames 2756731
Дондерен поштовий індекс 9473
Дондерен зображення 20120704 Vm munitiedepot Donderen Tynaarlo Dr NL.jpg
Дондерен часовий пояс UTC+1
Дондерен мапа розташування Map NL - Tynaarlo - Donderen.png
Дондерен категорія Вікісховища Donderen
Дондерен ідентифікатор у Великій каталанській енциклопедії 0507397
Дондерен Who's on First 1158792191
Дондерен ідентифікатор тезауруса RKD 13529
Дондерен ідентифікатор WikiKids Donderen
Дондерен ідентифікатор Великої каталанської енциклопедії donderen
Дондерен ідентифікатор GNS -2143548
Donderen
Donderen tír an Ísiltír
Donderen lonnaithe sa limistéar riaracháin Tynaarlo
Donderen comhordanáidí geografacha
Donderen sampla de áit lonnaithe
Donderen sampla de áit lonnaithe san Ísiltír
Donderen ID GeoNames 2756731
Donderen cód poist 9473
Donderen íomhá 20120704 Vm munitiedepot Donderen Tynaarlo Dr NL.jpg
Donderen lonnaithe i gcrios ama UTC+01:00
Donderen aimsitheoir íomhá léarscáil Map NL - Tynaarlo - Donderen.png
Donderen catagóir Commons Donderen
Donderen ID Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana 0507397
Donderen ID Uathúil GNS -2143548 | 33,065 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/57237779 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,019 | Stack Exchange | Alexis Wilke, Enosh Cohen, PaulMcKenzie, https://stackoverflow.com/users/212378, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3133316, https://stackoverflow.com/users/5763677 | English | Spoken | 237 | 428 | Why would tellp() be a non-const?
I am working on a logger which has a message inheriting std::stringstream.
At the point when I want to print out the message, I call a function which accepts the message as a const:
void logger::log_message(message const & msg)
In that function, I want to check whether anything was written to the message. If not, I can just ignore the call. I use the following:
if(const_cast<message &>(msg).tellp() == 0)
{
return;
}
I had to use the const_cast<>() because tellp() is not const. What I'm wondering is why would retrieving the current seek position have side effects on the stream. I could understand the seekp() which changes the position, but not the tellp(). Could that be a mistake in the specs?
std::stringstream -- and what if the stream is not a std::stringstream, but some other type of stream that does need to update the state for some reason? I guess the standards committee didn't want to restrict what a stream can do when returning a position.
As seen here: https://www.reddit.com/r/cpp_questions/comments/91jbd4/why_is_stdostreamtellp_nonconst/. The tellp function will change the value of rdstate if failed. You can also see that it change the state in this cpprefference page: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/UnformattedOutputFunction
@EnoshCohen Now that makes sense. It is rare that people check for error on a seek() anyway... (even though we all should)
The tellp() will change the rdstate of the object if it fails.
See:
https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/UnformattedOutputFunction
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