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[
"Haus der Kunst",
"founded by",
"Adolf Hitler"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Haus der Kunst<\e1> and <e2>Adolf Hitler<\e2>.
Exhibits
Nazi architecture
Haus der Kunst was the first major architectural project comissioned by the Nazis. The founding stone was laid by Adolf Hitler in October 1933. Haus der Kunst is an example of totalitarian classicism and was built in stone.
|
founded by
| 27,968 | 61,217 |
[
"Research and Analysis Wing",
"headquarters location",
"New Delhi"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Research and Analysis Wing<\e1> and <e2>New Delhi<\e2>.
The Research and Analysis Wing (abbreviated R&AW; Hindi: अनुसंधान और विश्लेषण विंग) is the foreign intelligence agency of India. The agency's primary function is gathering foreign intelligence, counter-terrorism, counter-proliferation, advising Indian policymakers, and advancing India's foreign strategic interests. It is also involved in the security of India's nuclear programme.During the nine-year tenure of its first Secretary, Rameshwar Nath Kao, R&AW quickly came to prominence in the global intelligence community, playing a role in major events such as accession of the state of Sikkim to India in 1975. Headquartered in New Delhi, R&AW's current chief is Samant Goel. The head of R&AW is designated as the Secretary (Research) in the Cabinet Secretariat, and is under the authority of the Prime Minister of India without parliamentary oversight. On an administrative basis, the Director reports to the Cabinet Secretary, who reports to the Prime Minister.Defections and spy scandals
In the early 1980s, K.V. Unnikrishnan, a 1962 batch IPS officer, who was posted at R&AW station in Colombo was honey-trapped by CIA. Between 1985 and 1987 when he was deputed as the station chief at Chennai, coordinating Sri Lanka operations, he gave away information to his handler on training and arming Tamil groups including LTTE, the Indian government's negotiating positions on the peace accord with Sri Lanka and the encryption code used by the agency. He was caught by IB counter-intelligence in 1987, spent a year in Tihar jail and was dismissed from IPS cadre.
In 2004, there was a spy scandal involving the CIA. Rabinder Singh, Joint Secretary and the head of R&AW's South East Asia department, defected to America on 5 June 2004. R&AW had already become suspicious about his movements and he was under surveillance for a very long time. Soon he was confronted by Counter Intelligence officials on 19 April 2004. Despite all precautions, Rabinder Singh managed to defect with 'sensitive files' he had allegedly removed from R&AW's headquarters in south New Delhi. This embarrassing fiasco and national security failure were attributed to weak surveillance, shoddy investigation, and lack of coordination between the Counter Intelligence and Security, Intelligence Bureau (IB) and R&AW. According to unconfirmed reports, Singh has surfaced in Virginia, USA. Recently in an affidavit submitted to the court, R&AW deposed that Singh has been traced in New Jersey. It has been speculated in the book Mission R&AW that although the CIA was found directly involved in compromising Singh and Unnikrishnan, at least eight other R&AW officers managed to clandestinely migrate and settle in foreign countries like the US and Canada with the help of their spy agencies.
In 2007, there was a spy scandal involving Bangladesh. A Bangladeshi DGFI agent concealed his nationality before joining R&AW, and was known by the name of Diwan Chand Malik in the agency. He was known to have some important intel which was damaging for the national security. He joined the agency in 1999 and used to live in East Delhi. A case of cheating and forgery was filed against him at the Lodhi Colony police station on the basis of a complaint by a senior R&AW official.
On 25 March 2016, Pakistan claimed that they arrested a R&AW operative by the name of Kulbhushan Jadhav who was operating in Balochistan province under the covername Hussain Mubarak Patel. Pakistan claimed that he was carrying a passport under that fake identity and used to operate a jewellery shop in Chahbahar, Iran. He is believed to be a serving commander-ranked officer in Indian Navy. According to a section of Pakistani media, he was involved in terrorist incidents in Karachi and Balochistan, most notably the terrorist attack on a bus full of Shia passengers in Safoora Goth, Karachi. However, Indian MEA said that though Jadhav was an Indian Navy officer who retired prematurely, but he has no link with the government. The Indian High Commission has also sought consular access to Jadhav but Pakistan has not agreed to it and Pakistan leaked some information without realising glaring loopholes in the same. The Iranian President Hassan Rouhani also dismissed Pakistan's claim and stated them as mere rumours. According to an Indian official, Jadhav owns a cargo business in Iran and had been working out of Bandar Abbas and Chabahar ports. "It appears that he strayed into Pakistani waters. But there is also a possibility that he was lured into Pakistan sometime back and fake documents were created on him.
|
headquarters location
| 27,975 | 61,229 |
[
"Research and Analysis Wing",
"founded by",
"Indira Gandhi"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Research and Analysis Wing<\e1> and <e2>Indira Gandhi<\e2>.
Formation of R&AW in 1968 to present
The Indira Gandhi administration decided that a full-fledged second security service was needed. R. N. Kao, then a deputy director of the Intelligence Bureau, submitted a blueprint for the new agency. Kao was appointed as the chief of India's first foreign intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing.: 259 The R&AW was given the responsibility for strategic external intelligence, human as well as technical, plus concurrent responsibility with the Directorate-General of Military Intelligence for tactical trans-border military intelligence up to a certain depth across the Line of control (LOC) and the international border.From its inception R&AW has been criticised for being an agency not answerable to the people of India (R&AW reports to Prime Minister only). Fears arose that it could turn into the KGB of India. Such fears were kept at bay by the R&AW's able leadership (although detractors of R&AW and especially the Janata Party have accused the agency of letting itself be used for terrorising and intimidating opposition during the 1975–1977 Emergency). The main controversy which has plagued R&AW in recent years is over bureaucratisation of the system with allegations about favouritism in promotions, corruption, ego clashes, no financial accountability, inter-departmental rivalry, etc. R&AW also suffers from ethnic imbalances in the officer level. Noted security analyst and former Additional Secretary B. Raman has criticised the agency for its asymmetric growth; "while being strong in its capability for covert action it is weak in its capability for intelligence collection, analysis and assessment. Strong in low and medium-grade intelligence, weak in high-grade intelligence. Strong in technical intelligence, weak in human intelligence. Strong in collation, weak in analysis. Strong in investigation, weak in prevention. Strong in crisis management, weak in crisis prevention."R&AW started as a wing of the main Intelligence Bureau with 250 employees and an annual budget of ₹20 million (US$250,467.10). In the early seventies, its annual budget had risen to ₹300 million (US$3.8 million) while its personnel numbered several thousand. In 2007, the budget of R&AW is speculated to be as high as US$150 million to as low as US$100 million.
|
founded by
| 27,976 | 61,230 |
[
"Research and Analysis Wing",
"founded by",
"R. N. Kao"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Research and Analysis Wing<\e1> and <e2>R. N. Kao<\e2>.
The Research and Analysis Wing (abbreviated R&AW; Hindi: अनुसंधान और विश्लेषण विंग) is the foreign intelligence agency of India. The agency's primary function is gathering foreign intelligence, counter-terrorism, counter-proliferation, advising Indian policymakers, and advancing India's foreign strategic interests. It is also involved in the security of India's nuclear programme.During the nine-year tenure of its first Secretary, Rameshwar Nath Kao, R&AW quickly came to prominence in the global intelligence community, playing a role in major events such as accession of the state of Sikkim to India in 1975. Headquartered in New Delhi, R&AW's current chief is Samant Goel. The head of R&AW is designated as the Secretary (Research) in the Cabinet Secretariat, and is under the authority of the Prime Minister of India without parliamentary oversight. On an administrative basis, the Director reports to the Cabinet Secretary, who reports to the Prime Minister.
|
founded by
| 27,974 | 61,235 |
[
"Clinton Foundation",
"headquarters location",
"New York City"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Clinton Foundation<\e1> and <e2>New York City<\e2>.
The Clinton Foundation (founded in 2001 as the William J. Clinton Presidential Foundation, and renamed in 2013 as the Bill, Hillary & Chelsea Clinton Foundation) is a nonprofit organization under section 501(c)(3) of the U.S. tax code. It was established by former president of the United States Bill Clinton with the stated mission to "strengthen the capacity of people in the United States and throughout the world to meet the challenges of global interdependence." Its offices are located in New York City and Little Rock, Arkansas.
Through 2016, the foundation had raised an estimated $2 billion from U.S. corporations, foreign governments and corporations, political donors, and various other groups and individuals. The acceptance of funds from wealthy donors has been a source of controversy. The foundation "has won accolades from philanthropy experts and has drawn bipartisan support". Charitable grants are not a major focus of the Clinton Foundation, which instead uses most of its money to carry out its own humanitarian programs.This foundation is a public organization to which anyone may donate and is distinct from the Clinton Family Foundation, a private organization for personal Clinton family philanthropy.According to the Clinton Foundation's website, neither Bill Clinton nor his daughter, Chelsea Clinton (both are members of the governing board), draws any salary or receives any income from the foundation. When Hillary Clinton was a board member, she reportedly also received no income from the foundation.Beginning in 2015, the foundation was accused of wrongdoing, including a bribery and pay-to-play scheme, but multiple investigations through 2019 found no evidence of malfeasance. The New York Times reported in September 2020 that a federal prosecutor appointed by attorney general Bill Barr to investigate the origins of the 2016 FBI Crossfire Hurricane investigation had also sought documents and interviews regarding how the FBI handled an investigation into the Clinton Foundation.
|
headquarters location
| 27,980 | 61,237 |
[
"Italian Democratic Socialist Party",
"founded by",
"Giuseppe Saragat"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Italian Democratic Socialist Party<\e1> and <e2>Giuseppe Saragat<\e2>.
The Italian Democratic Socialist Party (Italian: Partito Socialista Democratico Italiano, PSDI), also known as Italian Social Democratic Party, was a social-democratic political party in Italy. The longest serving partner in government for Christian Democracy, the PSDI was an important force in Italian politics, before the 1990s decline in votes and members. The party's founder and longstanding leader was Giuseppe Saragat, who served as President of the Italian Republic from 1964 to 1971. Compared to the like-minded Italian Socialist Party on the centre-left, it was more centrist but identified with the centre-left.After a rightward shift in the 1990s, which led some observers to question the PSDI as a social democratic party, it was expelled from the European Socialist Party. When Enrico Ferri founded with Luigi Preti the current European Liberal Social Democracy (SOLE), which was in favour of an alliance with Silvio Berlusconi's centre-right coalition, the choice was stigmatized by the PES and the Socialist International, and an official statement was issued. In January 1995, the party congress put the current of Ferri and Preti in the minority and elected Gian Franco Schietroma as secretary. After the party was disbanded in 1998, the majority went to the Socialist Party of the centre-left coalition, while the party's right-wing current joined centre-right coalition parties. In 2004, the party was established with the same name, Italian Democratic Socialist Party, which remains a minor party associated with both centre-left and centre-right coalitions.
|
founded by
| 27,987 | 61,247 |
[
"Al-Qaeda",
"founded by",
"Osama bin Laden"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Al-Qaeda<\e1> and <e2>Osama bin Laden<\e2>.
Al-Qaeda (; Arabic: القاعدة, romanized: al-Qāʿida, lit. 'the Base', IPA: [ælqɑːʕɪdɐ]) is a Sunni pan-Islamist militant organization led by Salafi jihadists who self-identify as a vanguard spearheading a global Islamist revolution to unite the Muslim world under a supra-national Islamic state known as the Caliphate. Its members are mostly composed of Arabs, but also include other peoples. Al-Qaeda has mounted attacks on civilian and military targets in various countries, including the 1998 United States embassy bombings, the 2001 September 11 attacks, and the 2002 Bali bombings; it has been designated as a terrorist group by the United Nations Security Council, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union, and various countries around the world.
The organization was founded in a series of meetings held in Peshawar during 1988, attended by Abdullah Azzam, Osama bin Laden, Muhammad Atef, Ayman al-Zawahiri and other veterans of the Soviet–Afghan War. Building upon the networks of Maktab al-Khidamat, the founding members decided to create an organization named "Al-Qaeda" to serve as a "vanguard" for jihad. Following the withdrawal of the Soviets in 1989, bin Laden offered mujahideen support to Saudi Arabia in the Gulf War in 1990–1991. His offer was rebuffed by the Saudi government, which instead sought the aid of the United States. The stationing of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia prompted bin Laden to declare a jihad against the House of Saud, whom he condemned as takfir (apostates from Islam), and against the US. During 1992–1996, al-Qaeda established its headquarters in Sudan until it was expelled in 1996. It shifted its base to the Taliban-ruled Afghanistan and later expanded to other parts of the world, primarily in the Middle East and South Asia.
In 1996 and 1998, bin Laden issued two fatāwā calling for U.S. troops to leave Saudi Arabia. Al-Qaeda conducted the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania, which killed 224 people. The U.S. retaliated by launching Operation Infinite Reach, against al-Qaeda targets in Afghanistan and Sudan. In 2001, al-Qaeda carried out the September 11 attacks, resulting in nearly 3,000 fatalities, substantial long-term health consequences and damaging global economic markets. The U.S. launched the war on terror in response and invaded Afghanistan to depose the Taliban and destroy al-Qaeda. In 2003, a U.S.-led coalition invaded Iraq, overthrowing the Ba'athist regime which it
wrongly accused of having ties with al-Qaeda. In 2004, al-Qaeda launched its Iraqi regional branch. After pursuing him for almost a decade, the U.S. military killed bin Laden in Pakistan in May 2011.
Al-Qaeda members believe a Judeo-Christian alliance (led by the United States) is conspiring to be at war against Islam and destroy Islam. As Salafist jihadists, members of Al-Qaeda believe that killing non-combatants is religiously sanctioned. Al-Qaeda also opposes what it regards as man-made laws, and wants to replace them exclusively with a strict form of sharīʿa (Islamic religious law, which is perceived as divine law). It characteristically organizes attacks such as suicide attacks and simultaneous bombing of several targets. Al-Qaeda's Iraq branch, which later morphed into the Islamic State of Iraq and Levant, was responsible for numerous sectarian attacks against Shias during its Iraqi insurgency. Al-Qaeda ideologues envision the violent removal of all foreign and secular influences in Muslim countries, which it denounces as corrupt deviations. Following the death of bin Laden in 2011, al-Qaeda vowed to avenge his killing. The group was then led by Egyptian Ayman al-Zawahiri until his death in 2022. As of 2021, it has reportedly suffered from a deterioration of central command over its regional operations.Expanding operations
Toward the end of the Soviet military mission in Afghanistan, some foreign mujahideen wanted to expand their operations to include Islamist struggles in other parts of the world, such as Palestine and Kashmir. A number of overlapping and interrelated organizations were formed, to further those aspirations. One of these was the organization that would eventually be called Al-Qaeda.
Research suggests that al-Qaeda was formed on August 11, 1988, when a meeting in Afghanistan between leaders of Egyptian Islamic Jihad, Abdullah Azzam, and bin Laden took place. The network was founded in 1988 by Osama bin Laden, Abdullah Azzam, and other Arab volunteers during the Soviet–Afghan War. An agreement was reached to link bin Laden's money with the expertise of the Islamic Jihad organization and take up the jihadist cause elsewhere after the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan. After fighting the "holy" war, the group aimed to expand such operations to other parts of the world, setting up bases in parts of Africa, the Arab world and elsewhere, carrying out many attacks on people whom it considers kāfir.Notes indicate Al-Qaeda was a formal group by August 20, 1988. A list of requirements for membership itemized the following: listening ability, good manners, obedience, and making a pledge (Bay'at) to follow one's superiors. In his memoir, bin Laden's former bodyguard, Nasser al-Bahri, gives the only publicly available description of the ritual of giving bay'at when he swore his allegiance to the Al-Qaeda chief. According to Wright, the group's real name was not used in public pronouncements because "its existence was still a closely held secret."After Azzam was assassinated in 1989 and MAK broke up, significant numbers of MAK followers joined bin Laden's new organization.In November 1989, Ali Mohamed, a former special forces sergeant stationed at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, left military service and moved to California. He traveled to Afghanistan and Pakistan and became "deeply involved with bin Laden's plans." In 1991, Ali Mohammed is said to have helped orchestrate bin Laden's relocation to Sudan.
|
founded by
| 27,990 | 61,251 |
[
"Convention of Republican Institutions",
"founded by",
"Francis Mitterrand"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Convention of Republican Institutions<\e1> and <e2>Francis Mitterrand<\e2>.
The Convention of Republican Institutions (French: Convention des institutions républicaines, CIR) was a socialist and republican party in France led by François Mitterrand. The CIR, founded in early June 1964, transformed from a loosely organized club to a formal political party by April 1965, a few months before the time of Mitterrand's candidacy in the 1965 election. Roughly at the same time, the CIR played an important role in the foundation of the Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left (FGDS), which ended with the FGDS' landslide defeat to the Gaullists in the 1968 election.
The CIR merged into the Socialist Party at the Epinay Congress in 1971.
|
founded by
| 28,008 | 61,274 |
[
"Rosneft",
"founded by",
"Government of Russia"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Rosneft<\e1> and <e2>Government of Russia<\e2>.
PJSC Rosneft Oil Company (Russian: Росне́фть, tr. Rosnéft', IPA: [ˌrosˈnʲeftʲ] stylized as ROSNEFT) is a Russian integrated energy company headquartered in Moscow. Rosneft specializes in the exploration, extraction, production, refining, transport, and sale of petroleum, natural gas, and petroleum products. The company is controlled by the Russian government through the Rosneftegaz holding company. Its name is a portmanteau of the Russian words Rossiyskaya neft (Russian: Российская нефть, lit. 'Russian oil').Rosneft was founded in 1993 as a state enterprise and then incorporated in 1995, acquiring a number of state-controlled gas and oil assets. It became Russia's leading oil company after purchasing assets of the former oil company Yukos at state-run auctions. After acquiring OJSC TNK-BP in 2013, then one of the largest oil companies in Russia, Rosneft became the world's largest publicly traded petroleum company.Rosneft is the third-largest Russian company and the second-largest state-controlled company (after Gazprom) in Russia in terms of revenue (₽4,134 billion). Internationally, it is one of the largest oil companies, ranking 24 in terms of revenue. In the 2020 Forbes Global 2000, Rosneft was ranked as the 53rd-largest public company in the world. The company operates in more than twenty countries around the world.1990s
Rosneft was established in 1993 as a unitary enterprise with assets previously held by Rosneftegaz, the successor to the Soviet Union's Ministry of Oil Industry. During the early 1990s, almost all Russian oil companies and refineries were extracted from Rosneft to form ten integrated companies. Later their number was halved as a result of acquisitions. On 29 September 1995, an Order of the Government of Russia No. 971 transformed Rosneft into an open joint stock company.In March 1996, Rosneft founded the Russian Regional Development Bank.Rosneft struggled financially and operationally during the 1998 Russian financial crisis with decreased production due to poor assets and decreased retail sales with an underused refining capacity. In July 1998 the Russian government tried to sell Rosneft, but it failed.In October 1998, the Russian government appointed Sergey Bogdanchikov as president. The company owned two obsolete refineries and several low-productive and poorly managed oil-producing assets. In the late 1990s, plans for Rosneft's privatization in Russia were made, but due to competition with equally influential pretenders, they were not carried out.
|
founded by
| 28,015 | 61,288 |
[
"Rosneft",
"owned by",
"Government of Russia"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Rosneft<\e1> and <e2>Government of Russia<\e2>.
PJSC Rosneft Oil Company (Russian: Росне́фть, tr. Rosnéft', IPA: [ˌrosˈnʲeftʲ] stylized as ROSNEFT) is a Russian integrated energy company headquartered in Moscow. Rosneft specializes in the exploration, extraction, production, refining, transport, and sale of petroleum, natural gas, and petroleum products. The company is controlled by the Russian government through the Rosneftegaz holding company. Its name is a portmanteau of the Russian words Rossiyskaya neft (Russian: Российская нефть, lit. 'Russian oil').Rosneft was founded in 1993 as a state enterprise and then incorporated in 1995, acquiring a number of state-controlled gas and oil assets. It became Russia's leading oil company after purchasing assets of the former oil company Yukos at state-run auctions. After acquiring OJSC TNK-BP in 2013, then one of the largest oil companies in Russia, Rosneft became the world's largest publicly traded petroleum company.Rosneft is the third-largest Russian company and the second-largest state-controlled company (after Gazprom) in Russia in terms of revenue (₽4,134 billion). Internationally, it is one of the largest oil companies, ranking 24 in terms of revenue. In the 2020 Forbes Global 2000, Rosneft was ranked as the 53rd-largest public company in the world. The company operates in more than twenty countries around the world.
|
owned by
| 28,016 | 61,289 |
[
"German Cancer Aid",
"headquarters location",
"Bonn"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>German Cancer Aid<\e1> and <e2>Bonn<\e2>.
President, Board of Directors and Medias
President of the organization since 2011 is Fritz Pleitgen, author and former leading German correspondent (ARD and WDR) He is elected for five years. Pleitgen succeeded Harald zur Hausen (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008). He was the president of the German Cancer Aid in 2010.
The Chairman of the Board of Directors is Hans-Peter Kraemer (Cologne). He is supported by nine colleagues and cancer experts, including Otmar Wiestler. Managing director since decades is Gerd Nettekoven.
The German Cancer Aid is known for its information department. Outreach director Christiana Tschoepe is a cancer expert herself. She developed with her team brochures to inform the public regularly about the various types of cancer. All information material on cancer can be accessed free. The press office organises information events and cancer-campaigns, follows the motto "Helping. Researching. Informing." The public relation of the organization supports the German-Transatlantic cooperation to fight cancer.Headquarters and institutions
The headquarters of the German Cancer Aid are located at Busch-Strasse 32, in 53113 Bonn. An additional office is in the German capital Berlin, in order to keep contacts to the government administration and the Parliament. The headquarters in Bonn manage the day-to-day business of the subsidiary organizations. These are:
•Dr. Mildred Scheel Foundation for Cancer Research, founded on February 16, 1976
•Mildred Scheel Kreis e.V., Association, established on November 7, 1977
•Dr. Mildred Scheel Academy of Education and Research GmbH (Cologne), founded on April 30, 1992
|
headquarters location
| 28,022 | 61,304 |
[
"German Cancer Aid",
"founded by",
"Mildred Scheel"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>German Cancer Aid<\e1> and <e2>Mildred Scheel<\e2>.
The German Cancer Aid (German: Deutsche Krebshilfe) is a not-for-profit organization to fight cancer in all its forms. The institution was founded on September 25, 1974 by Dr. Mildred Scheel (1932–1985). She was the wife of Walter Scheel, the Federal President of Germany from 1974 to 1979.
As the "First Lady", Mildred Scheel established the major cancer charity in Germany. It became the leading organization fighting cancer in Europe. From the very beginning, the organization has been supported only by private donors. The German Cancer Aid has remained independent of politics and the pharmacological industry. Mildred Scheel’s credo was: "We are only devoted to fight cancer for the benefit of all people."
|
founded by
| 28,021 | 61,307 |
[
"Red Cross of Monaco",
"founded by",
"Louis II, Prince of Monaco"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Red Cross of Monaco<\e1> and <e2>Louis II, Prince of Monaco<\e2>.
The Red Cross of Monaco (French: Croix-Rouge monégasque) is the national Red Cross Society of Monaco, founded in 1948 by Louis II of Monaco in the aftermath of the Second World War.Fundraising
The Monaco Red Cross's largest fundraising event is the annual Red Cross Gala, which takes place in the Salle des Étoiles of Sporting Monte-Carlo. A yearly clearance sale is also held on "World Cross Day" in May, raising awareness and finances for the charity.The organization has an annual aid budget of €7,000,000, and assists 20 to 40 counties affected by war, famine, and natural disasters each year.
|
founded by
| 28,025 | 61,311 |
[
"Republican People's Party",
"founded by",
"Mustafa Kemal Atatürk"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Republican People's Party<\e1> and <e2>Mustafa Kemal Atatürk<\e2>.
History
Establishment: 1919–1923
The Republican People's Party has its origins in the resistance organizations, known as Defence of Rights Associations, created in the immediate aftermath of World War I in the Turkish War of Independence. In the Sivas Congress, Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk) and his colleagues united the Defence of Rights Associations into the Association for the Defence of National Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia (Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdâfaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti) (A-RMHC), and called for elections in the Ottoman Empire to elect representatives associated with the organization. Most members of the A-RMHC were previously associated with the Committee of Union and Progress.A-RMHC members proclaimed the Grand National Assembly as a counter government from the Ottoman government in Istanbul. Grand National Assembly forces militarily defeated Greece, France, and Armenia, overthrew the Ottoman government, and abolished the monarchy. After the 1923 election, A-RMHC was transformed into a political party called the People's Party (Halk Fırkası). Because of the unanimity of the new parliament, the republic was proclaimed, the Treaty of Lausanne was ratified, and the Caliphate was abolished the next year.One-party period: 1923–1950
Atatürk era
In 1924, opposition to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk resulted in the foundation of the Progressive Republican Party (TCF). Reacting to the foundation of the TCF, his People's Party changed its name to the Republican People's Party (Cumhuriyet Halk Fırkası, soon Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi) (CHP). The life of the TCF was short. The TCF faced allegations of involvement in the Sheikh Said rebellion and for conspiring with remaining members of the CUP to assassinate Atatürk in the İzmir Affair. Because of this the party was banned, and its members purged from the government. For the next two decades Turkey was under a one-party authoritarian regime, with one interruption; another brief experiment of opposition politics through the formation of the Liberal Republican Party.
|
founded by
| 28,033 | 61,326 |
[
"BENlabs",
"founded by",
"Bill Gates"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>BENlabs<\e1> and <e2>Bill Gates<\e2>.
BENlabs, formerly BEN Group Inc, is a Los Angeles-based product placement, influencer marketing and licensing company. The company offers AI-driven product placement, influencer marketing services, music partnerships, rights clearance, and personality rights management services for the entertainment industry.
The company was founded in Seattle by Bill Gates in 1989 as Interactive Home Systems, and later renamed Corbis. The company's original goal was to license and digitize artwork and other historic images for the prospective concept of digital frames. In 1997, Corbis changed its business model to focus on licensing the imagery and footage in its collection.
The Corbis collection included contemporary creative, editorial, entertainment, and historical photography as well as art and illustrations. Among its acquisitions were the 11 million piece Bettmann Archive, acquired in 1995; the Sygma collection in France (1999); and the German stock image company ZEFA (2005). Corbis also had the rights to digital reproduction for art from the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia, the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the National Gallery in London.Corbis later expanded into providing services for the entertainment industry, including brand integration and rights clearance services. In January 2016, Corbis announced that it had sold its image licensing businesses to Unity Glory International, an affiliate of Visual China Group. VCG licensed the images to Corbis's historic rival, Getty Images, outside China. Corbis retained its entertainment businesses under the name Branded Entertainment Network, which has since evolved to BENlabs—the name reflecting the company’s commitment to continual testing, development and optimization of its AI-driven brand to entertainment opportunity matching services.History
Founding
Bill Gates founded the company in 1989 under the name Interactive Home Systems; he envisioned a system for allowing customers to decorate their homes with revolving displays of artwork, including works by notable painters, using digital frames and technology that had yet to have been developed. The company's name was changed to Continuum Productions in 1992 and later, to Corbis Corporation. Interactive television was suggested as a way to deliver the content, but as the development of the planned product was under way, Corbis focused on digitizing content and acquiring rights to images. Corbis signed agreements with the National Gallery of London, the Library of Congress, the Sakamoto Archive, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, and the State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia.In October 1995, the company purchased the Bettmann Archive collection, which included the pre-1983 photo library of United Press International and its predecessor photo agencies, Acme and INP, the photo arm of the International News Service. Prior to acquiring the Bettmann Archive, Corbis represented roughly 500,000 images, a total that increased substantially when the Bettmann drawings, artworks, news photographs, and other illustrations were added to the company's portfolio. In all the Bettmann Archive contained 19 million images. The archive was stored 220 feet underground in a refrigerated cave in the Iron Mountain storage facility,In 1995, the company won a contract with its first major photographer, Roger Ressmeyer, followed by several more, including Galen Rowell; this signalled growing interest in the world of professional photography, which up to that point had not taken the company seriously. In 1996 the company acquired the exclusive rights to approximately 40,000 images photographed by wilderness photographer Ansel Adams.In 1997, Corbis named company veterans, Steve Davis and Tony Rojas, co-CEOs. Corbis also hired David Rheins to run Corbis' Productions, and Leslie Hughes to lead the company's B2B image licensing division, Corbis Images. These hires marked the company's shift to a more market focused entity. Corbis Productions published several award-winning CD-ROM titles such as A Passion for Art: Renoir, Cézanne, Matisse, and Dr. Barnes, compiled from the Barnes Foundation collection, and Leonardo da Vinci, which showcased the Codex Leicester.In 1998, Leslie Hughes was named President of Corbis Images. The company expanded internationally and through product development and further acquisitions. The company acquired Digital Stock Corp., a supplier of royalty-free images to further expand its offering. In 1998, another division was added to Corbis Images when the company acquired Outline Press Syndicate, Inc., a supplier of celebrity portrait photography. Renamed Corbis Outline, the company syndicated studio portraits and candid photographs of actors, musicians, athletes, politicians, business leaders, scientists, and other celebrities and provided the images for sale to a broad range of national magazines. The same year, Corbis also acquired Westlight, adding over 3 million images to their archives while scanning best selling images.In June 1999, the company acquired the French news photo agency Sygma, adding 40 million additional images to the company's collection, and expanding Corbis's portfolio beyond 65 million images. The archive is today stored in a preservation and access facility outside Paris.In 2000, Microsoft (a fellow venture of Gates) purchased the rights through Corbis to the image Bucolic Green Hills, which it renamed to Bliss for the default wallpaper of Windows XP. The image was taken in the Los Carneros American Viticultural Area of Sonoma County, California, United States by photographer Charles O'Rear in 1996, who previously sent it to Westlight which Corbis had acquired in 1998.
|
founded by
| 28,038 | 61,334 |
[
"BENlabs",
"owned by",
"Visual China Group"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>BENlabs<\e1> and <e2>Visual China Group<\e2>.
BENlabs, formerly BEN Group Inc, is a Los Angeles-based product placement, influencer marketing and licensing company. The company offers AI-driven product placement, influencer marketing services, music partnerships, rights clearance, and personality rights management services for the entertainment industry.
The company was founded in Seattle by Bill Gates in 1989 as Interactive Home Systems, and later renamed Corbis. The company's original goal was to license and digitize artwork and other historic images for the prospective concept of digital frames. In 1997, Corbis changed its business model to focus on licensing the imagery and footage in its collection.
The Corbis collection included contemporary creative, editorial, entertainment, and historical photography as well as art and illustrations. Among its acquisitions were the 11 million piece Bettmann Archive, acquired in 1995; the Sygma collection in France (1999); and the German stock image company ZEFA (2005). Corbis also had the rights to digital reproduction for art from the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia, the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the National Gallery in London.Corbis later expanded into providing services for the entertainment industry, including brand integration and rights clearance services. In January 2016, Corbis announced that it had sold its image licensing businesses to Unity Glory International, an affiliate of Visual China Group. VCG licensed the images to Corbis's historic rival, Getty Images, outside China. Corbis retained its entertainment businesses under the name Branded Entertainment Network, which has since evolved to BENlabs—the name reflecting the company’s commitment to continual testing, development and optimization of its AI-driven brand to entertainment opportunity matching services.2016–present: Sale of image licensing business
On January 22, 2016, Corbis announced that it had sold its general image licensing business, including the Corbis Images, Corbis Motion and Veer libraries and their associated assets, to Unity Glory, an affiliate of Visual China Group. The sale did not include the Corbis Entertainment business, which would remain owned by the company under a new name. Concurrently, it was announced that VCG would exclusively license distribution of the Corbis images library outside China to its rival, Getty Images. VCG has historically served as the exclusive distributor of Getty content in China. Distribution of Corbis content was transitioned to Getty's outlets, and the company manages Corbis's physical archives on behalf of VCG. Of the deal, Getty CEO Jonathan Klein remarked that after 21 years in business, it was "lovely to get the milk, the cream, cheese, yogurt and the meat without buying the cow."In May 2016, following the handover of the Corbis images business to Unity Glory and Getty, Corbis Entertainment was renamed Branded Entertainment Network, and re-located its operations to Los Angeles. CEO Gary Shenk stated that the company had organized over 5,000 brand placements in 2015, with clients including Cadillac, Jose Cuervo, Microsoft, and others. In 2018, Ricky Ray Butler, was named CEO. In 2020 BEN won the Agency of the Year award at the 10th Streamy Awards.In February 2023, BEN Group was rebranded as BENlabs.
|
owned by
| 28,039 | 61,335 |
[
"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation",
"headquarters location",
"Seattle"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation<\e1> and <e2>Seattle<\e2>.
The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), a merging of the William H. Gates Foundation and the Gates Learning Foundation, is an American private foundation founded by Bill Gates and Melinda French Gates. Based in Seattle, Washington, it was launched in 2000 and is reported as of 2020 to be the second largest charitable foundation in the world, holding $49.8 billion in assets. On his 43rd birthday, Bill Gates gave the foundation $1 billion. The primary stated goals of the foundation are to enhance healthcare and reduce extreme poverty across the world, and to expand educational opportunities and access to information technology in the U.S. Key individuals of the foundation include Bill Gates, Melinda French Gates, Warren Buffett, chief executive officer Mark Suzman, and Michael Larson.The BMGF had an endowment of approximately $50 billion as of December 31, 2020. The scale of the foundation and the way it seeks to apply business techniques to giving makes it one of the leaders in venture philanthropy, though the foundation itself notes that the philanthropic role has limitations. In 2007, its founders were ranked as the second most generous philanthropists in the U.S., behind Warren Buffett. As of 2018, Bill Gates and Melinda French Gates had donated around $36 billion to the foundation. Since its founding, the foundation has endowed and supported a broad range of social, health, and education developments, including the establishment of the Gates Cambridge Scholarships at Cambridge University.Financials
The foundation explains on its website that its trustees divided the organization into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust. The foundation section, based in Seattle, US, "focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty", and its trustees are currently Bill and Melinda Gates; Warren Buffett announced his resignation as a trustee on June 23, 2021. The trust section manages "the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation's charitable goals"—it holds the assets of Bill and Melinda Gates, who are the sole trustees, and receives contributions from Buffett.The foundation posts its audited financial statements and 990-PF forms on the "Financials" section of its website as they become available. At the end of 2012, the foundation registered a cash sum of $4,998,000, down from $10,810,000 at the end of 2011. Unrestricted net assets at the end of 2012 were worth $31,950,613,000, while total assets were worth $37,176,777,000.
|
headquarters location
| 28,040 | 61,336 |
[
"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation",
"founded by",
"Bill Gates"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation<\e1> and <e2>Bill Gates<\e2>.
The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), a merging of the William H. Gates Foundation and the Gates Learning Foundation, is an American private foundation founded by Bill Gates and Melinda French Gates. Based in Seattle, Washington, it was launched in 2000 and is reported as of 2020 to be the second largest charitable foundation in the world, holding $49.8 billion in assets. On his 43rd birthday, Bill Gates gave the foundation $1 billion. The primary stated goals of the foundation are to enhance healthcare and reduce extreme poverty across the world, and to expand educational opportunities and access to information technology in the U.S. Key individuals of the foundation include Bill Gates, Melinda French Gates, Warren Buffett, chief executive officer Mark Suzman, and Michael Larson.The BMGF had an endowment of approximately $50 billion as of December 31, 2020. The scale of the foundation and the way it seeks to apply business techniques to giving makes it one of the leaders in venture philanthropy, though the foundation itself notes that the philanthropic role has limitations. In 2007, its founders were ranked as the second most generous philanthropists in the U.S., behind Warren Buffett. As of 2018, Bill Gates and Melinda French Gates had donated around $36 billion to the foundation. Since its founding, the foundation has endowed and supported a broad range of social, health, and education developments, including the establishment of the Gates Cambridge Scholarships at Cambridge University.
|
founded by
| 28,041 | 61,337 |
[
"Cascade Investment",
"founded by",
"Bill Gates"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Cascade Investment<\e1> and <e2>Bill Gates<\e2>.
Cascade Investment, L.L.C. is an American holding company and private investment firm headquartered in Kirkland, Washington, United States. It is controlled by Bill Gates, and managed by Michael Larson. More than half of Gates's fortune is held in assets outside his holding of Microsoft shares. Cascade is the successor company to Dominion Income Management, the former investment vehicle for Gates's holdings, which was managed by convicted felon Andrew Evans.Larson reportedly directs Cascade's investments through Bill and Melinda Gates Investments, a firm that also manages the portfolios of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and other connected entities. Larson accrued over the twenty years from 1995 an 11% compound annual return, and as of 2014 had 100 employees working under his direction. In 2021, Cascade drew attention due to allegations of toxic work environment caused by Larson.With 269,000 acres of farmland (which has been historically countercyclical to the stock market) being held through a wide network of shell companies, Cascade Investment is the largest farmland owner in the United States.Cascade has managed Gates' stake in Canadian National Railway since 2013. This constituted one of the investment firm's largest holdings. In 2022, the company sold $940 million worth of stocks, whittling Gates' stake down to 1.4 percent.
|
founded by
| 28,043 | 61,345 |
[
"Cascade Investment",
"owned by",
"Bill Gates"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Cascade Investment<\e1> and <e2>Bill Gates<\e2>.
Cascade Investment, L.L.C. is an American holding company and private investment firm headquartered in Kirkland, Washington, United States. It is controlled by Bill Gates, and managed by Michael Larson. More than half of Gates's fortune is held in assets outside his holding of Microsoft shares. Cascade is the successor company to Dominion Income Management, the former investment vehicle for Gates's holdings, which was managed by convicted felon Andrew Evans.Larson reportedly directs Cascade's investments through Bill and Melinda Gates Investments, a firm that also manages the portfolios of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and other connected entities. Larson accrued over the twenty years from 1995 an 11% compound annual return, and as of 2014 had 100 employees working under his direction. In 2021, Cascade drew attention due to allegations of toxic work environment caused by Larson.With 269,000 acres of farmland (which has been historically countercyclical to the stock market) being held through a wide network of shell companies, Cascade Investment is the largest farmland owner in the United States.Cascade has managed Gates' stake in Canadian National Railway since 2013. This constituted one of the investment firm's largest holdings. In 2022, the company sold $940 million worth of stocks, whittling Gates' stake down to 1.4 percent.
|
owned by
| 28,043 | 61,346 |
[
"Carnegie Institution for Science",
"headquarters location",
"Washington, D.C."
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Carnegie Institution for Science<\e1> and <e2>Washington, D.C.<\e2>.
When the United States joined World War II, Vannevar Bush was president of the Carnegie Institution. Several months prior to June 12, 1940, Bush was instrumental in persuading President Franklin Roosevelt to create the National Defense Research Committee (later superseded by the Office of Scientific Research and Development) to mobilize and coordinate the nation's scientific war effort. Bush housed the new agency in the Carnegie Institution's administrative headquarters at 16th and P Streets, NW, in Washington, DC, converting its rotunda and auditorium into office cubicles. From this location, Bush supervised multiple projects including the Manhattan Project. Carnegie scientists assisted with the development of the proximity fuze and mass production of penicillin.Research
Carnegie scientists continue to be involved with scientific discovery. Composed of six scientific departments on the East and West Coasts, the Carnegie Institution for Science focuses on six main topics: Astronomy at the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism (Washington, D.C.) and the Observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington (Pasadena, California and Las Campanas, Chile); Earth and planetary science at the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism and the Geophysical Laboratory (Washington, D.C.); Global Ecology at the Department of Global Ecology (Stanford, California); Genetics and developmental biology at the Department of Embryology (Baltimore, Maryland); matter at extreme states at the Geophysical Laboratory; and Plant science at the Department of Plant Biology (Stanford, California).
|
headquarters location
| 28,052 | 61,363 |
[
"Free Software Foundation",
"founded by",
"Richard Stallman"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Free Software Foundation<\e1> and <e2>Richard Stallman<\e2>.
The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization founded by Richard Stallman on October 4, 1985, to support the free software movement, with the organization's preference for software being distributed under copyleft ("share alike") terms, such as with its own GNU General Public License. The FSF was incorporated in Boston, Massachusetts, US, where it is also based.From its founding until the mid-1990s, FSF's funds were mostly used to employ software developers to write free software for the GNU Project. Since the mid-1990s, the FSF's employees and volunteers have mostly worked on legal and structural issues for the free software movement and the free software community.
Consistent with its goals, the FSF aims to use only free software on its own computers.
|
founded by
| 28,057 | 61,370 |
[
"American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology",
"headquarters location",
"Rockville"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology<\e1> and <e2>Rockville<\e2>.
The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB) is a learned society that was founded on December 26, 1906, at a meeting organized by John Jacob Abel (Johns Hopkins University). The roots of the society were in the American Physiological Society, which had been formed some 20 years earlier. ASBMB is the US member of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
The ASBMB was originally called the American Society of Biological Chemists, before obtaining its current name in 1987. The society is based in Rockville, Maryland. ASBMB's mission is to advance the science of biochemistry and molecular biology through publication of scientific and educational journals, the organization of scientific meetings, advocacy for funding of basic research and education, support of science education at all levels, and by promoting the diversity of individuals entering the scientific workforce. The organization currently has over 12,000 members.
|
headquarters location
| 28,058 | 61,376 |
[
"American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology",
"founded by",
"John Jacob Abel"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology<\e1> and <e2>John Jacob Abel<\e2>.
The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB) is a learned society that was founded on December 26, 1906, at a meeting organized by John Jacob Abel (Johns Hopkins University). The roots of the society were in the American Physiological Society, which had been formed some 20 years earlier. ASBMB is the US member of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
The ASBMB was originally called the American Society of Biological Chemists, before obtaining its current name in 1987. The society is based in Rockville, Maryland. ASBMB's mission is to advance the science of biochemistry and molecular biology through publication of scientific and educational journals, the organization of scientific meetings, advocacy for funding of basic research and education, support of science education at all levels, and by promoting the diversity of individuals entering the scientific workforce. The organization currently has over 12,000 members.
|
founded by
| 28,058 | 61,377 |
[
"European Film Academy",
"headquarters location",
"Berlin"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>European Film Academy<\e1> and <e2>Berlin<\e2>.
The European Film Academy is an initiative of a group of European filmmakers who came together in Berlin on the occasion of the first presentation of the European Film Awards in November 1988.
Every year, the European Film Academy honours films and filmmakers with the European Film Awards. The ceremony is taking place every even year in a different European city, and every odd year in Berlin.European Film Academy
The academy—under the name of European Cinema Society—was founded by Swedish director Ingmar Bergman, as well as 40 filmmakers from all over Europe, among them Bernardo Bertolucci, Claude Chabrol, Dušan Makavejev, István Szabó, and Wim Wenders. Bergman became the first president, and Wenders was elected chairman. A year later, the European Cinema Society was renamed European Film Academy and was registered as a non-profit association.In 1996, Wenders took over the presidency from Bergman, and the British producer Nik Powell was elected chairman. The board of the academy consists of members representing various parts of Europe. Board members are elected for a period of 2 years, with a maximum period of 3 periods. Board meetings take place 3 times a year, one of which is in Berlin, where the academy is headquartered.Polish veteran filmmaker Agnieszka Holland was elected the third president of the European Film Academy in 2021. The current chair of the board is Irish-British film producer Mike Downey.
Based on a decision of the general assembly, the number of members—originally limited to 99—has been continuously increasing and has now reached 4,225 (as of December 2021). The academy is working in close contact with the most institutions and organisations that form the backbone of the European film industry.
|
headquarters location
| 28,061 | 61,382 |
[
"Ramzan Kadyrov",
"position held",
"Head of the Chechen Republic"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Ramzan Kadyrov<\e1> and <e2>Head of the Chechen Republic<\e2>.
Head of the Chechen Republic
Kadyrov was nominated to a second term as president (now referred to as Head of the Chechen Republic) by Russian President Dmitry Medvedev on 28 February 2011 and was unanimously elected for a second term by the Chechen Parliament on 5 March 2011. After his election, he stated that he was going to continue the current course of reviving the republic's economy and society.On 8 March, he captained a Chechen football team which included current players of FC Terek Grozny, former players of Soviet Union national football team and former German midfielder Lothar Matthaeus in a match against the team Brazil XI which included ex-Brazilian footballers like Romario, Dunga, Bebeto and Cafu. Kadyrov scored twice during the match but his team lost 6–4 to the Brazilian side. Kadyrov said that he had organised the match to show that Chechnya had recovered from years of separatist conflict. He also said that the Brazilians weren't paid to appear but came out of goodwill and in return for a donation to flood victims in Brazil.
|
position held
| 28,067 | 61,394 |
[
"All-Russia People's Front",
"founded by",
"Vladimir Putin"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>All-Russia People's Front<\e1> and <e2>Vladimir Putin<\e2>.
The All-Russia People's Front (ONF; Russian: Общероссийский народный фронт, romanized: Obshcherossiyskiy narodnyy front), is a political coalition in Russia started in 2011 by then-Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Putin to provide the United Russia political party with "new ideas, new suggestions and new faces". The ONF aims to forge formal alliances between United Russia (the ruling party from 2001 onwards) and numerous Russian non-governmental organizations. On 12 June 2013 the ONF founding conference elected Putin (President of Russia from 2012) as the Front's leader.
|
founded by
| 28,071 | 61,403 |
[
"Brahim Boushaki",
"position held",
"Imam"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Brahim Boushaki<\e1> and <e2>Imam<\e2>.
Brahim Boushaki (Arabic: إبراهيم بن علي بوسحاقي Ibrahim ibn Ali al-Boushaki) (1912 CE/1330 AH – 1997 CE/1418 AH), was an Algerian Scholar, Imam and Sufi Sheikh. He was born in the village of Soumâa near the town of Thénia 53 km east of Algiers. He was raised in a very spiritual environment within Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki with high Islamic values and ethics. He had great interpersonal skills and devoted his entire life in service of Islam and Algeria according to the Algerian Islamic reference.
|
position held
| 28,076 | 61,412 |
[
"Martin Luther",
"residence",
"Erfurt"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Martin Luther<\e1> and <e2>Erfurt<\e2>.
In accordance with his father's wishes, he enrolled in law but dropped out almost immediately, believing that law represented uncertainty. Luther sought assurances about life and was drawn to theology and philosophy, expressing particular interest in Aristotle, William of Ockham, and Gabriel Biel. He was deeply influenced by two tutors, Bartholomaeus Arnoldi von Usingen and Jodocus Trutfetter, who taught him to be suspicious of even the greatest thinkers and to test everything himself by experience.Philosophy proved to be unsatisfying, offering assurance about the use of reason but none about loving God, which to Luther was more important. Reason could not lead men to God, he felt, and he thereafter developed a love-hate relationship with Aristotle over the latter's emphasis on reason. For Luther, reason could be used to question men and institutions, but not God. Human beings could learn about God only through divine revelation, he believed, and Scripture therefore became increasingly important to him.On 2 July 1505, while Luther was returning to university on horseback after a trip home, a lightning bolt struck near him during a thunderstorm. Later telling his father he was terrified of death and divine judgment, he cried out, "Help! Saint Anna, I will become a monk!" He came to view his cry for help as a vow he could never break. He left university, sold his books, and entered St. Augustine's Monastery in Erfurt on 17 July 1505. One friend blamed the decision on Luther's sadness over the deaths of two friends. Luther himself seemed saddened by the move. Those who attended a farewell supper walked him to the door of the Black Cloister. "This day you see me, and then, not ever again," he said. His father was furious over what he saw as a waste of Luther's education.
|
residence
| 28,079 | 61,422 |
[
"Martin Luther",
"residence",
"Lutherstadt Wittenberg"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Martin Luther<\e1> and <e2>Lutherstadt Wittenberg<\e2>.
Various sites both inside and outside Germany (supposedly) visited by Martin Luther throughout his lifetime commemorate it with local memorials. Saxony-Anhalt has two towns officially named after Luther, Lutherstadt Eisleben and Lutherstadt Wittenberg. Mansfeld is sometimes called Mansfeld-Lutherstadt, although the state government has not decided to put the Lutherstadt suffix in its official name.
Reformation Day commemorates the publication of the Ninety-five Theses in 1517 by Martin Luther; it has been historically important in the following European entities. It is a civic holiday in the German states of Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, Schleswig-Holstein and Hamburg. Two further states (Lower Saxony and Bremen) are pending a vote on introducing it. Slovenia celebrates it because of the profound contribution of the Reformation to its culture. Austria allows Protestant children not to go to school that day, and Protestant workers have a right to leave work in order to participate in a church service. Switzerland celebrates the holiday on the first Sunday after 31 October. It is also celebrated elsewhere around the world.
|
residence
| 28,080 | 61,423 |
[
"Martin Luther",
"residence",
"Lutherstadt Eisleben"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Martin Luther<\e1> and <e2>Lutherstadt Eisleben<\e2>.
Various sites both inside and outside Germany (supposedly) visited by Martin Luther throughout his lifetime commemorate it with local memorials. Saxony-Anhalt has two towns officially named after Luther, Lutherstadt Eisleben and Lutherstadt Wittenberg. Mansfeld is sometimes called Mansfeld-Lutherstadt, although the state government has not decided to put the Lutherstadt suffix in its official name.
Reformation Day commemorates the publication of the Ninety-five Theses in 1517 by Martin Luther; it has been historically important in the following European entities. It is a civic holiday in the German states of Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, Schleswig-Holstein and Hamburg. Two further states (Lower Saxony and Bremen) are pending a vote on introducing it. Slovenia celebrates it because of the profound contribution of the Reformation to its culture. Austria allows Protestant children not to go to school that day, and Protestant workers have a right to leave work in order to participate in a church service. Switzerland celebrates the holiday on the first Sunday after 31 October. It is also celebrated elsewhere around the world.
|
residence
| 28,080 | 61,426 |
[
"Martin Luther",
"residence",
"Mansfeld"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Martin Luther<\e1> and <e2>Mansfeld<\e2>.
Early life
Birth and education
Martin Luther was born to Hans Luder (or Ludher, later Luther) and his wife Margarethe (née Lindemann) on 10 November 1483 in Eisleben, County of Mansfeld, in the Holy Roman Empire. Luther was baptized the next morning on the feast day of St. Martin of Tours. In 1484, his family moved to Mansfeld, where his father was a leaseholder of copper mines and smelters and served as one of four citizen representatives on the local council; in 1492 he was elected as a town councilor. The religious scholar Martin Marty describes Luther's mother as a hard-working woman of "trading-class stock and middling means", contrary to Luther's enemies, who labeled her a whore and bath attendant.He had several brothers and sisters and is known to have been close to one of them, Jacob.Hans Luther was ambitious for himself and his family, and he was determined to see Martin, his eldest son, become a lawyer. He sent Martin to Latin schools in Mansfeld, then Magdeburg in 1497, where he attended a school operated by a lay group called the Brethren of the Common Life, and Eisenach in 1498. The three schools focused on the so-called "trivium": grammar, rhetoric, and logic. Luther later compared his education there to purgatory and hell.In 1501, at age 17, he entered the University of Erfurt, which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse. He was made to wake at four every morning for what has been described as "a day of rote learning and often wearying spiritual exercises." He received his master's degree in 1505.
|
residence
| 28,078 | 61,428 |
[
"Martin Luther",
"position held",
"university teacher"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Martin Luther<\e1> and <e2>university teacher<\e2>.
Monastic life
Luther dedicated himself to the Augustinian order, devoting himself to fasting, long hours in prayer, pilgrimage, and frequent confession. Luther described this period of his life as one of deep spiritual despair. He said, "I lost touch with Christ the Savior and Comforter, and made of him the jailer and hangman of my poor soul."Johann von Staupitz, his superior, concluded that Luther needed more work to distract him from excessive introspection and ordered him to pursue an academic career. On 3 April 1507, Jerome Schultz (lat. Hieronymus Scultetus), the Bishop of Brandenburg, ordained Luther in Erfurt Cathedral. In 1508, he began teaching theology at the University of Wittenberg. He received a bachelor's degree in biblical studies on 9 March 1508 and another bachelor's degree in the Sentences by Peter Lombard in 1509. On 19 October 1512, he was awarded his Doctor of Theology and, on 21 October 1512, was received into the senate of the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg, having succeeded von Staupitz as chair of theology. He spent the rest of his career in this position at the University of Wittenberg.
He was made provincial vicar of Saxony and Thuringia by his religious order in 1515. This meant he was to visit and oversee each of eleven monasteries in his province.
|
position held
| 28,089 | 61,438 |
[
"El Escorial",
"founded by",
"Philip II of Spain"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>El Escorial<\e1> and <e2>Philip II of Spain<\e2>.
El Escorial, or the Royal Site of San Lorenzo de El Escorial (Spanish: Monasterio y Sitio de El Escorial en Madrid), or Monasterio del Escorial (Spanish pronunciation: [el eskoˈɾjal]), is a historical residence of the King of Spain located in the town of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, 2.06 km (1.28 mi) up the valley (4.1 km [2.5 mi] road distance) from the town of El Escorial and about 45 kilometres (28 miles) northwest of the Spanish capital Madrid. Built between 1563 and 1584 by order of King Philip II (who reigned 1556–1598), El Escorial is the largest Renaissance building in the world. It is one of the Spanish royal sites and functions as a monastery, basilica, royal palace, pantheon, library, museum, university, school, and hospital.
El Escorial consists of two architectural complexes of great historical and cultural significance: the royal monastery itself and La Granjilla de La Fresneda, a royal hunting lodge and monastic retreat about 5 kilometres away. These sites have a dual nature: during the 16th and 17th centuries, they were places in which the power of the Spanish monarchy and the ecclesiastical predominance of the Roman Catholic religion in Spain found a common architectural manifestation. El Escorial was both a Spanish royal palace and a monastery, although Philip II is the only monarch who ever lived in the main building. Established with a community of Hieronymite monks, it has become a monastery of the Order of Saint Augustine. It was also a boarding school: the Real Colegio de Alfonso XII.Philip II engaged the Spanish architect Juan Bautista de Toledo to be his collaborator in the building of the complex at El Escorial. Toledo had spent the greater part of his career in Rome, where he had worked on St. Peter's Basilica, and in Naples serving the king's viceroy, whose recommendation brought him to the king's attention. Philip appointed him architect-royal in 1559, and together they designed El Escorial as a monument to Spain's role as a center of the Christian world.On 2 November 1984, UNESCO declared The Royal Seat of San Lorenzo of El Escorial a World Heritage Site. It is a popular tourist attraction, often visited by day-trippers from Madrid – more than 500,000 visitors come to El Escorial every year.Conception and design
El Escorial is situated at the foot of Mount Abantos in the Sierra de Guadarrama. This austere location, hardly an obvious choice for the site of a royal palace, was chosen by King Philip II of Spain, and it was he who ordained the building of a grand edifice here to commemorate the 1557 Spanish victory at the Battle of St. Quentin in Picardy against Henry II, king of France. Philip also intended the complex to serve as a necropolis for the interment of the remains of his parents, Charles I and Isabella of Portugal, himself, and his descendants. In addition, Philip envisioned El Escorial as a center for studies in aid of the Counter-Reformation cause.
The building's cornerstone was laid on 23 April 1563. The design and construction were overseen by Juan Bautista de Toledo, who did not live to see the completion of the project. With Toledo's death in 1567, direction passed to his apprentice, Juan de Herrera, under whom the building was completed in 1584, in slightly less than 21 years. To this day, la obra de El Escorial ("the work of El Escorial") is a proverbial expression for a thing that takes a long time to finish.Since then, El Escorial has been the burial site for most of the Spanish kings of the last five centuries, Bourbons as well as Habsburgs. The Royal Pantheon contains the tombs of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (who ruled Spain as King Charles I), Philip II, Philip III, Philip IV, Charles II, Louis I, Charles III, Charles IV, Ferdinand VII, Isabella II, Alfonso XII, and Alfonso XIII. Two Bourbon kings, Philip V (who reigned from 1700 to 1724 and again from 1724 to 1746) and Ferdinand VI (1746–1759), as well as King Amadeus (1870–1873), are not buried in the monastery.
|
founded by
| 28,090 | 61,440 |
[
"Gregor Mendel",
"position held",
"abbot"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Gregor Mendel<\e1> and <e2>abbot<\e2>.
Gregor Johann Mendel OSA (; Czech: Řehoř Jan Mendel; 20 July 1822 – 6 January 1884) was an Austrian biologist, meteorologist, mathematician, Augustinian friar and abbot of St. Thomas' Abbey in Brünn (Brno), Margraviate of Moravia. Mendel was born in a German-speaking family in the Silesian part of the Austrian Empire (today's Czech Republic) and gained posthumous recognition as the founder of the modern science of genetics. Though farmers had known for millennia that crossbreeding of animals and plants could favor certain desirable traits, Mendel's pea plant experiments conducted between 1856 and 1863 established many of the rules of heredity, now referred to as the laws of Mendelian inheritance.Mendel worked with seven characteristics of pea plants: plant height, pod shape and color, seed shape and color, and flower position and color. Taking seed color as an example, Mendel showed that when a true-breeding yellow pea and a true-breeding green pea were cross-bred their offspring always produced yellow seeds. However, in the next generation, the green peas reappeared at a ratio of 1 green to 3 yellow. To explain this phenomenon, Mendel coined the terms "recessive" and "dominant" in reference to certain traits. In the preceding example, the green trait, which seems to have vanished in the first filial generation, is recessive and the yellow is dominant. He published his work in 1866, demonstrating the actions of invisible "factors"—now called genes—in predictably determining the traits of an organism.
The profound significance of Mendel's work was not recognized until the turn of the 20th century (more than three decades later) with the rediscovery of his laws. Erich von Tschermak, Hugo de Vries and Carl Correns independently verified several of Mendel's experimental findings in 1900, ushering in the modern age of genetics.
|
position held
| 28,096 | 61,456 |
[
"Prosper Grech",
"position held",
"cardinal"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Prosper Grech<\e1> and <e2>cardinal<\e2>.
Prosper Grech (24 December 1925 – 30 December 2019) was a Maltese Augustinian friar, who co-founded the Patristic Institute Augustinianum in Rome. He was created a cardinal by Pope Benedict XVI on 18 February 2012. He was the second Maltese member of the College of Cardinals, the first since 1843.
|
position held
| 28,113 | 61,494 |
[
"Payo Enríquez de Rivera",
"position held",
"Viceroy of New Spain"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Payo Enríquez de Rivera<\e1> and <e2>Viceroy of New Spain<\e2>.
Payo Enríquez de Rivera y Manrique, O.E.S.A. (also Payo Enríquez Afán de Rivera y Manrique or Payo Afán Enríquez de Ribera Manrique de Lara), (1622 – 8 April 1684) was a Spanish Augustinian friar who served as the Bishop of Guatemala (1657–67), Archbishop of Mexico (1668–1681) and Viceroy of New Spain (13 December 1673 – 30 November 1680).
|
position held
| 28,116 | 61,506 |
[
"Klosterneuburg Monastery",
"founded by",
"Leopold III"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Klosterneuburg Monastery<\e1> and <e2>Leopold III<\e2>.
History
During the Investiture Controversy in the early twelfth century, Margrave Leopold III of Babenberg sided with the Papacy against Emperor Henry IV. In 1106, the emperor's son, Emperor Henry V, who sided with the Papacy against his father, rewarded Leopold's loyalty by offering him his sister Agnes' hand in marriage, in recognition of his services. Agnes was the widow of Duke Frederick I of Swabia. Leopold, who was recently widowed from his first wife, accepted the hand of this daughter of the Imperial Salian dynasty.With this new connection to two imperial families, Leopold's status was elevated by the marriage, which also brought with it a large dowry of royal possessions. Following his marriage, Leopold initiated plans to build a castle on Leopoldsberg for his new residence, which had formerly been at Gars am Kamp and Tulln an der Donau. He named the new castle Niwenburc. According to legend, Leopold was standing with his wife on the balcony of their new castle when Agnes' veil was carried away by a strong gust of wind. The area was searched, but the veil was not found. Years later, Leopold was out hunting when he became attracted by a brilliant radiance coming from the foliage of an elderbush. The source of the light was the undamaged veil, entangled in the foliage. From the light emerged a vision of the Virgin Mary, who directed Leopold to build a church and monastery in her honour at that location.In 1113, Leopold founded a monastery (kloster) for secular canons next to his castle, providing it with generous donations of land. The cornerstone ceremony for the new abbey church took place on 12 June 1114. Leopold's younger son, the chronicler Otto of Freising, prepared for his ecclesiastical career at Klosterneuburg and became provost in 1126. In 1133, Leopold handed the monastery over to the Augustinians after repossessing it from the secular canons. Leopold sought to create an impressive but private monastery next to his residence.On 29 September 1136, the abbey church was consecrated after 22 years of construction. The form of that original basilica has survived for nine centuries, despite many subsequent modifications and reconstructions. Most likely the two side aisles had lofts, the middle aisle was most likely higher, and above the crossing there was a tower. Two months after the consecration, Margrave Leopold III died on 15 November 1136. Agnes survived him by seven years. In 1156, Duke Henry II of Austria moved his residence from Klosterneuburg to Vienna after receiving the ducal title. Despite the change, the monastery continued to develop as a religious and cultural institution.In 1220, Duke Leopold VI of Austria selected a Burgundian master architect to build the Capella Speziosa chapel beside the convent. This chapel, considered among the most beautiful sacred buildings of its time, was demolished in the eighteenth century. On 13 September 1330, the town and monastery were seriously damaged in a fire. The monastery and abbey church were renovated, and new works of art were commissioned by provost Stephan of Sierndorf. In 1394, construction began on the south tower of the early-Gothic abbey church. It would take two centuries before the tower was completed in 1592.On 6 January 1485, Leopold III was canonized by Pope Innocent VIII. As a result, Klosterneuburg soon became an important pilgrimage site. Throughout the fifteenth century, the Augustinian canons had devoted themselves to humanistic studies and the sciences, especially geography and astronomy. During the various wars of that period, especially the Ottoman sieges of Vienna in 1529 and 1679, the monastery suffered severe damage. In the sixteenth century, the Protestant Reformation posed another threat to the monastery, as its influence led to reduced numbers—at one point leaving the monastery in the care of only seven canons. The success of the Counter-Reformation during the seventeenth century strengthened and renewed the monastery.Between 1634 and 1645, the first phase of remodeling the abbey church in the Baroque style took place. Artists from northern Italy were brought in to work on the project, under the guidance of Giovanni Battista Carlone. In 1636, the crossing tower was demolished. Between 1638 and 1644, the north tower of the abbey church was constructed. In 1644, a 6000-kg bell was cast and installed in the north tower, named Leopoldiglocke, after Saint Leopold III. The second phase of remodeling the abbey church in the Baroque style took place between 1680 and 1702.
|
founded by
| 28,119 | 61,516 |
[
"Sebastiano Martinelli",
"position held",
"Catholic bishop"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Sebastiano Martinelli<\e1> and <e2>Catholic bishop<\e2>.
Episcopate
He was appointed apostolic delegate to the United States on 18 April 1896 by Pope Leo XIII and titular archbishop of Ephesus on 18 August 1896. He was consecrated on 30 August 1896, by Mariano Rampolla, Cardinal Secretary of State. He took possession of the apostolic delegation on 4 October 1896. He was much more popular than his predecessor, Cardinal Satolli. In this role, he attended the dedication of St. Mary's Church in Dedham, Massachusetts.
|
position held
| 28,123 | 61,522 |
[
"Sebastiano Martinelli",
"position held",
"titular archbishop"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Sebastiano Martinelli<\e1> and <e2>titular archbishop<\e2>.
Episcopate
He was appointed apostolic delegate to the United States on 18 April 1896 by Pope Leo XIII and titular archbishop of Ephesus on 18 August 1896. He was consecrated on 30 August 1896, by Mariano Rampolla, Cardinal Secretary of State. He took possession of the apostolic delegation on 4 October 1896. He was much more popular than his predecessor, Cardinal Satolli. In this role, he attended the dedication of St. Mary's Church in Dedham, Massachusetts.
|
position held
| 28,123 | 61,523 |
[
"Aleixo de Menezes",
"position held",
"Archbishop of Goa"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Aleixo de Menezes<\e1> and <e2>Archbishop of Goa<\e2>.
The only case in which an ancient Eastern rite has been wilfully romanized is that of the Malabar Christians, where it was not Roman authority but the misguided zeal of Alexius de Menezes, Archbishop of Goa, and his Portuguese advisers at the Synod of Diamper (1599) which spoiled the old Malabar Rite.
Nasranis gathered at Mattancherry church on Friday, 3 January 1653 (M.E. 828 Makaram 3), and made an oath that is known as the Great Oath of Bent Cross
|
position held
| 28,127 | 61,531 |
[
"Jedburgh Abbey",
"headquarters location",
"Scottish Borders"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Jedburgh Abbey<\e1> and <e2>Scottish Borders<\e2>.
Jedburgh Abbey, a ruined Augustinian abbey which was founded in the 12th century, is situated in the town of Jedburgh, in the Scottish Borders 10 miles (16 km) north of the border with England at Carter Bar.
|
headquarters location
| 28,132 | 61,536 |
[
"Jedburgh Abbey",
"headquarters location",
"Jedburgh"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Jedburgh Abbey<\e1> and <e2>Jedburgh<\e2>.
Jedburgh Abbey, a ruined Augustinian abbey which was founded in the 12th century, is situated in the town of Jedburgh, in the Scottish Borders 10 miles (16 km) north of the border with England at Carter Bar.
|
headquarters location
| 28,132 | 61,537 |
[
"Tommaso Martinelli",
"position held",
"Catholic bishop"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Tommaso Martinelli<\e1> and <e2>Catholic bishop<\e2>.
Episcopate
He opted for the order of cardinal bishops, taking the suburbicarian see of Sabina on 24 March 1884.
|
position held
| 28,139 | 61,546 |
[
"Tommaso Martinelli",
"position held",
"Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Tommaso Martinelli<\e1> and <e2>Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals<\e2>.
Cardinalate
He was created Cardinal-Deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro by Pope Pius IX in the consistory of 22 December 1873. He was appointed as Prefect of the Congregation of Studies on 12 March 1874. He opted for the order of cardinal priests and the title of Santa Prisca on 17 September 1875. He was appointed as Prefect of the Congregation of Rites on 18 October 1877. He participated in the conclave of 1878 that elected Pope Leo XIII. He remained at the Congregation for Rites until he was appointed as Prefect of the Congregation of the Index on 15 July 1878. He served as Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals from 15 March 1883 until 24 March 1884.
|
position held
| 28,137 | 61,548 |
[
"Pedro Manrique de Lara (archbishop)",
"position held",
"Roman Catholic Archbishop of Zaragoza"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Pedro Manrique de Lara (archbishop)<\e1> and <e2>Roman Catholic Archbishop of Zaragoza<\e2>.
Pedro Manrique de Lara, O.S.A. (1553–1615) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Zaragoza (1611–1615) and Bishop of Tortosa (1601–1611).Biography
Pedro Manrique de Lara was born in Crotone, Italy in 1553 and ordained a priest in the Order of Saint Augustine.
On 12 February 1601, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Clement VIII as Bishop of Tortosa.
On 8 April 1611, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Paul V as Archbishop of Zaragoza.
He served as Archbishop of Zaragoza until his death on 7 June 1615.
|
position held
| 28,154 | 61,580 |
[
"Pedro Manrique de Lara (archbishop)",
"position held",
"Bishop of Tortosa"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Pedro Manrique de Lara (archbishop)<\e1> and <e2>Bishop of Tortosa<\e2>.
Pedro Manrique de Lara, O.S.A. (1553–1615) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Zaragoza (1611–1615) and Bishop of Tortosa (1601–1611).
|
position held
| 28,155 | 61,581 |
[
"João de Casal",
"position held",
"Roman Catholic Bishop of Macau"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>João de Casal<\e1> and <e2>Roman Catholic Bishop of Macau<\e2>.
João de Casal, O.S.A. (Latin: Joannes do Casal) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Macau (1690–1735).Biography
João de Casal was born in Castelo de Vide, province of Alentejo, Portugal in 1641. He was ordained in the Order of Saint Augustine. On 10 Apr 1690, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Alexander VIII as Bishop of Macau.
On 25 Jul 1690, he was consecrated bishop by Veríssimo de Lencastre, Archbishop Emeritus of Braga with Agostinho da Anunciação, Archbishop of Goa, and José Saldanha, Bishop of Funchal, serving as co-consecrators. He took possession of the diocese on 20 June 1692. He died on 20 Sep 1735.
|
position held
| 28,173 | 61,612 |
[
"João de Casal",
"position held",
"Catholic bishop"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>João de Casal<\e1> and <e2>Catholic bishop<\e2>.
João de Casal, O.S.A. (Latin: Joannes do Casal) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Macau (1690–1735).Biography
João de Casal was born in Castelo de Vide, province of Alentejo, Portugal in 1641. He was ordained in the Order of Saint Augustine. On 10 Apr 1690, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Alexander VIII as Bishop of Macau.
On 25 Jul 1690, he was consecrated bishop by Veríssimo de Lencastre, Archbishop Emeritus of Braga with Agostinho da Anunciação, Archbishop of Goa, and José Saldanha, Bishop of Funchal, serving as co-consecrators. He took possession of the diocese on 20 June 1692. He died on 20 Sep 1735.
|
position held
| 28,173 | 61,615 |
[
"Giovanni Maria Camilleri",
"position held",
"bishop of Gozo"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Giovanni Maria Camilleri<\e1> and <e2>bishop of Gozo<\e2>.
Giovanni Maria Camilleri (15 March 1843 – 7 November 1924) was a Maltese prelate who became the fourth bishop of Gozo.Life
Camilleri was born in Valletta, Malta on March 15, 1843. At the age of 24 he was ordained priest of the Order of St Augustine. On February 11, 1889 Pope Leo XIII appointed Camilleri to the vacant see of Gozo to succeed Pietro Pace who was appointed as bishop of Malta. He was consecrated on February 24, 1889 by Cardinal Mariano Rampolla in the Basilica of Sant'Agostino in Rome. On May 12 he was installed as the fourth bishop of Gozo in the cathedral of the diocese. On January 21, 1924 Pope Pius XI accepted the resignation of Bishop Camilleri as bishop of Gozo and was appointed as Titular Bishop of Methone. Ten months later, on November 7, Camilleri died in Rabat, Malta at the age of 81.
|
position held
| 28,180 | 61,635 |
[
"Luis López de Solís",
"position held",
"Catholic bishop"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Luis López de Solís<\e1> and <e2>Catholic bishop<\e2>.
Luis López de Solís, O.S.A. (1534 – July 5, 1606) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as the Bishop of La Plata o Charcas (1605–1606) and the Bishop of Quito (1592–1605).Biography
Luis López de Solís was born in Salamanca, Spain and ordained a priest in the Order of Saint Augustine in 1558. On September 7, 1592, he was appointed by the King of Spain and confirmed by Pope Clement VIII as Bishop of Quito. On April 3, 1594, he was consecrated bishop by Toribio Alfonso de Mogrovejo, Archbishop of Lima. On July 18, 1605, he was appointed by the King of Spain and confirmed by Pope Clement VIII as Bishop of La Plata o Charcas. He served as Bishop of La Plata o Charcas until his death on July 5, 1606.While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of Fernando Trexo y Senabria, Bishop of Córdoba.
|
position held
| 28,182 | 61,638 |
[
"Luis López de Solís",
"position held",
"Bishop of Quito"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Luis López de Solís<\e1> and <e2>Bishop of Quito<\e2>.
Luis López de Solís, O.S.A. (1534 – July 5, 1606) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as the Bishop of La Plata o Charcas (1605–1606) and the Bishop of Quito (1592–1605).Biography
Luis López de Solís was born in Salamanca, Spain and ordained a priest in the Order of Saint Augustine in 1558. On September 7, 1592, he was appointed by the King of Spain and confirmed by Pope Clement VIII as Bishop of Quito. On April 3, 1594, he was consecrated bishop by Toribio Alfonso de Mogrovejo, Archbishop of Lima. On July 18, 1605, he was appointed by the King of Spain and confirmed by Pope Clement VIII as Bishop of La Plata o Charcas. He served as Bishop of La Plata o Charcas until his death on July 5, 1606.While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of Fernando Trexo y Senabria, Bishop of Córdoba.
|
position held
| 28,182 | 61,640 |
[
"Agustín Antolínez",
"position held",
"archbishop of Compostela"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Agustín Antolínez<\e1> and <e2>archbishop of Compostela<\e2>.
Agustín Antolínez, O.S.A. (6 December 1554 – 19 June 1626) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela (1624–1626) and Bishop of Ciudad Rodrigo (1623–1624).Biography
Agustín Antolínez was born in Valladolid, Spain and ordained a priest in the Order of Saint Augustine. On 10 May 1623, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Gregory XV as Bishop of Ciudad Rodrigo. On 24 August 1623, he was consecrated bishop by Luis Fernández de Córdoba, Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela, with Juan Bravo Lagunas, Bishop of Ugento, and Antonio de Gouvea, Titular Bishop of Cyrene, serving as co-consecrators. On 1 July 1624, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Urban VIII as Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela. He served as Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela until his death on 19 June 1626.
|
position held
| 28,184 | 61,645 |
[
"Agustín Antolínez",
"position held",
"Bishop of Ciudad Rodrigo"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Agustín Antolínez<\e1> and <e2>Bishop of Ciudad Rodrigo<\e2>.
Agustín Antolínez, O.S.A. (6 December 1554 – 19 June 1626) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela (1624–1626) and Bishop of Ciudad Rodrigo (1623–1624).Biography
Agustín Antolínez was born in Valladolid, Spain and ordained a priest in the Order of Saint Augustine. On 10 May 1623, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Gregory XV as Bishop of Ciudad Rodrigo. On 24 August 1623, he was consecrated bishop by Luis Fernández de Córdoba, Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela, with Juan Bravo Lagunas, Bishop of Ugento, and Antonio de Gouvea, Titular Bishop of Cyrene, serving as co-consecrators. On 1 July 1624, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Urban VIII as Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela. He served as Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela until his death on 19 June 1626.
|
position held
| 28,184 | 61,646 |
[
"Pedro de Arce",
"position held",
"Catholic bishop"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Pedro de Arce<\e1> and <e2>Catholic bishop<\e2>.
Pedro de Arca, O.S.A. (1545 – October 16, 1645) was the second bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cebu.Biography
Pedro de Arca was born in Catadiano Spain and ordained a priest in the Order of Saint Augustine. On June 13, 1604, Pope Paul V appointed him Bishop of Cebu. He was consecrated bishop in 1613 by Diego Vázquez de Mercado, Bishop of the Archdiocese of Manila. He served as Bishop of Cebu until his death on 16 Oct 1645.While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of Hernando Guerrero, Bishop of Nueva Segovia (1628).
|
position held
| 28,187 | 61,648 |
[
"Hernando Guerrero",
"position held",
"Metropolitan Archbishop of Manila"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Hernando Guerrero<\e1> and <e2>Metropolitan Archbishop of Manila<\e2>.
Hernando Guerrero, O.S.A. (1572 – July 1, 1641) was the Archbishop of the Catholic Archdiocese of Manila (1634–1641) and the Bishop of the Diocese of Nueva Segovia (1628–1634).Biography
Hernando Guerrero was born in Alcaraz, Spain and was an ordained priest of the Order of Saint Augustine.On December 17, 1626, Urban VIII appointed him Bishop of Nueva Segovia. He was consecrated bishop in 1628 by Pedro de Arce, Bishop of Cebu. On January 9, 1634, Urban VIII appointed him Archbishop of Manila where he served until his death on July 1, 1641. While bishop, he was the Principal Consecrator of Diego Aduarte, Bishop of Nueva Segovia (1635).
|
position held
| 28,191 | 61,657 |
[
"Melchor Maldonado y Saavedra",
"position held",
"Catholic bishop"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Melchor Maldonado y Saavedra<\e1> and <e2>Catholic bishop<\e2>.
Melchor Maldonado y Saavedra, O.S.A. (1588–1662) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Córdoba (1635–1662).Biography
Melchor Maldonado y Saavedra was born in Río de la Hacha in 1588 and ordained a priest in the Order of Saint Augustine.
On 20 September 1631, he was selected as Bishop of Córdoba and confirmed by Pope Urban VIII on 8 March 1632.
In 1633, he was consecrated bishop by Hernando de Arias y Ugarte, Archbishop of Lima.
He was installed on 27 June 1635.
He served as Bishop of Córdoba until his death on 11 February 1662.
While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of Bernardino de Cárdenas Ponce, Bishop of Paraguay (1641); and the principal co-consecrator of Pedro de Villagómez Vivanco, Bishop of Arequipa (1633).
|
position held
| 28,192 | 61,660 |
[
"Pi Day",
"founded by",
"Larry Shaw"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Pi Day<\e1> and <e2>Larry Shaw<\e2>.
Pi Day is an annual celebration of the mathematical constant π (pi). Pi Day is observed on March 14 (the 3rd month) since 3, 1, and 4 are the first three significant figures of π. It was founded in 1988 by Larry Shaw, an employee of the San Francisco science museum, the Exploratorium. Celebrations often involve eating pie or holding pi recitation competitions. In 2009, the United States House of Representatives supported the designation of Pi Day. UNESCO's 40th General Conference designated Pi Day as the International Day of Mathematics in November 2019.Other dates when people celebrate pi include July 22 (22/7 in the day/month format, an approximation of π) and June 28 (6.28, an approximation of 2π or tau).
|
founded by
| 28,229 | 61,735 |
[
"Sofitel Winter Palace Hotel",
"owned by",
"Egyptian General for Tourism and Hotels"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Sofitel Winter Palace Hotel<\e1> and <e2>Egyptian General for Tourism and Hotels<\e2>.
History
The hotel was built by Benjamin herbst in the Upper Egypt Hotels Co, an enterprise founded in 1905 by Cairo hoteliers Charles Baehler and George Nungovich in collaboration with Thomas Cook & Son (Egypt). It was inaugurated on Saturday 19 January 1907, with a picnic at the Valley of the Kings followed by dinner at the hotel and speeches.The architect was Leon Stienon, the Italian construction company G.GAROZZO & Figli Costruzioni in Cemento Armato, Sistema SIACCI brevettato.
During World War I the hotel was temporarily closed to paying guests and employed as a hospice for convalescing soldiers. A regular guest at the hotel from 1907 on was George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, better known simply as Lord Carnarvon. Carnarvon was the patron of Egyptologist Howard Carter, who in 1922 discovered the intact tomb of Tutankhamun. After the discovery was announced the Winter Palace played host to the international press corps and foreign visitors there to follow the story. Carter used the hotel's noticeboard to deliver occasional news and information on the discovery.
In 1975 the complex was expanded with the construction of the New Winter Palace. The addition, classified as a 3-star hotel, was joined by corridors to the original. It was demolished in 2008.
In 1996, the Pavillon, a 4-star annex with 116 rooms, was built in the rear garden of the Winter Palace, close to the swimming pool. The Pavillon shares many amenities with the Winter Palace, including the gardens, pools, tennis courts, terraces and restaurants.
The hotel is owned by the Egyptian General Company for Tourism & Hotels ("EGOTH") of Egypt and managed by Accor, a French Hotel company, where it is part of the prime division Sofitel.
The Hotel is featured on the exclusive Palace Hotels of the World.
The Winter Palace has 5 restaurants. The 1886 Restaurant, which serves French cuisine, is named after the date the hotel inaccurately advertises that it was founded. It and the la Corniche Restaurant (international cuisine) are both located in the historic Palace wing. The Bougainvilliers (international cuisine) is in the Pavilion wing, while the Palmetto (Italian cuisine and snacks) and the El Tarboush (Egyptian cuisine) are in the garden close to the swimming pool.
|
owned by
| 28,361 | 61,926 |
[
"A.C. Milan",
"owned by",
"Elliott Management Corporation"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>A.C. Milan<\e1> and <e2>Elliott Management Corporation<\e2>.
Changes in ownership and decline (2012–2019)
After their 18th Scudetto, the club declined in performance. Milan failed to qualify to European competitions for a few years, and the only trophy won was the 2016 Supercoppa Italiana, achieved under Vincenzo Montella's coaching after defeating Juventus in the penalty shoot-out.
On 5 August 2016, a new preliminary agreement was signed with the Chinese investment management company Sino-Europe Sports Investment Management Changxing Co., to which Fininvest sold a 99.93% stake of Milan for about €520 million, plus the refurbishment of the club financial debt of €220 million. On 13 April 2017, the deal was completed and Rossoneri Sport Investment Lux became the new direct parent company of the club. In order to finalise the deal, American hedge fund Elliott Management Corporation provided Li with a loan of €303 million (€180 million to complete the payment to Fininvest and €123 million issued directly to the club). On 10 July 2018, Li failed to keep up with his loan repayment plan, neglecting to deposit a €32 million instalment on time in order to refinance the €303 million loan debt owed to the American hedge fund. As a result, In July 2018, chairman Li Yonghong's investment vehicle Rossoneri Champion Inv. Lux. was removed as the shareholder of Rossoneri Sport Inv. Lux., the direct parent company of the club, making the investment vehicle majority controlled by Elliott Management Corporation the sole shareholder of Rossoneri Sport Inv. Lux.On 27 November 2017, Montella was sacked due to poor results and replaced by former player Gennaro Gattuso. Milan qualified for the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League group stage after finishing 6th in the 2017–18 Serie A season, but were banned by UEFA from European competition due to violations of Financial Fair Play regulations for failure to break-even. Milan appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport and was overturned on 20 July 2018.In Gattuso's first full season in charge, Milan exceeded expectations and spent much of the campaign in the top 4. Despite winning their final 4 games, Milan missed out on the Champions League by one point. After Milan's failure to qualify for the Champions League, Gattuso resigned as manager. On 19 June 2019, Milan hired former Sampdoria manager Marco Giampaolo on a 2-year contract. On 28 June 2019, Milan was excluded from the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League for violating Financial Fair Play regulations for the years 2014–2017 and 2015–2018.
|
owned by
| 28,386 | 61,961 |
[
"René de Knyff",
"position held",
"president"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>René de Knyff<\e1> and <e2>president<\e2>.
Chevalier René de Knyff (December 10, 1865 in Antwerp, Belgium – 1954 in France) was a French pioneer of car racing and later a president of Commission Sportive Internationale (CSI), now known as FIA.
Between 1897 and 1903 he took part in 18 car races, 5 of which he won (Paris-Bordeaux 1898, Spa-Bastogne-Spa 1899, Tour de France 1899, Circuit du Sud-Ouest Pau 1899, and Nice-Marseille-Nice, 1900). He drove all the races in a Panhard & Levassor, wearing a captain cap which he always lost right after start. During his racing career, he was famous for his gentlemanship and sportsmanship. For example, during the Paris-Bordeaux race in 1895, he saw his great rival Fernand Charron who was sitting on the road next to his undependable car, tired and desperate. De Knyff stopped, asked Charron if he could help him somehow, gave him a glass of cognac and encouraged him to go on, which Charron did. He was a popular figure also due to his enormous beard, bohemian lifestyle (he knew where to get the best champagne, cigars and Rhine wine), and interest in many other sports, such as tennis, shooting, cycling, and also hunting. His cousin Gaëtan De Knyff (1871-1933) was also active in cycling and car racing.
|
position held
| 28,401 | 61,993 |
[
"Carlos Espínola (sailor)",
"position held",
"Mayor of Corrientes"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Carlos Espínola (sailor)<\e1> and <e2>Mayor of Corrientes<\e2>.
Carlos Mauricio "Camau" Espínola (born 5 October 1971) is an Argentine windsurfer and politician. He served as Mayor of Corrientes from 2009 to 2013 and is a National Senator since 2015.
|
position held
| 28,469 | 62,128 |
[
"S.S. Lazio",
"owned by",
"Claudio Lotito"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>S.S. Lazio<\e1> and <e2>Claudio Lotito<\e2>.
Società Sportiva Lazio (Italian pronunciation: [sotʃeˈta sporˈtiːva ˈlattsjo]; BIT: SSL; Lazio Sport Club), commonly referred to as Lazio, is an Italian professional sports club based in Rome, most known for its football activity. The society, founded in 1900, plays in the Serie A and have spent most of their history in the top tier of Italian football. Lazio have been Italian champions twice (1974, 2000), and have won the Coppa Italia seven times, the Supercoppa Italiana three times, and both the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and UEFA Super Cup on one occasion.The club had their first major success in 1958, winning the domestic cup. In 1974, they won their first Serie A title. The 1990s were the most successful period in Lazio's history, with the team reaching the UEFA Cup final in 1998, winning the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and UEFA Super Cup in 1999, and clinching the Serie A title in 2000. Due to a severe economic crisis in 2002 that forced president Sergio Cragnotti out of the club along with several star players being sold, Lazio's success in the league declined. In spite of the lower funds, the club has won four Coppa Italia titles since then; in 2004, 2009, 2013 and 2019. Current president Claudio Lotito took charge of the club in 2004, filling the vacuum that had existed following Cragnotti's departure.
Lazio's traditional kit colours are sky blue shirts and white shorts with white socks; the colours are reminiscent of Rome's ancient Hellenic legacy. Sky blue socks have also been interchangeably used as home colours. Their home is the 70,634 capacity Stadio Olimpico in Rome, which they share with A.S. Roma. Lazio have a long-standing rivalry with Roma, with whom they have contested the Derby della Capitale (in English "Derby of the capital city" or Rome derby) since 1929.Despite initially not having any parent–subsidiary relation with the male and female professional team (that was incorporated as S.S. Lazio S.p.A.), the founding of Società Sportiva Lazio allowed for the club that participates in over 40 sports disciplines in total, more than any other sports association in the world.Società Sportiva Lazio as a company
In 1998, during Sergio Cragnotti's period in charge as the chairman, Società Sportiva Lazio S.p.A. became a listed company: Lazio were the first Italian club to do so. However, Cragnotti resigned as chairman in 2001, after a "huge hole in the budget" of the club.Claudio Lotito, the current chairman of Lazio, purchased the club from Cragnotti in 2004, but owned just 26.969% of shares as the largest shareholders at that time. It was followed by banking group Capitalia (and its subsidiaries Mediocredito Centrale, Banca di Roma and Banco di Sicilia) as the second largest shareholders for 17.717%. Capitalia also hold 49% stake of Italpetroli (via Capitalia's subsidiary Banca di Roma), the parent company of city rival Roma (via Italpetroli's subsidiary "Roma 2000"). Lotito later purchased the minority stake from Capitalia.
As of 2018, Claudio Lotito owns just over two-thirds of the shares of Lazio. Lazio is one of only three Italian clubs listed on the Borsa Italiana, the others being Juventus and Roma. In the past, Lazio was the only one with a single primary share holder (Lotito). However, following several capital increases by Roma and Juventus, they also are significantly owned by a shareholder. According to The Football Money League, published by consultants Deloitte, in the 2004–05 season, Lazio was the 20th highest earning football club in the world with an estimated revenue of €83 million; the 2005 ranking of the club was 15th. However, in 2016 ranking (the rank used data in 2014–15 season), Lazio was not in the top 20.Lazio was one of the few clubs that self-sustain from the financial support of a shareholder, and also consistently make an aggregate profit after every season. Unlike Inter Milan, Roma and Milan, who were sanctioned by UEFA due to breaches of Financial Fair Play, Lazio passed the regulations held by the administrative body with the high achievements. Lotito also received a prize that joint awarded by Associazione Italiana Allenatori Calcio and DGS Sport&Cultura, due to Lazio's financial health.In 2017, the club renewed their sponsorship deal with shirt manufacturer Macron. It was worth €16 million a season, plus variables of about €9 million stemming from league and European competition finishes.In February 2022, Lazio announced that they had parted ways with Macron after 10 years. Mizuno would become the team’s new sportswear and technical gear provider, with the Biancocelesti receiving €20 million over the next five years as a result of their new agreement with the Japanese company.In March 2022, Lazio released their financial reports from June to December 2021 which showed a decrease in revenue (from €106.66 to €71.56 million) but an increase in profit (from -€0.12 million to €4.6 million) compared to the previous six months.
|
owned by
| 28,601 | 62,422 |
[
"Jainism",
"founded by",
"Mahavira"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Jainism<\e1> and <e2>Mahavira<\e2>.
Jainism ( JAY-nih-zəm), also known as Jain Dharma, is an Indian religion. Jainism traces its spiritual ideas and history through the succession of twenty-four tirthankaras (supreme preachers of Dharma), with the first in the current time cycle being Rishabhadeva, whom the tradition holds to have lived millions of years ago, the twenty-third tirthankara Parshvanatha, whom historians date to the 9th century BCE, and the twenty-fourth tirthankara Mahavira, around 600 BCE. Jainism is considered to be an eternal dharma with the tirthankaras guiding every time cycle of the cosmology. The three main pillars of Jainism are ahiṃsā (non-violence), anekāntavāda (non-absolutism), and aparigraha (asceticism).
Jain monks, after positioning themselves in the sublime state of soul consciousness, take five main vows: ahiṃsā (non-violence), satya (truth), asteya (not stealing), brahmacharya (chastity), and aparigraha (non-possessiveness). These principles have affected Jain culture in many ways, such as leading to a predominantly lacto-vegetarian lifestyle. Parasparopagraho jīvānām (the function of souls is to help one another) is the faith's motto, and the Ṇamōkāra mantra is its most common and basic prayer.
Jainism is one of the oldest religions still practiced today. It has two major ancient sub-traditions, Digambaras and Śvētāmbaras, which hold different views on ascetic practices, gender, and the texts considered canonical. Both sub-traditions have mendicants supported by laypersons (śrāvakas and śrāvikas). The Śvētāmbara tradition in turn has three sub-traditions: Mandirvāsī, Deravasi, and Sthānakavasī. The religion has between four and five million followers, known as Jains, who reside mostly in India, where they number around 4.5 million as per the 2011 census. Outside India, some of the largest Jain communities can be found in Canada, Europe, and the United States. Japan is also home to a fast-growing community of converts. Major festivals include Paryushana and Das Lakshana, Ashtanika, Mahavir Janma Kalyanak, Akshaya Tritiya, and Dipawali.
|
founded by
| 28,680 | 62,540 |
[
"Vienna",
"founded by",
"Ancient Celts"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Vienna<\e1> and <e2>Ancient Celts<\e2>.
History
Early history
Evidence has been found of continuous habitation in the Vienna area since 500 BC, when Celts settled the site on the Danube. In 15 BC, the Romans fortified the frontier city they called Vindobona to guard the empire against Germanic tribes to the north.
Close ties with other Celtic peoples continued through the ages. The Irish monk Saint Colman (or Koloman, Irish Colmán, derived from colm "dove") is buried in Melk Abbey and Saint Fergil (Virgil the Geometer) served as Bishop of Salzburg for forty years. Irish Benedictines founded twelfth-century monastic settlements; evidence of these ties persists in the form of Vienna's great Schottenstift monastery (Scots Abbey), once home to many Irish monks.
|
founded by
| 28,715 | 62,595 |
[
"Saint Catherine's Monastery",
"founded by",
"Justinian I"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Saint Catherine's Monastery<\e1> and <e2>Justinian I<\e2>.
Saint Catherine's Monastery (Arabic: دير القدّيسة كاترين, romanized: Dayr al-Qiddīsa Katrīn; Greek: Μονὴ τῆς Ἁγίας Αἰκατερίνης, translit. Moni tis Agias Aikaterinis), officially the Sacred Autonomous Royal Monastery of Saint Katherine of the Holy and God-Trodden Mount Sinai, is an Eastern Orthodox Christian monastery located at the foot of Mount Sinai, in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. Built between 548 and 565, it is the oldest continuously inhabited Christian monastery in the world.The monastery was built by order of Emperor Justinian I, enclosing what is claimed to be the burning bush seen by Moses. Centuries later, the purported body of Saint Catherine of Alexandria, said to have been found in the area, was taken to the monastery; Saint Catherine's relics turned it into an important pilgrimage site, and the monastery was eventually renamed after the saint.
Controlled by the autonomous Church of Sinai, which is part of the wider Greek Orthodox Church, the monastery became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2002 for its unique importance in the traditions of Christianity, Islam, and Judaism.The site also holds the world's oldest continually operating library, with unique or extremely rare works, such as the Codex Sinaiticus and the Syriac Sinaiticus, as well as possibly the largest collection of early Christian icons, including the earliest known depiction of Jesus as Christ Pantocrator.
Saint Catherine's has as its backdrop the three mountains it lies near: Ras Sufsafeh (possibly the Biblical Mount Horeb, peak c.1 km (0.62 mi) west); Jebel Arrenziyeb, peak c. 1km south; and Mount Sinai (locally, Jebel Musa, by tradition identified with the biblical Mount Sinai; peak c. 2 km (1.2 mi) south).History
The oldest record of monastic life at Mount Sinai comes from the travel journal written in Latin by a pilgrim woman named Egeria (Etheria; St Sylvia of Aquitaine) about 381/2–386.
The monastery was built by order of Emperor Justinian I (reigned 527–565), enclosing the Chapel of the Burning Bush (also known as "Saint Helen's Chapel") ordered to be built by Empress Consort Helena, mother of Constantine the Great, at the site where Moses is supposed to have seen the burning bush. The living bush on the grounds is purportedly the one seen by Moses. Structurally the monastery's king post truss is the oldest known surviving roof truss in the world. The site is sacred to Christianity, Islam, and Judaism.
A mosque was created by converting an existing chapel during the Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171), which was in regular use until the era of the Mamluk Sultanate in the 13th century and is still in use today on special occasions. During the Ottoman Empire, the mosque was in desolate condition; it was restored in the early 20th century.
During the seventh century, the isolated Christian anchorites of the Sinai were eliminated: only the fortified monastery remained. The monastery is still surrounded by the massive fortifications that have preserved it. Until the twentieth century, access was through a door high in the outer walls. From the time of the First Crusade, the presence of Crusaders in the Sinai until 1270 spurred the interest of European Christians and increased the number of intrepid pilgrims who visited the monastery. The monastery was supported by its dependencies in Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Crete, Cyprus and Constantinople.
|
founded by
| 28,759 | 62,675 |
[
"Persephone (sculpture)",
"owned by",
"Butler University"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Persephone (sculpture)<\e1> and <e2>Butler University<\e2>.
Persephone is an outdoor sculpture by artist Armand Toussaint created c. 1840. The work sits within the center of a pool in Holcomb Gardens on the grounds of Butler University in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. The sculpture depicts the Greek goddess Persephone. In 1993 the sculpture was examined by the Save Outdoor Sculpture! program produced by the Smithsonian Institution.
|
owned by
| 28,810 | 62,793 |
[
"Avebury",
"owned by",
"English Heritage"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Avebury<\e1> and <e2>English Heritage<\e2>.
Alexander Keiller Museum
The Alexander Keiller Museum features the prehistoric artifacts collected by archaeologist and businessman Alexander Keiller, which include many artifacts found at Avebury. It can reasonably be said that "Avebury today is largely Keiller's creation". A pioneer in the use of aerial archaeology, by the late 1930s Keiller had used his inherited wealth to acquire 950 acres of land around Avebury. He carried out extensive exploratory work which included demolishing newer structures and re-erecting stone pillars, and built the museum now bearing his name. The museum is housed in the 17th-century stables, and is operated by English Heritage and the National Trust. The nearby 17th-century threshing barn houses a permanent exhibit gallery about Avebury and its history.Founded by Keiller in 1938, the collections feature artifacts mostly of Neolithic and Early Bronze Age date, with other items from the Anglo-Saxon and later periods. The museum also features the skeleton of a child nicknamed "Charlie", found in a ditch at Windmill Hill, Avebury. The Council of British Druid Orders requested that the skeleton be re-buried in 2006, but in April 2010 the decision was made to keep it on public view. From the mid 1960s to her death in 1978, Faith Vatcher was the curator of the museum. She was heavily involved in the excavations on the western side of the henge in 1969 and in what is now the modern day visitor car park, in 1976. The museum collections are owned by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport and are on loan to English Heritage.
|
owned by
| 28,883 | 62,931 |
[
"Burgos",
"founded by",
"Diego Rodríguez Porcelos"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Burgos<\e1> and <e2>Diego Rodríguez Porcelos<\e2>.
Burgos was founded in 884 as an outpost of this expanding Christian frontier, when Diego Rodríguez "Porcelos", count of Castile, governed this territory with orders to promote the increase of the Christian population; with this end in view he gathered the inhabitants of the surrounding country into one fortified village. The city began to be called Caput Castellae ("Cabeza de Castilla" or "Head of Castile"). The county (condado) of Castile, subject to the Kings of León, continued to be governed by counts and was gradually extended; one of these counts, Fernán González, established his independence.
|
founded by
| 29,059 | 63,263 |
[
"Platonic Academy",
"founded by",
"Plato"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Platonic Academy<\e1> and <e2>Plato<\e2>.
The Academy (Ancient Greek: Ἀκαδημία) was founded by Plato in c. 387 BC in Athens. Aristotle studied there for twenty years (367–347 BC) before founding his own school, the Lyceum. The Academy persisted throughout the Hellenistic period as a skeptical school, until coming to an end after the death of Philo of Larissa in 83 BC. The Platonic Academy was destroyed by the Roman dictator Sulla in 86 BC.Plato's school
What was later to be known as Plato's school appears to have been part of Academia. Plato inherited the property at the age of thirty, with informal gatherings which included Theaetetus of Sunium, Archytas of Tarentum, Leodamas of Thasos, and Neoclides. According to Debra Nails, Speusippus "joined the group in about 390 BC". She claims, "It is not until Eudoxus of Cnidos arrives in the mid-380s BC that Eudemus recognizes a formal Academy." There is no historical record of the exact time the school was officially founded, but modern scholars generally agree that the time was the mid-380s, probably sometime after 387 BC, when Plato is thought to have returned from his first visit to Sicily. Originally, the meetings were held on Plato's property as often as they were at the nearby Academy gymnasium; this remained so throughout the fourth century.Though the academy was open to the public, the main participants were upper-class men. It did not, at least during Plato's time, charge fees for membership. Therefore, there was probably not at that time a "school" in the sense of a clear distinction between teachers and students, or even a formal curriculum. There was, however, a distinction between senior and junior members. Two women are known to have studied with Plato at the Academy, Axiothea of Phlius and Lasthenia of Mantinea.Diogenes Laërtius divided the history of the Academy into three: the Old, the Middle, and the New. At the head of the Old he put Plato, at the head of the Middle Academy, Arcesilaus, and of the New, Lacydes. Sextus Empiricus enumerated five divisions of the followers of Plato. He made Plato founder of the first Academy; Arcesilaus of the second; Carneades of the third; Philo and Charmadas of the fourth; and Antiochus of the fifth. Cicero recognised only two Academies, the Old and New, and had the latter commence with Arcesilaus.Old Academy
Plato's immediate successors as "Scholarch" of the Academy were Speusippus (347–339 BC), Xenocrates (339–314 BC), Polemon (314–269 BC), and Crates (c. 269–266 BC). Other notable members of the Academy include Aristotle, Heraclides, Eudoxus, Philip of Opus, and Crantor.
In at least Plato's time, the school did not have any particular doctrine to teach; rather, Plato (and probably other associates of his) posed problems to be studied and solved by the others. There is evidence of lectures given, most notably Plato's lecture "On the Good"; but probably the use of dialectic was more common. According to an unverifiable story, dated of some 700 years after the founding of the school, above the entrance to the Academy was inscribed the phrase "May no ignorant of Geometry enter here."Many have imagined that the Academic curriculum would have closely resembled the one canvassed in Plato's Republic. Others, however, have argued that such a picture ignores the obvious peculiar arrangements of the ideal society envisioned in that dialogue. The subjects of study almost certainly included mathematics as well as the philosophical topics with which the Platonic dialogues deal, but there is little reliable evidence. There is some evidence for what today would be considered strictly scientific research: Simplicius reports that Plato had instructed the other members to discover the simplest explanation of the observable, irregular motion of heavenly bodies: "by hypothesizing what uniform and ordered motions is it possible to save the appearances relating to planetary motions." (According to Simplicius, Plato's colleague Eudoxus was the first to have worked on this problem.)
Plato's Academy is often said to have been a school for would-be politicians in the ancient world, and to have had many illustrious alumni. In a recent survey of the evidence, Malcolm Schofield, however, has argued that it is difficult to know to what extent the Academy was interested in practical (i.e., non-theoretical) politics since much of our evidence "reflects ancient polemic for or against Plato".
|
founded by
| 29,171 | 63,528 |
[
"Dream SMP",
"founded by",
"Dream"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Dream SMP<\e1> and <e2>Dream<\e2>.
The Dream SMP (sometimes abbreviated as the DSMP and originally known as the Dream Team SMP) was an invite-only survival multiplayer (SMP) Minecraft server. Created by YouTubers Dream and GeorgeNotFound, they roleplayed alongside many fellow Minecraft content creators as fictionalized versions of themselves within a loose overarching storyline. Livestreamed by participants on Twitch and YouTube, it was the subject of one of the most popular Minecraft web series. The server was officially shut down on April 10, 2023.
|
founded by
| 29,559 | 64,061 |
[
"Dream SMP",
"founded by",
"GeorgeNotFound"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Dream SMP<\e1> and <e2>GeorgeNotFound<\e2>.
The Dream SMP (sometimes abbreviated as the DSMP and originally known as the Dream Team SMP) was an invite-only survival multiplayer (SMP) Minecraft server. Created by YouTubers Dream and GeorgeNotFound, they roleplayed alongside many fellow Minecraft content creators as fictionalized versions of themselves within a loose overarching storyline. Livestreamed by participants on Twitch and YouTube, it was the subject of one of the most popular Minecraft web series. The server was officially shut down on April 10, 2023.
|
founded by
| 29,559 | 64,064 |
[
"Tōdaiji Fujumonkō",
"owned by",
"Satō Tatsujirō"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Tōdaiji Fujumonkō<\e1> and <e2>Satō Tatsujirō<\e2>.
Manuscript
Tōdaiji Fujumonkō was composed sometime between 796 and 830. It was written on the reverse side of Kegon Mongi Yōketsu (華厳文義要決) and is one volume in length. The compiler is unknown, but speculated to have been a priest belonging to the Dharma character school due to the large usage of related vocabulary. The original manuscript did not contain a title, but one was later added.In 1939, the manuscript owner Satō Tatsujirō (佐藤達次郎) published a two-volume collotype facsimile reproduction, one for the front and the other for the back. The original manuscript was designated as a National Treasure of Japan on July 4, 1938, but removed due to its destruction on April 14, 1945 in the fires resulting from the war. Only facsimiles remain.
|
owned by
| 29,579 | 64,092 |
[
"World Trade Center (1973–2001)",
"owned by",
"Silverstein Properties"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>World Trade Center (1973–2001)<\e1> and <e2>Silverstein Properties<\e2>.
The original World Trade Center (WTC) was a large complex of seven buildings in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It opened on April 4, 1973, and was destroyed during the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. At the time of their completion, the Twin Towers—the original 1 World Trade Center (the North Tower) at 1,368 feet (417 m); and 2 World Trade Center (the South Tower) at 1,362 feet (415.1 m)—were the tallest buildings in the world. Other buildings in the complex included the Marriott World Trade Center (3 WTC), 4 WTC, 5 WTC, 6 WTC, and 7 WTC. The complex contained 13,400,000 square feet (1,240,000 m2) of office space and, prior to its completion, was projected to accommodate an estimated 130,000 people.The core complex was built between 1966 and 1975, at a cost of $400 million (equivalent to $3.56 billion in 2022). The idea was suggested by David Rockefeller to help stimulate urban renewal in Lower Manhattan, and his brother Nelson signed the legislation to build it. The buildings at the complex were designed by Minoru Yamasaki. In 1998, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey decided to privatize it by leasing the buildings to a private company to manage. It awarded the lease to Silverstein Properties in July 2001. During its existence, the World Trade Center symbolized globalization and the economic power of America. Although its design was initially criticized by New York citizens and professional critics, the Twin Towers became an icon of New York City. It had a major role in popular culture, and according to one estimate was depicted in 472 films. The Twin Towers were also used in Philippe Petit's tightrope-walking performance on August 7, 1974. Following the September 11 attacks, mentions of the complex in various media were altered or deleted, and several dozen "memorial films" were created.The World Trade Center experienced several major crime and terrorist incidents, including a fire on February 13, 1975; a bombing on February 26, 1993; and a bank robbery on January 14, 1998. During the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, Al-Qaeda-affiliated hijackers flew two Boeing 767 jets, one into each of the Twin Towers; between 16,400 and 18,000 people were in the Twin Towers when they were struck. The fires from the impacts were intensified by the planes' burning jet fuel, which, along with the initial damage to the buildings' structural columns, ultimately caused both towers to collapse. The attacks killed 2,606 people in and around the towers, as well as all 157 on board the two aircraft. Falling debris from the towers, combined with fires in several surrounding buildings that were initiated by falling debris, led to the partial or complete collapse of all the WTC complex's buildings, including 7 World Trade Center, and caused catastrophic damage to 10 other large structures in the surrounding area.
The cleanup and recovery process at the World Trade Center site took eight months, during which the remains of the other buildings were demolished. On May 30, 2002, the last piece of WTC steel was ceremonially removed. A new World Trade Center complex is being built with six new skyscrapers and several other buildings, many of which are complete. A memorial and museum to those killed in the attacks, a new rapid transit hub, and an elevated park have been opened. The memorial features two square reflecting pools in the center marking where the Twin Towers stood. One World Trade Center, the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere at 1,776 feet (541 m) and the lead building for the new complex, was completed in May 2013 and opened in November 2014.
|
owned by
| 29,600 | 64,134 |
[
"Structural Marxism",
"founded by",
"Louis Althusser"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Structural Marxism<\e1> and <e2>Louis Althusser<\e2>.
Overview
Structural Marxism arose in opposition to the instrumental Marxism that dominated many western universities during the 1970s. In contrast to other forms of Marxism, Althusser stressed that Marxism was a science that examined objective structures, and he believed that historicist and phenomenological Marxism, which was based on Marx's early works, was caught in a "pre-scientific ideology".Toward the middle of the 1970s and throughout the 1980s, Marxist theorists began to develop structuralist Marxist accounts of the state, law, and crime. Structuralist Marxism disputes the instrumentalist view that the state can be viewed as the direct servant of the capitalist or ruling class. Whereas the instrumentalist position is that the institutions of the state are under the direct control of those members of the capitalist class in positions of state power, the structuralist position is that state institutions must function so as to ensure the viability of capitalism more generally. In other words, state institutions must reproduce capitalist society as a whole. The debate between structural and instrumental Marxists was characterized by the Miliband–Poulantzas debate between instrumentalist Ralph Miliband and structuralist Nicos Poulantzas.Structuralists view the state in a capitalist mode of production as taking a specifically capitalist form, not because particular individuals are in powerful positions, but because the state reproduces the logic of capitalist structure in its economic, legal, and political institutions. Hence, from a structuralist perspective one would argue that state institutions (including legal ones) function in the long-term interests of capital and capitalism, rather than in the short-term interests of members of the capitalist class. Thus the state and its institutions have a certain degree of independence from specific elites in the ruling or capitalist class.
|
founded by
| 29,680 | 64,257 |
[
"Technical University of Denmark",
"founded by",
"Hans Christian Ørsted"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Technical University of Denmark<\e1> and <e2>Hans Christian Ørsted<\e2>.
History
DTU was founded in 1829 as the "College of Advanced Technology" (Danish: Den Polytekniske Læreanstalt). The Physicist Hans Christian Ørsted, at that time a professor at the University of Copenhagen, was one of the driving forces behind this initiative. He was inspired by the École Polytechnique in Paris, France which Ørsted had visited as a young scientist. The new institution was inaugurated on 5 November 1829 with Ørsted becoming its Principal, a position he held until his death in 1851.
The first home of the new college consisted of two buildings located in Studiestræde and St- Pederstræde in the center of Copenhagen. Although these buildings were expanded several times, they eventually became inadequate for the requirements of the college. In 1890 a new building complex was completed and inaugurated located in Sølvgade. The new buildings were designed by the architect Johan Daniel Herholdt.In 1903, the College of Advanced Technology commenced the education of electrical engineers in addition to that of the construction engineers, the production engineers, and the mechanical engineers who already at that time were being educated at the college.
In the 1920s, space again became insufficient and in 1929 the foundation stone was laid for a new school at Østervold. Completion of this building was delayed by World War II and it was not completed before 1954.From 1933, the institution was officially known as Danmarks tekniske Højskole (DtH), which commonly was translated into English, as the 'Technical University of Denmark'. On 1 April 1994, in connection with the joining of Danmarks Ingeniørakademi (DIA) and DTH, the Danish name was changed to Danmarks Tekniske Universitet, this done to include the word 'University' thus giving rise to the initials DTU by which the university is commonly known today. The formal name, Den Polytekniske Læreanstalt, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet, however, still includes the original name.
|
founded by
| 32,109 | 94,283 |
[
"WikiLeaks",
"founded by",
"Julian Assange"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>WikiLeaks<\e1> and <e2>Julian Assange<\e2>.
WikiLeaks () is a publisher and media organisation founded in 2006. It operates as a non-profit and is funded by donations and media partnerships. It has published classified documents and other media provided by anonymous sources. It was founded by Julian Assange, an Australian editor, publisher, and activist, who is currently challenging extradition to the United States over his work with WikiLeaks. Since September 2018, Kristinn Hrafnsson has served as its editor-in-chief. Its website states that it has released more than ten million documents and associated analyses. WikiLeaks' most recent publication was in 2021 and its most recent publication of original documents was in 2019. Beginning in November 2022, many of the documents could not be accessed.WikiLeaks has released document caches and media that exposed serious violations of human rights and civil liberties. They released footage, that WikiLeaks entitled Collateral Murder, filmed during the 12 July 2007 Baghdad airstrike in which Iraqi Reuters journalists were killed, along with several civilians, by a U.S. helicopter crew. WikiLeaks has also published leaks such as diplomatic cables from the United States and Saudi Arabia, emails from the governments of Syria and Turkey, corruption in Kenya and at Samherji. WikiLeaks has also published documents exposing surveillance by the Central Intelligence Agency, National Security Agency and private corporations. During the 2016 U.S. presidential election campaign, WikiLeaks released emails from the Democratic National Committee (DNC) and from Hillary Clinton's campaign manager, showing that the party's national committee favoured Clinton in the primaries. These releases resulted in the resignation of Debbie Wasserman Schultz as chairwoman of the DNC and caused significant harm to the Clinton campaign. During the campaign, WikiLeaks promoted false conspiracy theories about Hillary Clinton, the Democratic Party and the murder of Seth Rich.WikiLeaks has won a number of awards and has been commended for exposing state and corporate secrets, increasing transparency, assisting freedom of the press, and enhancing democratic discourse while challenging powerful institutions. WikiLeaks and some of its supporters say the organisation's publications have a perfect attribution record. The organisation has been the target of campaigns to discredit it, including aborted ones by Palantir and HBGary. WikiLeaks has also had its donation systems disrupted by problems with its payment processors. As a result, the Wau Holland Foundation helps process WikiLeaks' donations.
|
founded by
| 32,111 | 94,292 |
[
"Order of Watchers",
"founded by",
"Wilfred Monod"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Order of Watchers<\e1> and <e2>Wilfred Monod<\e2>.
|
founded by
| 32,091 | 94,300 |
[
"Red Army Faction",
"founded by",
"Gudrun Ensslin"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Red Army Faction<\e1> and <e2>Gudrun Ensslin<\e2>.
The Red Army Faction (RAF, German: [ɛʁʔaːˈʔɛf] (listen); German: Rote Armee Fraktion, pronounced [ˌʁoː.tə aʁˈmeː fʁakˌt͡si̯oːn] (listen)), also known as the Baader–Meinhof Group or Baader–Meinhof Gang (German: Baader-Meinhof-Gruppe, Baader-Meinhof-Bande, German: [ˈbaːdɐ ˈmaɪ̯nˌhɔf ˈɡʁʊpə] (listen), active 1970–1998), was a West German far-left Marxist-Leninist urban guerrilla group founded in 1970.
The RAF described itself as a communist, anti-imperialist, and urban guerrilla group which was engaged in armed resistance against what it considered a fascist state. Members of the RAF generally used the Marxist–Leninist term faction when they wrote in English. Early leadership included Andreas Baader, Ulrike Meinhof, Gudrun Ensslin, and Horst Mahler. The West German government considered the RAF a terrorist organization.The RAF engaged in a series of bombings, assassinations, kidnappings, bank robberies, and shoot-outs with police over the course of three decades. Its activities peaked in late 1977, which led to a national crisis that became known as the "German Autumn". The RAF has been held responsible for 34 deaths, including industrialist Hanns Martin Schleyer, the Dresdner Bank head Jürgen Ponto, and the federal prosecutor Siegfried Buback, as well as many secondary targets, such as chauffeurs and bodyguards, with many others injured throughout its almost thirty years of activity; 26 RAF members or supporters were killed. Although better-known, the RAF conducted fewer attacks than the Revolutionary Cells, which is held responsible for 296 bomb attacks, arson and other attacks between 1973 and 1995. The group was motivated by leftist political concerns and the perceived failure of their parents' generation to confront Germany's Nazi past, and received support from Stasi and other Eastern Bloc security services.
Sometimes, the group is talked about in terms of generations:
|
founded by
| 32,115 | 94,309 |
[
"Red Army Faction",
"founded by",
"Horst Mahler"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Red Army Faction<\e1> and <e2>Horst Mahler<\e2>.
The Red Army Faction (RAF, German: [ɛʁʔaːˈʔɛf] (listen); German: Rote Armee Fraktion, pronounced [ˌʁoː.tə aʁˈmeː fʁakˌt͡si̯oːn] (listen)), also known as the Baader–Meinhof Group or Baader–Meinhof Gang (German: Baader-Meinhof-Gruppe, Baader-Meinhof-Bande, German: [ˈbaːdɐ ˈmaɪ̯nˌhɔf ˈɡʁʊpə] (listen), active 1970–1998), was a West German far-left Marxist-Leninist urban guerrilla group founded in 1970.
The RAF described itself as a communist, anti-imperialist, and urban guerrilla group which was engaged in armed resistance against what it considered a fascist state. Members of the RAF generally used the Marxist–Leninist term faction when they wrote in English. Early leadership included Andreas Baader, Ulrike Meinhof, Gudrun Ensslin, and Horst Mahler. The West German government considered the RAF a terrorist organization.The RAF engaged in a series of bombings, assassinations, kidnappings, bank robberies, and shoot-outs with police over the course of three decades. Its activities peaked in late 1977, which led to a national crisis that became known as the "German Autumn". The RAF has been held responsible for 34 deaths, including industrialist Hanns Martin Schleyer, the Dresdner Bank head Jürgen Ponto, and the federal prosecutor Siegfried Buback, as well as many secondary targets, such as chauffeurs and bodyguards, with many others injured throughout its almost thirty years of activity; 26 RAF members or supporters were killed. Although better-known, the RAF conducted fewer attacks than the Revolutionary Cells, which is held responsible for 296 bomb attacks, arson and other attacks between 1973 and 1995. The group was motivated by leftist political concerns and the perceived failure of their parents' generation to confront Germany's Nazi past, and received support from Stasi and other Eastern Bloc security services.
Sometimes, the group is talked about in terms of generations:
|
founded by
| 32,115 | 94,310 |
[
"Red Army Faction",
"founded by",
"Ulrike Meinhof"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Red Army Faction<\e1> and <e2>Ulrike Meinhof<\e2>.
The Red Army Faction (RAF, German: [ɛʁʔaːˈʔɛf] (listen); German: Rote Armee Fraktion, pronounced [ˌʁoː.tə aʁˈmeː fʁakˌt͡si̯oːn] (listen)), also known as the Baader–Meinhof Group or Baader–Meinhof Gang (German: Baader-Meinhof-Gruppe, Baader-Meinhof-Bande, German: [ˈbaːdɐ ˈmaɪ̯nˌhɔf ˈɡʁʊpə] (listen), active 1970–1998), was a West German far-left Marxist-Leninist urban guerrilla group founded in 1970.
The RAF described itself as a communist, anti-imperialist, and urban guerrilla group which was engaged in armed resistance against what it considered a fascist state. Members of the RAF generally used the Marxist–Leninist term faction when they wrote in English. Early leadership included Andreas Baader, Ulrike Meinhof, Gudrun Ensslin, and Horst Mahler. The West German government considered the RAF a terrorist organization.The RAF engaged in a series of bombings, assassinations, kidnappings, bank robberies, and shoot-outs with police over the course of three decades. Its activities peaked in late 1977, which led to a national crisis that became known as the "German Autumn". The RAF has been held responsible for 34 deaths, including industrialist Hanns Martin Schleyer, the Dresdner Bank head Jürgen Ponto, and the federal prosecutor Siegfried Buback, as well as many secondary targets, such as chauffeurs and bodyguards, with many others injured throughout its almost thirty years of activity; 26 RAF members or supporters were killed. Although better-known, the RAF conducted fewer attacks than the Revolutionary Cells, which is held responsible for 296 bomb attacks, arson and other attacks between 1973 and 1995. The group was motivated by leftist political concerns and the perceived failure of their parents' generation to confront Germany's Nazi past, and received support from Stasi and other Eastern Bloc security services.
Sometimes, the group is talked about in terms of generations:
|
founded by
| 32,115 | 94,311 |
[
"Red Army Faction",
"founded by",
"Andreas Baader"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Red Army Faction<\e1> and <e2>Andreas Baader<\e2>.
The Red Army Faction (RAF, German: [ɛʁʔaːˈʔɛf] (listen); German: Rote Armee Fraktion, pronounced [ˌʁoː.tə aʁˈmeː fʁakˌt͡si̯oːn] (listen)), also known as the Baader–Meinhof Group or Baader–Meinhof Gang (German: Baader-Meinhof-Gruppe, Baader-Meinhof-Bande, German: [ˈbaːdɐ ˈmaɪ̯nˌhɔf ˈɡʁʊpə] (listen), active 1970–1998), was a West German far-left Marxist-Leninist urban guerrilla group founded in 1970.
The RAF described itself as a communist, anti-imperialist, and urban guerrilla group which was engaged in armed resistance against what it considered a fascist state. Members of the RAF generally used the Marxist–Leninist term faction when they wrote in English. Early leadership included Andreas Baader, Ulrike Meinhof, Gudrun Ensslin, and Horst Mahler. The West German government considered the RAF a terrorist organization.The RAF engaged in a series of bombings, assassinations, kidnappings, bank robberies, and shoot-outs with police over the course of three decades. Its activities peaked in late 1977, which led to a national crisis that became known as the "German Autumn". The RAF has been held responsible for 34 deaths, including industrialist Hanns Martin Schleyer, the Dresdner Bank head Jürgen Ponto, and the federal prosecutor Siegfried Buback, as well as many secondary targets, such as chauffeurs and bodyguards, with many others injured throughout its almost thirty years of activity; 26 RAF members or supporters were killed. Although better-known, the RAF conducted fewer attacks than the Revolutionary Cells, which is held responsible for 296 bomb attacks, arson and other attacks between 1973 and 1995. The group was motivated by leftist political concerns and the perceived failure of their parents' generation to confront Germany's Nazi past, and received support from Stasi and other Eastern Bloc security services.
Sometimes, the group is talked about in terms of generations:
|
founded by
| 32,115 | 94,313 |
[
"The Intercept",
"founded by",
"Jeremy Scahill"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>The Intercept<\e1> and <e2>Jeremy Scahill<\e2>.
The Intercept is an American non-profit news organization founded by Glenn Greenwald, Jeremy Scahill, and Laura Poitras, and funded by eBay co-founder Pierre Omidyar. Its editor is Betsy Reed. It also publishes four podcasts: Intercepted (hosted by Jeremy Scahill), Deconstructed, Murderville GA, and Somebody.
The Intercept has published in English since its founding, and in Portuguese since the 2016 launch of the Brazilian edition staffed by a local team of Brazilian journalists.History
The Intercept was founded by journalists Glenn Greenwald and Jeremy Scahill and filmmaker Laura Poitras. It was launched in February 2014 by First Look Media, which is funded by billionaire eBay founder Pierre Omidyar. The publication initially reported on documents released by Edward Snowden. Co-founders Greenwald and Poitras subsequently left amid public disagreements about the leadership and direction of the organization. In January 2023 it spun off as an independent non-profit organization
|
founded by
| 32,118 | 94,319 |
[
"The Intercept",
"founded by",
"Glenn Greenwald"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>The Intercept<\e1> and <e2>Glenn Greenwald<\e2>.
The Intercept is an American non-profit news organization founded by Glenn Greenwald, Jeremy Scahill, and Laura Poitras, and funded by eBay co-founder Pierre Omidyar. Its editor is Betsy Reed. It also publishes four podcasts: Intercepted (hosted by Jeremy Scahill), Deconstructed, Murderville GA, and Somebody.
The Intercept has published in English since its founding, and in Portuguese since the 2016 launch of the Brazilian edition staffed by a local team of Brazilian journalists.History
The Intercept was founded by journalists Glenn Greenwald and Jeremy Scahill and filmmaker Laura Poitras. It was launched in February 2014 by First Look Media, which is funded by billionaire eBay founder Pierre Omidyar. The publication initially reported on documents released by Edward Snowden. Co-founders Greenwald and Poitras subsequently left amid public disagreements about the leadership and direction of the organization. In January 2023 it spun off as an independent non-profit organization
|
founded by
| 32,118 | 94,320 |
[
"The Intercept",
"founded by",
"Laura Poitras"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>The Intercept<\e1> and <e2>Laura Poitras<\e2>.
The Intercept is an American non-profit news organization founded by Glenn Greenwald, Jeremy Scahill, and Laura Poitras, and funded by eBay co-founder Pierre Omidyar. Its editor is Betsy Reed. It also publishes four podcasts: Intercepted (hosted by Jeremy Scahill), Deconstructed, Murderville GA, and Somebody.
The Intercept has published in English since its founding, and in Portuguese since the 2016 launch of the Brazilian edition staffed by a local team of Brazilian journalists.History
The Intercept was founded by journalists Glenn Greenwald and Jeremy Scahill and filmmaker Laura Poitras. It was launched in February 2014 by First Look Media, which is funded by billionaire eBay founder Pierre Omidyar. The publication initially reported on documents released by Edward Snowden. Co-founders Greenwald and Poitras subsequently left amid public disagreements about the leadership and direction of the organization. In January 2023 it spun off as an independent non-profit organization
|
founded by
| 32,118 | 94,321 |
[
"The Intercept",
"founded by",
"First Look Media"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>The Intercept<\e1> and <e2>First Look Media<\e2>.
The Intercept is an American non-profit news organization founded by Glenn Greenwald, Jeremy Scahill, and Laura Poitras, and funded by eBay co-founder Pierre Omidyar. Its editor is Betsy Reed. It also publishes four podcasts: Intercepted (hosted by Jeremy Scahill), Deconstructed, Murderville GA, and Somebody.
The Intercept has published in English since its founding, and in Portuguese since the 2016 launch of the Brazilian edition staffed by a local team of Brazilian journalists.History
The Intercept was founded by journalists Glenn Greenwald and Jeremy Scahill and filmmaker Laura Poitras. It was launched in February 2014 by First Look Media, which is funded by billionaire eBay founder Pierre Omidyar. The publication initially reported on documents released by Edward Snowden. Co-founders Greenwald and Poitras subsequently left amid public disagreements about the leadership and direction of the organization. In January 2023 it spun off as an independent non-profit organizationPodcasts
Intercepted
Intercepted is a weekly podcast hosted by investigative journalist Jeremy Scahill and produced by First Look Media. The podcast uses interviews, round table discussions, and journalistic narrative to present investigative reporting, analysis, and commentary on topics such as war, national security, the media, the environment, criminal justice, government, and politics. Launched on January 25, 2017, the show often includes discussion with other writers, reporters, artists, and thinkers. It regularly featured The Intercept editor and journalist Glenn Greenwald as well as senior correspondent, author, and journalist Naomi Klein. The editor-in-chief is Betsy Reed. Music for the show is created and performed by DJ Spooky.The premiere episode, on January 25, 2017, "The Clock Strikes Thirteen, Donald Trump is President" features an interview with Seymour Hersh, who criticizes the media's response to the alleged Russian hacking of the 2016 U.S. presidential election, calling the way the media went along with the story, "outrageous".
|
founded by
| 32,119 | 94,323 |
[
"The Intercept",
"owned by",
"First Look Media"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>The Intercept<\e1> and <e2>First Look Media<\e2>.
|
owned by
| 32,091 | 94,324 |
[
"SpaceX Starship",
"owned by",
"SpaceX"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>SpaceX Starship<\e1> and <e2>SpaceX<\e2>.
|
owned by
| 32,091 | 94,332 |
[
"Chaos Computer Club",
"founded by",
"Wau Holland"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Chaos Computer Club<\e1> and <e2>Wau Holland<\e2>.
History
Founding
The CCC was founded in West Berlin on 12 September 1981 at a table which had previously belonged to the Kommune 1 in the rooms of the newspaper Die Tageszeitung by Wau Holland and others in anticipation of the prominent role that information technology would play in the way people live and communicate.
|
founded by
| 32,126 | 94,352 |
[
"Chaos Computer Club",
"founded by",
"Steffen Wernéry"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Chaos Computer Club<\e1> and <e2>Steffen Wernéry<\e2>.
|
founded by
| 32,091 | 94,353 |
[
"Traditional Values Coalition",
"founded by",
"Louis P. Sheldon"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Traditional Values Coalition<\e1> and <e2>Louis P. Sheldon<\e2>.
The Traditional Values Coalition (TVC) was an American conservative Christian organization. It was founded in 1980 at Anaheim California by Rev. Louis P. Sheldon to oppose LGBT rights. Sheldon's daughter, Andrea Sheldon Lafferty, was initially the executive director and presently (since 2011) serves as president.
TVC was influential in the 1980s and 1990s in lobbying for government policy based in Christian fundamentalism.TVC was designated an anti-gay hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), citing TVC's use of "known falsehoods — claims about LGBT people that have been thoroughly discredited by scientific authorities — and repeated, groundless name-calling."The SPLC reported that the Traditional Values Coalition may have effectively ceased to function as of 2018, but the organization still existed as of 2019.
|
founded by
| 32,129 | 94,373 |
[
"LinuxChix",
"founded by",
"Deb Richardson"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>LinuxChix<\e1> and <e2>Deb Richardson<\e2>.
|
founded by
| 32,091 | 94,445 |
[
"Quad9",
"founded by",
"IBM"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Quad9<\e1> and <e2>IBM<\e2>.
|
founded by
| 32,091 | 94,466 |
[
"Quad9",
"founded by",
"Global Cyber Alliance"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Quad9<\e1> and <e2>Global Cyber Alliance<\e2>.
|
founded by
| 32,091 | 94,468 |
[
"Quad9",
"founded by",
"Packet Clearing House"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Quad9<\e1> and <e2>Packet Clearing House<\e2>.
|
founded by
| 32,091 | 94,469 |
[
"Bitcoin",
"founded by",
"Satoshi Nakamoto"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Bitcoin<\e1> and <e2>Satoshi Nakamoto<\e2>.
Bitcoin (abbreviation: BTC or XBT; sign: ₿) is a protocol which implements a public, permanent, and decentralized ledger.
Bitcoin transactions are verified by network nodes through cryptography and recorded in a public distributed ledger called a blockchain. The cryptocurrency was invented in 2008 by an unknown person or group of people using the name Satoshi Nakamoto. The currency began use in 2009, when its implementation was released as open-source software.: ch. 1
The word "bitcoin" was defined in a white paper published on October 31, 2008. It is a compound of the words bit and coin.The Library of Congress reports that, as of November 2021, nine countries have fully banned bitcoin use, and a further forty-two have implicitly banned it. A few governments have used bitcoin in some capacity. El Salvador has adopted Bitcoin as legal tender, although use by merchants remains low. Ukraine has accepted cryptocurrency donations to fund the resistance to the 2022 Russian invasion. Iran has used bitcoin to bypass sanctions.
In 2018, Bitcoin has been described as an economic bubble by at least eight recipients of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.The environmental effects of bitcoin are substantial. Its proof-of-work algorithm for bitcoin mining is designed to be computationally difficult, which requires the consumption of increasing quantities of electricity, the generation of which has contributed to climate change. According to the University of Cambridge, bitcoin has emitted an estimated 200 million tonnes of carbon dioxide since its launch, or about 0.04% of all carbon dioxide released since 2009.
|
founded by
| 32,156 | 94,473 |
[
"Women's Social and Political Union",
"founded by",
"Emmeline Pankhurst"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Women's Social and Political Union<\e1> and <e2>Emmeline Pankhurst<\e2>.
The Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) was a women-only political movement and leading militant organisation campaigning for women's suffrage in the United Kingdom from 1903 to 1918. Known from 1906 as the suffragettes, its membership and policies were tightly controlled by Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters Christabel and Sylvia; Sylvia was eventually expelled.
The WSPU membership became known for civil disobedience and direct action. Emmeline Pankhurst described them as engaging in a "reign of terror". Group members heckled politicians, held demonstrations and marches, broke the law to force arrests, broke windows in prominent buildings, set fire to or introduced chemicals into postboxes thus injuring several postal workers, and committed a series of arsons that killed at least five people and injured at least 24. When imprisoned, the group's members engaged in hunger strikes and were subject to force-feeding. Emmeline Pankhurst said the group's goal was "to make England and every department of English life insecure and unsafe".Early years
The Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) was founded as an independent women's movement on 10 October 1903 at 62 Nelson Street, Manchester, home of the Pankhurst family. Emmeline Pankhurst, along with two of her daughters, Christabel and Sylvia, and her husband, Richard, before his death in 1898, had been active in the Independent Labour Party (ILP), founded in 1893 by former Scottish miner Keir Hardie, a family friend. (Hardie later founded the Labour Party.)
Emmeline Pankhurst had increasingly felt that the ILP was not there for women. On 9 October 1903, she invited a group of ILP women to meet at her home the next day, telling them: "Women, we must do the work ourselves. We must have an independent women's movement. Come to my house tomorrow and we will arrange it!" Membership of the WSPU was open to women only, and it had no party affiliation.
In 1905, the group convinced the Liberal MP Bamford Slack to introduce a women's suffrage bill; it was ultimately talked out, but the publicity spurred rapid expansion of the group. The WSPU changed tactics following the failure of the bill; they focused on attacking whichever political party was in government and refused to support any legislation which did not include enfranchisement for women. This translated into abandoning their initial commitment to also supporting immediate social reforms.The term "suffragette" was first used in 1906 as a term of derision by the journalist Charles E. Hands in the London Daily Mail to describe activists in the movement for women's suffrage, in particular members of the WSPU. But the women he intended to ridicule embraced the term, saying "suffraGETtes" (hardening the 'g'), implying not only that they wanted the vote, but that they intended to 'get' it.Also in 1906, the group began a series of demonstrations and lobbies of Parliament, leading to the arrest and imprisonment of growing numbers of their members. An attempt to achieve equal franchise gained national attention when an envoy of 300 women, representing over 125,000 suffragettes, argued for women's suffrage with the Prime Minister, Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman. The Prime Minister agreed with their argument but "was obliged to do nothing at all about it" and so urged the women to "go on pestering" and to exercise "the virtue of patience".
Some of the women Campbell-Bannerman advised to be patient had been working for women's rights for as many as fifty years: his advice to "go on pestering" would prove quite unwise. His thoughtless words infuriated the protesters and "by those foolish words the militant movement became irrevocably established, and the stage of revolt began". In 1907, the organisation held the first of several of their "Women's Parliaments".The Labour Party then voted to support universal suffrage. This split them from the WSPU, which had always accepted the property qualifications which already applied to women's participation in local elections. Under Christabel's direction, the group began to more explicitly organise exclusively among middle-class women, and stated their opposition to all political parties. This led a small group of prominent members to leave and form the Women's Freedom League.
|
founded by
| 32,165 | 94,495 |
[
"Women's Social and Political Union",
"founded by",
"Christabel Pankhurst"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Women's Social and Political Union<\e1> and <e2>Christabel Pankhurst<\e2>.
Early years
The Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) was founded as an independent women's movement on 10 October 1903 at 62 Nelson Street, Manchester, home of the Pankhurst family. Emmeline Pankhurst, along with two of her daughters, Christabel and Sylvia, and her husband, Richard, before his death in 1898, had been active in the Independent Labour Party (ILP), founded in 1893 by former Scottish miner Keir Hardie, a family friend. (Hardie later founded the Labour Party.)
Emmeline Pankhurst had increasingly felt that the ILP was not there for women. On 9 October 1903, she invited a group of ILP women to meet at her home the next day, telling them: "Women, we must do the work ourselves. We must have an independent women's movement. Come to my house tomorrow and we will arrange it!" Membership of the WSPU was open to women only, and it had no party affiliation.
In 1905, the group convinced the Liberal MP Bamford Slack to introduce a women's suffrage bill; it was ultimately talked out, but the publicity spurred rapid expansion of the group. The WSPU changed tactics following the failure of the bill; they focused on attacking whichever political party was in government and refused to support any legislation which did not include enfranchisement for women. This translated into abandoning their initial commitment to also supporting immediate social reforms.The term "suffragette" was first used in 1906 as a term of derision by the journalist Charles E. Hands in the London Daily Mail to describe activists in the movement for women's suffrage, in particular members of the WSPU. But the women he intended to ridicule embraced the term, saying "suffraGETtes" (hardening the 'g'), implying not only that they wanted the vote, but that they intended to 'get' it.Also in 1906, the group began a series of demonstrations and lobbies of Parliament, leading to the arrest and imprisonment of growing numbers of their members. An attempt to achieve equal franchise gained national attention when an envoy of 300 women, representing over 125,000 suffragettes, argued for women's suffrage with the Prime Minister, Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman. The Prime Minister agreed with their argument but "was obliged to do nothing at all about it" and so urged the women to "go on pestering" and to exercise "the virtue of patience".
Some of the women Campbell-Bannerman advised to be patient had been working for women's rights for as many as fifty years: his advice to "go on pestering" would prove quite unwise. His thoughtless words infuriated the protesters and "by those foolish words the militant movement became irrevocably established, and the stage of revolt began". In 1907, the organisation held the first of several of their "Women's Parliaments".The Labour Party then voted to support universal suffrage. This split them from the WSPU, which had always accepted the property qualifications which already applied to women's participation in local elections. Under Christabel's direction, the group began to more explicitly organise exclusively among middle-class women, and stated their opposition to all political parties. This led a small group of prominent members to leave and form the Women's Freedom League.
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founded by
| 32,166 | 94,496 |
[
"Islamic Defenders Front",
"founded by",
"Muhammad Rizieq Shihab"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Islamic Defenders Front<\e1> and <e2>Muhammad Rizieq Shihab<\e2>.
The Islamic Defenders Front (Indonesian: Front Pembela Islam; abbr. FPI) was an Indonesian hardline Islamist organization founded in 1998 by Muhammad Rizieq Shihab with backing from military and political figures. Since 2015, Ahmad Shabri Lubis has been the organization's leader, while Rizieq Shihab holds the title of Grand Imam (Indonesian: Imam Besar) of the FPI for life.
The FPI originally positioned itself as an Islamic religious police, mostly by conducting illegal and unauthorized vigilante operations. It also acted as an Islamist pressure group with prominent social media activism and mass mobilizations against pro-government activists, ethnic Chinese, Christian minority, as well as liberal and reformist politicians.The organization staged a number of religious and political mass protests, including the November 2016 Jakarta protests and other rallies against the then-Jakarta governor Basuki Tjahaja Purnama. The FPI also rallied outside the American Embassy in Jakarta in 2003 in order to condemn the Iraq War. The protesters were accused of committing hate crimes in the name of Islam and religious-related violence.On 30 December 2020, the Indonesian government issued a joint ministerial decree in which it banned the FPI. The government said that the FPI had threatened Indonesia's national ideology, committed illegal raids and atrocities including terrorism, and its organizational permit had expired. The government also showed footage of Rizieq Shihab pledging the FPI's allegiance to the Islamic State (ISIL/ISIS) and advocating the establishment of a caliphate. The disbandment came a few weeks after six FPI members were shot dead by police.
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founded by
| 32,185 | 94,577 |
[
"Assembly of God youth organizations",
"founded by",
"John Barnes"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Assembly of God youth organizations<\e1> and <e2>John Barnes<\e2>.
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founded by
| 32,091 | 94,583 |
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