content
stringlengths 71
484k
| url
stringlengths 13
5.97k
|
|---|---|
Becoming a single parent is a challenging and difficult process regardless of how the situation arises. Even if the alternative to being a single parent is less than desirable, a normal part of becoming a single parent family includes experiencing feelings of loss, anger, sadness, and confusion. While loss and grief are natural parts of life, our society does very little to prepare us for them. It is not unusual for each person in the family to experience the loss of a parent quite differently. Adults in the family will experience the loss of the individual both as a co-parent and partner. Children experience the loss of a parent and also of a defined household. People within a family often experience these emotions with a great deal of intensity particularly in the first year of becoming a single parent family.
Realize that this process will take time and give yourself permission to take the time to process and express these emotions (either by talking to friends, journaling, or seeking out support services).
Here are some tips for riding through the grieving process:
Do get information from the library, self-help groups, mental health services, or online. The more informed you are about what to expect as part of this process the less fearful you will feel, and the more you will be able to offer your children.
Long Distance Parenting
Staying Connected
There may be times that you will be separated from your children due to a variety of difficult circumstances. If you are faced with a lengthy separation from your children here are some strategies that may help to keep you connected through these rough times. The following ideas are adapted from Healing Hearts: Helping Children and Adults Recover from Divorce (by Elizabeth Hickey and Elizabeth Dalton).
Send letters, notes and postcards often. Also give your children a stack of stamped self-addressed envelopes and ask them to write you back.
Write a story for your child using your child’s name as the main character. Make the story reflect the positive traits you see in your child.
Use Technology to stay connected. Invest in a webcam and set up a computer for your child to talk to you over the web. (Can also read a bed time story to your child this way) More frequent contact will help you stay a part of your child’s daily routines.
For younger children use a digital recorder to record favourite songs that you have sung together ( e.g. fun action songs or soothing lullabies). It is better if you sing the songs yourself. Even if you don’t love the sound of your voice, your kids will! Use a digital camera to tape yourself reading a bedtime story that your child likes. Then download the story onto to your computer and either email it to your child or put it on a dvd that your child play at bedtime. Take pictures of your new surroundings and send these to your child to help them still feel part of your life.
When to Get Help
Is Counselling Necessary?
Most of the time families are able to cope with difficult situations that can be created by single parenthood. There are some times however when counselling can make a dramatic difference. Some times when counselling is useful is if there has been any violence or abuse as part of the history of the family. Other issues that can make the grieving and letting go process difficult include loss of a spouse through sudden death, as a result of an affair, or through abandonment. These circumstances can create large emotional obstacles for both the adult and children left behind. A therapist can provide a safe atmosphere for family members to work through difficult feelings and find constructive ways to express these feelings. This allows individuals in the family to move on to the important goal of rebuilding a healthier family.
If you or any member of your family is experiencing severe sleep problems, depression, loss of appetite, outbursts of extreme anger, anxiety or panic attacks then get help immediately! While it is normal to experience strong emotions and feelings of loss, the aforementioned symptoms can severely affect your ability to function as a family and need to be addressed so that grief does not turn into a more chronic state of depression or despair.
Anita Pal, M. Sc.
For more information about child based anxiety issues feel free to contact Anita Pal.
Support and Parenting Resources
Books
Copyright © Anita Pal
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. | http://www.anitapal.com/single-parenting.html |
Are We Facing 'Digital Overload'?
“Another evening of staring at the big screen while scrolling through my little screen so as to reward myself for staring at the medium-sized screen all day”. This is a tweet that could have been written by any one of us.
More than a year into the pandemic, many of us and our colleagues are ‘plugged to our screens’ everyday. Is this leading to a 'digital overload’ in our industry?
Our brains aren’t wired to look at a flat image of a person on a grid all day.
Is all this plugged-in time creating a cognitive load that’s too tough on our brains? Your screen is right there in front of you, all the time. Also, we’re pinging colleagues more with chats, sending more emails and scheduling more meetings to replace the casual interactions we used to have, leaning over a desk to ask a question.
Sometimes I feel like we are becoming parts in a digital factory.
Reducing our digital overload problem is not just about tweaking usage of video-meeting platforms. It helps, but I wonder if you agree that the real problem is we’re trying to replicate our old work patterns in a radically new at-home environment.
We need new habits and new practices. Instead of us and our colleagues becoming “parts in a digital factory”, we should be building a new culture more attuned to professional sports teams rather than a conveyor belt. The little I know about sports professionals is that they have intense sessions of activity (work), then recovery. And the recovery is just as important.
There are some short-term fixes that can help alleviate this digital intensity, but the issue is also driving a larger conversation about what our jobs should look like in a whole new world of work.
Short-term fixes – take more time-outs
The good news is that something as simple as a 10-minute break, if used correctly, can help reduce the risk of a digital overload. Breaking up long stretches of meetings or on-screen work can help reduce the digital overload build-up.
If you give yourself a break, and do something like going for a walk, doodling, even grabbing a cup of tea. After the break, you’ll be more engaged and focused. Taking breaks lets you reset, and maintain better brain health.
Meetings have been broken for a long time… why should we replicate that in the virtual world?”
Finding new ways to connect with our colleagues, and reducing the number of daily meetings, emails and virtual check-ins will do more than lessen the digital load. It will also pave the way for a reinvented workplace, which most expect to be a hybrid of old and new.
After a few weeks of daily pulse checks calls, our team decided that daily check-ins were too much. We’ve now cut them back to three times a week. We’ve also capped all meetings to 30 minutes. Any longer, we end up sneaking looks at incoming emails which is a whole other cognitive-overload issue. We also use the phone a ton more to save on long emails.
I don’t think our industry has been this demanding in my career. The digital overload makes everyday that much more intense. To continue to attract talent and retain our All-Stars, we should look at every process and ask: why are we doing this? Is there a way to do this more effectively? Let’s not replicate what we’ve always done and just do it virtually. Let’s figure out how to do it better.
For more information, please feel free to contact the following: | https://www.cyberboxx.ca/post/are-we-facing-digital-overload |
By Julie Hill, Middle School Learning Specialist, Providence Day School
In my role as a middle school learning specialist, parents often ask me for tips on how to streamline the homework process in their household. First and foremost, I think it’s important for parents to ponder what homework and grades represent in their family.
For example, my parents’ expectation was that I treated school as my job therefore giving consistent and honest effort. Communicating about academic expectations provides boundaries and structure within the family unit and serves as a foundation for future conversations.
After the hard thinking takes place, I consider the following aspects of the homework process.
1. Space. Think about where you do your best work. Does subject matter, time of day, or mood influence this answer? Traditionally, sitting at a desk in a room by yourself was seen as best practice. While that still may be the case for some people, my students have found success: stretching on a mat while reviewing vocabulary words, walking with a parent to discuss the topic of a paper, and sitting at the kitchen table doing math problems (amid the chaos) wearing noise-cancelling headphones.
2. Make a plan. I suggest making a plan for the upcoming week on Saturday or Sunday. This plan can be broad and include parent obligations, sports schedules, family outings, etc. Or it can be small and tailored to your child’s academic week. If this is the case, with the help of your child, take information from their syllabus or electronic calendar and break the week down into daily tasks. The daily tasks for each class should be specific. For example, if your child has a test on a Thursday, work backwards to Monday and figure out a goal for each day leading up to the test.
3. Give them choices. Once the weekly plan has been made, give your child choices within the plan. What do they want to work on first? How do they want to study test material — flashcards, verbal recall, acronyms? The ultimate goal is for them to soar without you, so giving them choices and modeling effective problem solving strategies is important.
4. Breaks should be refreshing. Some of my students set an alarm for 15 or 20 minutes of work time and then they take a 5 to 10 minute break after the alarm goes off. How they spend that break matters. I encourage them to stand and stretch, drink water, have a conversation with a family member, throw the ball for their dog, or shoot baskets.
5. Reflect on the process. In my opinion, one of the most important skills you can give your children is the ability to introspect. In my work with middle school students, I am blown away by their self-awareness related to their learning and study habits. From time to time, help them to reflect on strategies they have used. Did a meeting with a teacher instill test taking confidence? How did summarizing key concepts after each chapter in a novel impact reading comprehension? Learning is a skill developed over time with the assistance of self-awareness.
Most of all have fun, don’t take things too seriously and enjoy the process. Many times we develop our best strategies through trial and error and even failure. The most important thing you can do is teach your child that learning is a creative, fluid, introspective process and that you are along for the ride!
Julie Hill, who holds an undergraduate degree from Florida State University in Child Development and a master’s degree in Marriage and Family Therapy from East Carolina University, knew a lot about both subjects before getting married and having kids. She enjoys infusing her skill set of human development and learning sciences into a rich educational curriculum at Providence Day School through her work as the Middle School Learning Specialist. | http://charlottesmartypants.com/2017/04/from-the-smarty-education-corner-and-providence-day-school-homework/ |
November is National Family Caregiver Month, a time to recognize and support family caregivers. It is also the month in which we reflect and express gratitude and thanks for those in our lives and, for many of us, celebrate Thanksgiving. While the holidays are sure to look and feel very different this year due to COVID-19, it is still a good time to take a step back as caregivers and focus on our health and gratitude, so that we are our best selves to continue with the hard work we do. The following are some tips for caregivers, courtesy of The Caregiver Action Network:
- Seek support from other caregivers. Caregiving can feel lonely at times, but you are not alone.
- Set aside time each day to focus on your own physical, mental and social health so you are strong enough to continue caregiving.
- Accept help from others and make specific suggestions of what would be helpful to you.
- Learn how to communicate effectively with doctors.
- Make plans for respite and take respite breaks often.
- Watch for signs of depression and get professional help if you need it.
- Embrace technology and how it can aid caregiving.
- Organize medical information so it is up to date and easy to find.
- Make sure your legal documents are in order. If not, schedule a meeting with an elder law attorney. It is important for caregivers to have a succession plan. If something happens to you, have a plan for the person you care for.
- Caregiving is hard work! Give yourself credit for the hard work you do to keep another person healthy and safe. | https://maserlaw.com/national-family-caregiver-month/ |
About Danielle: Danielle Truitt (’23) is a first-year MBA candidate at UCLA Anderson. She comes from a background in Sales Operations & Strategy at VC-backed companies, including Yotpo and WeWork. This summer Danielle will be interning at Bain & Company as a Summer Associate in the Los Angeles office. Outside of school, she enjoys exploring LA by hiking, playing tennis, and finding new group workout classes. Danielle is originally from Sarasota, FL and received her BBA from Emory University in 2015.
As I reflect on my time at Anderson, I’ve realized that the last eight months have been a balancing act. First year MBAs constantly need to choose between spending time networking and preparing for interviews, meeting new people and building friendships, and actually studying. Business school has been an amazing experience, but if I’ve learned anything, it’s that time is a finite resource – time spent in one area means less time in another. Over the past few quarters, I’ve learned how to balance the amazing opportunities afforded by attending Anderson and living in LA. Here are my three tips:
(1) Prioritize in short increments, whether that’s the next week, months, or quarter
Throughout your time at Anderson, you will have different priorities and areas of focus. To ensure that you are getting a balanced experience, break down your time in business school into smaller increments. This helps you stay focused on each task at hand, while also allowing you to shift your priorities. In the Fall, recruiting for consulting was my primary goal, so I focused all of my time and energy on making sure that I could be the best candidate. Once I received my offer, I used the Winter quarter to relax and spend time socializing and traveling.
(2) Give yourself breaks and time to reflect
A quarter may seem like a long time to stay focused and dedicated, especially because emotions and energy change quickly. Throughout the process, give yourself the time and space to assess what you have already done and reflect on where you want to go. For me, being outside is imperative for my mental health, so every day, I made sure to spend time outside, whether that was going for walk or working out. These were breaks that allowed me to reflect, understand how I was feeling, and formulate a plan for action.
(3) Your Anderson classmates can support and guide you
Remember, you aren’t reinventing the wheel; countless people have been through business school before and have been in your shoes. Use your current classmates and 2nd years as resources to support you, whether that’s through bouncing ideas off one another or by discussing how they might approach a situation you’re faced with. It’s also a great way to make a few new friends 😊.
Overall, don’t forget to ENJOY your time in business school! From traveling to cool new places (I went to Costa Rica for Spring Break) to pushing myself outside of my comfort zone, I can honestly say that year one has been a time for exploration, growth, and fun. | https://mbablogs.anderson.ucla.edu/mba_admissions/2022/06/the-balancing-act-of-business-school-coursework-social-recruiting-and-everything-else.html |
New teachers, and those who are studying to become teachers, are most likely thinking along the lines of, “what on earth did I just get myself into?” You might also be thinking, “Was this a mistake? Do I really want to be a teacher? This is incredibly difficult.”
It has been a very unusual year to say the least. Months later, and we are still in the middle of a pandemic with seemingly no end in sight.
If you are in the middle of student teaching or a first-year teacher, this article was written just for you! I have a few tips that might help ease your anxiety.
1. Recognize that things will look a little different this year, and it is NOT the norm.
If you can get through your student teaching during a pandemic, you are pretty much a rockstar.
Let me repeat: YOU. ARE. A. ROCKSTAR. Please remind yourself that daily and give yourself grace.
2. There will be times of being in “Survival Mode”.
Try to roll with the punches the best you can. Remember, student teaching is not indicative of what real teaching is. It will be very different with your own classroom and without college-level assignments and deadlines.
3. Get VERY Familiar with Tech Tools for the Classroom, Especially Google Classroom and Google Slides
As I mentioned earlier, this year is not the norm -but I say that with a caveat; digital teaching tools are here to stay. If you want to impress your host teacher – be familiar with how to use and assign resources in Google Classroom. Learn how to share your screen in Zoom or Google Meet. Show off your new tech skills.
Want to go above and beyond? For only $10, you can become a Google Certified Educator. You can learn more about that here.
4. Do not dwell…
…on lessons that did not go as planned. Try to learn from your mistakes and consider what could have gone better. Try to reflect on your lesson mindfully. Be kind to yourself. Try to implement what you have learned in your next lesson.
5. Balance your time
Balance your time the best you can. Carve out time for yourself so you avoid getting burned out. There will be times where you must complete student case studies or work portfolios, where important deadlines must be met. Be sure to reward yourself after completing these large projects. Spend time with your friends and family.
6. Take breaks from the screen.
Be sure to schedule in some time for yourself. Take a walk outside and get some fresh air AT LEAST 30 minutes a day.
7. Get to know each student individually.
This may be difficult to do during distance learning, but try your best! See if you can have all their names memorized by the first two weeks. Make sure to differentiate learning for students who need it – EVERY child deserves the opportunity to succeed in the classroom!
7. Get organized and set daily goals
Set daily goals for yourself and try to stick to them. When I was in my program, it was easy to become overwhelmed looking at all the future assignments that were due. A side note – I live in California and I had required CalTPA tasks that took weeks for me to complete. I had to break the task into smaller parts so I would not panic about the enormity of the assignment. What helped me the most is creating my own Student Teaching Binder.
Inside my student teaching survival kit, there are BOTH DIGITAL (Google Slides) & PRINT resources. I had interactive graphic organizer templates that I could add on to ANY existing lesson! This would create more engaging lessons and I always had them as a back-up plan if students finished their assignments early.
My binder was also filled with Classroom Coupons, Brain Breaks, and Digital Stickers to help with behavior management when needed. Even though I implemented the behavior management tools that my host (master) teacher already had set into place, I sometimes needed something extra to motivate the students (especially during the observed lessons!).
Inside my binder, I also had TONS of schedule and planning pages. I would have a weekly planner for my program assignments and a separate weekly planner for my classroom placement. There were binder tabs and divider pages for every subject. I used different sections for student case study assignments, my portfolio, and the CalTPA tasks (a teaching requirement only in California).
The Ultimate Kit for Student Teaching includes all the resources I mentioned above.
This kit includes:
What this resource includes: | https://www.teachstudentsavvy.com/2020/12/student-teaching-during-distance-learning.html |
How can you tell yourself practicing self reflection?
Below you’ll find 12 self-awareness exercises to help you to get to know yourself better.
- Apply Feedback Analysis.
- Take Psychometric Tests.
- Identify Your Strengths and Weaknesses.
- Ask People You Trust for Feedback.
- Listen to Your Self-Talk.
- Keep Morning Pages.
- Label Your Emotions.
- Have a Life Vision and Mission.
What is self reflective learning?
In self-reflective learning, students actively analyze and consider their experience in a writing assignment. Students articulate their opinions, how challenges and mistakes contributed to their learning experience, and project future applications for what they learned.
What do you mean by self reflection?
What is self reflection? Self reflection is like looking into a mirror and describing what you see. It is a way of assessing yourself, your ways of working and how you study. To put it simply ‘reflection’ means to think about something.
How do you start a reflective essay about yourself?
Begin with a great hook and a strong introduction. Pull the reader in without giving too much away, then provide a quick overview of the reflective topic. Next, in the body of the essay, move into the meat of the paper by describing your experiences and growth.
How do you write a self-reflection at work?
- Ask yourself some questions. The starting point of the self-reflection process begins with asking ourselves the right questions to process who we are, what we do and how we think and feel.
- Choose your method.
- Schedule time.
- Meditation.
- Journaling: free associations and automatic writing.
- Take a moment for gratitude.
Why is it important to self reflect as a teacher?
Reflective teachers are more likely to develop reflective learners. If teachers practice reflection they can more effectively encourage learners to reflect on, analyze, evaluate and improve their own learning. These are key skills in developing them to become independent learners.
How do you do reflective learning?
Developing and Using Reflective Practice
- Read – around the topics you are learning about or want to learn about and develop.
- Ask – others about the way they do things and why.
- Watch – what is going on around you.
- Feel – pay attention to your emotions, what prompts them, and how you deal with negative ones.
What is reflective teaching strategy?
Reflective teaching involves examining one’s underlying beliefs about teaching and learning and one’s alignment with actual classroom practice before, during and after a course is taught. …
What is the importance of self reflection?
Self-reflection enables you to move from just experiencing, into understanding. Self-reflection: Encourages a level of self-awareness and consciousness about practice. Enables you to identify areas for improvement and also areas where you are strong.
Is reflection a teaching strategy?
With a profession as challenging as teaching, self-reflection offers teachers an opportunity to think about what works and what doesn’t in their classroom. We teachers can use reflective teaching as a way to analyze and evaluate our own practices so we can focus on what works.
How do you get children to reflect on their learning?
Reflection during instructional time can be facilitated through: Structuring lesson plans to support reflective thinking. Providing lesson components that prompt inquiry and curiosity. Providing resources and hands-on activities to prompt exploration.
How do you write a thesis for a personal reflection?
The thesis statement: In a reflective essay, the thesis statement will usually include a brief statement of what your essay is about as well as how the specific person, place, or experience has influenced you. You will expand on this later, so don’t give away too much in the beginning.
How teachers can use reflective thinking in the classroom?
Provide authentic tasks involving ill-structured data to encourage reflective thinking during learning activities. Prompt students’ reflection by asking questions that seek reasons and evidence. Provide some explanations to guide students’ thought processes during explorations.
How do you write a good self reflection?
How Do I Write a Good Personal Reflection
- Your opinions, beliefs and experiences.
- Similarities or contrasts to your own life (i.e. experiences you can identify with)
- How real or believable a subject / text is.
- Your emotional state at a given moment.
- Sympathy or empathy with characters.
How does self reflection help learning?
Self-reflection helps learners absorb more information more quickly. Reflection breaks: The first way to encourage reflection is to make time for them. Make reflection a regular part of learning so it becomes second nature. Even a five-minute reflection break is enough to draw higher level conclusions.
What are reflection activities?
In many cases, reflective activities are described as the connection between theory and action. This type of activity is especially useful in scenarios where students are required to reflect on past learning, consider real-world implications, and let this reflection guide future actions and activities. | https://www.terasolartisans.com/john/notes-of-a-writers/how-can-you-tell-yourself-practicing-self-reflection/ |
The Livermore Light Bulb is the oldest electric light bulb in the world and has been alight since 1901. The Phoebus cartel was created in 1924 to control the manufacture and sale of light bulbs, limiting their lifespan. Nowadays, manufacturers who continue to program obsolescence into their products use low-priced raw materials from the Third World and when the product breaks or becomes obsolete, return these materials to those countries in the form of hazardous waste. This endangers the sustainability of an already depleted planet. Every year, the Sun bathes the Earth in energy equivalent to several thousand times the amount needed by humanity. Along with other renewable energies, solar power should be used in order to achieve an ecologically sustainable environment.
Bio.
claRa is a London-based Video Artist from Madrid. Her audiovisual works combine video and animation with painting, found footage, digital collages and code. Her videos reflect on the importance of images in the construction of the collective imagination, the power of mass media and telecommunications, marketing strategies and brands and the ubiquitous advert, as interactivity and hyperlinks give us the illusion of choice. She is concerned with the changes in the contemporary culture arising from the electronic distribution of information, the fragmentation of the narrative discourse, information overload, surveillance control and the loss of privacy. | https://file.org.br/anima_sp_2019/clara-aparicio-yoldi/ |
If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it. — Popular saying often used by football coaches and economic prognosticators. Surprisingly it is attributed to Bert Lance, head of OMB under President Carter.
I was surprised to see this quote attributed to Bert Lance, a man I met on several occasions and not the man the media made him out to be, but that’s another story. I heard it more often when a football coach was asked why he continued to run the ball and not pass more despite having one the game by 44-0.
Unfortunately, few of us go through life without a few bumps, bruises, and breaks, and I’m not referring to the physical kind. I certainly have experienced emotional brokenness and even had people say to my face, “we will break you, until you give us what we want.” I hope none of you ever have to experience an intentional attempt to bring you to your emotional knees. It isn’t fun.
The Lenten season is a time for reflection, so as we reflect it is natural to reflect on the times we experienced brokenness. There is a right way and a wrong way to do this. If our reflection is one of bitterness or lack of forgiveness it isn’t helpful. But if one’s reflection is one of how brokenness has been a part of our lives and what lessons have we learned from it then we are on the right path.
Take it from me, when you find yourself looking back on the broken places in your life, ask yourself how have those broken places helped you become the person God intended, and can a better person grow in the cracks created in the breaks in God’s path?
We all have been broken somewhere, but the break can always be fixed. | http://thehubbellpew.com/2018/02/27/aint-broke-dont-fix/ |
Holy moly, we’re into another month already! I always feel like this time of year goes so so quickly. What better way to start another month off, by doing a lil’ list of essentials I think will help your month ahead! Take care of yourself you, and as always – keep real! ❤
- Reflect– With another month beginning, it can be extremely beneficial to take a moment, and reflect on the month before. What have you done that’s real cool? Anything that you have learned, or some event that you were like ‘oh yeah, that was a fun day!’. Even if it’s the little things, reflect on the good stuff.
- Plan ahead– What have you got in store for March? Personally, I love seeing what’s on my calendar, if there are any goals I want to achieve within a specific time frame. Whether that’s wanting to meet a deadline for some work, organising a get together with friends, or to simply read that book that’s been accumulating dust on your bookshelf. Little plans can give you structure for your month, and it feels real good to know some lovely things ahead!
- Be kind to yourself – I know that when we’re working, or when we’re running around trying to get everything done- we get real stressed and tend to be quite hard on ourselves. Slow it down, and take some deep breaths. Allow yourself to have breaks, and make time for you and you alone. As Buddha says ‘there is no pain like disharmony’, we have to take care of ourselves and live in harmony with our minds. We live most of our lives inside our own heads, so let’s make sure they’re nice places to be. How about trying a Mindfulness Journal? | https://kimmykeepreal.com/2016/03/01/march-mental-health-essentials/ |
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to develop a tool for measuring the motor creativity of college women. The theoretical construct of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking, Figural Form, was used as the model to develop twelve movement tasks for exploratory purposes. The tasks consisted of three types of activities: a warm-up activity with one stimulator, an activity with several stimulators, and an activity with one repeated, traditional stimulator. To determine the construct validity of the motor creativity test, the researcher examined the movement performances which subjects performed in the twelve movement tasks of the exploratory and pilot studies and rated each task on a scale of seven criteria. On the basis of these ratings, three tasks were selected as valid for the motor creativity test. A scoring system was devised to enable judges to describe, analyze and evaluate the movement performances of subjects on five variables - fluency, originality, flexibility, elaboration and motor creativity. | http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/listing.aspx?id=24066 |
For students to become lifelong learners, we need to equip them with a “user’s guide” to the brain. Social emotional learning is the heart of our program. Throughout the day, we help students explore their own thinking and emotional responses and develop a toolkit of strategies to support their learning.
Social Emotional Learning has several components: social-emotional development, creative thinking, and critical thinking.
Social Emotional Development
As a school committed to lifelong learning, our focus begins with social and emotional learning (SEL). Social and emotional skills are key to creating a safe environment for taking intellectual risks, developing the skills to pursue inquiry in small groups or independently, and to reflect on learning and behavior.
Students learn to recognize, regulate, and respond to emotions – their own and, with empathy, those of others. This might be through roleplay activities, through literacy time, or during free play and outdoor recess.
Students practice impulse control and self-regulation, taking turns during games or discussions or while crafting or blowing the perfect bubble at recess.
Students learn to understand themselves as a learner. They recognize where and how they work best. They identify strengths and challenges, set goals, and reflect on a learning experience.
Creative Thinking
Can students be taught how to be creative thinkers? Yes! By providing an environment that supports and encourages creative thinking, students can be taught specific creativity skills and strategies.
Creativity lessons and activities are woven in throughout the day and focus on the thinking strategies of fluency, flexibility, elaboration, and originality.
- Fluency: ability to produce numerous ideas
- Flexibility: ability to produce different ideas
- Elaboration: ability to embellish ideas
- Originality: ability to create new and unusual ideas
Critical Thinking
At The Kineo School, students learn not what to think, but how to think. When students build critical thinking skills, they become selective consumers of information. Our technological society makes vast amounts of information available, but this data is only useful if children learn skills to analyze and evaluate the information. Deborah Meier, a leader of progressive education, developed five ‘habits of mind’ to help students become better questioners and thinkers.
Five Habits of Mind
- Significance: Why is it important?
- Perspective: What is the point of view?
- Evidence: How do you know?
- Connections: How does it apply?
- Supposition: What if it were different?
We teach and integrate these habits through the day at The Kineo School. Whether looking at perspective in art or literature, finding evidence in a logic puzzle, or seeking a new solution to a playground problem, we incorporate critical thinking teaching and learning strategies at every opportunity. | https://kineoschool.org/the-kineo-experience/social-emotional-learning/ |
The psychology of creativity and creative thinking
Even today, the beginning of research and studies on the field of knowledge of creativity can be considered as very recent.
The first contributions of authors such as Bonus , Osborn or Torrance They date from the sixties onwards, so the practical application of everything found at the theoretical level in schools is still scarce and insufficient.
What is creativity?
From the field of psychology the experts who have approached this topic define creativity as a process of elaboration of original products through unorthodox ways, starting from the information available and with the purpose of solving problems or self-realization of the individual (in so far as it allows a development of personal intellectual abilities).
A) Yes, Guiford He highlighted the characteristic skills of creative individuals: fluency, flexibility, originality and divergent thinking (on the other hand, he highlighted the differences between creativity and intelligence). In the nineties, Csickszentmihalyi defined creativity as a state of consciousness to solve problems, in which three elements operate: field (place or discipline where it occurs), person (who performs the creative act) and domain (social group of experts). Finally, the most recent contribution of Mayers affirms the existence of five components of creativity: competence, imaginative thinking, audacity, intrinsic motivation and a creative environment.
On the other hand, it is worth highlighting the subjective character associated with creative capacity. This fact may have facilitated the generation of some erroneous beliefs regarding the concept of creativity, granting it a connotation of gift, of cognitive disorganization or of being necessarily related to a high cultural level as a prerequisite. Thus, there seems to be a consensus today to consider creativity as a human potential, which all individuals can access indistinctly. In keeping with this last, the set of social, cultural and historical influences become the main factors associated with the development of creativity .
How to develop creativity?
In order to define the concept of creativity and the methodology that can be put in place for its development and empowerment in schoolchildren, De Bono has proposed as essential elements of creative thinking the freedom of expression, the absence of inhibitions, the avoidance of critical judgmental judgments and the stimulation of new ideas during the creative process.
Among the techniques to use this author highlights the following, which favor the ability of analysis, synthesis, the application of logical reasoning and decision making:
- Consider All Factors (CTF).
- Employ Positive, Negative and Interesting reasoning (PNI).
- Contemplate other Viewpoints (OPV).
- Assess Consequences and Consequences (CS)
- Take into account the Possibilities and Opportunities (PO).
- Do not forget the Basic Priorities (PB).
- Clearly define the Purposes, Goals and Objectives (PMO).
- Search Alternatives, Possibilities and Options (APO)
Other techniques investigated correspond to the findings on methodologies such as the morphological analysis of Zwicky , the list of attributes of Crawford, the storm of ideas of Osborn, the divergent thought of De Bono, synectics or psychodrama, among others.Related article: "The 14 keys to enhance creativity"
Convergent thinking and divergent thinking
In the response of the human being to the environment can differentiate, as scientific research has shown, two different ways of cognitive reaction: convergent thinking and the divergent thinking. The latter is also called primary, lateral, autistic or multiple thought and is characterized by not being subject to consciousness or follow the logical or simpler, present a highly symbolic character and be associated with fantasy or creative thinking.
On the contrary, convergent thinking, also known as secondary, vertical, realistic or sequential it operates opposite to the previous one: works consciously and following the connections between the elements in a logical way and more oriented to the external reality .
Cognitive, affective and environmental factors in the creative act
There are three main areas of influence that affect the nature of the creative process: cognitive, affective and environmental .
Cognitive factors
Cognitive factors refer to set of procedures that intervene both in the reception and in the elaboration of the information that is presented to the subject.
In the development of creative capacity the following cognitive processes have been found:
The perception
It refers to the capture of the information presented . To enhance creativity requires a complete opening of the senses that allow an optimal reception of external stimuli that facilitate the possibility of creation of the subject. It is important to get rid of prejudices and not very flexible evaluations, as well as a clear capacity to define the problems and tasks to be solved.
The elaboration process
It is linked to the conceptualization and delimitation of the relationship established between the different data. Its main feature is the multi-associative capacity to flexibly and simultaneously handle various types of information.
Different perspectives can be taken to assess the elaboration processes, such as: thinking styles (divergent or creative and convergent), thinking skills (fluency, flexibility and originality to offer original or novel answers) and thinking strategies (unconscious ways of organizing information based on the utility observed in its implementation in past situations).
Affective factors
Regarding the affective factors, we can distinguish some elements that appear as central
for the mobilization of creative potential:
- The opening to experience : the degree of curiosity or interest in the context surrounding the individual, which maintains an open and positive attitude to external experiences and experiences them in a particular and alternative way.
- Tolerance of ambiguity : the ability to stay calm in confused or unresolved situations avoiding falling into the precipitation of an impulsive response.
- Positive self-esteem: acceptance of oneself and one's own particularities (both strengths and weaknesses).
- Will of work : possess a high motivation for the completion of the tasks or purposes initiated.
- Motivation to create : have a strong drive and interest in developing their own creations or participate in others'.
The environmental factors
Finally, environmental factors refer to the conditions of the physical and social context that facilitate the development and updating of creative potential . The environmental characteristics that favor creative expression are mainly self-confidence, security in the face of others and an appreciation of adaptive individual differences.
In addition, it has been proven that socially empathetic, authentic, congruent and accepting environments allow the individual to undertake new projects while minimizing fears of potential or unknown risks.
The stages of the creative process
The contributions made by Wallas in the middle of the last century based on his work that sought to sequence the process that occurs in all creative reasoning differentiated four main phases, which present a flexible and open character: preparation, incubation, lighting and the verification.
- The preparation : the exhaustive formulation (and reformulation) of the problem is carried out taking all the possible directions for its resolution.
- The incubation In order to be able to assimilate new approaches that do not disturb the clarity in the reasoning, there is a moment of pause and distance in the attempts of resolution of the task.
- The lighting : phase in which suddenly or by alternative associations between the available elements the creative product is reached.
- The verification : in this stage the implementation of the found solution is carried out, and subsequently an evaluation and verification of the applied process is carried out in order to find strengths and weaknesses.
The dimensions of creativity
In order to achieve a satisfactory individual development in the educational area a series of dimensions of creativity have been established as components of the maturational process, whose linking between them must have an interactive, dynamic and integrative character.
These dimensions are the following:
- Axiological : need to know the reasons that motivated the human being to create certain values.
- Affective : refers to the identification of cognitive products and to assess them as such.
- Cognitive : relative to functionality and thinking ability.
- Labor : defined by the development and transformation of cognitive products.
- Playful : creativity has a fun component.
- Participatory : it is linked to the collective application of creativity, enabling joint work between different students.
- Communicative : the processes of creative reasoning facilitate dialogue, the ability to argue and understand the ideas generated.
- Urban : Due to the spatial proximity between individuals, creative and dynamic tensions are produced that feed them back.
Obstacles in the development of creativity
The evidence that not all students are capable of developing creative responses with the same intensity before a task is palpable. Thus, there seems to be a consensus among experts on the subject that there are a set of factors that act as drawbacks or obstacles that limit students' internalization of this creative ability.
Among others, we can highlight: a coercive environment that does not allow the spontaneous expression of ideas, the tendency to judge and criticize different points of view, focus on pointing out exclusively the errors committed, based on inflexible and stereotyped methodologies, maintaining a distant attitude towards the others, to prevent the respect to the singularity of the individuals diminishing their self-confidence and fomenting the fear to the ridiculous, etc.
It seems that, although at birth all human beings possess the same capacity to develop creativity considerably, the existence of postnatal environmental factors play a discouraging role for said creative capacity , applying the practices described in the previous paragraph. It should, therefore, become aware of how much these practices are harming the whole of the students, since they are limiting the expression of a type of alternative, original and novel thought.
In conclusion
Creativity becomes a capacity that derives from the confluence of factors rather environmental, external and acquired. Therefore, it should promote its maximum development from the family and educational environment simultaneously.
For this, various barriers related to prejudices, criticisms and negative evaluations applied to alternative and / or unusual ways of solving a determined task, of exposing a reasoning, etc., which seem to be traditionally socially rooted must be overcome.
Bibliographic references
- Csíkszentmihályi, M. (1998). Creativity, an Approach. Mexico.
- De Bono, E. (1986): Lateral thinking. Spain: Paidós Editions.
- Guilford, J.P., Strom, R.D. (1978). Creativity and Education Buenos Aires: Paidós Editions. | https://en.yestherapyhelps.com/the-psychology-of-creativity-and-creative-thinking-11408 |
فایل ورد Students” Creativity and Problem-Solving Skills of Students in HighSchools in Tabriz کاملا فرمت بندی و تنظیم شده در استاندارد دانشگاه و مراکز دولتی می باشد.
The purpose of this study is comparing the problem-solving skills and creativity of studentsin secondary schools in Tabriz, Educational District III with respect to their activeparticipation by the means of descriptive study. The population consisted of all students insecondary schools including 8400 students in the first education district of Tabriz. Themethod of sampling was based on random- stratified sampling method and 368 people.Data was collected using standard questionnaires of creativity and problem solving skills aswell as self-made questionnaire by the researcher for the active participation of students.The validity of three questionnaires was approved by educational professors and reliabilitywas calculated with Cronbach”s alpha coefficient, respectively, 0.71, 0.70 and 0.89. UsingSPSS and T-test, data were analyzed. The results of the study showed that creativity,elaboration, originality and fluency with respect to the participation of students are notsignificantly different. Flexibility and problem solving skills in students who had highparticipate in the training process was high.
اینک شما با جستجوی عبارت Students” Creativity and Problem-Solving Skills of Students in HighSchools in Tabriz وارد این سایت شده اید جهت مشاهده توضیحات بیشتر در این خصوص روی لینک ادامه مطلب کلیک فرمایید. | http://takhfif-shop.ir/file/501852/html |
Posts tagged creativity
Autism and white Matter/Myelination: the opposite of creativty/psychosis phenotype?
A new paper by Ben Bashat et al extends their earlier findings that had found that there was accelerated maturation of white matter in children with Autism. In this new paper they use Tract Based Spatial statistics (TBSS) to determine the white matter integrity of children (age around 3 years) with Autism as compared to normal controls. Of course they used Diffusion tensor Imaging to find out Fractional anisotropy and other measures of white matter integrity.
Essentially they found that in some regions/tracts there was greater Fractional Anisotropy (FA) as compared to controls. These regions/tracts were genu and body of the corpus callosum (CC), left superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and right and left cingulum (Cg). They also found that in areas of high FA there was corresponding decrease in Radial diffusivity (Dr). What this essentially means, to my naive mind, is that greater conductance or speed of action potential in axons would primarily be due to enhanced myelination which reduces leakage or lateral flow of AP.
I’ll like to contrast the results with an earlier study I had blogged about regarding creativity, psychopathology and white matter mylienation connection. As per that study an inverse relation was found between people high on creativity (divergent type) and Fractional anisotropy in frontal regions, i’e there was low FA. Also importantly there was increased Dr (radial diffusivity) in the same regions and thus the conclusion was that there was reduced myelination in those areas which meant reduced signal transmission speed and more signal leak . It is notable that that study too used DTI and Tract based Spatial statistics (TBSS) analysis method to arrive at their conclusions.
Regular readers of this blog will know my fanaticism for Autism and Psychosis as opposites on a continuum theory. This new paper nicely fits in with my last post linking creativity/psychosis and white matter/myelination, I had as much surmised that Autism would show the opposite effect and have high FA and decreased Dr. It is heartening to note when such a relation is found and reported- goes to show the strength and ability to make predictions of the theory.
However, I would also like to point out and highlight that I believe Autistic spectrum is characterized by another type of ability – the savantic intelligence– that may be directly due to this white matter /excess myelination effect. Perhaps the signals travel so fast that decisions are made locally without the time available to get other far-0off regions involved- thus giving attention to details but inability to link disparate regions and ideas.
Weinstein, M., Ben-Sira, L., Levy, Y., Zachor, D., Itzhak, E., Artzi, M., Tarrasch, R., Eksteine, P., Hendler, T., & Bashat, D. (2010). Abnormal white matter integrity in young children with autism Human Brain Mapping DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21042
Ben Bashat, D., Kronfeld-Duenias, V., Zachor, D., Ekstein, P., Hendler, T., Tarrasch, R., Even, A., Levy, Y., & Ben Sira, L. (2007). Accelerated maturation of white matter in young children with autism: A high b value DWI study NeuroImage, 37 (1), 40-47 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.04.060
Jung, R., Grazioplene, R., Caprihan, A., Chavez, R., & Haier, R. (2010). White Matter Integrity, Creativity, and Psychopathology: Disentangling Constructs with Diffusion Tensor Imaging PLoS ONE, 5 (3) DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009818
More brains and bonkers connection: thinking out of a broken box
We have covered many studies linking creativity with Psychosis and this new study by Manzano et al provides further corroborating evidence.
Dopamine has been linked with psychosis and is now also being increasingly being linked with creativity, especially divergent creativity and thinking style.
Divergent thinking is influenced by dopaminergic function. Reuter found a correlation between divergent thinking (the Inventiveness battery of the Berliner Intelligenz Struktur Test) and polymorphisms of the dopamine D2 receptor gene–DRD2 TAQ IA. Higher creativity scores were observed in carriers of the A1 allele. This polymorphism is unrelated to general intelligence , , which suggests that it is more specifically related to Glr (“long-term storage and retrieval”). This finding is in line with functional imaging research showing the D2 system to be involved in attentional set shifting and response flexibility, which are important components of divergent thinking . Furthermore, the finding indicates that divergent thinking is related to regional differences in D2 densities, since the DRD2 TAQ IA polymorphism has been shown to modulate D2 binding potential (D2BP) in both striatal and extrastriatal regions .
Divergent thinking is traditionally measured using alternate uses test, for eg., in which a familiar object like brick is provided and subjects asked to name novel use for that object. The responses are marked for creativity as per the follwoing criterion:
- Fluency–the number of valid responses;
- Originality–how frequent the participant’s responses were among the responses of the rest of the sample;
- Flexibility–the number of semantic categories produced;
- Switching–the number of shifts between semantic categories;
- and Elaboration–how extensive each response is (if the task involves producing more than single words)
The main findings of the study was that dopamine D2 binding potential (D2BP) receptor density in thalamus correlated negatively with divergent thinking and creativity scores. Here is how the authors interpret the results:
Based on the current findings, we suggest that a lower D2BP in the thalamus may be one factor that facilitates performance on divergent thinking tasks. The thalamus contains the highest levels of dopamine D2 receptors out of all extrastriatal brain regions , . Decreased D2BP in the thalamus has been suggested, firstly, to lower thalamic gating thresholds, resulting in decreased filtering and autoregulation of information flow and, secondly, to increase excitation of cortical regions through decreased inhibition of prefrontal pyramidal neurons , , . The decreased prefrontal signal-to-noise ratio may place networks of cortical neurons in a more labile state, allowing them to more easily switch between representations and process multiple stimuli across a wider association range . This state, which we hereforth will refer to as the “creative bias”, could benefit performance on tasks that involve continuous generation and (re-)combination of mental representations and switching between mind-sets. The creative bias could also explain why the different measures of divergent task performance correlate: A decreased signal-to-noise ratio in thalamus would decrease information gating and possibly increase fluency; decreased signal-to-noise ratio in cortical regions should better enable flexibility and switching between representations; similarly, the associative range should be widened and selectivity should be decreased which might spur originality and elaboration.
Besides carrying benefits related to fluency and switching, the decreased signal-to-noise ratio associated with the creative bias should be disadvantageous in relation to tasks that require high levels of selective attention. Some support for this prediction can be taken from Dorfman who showed that the greater a person’s divergent thinking scores, the slower his or her reaction times were on a negative priming task requiring the inhibition of interfering information. Furthermore, the creative bias may also bring a risk of excessive excitatory signals from the thalamus overwhelming cortical neurotransmission, with ensuing cognitive disorganization and positive symptoms . It is thus tempting to suggest that dopaminergic modulation of neurotransmission mediated through dopamine D2-receptors could be one of the mechanisms which associate creativity with positive psychotic symptoms. Interestingly, positive symptoms are not necessarily related to problems in executive function, at least not to the same extent as negative symptoms , which indicates that in the creative individual “blind variation” might be affected without a concomitant decline in “selective retention”. It can be speculated that aberrant thalamic function may promote unusual associations, as well as improved performance on divergent thinking tests in healthy individuals, in the absence of the detrimental effects typically associated with psychiatric disorders. In other words, thinking outside the box might be facilitated by having a somewhat less intact box.
In plain English speak, the same decreased signal-to-noise ratio in perfrontal regions that gives rise to creativity also gives rise to proneness to psychosis. The more the noise that is introduced the greater the chances that the ideas generated by ‘blind variation’ are more creative; if the ‘selective retention’ procedure is also defective or loosened to an extent, it may result in psychopathology and psychosis, while if intact it leads to creativity. Thus while one factor , that of loosening of associations, flexibility and set switching is common to both psychosis and creativity, the defects in selective retention may be the crucial factor that distinguishes brains from bonkers.
de Manzano, ?., Cervenka, S., Karabanov, A., Farde, L., & Ullén, F. (2010). Thinking Outside a Less Intact Box: Thalamic Dopamine D2 Receptor Densities Are Negatively Related to Psychometric Creativity in Healthy Individuals PLoS ONE, 5 (5) DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010670
The Creativity-dopamine (b)linkage: more brains and bonkers connections
Creativity is certainly different from intelligence; it is usually gauged as the ability to make novel and useful unique contributions to a field. Creativity itself is not a unified construct but can be broken into convergent creativity (involving more focused approach) and divergent creativity (involving more widening and loosening of associations).
It has been evident for quite some time that there is a connection between insanity (especially bipolar/schizophrenia spectrum) and creativity , especially as evidenced by the creative bent of schizotypal people. See for example this article covering a recent study that looks at exactly the same issue. However, most of these studies rely on a unitary construct of creativity that does not do full justice to the correlations that could be found if convergent and divergent creativity was distinguished and effect of intelligence was factored out. The new study by Hommel, B. does just that.
Schizophrenia/psychosis as many will know from their elementary neuroscience knowledge is associated with dopamine dysfunction; specifically it is believed that high baseline dopamine levels are there in schizophrenics/psychotics. So it was not unreasonable for Hommel et al to hypothesize that dopamine should have some relation with creativity possible higher dopamine associated with high creativity. However, dopamine has shown an inverse U relation for many other factors and thus they were cautious and tried to fit both linear and quadratic graphs to their data. But we are moving ahead of ourselves. Before they could find the underlying relation between dopamine and creativity, they had to measure these things accurately.
They measured dopamine using Eye Blink Rate (EBR): that is how many time you blink in a minute. For creativity , they measured Convergent Creativity using a remote association task (don’t go by the name …the task has only one answer and measures convergent thinking) . for eg. a subject is given three words (say time, hair, stretch) and have to come up with a word that is commonly related to all three (answer: long) . this reliably measures creativity but of he convergent type. For Divergent thinking , they administered the Alternate Uses task (AUT),a task that requires one tocome up with novel uses of everyday objects like brick, toothpaste etc. The responses to AUT were further coded for fluency (how easily one could come up with alternatives measured by total no. of responses) , flexibility(the number of different categories used or how remote the mind wandered) and elaboration (the level of detail surrounding the use). They also measured fluid intelligence using Raven’s progressive matrices.
They then conducted experiments (administered the tests to subjects) , collected data and analyzed the results. The main findings of interest to us is that they found a inverse u shaped relation between dopamine (EBR) and flexibility dimension fo divergent thinking. This effect was present even when the effect of intelligence was factored out. thus both low dopamine, as well as too much dopamine is detrimental to flexible divergent thinking/creativity and schizotypals , placed precariously between normals and psychotics are best placed to be the most creative as they presumably have the optimum dopamine levels. the authors also argue that schizophrenics dopamine levels should not be brought down indiscreetly by using anti-psychotics (which reduce dopamine levels) but they should be brought in the optimum range of dopamine functioning. this obviously has immense importance and treatment implications. No wonder creative people feel stiffed when on anti-psychotics- their dopamine levels are being brought down way too much.
The other interesting finding was that dopamine (EBR) was negatively ad linearly related to convergent thinking. Thus, it is evident that convergent creativity and divergent creativity are different constructs and while dopamine has a complex quadratic relationship with divergent thinking, that with convergent thinking is linear though not very comforting. It seems that as dopamine levels increase the ability to narrow focus diminishes and this would be concordant with other studies linking dopamine to ADHD for example.
Overall, a view of how brains and bonkers are two sides of the same coin is emerging and it is exciting to note that many previous inconsistencies in literature around this issue may have to do with not differentiating and decomposing creativity into its many components and not looking for inverse u shaped effects.
Chermahini SA, & Hommel B (2010). The (b)link between creativity and dopamine: Spontaneous eye blink rates predict and dissociate divergent and convergent thinking. Cognition PMID: 20334856
Creativity-psychosis linkage via reduced white matter /myelination
I have been following, and am passionate about, the positive psychology movement for quite some time, but was surprised to discover that there was something called positive neuroscience also in place. I recently came across this new scientist article about the research paper of Rex Jung et al and was pleased to discover that Jung was working on the frontier of applying latest in neuroscience research to Positive brain states and substrates like that involved in creativity.
The article is in PLOSOne, an open access journal and is lucidly written , so you should go and read it now. I’ll anyway like to summarize their study results. First a bit of background about creativity psychopathology linkage.
Some research reports positive correlations between various definitions of creativity and a diagnosis of psychopathology , , , . Other studies report that psychopathology is rarely, if ever, associated with creative insight, capacity, or productivity . When artists are studied more carefully, certain personality characteristics appear to reside upon a continuum of both normal behavior and psychopathology. For example, creative expression in the visual arts and poetry has been linked with the overlapping personality traits of schizotypy and Openness to Experience (Openness), and particularly to self-reports of “unusual experiences” and “unconventional nonconformity”, but not the “introvertive anhedonia” characteristic of schizophrenia .
This is inline with what we have been covering at mouse trap regarding association of creativity with the psychotic spectrum especially the creativity that is artistic or revolutionary in nature rather than scientific and methodical in nature. This is how the authors distinguish between types of creativity inline with my views that one type of creativity is autistic (cognitive) in nature while the other is psychotic (emotional) and these are on a continuum.
First, there does not exist one “creativity”; rather, this construct is hypothesized to reside upon a continuum between cognitive (i.e., scientific) and emotional (i.e., artistic) behavioral domains , . Thus, when comparing scientists and artists directly, researchers have found lower lifetime rates of psychopathology for: 1) scientists compared to artists, 2) natural scientists compared to social scientists, 3) nonfiction writers compared to fiction writers and poets, and 4) formal artists compared to “expressive” artists , , . These findings have led researchers to hypothesize a hierarchical structure of creativity across disciplines , which echoes the notions of “paradigmatic” (i.e., a fundamental model of events) versus “revolutionary” (i.e., rejection of doctrines) approaches as applied to the sciences . The benefits of working within the lines of a given field appear to be lower levels of psychopathology; alternately, individuals with lower levels of psychopathology may be attracted to such endeavors. Similarly, there is increasing evidence that the cost of “revolutionary” approaches to creative endeavors, whether it is in the arts or sciences, may be associated with increased levels of psychopathology although, again, causative links are weak at best.
So that fits in with broader creativity/ psychopathology linkage, but to get back to the current study the authors had already established earlier that performance on Divergent Thinking (DT) (a measure of creativity) “exhibited significant inverse relationships with both cortical thickness in frontal lobe regions and metabolite concentration of N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) in the anterior cingulate cortex in normal young subjects “. Thus, some theoretical relationship between creativity and underlying brain circuitry in the frontal reagion was available a priori. Also, research by other researchers has already established that ” Both schizophrenic and bipolar patients have been shown to have reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) in the anterior thalamic radiation , and uncinate fasciculus within frontal brain regions. Similarly, reduced FA was observed within the uncinate fasciculus of a cohort with schizotypal personality disorder, providing strong support for the hypothesis that similar neural phenotypes may not result in full-blown clinical symptoms . Finally, in normal subjects, the Neuroregulin-1 (NRG1) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP’s) SNP8NRG243177 and SNP8NRG221533 were found to predict lower FA in the left anterior thalamic radiation . As NRG1 has been found to predict higher risk of schizophrenia , and bipolar disorder , and is linked with axonal myelination and migration , these authors hypothesize a mechanistic link between NRG1 within the anterior thalamic radiation and risk for psychotic disorders .”
Thus, from the above it is easy to see that there should be a inverse relationship between Fractional Anisotropy (a construct related to myelination of axons) in the frontal regions and creativity if one assumes that creativity and psychopathology are related and are on one end of a continuum. And this inverse relationship between creativity and FA is exactly what they found:
Our results suggest a convergence between a cognitive measure of divergent thinking, a personality measure of Openness, and a white matter integrity measure within the inferior frontal lobes. We found that normal young subjects with lower levels of FA within predominantly left inferior frontal white matter (i.e., regions overlapping the uncinate fasciculus and anterior thalamic radiation) scored higher on the CCI; similarly subjects with lower levels of FA within the right frontal white matter (i.e., regions overlapping the uncinate fasciculus and anterior thalamic radiation) scored higher on self-reported measures of Openness. These two regions of white matter overlap with those reported by other researchers who found lower FA in both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder , , .
They could also nail the reduced FA to reduced myelination as radial diffusion was affected more than axial diffusion. As reduced myelination has been shown as a diatheisis for psychosis, this fits in with previous research linking risk factors common to psychosis and creativity.
Whereas more neural resources are often associated with higher intellectual capacity in a parieto-frontal network of brain regions , studies in DT appear to suggest that less is often better in a different network of brain regions, particularly fronto-cingulate-subcortical networks linked via white matter loops .
One can speculate that frontal region, more concerned with executive control , when with reduced activity or functional connectivity , may not inhibit the other brain regions that much, and may thus lead to flowering of inherent creativity and cross-talk amongst different brain regions. On the other hand too much white matter/ gray matter in this region may lead to too much control and leave little room for flexibility and creativity.
However, while lower FA is commonly seen in diseases where both cognition and white matter integrity are impaired (e.g., Traumatic Brain Injury, Schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease) , , , evidence is accumulating that higher FA in particular brain regions may also be associated with clinical disorders including post-traumatic stress disorder , obsessive-compulsive disorder , panic disorder , synaesthesia , and Williams syndrome .
It is interesting to note that enhanced FA is associated with clinical disorder of Williams syndrome, which is associated with Autism; on the other end of continuum, reduced FA in particular brain region is associated with psychosis proneness, thus providing another convergent linkage of autism and psychosis as opposites. | http://the-mouse-trap.com/tag/creativity/page/2/ |
Co-creativity is an emerging research theme in recent years, focusing on how individual creative production can be enhance via the group cooperation. However, previous studies rarely used standardized tests in the co-creativity, which makes it difficult to effectively and objectively analyze the creative performance of individuals in groups. This project aimed to analyze the individual’s creative thinking process and creative idea production in an interactive context. Combining the approach between behavioral experiments and information technology, we examined the individual’s performance in open and closed creative problem solving. In the study 1, an interactive creativity test platform was developed. This platform includes two divergent thinking tasks (unusual use of straws, unusual use of bottles) and Chinese Radical Remote Associates Test (CRRAT) A and B version. Besides, there are two modes: answering two people at the same time and answering independently. At the same time, this research develops computer scoring technology, which can automatically calculate participants' creativity test scores. Two tests on this platform have appropriate consistency reliability and criterion-related validity. In addition, the divergent thinking score by computer scoring is highly positively correlated with the ones by manual scoring. It showed that divergent thinking scores can be calculated through the system to improve the time-consuming of scoring. In the study 2, we explored the individual's creativity performance in the two-person collaborative mode on the online interactive creativity test platform, and analyzes the differences in the two types of creativity performance in the context of independent work and two-person collaboration. The results showed that those with lower scores for divergent thinking often referred to the response of another participant, and their fluency, flexibility, and originality in the two-player mode were significantly improved; relatively, those with higher scores had higher scores relatively lower. Furthermore, in the CRRAT, the two-person mode also reduces the difference in scores between the two groups. The reason may be that the performance improved of participants with the lower scorers in the two-person mode while the participants with higher scores in the two-person mode did not significant changes. These findings reveals the similarities and differences in the individual performance of the two types of creativity tests in the interaction context, and the potential relationship between answer strategies and their performance in the two-person mode. Finally, the platform developed by this project expands the standardized creativity test from a single participant answering alone to two participants answering together. Based on this, these findings explore how two people can collaborate on creativity tests and show that one plus one of creativity performance is not always greater than two. This project provides the other research approach on the co-creativity theme and enhances the understanding of individual creative processes in the interactive context.
|Status||Finished|
|Effective start/end date||2019/08/01 → 2020/10/31|
Keywords
- creativity
- divergent thinking
- remote associates test
- dual-process
- computer scoring
- interaction
- synergistic effect.
Fingerprint
Explore the research topics touched on by this project. These labels are generated based on the underlying awards/grants. Together they form a unique fingerprint. | https://scholar.lib.ntnu.edu.tw/en/projects/%E4%B8%80%E5%8A%A0%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%A4%A7%E6%96%BC%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A2%E4%BA%92%E5%8B%95%E6%83%85%E5%A2%83%E4%B8%8B%E5%89%B5%E9%80%A0%E6%80%9D%E8%80%83%E5%8F%8A%E5%89%B5%E6%84%8F%E7%94%A2%E5%87%BA%E4%B9%8B%E6%AD%B7%E7%A8%8B%E8%88%87%E5%9F%B9%E8%82%B2%E5%BE%9E%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E9%81%8B%E4%BD%9C%E6%A9%9F%E5%88%B6%E5%88%B0%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%8F%AF%E5%A1%91%E6%80%A7-3 |
Four-C’s of creativity.
Abstract
The history of creativity assessment is as old as the concept itself. Researchers from various cultures and disciplines attempted to define the concept of creativity and offer a valid way to assess it. Creativity is generally defined as the ability to produce work that is novel and appropriate. Researchers in the field attempted to measure creativity from different perspectives and tried to answer the question like “What are the mental processes involved in creative thought?, Which personality traits are associated with creativity?, How can a product can be judged to be creative? and, What are the external forces that affect creativity?”. The answers of these questions constitute the most commonly used creativity assessment instruments. This chapter presents a brief overview on assessment of creativity through the eyes of the psychometric perspective and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of various instruments used in the field.
Keywords
- creativity
- creativity assessment
- psychometric approach
- divergent thinking
- tests of creative thinking
1. Introduction
The belief that creativity is too difficult to measure is still a dominant myth and can be considered as a byproduct of definitional issues. Researchers from various cultures and disciplines attempted to define creativity and offer a valid way to assess it. As creativity is a multifaceted phenomenon, it is a complicated task to define and operationalize it. For the sake of the discussion, one should start with defining “creativity”. The usefulness of higher order cognitive constructs is related to their definitions’ degree of clarity . Unfortunately, most creativity research oversees the importance of this point. In a content analysis done for the articles published in two major creativity research journals, Creativity Research Journal and Journal of Creative Behavior respectively, researchers found that only 34% of the selected articles provided and explicit definition of creativity . In order to examine a concept scientifically, we should rely on operationalized definitions and the relatively low rates of explicit definitions on creativity, constitutes a major problem for the field. As a result, I will use the following definition provided in Ref. to clarify my perspective for this chapter. Creativity is “the interaction among aptitude, process, and environment by which an individual or group produces a perceptible product that is both novel and useful as defined within a social context”.
Starting with a definition would help but not provide the answer to our question at hand, why assess creativity? Although this question may have hundreds of answers the most basic and extensive answer would be: because creativity is the apex of human evolution and it is the most desirable skill in the information age. Creative thinking was the main ability that helped humans to move forward towards using a hand ax to complicated machines or produce complex language algorithms. Furthermore, creativity has become one of the most popular skills that schools and organizations search for. World Economic Forum, in its Future of Jobs report, ranked creativity in number three out of ten most important skills for the fourth industrial revolution , and also creativity is listed in the competencies part of 21st century skills. As of now, supporting creativity is the common goal of a kindergarten, a research institute or the biggest corporations in the world. The importance of creativity is anticipated to increase in the future due to various societal and economic trends as explained in Ref. .
Globalized markets require more competition.
Product development cycles shortened due to the information and communication technologies (For example, contemporarily any product that has been manufactured is redesigned within 5–10 years and this time period decreases to 6–12 months if the product is a technological device).
More and more jobs get automatized if it does not require creativity.
As job market demanded creativity more, the schools started to restructure their goals and curriculum to meet those need too. In the educational context, assessment of creativity is mostly about recognizing creativity and creating ideal conditions to nurture it, not about categorizing the students as “creative” or “not creative”. In Ref. possible purposes of creativity assessment have been discussed; these can be summarized as follows:
Guide the individuals recognize their own strengths and support them in nourishing them.
Develop a better understanding about human abilities like intelligence and creativity. By maintaining that we will gain insight into the working structures of these complicated concepts.
Restructure the curriculum and learning experiences in accordance with the needs of the students. If educators understand their students’ strengths and weaknesses regarding creativity, they can tailor the educational opportunities for supporting creativity.
Imply creativity assessment as a program evaluation tool. Educators typically implement programs to enhance creativity, without pre and post assessments it would be impossible to know which approach worked best.
Utilization of standard measures will provide a common language for professionals to discuss various aspects of creativity.
Despite its importance, creativity did not become a major research area in psychology. Till the midst of 20th century creativity was seen as a marginal research topic and only 0,2% of the references in Psychological Abstracts indexes were about creativity . Even the term “creativity” was not widely used before 50’s, however there were some influential works and essays written by philosophers and scientists (e.g. Bergson, Einstein, Kekulé, Poincaré) or early models proposed by researchers (see ). Modern creativity research began in 1950s and J. P. Guilford’s famous presidential address in American Psychological Association ignited the wick . After Guilford’s call various researchers began to work on the field of creativity. Before that, assessment of creativity was not even a concern, especially for the young people or in the educational context. Because previous studies were solely focused on extraordinary creative achievements or eminent creative people. However, Binet’s pioneering intelligence test constituted an exception, it included some items to measure “creative imagination” . Historically, some intelligence test developers considered creativity to be a part of intelligence or a totally independent construct . In Ref. , authors categorized the approach towards the relations between creativity and intelligence under five groups. These are; creativity is a subset of intelligence, intelligence is a subset of creativity, creativity and intelligence are overlapping sets, creativity and intelligence are coincident sets and creativity and intelligence are disjoint sets. In the light of recent research, it can be claimed that the relation between intelligence and creativity depends on how each construct is defined and measured. Contemporary research widens these horizons. Creativity is now seen as a psychological trait distributed in the general population, that can be developed and measured .
The growing mindset which sees creativity as a flexible trait, increased the attention about the levels of creative magnitude. Creative accomplishments were categorized as everyday (little c) and historical (Big C) creativity. Imagine a 14-year-old math fan solving problems enthusiastically and compare it with the work of Fields Medal winner Andrew Wiles. She will not be as creative as Wiles and she does not need to be. Everyday creativity is certainly different from world changing efforts. The little-c, Big-C dichotomy was so sharp that one cannot distinguish the creative levels ranging in between. Kaufman and Beghetto [14, 15] proposed a “Four-C Model of Creativity” (mini-c, little-c, Pro-c and Big-C) to present a new perspective to this problem (see Table 1).
|Mini-c||Learning is closely related to creativity, when we learn a new thing or try to solve a new problem some degree of creativity will be involved. At the mini-c level the creative act or product is new and original for the individual himself. For example, after several trials Sasha baked her first ceramic, although it was just in beginner’s level, it was new and meaningful to her.|
|Little-c||The little-c level is one step further of the mini-c. The product or idea might be valuable to others. Sasha brought her ceramic to her house and her family loved it and put it on top of the dresser so that they use and enjoy seeing it.|
|Pro-c||In the Pro-c level individual is at a professional level with years of experience and deliberate practice. Sasha majored in art in college and her artwork is now exhibited in galleries. Her work is followed by art experts and she is considered to be a creative artist.|
|Big-C||People who achieve Big-C level are eminent ones and will be remembered in history books. One’s whole career and work is evaluated for this level. Sasha’s ceramics have been bought by art collectors and exhibited in art galleries regularly.|
Thus, it can easily be seen that every level of “c” requires a different approach and technique for assessing creativity. Over the years, researchers and theorists have proposed several different methods and theories for assessing creativity (e.g., Amabile, Csikszentmihalyi, Kaufman and Baer, Sternberg and Lubart, Torrance) (see [16, 17, 18, 19, 20]). These few examples constitute just the tip of the iceberg, there exist dozens of definitions, methods and theories in the field of creativity. As an illustration, in Ref. Treffinger presented more than 100 different creativity definitions and as your definitions guide your assessment approaches, there are at least as many techniques to assess it. The reader can find information on more 70 different creativity assessments on Center for Creative Learning’s web page (see reference ). However, the variety of definitions and assessment techniques does not mean that creativity research has no consensus at all. Researchers tried to identify psychological factors that best predict creative outcomes and proposed several assessment techniques that imply these factors as a means of measurement . Indeed, we can even argue that the field of creativity assessment has never been so prosperous before.
2. The psychometric perspective in creativity research
Today it is accepted that creativity is a combination of cognitive, conative and emotional factors which interact with the environment dynamically. As all of these factors are present in human beings and all these variables affects us to a certain degree, it can be argued that a specific combination of them results in creativity. In the historical research of creativity, several researchers tried to investigate the nature of creativity through the eyes of the aforementioned factors. The 4P framework (process, person, product, press) proposed by Rhodes is a widely accepted categorization in psychometric study of creativity.
Process: Mental processes involved in creative thought or creative work.
Person: Personality traits or personality types associated with creativity.
Product: Products which are judged to be creative by a relevant social group.
Press (Environment): The external forces that effects creative person or process (e.g. sociocultural context, trauma)
In this section, historical and recent research in the field of creativity assessment will be presented. Although, every single creativity test, scale or rating will not be discussed, instead the focus will be on the historical milestones and contemporary methods of creativity assessment. This chapter embraced the integrative review approach with the aim of assessing, critiquing and synthesizing the literature on assessment of creativity.
2.1 Assessing the creative process
Psychometric measures of creative process and potential has been extensively implied in the field. These processes involve cognitive factors that lead to creative production like finding and solving problems, selective encoding (i.e. selecting info that is relevant to problem and ignoring distractions), evaluation of ideas, associative thinking, flexibility and divergent thinking. Nevertheless, from this long list of cognitive factors the assessment of creative process mostly relied on divergent thinking in the creativity assessment tests. Even researchers in Ref. underlined the irony in the study of creativity, although creativity itself requires novel and original solutions to a problem, researchers mostly focused on divergent thinking (DT) tasks. Not only major efforts were put on developing DT tests, even the earliest DT tests are still widely used in creativity research and educational areas. Divergent thinking can be explained as a thought process used to generate creative ideas via searching for many possible solutions. Whereas, convergent thinking is the ability to arrive the “correct” solution. Guilford who came up with these concepts clearly underlined the difference between them.
In divergent thinking it is important to produce as many responses to verbal or figural stimuli as possible such that, more is better in DT. After the examinee come up with various answers, testers score them. The scoring is based on the concepts of originality (uniqueness of responses to a given stimuli), fluency (number of responses produced to a given stimuli), flexibility (number and/or uniqueness of categories of responses to a given stimuli) and elaboration (to add details to the ideas produced for a given stimuli) [25, 26]. As Guilford pioneered the research on creativity, initial efforts to assess it came from him and his colleagues too. Though, there were others who developed test batteries to measure creative thinking abilities and focused mostly on process components (e.g., Kogan and Wallach, Torrance, Mednick).
The TTCT-Verbal is entitled as “Thinking Creatively with Words” and the Figural form entitled as “Thinking Creatively with Pictures”. Verbal form consists of six activities each whereas figural form consists of three (see Table 2).
|TTCT-Figural|
|Picture Construction||Participant uses a basic shape and expands on it to create a picture.|
|Picture Completion||Participant is asked to finish and title incomplete drawings.|
|Lines/Circles||Participant is asked to modify many different series of lines and circles.|
|TTCT-Verbal|
|Asking||Participant asks as many questions as possible about the picture.|
|Guessing Causes||Participant lists possible causes for the pictured action.|
|Guessing Consequences||Participant lists possible consequences for the pictured action.|
|Product Improvement||Participant is asked to make changes to improve a toy.|
|Unusual Uses||Participant is asked to think of many different possible uses for an ordinary item.|
|Unusual Questions||Participant asks as many questions as possible about an ordinary item (this item does not appear in later editions).|
|Just Suppose||Participant is asked to “just suppose” that an improbable situation has happened then list possible ramifications|
Mednick argued that people can achieve a creative solution through serendipity, similarity and mediation. His analysis showed that people’s associative hierarchies or set of responses to stimulus situations differ. Noncreative people have steep hierarchies, with a strong or dominant response to a given situation. As an example, if someone says
For the operational definition of his theory, Mednick developed the Remote Associates Test (the RAT). RAT consisted of 30 items originally, each item included three stimulus words and the participant was required to find a fourth word that links them all. As an example; given stimulus set is; ‘book/shelf/telephone’ and the fourth word that link them all will be ‘book’. Some argued that, as test requires a single correct answer, it does not seem to require creative thinking . However, one should note that the RAT itself is not aimed to measure creative thinking directly; it is measuring the capacity to think creatively and also in order to reach a single answer one should think divergently in RAT. Weisberg joined this discussion by giving the example of a marathon runner, if one wants to identify a runner who has the potential to be a good marathon runner, he should measure lung capacity instead of running speed.
|Continuations (Cn)||Any use, continuation or extension of the six given figural fragments.|
|Completion (Cm)||Any additions, completions, complements, supplements made to the used, continued or extended figural fragments.|
|New elements (Ne)||Any new figure, symbol or element.|
|Connections made with a line (Cl)||Between one figural fragment or figure or another.|
|Connections made to produce a theme (Cth):||Any figure contributing to a compositional theme or “gestalt”.|
|Boundary breaking that is fragment dependent (Bfd)||Any use, continuation or extension of the “small open square” located outside the square frame.|
|Boundary breaking that is fragment independent (Bfi)||Any use or extension located outside the square frame independent of “small open square”.|
|Perspective (Pe)||Any breaking away from two-dimensionality.|
|Humor and affectivity (Hu)||Any drawing which elicits a humorous response, shows affection, emotion, or strong expressive power.|
|Unconventionality, (Uc, a)||Any manipulation of the material.|
|Unconventionality, b (Uc, b)||Any surrealistic, fictional and/or abstract elements or drawings.|
|Unconventionality, c (Uc, c)||Any usage of symbols or signs.|
|Unconventionality, d (Uc, d)||Unconventional use of given fragments.|
|Speed (Sp)||A breakdown of points, beyond a certain score-limit, according to the time spent on the drawing production.|
|Field of expression||Exploratory-divergent thinking||Integrative-convergent thinking|
|Graphic||Abstract form||Abstract forms|
|Concrete object||Concrete objects|
|Verbal||Story endings||Story with given title|
|Story beginnings||Story with characters|
For convenience TCT-DP and EPoC has been presented under assessing the creative process and the discussion regarding their psychometric evidence is included in the next part along with other process assessment tools. As the reader may guess, there exist numerous tools for creativity assessment. Furthermore, there is a growing interest for domain-specific creativity assessment but domain-specific measures of creative potential are beyond the scope of this chapter, interested readers may check the suggested sources (i.e., For example, see [46, 47, 48]).
2.1.1 Issues of reliability and validity in creativity assessment
The most important question regarding any measurement instrument, whether it is a thermometer or test of creative thinking would be; is it reliable, does it produce consistent outcomes? To ensure reliability psychometric instruments must show consistent results in tests of reliability like test-retest reliability and split-half reliability. Research studies have showed that divergent thinking tests are reliable . However, there are important points for further consideration, for example, some studies found that performance on DT tasks is affected by instructions (if you instruct people to be creative, they score higher). Weisberg , highlighted this situation by asking the question ‘If you instruct the examinee to be smart in the IQ test, will he be smarter?’. Weisberg himself gives the answer to this question; as children are used to answer questions exists in IQ tests, their score will not change with the instruction to be smart. However, questions in creativity tests are different in nature, most of them do not have a single correct answer and children are not familiar with this kind of questions. Thus, additional instruction might not be flaw for tests of creativity.
Once the reliability of a testing instrument is maintained, questions about validity arouse. Validity is a complex concept that can be ensured in a testing instrument via different analyses like discriminant, face, criterion and predictive validity. Tests of creative potential are reliable yet major discussions and suspicions exists about their predictive and discriminant validity.
To start with the Guilford SOI model, it is known that there exist enormous amount of assessment data and the archives are still available. SOI data was analyzed extensively within the years and the results generally supported the model [49, 50], or some researchers said that revisions needed or concluded that the model has serious problems . The results are pretty much same for Wallach and Kogan, although tests are reliable there are mixed results about its validity.
TTCT has been the most widely used and researched test of creativity, thus having extensive data to support its reliability and validity. Research about TTCT report good reliability scores for scoring and test-retest reliability [53, 54]. The majority of predictive validity studies for TTCT was run by Torrance himself, beginning in 1958 they included all grades 1 to 6 in two Minnesota elementary schools and in 1959 all students in grades 7–12 took TTCT. They followed up these students in four time periods (7-12-22-40 years) and collected data about their creative achievements. The longitudinal studies have shown that [20, 37, 55, 56] TTCT results correlate to adult creative achievement thus having predictive validity (for a detailed discussion see ). Though, Baer raised some questions about the relevance of criterion variables (subscribing to a professional journal, learning a foreign language), do questions asked for the creative achievements in adult life are solely related to creativity? One can justifiably argue that, these criterion variables are strongly related to intelligence too. In addition, Torrance tests also correlate with intelligence then the predictability of creative achievements might be based on intelligence not on divergent thinking ability . On the other hand, Plucker presented more positive results concerning the predictive validity of the divergent thinking tests. He used multiple-regression analysis to reanalyze the Torrance data and examined its predictive power and provided support for the tests’ usefulness. Weisberg and Baer make other criticisms including the design of the study and interested readers should refer to these sources (see [41, 58]).
Mednick ‘s Remote Associates Test enjoy mixed support in terms reliability and validity too. Although RAT showed to be reliable , validity of the test is problematic . It is important to note that the criterion/predictive validity of RAT, TCT-DP or EPoC have been subject to less investigation compared to divergent thinking tests like SOI or TTCT. TCT-DP has been normed in several countries like Germany, Korea, Poland and Australia for different age groups. The reliability studies showed fair to very good scores in terms of parallel test, scoring and differential reliability [42, 43]. Urban stated that the question of validity is hard to answer for TCT-DP as there are no instruments directly comparable to it . So, they examined correlations with intelligence and verbally oriented divergent thinking tests and expected low or slightly positive correlations to ensure the instruments validity and attained supportive findings for the validity of the test . As a modern creativity assessment instrument, EPoC was initially developed and validated in France with French sample. Internal validity was acceptable and for external validity researchers reached satisfactory results by proving that EPoC scores are independent from intelligence scores, moderately correlated with personality-relevant dimension like openness to experience and highly correlated with classic divergent tests [13, 44]. Although, EPoC shows promising validity results, extensive research is needed to support its criterion and predictive validity.
Extensive discussion regarding the reliability and validity of creativity assessment is mostly based on the divergent thinking tasks and tests. One major problem is about the scoring systems and several researches showed that fluency can act as a contaminating factor on originality scores . To resolve fluency problem a new calculation named Creativity Quotient (CQ) was proposed by researchers . CQ formula rewards response pools that are highly fluent and flexible at the same time. The discussion on fluency scoring is ongoing and some researchers advocate that fluency is a more complex construct than it is originally thought.
The debate on the predictive validity of divergent thinking tests is still ongoing, it seems like there exist two camps of researchers, one supporting the predictive power of DT [59, 64] and the other opposes [41, 58]. In an extensive review Kaufman and his colleagues summarized the methodological issues in studies of DT tests’ predictive validity and pointed out that scores may be susceptible to intervention effects, administration procedures can affect the originality and fluency scores, statistical procedures may be inadequate, score distributions often violate the statistical assumption of normal distribution and creative achievement in adulthood may be domain specific and the DT tests used are almost always domain general. Runco with all these criticism in mind, advocated for DT tests by saying;
In the early 60s and 70s creativity assessment was pretty much equal to DT tests however after several years and hundreds of research, the field should embrace a wider perspective. We now have more complex systems theories of creativity and it would be more prosperous for the field, if the upcoming research focus on developing and testing contemporary instruments more.
2.2 Assessing the creative person
Autonomous, self-confident, open to new experiences, independent and original are some of the character traits that creative persons possess and the assessment of creative person deals with it. Measures that focus on the characteristics of creative person are self-reports or external ratings of past behavior or personality traits and they have been reviewed extensively in the literature . Creative personality traits are diverse and can be perceived to be both positive and negative. Such as; perseverance, tolerance for ambiguity risk taking, psychoticism, dominance or non-conformity. One of the leading theories of personality is the five-factor theory. These five factors are neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness and agreeableness. Openness to experience is highly associated with creativity measures such as self-reports , verbal creativity , and psychometric tests .
Researchers study the common personality characteristics and past behaviors of people who are accepted as creative and develop instruments to measure personality correlates of creative behavior. There exist numerous instruments of personality scales and attitude checklist such as;
“Person” perspective or conative factors in creativity assessment mainly take into account that significant personal characteristics and existing creative behavior are best predictors of future creative behavior. Feist, an influential personality researcher, for example investigated the personality characteristics of scientists versus scientists, more creative versus less creative nonscientists and artists versus nonartists. In general, he showed that creative people are more open to new experiences, less conventional and less conscientious, more self-confident, self-accepting, ambitious, dominant, hostile and impulsive [81, 82]. In sum, self-reported creativity has attracted considerable attention in the field because it is fast and easy to score. Although, researchers willing to use these instruments should take into account the validity issues and the possibility that respondents may not be telling the truth. All kinds of self-assessments generally correlate to each other but the correlation data with performance assessments are contradictory [83, 84, 85]. Thus, citing from reference “although self-assessments have a function and purpose, they are not useful in any type of high-stakes assessment”.
2.3 Assessing the creative product
Think about the Nobel, Oscar or Grammy prizes, how the winners are designated? For example, do the Nobel committee requires the nominees to take TTCT or fill the creativity questionnaires or a taxi driver’s opinion will be count as an expert opinion in determining the nominees for chemistry? As explained in theories of Csikszentmihalyi and Amabile any idea or product to be seen as creative it should be valued by others or recognized experts in that field [86, 87]. Measuring the creativity of a product can be the most important aspect of creativity assessment yet it did not receive as much attention as process or personality variables. Some researchers even believe that product assessment is probably the most appropriate assessment of creativity and referred as the “gold standard” of it . Researchers developed several instruments to evaluate creative products, such as Creative Product Semantic Scale or Student Product Assessment Form. These instruments ask educators to rate the specific features of students’ products. Though, above all Consensual Assessment Technique is the most popular way of assessing products. A brief explanation of each is provided below.
CAT has been proven to be reliable in several studies [58, 85, 88, 93, 94], inter-rater reliabilities ranged between .70 to .90. The average number of judges involved in the CAT studies run by Amabile was just over ten. Using expert judges ranging between 5 to 10 is recommended, fewer than 5 experts may results in low inter-reliability levels and using more than 10 (although desirable) can be expensive and hard. Although, CAT steadily shows high reliability in various studies, using experts in creativity assessment is not without controversy. For example, Amabile states that determining the necessary level of expertise for judges is important and it is recommended that the experts should have formal training and experience in the target domain. Furthermore, researchers reported mixed results about the expert and novice ratings. For example, Kaufman and his colleagues showed low correlations among novice and expert raters , whereas in another study higher correlations reported , in more recent work researchers approached the expertise problem from a different perspective and argued that it should be understand as a continuum . CAT also possess strong face validity yet, face validity (an instruments capability to measure what it looks like to measure) is not sufficient enough. For example, experts can agree a product is not creative and still be wrong (e.g. van Gogh was not valued as a creative artist by the experts in his time). Predictive validity discussion is even more complicating, it has been shown that CAT scores do predict later CAT scores, meaning they are stable across time in the same domain. However, does this mean CAT scores can predict later creative achievement? Historiometric research data supports this argument, for example analysis of Mozart’s music pieces in his early life predicted his later creative achievement .
2.4 Assessing the creative press
Various environmental factors contribute to creative potential and have deep effects on it. Parental practices, trauma, birth order, culture, teaching practices and group interactions may affect creativity. Following the previous example of Mozart, we know that he was born in Salzburg and to a musical family (his father was a music teacher, composer, conductor and violinist). Imagine what would happen to the same Mozart if he would have born in small village in the Alps as son of a shepherd, would he be able to develop as a musical prodigy? Although creativity is highly related to cognitive factors, it is impossible to disregard the impact of environment.
As environmental factors are identified as important contributors to creative potential, studies aiming to determine the presence or absence of these factors in an individual’s environment become really important. There are instruments for assessing classroom and learning environment like Classroom Activities Questionnaire-CAQ (cited in ). However, the majority of the instruments for assessing environmental effects on creativity are mostly about the organizational structures, such as KEYS: Assessing the Climate for Creativity . CAQ has not been widely applied in research studies therefore lacking the psychometric data, KEYS on the other hand, which was designed to “assess individuals perceptions and influence of those perceptions on the creativity of their work” (, p. 1157) possess evidence of reliability and validity and is widely applied in the organizational creativity field.
3. Conclusion
Creativity has various definitions, theories and also understood therefore assessed in many ways. Enhancing students’ creative thinking skills has become one of the major goals of education. Unfortunately, Kim’s comprehensive research on TTCT is disquieting. The normative data of TTCT 1974, 1984, 1990, 1998 and 2008 (272,599 participants) were re-analyzed and it was found that creative thinking scores either remained static or decreased, starting at the sixth grade . There can be millions of reasons behind this failure. The inability to embed creativity in classroom practices can be one reason whereas the development and implication of up to date creativity assessment is the other. The field should move forward to using comprehensive theories as the basis of assessment, renew the norms of existing creativity tests such as TTCT and pay more attention to the validity studies of the creativity assessment instruments.
This chapter introduced a brief overview of existing tools of creativity assessment and to reach a “perfect” measure, researchers should take these approaches’ and instruments’ strengths and weaknesses into account (a brief overview is provided in Table 5).
|Type of Assessment||Examples||Advantages||Disadvantages|
|Process based assessment (e.g. divergent thinking tests)||Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking||Well researched having years of research data available||May only tap limited aspects of creativity|
|Person based assessment (e.g. Assessment by others)||Group Inventory for Finding Creative Talent or other instruments||Creativity is rated by a teacher, peer, or parent who knows the individual.||Questions about validity and reliability|
|Person based assessment (e.g. Self-assessment)||Asking someone to rate his or her own creativity||Quick, cheap, and has high face validity||People can be subjective about their level of creativity|
|Product based assessment (e.g. Consensual assessment technique)||Having experts rate a creative product||Allows for very domain-specific information about creativity,||Time consuming and expensive|
Furthermore, the argument that Sternberg made by claiming that the evaluation of creativity is always local has to be kept in mind. Judging any thought or product is relative to some set of norms and this perspective raises questions for tests like TTCT or Unusual Uses, because these tests assume that some sort universal creativity exists and they measure it. Sternberg believes that creativity should be assessed locally because it has culture dependent elements just like intelligence and he suggests that “we should agree that our evaluations of what usually is viewed as constituting creativity – novel, surprising, and compelling ideas or products – represent local norms” (, p. 399).
The laypeople, the philosophers, the artists, and the creativity researchers all agree that creativity is a complex phenomenon and we know less about its scope and measurement than we wish to know. However, from a historical perspective in recent years more research has been conducted on creativity and the field of creativity can said to be at its prime. Hence, upcoming efforts of understanding and assessing creativity has the potential to produce more reliable, valid and comprehensive methods and theories. As discussed in this chapter, creativity assessment has its own limitations but it is recommended for future efforts to focus more on building a theoretical basis and providing multifaceted, multimodal assessment systems to measure creativity in order to overcome the aforementioned limitations.
Conflict of interest
The author declares no conflict of interest. | https://www.intechopen.com/books/creativity-a-force-to-innovation/assessment-of-creativity-theories-and-methods |
Adding nitrogen (N) fertilizers to soil affects not only the concentration in the soil solution of the added ions, but also those of other ions already present in the soil. This secondary effect is caused by ion exchange and electrochemical equilibrium processes. We studied how different N fertilizers affected the chemical composition of the soil solution over time, and how this related to nutrient uptake by wheat. Soil was fertilized either with (NH4)2SO4 or Ca(NO3)2, or no N was added. Each of these N treatments was either planted or not with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Soil solutions were collected repeatedly with looped hollow fiber samplers from the root zone in situ, six times during a 50-day pot experiment. Plants were harvested five times, and their nutrient contents determined. In the soil solution, NO3- was significantly less concentrated if (NH4)2SO4, rather than Ca(NO3)2 was applied, until after net nitrification had ended on day 20. In contrast, Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ were significantly more concentrated in the former treatment. This was probably caused by the greater concentration of anions that resulted from nitrification. P was always very dilute and unaffected by the form of N fertilizer. The form of N fertilizer had no significant effect on plant growth and nutrient uptake. The likely contribution of mass flow of the soil solution in supplying Ca, Mg and N to the plants was greatest when (NH4)2SO4 was supplied. The supply of K and P was unaffected by N fertilizer. The potential for N leaching loss was lower with (NH4)2SO4 than with Ca(NO3)2, especially up to day 20. However, the potential for cations leaching loss was greater in the (NH4)2SO4 treatment. This suggests that them is only a limited advantage in fertilizing with (NH4)2804 to reduce the total loss of nutrients from soil. | https://academia.kaust.edu.sa/en/publications/effects-of-the-chemical-form-of-inorganic-nitrogen-fertilizers-on |
Micronutrients include boron, copper, iron, chloride, manganese, molybdenum and zinc of which are all elements essential for plant growth but are only required in small amounts. In order to produce a good harvest plants need ideal conditions to grow. This includes having the right amounts of light, water, an appropriate temperature and a supply of inorganic ions such as nitrate, phosphate and potassium. (3 and 9) In farming the crop plants are harvested. Thus, nutrients are removed from the soil instead of allowing the inorganic ions present in the plants to decompose back into the soil.
Area of possible further research could be to see how the rhizobacteria and mycorrhiza affect plant growth in nutrient deficient soils such as the ones examined in this experiment. Although they are considered to be symbionts, in the event of severe nutritional deficit, will they continue to aid the plant or negative impact the plant by depleting it of its own resources such as sugar while giving nothing in return.
Plants get their nitrogen from nitrates. A plant with a shortage of nitrates will suffer from poor growth and yellow leaves. Another mineral required by plants is magnesium. Magnesium is needed to make chlorophyll. Magnesium deficiency leads to yellow leaves.
(Rachel Lovejoy) As indicated by the numeric pH scale, the typical pH of soil is between 6.0 and 6.8. However, every plant requires a different soil pH to grow properly. Additionally, plants grown in extreme pHs could potentially exhibit traits such as: gaps in nutrient availability, improper balance, poor development, and the presence of highly concentrated minerals that are harmful to plants. (Rachel Lovejoy) Based on the common effects of solutions with high acid levels, the plants’ growths are expected to increase and decrease due to the level of pH in the soil they are grown in. Most common garden plants will grow well in neutral to slightly acidic soil.
Today, chemical fertilizers are used worldwide on people’s crops and other plants. One may ask, what is chemical fertilizer and how does it contribute to our environment? To start with, crops need a number of nutrients to survive like nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorous for their growth. Overtime, soil nutrients decrease because the crops are harvested or they die. The nutrients do not come back to the soil until the crop decomposes so when you add fertilizer, the process is sped up and plants grow faster.
Acidic solutions have a high concentration of hydrogen ions; alkaline solutions have a low concentration. Plant roots absorb nutrients in order to be sustained. The mineral nutrients include nitrogen and iron when they are dissolved in water. If the soil solution is too acidic or basic, some nutrients will not dissolve easily. This means they will not be available for uptake by roots and plants will be deprived of them.
They contain chemicals and minerals that the plant needs for healthy growth. There are two main types of fertilizers which are organic and chemical.The organic materials are mostly made from manure, compost and the residues of plants, but, to make them healthy for the plants and hundred percent organic, the sources should be deprived of any chemicals. The chemical (synthetic) materials are considered “inorganic” and often contain acids that repel living organisms present in the soil: like worms. The
By finding out the maximum amount of salt that a plant (lettuce) can tolerate, we will be able to figure out if the soil is usable or not and what the outcome of the plant be, if the plant is planted in the soil with a certain amount of salt. WHAT CAN BE DONE TO PREVENT FURTHER DAMAGE? PROPER IRRIGATIION CAN PREVENT SALT FROM BUILDING UP BECAUSE THE WATER CAN DRAIN THE SALTS AND SPREAD IT OUT SO THAT THE SALTS AREN’T CONCENTRATED IN ONE AREA!!! MORE ORGANIC FERTILIZERS MUST BE USED, NOT POTASSIUM BASED FERTILIZERS. SALT TOLERANT PLANTS CAN BE PLANTED TO AVOID FURTHER DAMAGE AND TO RECOVER THE SOIL.
From research I have found that in order to help a plant grow they need certain chemicals. The most important chemicals to help a plant grow are potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen, these chemicals are usually found in most fertilizers. Aim: To find out what happens to the growth of a plant when different concentrations of the recommended amount of fertiliser, are used on the plants. Hypothesis: As the amount of fertiliser used to water the plant from the recommended amount increases or decreases the plants growth will slow down making the height of the plant after the time period of 15 days shorter compared to the growth of the plant that had been watered with the recommended amount of fertiliser. This is because watering the plant with too much or too little fertiliser will slow down or fail to increase the speed of growth because using too much or too little fertiliser slows down the growth of the plant since the plants are being given too much or too little nutrients and chemicals, and when given in the right amounts these chemicals help the plant to grow faster and taller.
Fertilizers are substances added to the soil sprayed on leaves of plants to help them grow better or in some cases faster. Plants need twenty essentail elements to help them grow. Plants make carbohydrates. A plant needs nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sulfur, and magnesium the most to grow healthy. Most soils naturally contain enough trace elements for field crops, but such elements must be added when certain fruits and vegetable plants are grown. | https://www.123helpme.com/essay/The-Growth-of-Bean-Seedlings-Experiment-148815 |
Single Super Phosphate（SSP), is the most popular phosphatic fertilizer after DAP as it contains 3 major plant nutrients namely Phosphorus, Sulphur and Calcium along with traces of many micro-nutrients. SSP is indigenously available and supply can be made at short notice. SSP is an excellent source of three plant nutrients. The P component reacts in soil similarly to other soluble fertilizers. The presence of both P and sulfur(S) in SSP can be an agronomic advantage where both of these nutrients are deficient. In agronomic studies where SSP is demonstrated to be superior to other P fertilizers, it is usually due to the S and/or Ca that it contains. When locally available, SSP has found wide-spread use for fertilizing pastures where both P and S are needed. As a source of P alone, SSP often costs more than other more concentrated fertilizers, therefore it has declined in popularity.
Single Superphosphate(SSP) was the first commercial mineral fertilizer and it led to the development of the modern plant nutrient industry. This material was once the most commonly used fertilizer, but other phosphorus(P) fertilizers have largely replaced SSP because of its relatively low P content.
|Item||Content 1||Content 2|
|Total P 2 O 5 %||18.0% min||16.0% min|
|P 2 O 5 % (Water Soluble):||16.0% min||14.0% min|
|Moisture||5.0% max||5.0% max|
|Free Acid:||5.0% max||5.0% max|
|Size||1-4.75mm 90%/Powder||1-4.75mm 90%/Powder|
Phosphate is one of the main downstream demand products of phosphoric acid, accounting for more than 30%. It is one of the natural components of almost all foods. As an important food ingredient and functional additive, phosphate is widely used in food processing. China is rich in phosphate and phosphate products with large production scale. There are about 100 varieties and specifications of phosphate and phosphide products, and Zongsheng has a production capacity of nearly 10 million tons. The main products are phosphoric acid, sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, feed phosphate, phosphorus trichloride, phosphorus oxychloride, etc.
At present, the demand for traditional bottom phosphate products in China is weak. Traditional phosphate such as sodium tripolyphosphate will cause the problem of "eutrophication" in the water area, the content of sodium tripolyphosphate in washing powder will gradually decline, and some enterprises will gradually replace sodium tripolyphosphate with other products, reducing the demand of downstream industries. On the other hand, the demand for fine and special phosphorus chemical products such as medium and high-grade phosphoric acid and phosphate (electronic grade and food grade), compound phosphate and organic phosphate has increased rapidly. | https://www.prosperousagro.com/single-super-phosphate-product/ |
"Foliar fertilization" is any fertilizing substance applied in a liquid form.
Modern foliar fertilizers are concentrated solutions using very high grade technical elements, in which the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are combined to the desired ratio in a controlled environment.
The fertilizing elements in this method are true solutions, soluble, and thus very plant available.
This is in contrast to soil applied (solid) fertilizer, which is applied as a powder or granules to the soil in dry form. This then, has to be dissolved, by moisture (rain) to be plant available via the roots. In other words, it has to dissolve into the soil solution to be available.
To these foliar solutions, trace elements in the form of chelates are added, along with other additives to give a balanced fertilizer, supplying not only NPK, but all the trace elements as well as growth hormones, vitamins and so forth.
PLANT COMPOSITION
Plants are composed of the various elements in the proportions indicated below on which modern foliar fertilizers are based.
16 elements are considered essential for plant growth.
Table 1. Internal Concentrations of Essential Elements in Higher Plants - Concentration in Dry Tissue
|ELEMENT||
|
PPM
|
|
%
|Hydrogen||60,000||6|
|Carbon||450,000||45|
|Oxygen||450,000||45|
|Nitrogen||15,000||1.5|
|Potassium||10,000||1.0|
|Calcium||5,000||0.5|
|Magnesium||2,000||0.2|
|Phosphorus||2,000||0.2|
|Sulphur||1,000||0.1|
|Chlorine||100||0.01|
|Boron||20||0.002|
|Iron||100||0.01|
|Manganese||50||0.005|
|Zinc||20||0.002|
|Copper||6||0.0006|
|Molybdenum||0.1||0.00001|
These essential elements are divided into two groups:
- macronutrients: those required in relatively large quantities including carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulphur
- micronutrients: those required in small quantities including iron, chlorine, manganese, boron, zinc, copper and molybdenum
As you can see the biggest proportion by far is hydrogen, carbon and oxygen which make up 96% of the plant and are freely available from the air and water.
All of the other elements make up the remaining 4%, of which the major elements nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium make up 2.7%, leaving 1.3% minor or trace elements.
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen which form the actual plant structure are readily obtainable from air and water, specifically carbon dioxide or water. Along with chlorine, which is found in most water sources, these elements are generally not considered in the formulation of foliar solutions.
The following illustrates the amount of each nutrient in Kgs/ Hectare, in pasture of 2000 kg DM/ Hectare:
|
|
Table 2
|Nitrogen 90||Phosphorus 7||Potassium 44||Sulphur 6|
|Calcium 5||Magnesium 4||Sodium 3||Zinc .03|
|Copper .01||Boron .05||Cobalt .0002||Selenium .000008|
Depending on the application required, foliar fertilizers can be formulated to meet very specific plant requirements.
NPK
According to The Fertilizer Institute, Fertilizer 101: The Big 3 - Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium:
All growing plants need 17 essential elements to grow to their full genetic potential. Of these 17, 14 are absorbed by plants through the soil, while the remaining three come from air and water.
Generations of soil science have yielded knowledge of how to test nutrient levels in soil, how plants take them up and how best to replace those nutrients after harvest. That’s where fertilizer comes in.
Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, or NPK, are the “Big 3” primary nutrients in commercial fertilizers. Each of these fundamental nutrients plays a key role in plant nutrition.
- Nitrogen is considered to be the most important nutrient, and plants absorb more nitrogen than any other element. Nitrogen is essential to in making sure plants are healthy as they develop and nutritious to eat after they’re harvested. That’s because nitrogen is essential in the formation of protein, and protein makes up much of the tissues of most living things.
- The second of the Big 3, phosphorus, is linked to a plant’s ability to use and store energy, including the process of photosynthesis. It’s also needed to help plants grow and develop normally.
- Potassium is the third key nutrient of commercial fertilizers. It helps strengthen plants’ abilities to resist disease and plays an important role in increasing crop yields and overall quality. Potassium also protects the plant when the weather is cold or dry, strengthening its root system and preventing wilt.
Image compliments of www.saferbrand.com and their blog, Learn The Six Plant Growth Stages.
Plant requirements for trace elements can also be addressed through a leaf analysis.
Certain soil conditions, such as pH, excess moisture, or cool temperatures, may render a nutrient or a number of nutrients unavailable to the plant root.
Nutrient demand curves indicate that there are stages in a plant's life-cycle when demand for some nutrients may be greater than its physiological capacity to supply itself, even when these soil nutrients are available in abundant supply. This often occurs during the development of fruit or grain.
Data from trials on crops, show that increases in yield and/or grade, results from applications of foliar nutrients during these periods of peak demand.
Foliar fertilizers can be designed to meet a plant’s specific needs for one or more micro and macro nutrients--especially trace minerals and enables one to correct deficiencies, strengthen weak or damaged crops, speed growth and grow better plants.
Foliar applications can also be targeted to a particular stage of crop development to achieve specific objectives and is an excellent way to "fine tune" a high fertility program.
EARTH SMART SOLUTIONS OFFERS 2 TYPES OF FOLIAR FERTILIZERS:
1. PROPEL – FOLIAR FERTILIZER
Propel is a broad-spectrum, super concentrated fertilizer for use in reduced synthetic fertilizer programs on grain crops, pulse crops, rice and so forth. It is formulated with high grade macro and micro nutrients, plant extracts, amino acids, enzymes, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and complex carbohydrates. Propel can be used alone or in conjunction with chemical inputs in any standard crop management program.
2. ESFF – FOLIAR FERTILIZER FOR FRUITS, VEGETABLES & ROOT CROPS
ESFF is a broad-spectrum natural garden fertilizer formulated for flowers, trees, shrubs, fruit, vegetables, root crops and ornamentals. It contains a mixed cultured solution with high grade macro and micro nutrients, amino-acids, complex carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals and proprietary constituents.
Many different NPK formulation combinations can be made, depending on the application required. The same elements that make up foliar fertilizer are required for plant growth and development, and are formulated to meet quite specific plant requirements. (see Table 1.)
If you would like to learn more about our products or contact one of our Sales Team located in your area, please email [email protected] or call 1-866-444-7174. | https://www.earth-smart-solutions.com/blogs/blog/foliar-fertilization-to-increase-yield-and-plant-health |
According to FAO, world demand for agricultural products will increase by 60 percent in 2030 compared to the present. This substantial increase in demand for agricultural products will only be attained through a massive expansion in cultivated acreage and/or a marked increase in crop yield per unit area. With the Asian region’s diminishing land resource base, however, increased production through expansion in cultivated area is highly improbable. Meanwhile, increased crop yield per unit area is also extremely difficult without super high-yielding varieties, sufficient water and fertilizers, and promising pest management strategies. Thus, many policy makers in Asia are now inclined to embrace the concept of ‘green evolution’ by pursuing the path to sustainability and environmental stewardship.
It is a known fact that fertilizers, particularly chemical fertilizers, have played a key role in the sustainable high yield production of staple crops in the past decades. In the last couple of years, the trend toward increased fertilizer use has even intensified to cope with the worldwide food crisis. In view of this, demand for fertilizer is predicted to rise much greater in Asia than in other parts of the world because the region has nearly half of the world’s population, and is also the center of global population explosion. In addition, a steep increase in the middle class population in the region has brought about changes in the people’s dietary pattern from grain to meat and dairy products, thus resulting in another great demand for food and feed production, and consequently a remarkable increase in the demand for chemical fertilizers.
In most Asian countries except China, external dependency for fertilizer supply is very high due to importation of most of the needed fertilizers or primary raw materials for fertilizer production. Phosphorus fertilizers are made from phosphorus rock (P-rock). However, P-rock production are very much concentrated to countries such as China, USA, Morocco and Russia, with China occupying one-fourth of the current production and one-third of the reserves of P-rock, respectively. Potassium (K), another essential nutrient for crop growth, is as scarce a resource as phosphorus. Potassium resources are reserved in very specific rock salt layers such as carnallite, and many experts are seriously concerned with its dry-up. Amid all these, any possible reduction in the application of fertilizers due to insufficient supply will inevitably bring about a sharp decrease in the yield and quality of agricultural produce, and also accelerate soil infertility.
In the next couple of decades, Asian population is projected to continuously expand and a substantial population shift from the so-called poverty strata to the middle class strata is expected to occur in association with the economic growth of Asia. Therefore, it is a matter of urgency to attain sustainable food production by ensuring sustained supply of fertilizers at affordable prices.
Currently, some Asian governments have attempted to re-focus their fertilizer policies and strategies on ‘efficient use’ rather than ‘increase in quantity.’ Also, with growing public awareness on sustainable and environment-friendly practices and food safety, the use of organic fertilizers has been increasing primarily to improve soil fertility and avoid environment and health problems associated with heavy use of chemical fertilizers. Fertilizer companies are also changing their strategies toward “high efficacy, ecologically-sound, and user-friendly” products. A variety of promising fertilizers based upon these new strategies are now being produced commercially, such as coated fertilizer (slow-releasing fertilizer) with high efficacy; coated fertilizer with different releasing rates, and organic and bio-fertilizer as ecologically sound products; and compound fertilizer and one-shot fertilizer as user-friendly products.
Objectives
This seminar aims at providing farmers, policy makers, and fertilizer experts with the opportunity to deliberate on appropriate fertilizer policies for their respective countries, in particular, and for the Asian region in general. In view of the current situation and future perspectives on the demand and supply of fertilizers for sustainable food production, participants are expected to share and exchange relevant information and technology necessary to formulate appropriate fertilizer policies applicable to each country and to the region. | http://www.fftc.agnet.org/activities.php?func=view&id=20110701152325 |
Maintaining soil fertility is one of the main factors affecting the sustainability of food production. Indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers, coupled with neglected maintenance of the vitality of the soil and the use of destructive methods have caused loss or destruction of the existing population of soil organisms. The use of chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer or bio fertilizer has its advantages and disadvantages in the context of nutrient supply, crop growth and environmental quality. The advantages need to be integrated in order to make optimum use of each type of fertilizer and achieve balanced nutrient management for crop growth. This review study showed that balanced fertilization using both organic and chemical fertilizers is important for maintenance of soil organic matter (OM) content and long-term soil productivity in the tropics where soil OM content is low. The basic concept underlying the ISFM is the adjustment of soil fertility and plant nutrient supply to an optimum level for sustaining desired crop productivity through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of plant nutrients in an integrated manner. Therefore, increased attention should be being paid to developing an integrated soil fertility management that maintains or enhances soil productivity through balanced use of all sources of nutrients, including chemical fertilizers, organic fertilizers and bio fertilizers.
Keywords: Chemical Fertilizer, Organic Fertilizer, Integrated Soil Fertility Management
DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/9-8-01
Publication date: April 30th 2019
To list your conference here. Please contact the administrator of this platform.
Paper submission email: [email protected]
ISSN (Paper)2224-3208 ISSN (Online)2225-093X
Please add our address "[email protected]" into your email contact list.
This journal follows ISO 9001 management standard and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. | https://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JBAH/article/view/47335 |
Chemical fertilizers are the inorganic material of wholly or partially synthetic origin which is used to replace the mineral salts taken by plants or removed/washed by rain. Modern fertilizers include one or more of three elements that are most important in plant nutrition: nitrogen phosphorus , potassium. Of secondary importance are the elements: sulfur, magnesium and calcium.
Urea is an inexpensive form of nitrogen fertilizer with an NPK (nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium) ratio....
Diammonium phosphate (DAP) is the most concentrated phosphate-based fertilizer. It is the worlds mos.... | https://honiko.com.np/services/1/list |
2020 Handoko Basic Knowledge of Urea Fertilizer
A fertilizer or fertiliser is any material of natural or synthetic origin (other than limimng material) that is applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrient essential to the growth of plants. Many sources of fertilizer exist, both natural and industrially produced.
In the later half of the 20th century, increased use of nitrogen fertilizers (800% increase between 1961 and 2019) have been a crucial component of the increased productivity of conventional food system (more than 30% per capita). According to the IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land, these practices are key drivers of global warming. | https://ureaknowhow.com/2020-handoko-basic-knowledge-of-urea-fertilizer/ |
There are three primary culprits for the occasional heartburn to arise. A poor intake, stress and exercise. Diet Alcohol, Onions, Carbonated Drinks, Coffee, Spicy foods, Citrus (Grapefruit) Tomatoes are just some of the main triggers of heartburn. Tomatoes Many of the foods we eat daily, are recognized by doctors as triggers for heartburn. Heartburn can
What Are Digestive Enzymes? The role of digestive enzymes is primarily to act as catalysts in speeding up specific, life-preserving chemical reactions in the body. Essentially, they help break down larger molecules into more easily absorbed particles that the body can use to survive — needless to say, an important role in digestive health!
By definition, “Conventional farming, also known as industrial agriculture, refers to farming systems which include the use of synthetic chemical fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and other continual inputs, genetically modified organisms, Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations, heavy irrigation, intensive tillage, or concentrated monoculture production. Despite its name, conventional agricultural methods have only been in development since the late Nineteenth Century, and did not become widespread until after World War 2. | https://axiaessentials.com/category/health-wellness/ |
For their growth and development, plants need not only light, heat, air, but also a number of substances, which we collectively call nutrients. These are chemicals that are essential for the life processes of plants. At the same time, each of them has its specific irreplaceable building or functional role.
There are a total of 16 necessary plant nutrients and the plant receives the roots, or leaves from its growing environment.
We divide them into:
Carbon
(C), which the plant obtains from carbon dioxide present in the air
Hydrogen
(H) which the plant obtains by cleavage from water
Oxygen
(O), which also comes from the air
Mineral substances
(nutrients) whose main source is soil and fertilizers supplied to the soil.
In addition to plant nutrients, other chemical elements that are present in the environment are also taken in. However, plants do not need them for their life.
2. The role of nutrients in plant life
Each nutrient has specific functions in plants that cannot be replaced by other nutrients. They are either the “building blocks” of organic substances (carbohydrates or sugars, lipids or fats and nitrogenous substances, especially proteins), or they are necessary for the chemical processes in which these organic substances are formed.
The functions of nutrients in plants are not only complex and diverse, but also numerous and often differently different in different species. Therefore, the nutrient requirements of different garden crops are different.
3. Basic functions of plant nutrients
Carbon (C), oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H)
they are needed to create all organic components of the plant body. They are part of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, fiber, organic acids, etc.
Nitrogen (N)
is not only an essential component of proteins, but also enzymes, chlorophyll, vitamins, etc. It mainly supports the growth of shoots and the formation of green leaf mass. In protein production disorders, nitrogen accumulates in the undesirable nitrate form (nitrates).
Phosphorus (P)
It is primarily part of the protein store and is essential for the accumulation, transfer and release of energy in plants. It accelerates development and maturity, increases resistance to low temperatures, supports the development of the root system and has a very positive effect on the biological value of seeds and seedlings.
Potassium (K)
is necessary for many biochemical processes. Its strongest effect is on the water regime of plants. Increases in plant products content of sugar, starch, cellulose and some vitamins. When it's enough, they are storage losses of tuberous and pulpy fruits lower and plant resistance against disease infestation higher. It is also involved in the activation of enzymes
Calcium (Ca)
it has a positive effect mainly on the growth and function of the roots. Increases the preconditions for pollination of seed crops.
Magnesium (Mg)
is important in the conversion of light energy into chemical energy in the process of photosynthesis, and therefore an irreplaceable component of leaf green (chlorophyll). It is a building block of other organic substances and an activator of some enzymes.
Sulfur (S)
It is part of proteins, but also vegetable oils, vitamins and enzymes.
Iron (Fe)
participates in many functions, e.g. in the construction of chlorophyll, the conversion of nitrogenous substances and the formation of enzymes (which accelerate chemical reactions in plants). For example, tomato leaves contain 3.25 mg of chlorophyll when there is enough iron per gram of fresh matter, while only 0.25 mg
Manganese (Mn)
supports the activity of enzymes and many important reactions
Boron (B)
promotes cell differentiation, increases seed production (by stimulating fertilization processes) and acts by moving sugar
Copper (Cu)
has a significant effect on photosynthesis and in the regulation of the water regime in plants
Zinc (Zn)
it is present in many enzymes and activates some others
Molybdenum (Mo)
It mainly supports the activity of tuberous bacteria, which in biological crops (legumes, clover) are biologically bound and supply the plants with atmospheric nitrogen. Molybdenum also plays an important role in the reduction of nitrates (especially in spinach).
4. Intake of plant nutrients
Carbon , hydrogen and oxygen , whose source is CO2, H2O and O2, are the basic building blocks of organic matter produced in the plant and their intake
it proceeds as follows
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is taken up by the plant’s leaves from the air. It comes from the respiratory activity of plants and animals, the microbiological decomposition of organic matter
and from the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, oil).
The production of CO2 in the soil (by the activities of microorganisms and the root system of plants) is more intense the higher the biological activity of the soil. This is conditioned by the way of farming the soil (especially sufficient organic fertilization and aeration of the soil). CO production from 1 ara of soil ranges from 10 to 50 g per hour. In the atmosphere of closed spaces of greenhouses, the content of carbon dioxide (CO2) can be increased by burning special briquettes or by releasing compressed CO2 in bombs (up to a concentration of 0.3%).
The intake of leaves takes place through vents (stomata), whose opening and closing mechanism is controlled not only by life processes growing, but also by light, humidity and temperature conditions. With optimal light, humidity and temperature conditions, the intake of carbon dioxide is highest.
Oxygen (O), ingested by plants from the air, is as physiologically important to their lives as carbon dioxide. He has an irreplaceable role in energy metabolism (release of energy from assimilates during respiration – dissimilation).
Oxygen is absorbed both through the vents in the leaves of the plants, but also by the roots, where it is necessary for respiration of the roots. Therefore, we take care of sufficient access of oxygen to the soil by suitable cultivation, especially of heavier, flowing soils. Lack of oxygen in the soil also causes nitrogen losses by the release of air into the air (so-called denitrification) and reduced intake of all nutrients by plant roots.
The plant obtains hydrogen (H) from the received water.
While nutrients C, O, H are involved in the formation of organic matter in plants and physiological processes in larger volumes, the remaining nutrients are found in the dry matter of plants in small concentrations (up to 12%). In summary
we call them mineral nutrients , because all these inorganic substances are also found in soil minerals.
We divide them into basic ones
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)
others, the most important of which are: sulfur (S), iron (Fe), chlorine (CI), sodium (Na) and trace elements: boron (B), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo).
Mineral nutrients are absorbed mostly by plants dissolved in water, from the so-called soil solution, by their roots. When ingesting mineral nutrients, plants have a certain ability to choose. This means that from a soil solution in which all nutrients are present in a reasonable amount, the plants receive more of those they need more. However, this only applies if the concentration of nutrients (or some nutrients) is not too high. In this case, the active mechanism of selective nutrient uptake is disrupted and the plant is forced to take in passively. The principle is that the higher the concentration of individual nutrients, the faster and in greater quantities they penetrate the plant, regardless of whether the plant needs them or not. Intensive intake of one nutrient then suppresses the intake of other nutrients. This leads to a disturbance of the balanced intake of nutrients.
Gardeners know the effects of selective nutrient intake as an effect of old soil strength and do everything in their power to make full use of their cultivated horticultural crops. They take care not only of the supply of organic fertilizers to the soil and the blunting of the acidic soil reaction by liming, but also of good soil structure and a suitable moisture and air regime of the soil. In short: they work for a permanent increase in soil fertility. This is the basic premise of the old soil power. In order for this “power” to be used to create high and high-quality yields for garden crops, it is necessary to fertilize. Nutrient uptake by high harvests is so high that without fertilization, the soil in our garden would soon be germinated.
Nutrient uptake by some garden crops (in g per 1 m2)
Cabbage
N: 15g
P: 2.2g
K: 18.7g
Ca:?
Mg:?
Cauliflower
N: 20g
P: 2.5g
K: 17g
Ca: 10g
Mg: 1.5 g
Tomato
N: 10g
P: 3.2g
K: 16g
Ca: 8g
Mg: 1.2g
Onion
N: 9g
P: 2.1g
K: 12g
Ca: 4.5g
Mg: 1.5 g
Vetch plants (legumes and clover) have a special ability to absorb nitrogen also from the air, through the so-called tuberous bacteria that form at the roots in the soil. Their creation can be supported by the so-called vaccines. Cs. The medicine is called Rhizobin. We inoculate with it seed or soil on those plots where the species in question has either never been grown before, or a long time ago.
Plants receive, through certain nutrients dissolved in water in considerable dilution (0.2 to 0.5%). Nutrients penetrate mainly through the leaf skin and active transport by carriers through membranes to the inner space of the cell (vacuoles). This method of nutrient uptake through plant leaves is called extra-root nutrition.
In this method of nutrition, nutrients enter the plant very quickly, so they can be used immediately for the formation of organic matter. The highest degree of utilization (utilization) is achieved for those nutrients that the plant is deficient in.
The entry of nutrients into the leaves is so fast that some penetrate within a few hours. Research has shown that 50% of the nitrogen supplied is already ingested within 1 to 4 hours and 50% of magnesium or sodium within 5 hours. Slower (within 3 to 5 days) potassium, phosphorus and calcium are ingested. But even these times are significantly shorter compared to income “through the roots”.
Also, the degree of nutrient utilization “through the leaves” is two to three times higher than through the soil. Lower air temperature and higher relative humidity contribute to fast and very good nutrient uptake through the leaves. Also after rain or when using so-called wetting agents, the surface of the nutrient leaves is more easily permeable.
5. Utilization of received nutrients
The nutrients taken up by plants are used for complex biological processes, which result in the growth and development of plants completed by the creation of desirable products. We talk professionally about the implementation of a genetic program of the relevant species and variety of garden crops. The better the nutrient intake corresponds to the demands and vegetation rhythm of the plants, the richer and better we can expect the harvest.
This ratio is specific to individual species, or varieties of crops and vary within a certain range even during the growing season. For example, for most crops, the optimal nitrogen to phosphorus ratio in younger plants is wider (more nitrogen per unit of phosphorus) than in older plants. The importance of a suitable ratio of nutrients ingested for the success of growing garden crops can be shown, for example, in the results of an experiment with tomatoes.
Influence of the ratio of nutrients received on tomato harvest
Ratio N = 100 P = 5.3 K = 49.6
Number of fruits per bush: 13.8g
Average fruit weight: 60.3g
Weight of red fruits per bush: 779g
Ratio N = 100 P = 7.4 K = 64.8
Number of fruits per bush: 16.6g
Average fruit weight: 74.2g
Weight of red fruits per bush: 1103g
Ratio N = 100 P = 10.2 K = 78.1
Number of fruits per bush: 20.3g
Average fruit weight: 76.6g
Weight of red fruits per bush: 1453g
It is very clear from the table that with insufficient intake of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), fewer and smaller fruits were born, so that the final yield was almost half lower.
The fairly simple rule of thumb is that the success of all gardeners who have mastered the “alphabet of plant nutrition and fertilization” is in line with their needs to absorb nutrients in a balanced ratio to provide a high and good yield.
We all know very well that to achieve success in this area requires not only mastering certain fertilization measures, but also “insight under the cover of the secrets of chemical and biological processes in soil, plants or fertilizers”, or study the literature, because optimizing plant nutrition is It is necessary to take into account not only the demands of crops and the properties of fertilizers, but also the properties of the soil, the way it is cultivated, the influence of weather and other factors, as can be seen from the following chapter dealing with the effects on nutrient intake.
6. What all affects the intake of nutrients
Not so long ago, when we thought that the intake of nutrients by the plants of our gardens is mainly affected by nutrients that we supply directly to the cultivated crop. Chemical analyzes of plants, which in recent years have also been performed on garden crops, have corrected our earlier ideas. For example, carrots fertilized with 9.0 g of nitrogen, 1.8 g of phosphorus and 10.0 g of potassium removed far more nutrients from the soil than from the fertilizers supplied. This is due to the fact that garden soils regularly fertilized with organic and mineral fertilizers have high nutrient contents in the soil and that nutrients from the soil supply are better absorbed.
We can be convinced of the content of nutrients in the soil of our flower beds in the garden by agrochemical analysis of the soil sample taken. For example, an analysis of regularly fertilized garden soil showed that to a depth of 20 cm, 260 mg of P (phosphorus), 510 mg of K (potassium) and 116 mg of Mg (magnesium) per 1 kg of soil. In terms of grams and m2, it is 78 g P, 153 g K and 35 g Mg. This is several times more than we supply per year in fertilizers. (We consider a very high dose of phosphorus to be 5 g P, 20 gK and 3 g Mg.)
We have shown that plants draw nutrients from both fertilizers and soil resources. By fertilizing we provide nutrients to plants, but because they can receive only a part of the supplied fertilizers in the year of fertilization, the remaining part passes into the soil supply (old silos), from which these nutrients are pumped by other crops. “Therefore, we fertilize not only the plants directly, but also the soil and the subsequent crops through it.”
From organic fertilizers (manure, compost), plants can absorb about 35% nitrogen, 25% phosphorus and 45% potassium in the year of fertilization. Among industrial fertilizers, the share of nutrients received in the year of fertilization is higher, around 60% of nitrogen, 25% of phosphorus and 55% of potassium. The degree of utilization of nutrients from fertilizers depends not only on a suitably chosen fertilization procedure, but also on a number of other factors (type of crop, soil fertility, weather). Due to the different use and ability of soils to bind individual nutrients, gardeners are also switching to the application of a fertilization system, in which we fertilize mainly crops with nitrogen fertilizers, while others tend to use soil. soil strength). The results of experiments and many years of experience have shown that even in gardens this progressive method of fertilization contributes to a better use of nutrients from fertilizers to create high and good yields.
Let’s talk more about the main causes that reduce the use of nutrients from fertilizers and soil. A common cause of low nitrogen utilization from easily soluble fertilizers (saltpeter, urea or compound fertilizers) is that we use a single high dose instead of low frequent doses. From this, plants can absorb about 40% less than if we supply the same amount of nitrogen in thirds three times during the growing season. This is because large amounts of nitrogen cannot be absorbed by plants at once, and in the soil, especially the glacial form of nitrogen is poorly bound. And so, during the first heavy rain or watering, undrawn nitrogen travels to the bottom and to the detriment of us all, the sources of drinking water spoil us. Not only our, but also world standards consider drinking water to be harmless if it does not have more than 50 mg of nitrates in 1 liter of water (for infants, this criterion is significantly lower – at 15 mg). One-time high doses of nitrogen usually cause an increased content of nitrates in plants, especially vegetables, where they are also harmful to humans. Therefore, gardeners are moving to more and more fertilization of garden crops with small doses of nitrogen fertilizers during the growing season.
By using foliar fertilizers, we speed up the intake of nutrients, because, for example, nitrogen in the form of urea solution is 50% taken by cucumbers or tomatoes in as little as 1 to 4 hours and magnesium in apples by 20% within 1 hour.
Soil reactions have a significant effect on nutrient intake. Most nutrients have reduced accessibility on acidic and alkaline soils. For example, phosphorus (P) reacts very significantly in the acidic soil reaction (below pH 5.0) and in the alkaline (alkaline) soil reaction (above pH 7.0), when the accessibility of this nutrient to plants decreases sharply. In contrast, the effect of fertilization with soluble forms of phosphorus (e.g. superphosphate) is low on such soils. Manganese (Mn) has the greatest accessibility in acidic soils and boron (B), on the other hand, has little accessibility only in acidic soils.
Garden crops will have the most suitable conditions for nutrient uptake if we grow them in habitats where the soil reaction will meet their requirements. If this is not the case, we must take appropriate measures, ie. blunt acidic soil reaction by liming, or reduce the alkaline soil reaction by acidification (peat, physiologically acid fertilizers). Another factor that reduces nutrient intake is drought. Due to the lack of water, plants usually suffer from a lack of all nutrients. The content of nitrogen in the dry year was 35 %, phosphorus 30% and potassium 33% lower in the dry year than in the wetter year. For individual crops, we encounter mainly a lack of phosphorus, or. boron.
Peach
Not watered
P content in leaves = 100%
K content in leaves = 100%
Watered
P content in leaves = 157%
K content in leaves = 120%
Apple tree
Not watered
P content in leaves = 100%
K content in leaves = 271%
Watered
P content in leaves = 157%
K content in leaves = 125%
Drought can be largely offset by irrigation. Fruit trees had a higher content of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the leaves during watering compared to non-watered trees.
Excess water – wetting also bothers the intake of nutrients mainly due to lack of air in the soil. It is similar on foundry soils. The carapace that forms on the surface of the soil not only “suffocates” the plants, but also limits their nutrition. Experiments with grasses have shown that e.g. in the case of defenseless, a lack of air in the root zone reduced nutrient intake by about a quarter. However, gardeners are well aware of the “fertilizing” effect of loosening loose soil, which is always followed by an intensified intake of nutrients. In the experiment with tomatoes, the nutrient intake decreased by decreasing the partial pressure of oxygen (O2) in the nutrient solution.
Reflection of reduced O2 pressure in the nutrient solution for tomato nutrient uptake
O2 pressure reduction by 76%
O2 pressure reduction by 98%
The effect of light on nutrient intake was also studied. It has been shown that nutrient intake generally decreases with decreasing light intensity (Figure 7). Potassium intake is the least reduced. It seems to compensate to some extent for the lack of incident light. Not only water and light, but also soil temperature affect the intake of nutrients. A decrease in cold intake was observed mainly for potassium (K) but also for phosphorus (P), while the relative intake of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) increased.
As already mentioned, in soil sufficiently supplied with organic matter (humus), plants have better conditions for nutrient intake and every gardener knows that the effect of industrial fertilizers is lower on soil with insufficient organic fertilization.
It is stated that with regular organic fertilization, the intake of nutrients from industrial fertilizers is about 44% higher for nitrogen (N), 33% for phosphorus (P), 65% for potassium (K), 12% for calcium (Ca) and 45% for magnesium (Mg) compared to soil that has not been organically fertilized for a long time. Pre-crops as well as weeds also affect nutrient intake. This is often due to the unilateral depletion of some nutrients from the soil, the lack of which is then felt by succeeding or concurrent crops.
During nutrient uptake, at higher concentrations in the soil solution, there is an interaction, in which the nutrient in relative excess suppresses the intake of some other nutrients. We call this phenomenon antagonism. For example, a high concentration of potassium (with excessive application of potassium fertilizers and insufficient magnesium fertilization) suppresses magnesium intake. In an experiment with celery, an overdose of potassium fertilizer increased potassium uptake by 78 %. and while reducing magnesium intake by 18 %.
On the other hand, we can also find a favorable effect of the intake of one nutrient on the intake of others. We only call this synergism. It most often occurs during continuous nitrogen fertilization on soils well supplied with other nutrients (in the old soil strength). The so-called plant uptake capacity. It is determined by the volume and activity of the roots. It is important to note that well-nourished plants that do not suffer from a deficiency of one or more nutrients have a higher uptake capacity. This relationship has been evident since the early youth of the plants, which is why we make sure that all the nutrients are already in the seed or seedling. In other words, if we take care of the good nutritional status of the mother plant, the daughter plants will also be “armed” for better nutrient uptake in the initial vegetation. It is interesting to note that foliar fertilizers can correct and optimize the nutritional status of plants and thus increase their intake capacity. This can also explain the unexpected increases in yield and quality improvement with the appropriate use of relatively small amounts of nutrients in these modern fertilizers.
7. Nutrient intake during vegetation
Nutrient requirements are still not the same during vegetation. When germinating, plant seeds need a lot of water, but no nutrients. They obtain them from stocks in seeds or tubers. Young plants have high demands on nutrients. They intensively accept and use them for growth. At a time when the growth of the leaf area is culminating and reserve organs (seeds, bulbs, etc.) are beginning to form, the plants also have high demands on nutrients, but to a large extent already specified. Nitrogen is absorbed in large quantities during the production of proteins, especially during the development of the leaf area. The need for phosphorus peaks at the beginning of the development of the root system and at the beginning of the formation of fruits and seeds. Potassium requirements are greatest when the carbohydrates needed for leaf mass development are formed and later when they are used to form reserve substances.
In the final phase of growth, the intensity of nutrient intake ceases, partly even with the fall of leaves or the excretion of roots into the soil, the content of nutrients in plants decreases. This is especially significant for perennial crops, where a significant part of the nutrients migrate to the reserve organs.
The relative intensity of nutrient intake (N, P, K) in early potatoes and late cabbage shows that early potatoes received only a small percentage of total intake in April, while the largest share of nutrients was taken from May to June. For late cabbage, a low percentage of nutrients was taken up in May, the highest for nitrogen (N) from August to November and for phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) from September to October. It is also necessary to adapt the fertilization to this, not to fertilize young plants and not to let adult plants starve.
The intake of nutrients in connection with the formation of dry matter of plant matter is reflected in the so-called nutrient concentration or percentage of nutrients in the dry matter. Due to the fact that the intensity of nutrient intake precedes the intensity of dry matter formation during vegetation, there is a decrease in the concentration of nutrients in the dry matter of plants. We call this phenomenon the “dilution effect”. The table shows as an example the decrease in the concentration of nutrients in the above-ground mass of cucumbers in the later stage of vegetation compared to the earlier stage.
Time intake of nutrients in early potatoes in different months
Nitrogen (N) = 3%
Phosphorus (P) = 7%
Potassium (K) = 7%
Nitrogen (N) = 23%
Phosphorus (P) = 27%
Potassium (K) = 35%
Nitrogen (N) = 100%
Phosphorus (P) = 100%
Potassium (K) = 100%
Time intake of nutrients in late cabbage
Nitrogen (N) = 10%
Phosphorus (P) = 6%
Potassium (K) = 9%
Nitrogen (N) = 35%
Phosphorus (P) = 20%
Potassium (K) = 20%
Nitrogen (N) = 60%
Phosphorus (P) = 38%
Potassium (K) = 40%
Nitrogen (N) = 80%
Phosphorus (P) = 60%
Potassium (K) = 60%
Nitrogen (N) = 90%
Phosphorus (P) = 90%
Potassium (K) = 90%
Nitrogen (N) = 95%
Phosphorus (P) = 100%
Potassium (K) = 100%
Nitrogen (N) = 100%
Phosphorus (P) = 95%
Potassium (K) = 95%
8. Percentage of nutrients in garden plants
The concentration of nutrients in plants (their percentage in dry matter) is very different. It depends not only on the type of plant and the vegetation phase, but also on parts of the plants and the nutritional conditions.
The leaves have the most nitrogen (N) and potassium (K), most often from 1 to 5 %. The contents of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S) and chlorine (CI) are lower. They usually range from 0.1 to 2 %. Iron (Fe) and trace elements manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and boron (B) are present in small amounts, from 5 to 200 ppm (ppm = one millionth or mg per 1 kg). Molybdenum (Mo) is present in the smallest amount from 0.2 to 5 ppm.
Young leaves tend to have a high concentration of most nutrients. In contrast, older leaves often have higher contents of low-nutrient nutrients, e.g. calcium (Ca), copper (Cu) or boron (B). For example, the youngest leaves in tomatoes had only 0.7% Ca in dry matter, while the oldest leaves had 4.7% Ca, i.e. almost seven times. This is confirmed by data obtained with vines, where the percentage of Mg was higher in older plants.
Influence of vine leaf age on nutrient content in leaf dry matter
% N
The youngest leaf = 5.03
Oldest sheet = 2
% P
The youngest leaf = 1.60
Oldest leaf = 0.67
% Ca
The youngest leaf = 0.05
Oldest sheet = 0.60
% Mg
The youngest leaf = 0.17
Oldest leaf = 0.28
While in the roots we find low contents of nutrients in general, in the seeds mainly nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium accumulate.
Some types of crops are characterized by higher demands on nutrients, and therefore we find higher contents in them, such as legumes, which have relatively more calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B) but little sulfur (S) in the dry matter. Chestnuts contain relatively a lot of sulfur. Salting-tolerant plants have more sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg) and chlorine (CI) in addition to sulfur. Plants that grow well on acidic soils have relatively higher concentrations of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and aluminum (AI).
Medium concentration of nutrients of the main types of garden crops
working on it….
9. Amount of nutrients depleted by garden plants
An exhaustive answer to the question of how many nutrients the cultivated plants deplete would be very extensive, because:
a) there are many garden crops and each of them (but also of individual varieties) has different demands;
(b) the conditions under which horticultural crops are grown are very diverse, from sandy to clayey soils in warm, drier lowland areas to cold, wetter foothills;
c) fertilization, and thus the nutritional status, is not always optimal, so that there is sometimes a luxurious consumption of certain nutrients;
However, optimal nutrient uptake is an important guide for fertilization, and therefore we find sufficient data in the literature on which the recommended doses of fertilizers are based in professional manuals for nutrition of garden crops.
To illustrate, at a yield of 5 kg of cauliflower per 1 m2, a medium of 20 g N, 3.5 g P, 21 g K, 4.6 g Ca and 0.5 g Mg is pumped out, while red cabbage takes 30 g at the same yield. g N, 3.7 g P, 29 g K, 25 g Ca and 4.2 g Mg. However, there are also some crops that take far less nutrients from m2 at medium yields. For example, 0.4 kg of asparagus removes only moderately 8 g of N, 1.8 g of P, 8.4 g of K, 3.9 g of Ca and 0.9 g of Mg.
Of course, it also depends on the method of cultivation. Cucumbers grown in a greenhouse at a harvest of 25 kg per m2 draw an average of 45 g N, 11 g P, 58 g K, 17 g Ca and 6 g Mg. In a free bed with a yield of 4 kg per m2, cucumbers consume only 15 g N, 4 g P, 21 g K, 43 g Ca and 15 g Mg.
At the so-called nutrient balance, that is, considering how many nutrients we need to supplement with fertilization, we must take into account that from the harvest part of the nutrients (in waste non-consumable parts of plants) is returned via compost to the garden. We must also include the supply of nutrients in the soil in the calculations. If it is insufficient, we must increase the need for nutrients, if it is excessive, then we will save some nutrients. | https://hnojik.cz/en/plant-nutrition/ |
SILVA, Douglas Ramos Guelfi et al. Characterization and nutrient release from silicate rocks and influence on chemical changes in soil. Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo [online]. 2012, vol.36, n.3, pp.951-962. ISSN 1806-9657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832012000300025.
The expansion of Brazilian agriculture has led to a heavy dependence on imported fertilizers to ensure the supply of the growing food demand. This fact has contributed to a growing interest in alternative nutrient sources, such as ground silicate rocks. It is necessary, however, to know the potential of nutrient release and changes these materials can cause in soils. The purpose of this study was to characterize six silicate rocks and evaluate their effects on the chemical properties of treated soil, assessed by chemical extractants after greenhouse incubation. The experimental design consisted of completely randomized plots, in a 3 x 6 factorial scheme, with four replications. The factors were potassium levels (0-control: without silicate rock application; 200; 400; 600 kg ha-1 of K2O), supplied as six silicate rock types (breccia, biotite schist, ultramafic rock, phlogopite schist and two types of mining waste). The chemical, physical and mineralogical properties of the alternative rock fertilizers were characterized. Treatments were applied to a dystrophic Red-Yellow Oxisol (Ferralsol), which was incubated for 100 days, at 70 % (w/w) moisture in 3.7 kg/pots. The soil was evaluated for pH; calcium and magnesium were extracted with KCl 1 mol L-1; potassium, phosphorus and sodium by Mehlich 1; nickel, copper and zinc with DTPA; and the saturation of the cation exchange capacity was calculated for aluminum, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium, and overall base saturation. The alternative fertilizers affected soil chemical properties. Ultramafic rock and Chapada mining byproduct (CMB) were the silicate rocks that most influenced soil pH, while the mining byproduct (MB) led to high K levels. Zinc availability was highest in the treatments with mining byproduct and Cu in soil fertilized with Chapada and mining byproduct.
Palavras-chave : multi-nutrient fertilizer; nutrient available; potassic rock; rock powder; soil amendment. | http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0100-06832012000300025&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=en |
Integrated Fruit Production
Integrated fruit production (IFP) is defined as "economical production of high quality fruit, giving priority to ecologically safer methods, minimizing the undesirable side effects and use of pesticides, to enhance the safeguards to the environment and human health" (Cross and Dickler, 1994, p. 2). IFP systems emphasize long-term sustainability by minimizing the use of external inputs into the agroecosystem.
There are many differences between conventional and IFP production systems. For example, in new orchards, IFP programs encourage growers to select sites, rootstocks, cultivars, and planting systems that will require minimal external inputs but lead to both ecological stability and economic success. Soil sterilization generally is not permitted or is highly discouraged, and planting spaces are required or encouraged to be large enough to accommodate trees throughout their life span without the use of synthetic plant growth regulators and/or severe pruning. IFP programs require that growers practice soil conservation by recycling organic matter when possible and apply fertilizers only if results of soil and/or plant chemical analysis identify a specific nutrient deficiency. When deemed necessary, fertilizers are to be applied in a manner to minimize risk to groundwater, and to minimize soil compaction and/or erosion. IFP programs encourage pruning practices and training systems to achieve balanced and sustained productivity and quality. Fruit thinning by hand is recommended and preferred, although chemical thinning agents are permitted on some cultivars. Many IFP programs do not permit synthetic plant growth regulators for improving fruit finish and color or to regulate ripening. Under IFP, multiple tactic management of insects, diseases, and weeds is given priority over synthetic pesticides. Conservation of natural enemies such as predatory mites and parasitic wasps is required. Bare soil management and use of residual herbicides generally are not recommended or are not permitted. Therefore, weed-free strips beneath fruit trees are to be maintained by cultural means such as mulching or mechanical cultivation, with herbicides acting as a supplemental treatment only. Monitoring is an essential component of pest management for IFP production. Any pesticide that is used in IFP systems must be one that is approved under IFP guidelines. These particular pesticides are considered to be the most selective, least toxic, and least persistent and are to be used at the lowest effective rates. Under IFP, fruit are harvested according to cultivar maturity, and if stored, then done so in a manner to maintain internal and external quality. Depending on the region of an organization-specific IFP program, postharvest treatment with some synthetic antioxidants and fungicides may not be permitted.
This particular production system is currently in use in the United States, Europe, and other fruit-growing regions throughout the world. European programs require that growers be professionally trained in IFP-endorsed management practices. Growers must attend an introductory training session as well as periodic updates. To become certified in Europe, a grower must practice at least a minimum number of IFP-endorsed guidelines for fruit production and must maintain accurate records of these practices and make them available for inspection by IFP administrators. In the United States, certification may or may not be part of the program; some, but not all, growers using a singular IFP plan to produce tree fruit undergo certification (Hood River District Integrated Fruit Production Program, 1997; Core Values Northeast, 2001). Regardless, these programs and production systems found in the United States, Europe, and other fruitgrowing regions throughout the world may use an IFP label to market to consumers that fruit have been grown with both economic and environmental considerations. | https://www.medicinalplantsarchive.us/fruit-trees/integrated-fruit-production.html |
Concentrated nitric acid, which has chemical formula HNO3, is mainly used in explosives pesticides, production of nitrogen fertilizers, synthetic rubbers, polyurethane foams, and elastomers.
Industrial, Manufacturing & Heavy Industry Market News
Concentrated nitric acid market challenges illuminated by new report
- Details
- WhaTech Channel: Industrial Market Research
-
- Submitted by Pramod Dige
- News from Acumen Research and Consulting
- Viewed: 7 times
Introduction
In rocket propellants and dyes, intermediate concentrated nitric acid also acts as an oxidizer.
Concentrated nitric acids are majorly applicable and are used in explosive industries and agrochemicals. One of the largest applications of concentrated nitric acid is the ammonium nitrate. | https://www.whatech.com/market-research/industrial/411423-concentrated-nitric-acid-market-challenges-illuminated-by-new-report |
The Sustainable Development agenda was implemented as a way to set goals for change and to also build upon the targets, which the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) failed to meet. This post will be looking at the arguments for whether the law can be used as a tool to help or a barrier against the targets created by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to be met. The seventeen goals proposed aim to create a more equal community.
Goal 16 recognises that “peace, justice and effective, accountable and inclusive institutions are at the core of sustainable development”. This was a crucial factor missed during the rather rushed drafting of the MDGs. The other sixteen goals hinge on the work of institutions and the potential for corruption within such institutions can be rather high. It has been estimated that nations who actively target corruption and improve their rule of law, could increase their national income by 400 per cent. Much of this is down to the fact that illegal activities such as corruption, bribery, theft and tax evasion cost approximately US$1.26 trillion per year for developing countries, a figure which is startlingly high for countries where the proportion of people living on less that $1.25 a day is particularly high. The rule of law is the legal principle that law should govern a nation, and that all individuals, entities, officials and the government should be held accountable under the law. The principle also requires the law and its enactment to be accessible, clear and applied evenly and for justice to be delivered timely and ethically.
The proof as to power of access to justice as a development tool can be seen through International Bridges to Justice’s work in Cambodia. Under the tyranny of the Khmer rouge, Cambodia’s justice system was practically non-existent; torture was a common police method – quick and cheap. Anti torture policies did exist during this time to safeguard detainees but this policy was not filtered down from the higher levels to the grassroots level. Since this time, IBJ has provided legal aid to the poor who had no access to justice and has now seen the dramatic change in the legal landscape of Cambodia: torture rates are below 5%. Adherence to the rule of law has now become a daily practice.
Experience has shown that the “rule of law, justice and security – or their absence- have a major impact on the achievement of the MDGs” (UNDP, 2010). This can clearly be seen in the pursuit of goals promoting gender equality. For such equality to be met, for example employment equality and freedom for sexual harassment, laws must be enacted and implemented to create visible change. UN Woman, however, has seen a serious lag in the implementation of such laws, ultimately constraining women’s equality and empowerment. Corruption and its effects on the achievement of the MDGs was researched and discussed, however it was never thought of as a direct issue seen by the fact it was not addressed as a goal in the MDGs. This can only be positive for the SDGs, as they have now chosen to include it under goal sixteen.
We have seen that a focus on law can promote development, but conversely it may act as a barrier. Referring back to IBJ’s work in Cambodia, we saw how this country had the relevant laws to prevent torture, however the issue lay with adherence. There is only so much that the rule of law can achieve without adherence. The other main issue is that of the ways that laws are enacted. In the United Kingdom for example, the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty dictates that Parliament has the power to make or unmake any law. The fact that an impartial body itself, which can be subject to internal corruption, creates laws may be problematic. It is also up to Parliament to then inform the relevant authorities and individuals to adhere to a new law. Countries that have much political bureaucracy may have individuals in the law making body that are prone to bribery or corruption as well as in the authorities that enforce the laws – a notorious example is the Indian police force.
In conclusion, the rule of law can be a powerful tool and is something, which must be addressed in order for the other development goals to also succeed, the fact that it has been recognised under goal sixteen of the SDGs is a huge step forward but a plan must be created to tackle the innate difficulty of higher level corruption in the law making bodies, something which can hinder development greatly.
Nikesh Arya, BPP Law School.
← Pharmaceutical Giants, Lethal Injection and the Future of Human Rights in Business. | http://www.a4id.org/student_blog/peace-justice-strong-institutions/ |
What is the power of a court to declare a law unconstitutional?
The best-known power of the Supreme Court is judicial review, or the ability of the Court to declare a Legislative or Executive act in violation of the Constitution, is not found within the text of the Constitution itself. The Court established this doctrine in the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803).
WHO declares if a law is unconstitutional?
The judicial branch interprets laws and determines if a law is unconstitutional. The judicial branch includes the U.S. Supreme Court and lower federal courts. There are nine justices on the Supreme Court.
Who has the sole power to declare laws unconstitutional?
Thorold Rogers’ recent work, The Economic Interpretation of History, 344: “The American constitution even protects its citizens against legisla- tion which is asserted to be just, for the Supreme Court can on appeal reverse and annul any act of the federal legislature which it declares to be unconstitutional.”
Can the president declare laws unconstitutional?
The President in the executive branch can veto a law, but the legislative branch can override that veto with enough votes. The executive branch can declare Executive Orders, which are like proclamations that carry the force of law, but the judicial branch can declare those acts unconstitutional.
What are the signs that a bill becomes a law?
presidential signature – A proposed law passed by Congress must be presented to the president, who then has 10 days to approve or disapprove it. The president signs bills he supports, making them law.
What is the final step before a bill becomes a law?
After both the House and Senate have approved a bill in identical form, the bill is sent to the President. If the President approves of the legislation, it is signed and becomes law. If the President takes no action for ten days while Congress is in session, the bill automatically becomes law.
What is importance of rule of law?
The rule of law has been linked to broad economic growth, to social justice, to enhancing safety and security, to public and private accountability, and to enhancing the fair allocation of services by governments.
What is the rule of law in a case?
8. Rule of Law or Legal Principle Applied: This is the rule of law that the court applies to determine the substantive rights of the parties. Reasoning is the way in which the court applied the rules/ legal principles to the particular facts in the case to reach its decision.
Which aspect of the rule of law Duplessis violated?
The Supreme Court held that Premier Duplessis’ cancellation of Roncarelli’s liquor licence violated the Rule of Law because this action constituted an abuse of the Premier’s powerful position.
What is rule of law in good governance?
rule of law.” 1. The United Nations defines the rule of law as “a principle of governance in which all persons, institutions and entities, public and private, including the State itself, are accountable to laws. that are publicly promulgated, equally enforced and independently adjudicated, and which are.
Is the rule of law Good?
Governments need to have good laws, institutions and processes in place to ensure accountability, stability, equality and access to justice for all. By having a strong rule of law, governments give business and society the stability of knowing that all rights are respected and protected. …
Why is rule of law important in good governance?
The concept of rule of law forms a cornerstone of the OSCE’s human rights and democratization activities. It not only describes formal legal frameworks, but also aims at justice based on the full acceptance of human dignity. It ties in closely with the establishment of democratic, accountable state institutions.
How does the government promote rule of law?
By promoting a government of law, equally applicable to all without discrimination, the rule of law makes political and economic opportunities available to all members of society. It empowers people by providing a right of access to public services, making State entities accountable for the delivery of such services.
How does rule of law maintain good governance in a country?
Rule of law thus provides theoretical foundation for the ‘good governance’ as it provides an instrument to prevent arbitrary exercise of power as well as remedy for harms and injuries caused by misuse or abuse of power. Human rights on the other hand are measures to test the legitimacy of the ‘governance’.
What is global rule of law?
The Global Rule of Law Business Principles, therefore, is a set of commonly held guidelines to which any business―regardless of industry, locale, or local laws and customs—could agree and adhere. | https://www.sulfonte.com/what-is-the-power-of-a-court-to-declare-a-law-unconstitutional/ |
Lady Justice: Removing the Blindfold that is Corruption
The idea of how justice should be has been an essential component to every civilization, dating all the way back to Greek and Roman times. This conceptualization filled the thoughts of such great minds as Aristotle and Plato, and it is for this reason that the Greeks developed the allegorical personification of Justitia, or Lady Justice, to embody the moral forces at play within the judicial system. While the judicial system as represented through the artifact of Lady Justice has played an integral role in American society, the corruption inherent in this organization demonstrates why the artifact of Lady Justice would serve as an appropriate representation of our nation in rebuilding a hypothetical collapsed society. In so doing, the remaining survivors can pursue to rebuild a model that is free of said misconduct, as they remind each other of its significance, as well as the ways that we were misguided in the previous structure.
In the mid 1800’s, French writer and historian Alexis De Tocqueville was sent on an expedition to the America’s to observe what qualities had allowed the American system of Democracy to flourish when compared to the likes of that of France’s very own form of Government. According to Tocqueville, it was the defining characteristics such as individualism, equality, liberty, Democracy, nationalism, capitalism, and rule of law, which had permitted for the country to be as prosperous as it was in this regards. That being said, this description illustrates how vital justice has been in the formation of America’s culture, in that essentially one half of these ideals are those pertaining to some aspect of justice. This fact is further bolstered in the fact the founding fathers of this once great nation found it of such pertinence, that they gave the matter its own article within the Constitution of the United states, in that the third article of this historical document guarantees that individuals charged with wrongdoing have, “The right to a fair trial before a competent judge and a jury of their peers (U.S. Constitution).” While the various values pertaining to justice have ostensibly formed the American lifestyle, the corruption inherent within the system since its foundation cannot go overlooked.
When discussing why he did not believe that there should be a black history month, African American actor Denzel Washington noted, “Black history month is essentially America’s history. Do you want a white history month? I didn’t think so. The best way to stop racism, is to stop talking about it (Washington).” On a rudimentary level, the statement raised by Washington identifies America’s macabre reality, in that while we pride in our sense of justice and freedom, that our history is one that is built upon the institution of slavery and indentured servitude, both of which go far beyond the context of the ideals this nation claims that it stands for. Not only that, but the paradigm of slavery has been so deeply ingrained within American society, that it was the very causation for a bill that declared one minority group in specific, namely that of African American’s as only three-fifths of a person, which was the direct result of the Civil War. Despite these facts, slavery and race relationships were still a concerning issue well into the 1950’s, and is arguably an issue that is still present today, as there are those that maintain that in today’s society, race relations have recessed some twenty years. With everything kept into consideration, it is irrefutable that the American culture that Tocqueville spoke of was that of a warped perspective that favored one ethnic group in specific, and that was oblivious to the detrimental contact zone in which it was provoking; that is, a justice well outside of the realms of any real sense of fairness or equality. Although America’s dark history provides more than ample evidence as to how our justice system is subject to corruption, the fact is further bolstered and substantiated in the observable notion that our culture has allowed for wrongdoings to be paid off through wealth, power, or one’s influential identity.
In the Harvard University collegiate article entitled, “Political and Judicial Checks on Corruption: Evidence from State Governments,” through, “The Journal of Economics and Politics,” authors James Alt and David Lassen argue, “Empirical findings suggest that the effect of an accountable Judiciary is stronger under a unified government, where the government cannot control itself (Alt, Lassen).” Essentially, the stipulation made by Alt and Lassen suggests that a more unified government and judicial branch, one where justices were elected rather than appointed, would be associated with less corruption than is observable in today’s society. Even more concerning, is that noticeable corruption in our justice system has created for a culture based on fear in today’s modern society, which has been a more recent trend following the Watergate scandal with the Nixon administration. Joseph Simon argues this point in his book, “Governing Through Crime: How War on Crime Transformed American Democracy and Created a Culture of Fear,” as he writes, “In this new order, values like freedom, justice, and equality, have been revised in ways that prior to the 1960’s would have been shocking, if unimaginable to the American people (Simon 5).” In today’s modern civilization, these cases of apparent corruption within the system include, but are not limited to such instances as the O.J. Simpson trial, and even more recently, the controversial FBI investigations surrounding both Hillary Clinton, and Wells Fargo banks. In all three exemplifications, those parties involved have miraculously found themselves out of more pressing legal issues as a direct result of either their money, wealth, power, or individual identity, where the average individual would not be allowed these type of special rights, and is a concern that goes against the very institution that created for the symbol of Lady Justice, and the ideology behind justice in and of itself.
Given the circumstance of a hypothetical collapse of American society, the conceptualization of justice would be an essential variable in rebuilding what is left of civilization for the remaining survivors. It is for this reason that the artifact that is Lady Justice would serve as a wonderful representation of what life was like prior too. She would serve as a reminder of importance of justice to the American people, while at the same time, serving as a precautionary warning of the ways that Justice become corrupted if left unchecked. In this way, she can once again stand for all the values in which caused for her creation back in the fifteenth century; the type of justice that is only blindfolded as to greet justice objectively, in that she is without fear or favor, regardless of money, wealth, fame, power, or of one’s identity. A justice who wields her sword of justice as a symbol of her strength, power, and her impartiality, and who bears her scales out of balance, fairness, and equality, and that is only blinded only through said objectivity through the apparatus that is justice. Hopefully, through this endeavor, those remaining may tip the scales of justice back into order, so that these values are apparent, and purified for all people. After all, one can argue that the purpose of these constructs was to make sure that there is balance, fairness, equality, order, and the likes amongst all people, so it is only right and just to see to it that they carry out their function.
A.W. | https://arichheart.com/2016/11/05/lady-justice-removing-the-blindfold-that-is-corruption/ |
By Bola Tinubu
As we enter a New Year, it is all too easy to give in to despair and despondency at the current state of Nigeria. The gap between our tremendous potentials as a country and our actual attainments is depressing and disheartening. For a country as endowed with human, material and natural resources as Nigeria, the level of poverty in which the vast majority of our people live is appalling and unacceptable. The voodoo statistics of illusory growth and progress peddled by those currently in charge of Nigeria’s affairs do not reflect the dire material circumstances of millions of Nigerians.
The ever widening inequality between the wealthy minority and the impoverished majority is fueled largely by a scale of corruption and outright theft of public funds that have reached unprecedented heights in today’s Nigeria. All of these are responsible for the large scale manifestation of sundry forms of violence and insecurity across the country that undermines the very foundations of the Nigerian state. Yet, the growing impunity of an arrogant, imperious and complacent presidency weaken the rule of law and prevent the purposeful and responsible governance necessary to tackle Nigeria’s severe challenges.
But then, despair is a luxury we can ill afford as a country and a people at this time. Despair breeds depression and a sense of hopelessness. This can only result in a paralysis of the popular will that will benefit those who want to lull us into collective inaction, so they can perpetuate their misrule of our much abused country. 2015 will be one of the critical and momentous years in the history of Nigeria. It must be a time to renew our hope in the possibilities of our country. Hope enables us to generate the strength to take the positive action as citizens to achieve the positive change Nigeria so badly needs today.
Another Nigeria is possible. A Nigeria where focused, visionary and competent governance vigorously tackles corruption, insecurity, poverty and promotes peace, progress and prosperity for all is attainable. After the current darkness, a glorious, new dawn for Nigeria is possible. But this needed change will not occur by chance. It can only be the result of deliberate and purposeful action on the part of our people to utilise democracy and popular power to achieve national liberation and transformation.
If not urgently addressed, the stratospheric level of hunger, deprivation and inequality in the land will inevitably provoke a violent revolution in the land. Indeed, we already have a situation difficult to distinguish from bloody revolution on our hand. It manifests in the armed robbery, kidnapping, communal conflicts, religious extremism, terrorism and ritual killings rampant in Nigeria today. We have no choice but to be active participants in the common sense democratic revolution needed to salvage our country. It is a common sense revolution that must insist that legitimate power flows from the will people duly expressed in free and fair elections. Governments must assume and remain in power only at the pleasure of the people. That is the only way that democracy can promote development by ensuring that government is responsible and accountable to the people.
My message to our fellow country men and women is thus simple: this year must be one of eternal vigilance on the part of us all. This is the price we must pay for our democratic rights and liberties as citizens. Let us make no mistake about it. The traumatic experience of the over 200 Chibok girls who have remained in captivity for over six months shows that plaintive cries to an impotent government to ‘bring back our girls’ have become insufficient. Rather, we must utilise the power of our vote to ‘take back our country’ from the predators and scavengers in the corridors and bedrooms of power that currently hold her hostage. This calls for eternal vigilance to exercise our vote and protect out sacred mandate at the polls.
As the careless, reckless, irresponsible and highly suspicious handling of the distribution of Permanent Voters Cards by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) has shown, every effort will be made to disempower voters by a sinking and desperate administration. Millions of voters across the country have been disenfranchised in the flawed process. This subtle coup against the very foundation of democracy, voters’ power, must be challenged and resisted. Flaws in the process must be corrected. All eligible citizens must be enabled to exercise their inalienable right to vote for a government of their choice. This can only be achieved through eternal vigilance and persistence by the populace in insisting that the entire electoral process must be free, fair, transparent and credible.
Nigerians face a critical choice at the polls this year. We must vote for either continuity of the present decadent order or change. Yes, many state governments across the country have performed creditably in diverse sectors despite the meager resources at their disposal compared to the Federal Government. However, the PDP-controlled Federal Government, which controls the bulk of the country’s resources, has been an abysmal failure. It has failed to provide the necessary leadership for accelerated national development commensurate with its immense resources and its phenomenal powers under the present corruption. The Dr. Goodluck Jonathan Presidency in particular has been a catastrophic disaster.
The country today has degenerated to unprecedented levels of global obloquy as a result of the prevalent repellent levels of corruption, impunity, insecurity and leadership mediocrity. The greatest need of the hour is a drastic change of direction at the national level. It is the emergence of a visionary, responsible, patriotic, purposeful and competent Federal Government that will diligently pursue the path of transparency, accountability, respect for the rule of law, true federalism and justice without which there can be no national transformation. As I wish the good people of Nigeria a happy new year, I urge us to rededicate ourselves to the realization of the positive change on which the very survival of the country depends. Eternal vigilance must be our watchword this year.
*Being text of the New Year message to Nigerians by the National Leader of the All Progressives Congress (APC), Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu. | https://westernpostnigeria.com/after-darkness-a-glorious-dawn-beckons/ |
Bookmark This is a feature that highlights new books by College of Arts and Sciences faculty and alumni, published the first week of each month. This month’s featured book is Law’s Rule: The Nature, Value, and Viability of the Rule of Law (Oxford University Press) by Gerald J. Postema. (The book is set to be published Nov. 15)
Q: Can you give us a brief synopsis of your book?
A: The rule of law, once widely embraced and emulated, now faces serious threats to its viability. To get our bearings we must return to first principles. This book articulates and defends a comprehensive, coherent and compelling conception of the rule of law and defends it against serious challenges to its intelligibility, relevance and normative force. The rule of law’s ambition, it argues, is to provide protection and recourse against the arbitrary exercise of power using the distinctive tools of the law. Law provides a bulwark of protection, a bridle on the powerful and a bond holding together the political community. Two principles immediately follow from this core: sovereignty of law, demanding that those who exercise ruling power govern with law and that law governs them, and equality in the eyes of the law, demanding that law’s protection extend to all bound by it. Animating law’s rule, the ethos of fidelity commits all members of the political community, officials and lay members alike, to take responsibility for holding each other accountable under the law.
Part I of the book articulates this conception and locates its moral foundation in a commitment to common membership of each person in this community, recognizing their freedom, dignity and status as peers. Part II addresses serious challenges currently facing law’s rule: finding a place in the legal system for equity, mercy and effective responses to emergencies, taming the new leviathans of the digital world and extending law’s rule beyond national borders.
Q: How does this fit in with your research interests and passions?
A: Throughout my university career, I have taught about issues concerned with the intersection of morality and law — on the nature of law and legal reasoning, justice (national and international), equality, professional responsibility. Philosophy, I have long argued, has much to say about these issues and sometimes what it has to say is worth taking seriously, even by people outside the academy. I have written on these topics, and increasingly over the last decade and a half on the place of the rule of law ideally in this brace of issues and problems. Repeatedly I faced, and asked my students to face, questions like — how does law protect against the abuse of power? Why value law if it so often goes awry? What does it mean to insist that law rules? Why think that is a good thing? Can we secure democracy or human rights apart from law — apart from law’s ruling?
Q: What was the original idea that made you think: “There’s a book here?”
A: The poet Dante once wrote of justice that it is so lovely that it is loved even by its enemies. The same is true of the rule of law. Over the last decade or so, it became apparent to many that the rule of law was under serious attack in the United States and abroad. Yet, rule-of-law saboteurs publicly defend their efforts in its name. I came to see that the time had come to uncover its first principles, to lay out clearly and convincingly the fundamental ideal and the powerful reasons for taking it seriously. It also became clear that I must do this in work that is accessible to readers who are not skilled practitioners of legal philosophy.
Q: What surprised you when researching/writing this book?
A: When I retired from the University, I cleaned out my study in Caldwell Hall (home of the UNC philosophy department). I discarded most of my files, but I kept a few. Going through them later, I discovered, to my surprise, that I had pitched a Ph.D. dissertation on the topic of the rule of law. I must have set that project aside and forgotten about it, since I wrote my dissertation on an entirely different topic. But the seed was planted, and finally, nearly 50 years later, the idea sprouted and grew into a major book.
Another, quite different surprise, was the discovery that the core concerns of the rule of law extend well beyond worries about presidential overreach and politician’s abuse of the constitution to the potential for abuse of power in the private sphere, in the international sphere — and even in the vast domain of artificial intelligence and its deployment in contemporary cyberspace.
Q: Where’s your go-to writing spot, and how do you deal with writer’s block?
A: I write in my monk cells (home offices), emerging from time to time to refill my coffee cup. One of these cells is in the Triangle, another in the mountains of North Carolina. When I need inspiration or need to refocus my energies, I walk around the little mountain (Echo Mountain) where my hermitage is located. It never fails to energize me.
Gerald J. Postema is Boshamer Distinguished Professor of Philosophy Emeritus in UNC’s College of Arts and Sciences. He has published extensively in legal and political philosophy and ethics. He taught philosophy and law at UNC from 1980 to 2019.
Nominate a book we should feature by emailing [email protected]. Find previous “Bookmark This” features by searching the term on our website, and some books to your reading list by checking out our College magazine books page. | https://college.unc.edu/2022/11/bookmark-this-postema/ |
Dimapur, Nov. 5: A consumer organisation has asked the government of Nagaland to set up the Lokayukta without delay.
The Nagaland Voluntary Consumers’ Organisation (NVCO) observed Vigilance Awareness week during Oct 29-Nov 3. The occasion was observed with the theme, ‘Eradicate Corruption, build a New India,’ during which the group submitted a representation to the state’s Chief Secretary R Binchilo Thong requesting him to set up the anti-corruption platform Lokayukta to combat corruption in the state.
The president of the NVCO, Kezhokhoto Savi told Eastern Mirror that the state had failed to set up Lokayukta when the Supreme Court had given a three months’ time to all the states in the country to set up the ombudsman. Nonetheless, Savi is hopeful that the government would respect the Supreme Court’s order and set up Lokayukta within three months this time around.
“Let us not just preach but put into practice and implement it so that the primary objective of the Central Vigilance Commission conducting the ‘Vigilance Awareness Week’ could be achieved in building a good nation,” Savi said.
According to the group’s president, abuse of power, nepotism, extortion, embezzlement, bribery, and fraud are some of the corrupt practices prevailing in the state. Many use their power and status to their advantage which result in corrupt actions including appointment of relatives and family members to government offices,
Savi said. He iterated that taxes were being collected at check-gates illegally by various groups. Savi alleged that even the toll tax collected by municipal councils is not spent for the welfare of the people who pay tax. Misuse of public funds and misappropriation of schemes especially those meant for infrastructural development and public amenities are also seen in Nagaland, the NVCO president said.
The NVCO also expressed hope in a statement that Nagaland will see the end of corruption in the near future as the state’s governor, chief minister, and vigilance commissioner had all ‘spoken against corruption during the vigilance week that they were all out to eradicate corruption.’
The group claimed that the absence of a strong mechanism was the reason behind the rampant corruption in Nagaland, for which Lokayukta shall play a big role in thwarting corruption. | https://easternmirrornagaland.com/nvco-demands-govt-get-to-work-on-setting-up-lokayukta/ |
Prior Sanction For Probing Public Servants: SC Issues Notice On CPIL’s Plea Challenging Amendments To Prevention Of Corruption Act [Read Petition]
The Supreme Court on Monday issued notice on a petition filed by the Centre for Public Interest Litigation (CPIL), challenging two amendments to the Prevention of Corruption Act, which they allege dilute the law.
The notice, returnable in six weeks’ time, was issued by a bench led by Chief Justice of India Ranjan Gogoi. CPIL was represented by Advocate Prashant Bhushan.
The petition impugns Section 17A(1) of the Act, which requires prior permission for investigation of corruption offences from the government. It asserts that the amendment is the third attempt by the Centre to introduce a provision which has already been held to be unconstitutional by the Apex Court twice.
“This Hon’ble Court, in the case of Vineet Narain Vs Union of India (1998) 1 SCC, 226), was pleased to quash Single Directive No.4.7 (3), which was introduced by way of an executive order. In order to bypass the said judgment, the same protection was reintroduced by way of a statutory amendment in the Central Vigilance Act in the form of Section 6 A of the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act (DSPE Act). However, the said reintroduction of the Single Directive in the form of statute has also been declared ultra vires by this Hon’ble Court in its constitution bench judgment, reported in (2014) 8 SCC 682,” it elaborates.
The impugned amendment, it says, reintroduces the Single Directive No.4.7 (3) and subsequent provision, Section 6A of the DSPE Act. The two provisions required, in the cases of serving public servants of the Central Government of the level of Joint Secretary and above, prior sanction from the Central Government for conducting any investigation/inquiry of offences relating to the PC Act.
The impugned amendment, it submits, not just re-introduces the same protection, but also expands its scope to provide protection to public servants at all levels, whether in service or retired, from inquiry/enquiry/investigation relating to offences under the Act.
“The Union Government has tried to take advantage of the fact that one of the main grounds for declaring Section 6A of the DSPE Act unconstitutional was violation of Article 14 because this Hon’ble Court found the classification between senior officers and junior officers for the purpose of providing protection from investigation unreasonable. The same protection has been brought by way of the latest amendment in the PC Act by doing away this classification and providing protection from investigation/inquiry/enquiry to all public servants,” the petition submits.
It also challenges removal of Section 13 (1) (d) (ii) (criminal misconduct) from the Prevention of Corruption Act, which made it an offence for a public servant to abuse his position and thereby give some pecuniary or other advantage to anyone else.
Therefore, earlier, the abuse of position by a public servant resulting in obtaining anything valuable or pecuniary advantage for any person (including himself) was adequate to prove the offence of criminal misconduct. There was no need to prove bribery or quid pro-quo.
“It is the provision of section 13(1)(d)(ii) that is the very essence of saving the country from the evil of corruption and realization of Preambular ideals on equality and economic justice. It is the heart of the Prevention of Corruption Act. It has been under attack for more than a decade by the decision makers which includes the political parties irrespective of their ideologies and stated position of opposing corruption. Part of the bureaucracy too has become collaborative to serve their political masters. It is not surprising that there was bipartisan support for the amendment as the political parties in power exercise discretion which fall foul of the provision section 13(1)(d) while favouring their support group or those who seek favours for a quid pro. The amendment is self-serving and clearly in violation of Article 21 of the Constitution,” it contends. | https://www.livelaw.in/prior-sanction-for-probing-public-servants-sc-issues-notice-on-cpils-plea-challenging-amendments-to-prevention-of-corruption-act-read-petition/ |
See all countries >
"Equal access to justice for all: a necessary element of democracy, rule of law and human rights protection."
Opening statement by Michelle Bachelet, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
16 November 2021
Distinguished President of the Council,
Madame Chairperson,
Excellencies,
Colleagues and Friends,
I am glad to open this third session of the Forum, which continues to provide a space for dialogue and cooperation, where States and other stakeholders can share their challenges, opportunities and best practices in advancing human rights, democracy and the rule of law.
This year's theme – equal access to justice – is central to these three principles.
Access to justice is fundamental to democracy. It ensures people can raise complaints, challenge discrimination and other violations, obtain redress and hold decision-makers accountable.
Access to justice is essential to the rule of law, ensuring equal and independent adjudication of norms that bind not only all people, but also all institutions and entities – both public and private, including the State itself.
Access to justice is an expression of human rights, intrinsically linked to the right to an effective remedy; the right to equality before the courts and to a fair trial; the right to equality and non-discrimination; and to the protection and advancement of all other human rights. Through the assertion of accountability and its deterrent effect, access to justice is essential for preventing further human rights violations – and this is key to sustaining both peace and development. The inclusion of access to justice in the Sustainable Development Goal 16 is a clear indication of its key role.
Yet two years ago, the Task Force on Justice found that more than five billion people – two-thirds of the world’s population – lack meaningful access to justice.
This “global justice gap” affects mainly economically marginalized individuals, women, persons with disabilities, people of African descent, children, indigenous peoples, LGBTI people, and minorities. Systemic discrimination based on ethnicity, race, gender, or economic status is often at the core of the problem.
The overwhelming difficulties impeding access to justice for people of African descent whose family members have been killed by law enforcement officials – including in many of the world's most developed countries – have been documented by my Office, including in a report last year.
The pandemic has exacerbated these long-standing and deeply worrying issues. Emergency measures have restricted access to courts, suspended judicial and prosecutorial activities, and slowed down operations precisely when legal oversight, protection, and services were most needed. Here, again, marginalized groups have been particularly affected.
In addition to these structural obstacles to justice, judicial actors in many parts of the world, face harassment and attacks –to prevent justice being done. Judges and others are also targeted for upholding their rightful role as “checks and balances” essential to every democracy. In a recent report, the Special Rapporteur on the Independence of Judges and Lawyers documented patterns of retaliation against judges that interfere with the legitimate exercise of their profession. Judges dealing with politically sensitive cases are particularly exposed to these sanctions.
These trends are profoundly corrosive of social cohesion. People’s experience of injustice increases the likelihood that they will continue to be pushed further and further behind. It also reduces civic trust in the institutions of society, increasing the perception that corruption and bias skew the system to treat their communities unfairly. In many countries, the judiciary is among the least trusted institutions. In some circumstances this has led to under-reporting of violations and abuses.
Madam President,
In view of this critical situation, the Secretary-General has identified justice as an essential dimension of the new social contract he calls for in his Common Agenda.
To rebuild from the pandemic on a sound foundation of respect and equality, it is urgent – and feasible – to both improve the functioning of the judiciary and make justice truly accessible to all.
First, trust must be restored. Confidence in public institutions is critical to enhance people’s cooperation. In this context, I want to highlight the profound gender trust gap in many societies. Evidence demonstrates that women trust public institutions less than men. Structural inequalities, discrimination, gender power dynamics, and exclusion from decision-making are all factors – and this lack of trust is often amplified when women also endure discrimination as members of racial or religious minorities,.
To regain people’s trust, public institutions need to demonstrate their respect for human rights. They must be truly inclusive, responsive, effective, and accountable to all members of society. Taking firm action to tackle corruption is also important..
My second point: meaningful participation is essential. People should be involved in identifying gaps and finding solutions to the obstacles they face in accessing justice. Initiatives aiming at supporting legal education; access to legal information; and human rights education are concrete steps towards empowerment. Evidence shows that promoting participation can have a positive impact on levels of trust. More participation will also contribute to justice systems that are more gender-sensitive, sustainable and responsive to everyone’s needs, without discrimination.
My third point, and this is related – justice needs to be people-centred. This starts by placing people’s needs and solutions at the centre of justice institutions. A people-centred, human rights- based approach to legal services must tackle existing power imbalances and make these services less condescending and more approachable, available and responsive. Human rights-compliant formal and informal justice systems build societies that respect and empower every person – with very powerful and positive ripple effects.
Finally, to ensure the independence of judicial systems, judges, lawyers and prosecutors must be free of all interference, pressure or threat that might affect the impartiality of their work. Undue pressure – and corruption – in justice systems undermines the rule of law and their ability to guarantee the protection of human rights. States must adopt measures to protect the independence of the judiciary, and hold accountable those who attempt to interfere with the judicial profession.
I am sure that your discussions will provide additional ideas. I look forward to concrete and actionable recommendations coming out of this Forum, and count on the cooperation of States in implementing them. | https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=27818&LangID=E |
As we celebrate our fifteenth Human Rights Day we should reflect on our failure to build a broadly based human rights culture as a bulwark against the threatened erosion of constitutional rights. A year after the advent of democracy the late legal academic Etienne Mureinik drew attention to the way in which what he termed ‘irrational responses’ to brutal crime posed a threat to human rights.* Fourteen violent years later attitudes have hardened, and populist politicians garner support with threats to curtail existing rights. Blaming human rights for our social ills serves to deflect attention from their own responsibility for failing to curb crime.
Seductive as the crime weary public may find exhortations to ‘shoot to kill’, and threats to clamp down on the rights of those arrested, support for such utterances is extremely dangerous. Not only do they undermine the rule of law, but any diminution of existing rights can only facilitate the creeping abuse of power by the state. There is nothing wrong with the law : It is the way that it 8is being implemented (or often not implemented) that presents problems. Transparency and public accountability have diminished in the past decade, with many civil servants showing an arrogant disregard for the taxpayers who fund their salaries. The Land Claims Commission refuses to provide documentation to which the public is entitled and the SAPS fail to respond to queries and to provide information which is in the public interest.
Existing laws giving flesh to the bare bones of constitutional freedoms are crucial since they can be used to hold government accountable, including through class actions. However, with certain exceptions, the type of civil liberties groupings that drive such processes in well established democracies are not strongly developed in South Africa. Surely the threats which have been made to the freedoms and rights we now take for granted should serve as a wake up call to oppose their erosion?
The topical issue of privacy illustrates the importance of public vigilance and, if necessary, action, to uphold rights. Section 14 of the Bill of Rights guarantees everyone’s basic human right to privacy yet the eThekwini municipality has aroused public ire by requesting details about the incomes of pensioners applying for property rates rebates. By now legislation detailing how this right will be safeguarded should have been promulgated, but a Protection of Personal Information bill, drafted by the Law Commission, has not yet seen the light of day.
The Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Development, which has dragged its heels for six years over the Protection of Personal Information bill has, however, prioritised the Criminal Law (Forensics Procedures) Amendment Bill 2009. This bill allows for the SAPS to establish a massive DNA database, without providing adequate controls for protecting individual and family privacy. Public comment on this bill has been scant, in stark contrast to the vigorous lobbying which takes place in other countries about issues relating to DNA.
Nor is there any public debate about the invasion of privacy by the extensive use of surveillance techniques, especially CCTV cameras. That these cameras may prove valuable in catching criminals should not preclude critical debate – any more than the undoubted value of DNA in criminal matters should. Like DNA though, CCTV footage can be misused. Are all of those who operate the cameras free of any criminal association? While operators are all required to register with the Private Security Regulatory Authority (PSIRA), the Authority lacks the capacity to deal with huge numbers of illegal security service providers.
Why, when these cameras are ubiquitous in places such as banks are so few criminals caught? What happens to the footage collected? Although the United Kingdom is described as the most watched country on earth, its Data Protection Act attempts to govern the use of CCTV cameras, and stipulates that the public must be informed that they are under surveillance.
To argue, as some might, that privacy concerns should play second fiddle to tackling crime is to miss the point. Both DNA and CCTV footage can be used for criminal purposes, and the failure to pass legislation protecting personal information may facilitate its use by criminals, especially in this computerised age.
Experience elsewhere in the world shows that the defence of constitutional rights is too important to be left to politicians of whichever persuasion. Although South Africa would benefit from more civil liberties bodies, existing groups could be used more effectively for the defence of rights – as in the UK where a wide range of professional bodies, associations and NGOs recently joined forces with Privacy International to oppose a clause in a parliamentary bill posing a threat to privacy.
Human rights issues under threat in our country include freedom of expression, privacy and those linked to criminal justice system. The sooner we organise, the better. As Mureinik warned, beware of irrational responses to violent crime – and of using human rights as a scapegoat for a malfunctioning criminal justice system. Bad things happen when good people remain silent. As individuals or as groups we should form networks – as in the UK – to oppose any diminution of our constitutional rights, no matter how minor it may appear. | https://violencemonitor.com/2009/03/22/human-rights-day-2009-stand-up-for-your-rights-south-africans/ |
New Delhi (IANS): CBI Director Alok Verma was divested of his charge, as he was not cooperating with the Central Vigilance Commission, and had created "wilful obstructions" in the functioning of the anti-corruption watchdog, the government said on Wednesday.
"The CVC observed that the CBI Director has been non-cooperative with the Commission, non-compliant with the requirements or directions of the Commission and has created wilful obstructions in the functioning of the Commission, which is a Constitutional body," Union Ministry of Information and Broadcasting said in an official release.
The CVC also observed that Verma was not cooperating in making available records or files sought by the Commission relating to serious allegations, the Ministry added.
The "grave" allegations of corruption by senior functionaries against one another had vitiated the official eco-system of the organisation.
"The environment of faction feud has reached its peak in the CBI, leading to a potential loss of credibility and reputation of the premier investigating agency. It also vitiated the working environment of the organisation, which has deep and visible impact on the overall governance," the government said.
Considering the extraordinary and unprecedented circumstances, the CVC, in exercise of its powers, passed orders divesting Verma and Rakesh Asthana, the CBI Special Director of the functions, power, duty and supervisory role in respect of cases already being investigated under the provisions of Prevention of Corruption Act until further orders.
Finance Minister Arun Jaitley on Wednesday said that an SIT will be formed to go into mutual allegations of bribery levelled by Verma and Special Director Rakesh Asthana in keeping with the principle that those accused will not probe the charges or supervise investigation into charges against them.
"The government having carefully examined and evaluated the material before it and in the interest of equality, fair play and principles of natural justice, decided to divest Verma and Asthana of their functions, power, duty and supervisory role in any manner as CBI Director and Special Director, respectively."
The government on Wednesday sent both Verma and Asthana on "leave".
The government took this decision as an interim measure which will subsist "till the CVC concludes its inquiry into all issues".
The Centre has asked CBI Joint Director M. Nageshwar Rao to take over the duties and functions of the CBI Director. | http://reporterpost.in/article/top-stories/790/cbi-chief-was-non-cooperative-posed-hurdles-in-cvc-functioning-centre |
Special Issue: Feminist Solidarity: Practices, Politics and Possibilities.
May 2021
Pages 1115-1132
Abstract
This paper employs the concept of epistemic justice to examine the potential for gender equality plans (GEPs) to bring about sustainable transformative change towardsgender equality in higher education. Mindful of both the limitationsand opportunitiesof gender policy interventions,the paper highlights the importance of approaching gender inequality as a problem of justice and power rather than asan issueof “loss of talent.”The paper drawson Fricker's account of epistemic justice as well ason Bourdieu's analysis of power in the academic field, to evaluate seven GEPs in European universities for their potential to transform gender–power relations in academia. | https://arrow.tudublin.ie/aaschsslarts/80/ |
As reactions keep trailing the last Saturday’s arrests of some judges in the country over alleged corruption and manipulation of justice, the Senior Special Assistant to President Muhammadu Buhari, on Prosecution and Legal Matters, Chief Obono-Oba has said that the National Judicial Council, NJC, should not give the impression that the Judiciary is absolutely independent and not accountable to other arms of government.
Obono-Obla was reacting to the claim by the NJC that the judiciary is independent of the executive arm.
The NJC, in its first meeting after the arrest of the judges, said a raid on their houses was an abuse of power on the part of the security operatives, adding that the council has constitutional power to discipline its members.
Obono-Obla agreed that the three arms of government have their various roles but noted that each one checks the other.
He pointed out that even though the Supreme Court, Federal High Court and Appeal Court Judges are recommended by the NJC, they are appointed by the president.
He said in a Statement, “However, these functions and responsibilities do overlap and sometimes are duplicated!
“In theory each branch of government is supposed to be independent, however in practice each branch act as a check and balance on one another.
“This is why ministers and other appointees of the executive branch of government must be confirmed by the Senate after appointment by the president!
“Even though, the legislature is conferred with power to make law, sometimes the President do make law though executive orders!” He said.
He said the president is vested with the power to remove Judges on recommendation by the National Judicial Council.
“So the National Judicial Council should not give the impression that the judiciary is absolutely independent and not accountable to any other branch whatsoever.
“There is strict compartmentalization of powers in practice among the three branches of government in practice!
“If the judiciary is totally independent, why did the NJC recommend and forward the name of Justice Onnoghen for appointment as the next chief justice of Nigeria by President Muhammadu Buhari? | https://dailypost.ng/2016/10/14/president-powers-appoint-remove-justices-obono-obla-reacts-njcs-claim-independent/ |
Romania’s Government plans to bring several changes to the country’s criminal laws via emergency ordinance. One such change aims to redefine abuse of power in the Penal Code, according to an emergency ordinance draft published by the Justice Ministry on Wednesday, January 19.
Thus, public administration officials will be prosecuted for abuse of power only if the damage they cause is over RON 200,000 (EUR 44,000) and only in the damaged side files a complaint within three months from the moment it gets knowledge of the facts.
The maximum punishment for abuse of office will also be reduced from 7 years to 3 years of jail time, if the emergency ordinance is approved in the current form.
These changes will apply immediately after the ordinance becomes effective, even for ongoing corruption cases, as the Romanian criminal law says that the most favorable dispositions always apply in judging criminal cases.
The National Anticorruption Directorate (DNA) reacted to the draft ordinance published by the Justice Ministry and pointed out that these changes would affect many of its ongoing cases. Abuse of office is one of the most common corruption related crime in Romania.
DNA also pointed out that the emergency ordinance draft also brings changes to the way conflict of interests is defined in the penal code. “A public clerk will have no problem in providing advantages to private companies in which he has or had a direct interest,” reads DNA’s statement.
The ordinance also aims to change how denouncement works in Romania. The denouncement would thus only be valid if made within six months from the moment of the crime. This change would also make it very difficult to find corruption offenses that are over six months old, especially bribery cases, which are often based on denouncements.
According to DNA, denouncers rarely notify the authorities immediately after being involved in a corruption deed, because they are usually happy with what they get on the short term. Denunciations usually come when conflicts appear between the participants to a crime or when one of the participants wants to get a lower penalty for his deeds.
“It’s unexplainable why someone wants to protect those who have taken bribes and to guarantee that, after six months, they can no longer be held accountable,” DNA said.
DNA also stated that modifying the criminal law through an emergency procedure and without an objective analysis to prove the necessity of such measures, is unjustified. According to the prosecution body, the changes may also favor certain people.
Romania’s Justice Ministry published two emergency ordinance drafts on Wednesday, January 18. One targets the pardoning of some convicts and the other brings changes to the criminal law. The Romanian media reported on Tuesday that the Government planned to adopt the two ordinances on Wednesday, without any public consultation.
President Klaus Iohannis prevented this by unexpectedly attending the cabinet meeting on Wednesday morning to make sure that the two ordinances wouldn’t be included in the agenda. He made it clear that such measures must be discussed publicly before being approved by the Government.
After the Government meeting, Prime Minister Sorin Grindeanu said that the two emergency ordinances were not supposed to be discussed on Wednesday. However, he pointed out that the Government had the legal right to adopt such measures as pardoning and changes to the penal code.
Romania’s General Prosecutor, the president of the High Court of Cassation and Justice, and DNA’s chief prosecutor all stated yesterday that there was no justification for adopting such measures.
19 January 2017
Disclaimer: All views, opinions and accounts included in the RAI News Section are those of the authors; their inclusion does not imply official endorsement or acceptance by RAI. The News Section reflects the selection of topics of informative value to the organization and its stakeholders. Its content is taken from press/media sources and does not in any way reflect official RAI Secretariat policy. RAI Secretariat is not responsible for possible inaccuracies in media reports. | https://www.rai-see.org/romanias-government-plans-to-redefine-abuse-of-power-in-criminal-law/ |
Since the early 1980s, Duluth—a small community in northern Minnesota—has been an innovator of ways to hold batterers accountable and keep victims safe. The “Duluth Model” is an ever evolving way of thinking about how a community works together to end domestic violence.
A community using the Duluth Model approach:
- Has taken the blame off the victim and placed the accountability for abuse on the offender.
- Has shared policies and procedures for holding offenders accountable and keeping victims safe across all agencies in the criminal and civil justice systems from 911 to the courts.
- Prioritizes the voices and experiences of women who experience battering in the creation of those policies and procedures.
- Believes that battering is a pattern of actions used to intentionally control or dominate an intimate partner and actively works to change societal conditions that support men’s use of tactics of power and control over women.
- Offers change opportunities for offenders through court-ordered educational groups for batterers.
- Has ongoing discussions between criminal and civil justice agencies, community members and victims to close gaps and improve the community’s response to battering. | https://www.theduluthmodel.org/what-is-the-duluth-model/ |
Reflection for the 13th Sunday in Ordinary Time (Cycle B)
We have always been taught through the Gospel that the Christ has complete dominion over sickness and death, and this reality is evident in the stories in today’s readings about the woman suffering from a twelve-year hemorrhage, and the heart-wrenching demise of Jairus’ daughter.
But we may also wonder if he had such power over anything that would trouble the mind or confuse the spirit, then why did he allow bodily sickness and death in the first place? Not a few may ask why Jesus in his eternal divine nature, was not around to prevent the eventual death of both women; and if he can raise people from the dead, why would he not just keep resurrecting every person who dies in historical time?
The reality that everyone gets sick and will eventually die anyway, is much too obvious that “miracle” tales must be pondered upon more deeply in determining what evangelists wish to convey about Christ’s purpose beyond a mere display of magical abilities.
The answer to these questions may simply lie in the fact that though he may have the power to do so, it was never the intent of our Lord to intervene in the proper course of nature.
Natural physical sickness has to occur to teach us how to care for our bodies and to avoid reckless excesses beyond its limits. Natural physical death has to happen because the cosmos operates such that generations must end at some point in time in order to regenerate the next i.e., the mature if existing in perpetuity, can no longer give way to the maturing. Natural calamities such as earthquakes, typhoons or tornadoes – events we have often associated with “evil” because of the extreme disruptions they can cause on our daily activities – are in fact, positive indications of a breathing planet capable of supporting life.
Expecting Jesus to compel creation to follow our will, to grant what we want, is a clear sign of our stubborn self-centeredness. Holding him accountable for unanswered prayers for healing and blessings, is downright blasphemy.
What our Lord lovingly promised to do for us, is to respond appropriately to our faithful trust in him as we commit ourselves totally and unconditionally to him in our service for the kingdom of God.
He promises to be our defender and protector from “unnatural” sickness and death, from the illnesses, misfortunes and tragedies emanating from the evil of humanity itself.
How many people have unnecessarily fallen because of injustice and oppression? How many will grow weak from hunger and thirst because of an indifference to the plague of destitution? How many will die because the needed care cannot materialize or arrive because of an obsessive preoccupation with efficiency or short-term gains? How many will just be forgotten because we have wasted so much time planning how we should be remembered?
Indeed, God never rejoiced in a meaningless “destruction of the living,” especially if the living are strongly inclined to destroying each other. The Apostle points us to the example of Christ’s “gracious act” which mirrors the justice that will prevent “unnatural” sickness and death, and the peace that will prevail over the kingdom – “whoever had much did not have more, and whoever had little did not have less.” Would the woman’s hemorrhage not have worsened if it were not for the corruption of her medical counselors?
The raising of the daughter of Jairus is both a command from our Lord to “arise” from the foolishness of our proud and selfish ways … and a fair warning: that the One who can conquer all sickness and death, temper the tempest and suspend nature for the sake of those who have surrendered themselves to the mission of the Spirit to achieve “heaven on earth,” will be the same One who will “scatter the proud in their conceit,” who will “cast down the mighty from their thrones,” who will “lift up the lowly,” who will “fill the hungry with good things” and who will “send away the rich empty.”
These are the miracles of justice, the realization of the Beatitudes, the fulfillment of the Gospel. Those who have become conscientiously responsible for alleviating and improving the human condition, will themselves be well-provided for, even when they have already joined him in the tranquil bliss of paradise. Those who fail to be responsible for the needs of another, leading to an untimely sickness or death, will be accountable to him on the day of final judgment.
Brother Jess Matias is a professed brother of the Secular Franciscan Order. He serves as minister of the St. Pio of Pietrelcina Fraternity at St. Francis of Assisi Parish in Mandaluyong City, coordinator of the Padre Pio Prayer Groups of the Capuchins in the Philippines and prison counselor and catechist for the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology.
The views expressed in this article are the opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect the editorial stance of LiCAS.news. | https://philippines.licas.news/2021/06/27/miracles-of-justice/ |
During the course of 2004, several West African countries fell victim to the largest locust invasion in 15 years. Millions of hectares of crops and pasture were destroyed by giant swarms of insects. By October 2004, ten different West and North African countries were affected - Algeria, Burkina Faso, Cap Verde, Chad, Mali, Morocco, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, and Western Sahara.
This article was produced by IRIN News while it was part of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Please send queries on copyright or liability to the UN. For more information: https://shop.un.org/rights-permissions
We uncovered the sex abuse scandal that rocked the WHO, but there’s more to do
We just covered a report that says the World Health Organization failed to prevent and tackle widespread sexual abuse during the Ebola response in Congo.
Our investigation with the Thomson Reuters Foundation triggered this probe, demonstrating the impact our journalism can have.
But this won’t be the last case of aid worker sex abuse. This also won’t be the last time the aid sector has to ask itself difficult questions about why justice for victims of sexual abuse and exploitation has been sorely lacking.
We’re already working on our next investigation, but reporting like this takes months, sometimes years, and can’t be done alone.
The support of our readers and donors helps keep our journalism free and accessible for all. Donations mean we can keep holding power in the aid sector accountable, and do more of this. | https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/video/2004/12/08 |
ALBANY -- Hank Morris, the former top political aide to disgraced former Comptroller Alan Hevesi, was sentenced Thursday to between 16 months and four years in prison for his role in a kickback scheme involving the massive $125 billion state pension fund.
Morris, who admitted collecting millions in bogus fees from investment firms in exchange for access to the fund, also forfeited $19 million and is permanently banned from the securities industry in New York.
Attorney General Eric Schneiderman said the sentence, handed down by state Supreme Court Justice Lewis Bart Stone, "sends a strong message to New Yorkers that those who abuse positions of power to line their own pockets will be held accountable by this office."
The pension probe was the most high-profile investigation pursued by Attorney General Andrew Cuomo before he became governor.
More Information
Several participants in the pay-to-play scheme -- including Hevesi, who pleaded guilty to felony corruption charges last fall -- are due for sentencing in the weeks ahead. | https://www.timesunion.com/local/article/Pension-schemer-gets-prison-forfeits-19M-1019244.php |
Norms, tools, templates, guidelines, etc.
Unite Evaluations
Evaluation Step by Step
Evaluation in the Project/Programme cycle
Evaluation-based knowledge products
Meta-Analyses
Thematic analyses
UNEG and other UN resources
Capacity Development and SDGs
National Evaluation Capacity Building
Evaluation and SDGs
Human Rights and Gender Equality
UNEG and UN resources
Evaluation News
About IES
Evaluation Policy
Gender
Overview
Highlights
Resources
Multimedia
Contact us
Human rights
UNODC and Human Rights
Gender equality
Access to justice
Making the world safer
Health
Knowledge base
Highlights
Resources
Statements
Multimedia
International Cooperation
Inter-Governmental Bodies
Databases
Directories
Publications and tools
Technical assistance
Networks
E-learning
News and Events
Laboratory and forensic science services
Resources
Partners
Contact us
Laboratories
Law Enforcement
Science and Policy
Legal tools
Model Legislation
Research
World Drug Report
Global Study on Homicide
Global Report on Trafficking in Persons
Global Study on Smuggling of Migrants
Drug production & trafficking
Drug use
Transnational organized crime
Corruption & victimization
Crime & criminal justice
Illicit Financial Flows
Statistics
Synthetic drugs
Wildlife
Response to the Opioid Crisis
The Strategy
Resources and tools
Highlights
Stories and news
Contact us
Treaties
Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
Convention against Corruption
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
Convention on Psychotropic Substances
Convention against the Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances
Counter-terrorism Conventions
Urban Safety and Good Governance
Mexico City
Nairobi
Tashkent
Tools and resources
Policing
Crime Prevention
Criminal Justice Reform
Prison Reform
Countering TiP/SOM
Alternative Livelihoods
Terrorism Prevention
Prevention and Treatment
Countering Money Laundering
Customs
Airports
Seaports
Container Control
Countering Corruption
Countering Cybercrime
Community Engagement
Sports
Urban Safety Governance Approach
Information For
Member States
Civil Society
UNODC´s partners
About us
Annual Appeal
Annual Report
Employment opportunities
Evaluation
Funding and partnerships
Goodwill Ambassadors
International days and campaigns
Leadership
Library
Procurement
Publications
Sustainable Development Goals
Speeches
Contact UNODC
Field Offices
Europe and West and Central Asia
Afghanistan
Central Asia - Regional Office
South Eastern Europe
Iran, Islamic Republic of
Regional Programme for Afghanistan and Neighbouring Countries
Pakistan
Africa and the Middle East
Eastern Africa
Middle East and North Africa
Southern Africa
West and Central Africa
Nigeria
Latin America and the Caribbean
Central America and the Caribbean
Bolivia
Brazil and Southern Cone
Colombia
Mexico
Peru and Ecuador
South Asia, East Asia and the Pacific
South East Asia and the Pacific
- Cambodia
- Indonesia
- Lao PDR
- Myanmar
- Thailand - Regional office
- Viet Nam
South Asia
- Regional Office for South Asia
Liaison Office - Brussels
Liaison Office - New York
Quick Links
Civil Society Engagement
Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (CCPCJ)
Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND)
Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its Protocols (UNTOC/COP)
Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption (COSP)
Doha Declaration Global Programme
Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking (UN.GIFT)
IMOLIN - the international money laundering information network
International Anti-Corruption Day (9 December)
International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking (26 June)
International Narcotics Control Board (INCB)
Paris Pact Initiative
SHERLOC knowledge management portal
Treatnet
United Nations Trust Fund for Victims of Human Trafficking
United Nations drug, crime and terrorism treaties
United Nations system website locator
UNODC Youth Initiative
World Drug Report
COVID-19 Response
Home
About the Gender Team
Gender Strategy
Gender & Thematic Areas
News
Newsletter
Contact us
We appreciate your interest on issues about gender equality and the empowerment of women.
Please do not hesitate to contact us directly if you should have any questions or enquiries at
[email protected]
Vienna International Centre
P.O. Box 500
1400 Vienna, Austria
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
Vienna International Centre
Tel.: (+43-1) 26060-0
www.unodc.org
For
employment, internships, and volunteer opportunities
, please visit the
UNODC employment page
. This page is updated regularly and contains all the positions currently available at UNODC. | http://www.unodc.org/unodc/zh/gender/contact-us.html |
Published in Times of India, Pune on 3 October 2018. Lost and found. Posted here for you.
Accountability is an essential component of a democratic system. It is based on periodic elections and different types of vertical and horizontal accountability arrangements that hold executive branches accountable to legislature; civil servants to politicians; and businesses to their shareholders. Such systems consist of a range of independent regulatory agencies, such as superior audit institutions and corruption commissions that scrutinize the actions and decisions of businesses, politicians and bureaucrats.
So just who is accountable? The simple answer to that is ‘those who govern and have the power and authority to do so.’ By this definition, the elected representative wins legitimacy by getting the political mandate in an election, and then the law of the land confers power and authority upon her/him. This constitutes political authority, which is in turn delegated to the bureaucracy as administrative authority. In this way are policies, programmes and decisions implemented, through a well understood and well-regulated delegation of power and authority.
Through regulation, governments are both mandated by, and made accountable to society at large, putting all governance in an essentially social context – hence SOCIAL accountability. Further, this mandate confers the power and authority to use PUBLIC funds to run the country and its government, making those who govern, financially accountable as well.
Accountability (or the lack of it) in public life is often discussed in the context of corruption, and along with clientelism and crony capitalism, it is branded as the main reason that developing countries never really make it. The underlying assumption is that a corrupt act or practice is always at the cost of the rights of another individual, group or organization.
Compounded over its entirety, corruption results in huge financial losses and social cost to any country.
Instinctively, we all understand corruption because we grow up bribing and tipping our way through life, but how corruption gets into every system and how its mechanisms really work, needs a little understanding.
Robert Klitgaard, economist and academic – considered the world expert on corruption – set forth the problem succinctly in his famous formula:
Corruption = Monopoly + Discretion – Accountability
Therefore, if a country seriously wishes to tackle corruption, it must minimize monopolies, reduce discretion in procedures, and enhance accountability.
Monopoly: Where possible, the effects of monopoly can be reduced by allowing some private operators to provide the same services, but with proper regulation. Where a service provider is monopolistic by its very nature (like a Municipal Corporation) we need to look at ways to mitigate the monopoly of decision-making. The most obvious way is widening the space for decision-making through regular and formalized public consultations and participation. Furthermore, outsourcing the basic services to workers’ collectives, NGOs and CBOs, will also soften the monolithic, monopolistic work culture of these places. Another way would be through the lateral induction of managers who have had corporate experience in the areas which the monopoly deals with.
Discretion: Most day-to-day bribery is a result of the enormous discretionary powers given to individuals. It is necessary to revisit some of the archaic laws, vestiges of British Rule, where the ruling class did not trust the natives, and all powers were vested in senior civil servants. Did you know, for instance, that there is a major element of discretion in assessing the property taxes for your property? The only way to outwit individual discretion is through e-Governance, where there are several layers of checks and balances; business processes have been re-engineered; and standardization has been put in place. Moreover, people’s access to information is much greater in an IT-enabled environment, allowing for greater vigilance by civil society.
Accountability can be increased by Access Legislation, like the Right to Information (RTI) Act of 2005, provided it is adhered to in letter and spirit by both sides. And most importantly, we need much greater transparency in the procurement process and the award of contracts by Municipal Corporations, State Governments and the Central Government.
Summarizing: Governments that are serious about reducing corruption in public systems need to look earnestly at 5 key issues:
- Building objective criteria and benchmarks for decision-making, thus reducing individual discretion and arbitrariness
- De-bureaucratization or simplification of procedures so that expediency does not become a reason for corruption
- Enunciating clearly the role of various agencies, provisions, conditionalities, benefits, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms of Government schemes
- Putting in place mechanisms for social, financial, legal and political accountability at every level – local, regional and national
- Creating public awareness of the mechanisms of redressal available to citizens when faced with corruption
Only ridding the system of its tendencies of monopoly, discretion and lack of accountability, can stop everyday bribery and corruption.
Related: | https://nasrinsiddiqui.com/category/accountability-and-corruption/ |
What is the value of SS (sum of squared deviations) for the following population? Population: 2, 3, 0, 5
Obtain mean of the population.
The data points of the population are:
Population X: 2, 3, 0 and 5.
Mean:
Mean is an important measure of center when the data is quantitative. Mean of a data set is the sum of the data set divided by the size of the data set.
The mean of the population is obtained as 2.5 from the calculation given below:
Obtain the sum of squared deviations from mean for the given population.
The mean of the population is 2.5.
Sum of squared deviations:
The sum of squared deviations indicates by how much the data points in the dataset vary from the given number (generally mean).
The general formula for sum ...
Solutions are written by subject experts who are available 24/7. Questions are typically answered within 1 hour.*See Solution
Q: Use the normal approximation to the binominal to approximate the probabilities. *Using A Ti-84 Calcu...
A: Normal approximation to the binomial:From the given information, it is clear that n = 120The probabi...
Q: M Asigmnt Ose ook St hx Ch S g The D x4 ttp/ww.asignnet/wbudentsignment-Responses/subithdep-21213790...
A: Box and whisker plot:A type of graph used to display patterns of quantitative data is called a boxpl...
Q: Q5. You are considering two investment choices: a. 1 year CD that pays 2% for sure; b. investing in ...
A: Portfolio Mean and SDI am answering all the sub-partsQ5. You are considering two investment choices:...
Q: A researcher claims that the incidence of a certain type of cancer is less than 5%. To test this cla...
A: Test statistic calculation:In this context, a researcher claimed that the proportion of incidence of...
Q: Suppose that Xi ∼ Gamma(αi , β) independently for i = 1, . . . , N. The mgf(moment generating functi...
A: It is provided that and the moment generating function (MGF) is,
Q: Jane has stored three albums on her iPod. The first album consists of 11 songs by Frank Sinatra, the...
A: According to the given question, Jane has stored three albums on her iPod.The first album consists o...
Q: Let S be a given sample space and let E and F be two events that have no common outcome and their un...
A: Probability of two events:It is given that E and F are the two events in sample space, S. The probab...
Q: Let z=a be a positive z-score in a standard normal distribution such that the area between z=-a and ...
A: Normal distribution:A random variable X is said to follow a normal distribution if the probability d...
Q: 1). How would you measure both “general knowledge” and “judgment” (what are your operational definit...
A: 1)The “general knowledge” and “judgement” of the participants can be measured by a series of tests g... | https://www.bartleby.com/questions-and-answers/what-is-the-value-of-ss-sum-of-squared-deviations-for-the-following-population-population-2-3-0-5/c1826648-23fe-4087-b222-4572d5b40d6c |
Practitioners and researchers have long recognized the significance of time and cost of construction as crucial to project feasibility assessment and budget allocation decisions. Therefore it is imperative for clients and contractors to obtain reliable and accurate estimates of both time and cost at the planning phase of a project. This study examined the application of Browmilow’s TimeCost (BTC) model for the prediction of commercial building projects’ duration in Kampala central using a set of completed projects database. Linear regression was performed to investigate timecost relationship of the data. The result revealed a positive correlation between the variables with R and R2 values of 0.8427 and 0.7101 respectively. A log-log regression in the form of the BTC model was developed to determine the value of K which showed general level of time performance and β which demonstrated the sensitivity of time performance as affected by project size measured by cost. The result indicated a K value of 2.25 which is very low compared to values obtained in previous studies for other categories of construction. The β value of 0.523 indicates a greater influence of project complexity on the prolongation of time of construction. The model demonstrated a good fit to the data with R value of 0.6832 and R2 value of 0.4668. The model also showed a weak prediction efficacy with a mean absolute deviation (MAD) of 503.8, mean squared error (MSE) of 253207.8 Mean Absolute Percent Error (MAPE) of 46.25% over a test sample which is considered inadequate for application in practice. The potential limitation of the model is that it does not consider other factors apart from cost that have effect on construction time. | http://dissertations.mak.ac.ug/handle/20.500.12281/9377 |
Calibration curves are a useful little regression diagnostic that provide a nice goodness of fit measure. The basic idea behind the diagnostic is that if we plot our estimated probabilities against the observed binary data, and if the model is a good fit, a loess curve1 on this scatter plot should be close to a diagonal line.
The key advantage of calibration curves is that they show goodness of fit in an absolute sense. That is, they answer the question “Is this model good?”. This is more useful than the usual model checking statistics, that instead answer the question “Is model A better than model B?”. In the latter case, maybe model A is better than B, but model A still may well be just a bad model.2
Let’s get started with some data, and a model:
set.seed(124) library(ggplot2); theme_set(theme_bw(base_size = 14)) dat <- lme4::InstEval dat <- dat[sample(nrow(dat), 1000), ] fit <- glm(y > 3 ~ studage + lectage + service + dept, binomial, dat)
The
InstEval dataset is a collection of instructor evaluation scores from ETH
Zurich. The point of the model is to predict whether an instructor will be given
a score greater than 3 by her students. The covariates chosen are student age,
instructor age, service, and department. There are other variables in the data,
and the reader can investigate by issuing
?InstEval.
The summary table is large, so I will omit it from the output.
It’s always good to check the model before we make inferences. This is an effective strategy that prevents \(p\)-hacking, but still gives us a chance to find a good model without poisoning conclusions.
Here is the code to draw the calibration curve:
We require a data frame with just the predictions and observed 0s and 1s.
pdat <- with(dat, data.frame(y = ifelse(y > 3, 1, 0), prob = predict(fit, type = "response")))
ggplot(pdat, aes(prob, y)) + geom_point(shape = 21, size = 2) + geom_abline(slope = 1, intercept = 0) + geom_smooth(method = stats::loess, se = FALSE) + scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(0, 1, 0.1)) + scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(0, 1, 0.1)) + xlab("Estimated Prob.") + ylab("Data w/ Empirical Prob.") + ggtitle("Logistic Regression Calibration Plot")
## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'
Recall that if the blue smooth is close to a diagonal, then the model is internally calibrated to the data3. In the case of this model, we actually see pretty good agreement between data and estimate across the range of possible predictions.
Calibration curves can be further extended to estimate out of sample
calibration via a bootstrapping procedure. This is even better, but we might
most easily use the
rms library to do this.
library(rms) refit <- lrm(y > 3 ~ studage + lectage + service + dept, dat, x = TRUE, y = TRUE) plot(calibrate(refit, B = 400))
## ## n=1000 Mean absolute error=0.031 Mean squared error=0.00131 ## 0.9 Quantile of absolute error=0.053
The
calibrate function from
rms graphs both internal and external
calibration. Our estimate of internal calibration above closely matches what is
shown using
calibrate, but the external (aka bias corrected) measure shows
that the model may not be suitable for predicting on new data. | https://randomeffect.net/post/2021/03/08/how-to-draw-a-calibration-curve-for-logistic-regression/ |
Example 1. A clinical dietician wants to compare two different diets, A and B, for diabetic patients. She hypothesizes that diet A (Group 1) will be better than diet B (Group 2), in terms of lower blood glucose. She plans to get a random sample of diabetic patients and randomly assign them to one of the two diets. At the end of the experiment, which lasts 6 weeks, a fasting blood glucose test will be conducted on each patient. She also expects that the average difference in blood glucose measure between the two group will be about 10 mg/dl. Furthermore, she also assumes the standard deviation of blood glucose distribution for diet A to be 15 and the standard deviation for diet B to be 17. The dietician wants to know the number of subjects needed in each group assuming equal sized groups.
Example 2. An audiologist wanted to study the effect of gender on the response time to a certain sound frequency. He suspected that men were better at detecting this type of sound then were women. He took a random sample of 20 male and 20 female subjects for this experiment. Each subject was be given a button to press when he/she heard the sound. The audiologist then measured the response time – the time between the sound was emitted and the time the button was pressed. Now, he wants to know what the statistical power is based on his total of 40 subjects to detect the gender difference.
Prelude to the power analysis
There are two different aspects of power analysis. One is to calculate the necessary sample size for a specified power as in Example 1. The other aspect is to calculate the power when given a specific sample size as in Example 2. Technically, power is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when the specific alternative hypothesis is true. We can also think of this as the probability of detecting a true effect.
For the power analyses below, we are going to focus on Example 1 and calculate the required sample size for a given statistical power when testing the difference in the effect of diet A and diet B. In order to perform the power analysis, the dietician has to make some decisions about the precision and sensitivity of the test and provide some educated guesses about the data distributions. Here is the information we have to know or estimate or assume in order to perform the power analysis and the values given for Example 1:
- The expected difference in the average blood glucose; in this case it is set to 10.
- The standard deviations of blood glucose for Group 1 and Group 2; in this case, they are set to 15 and 17 respectively.
- The alpha level, or the Type I error rate, which is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true. A common practice is to set it at the .05 level.
- The pre-specified level of statistical power for calculating the sample size; this will be set to .8.
- The pre-specified number of subjects for calculating the statistical power; this is the situation for Example 2.
Notice that in the first example, the dietician specified the difference in the two means but didn’t specify the means for each group. This is because that she is only interested in the difference and the actual values of the means will not effect her analysis.
Power analysis
In Sample Power, it is fairly straightforward to perform power analysis for comparing means. Simply begin a new analysis and select ‘t-test for two independent groups with common variance [enter means]’.
We can then specify the two means, the mean for Group 1 (diet A) and the mean for Group 2 (diet B). Since what really matters is the difference between the two values, we can enter a mean of zero for Group 1 and a mean of 10 for Group 2 so that the difference in means will be 10. Next, we specify the standard deviation for the first population and standard deviation for the second population. Note that upon entering a value for the second group, the following window will appear, to which ‘yes’ is the appropriate response.
From there, the default significance level (alpha level) is .05. For this example, we will set the power to be .8 by clicking the ‘Find N for any power’ button.
The calculation results indicate that we would need 42 subjects for diet A and another 42 subject for diet B in our sample in order to detect the specified difference with the given power. Now, let’s use another pair of means with the same difference. As we have discussed earlier, the results should be the same and we can see that they are.
A third way to the same result would be to begin a new project, designate ‘t-test for two independent groups with common variance [enter difference]’, and enter the difference between the means and the pooled standard deviation, which is the square root of the average of the two variances (squared standard deviations). In this case, it is sqrt((15^2 + 17^2)/2) ≈ 16.0. Despite the different types of inputs, we see an identical outcome.
Now the dietician may feel that a total sample size of 82 subjects is beyond her budget. One way of reducing the sample size is to increase the Type I error rate, or the alpha level. Let’s say instead of using alpha level of .05 we will use .07, an adjustment accomplished by clicking the alpha value, then the blank value, and entering the new alpha value. As a result, our sample size decreases by 4 for each group as shown below.
Now suppose the dietician can only collect data on 60 subjects with 30 in each group. What will the statistical power for her t-test be with respect to alpha level of .07?
What if she actually collected her data on 60 subjects but with 40 on diet A and 20 on diet B instead of equal sample sizes in the groups? Note that the N values will need to be unlinked, like the standard deviations were before.
As you can see the power goes down from .72 to .69 even though the total number of subjects is the same. This is why we always say that a balanced design is more efficient.
Discussion
An important technical assumption is the normality assumption. If the distribution is skewed, then a small sample size may not have the power shown in the results because the power in the results is calculated using the normality assumption. We have seen that in order to compute the power or the sample size, we have to make a number of assumptions. These assumptions are used not only for the purpose of power calculations but in the actual t-test itself. So one important side benefit of performing power analysis is to help us to better understand our designs and our hypotheses.
We have seen in the power calculation process that what matters in the two-independent sample t-test is the difference in the means and the standard deviations for the two groups. This leads to the concept of effect size. In this case, the effect size will be the difference in means over the pooled standard deviation. The larger the effect size, the higher the power for a given sample size. Or the larger the effect size, the smaller the sample size needed to achieve a given level of power. Given this relationship, we can see that an accurate estimate of effect size is key to a good power analysis. However, it is not always an easy task to determine the effect size prior to collecting data. Good estimates of effect size often come from the existing literature or pilot studies.
For more information on power analysis, please visit our Introduction to Power Analysis seminar. | https://stats.idre.ucla.edu/spss/spss-user/sample-power/sample-power-data-analysis-examplespower-analysis-for-two-group-independent-sample-t-test/ |
Using omega-squared instead of eta-squared. Eta-squared (η²) and partial eta-squared (ηp²) are biased effect size estimators.
I knew this, but I never understood how bad it was. Here’s how bad it is: If η² was a flight from New York to Amsterdam, you would end up in Berlin. Because of the bias, using η² or ηp² in power analyses can lead to underpowered studies, because the sample size estimate will be too small. Below, I’ll share a relatively unknown but remarkably easy to use formula to calculate partial omega squared ωp² which you can use in power analyses instead of ηp². You should probably always us ωp² in power analyses.
Effect sizes have variance (they vary every time you would perform the same experiment) but they can also have systematic bias. While reading up on this topic, I came across work by Okada (2013). The bias in η² decreases as the sample size per condition increases, and it increases as the effect size becomes smaller (but not that much). How biased is eta-squared? The table shows the bias. So there’s that. Reporting eta. About eta-squared A measure of relationship; like a correlation coefficient it tells you on a scale 0 to 1 how much of variance in DV can be account for by each IV.
Analogous to r2 and can be thought of as a % on a scale 0-100. It is a useful addition to just being told if a relationship or difference is significant. Eta-squared reflects the percentage of DV variance explained by the IVs in the sample data. As an estimate of variance explained in the population it is upwardly biased (i.e., an overestimate). FAQ/effectSize - CBU statistics Wiki. Generalized eta and omega squared statistics: measures of effect size for some common research designs. Effect Size (ES) - Effect Size Calculators (Lee Becker)
MULTIPLE REGRESSION BASICS - MultipleRegressionBasicsCollection.pdf. Power Analysis. Overview Power analysis is an important aspect of experimental design.
It allows us to determine the sample size required to detect an effect of a given size with a given degree of confidence. Conversely, it allows us to determine the probability of detecting an effect of a given size with a given level of confidence, under sample size constraints. If the probability is unacceptably low, we would be wise to alter or abandon the experiment. The following four quantities have an intimate relationship: Power & Sample Size Calculator - Statistical Solutions, LLC. DSS Research: Statistical Power Calculator. Enter "Test Value" Enter "Sample Average" Enter "Sample Size" Enter "Standard Deviation Value For Sample" "Test Value" and "Sample Average" can not be equal Please enter a value greater than '0' for "Sample Size" Please enter a value greater than '0' for "Standard Deviation for Sample" Please enter valid value for "Test Value" Please enter valid value for "Sample Average" Please enter valid value for "Sample Size" Please enter valid value for "Standard Deviation for Sample" Enter the average value for the sample and a value to compare it to.
Also enter the sample size and standard deviation for the sample or rough estimates of them. For reference, a 5-pt. scale may typically have a standard deviation of 0.8 to 1.2 and a 10-pt scale may have a standard deviation between 3.0 and 4.0 for most items. The larger the standard deviation, the larger the sampling error. Power in Statistics. Power & Sample Size Calculator - Statistical Solutions, LLC.
A Comparison of Effect Size Statistics. If you’re in a field that uses Analysis of Variance, you have surely heard that p-values alone don’t indicate the size of an effect.
You also need to give some sort of effect size measure. Why? Because with a big enough sample size, any difference in means, no matter how small, can be statistically significant. P-values are designed to tell you if your result is a fluke, not if it’s big. Truly the simplest and most straightforward effect size measure is the difference between two means. If you’re familiar with an area of research and the variables used in that area, you should know if a 3-point difference is big or small, although your readers may not. How to calculate Cohen d effect size. Estimating the Sample Size. Estimating the Sample Size Necessary to Have Enough Power How much data do you need -- that is, how many subjects should you include in your research.
If you do not consider the expenses of gathering and analyzing the data (including any expenses incurred by the subjects), the answer to this question is very simple -- the more data the better. The more data you have, the more likely you are to reach a correct decision and the less error there will be in your estimates of parameters of interest. The ideal would be to have data on the entire population of interest. In that case you would be able to make your conclusions with absolute confidence (barring any errors in the computation of the descriptive statistics) and you would not need any inferential statistics.
Although you may sometimes have data on the entire population of interest, more commonly you will consider the data on hand as a random sample of the population of interest. How much power do I want? Effect size used in power analysis? University of Colorado Colorado Springs. Free Effect Size (Cohen's d) Calculator for a Student t-Test. Effect Size for Dependent Samples t-Test. Effect Size for Paired T-test. University of Colorado Colorado Springs. Eta-Squared. Eta-squared. Eta-squared ( ) is a measure of effect size for use in ANOVA. is analagous to R2 from multiple linear regression. = SSbetween / SStotal = SSB / SST = proportion of variance in Y explained by X = Non-linear correlation coefficient ranges between 0 and 1.
Interpret as for r2 or R2; a rule of thumb (Cohen): .01 ~ small.06 ~ medium.14 ~ large. Meta-analysis Workshop - ma-hebrew.pdf. Effect sizes. Null hypothesis testing and effect sizes Most of the statistics you have covered have been concerned with null hypothesis testing: assessing the likelihood that any effect you have seen in your data, such as a correlation or a difference in means between groups, may have occurred by chance.
As we have seen, we do this by calculating a p value -- the probability of your null hypothesis being correct; that is, p gives the probability of seeing what you have seen in your data by chance alone. This probability goes down as the size of the effect goes up and as the size of the sample goes up. However, there are problems with this process. As we have discussed, there is the problem that we spend all our time worrying about the completely arbitrary .05 alpha value, such that p=.04999 is a publishable finding but p=.05001 is not.
Effect size measures either measure the sizes of associations or the sizes of differences. (* This average is calculated using the formula below ) Good question! | http://www.pearltrees.com/pag101/how-big-effect-size-power/id8369234 |
Curving Test Scores A professor gives a test and the scores are normally distributed with a mean of 60 and a standard deviation of 12. She plans to curve the scores.
a. If she curves by adding 15 to each grade, what is the new mean and standard deviation?
b. Is it fair to curve by adding 15 to each grade? Why or why not?
c. If the grades are curved so that grades of B are given to scores above the bottom 70% and below the top 10%, find the numerical limits for a grade of B.
d. Which method of curving the grades is fairer: adding 15 to each original score or using a scheme like the one given in part (c)? Explain.
Experts are waiting 24/7 to provide step-by-step solutions in as fast as 30 minutes!*
Q: Which provides stronger evidence against the null hypothesis, a P-value of 0.02 or a P-value of 0.03...
A: Decision criterion:If the p-value of the test is less than or equal to the level of significance, re...
Q: Composite Sampling. Exercises 33 and 34 involve the method of composite sampling, whereby a medical ...
A: GivenA person aged 15-49 are infected with HIV is 1%.The probability that a person aged 15 - 49 is w...
Q: Another type of confidence interval is called a one-sided confidence interval. A one-sided confidenc...
A: The lower bound of the confidence interval about population mean is,
Q: How is a normal probability plot used to detect outliers?
A: An outlier is an observation that appears to deviate markedly from other observations in the sample.
Q: A variable of a population is normally distributed with mean µ and standard deviation σ. For samples...
A: Hey there! Thank you for posting the question. Since your question has more than 3 parts, we are sol...
Q: Find the confidence level and a for a. an 85% confidence interval.b. a 95% confidence interval.
A: The level of significance can be defined as the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it...
Q: Sampling Eye Color Based on a study by Dr. P. Sorita Soni at Indiana University, we know that eye co...
A: a.Convenience sampling:Convenience sample is taken by using subjects that are easily available for c...
Q: A confidence interval for a population mean has a margin of error of 0.047. a. Determine the length ...
A: a. Length of the confidence interval: The value of margin of error in the confidence interval is tre...
Q: "This is a lie". Is this a paradox ?
A: "This is a lie"Assume it is true that it is a lie, then actually it is a lie indeed and it cannot be...
Q: 120 psychology students took a standardized test. The scores are summarized in the GFDT below. ...
A: Frequency:The frequency of a particular data value is the number of times the data value occurs.Cumu...
Q: In Exercises, hypothesis tests are proposed. For each hypothesis test, a.determine the null hypothes...
A: a).Let µ be the mean annual salary of classroom teachers.The null hypothesis for the test is given b...
Q: Designing a Work Station A common design requirement is that an environment must fit the range of pe...
A: a)The random variable x represents the sitting knee heights of the males.The minimum table clearance...
Q: Guilty or Innocent? In the U.S. court system, a defendant is assumed innocent until proven guilty. S...
A: Click to see the answer
Q: Wildfires. Wildfires are uncontrolled fires that usually spread quickly and are common in wilderness...
A: The Boxplot and Histogram for the given data can be obtained as follows:Step-by-step procedure to ob...
Q: ow old are professional football players? The 11th Edition of The Pro Football Encyclopedia gave the...
A: The descriptive statistics are calculated in EXCEL. The software procedure is as follows.Enter the d...
Q: apep 2.1.2 Histor X Utwinsanwe wA le 3 Onlhe Dot Fagroil Ontine: egir to My A orlord comm, You'reria...
A: Solution: We are given that the weights (in pounds) of babies born in the pediatric wing of a hospit...
Q: Simulating Dice When two dice are rolled, the total is between 2 and 12 inclusive. A student simulat...
A: Consider the experiment of rolling two dice. There are 36 equally likely outcomes. The sum of the nu...
Q: Blackjack In the game of blackjack played with one deck, a player is initially dealt 2 different car...
A: Here, a player is dealt with 2 other cards from the 52 different cards in the deck. Also, the winnin...
Q: Define a. normally distributed variable.b. normally distributed population.c. parameters for a norma...
A: a.Normally distributed variable: If the distribution has the shape is normal curve then it is said t...
Q: Banquet Room Rental. The banquet room at the Saguaro Steak House can be rented at a rate of $40 per ...
A: (a) From the given information, Y is the response variable indicating the total cost of holding a re...
Q: A simple random sample of size 100 is taken from a population with unknown standard deviation. A nor...
A: The following assumptions are required for the small sample confidence interval about mean to be val...
Q: Two t-curves have degrees of freedom 12 and 20, respectively. Which one more closely resembles the s...
A: Condition for standard normal curve: If the sample size is large (>30), then the distribution fol...
Q: Ethanol Railroad Tariffs. An ethanol railroad tariff is a fee charged for shipments of ethanol on pu...
A: Sampling distribution of a sample mean:
Q: Drone Deliveries Based on a Pitney Bowes survey, assume that 42% of consumers are comfortable having...
A: From the given information:The probability that the consumers are comfortable having drones is p = 0...
Q: Rationalize the denominator of 1/the square root of 3
A: Click to see the answer
Q: Identify the distribution of the standardized version of a normally distributed variable.
A: The distribution of the standardized version of a normally distributed variable have the mean 0 and ...
Q: Suppose that you plan to apply the one-mean z-interval procedure to obtain a 90% confidence interval...
A: It is given that the population standard deviation is 12 and the sample size is 9.
Q: National Statistics Day a. If a person is randomly selected, find the probability that his or her bi...
A: a)Let event A denote the randomly selecting a person who had birthday on October 18.There is only on...
Q: In each of Exercises, answer true or false to each statement concerning a confidence interval for a ...
A: The margin of error for each confidence interval (E) is obtained as follows:
Q: A 2x2 ANOVA produced the following F-ratios. FA = 1, FB = 5, FAxB = 8. For all three tests, dfbetwee...
A: The critical value for the F-ratios FA = 1.From the given information the value of test statistics i...
Q: Relative to the population mean, what happens to the possible sample means for samples of the same s...
A: When the sample size increases, the variability between the set of all possible sample means becomes...
Q: I need help with only question 14. I need help with parts a,b,c,d, and e.
A: Hey there! Thank you for posting the question. Since there are multiple subparts posted, according t...
Q: In each of Exercises, determine the critical value(s) for a one-mean z-test. For each exercise, draw...
A: Click to see the answer
Q: Identify two possibleways inwhich conditional probabilities can be computed.
A: Justification:The conditional probability Rule
Q: Detecting Fraud The Brooklyn District Attorney’s office analyzed the leading (leftmost) digits of ch...
A: (a)Define the random variable x as the number of checks with the leading digit as 1. Here, the numbe...
Q: Change for a Quarter How many different ways can you make change for a quarter? (Different arrangeme...
A: The number of coins that are less than a quarter in terms of money is three. They arePenny ($0.01)Ni...
Q: Mortgage Industry Employees. In an issue of National Mortgage News, a special report was published o...
A: a)Step-by-step procedure to obtain the normal probability plot using the MINITAB software:Choose Gra...
Q: Life Insurance in Force. The American Council of Life Insurers provides information about life insur...
A: a)
Q: ind the median, first quartile (Q1) and the third quartile (Q3) for the data shown, which is already...
A: Obtain the median time took by participants to solve the puzzle.The median of the dataset is nothing...
Q: Regarding the test of significance for the usefulness of the predictor variables x1, x2, and x3 in p...
A: From the given information, the equation having three predictor variables x1, x2 and x3 for predicti...
Q: Low Birth Weight The University of Maryland Medical Center considers “low birth weights” to be those...
A: a)The random variable x represents the birth weights.The formula to convert the x value into Z score...
Q: In each of Problems, assume that the variable under consideration has a density curve. Note that the...
A: Here, it is observed that percentage of all possible observation of the variable that lies within an...
Q: The symbolФ(z) is often used to denote the area under the standard normal curve that lies to the lef...
A: In a one mean z test z0 is the observed value of the test statistic z. F(z) is used to denote the ar...
Q: decimal equivalent to 3/2pi
A: Note:Hey there! Thank you for posting the question. For the calculation we are considering given val...
Q: Wedding Costs. According to Bride’s Magazine, getting married these days can be expensive when the c...
A: a. The point estimate for the population mean wedding cost, µ is 26,326.9 and it is obtained below: ...
Q: Regarding the criterion used to decide on the plane that best fits a set of data points in k + 1 dim...
A: (a) The least-square criterion is the criterion which helps in determining the best fitting line of ...
Q: Suppose that, in a hypothesis test, the null hypothesis is in fact false. a. Is it possible to make ...
A: Type I error:Probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true.Type II error:Pro...
Q: In each of Exercises, assume that the population standard deviation is known and decide whether use ...
A: GivenPopulation standard deviation is knownThe variable under consideration is very close to being n... | https://www.bartleby.com/questions-and-answers/curving-test-scores-a-professor-gives-a-test-and-the-scores-are-normally-distributed-with-a-mean-of-/d79b63c4-2919-42ee-9600-96bf4184cfed |
Python | Mean Squared Error
The Mean Squared Error (MSE) or Mean Squared Deviation (MSD) of an estimator measures the average of error squares i.e. the average squared difference between the estimated values and true value. It is a risk function, corresponding to the expected value of the squared error loss. It is always non – negative and values close to zero are better. The MSE is the second moment of the error (about the origin) and thus incorporates both the variance of the estimator and its bias.
Steps to find the MSE
- Find the equation for the regression line.
(1)
- Insert X values in the equation found in step 1 in order to get the respective Y values i.e.
(2)
- Now subtract the new Y values (i.e. ) from the original Y values. Thus, found values are the error terms. It is also known as the vertical distance of the given point from the regression line.
(3)
- Square the errors found in step 3.
(4)
- Sum up all the squares.
(5)
- Divide the value found in step 5 by the total number of observations.
(6)
Example:
Consider the given data points: (1,1), (2,1), (3,2), (4,2), (5,4)
You can use this online calculator to find the regression equation / line.
Regression line equation: Y = 0.7X – 0.1
|X||Y|
|1||1||0.6|
|2||1||1.29|
|3||2||1.99|
|4||2||2.69|
|5||4||3.4|
Now, using formula found for MSE in step 6 above, we can get MSE = 0.21606
MSE using scikit – learn:
Output: 0.21606
MSE using Numpy module: | https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-mean-squared-error/ |
Funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), this project is a collaboration between LMU HER, the German Aerospace Center (DLR), the United Nations University (UNU), the Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen., the IZES GmbH, geomer GmbH, and the Munich Climate Insurance Initiative (MCII). The international partners include the Huế University - International School (HUIS), the Huế University of Sciences (HUSC), the Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DONRE) of the Thua Thien Huế Province, the Thua Thien Hue Provincial Commanding Committee of Natural Disaster Prevention and Control, Search and Rescue (CCNDPC/SR) and the Sub-Institute of Hydrometeorology and Climate Change (SIHYMECC) at the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE).
The objective of FloodAdaptVN is to reduce current and future flood risks through the implementation of targeted ecosystem-based adaptation strategies into the flood risk management frameworks in Central Vietnam. More specifically, the aims of FloodAdaptVN are to
1) understand and assess the drivers, spatial patterns
(incl. hotspots), and dynamics of present-day
and future flood risks (2030, 2050, 2100),
2) investigate entry points for and barriers towards the implementation of disaster risk reduction (DRR), risk transfer (i.e. insurance) and adaptation solutions (with a strong focus on ecosystem-based approaches),
3) co-develop a decision support tool for risk-informed
(spatial) planning and prioritizing among
different DRR, risk transfer and adaptation measures and,
4) foster capacity development.
Focus area is the catchment of the Perfume River in the Thua Thien Hue Province, Viet Nam, which also includes the city of Hue.
During a Definition phase (08/2019-03/2021), the modular FloodAdaptVN approach was developed and successfully tested in pilot applications. The Research and Development phase is now carried out with the following foci: A sophisticated and transferable modelling framework adapted to local conditions will assess the present-day flood risks and possible future flood risk under Representative Concentration (RCP) and Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) scenarios. Existing and planned DRR, risk transfer and adaptation measures, as well as potential innovative measures will be identified and evaluated against a multi-criteria catalogue, including impact reduction, protection targets, social acceptance, cost-benefit, potential mal-adaptive consequences as well as synergies and trade-offs with Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) targets. The modular approach will be made available in a designated Flood Information System (FRAME).
To ensure that FloodAdaptVN produces policy-relevant outcomes, strengthens existing and builds new capacities in the region, the key research questions, the overall methodological approach as well as the type and format of the proposed outcomes and outputs will continue to be co-developed and co-produced in close collaboration with relevant local stakeholders and Vietnamese scientific partners. General information of the project is available at https://floodadapt.eoc.dlr.de/index.html
LMU contributions
Within the FloodAdaptVN project, LMU is leading the subproject “Integrated risk trends”. This work package is aimed to develop and evaluate of future flood risk scenarios for the years 2030, 2050 and 2100. The scenarios will be downscaled from the Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs) and the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) to cover short-term planning horizons but also long-term climate-driven scenarios. Based on this approach climate change effects but also future demographic and economic developments will be assessed in terms of regional flood risk. In this way, the different future degrees of exposition and vulnerability of the study region can be determined and evaluated.
In a first step LMU develops an integrateive scenario-framework, which will serve as a base for the different modelling strings of FloodAdaptVN. This framework will be also used for the assessment of exposition and vulnerability scenarios. For this purpose, modelling tools as the urban growth model SLEUTH will be applied and further developed in order to project the different developments in future urbanization processes and socio-economic conditions. Qualitative scenarios for the vulnerability of population, critical infrastructure, and the key sectors will be developed and quantified using statistical modelling tools, agent based modeling and Bayesian network modeling. These scenarios will be merged with the flood hazard scenarios, developed within the FloodAdaptVN project. The obtained integrative risk scenarios will serve as a base for the analysis of adaptation options and the decision support system.
LMU will further contribute to the capacity development and knowledge transfer to Vietnam. This includes exchange programs, bilateral PhD theses, research visits, external scholarships, short visits but also the offer of training courses provided by the Chamber of Industry and Commerce. | https://www.geographie.uni-muenchen.de/department/fiona/forschung/projekte/index.php?projekt_id=323 |
The Plan4Blue project has developed four scenarios to depict how planning choices may affect people and the marine nature in the Gulf of Finland and the Archipelago Sea. A short video animation was produced to present four alternative future scenarios: “Unlimited growth”, “Virtual reality”, “Sustainability above all!” and “Sustainability dilemma”, as well as infographics of scenarios of different sectors.
Questions this practice may help answer:
- How can scenarios be presented in an innovative and engaging way?
- What tools are available to develop and analyse alternative future scenarios ?
Implementation Context:
The scenario process produced both qualitative and quantitative data that can be potentially used in the MSP process of the countries in question.
Aspects / Objectives:
The scenario process aimed to depict and discuss alternative future scenarios together with stakeholders in the Baltic Sea Basin context. As such, it aims to support the more effective decision making across the Baltic Sea in regard to the sustainable Blue Growth choices.
Method:
The scenario-building process was part of the Plan4Blue project in “Potential for Sustainable Blue Economies” work package. The scenario process produced both qualitative and quantitative data. Expert views were included in the process from the Delphi studies, the scenario workshops, as well as from expert interviews. The process was well documented including the economic and socioeconomic analyses, as well as the mapping process published as separate reports.
A brief one page information fiche was produced for each of the sectoral topics:
- Marine energy sector
- Maitime Cluster
- Blue Bioeconomy and subsea resources
- Maritime tourism
The scenario process was divided into two phases. The first step was the analysis of possibilities and probabilities in order to draft alternative futures. This phase included online questionnaires for the Delphi panel at the workshop to map experts’ views on future developments. The expertise matrix was used in compilation of the Delphi panel, as it shows the relevant categories of expertise of the participants.
The panel has focused on the following questions:
- Which blue economy sectors have potential for blue growth?
- Which are the main conflicts and synergies between the sectors?
- Which drivers and variables affect their future development?
- Which kind of alternative future states in 2050 may exist in the alternative scenarios?
- What would the “Sea-use plan for the year 2050” look like?
The futures table method was used to identify key variables for each blue economy sector and the possible future states of these variables according to the experts’ opinions. The futures table helped define the issues regarding the future changes of blue economy sectors, as well as future paths leading to alternative scenarios. The PESTEL analysis was conducted for creating the futures table, in order to define drivers of change and blue economy in the study area in the first phase. PESTEL analyses the impact of political, economic, social, technological, ecological/environmental, and legal changes.
The second phase of the scenario process focused on the potential of blue economy sectors in the project area looking at 2050. This phase was in the form of participative backcasting to define pathways to the alternative futures. The backcasting method starts from the future images and looks back in order to determine the preferable and avoidable choices which may lead to the future.
In this phase the involvement of stakeholders was also a key feature. Thus, stakeholders were also involved in the scenario discussion and review process, via workshop and the Delphi panel, along with complementary interviews with representatives of the business sector. The main questions posed were:
- What are the consequences of the draft alternative futures for the selected blue economy sectors?
- Which steps would lead to the alternative futures?
- Which are the most intensive and potential areas of future development?
- Which kind of spatial impact the alternative scenarios would have?
- What are the possibilities and potential areas for multi-use platforms and synergies?
Animated videos presenting future alternative scenarios were produced to enhance the effective communication with stakeholders and dissemination of the project.
Main Outputs / Results:
Infographics of scenarios of different sectors
Animated videos presenting the four scenarios
Transferability:
Scenario development process is highly transferable to other contexts and countries. The scenarion presenation (i.e. animated video and fiches) are relevant communication tool that may be used in other innitiatives.
Responsible Entity:
SYKE - Finnish Environment Institute
Costs / Funding Source:
Interreg Central Baltic
Contact person: | https://maritime-spatial-planning.ec.europa.eu/node/2196 |
Available under License Creative Commons Attribution.
Download (1MB) | Preview
Abstract
Critical infrastructures are increasingly reliant on information and communications technology (ICT) for more efficient operations, which, at the same time, exposes them to cyber threats. As the frequency and severity of cyberattacks are increasing, so are the costs of critical infrastructure security. Efficient allocation of resources is thus a crucial issue for cybersecurity. A common practice in managing cyber threats is to conduct a qualitative analysis of individual attack scenarios through risk matrices, prioritizing the scenarios according to their perceived urgency and addressing them in order until all the resources available for cybersecurity are spent. Apart from methodological caveats, this approach may lead to suboptimal resource allocations, given that potential synergies between different attack scenarios and among available security measures are not taken into consideration. To overcome this shortcoming, we propose a quantitative framework that features: (1) a more holistic picture of the cybersecurity landscape, represented as a Bayesian network (BN) that encompasses multiple attack scenarios and thus allows for a better appreciation of vulnerabilities; and (2) a multiobjective optimization model built on top of the said BN that explicitly represents multiple dimensions of the potential impacts of successful cyberattacks. Our framework adopts a broader perspective than the standard cost–benefit analysis and allows the formulation of more nuanced security objectives. We also propose a computationally efficient algorithm that identifies the set of Pareto–optimal portfolios of security measures that simultaneously minimize various types of expected cyberattack impacts, while satisfying budgetary and other constraints. We illustrate our framework with a case study of electric power grids. | https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/17825/ |
Future cities need solutions to improve quality of life, reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and adapt to climate change. A symbiosis between urban environment and agriculture production can help fight climate change and improve overall living conditions in cities. The GROOF project aims to reduce GHG emissions by creating a synergy between rooftop greenhouses (RTGs) and buildings. It reduces transportation emissions by creating local food production. This assessment of RTGs provides information on a symbiosis between greenhouses and buildings and the economic aspects of urban food production.
TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF RTGS IN THE GROOF PROJECT
The synergies between RTGs and buildings offer a wide range of potentials corresponding to environmental benefits quantifiable in terms of reduced gas emissions. These synergies and their relative flows are illustrated in the figure below to provide a legible view of interrelationships among systems diagrams.
See figure below : Symbiotic relationship between an RTG and a building in which waste streams are interrelated, and reciprocal exchanges of flows are optimised.
The GROOF project offers insights into the following CO²eq-mitigating synergies:
Energy (using waste heat from the building or greenhouse)
Using a PV system integrated in a greenhouse
Water (using rainwater)
CO² recovery from the building (derived from human activities)
This will be analysed and monitored in four pilot RTGs established in France, Belgium, Germany, and Luxemburg.
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
Life cycle assessment (LCA) was chosen as the suitable methodology to assess and demonstrate the potential mitigation of CO² emissions by RTGs in the different scenarios of the GROOF project in NWE. LCA is a useful tool to quantify environmental impacts of different kinds of systems (products, buildings, etc.) according to international standards (ISO 14 040 and 14 044). Methodological specifications of the LCA for the construction sector are given in European standards EN 15 804 and 15 978. The goal and scope of the LCA are in accordance with the objective given by the Interreg NWE funding program, i.e. to facilitate the implementation of low-carbon, energy, and climate protection strategies to reduce GHG emissions. The GROOF scenarios are compared with business-as-usual scenarios, considering the main contributors:
Products needed to build/renovate the building and the RTG
Energy consumption of the building and the RTG
Fertilisers for crop production in the RTG
Water consumptions of the building and the RTG
Land use change as an indicator of the space efficiency benefits of RTGs
Crop transportation from the RTG to the building (business-as-usual scenario: 150 km).
ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF RTGS
An assessment based on the life cycle costing (LCC) method is the following documents:
Ref. Hunkeler et al. (2008), Swarr et al. (2011) and ISO (2008) Ref. Hunkeler et al. (2008), Swarr et al. (2011) and ISO (2008)
Peña, A. and Rovira-Val, M. R. (2020) ‘A longitudinal literature review of life cycle costing applied to urban agriculture’, International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment.
doi: 10.1007/s11367-020-01768-y.
CONCLUSIONS
Greenhouse production can be energy-intensive: this depends on the greenhouse design and crop species. We compared synergetic rooftop production with conventional production systems to calculate GHG emission savings. For this reason, we analysed the energy and material flows of different commercial greenhouse designs (from highly efficient to inefficient) and crop production systems (lettuce to tomato).
The analysis showed that the highest CO² emission saving can be achieved by combining energy efficiency measures and the use of renewable energies. The following figure shows the CO² emissions of a conventional tomato production system.
GHG emissions of the energy and material flows of conventional tomato production
Based on these results, the reduction of GHG emissions is strictly related to the greenhouse system type, the symbiosis between the building and the RTG and the use of renewable materials and energies. Possible components of such a system are:
recovering waste heat from the building and the greenhouse or using renewable thermal energy sources,
sustainable construction materials: recycled or renewable raw materials,
integrating a PV (photovoltaïc) system to use renewable energies. | https://www.urbanfarming-greenhouse.eu/technical-environmental-economic |
EXPLOITATION: INTEGRATION OF TOOLS INTO THE TEACHER-CE TOOLBOX
The goal of the Interreg project “TEACHER-CE” is to develop an integrated Toolbox focusing on a climate-proof management of water related issues. This innovative Toolbox is based on the integration of several tools developed within different previously funded EU projects. The purpose of these tools ranges from guidance documents to intraoperative applications (decision support tools). All relevant tools enable the identification and implementation of measures to make municipalities and regions in Central Europe (CE) more resilient to extreme weather events (including climate change) and avoid negative impacts on ecosystems and land use.
In the first project phase the project partners elaborated a concept for the integration of tools into the TEACHER-CE toolbox. The aim of this concept is to activate synergies between different already established tools in the context of climate adaptation and to tailor the toolbox to the needs of potential users.
The concept for the integration of tools into the TEACHER-CE toolbox was built on three pillars:
Established tools as basis for the concept
A lot of projects developed (transferable) tools for municipalities as well as regional and national authorities to better manage the impacts of climate change and weather extremes like heavy rain, droughts and floods and to make different kinds of land use more sustainable. These projects use different approaches for integration and implementation of their outputs and provided best-practice solutions for different geographical and regional settings.
The starting point for the conception phase was the creation of a common overview of project tools and their interlinkages. In total, 23 projects are evaluated in this process, with a particular focus on the four projects RAINMAN, PROLINE-CE, FRAMWAT and SUSTREE. The aim was to identify synergies between these approaches and thus create a basis for the conception of the TEACHER-CE toolbox. Particular results of the projects will be included in the toolbox and the measures database of the toolbox.
Screening of climate robustness of exploited adaptation tools
In addition to identifying synergies of the projects and tools, the question of whether and how uncertainties regarding climate change scenarios are taken into account in the tools was also investigated. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment regarding the robustness of the tools was conducted, including both conceptual (target contexts, accounted issues, and main focus) and operational aspects (input data, output typology, and data processing support).
Climate change impacts on water management components
Climate change impacts on water management have been addressed in existing studies and projects. A compilation of this knowledge in the partner countries of the TEACHER-CE project was created to add additional value to the understanding of stakeholder needs. The comprehensive analysis of “Climate change impacts on water management components” consists of a quantitative and a qualitative approach.
The quantitative oriented part provides a general overview of expected climate change and its potential impacts in Central Europe, with a focus on the Pilot Actions of the project. The definition of the current climate conditions, as well as the evaluation of the future variations of a number of weather/climate-related variables, are supported by the availability of high-resolution climate models that allow obtaining assessment for both recent decades and future periods.
The second part evaluates and structures the main climate change impacts on water management activities and related adaptation options in the different fields of action as entry point for the toolbox. To create a basis for the conception of the TEACHER-CE toolbox, the wide range of facts and findings was filtered and a focus was set. Those climate change impacts were evaluated and documented that may play an important role in the context of the TEACHER-CE-project.
Toolbox concept for integration of tools
The main outcome of the three pillars of WPT1 is a concept for the integration of exploited tools that activates synergies between different tools and meets the needs of users in the context of climate change. The concept includes for example a description of the vision of the toolbox, its target group and the technical outline of the toolbox.
Based on the selected four projects that are “capitalized” in the TEACHER-CE project, this toolbox will especially support users to: | https://www.interreg-central.eu/Content.Node/TEACHER-CE/Summary.html |
First coordination call of ICT-38-2020 projects: Joining forces for the best of AI in manufacturing!
Today, 29 March 2021, the first call of the ICT-38-2020 projects’ coordinators took place, highlighting the importance of the projects’ collaboration towards more effective work on AI in manufacturing.
Nine (9) projects (including STAR) funded under the ICT-38-2020 Call focus on integrating state-of-the-art AI technologies in the manufacturing domain. The cooperation aims at exploiting synergies between the projects and increasing their impact.
The projects representatives explored the potential areas of synergies and imminent activities. Planning of a series of virtual thematic workshops, potential for technology and skills transfer, opportunities for joint dissemination (publications, conferences) and communication (communication pipeline, mutual social media promotion) activities as well as synergies and linking with other Groups (e.g., DMP Cluster, AI4EU) to maximize the projects’ impact were also discussed.
Representatives of EFFRA and AI4EU were also present in this discussion and shared their vision towards the ICT-38 projects’ collaboration with these initiatives.
The call was coordinated by Dr John Soldatos (STAR coordination team) and supported by EFFRA and the ConnectedFactories CSA.
ICT-38-2020 projects: | https://star-ai.eu/first-coordination-call-ict-38-2020-projects-joining-forces-best-ai-manufacturing |
SCALA: achieving supply chain synergy following mergers & acquisitions
John Perry, managing director at SCALA, a leading provider of management services for the supply chain and logistics sector, discusses the best strategies that companies can adopt when attempting to achieve synergy between their supply chains.
It was recently announced that UK-based food delivery company Just Eat has agreed an £8.2bn deal in principle to combine with Dutch rival Takeaway.com, to form one of the world's largest food delivery firms.
Growing a business through a strategic merger (or acquisition) in this way offers a host of potential organisational benefits. A carefully considered merger presents businesses with the opportunity to enjoy economies of scale, penetrate new markets, access a wider customer based, reduce costs and overheads, and decrease competition.
However, while there can be many significant advantages to such deals, it is thought that up to 90% of mergers and acquisitions ultimately fail. There are many factors that can contribute to this, including a lack of clarity in the integration process, a mismatch in culture, poor communication and negotiation errors.
Another top contributor to this shortfall is arguably a failure to properly consider the synergies and redundancies of the end-to-end supply chain of both companies. How the combined entity optimises its supply chain can make the difference between achieving the deal's desired benefits and, potentially, its failure.
When a merger or acquisition takes place, executives are tasked with the challenge of integrating the best of both legacy organisations, while keeping the business operational and delivering synergies in the supply chain. Unfortunately, this is often extremely difficult, with supply chain professionals needing to navigate inherent post-close complexities in order to fully deliver those synergies and achieve anticipated deal value.
So, what can be done to reduce the risk, and ensure that two separate supply chains will successfully merge into one competitive advantage?
Planning ahead: don’t leave anything to chance
When supply chains are not properly integrated, it can result in products being delayed to market, a decline in customer service levels, and/or heightened security and compliance risks.
In order to prevent this from happening, and instead deliver the savings and drive the increased profitability that the new entity is looking for, supply chain professionals should undertake supply chain and logistics network design assessments both pre and post-merger. In doing so they will be able to fully evaluate all of the possible network choices.
SEE ALSO:
-
Datel: How will emerging technologies impact the supply chain?
-
Exploring Flogas’ digital transformation and the importance of procurement
-
The smart combination of innovation and acquisitions is driving transformation at Prysmian Group
-
Supply chain network design entails highly experienced consultants using a range of digital modelling tools to simulate multiple scenarios, to predict the resulting operational performance of the merged organisations. This involves looking at everything from raw material supply through to customer delivery, taking into account sourcing and manufacturing locations, customer service and inventory levels, in order to clearly evaluate all possible network choices.
The network modelling tools are used to assess a variety of “what if” scenarios, demonstrating the effects of trade-offs between costs, service, stock, warehousing and transport. They can also be used to assess the impact of completely new, “greenfield” logistics options, compared with retaining some or all of the current facilities.
This significantly reduces the risks, by enabling visualisation, analysis and optimisation of current and future supply chains. With a clearer view of their supply chains, merging organisations can establish a plan that will allow them to achieve the business objectives of the deal.
Pre-merger, supply chain network modelling can help businesses to avoid making expensive mistakes, such as over-estimating the potential synergies. It also provides alternative M&A targets for comparison, as well as analysis of new market strategies.
Post-merger, modelling tools will also help to find short-term improvements that will cause limited disruption to customers. Meanwhile, supply chain professionals can also be analysing riskier changes that offer bigger potential rewards. They can also use the technology to create accurate projections of cost savings and efficiencies that can be reported to senior executives and the investors.
Mergers can present brilliant opportunities to establish an improved, more agile supply chain for the newly merged organisation. While mergers far from guarantee success, utilising supply chain modelling technology is an effective way of minimising the risks involved and ensuring the best possible synergy within the newly merged business. | https://supplychaindigital.com/digital-supply-chain/scala-achieving-supply-chain-synergy-following-mergers-and-acquisitions |
The Allerton Project
Identifying and understanding multiple benefits from single management practices has been at the heart of our research activity throughout the life of the Allerton Project.
There are few better examples of such multiple benefits than agro-forestry on marginal land. A number of research projects across the country have explored its potential, but there has been no widespread adoption, in part because government land use policy has focused on single objectives associated with arable, pasture and forestry, and because of apparent limited application on productive land. Agroforestry systems are more widely accepted and adopted in many other parts of the world..
We now have an opportunity to investigate the merits of agroforestry at Loddington. A moderately productive pasture field that has been used for rearing lambs for many years has been planted with trees at a range of densities.
While maintaining lamb production from most of the pasture through our collaboration with Launde Farm Foods, the trees bring potential additional benefits. The tree species selected, and the inclusion of shrubs in some places, are specifically intended to improve the area for pheasant shooting.
The trees and shrubs also provide a new wildlife habitat. Through the influence of trees on the soil, we might expect increased carbon sequestration, enhanced soil biology and potential for flood peak attenuation through improved infiltration of water during storms.
The trees have been planted without support from an agri-environment scheme but with help from the Woodland Trust, which is also supporting our research. Two plots are planted with trees at a density of 100/ha to represent a relatively high agroforestry density, and these will be compared with other plots at higher tree densities.
Some are planted at 400/ha to represent the lowest permissible density for open woodland planting with government funding, and others are planted at 1,600/ha, the maximum density that can normally be funded for woodland creation.
Trees will be thinned in due course as part of the normal management of such a plantation, but differences in tree density will be maintained. We anticipate very different results across this range of tree densities in terms of the trade-offs and synergies between our various economic and environmental objectives.
The next few years provide us with an opportunity to learn much about the management of the plots to meet our multiple objectives, and we will also be gathering data to help inform this process. Our initial priority is to gather baseline data on grass yield and lamb production, tree canopy area, bird numbers, and soil biology, organic matter, compaction and infiltration.
These data will ultimately enable us to make environmental and economic assessments of tree planting on pasture under a range of scenarios, and recommendations for future policy and practice elsewhere.
© 2018 Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust
Charity registered in England and Wales, 1112023, in Scotland SC038868 | https://www.gwct.org.uk/allerton/research/agroforestry/ |
To provide the dialogue stakeholders with a vision of all the different policies that affect the topic at stake and explore their interactions in search of synergies and entry points.
Rationale
Policies are far from being monolithic blocks that stand by themselves and can be neatly separated, replaced or reformed. Rather, they are interlinked and often the success or failure of one policy depends on other, related policies. At the same time, as a result of the multilevel, complex and interdependent nature of policy issues, as well as the spread of new forms of governance that emphasize collaboration – networks, partnerships and alliances– a comprehensive understanding of the policy landscape has become paramount.
Such an exercise enables stakeholders to better understand these interdependencies, as well as the political implications of trying to reform or adjust those other policies and/or institutions which have an influence on the problems to be tackled by the dialogue process. In INSPIRED dialogue processes, the analysis of the policy landscape is to be conducted in a participatory manner, mostly throughout the Collective Assessment Phase, with the aim of assessing the feasibility of the policy reform at stake and identifying potential synergies and entry points. It will usually take the form of a workgroup session facilitated by a policy expert and could be embedded into other training activities.
Outcomes
- Shared understanding of the different policies that influence the problem at stake and of their interrelations.
- Strengthened analytical skills through the promotion of a whole-of-government vision of public policies.
- Potential synergies among policies (and institutions) identified. | https://inspired.epd.eu/toolkit/the-tools/1-scoping-the-policy-landscape |
The first SURE Synergy Workshop aim was twofold: introduction and exploration. First, the workshop aimed to introduce the SURE Facilitation and Synthesis Research Project, the concept of synergy workshops and intended to gather feedback and suggestions. Secondly, the workshop aimed to provide space for project partners to meet, explore each other’s work and exchange about potential synergies.
The first part of the Synergy Workshop consisted of introducing the SURE Facilitation and Synthesis Research Project. The presentation aimed to define the tasks, roles of the project team and a roadmap of project activities. The project’s main objectives are to facilitate collaboration and synergies between the projects, measure funding priority impact and conduct synthesis research, improve visibility of the funding priority and the projects through communication and events, and results transfer. The project is developing several tools and methods to support these objectives, such as a SURE website, an impact framework, a cross-sectional project analysis, a product- and result repository, a toolbox, a collaboration platform, and others. The main format for interaction between the funding priority stakeholders and one of the funding priority’s key activities are the Synergy Workshops. With three to four editions each year, they aim to provide a space for discussion and networking and a platform for exchange and knowledge transfer. To ensure workshop contents are relevant to the SURE stakeholders, a process for suggesting topics and potential topics derived from stakeholder interactions will be introduced.
The introduction part was followed by an interactive »World Café« session, where some of the tools and methods used by the SURE Facilitation and Synthesis Research Project were discussed in more detail. Inputs by programme stakeholders around three primary areas of focus were collected to tailor better the funding priority offers to the needs of the stakeholders:
- Collaboration and Synergies – presented by HafenCity University
- Funding Priority Impact and Synthesis Research – presented by Technical University of Lübeck
- Communication, Events & Transfer – presented by TÜV Rheinland Consulting
Lastly, an interactive session in break-out rooms allowed small groups to exchange common topics collected during the event, such as data management, legal frameworks and regulations, and stakeholder engagement. Some of the break-out room discussions uncovered cross-cutting topics and potential synergies that could be taken up for future workshops and funding priority activities.
During the break, a virtual space for networking and exchange was offered so that participants could also informally get to know each other. Participants highlighted those future events should provide even more space for informal networking.
Takeaways
- Going International – need for finding links and creating synergies beyond the projects and funding priority, and connecting to global research initiatives
- Defining Objectives – based on the discussed and collected information, we adjusted the SURE Facilitation & Synthesis Research offers to the partner’s needs
- Synergy Workshop Topics – due to the facilitated interactions and discussions, relevant issues surfaced, providing a pool of topics for future Synergy Workshops. | https://www.sustainable-urban-regions.org/de/event/synergieworkshop-sure-projekt-einleitung/ |
Exploiting synergies with other programmes
There is also a need to consider how to better achieve the objectives and maximise impacts through engagement with other initiatives and parties. Many partnerships aim at demonstration and scale up, but this is generally not possible (at least not in a large scale) without synergies and joint programming with other programmes/funding instruments. At the EU level there are a number of R&I initiatives beyond the Framework Programme that offer wider synergies especially in relation to digital, transport and energy areas. Those that are mentioned most frequently are:
- Digital Europe Programme (DEP)
- Connecting Europe Facility (CEF)
- Important Projects of Common European Interest (IPCEI)
- ETS Innovation Fund
- Modernisation Fund
Other EU-level funding sources that are being considered by partnerships include InvestEU, the European Investment Bank and the Programme for Environment & Climate Action (LIFE) as well as sectoral-specific funds such as the Common Agricultural Policy and the Circular Bioeconomy Thematic Investment Platform.
There are also opportunities for partnerships to exploit synergies with national, regional & local initiatives and complementary investments. For example:
- Most of the candidate Article 187 initiatives and Co-Programmed Partnerships are proposing to include Member State advisory bodies within their governance structures to create links with the national R&I activities. This could lead to complementary joint calls using national funding or even hybrid Co-Programmed/Co-Funded calls.
- European regions are increasingly prioritising particular industrial and technology sectors that offer economic growth opportunities through smart specialisation and this has relevance for some partnerships. For example, the Photonics Partnership is proposing to develop a formal ‘alliance of European regional clusters’ that have distinctive industrial and/or scientific strengths in photonics.
- European cities are clearly the main focus for the ‘driving urban transitions’ partnership and other partnerships that can make a contribution to the ‘climate-neutral and smart cities’ Mission by aligning and mobilising national programmes and funds.
Regional actors, in particular, should be receptive to collaboration with European Partnerships in the next ESIF programming period as ‘international collaboration’ is included as a fulfilment criterion enabling good governance of national and regional smart specialisation strategies. This has previously been fostered through the various ‘Interreg’ programmes but there is scope to develop complementary links and joint activities.
Last, but not least, is the potential for collaboration (and in some cases European leadership) at the global level in relation to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This has already been demonstrated by the predecessor of the EU-Africa Global Health Partnership, involvement of European P2P partnerships in the Belmont Forum (international partnership of research funders on environmental change research) and the Article 185 on Metrology. For example, the JPI on neurodegenerative disease (JPND) recently hosted a symposium to showcase the results of its portfolio of research projects and key global stakeholders such as the Gates Foundation and the World Dementia Council were involved.
The proposed ‘Forum for European R&I Partnerships’ could provide an overarching framework to monitor and encourage partnerships at the implementation stage to engage and collaborate with their relevant peers and other initiatives. This could also be encouraged by the strategic use of the Coordination and Support Actions (CSA) instrument.
Related Files
Report: Coherence and Synergies of candidate European Partnerships under Horizon Europe
The report on coherence and synergies of candidate European Partnerships that takes into account inputs from COM services that are involved with partnerships. The a ... | https://www.era-learn.eu/support-for-partnerships/additional-activities/coherence-collaboration/exploiting-synergies-with-other-programmes |
The individual opportunities of a great collective project
After a trajectory where we have accumulated experience, knowledge and business synergies and have learned to detect the needs of professionals and companies, we launch our most ambitious project. A value multiplier nucleus will grow around this project for companies, managers and specialists in the most determining matters within the current organizational and productive scenario.
EGADE (Galician School of Business Development) is much more than a Business School, it was born with the intention of going beyond higher education. Leadership development, as well as training value at the highest level for management ranks, and the latest developments in new technologies, will be worked on and contextualized in five scenarios: business, tourism and culture, logistics, marketing and sport. All of them are key in an environment with as much potential as the Galician territory and exportable to any international arena.
As it happens in all areas of life, synergies become a fundamental stage to create opportunities. Opportunities that are important, and almost responsible, to take advantage of. This is what happens with the creation of EGADE, the sum of different factors and the union of individual potential to turn it into a great collective project with a priority objective: to develop the professional and business potential of Galicia.
#ComunidadEGADE
The value of a common goal
Both its founders, who represent the sum of concerns to give value to each project that we are developing, as teachers and collaborators, professionals and companies, even students and clients, who will take advantage of each of the opportunities that EGADE will launch through of the numerous formative and relational actions. All of us who make up this community know that the great value of a society and its territory is the development of the potential of its organizations. | https://egade.es/en/about-egade/ |
This Living lab focuses on the value of tracking intermodal containers flows through the utilization of IoT devices. Today in Europe there are real time visibility solutions for vessels, airplanes, trucks, and some block trains, but none for containers in intermodal services.
Tracking devices and the respective tracking service, under the “Shipping OLI Layer” were tested. The Living Lab further investigated PI scenarios, through real-life application of IoT GPS sensors in combination with the simulation engine, emulating network operations at the scale of an intra-continental inter-country network.
Living Lab 4 – FM Logistic on Wednesday 20th January 2021 at 10am to 11.30 CET
The “Warehousing as a service” Living Lab is a test-bed for dynamic warehousing services designed on a network of networks composed by independent warehousing and transport service providers, all of them working in synergies that are coordinated by third party providers similar to a digital 4PL. The way to operate disrupts the current operation schema and logistics organisation on country level and could be transposed to most of the SME and even bigger companies triggering a singular collaborative approach. Accordingly, this workshop will demonstrate potential savings and enhanced ‘direct to customer’ service’s levels that the physical internet approach can bring to companies and cover market constraints and potential mitigations that could be required in order to make these synergies operate at global scale.
Living Lab 1 – Port of Antwerp on Monday 25th January 2021 at 10.30am to 12 CET
Living Lab 1 aims to design, implement and validate some of the ICONET Physical Internet (PI) concepts in the complex transport landscape of the area of the Port of Antwerp under the supervision of the Antwerp Port Authority.
Living Lab 3 – SONAE MC on Thursday 28th January 2021 at 10.30am to 12 CET
With the challenges in the current fulfilment model of SONAE MC’s Ecommerce, this Living Lab studied alternative business models that could provide them with the most efficient way to fulfil an order with (1) less cost, (2) avoiding stock outs and (3) with better lead time. This was tested in 2 different business scenarios (1) Decentralized order preparation and delivery and (2) Collaborative scenario combining food deliveries with orders from other businesses. They also studied potential contributions from PI services to their business model, namely networking services. | https://www.iconetproject.eu/living-lab-workshops/ |
Delaware Sea Level Rise Initiative
The Delaware Coastal Programs Section of the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC) is leading a multi-year Sea Level Rise Initiative to help assess, prepare for and minimize the potential impacts of sea level rise. The Sea Level Rise Initiative Project Compendium was released in September 2011, which provides an inventory of all of Delaware Coastal Programs' projects related to sea level rise. It is intended to help increase collaboration between agencies, reduce redundancy and overlap in projects relating to sea level rise and to relay information about new data, information and tools.
In January 2010, the Secretary of the DNREC issued an order establishing as agency policy DNREC’s commitment to “proactively consider and plan for the potential effects of coastal inundation department-wide using projections based on the best available science." The policy directs DNREC staff and programs to:
1. Communicate the policy internally and externally when representing the department.
2. Consider the potential effect of coastal inundation in project planning, engineering, design, and review, as well as land acquisition, management, and restoration.
3. Conduct a vulnerability assessment for all DNREC holdings and assets to identify risks from inundation and develop plans to increase resiliency and adaptability within 12 to 18 months.
4. Consider project alternatives that avoid siting buildings and infrastructure within areas that are vulnerable to inundation, or if avoidance is not practicable, design projects to address the consequences of inundation.
5. Use a prescribed range of sea-level rise scenarios appropriate to a given project’s longevity and nature; with projects of a longer expected life or more sensitive nature, adopt more protective sea-level rise scenarios; and adjust values as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and other peer reviewed publications produce updated projections and modeling techniques.
A DNREC Technical Workgroup comprised of scientists from DNREC, University of Delaware, Partnership for the Delaware Estuary and the Center for the Inland Bays, was formed to evaluate the known scientific data and to provide the state with sea-level rise scenarios up to the year 2100, to be utilized in developing sea-level rise policy. For more information, these scenarios are described in another entry in this clearinghouse, "Recommended Sea Level Rise Scenarios for Delaware."
Publication Date: September 2011
Author or Affiliated User:
Related Organizations:
- University of Delaware
- Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC)
Sectors:
Resource Category:
Resource Types:
- Best practice
States Affected:
Impacts: | https://www.adaptationclearinghouse.org/resources/delaware-sea-level-rise-initiative.html |
This project sought to better understand the greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) reduction potential of the U.S. transportation sector, with a focus on advanced vehicle technologies including zero emission vehicles and low-carbon, alternative fuels. The researchers analyzed a range of potential transition scenarios toward low-carbon transportation futures in the United States, exploring how policies and technology assumptions impact vehicle, fuel infrastructure, and resource requirements and costs. The analysis was carried out through development of a national level U.S. energy economic optimization model (US-TIMES), employing the widely-used MARKAL/TIMES framework. The model (1) provided detailed representation of all major transportation subsectors at a disaggregated level (light-duty, medium and heavy-duty, rail, marine, aviation and off-road); (2) focused model development on investments in both vehicles and fuel infrastructure; (3) assessed capital and operating costs of vehicle technologies and fuel infrastructure; and (4) used an integrated model to understand important linkages/synergies between the transport and other energy sectors. These models are useful for analyzing cross-sectoral policies like carbon caps and cross-sectoral energy issues like resource competition (e.g., biomass) and synergies (e.g., charging of electric vehicles). This initial analysis with the US-TIMES model shows how an energy system model can be used to analyze the role of vehicle technologies and fuels within a national energy system like that of the United States. | https://ncst.ucdavis.edu/project/development-of-integrated-vehicle-and-fuel-scenarios-for-low-carbon-us-transportation-futures/ |
The Commission is organising a Webinar in order to give a brief overview of eID under eIDAS and highlight some use cases as well as key technological developments in the field of electronic identification (eID).
The Objectives of the Webinar will be to:
- align all actors on the meaning of being eIDAS compliant and ensure a common understanding;
- update on the current eID eIDAS status in the Member States;
- engage with the private sector by providing concrete examples and use cases;
- exchange knowledge about key technological trends impacting the field of electronic identification;
- identify the potential collaboration and synergies between the different stakeholders.
The webinar will be open to all stakeholders but it will be particularly relevant for the following actors:
- eIDAS MS representatives;
- EC Policy (eHealth, ECI and other users of eID in EC projects);
- Identity providers;
- Attributes providers;
- Services providers.
For more information and registration, please visit the official event page.
Tags: | https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/content/webinar-eid-under-eidas-compliance-state-play-and-technology-trends |
When speculating on what is going to happen to our forests in an uncertain future, it is hard to generalize. Impacts on tree growth, regeneration and mortality due to climate change and other factors (e.g., forest management, disturbances) are usually quantified with scenario modelling at course, large-scale. However, given the heterogeneity of European mountain forests, the effects of climate change on ecosystem services at the local-scale seems to be highly variable. Read more what researchers from ETH Zürich in collaboration with other European partners found.
Mountain forest ecosystems deliver a large number of ecosystem goods and services. For example, they are a great source of timber and other wood/non-wood products, they protect the land against erosion and human settlements from natural hazards. Mountain forests also store a vast amount of carbon and are biodiversity hotspots. Living most of our daily lives in lowland urban areas we may not think too much about this, but it is estimated that about half of the global human population depends – directly or indirectly – on services delivered by mountain forests. It is therefore essential to assess whether multiple ecosystem services can be provided to human societies in the future. Given that climate is changing fast, the consideration of climate change in scientific assessments is a must! Let’s not forget that European forests are managed since centuries (check out this nice book about the history of European forests). Thus, changes in management regimes must be considered as well.
Researchers from ETH Zürich modelled forest dynamics with a climate-sensitive forest gap model in four mountain regions across Southern-Central Europe. Their main aim was to investigate how climate change and management may alter the provision of ecosystem services in the future. As part of their study, they also analysed trade-offs and synergies between different ecosystem services. The investigation was part of the large European FP7 project ARANGE (“Advanced multifunctional management of European mountain forest RANGEs”). The project officially ended in July 2015 with the scientific conference “Mountain Forest Management in a Changing World” (High Tatra Mountains) after three and a half years of collaborative work.
Scientists found contrasting results between the four investigated case study regions – Iberian Mountains, Western Alps, Eastern Alps and Dinaric Mountains. For example, in the Iberian Mountains their simulation results indicate that forest management, rather than climate change, is responsible for a reduction in carbon storage and biodiversity. On the contrary, in Western Alps changes in climatic regimes could induces large alterations in the supply of several ecosystem services, particularly under the most pessimistic future climate scenarios. In other areas (e.g., in the Slovenian Dinaric Mountains) climate change would strongly affect ecosystem services, albeit differently depending on elevation and stand conditions. This highlight the necessity to consider the heterogeneity of local climate and initial stand conditions when projecting regional-scale forest development, as well as including high-resolution management interventions.
The projected future provision (2080–2100) of four ecosystem services (T: timber production; C: carbon storage; B: biodiversity; P1: rockfall protection; P2: avalanches protection) for selected stands (RST) in two of the four mountain regions under different management (color lines) and climate scenarios (C0, CC1, CC5). Source: Mina M. et al. (2016).
Regarding trade-offs and synergies, they found that each relationship between two ecosystem services differs significantly depending on the case study region, and it is highly sensitive to changes in management regimes. Climate change is also a cause of alteration of the relationships between some ecosystem services, but its effect is not evident and consistent across all the regions. This confirms that management is a strong driver of forest dynamics in European mountains, and it can highly modify the future provision of ecosystem services (i.e., more than the direct effects of climate change!).
They concluded that management regimes should be regionally adapted for better supporting multiple ecosystem services in the future. This because there are large differences between mountain ranges across Europe and contrasting effects of climate change on forest stands along gradients of elevation and species composition. The most advantageous management scenario in terms of ecosystem services provision, however, clearly depends on the specific needs in the different regions.
Certainly, researchers have still work to do on this hot topic. More modelling studies at multiple spatial scale on the impacts of climate change, management and disturbance events on future ecosystem services would be more than welcome! Without generalizing too much, though.
Marco Mina – Forest ecologist. PostDoc at the Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. PhD in Forest Ecology at ETH Zürich, after graduating in Forestry and Environmental Science from Padua University. The focus of his research is on better understanding the impacts of climate change on forests and ecosystem services using process-based, statistical models and forest inventory data. He is also interested in dendroecology, silviculture and wood biomass production. Passionate traveller, nordic skier and homebrewer.
Ecological civilization in China - dreams or nightmares? | http://www.forest-monitor.com/en/ecosystem-services-mountain-forests-climate-change/ |
Alexandra made a rectangular quilt the measured 3 1/4. 2 3/4 feet in width. What is the area of the quilt in square feet? Write an equation to solve.
- A rectangle 7
A rectangle that has been split into 24 parts, set in 4 rows of 6 pieces each. The parts in the top 3 rows have been shaded blue. The parts in the left 5 columns have been shaded purple. The first 5 parts in the top 3 rows are striped to show they are sha
- Parallogram
The Parallelogram base is 24 cm and high 10 cm. How many are such tiles required to cover a floor of area 1080m²?
- A trapezoid 3
A trapezoid ABCD has the bases length of a = 120 mm, c = 86 mm and the area A = 2,575 mm². Find the height of the trapezoid.
- Trapezoids
In the isosceles trapezoid ABCD we know: AB||CD, |CD| = c = 8 cm, height h = 7 cm, |∠CAB| = 35°. Find the area of the trapezoid.
- A rectangular 4
A rectangular garden has a length of 57 m and a width of 42 m. Calculate of how many m² will decrease the area of a garden, if the ornamental fence with a width of 60 cm will be planted inside its perimeter.
- Perimeter to area 2
Find the area of a square whose perimeter is 100 cm with solve.
- Long and wide
What is the area of a rectangle that is 1 1/4 meters long and 3/4 of a meter wide
- A piece 3
A piece of rectangle cloth has an area of 2 4/5 meters. Its breadth is 1 1/5 meters what is the length of the cloth?
- Picture 2
Picture free is of length 14.2 cm and breadth 10.4 cm. The frame has border of uniforms with 2.6 cm. Find the area of photograph.
- The area
The area of a rhombus is 143 m². If the longer diagonal is 26 m, find the shorter diagonal in inches named d1.
- Cups of paint
I have a board that is 2 meters wide and 3 meters tall. If one cup of paint cover 1,000 square centimeters. How many cups of paints does I need?
- Find area
Find area of a rectangle with a length of 58 foot and a width of 49 foot?
- Mason 3
Mason has a rectangular garden that is 2/3 yard wide by 7/4 yards long. What is the area of Mason’s garden? Use a drawing to show your work.
- Juila
Julia has a rectangular table that is 3 1/2 feet long and 1 3/4 feet wide. What is the area of Juila's table?
- Torque
Torque and Mari each multiplied 1/8 inch times 5/8 inch. Tartaric 5/8 squares point inches. And Marie got 5/64 squared thought inches tall. Which student found a corrupt area?
- What is 10
What is this The area of a parallelogram that has vertices with the coordinates (0, 0), (4, 0),(5, 3), and (1, 3)?
- Little 2
Little fields farm lies on a rectangular plot of land that measures 2 2/4 miles in length and 2 2/3 miles in width. What is it's area in square miles?
- Rectangle area
What is the area of a rectangle that has a length of 4 feet and a width of 4/10 feet?
- Find the 28
Find the area of a square with a side length of 4/5 yards.
Do you have an exciting math question or word problem that you can't solve? Ask a question or post a math problem, and we can try to solve it.
Area - practice problems. Examples of area of plane shapes. | https://www.hackmath.net/en/word-math-problems/area?tag_id=62&page_num=3 |
The average annual rainfall is 686 mm. How many liters will fall on the 1-hectare field?
Result
Result
Thank you for submitting an example text correction or rephasing. We will review the example in a short time and work on the publish it.
Leave us a comment of this math problem and its solution (i.e. if it is still somewhat unclear...):
Showing 0 comments:
Be the first to comment!
Tips to related online calculators
Do you want to convert area units?
Do you want to convert length units?
Do you know the volume and unit volume, and want to convert volume units?
Do you want to convert length units?
Do you know the volume and unit volume, and want to convert volume units?
Following knowledge from mathematics are needed to solve this word math problem:
Next similar math problems:
- Water reservoir
The water tank has a cuboid with edges a= 1 m, b=2 m , c = 1 m. Calculate how many centimeters of water level falls, if we fill fifteen 12 liters cans.
- Aquarium
The box-shaped aquarium is 40 cm high; the bottom has dimensions of 70 cm and 50 cm. Simon wanted to create an exciting environment for the fish, so he fixed three pillars to the bottom. They all have the shape of a cuboid with a square base. The base edg
- Cylindrical tank 2
If a cylindrical tank with volume is used 12320cm raised to the power of 3 and base 28cm is used to store water. How many liters of water can it hold?
- Jared's room painting
Jared wants to paint his room. The dimensions of the room are 12 feet by 15 feet, and the walls are 9 feet high. There are two windows that measure 6 feet by 5 feet each. There are two doors, whose dimensions are 30 inches by 6 feet each. If a gallon of p
- Hectoliters
How many hectoliters of water fits into cuboid tank with dimensions of a = 3.5 m b = 2.5 m c = 1.4 m?
- Three-quarters of its volume
The pool has a block shape with a length of 8m, a width of 5.3m and a depth of 1.5m. How many hl of water is in it if it is filled to three-quarters of its volume?
- Swimming pool
The swimming pool has the shape of a block with dimensions of 70dm, 25m, 200cm. How many hl of water can fit into the pool?
- Bathroom 2
A bathroom is 2.4 meters long and 1.8 meters wide. How many square tiles 1 dm on each side are to be used to cover it?
- Pool in litres
Pool has a width of 3.5 m length of 6 m and a height 1.60 meters. Calculate pool volume in liters.
- Aquarium
Aquarium is rectangular box with square base containing 76 liters of water. Length of base edge is 42 cm. To what height the water level goes?
- Land
Land has a rectangular shape, its surface area is 1.45 hectares. Its width is 250 m. Determine the length of the land.
- Area of rectangle
Calculate the area of rectangle in square meters whose sides have dimensions a = 80dm and b = 160dm.
- Fire tank
How deep is the fire tank with the dimensions of the bottom 7m and 12m, when filled with 420 m3 of water?
- Customary length
Convert length 65yd 2 ft to ft
- Two cuboids
Find the volume of cuboidal box whose one edge is: a) 1.4m and b) 2.1dm
- Rectangular prism
If i have a rectangular prism with a length of 1,000 cm, width of 30 cm and a height of 50 cm, what is the volume?
- Sandbox
Sandbox has area of 32 sq ft and length of 4 1/2 ft. What is width of sandbox. | https://www.hackmath.net/en/math-problem/5950 |
If z varies jointly as x and the square of y, and z = 20 when x = 4 and y = 2, find z when x = 2 and y = 4.
- Seventh term
The first term of a geometric sequence is 9 and the third term is 1296. Find the seventh term.
- Two expressions
When x = 3 and y = 5, by how much does the value of 3x² – 2y exceed the value of 2x² – 3y?
- Sqrt between ints
Which two consecutive integers does the square root lie? * √45 √23 √71 √7 √86
- Given 2
Given g(x)=x2+x+1 where x=t². What is g(t²)?
- Comparing exponents
A) 8 (6²)(8²) b) 16 (6²)(8²) c) (6¹+²) (8²)
- If x=4
If x=4 and y=-3, what is the value of the expression x² + 2xy - 4x + 3y + y²?
- Mohammed
Mohammed grew a garden last year. His plot of land was 6 3/4 feet by 10 feet. He wants to have twice as much area and his garden this year. How much area will the new garden take up?
- Fraction unknowns
Divide of fractions with unknowns: Fraction 1: The quantity x squared plus 6 times x plus 9 over the quantity x minus 1. Fraction 2: the quantity x squared minus 9 over the quantity x squared minus 2 times x plus 1. Find Fraction 1 over Fraction 2.
- Evaluate expression
Evaluate following expression: 5 to the power of 2 - (4x4) divided by 2 =
- Mr Duma
Mr Duma recently inherited a rectangular plot, part of the estate left by his late father. The plot with the following dimensions: Length=2x+1;Width=x-1. Determine the formula, in terms of x, that best describes the area of the rectangular plot. He has pl
- Two gardens
The flower garden has a square shape. The new garden has the shape of a rectangle, and one dimension is 8 m smaller, and the other is twice as large as in a square garden. What were the original garden dimensions and the new garden if both gardens' area i
- Future value investment
Poseidon deposited 2,747 golden drachmas in a Mount Olympus college savings account to ensure Percy can go to college. It pays 0.04 (percent in decimal form) annual interest. After 11 years, he withdraws the money. How much more money would he have if the
- The length 2
The length of a rectangle is 12y² – 15y + 8 and the width is 7y – 11. Find the area of the rectangle
- The sum
The sum of the squares of two immediately following natural numbers is 1201. Find these numbers.
- Cube-shaped box
The cube-shaped box is filled to the brim with 2 liters of milk. Calculate the edge and surface of the box.
- What is 10
What is the measure of the square side whose area is (4x² + 28x+49) square units?
- Granddaughter
In 2014, the sum of the ages of Meghan's aunt, her daughter and her granddaughter was equal to 100 years. In what year was the granddaughter born, if we know that the age of each can be expressed as the power of two?
- The cube
The cube has a surface of 600 cm². What is its volume?
- Cube V2S
The volume of the cube is 27 dm cubic. Calculate the surface of the cube.
Do you have an exciting math question or word problem that you can't solve? Ask a question or post a math problem, and we can try to solve it.
Third power - practice problems. Square (second power, quadratic) - practice problems. | https://www.hackmath.net/en/word-math-problems/third-power?tag_id=56 |
Lawyers are constantly asked to advise their organizational clients when discriminatory, illegal, or inappropriate conduct is suspected or detected within their ranks. Lawyers are asked to investigate claims, provide advice on how to respond to alleged misconduct, and assist their clients in charting a way forward. The study of law often focuses on reactionary responses, but lawyers must also develop prospective strategies for their organizational clients so that dysfunctions within firms are properly deterred and prevented. The research focused on and supported by the Program on Ethics, Compliance & Inclusion will address these issues, so that Notre Dame Law students and alumni are equipped to counsel their clients in a sophisticated and effective manner.
Mission
Notre Dame Law School's Program on Ethics, Compliance & Inclusion provides opportunities for faculty, students, and alumni of the University of Notre Dame to research, investigate, and discuss scholarship that will support the creation of more ethical, compliant, and inclusive organizations.
Purpose
The primary purpose of the program is to aid in efforts to restore the dignity of work within organizations, which is eroded when misconduct occurs. Today's populace spends the majority of their time in their workplaces. Indeed, many workers spend more time with their colleagues than their families. As a result, many individuals begin to develop a strong sense of identity that is inextricably tied to their work. This is true whether the person is employed as a janitor, a general counsel, or a chief executive officer.
For people to live full, happy, and productive lives, their workplaces, just like their homes, must be structured in ways that allow them to thrive. Over the past decade, however, instances of misconduct within organizations have revealed the devastating impacts a dysfunctional workplace can have on worker well-being. Whether it is a culture plagued with rampant sexual harassment or an institution that pressures its workers to engage in fraudulent behavior, when workers are not treated as whole beings with inherent dignity it diminishes their sense of self, their sense of worth, and their ability to engage in work with dignity and grace.
Research
The Program on Ethics, Compliance & Inclusion supports research that critically examines significant instances of immoral behavior, misconduct, and discrimination within organizations for the purpose of producing tangible steps that organizations can take to prevent similar future behavior. The program brings together scholars from a variety of disciplines to analyze incidents of organizational misconduct and to develop strategies and solutions aimed at encouraging the creation of ethical, compliant, and inclusive workplace environments. By capitalizing on the expertise of scholars from diverse fields, the root cause of organizational misconduct will be more fully investigated and assessed, which will, hopefully, allow for the development of more effective recommendations and strategies for reform.
Academic Roundtables
A key part of the Program on Ethics, Compliance & Inclusion are academic roundtables. These roundtables allows scholars from across the nation to come together to discuss issues related to inclusion, compliance, and ethics. Each roundtable focuses on a particular theme. Thus, each year brings together a new set of scholars to begin or continue scholarly conversations with one another. These roundtables are also open to interested students.
Speaker Series
The Program on Ethics, Compliance & Inclusion hosts a lunchtime speaker series for students to hear from academics and practitioners working in the areas of inclusion, compliance, and ethics. The lunchtime series enables students to learn about compliance while connecting with University of Notre Dame alumni and others working in the areas of inclusion, compliance, and ethics.
Courses in Compliance
A number of courses offered at Notre Dame Law School can prepare you for a career in compliance. See a list of possible courses here. | https://law.nd.edu/faculty-scholarship/interdisciplinary-studies/program-on-ethics-compliance-inclusion/ |
Work Ethics & Professionalism
Our workplace is full of ethical dilemmas and professionalism issues these days. To create a healthy working environment, it is vital for employees to demonstrate the highest standard of ethics and professionalism, where employees have specialized knowledge, competency, honesty, integrity, accountability, self-regulation and the proper image. This training offers practical insights that denote the need for a quality of workmanship and insights on the dimensions, concepts and dilemmas of work ethics. This workshop has been designed to provide participants with insights on dimensions, concept and dilemmas of Work Ethic & Professionalism that present-day organizations expect from their employees.
Target Participants
Direct Contact Employees, Supervisors, Team Leaders, Support staff, Experts Middle Management, Strategic Decision Makers, Directors, Executives, Board, Shareholders
Delivery Methods
Participants Will Learn
- What Ethics and Professionalism mean in a business context,
- What the common threads of professionalism are,
- Why Ethics and Professionalism are important in your specific industry,
- What the major practices that show a lack of ethics and professionalism in your industry are,
- Specific ethical dilemmas in their industry,
- How to self-evaluate using different psychological tools,
- What an ethical, professional and competent employee looks like, and
- What the organization should do to increase the professionalism of its employees. | https://icapitalafrica.org/solutions/learning-solutions/work-ethics-professionalism |
An examination of the ethical challenges posed to public administrators in the African context. The course includes a review of classical and contemporary literature on such topics as citizenship, virtue, obligation, divided loyalty, responsibility, the public interest, leadership, and public service. The first part of the course will cover the philosophical underpinnings of ethical reasoning as well as pragmatic techniques for ethical reflection at a personal and organizational level.
This course addresses critical issues of every day life in industrial settings, with particular emphasis on understanding the intra and inter-organizational relations in industry and their effect on production. It also addresses analysis of conceptual models in Sociology concerned with production, distribution, exchange and consumption; analysis of social relations in industrial settings; the effects of technology in work organizations; the structure of management and its influence on industrial relations.
This course introduces concepts and methodologies for studying African families, Social change and family life, Livelihoods and intra-household economic relations, kinship marriage, reproduction, childcare and protection, and the youth. The impacts of epidemics and other types of disasters on families, including aging and family support are part of the focus of the course. Others include the role and influence of socio-economic and other policies on the African family. Students will have to write an extended essay on a case study as part of the course.
The course on the management of ethical and human rights dilemmas intends to help students to learn the skills and principles of managing ethical and human rights dilemmas. These are ethical dilemmas like; choosing between ethically unfavorable alternatives, and human right dilemmas like choosing between alternatives that are unfavorable to sound practice of human rights.
This course describes theories and principles of ethics. The course concentrates on theories like; utilitarianism, rule based ethics, and virtue ethics. The course will also discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each of these theories.
This course focuses on the concept of Community Development, especially the need for community development (community problems arising from underdevelopment, development process, general poverty, deprivation and inequity). In addition, theoretical explanations of existing community problems and response to community problems through basic services: education, health, agriculture, water and sanitation will be discussed.
The purpose of this course is to introduce students to a variety of topics and issues in the white-collar crime area. The course will examine types, causes and the measurement of white-collar crime. Specifically, this course will review the debate regarding the definition of white-collar crime, overview the costs of white-collar and corporate crime to society, consider competing theories to explain white-collar criminality and explore the use of criminal sanctions to deter the misconduct of corporations, including environmental crime.
The purpose of this course is to examine the extent of female offending in this country as well as discuss its causes. We are also concerned with formal methods of controlling female offending. Because offending by women is often interrelated with victimization, we will also discuss female victimization patterns.
This course examines crime, criminal behavior, and crime control from a sociological perspective. We will study the dominant sociological theories of criminal offending and learn how social forces and situations play a key role in crime and reactions to crime. We will closely examine violent crime and prevention efforts to reduce it. An important component of the course is to understand the way in which sociological theory and research can (and does) play a role in criminal justice and the prevention of criminal victimization. | https://courses.mak.ac.ug/lecture-venue/senate-building-large-lecture-room-3 |
Ethical issues in South African psychology : public complaints, psychologists' dilemmas and training in professional ethics.
Date2002
Author
Wassenaar, Douglas Richard.
MetadataShow full item record
Abstract
This study examined three perspectives on ethical dimensions of South African professional psychology. These perspectives were derived from three data sets. The first data set comprised a series of public complaints against psychologists; the second a series of ethical dilemmas reported by psychologists themselves, and the third comprised a study of the training of South African psychologists in professional ethics. Clear patterns emerged in the analysis of each data set, and efforts were made to integrate the findings. Psychologists in particular registration categories, trained at particular universities and working in particular practice contexts were disproportionately more likely to attract complaints. Similarly, patterns of dilemmas experienced by psychologists also emerged. Comparison of complaints with dilemmas suggested that there were significant differences and some similarities in the ethical issues and contexts associated with public complaints and psychologists' own ethical dilemmas. The study of ethics training suggested general dissatisfaction with the relevance and quantity of ethics training nationally. The main findings were integrated to make recommendations for improving the ethics training of South African psychologists. The limitations of the data are described, along with suggestions for future research to examine in greater depth and specificity several dominant patterns described by the present study. | https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/10564 |
Building Ethical Values
Learning Outcomes:
- Using your own company as a guide, successfully name the key roles and responsibilities of each party in ethics management.
- Given a hypothetical situation, accurately identify ethics gaps, analyze performance problems that result, and determine what corrective measures should be taken.
- Utilizing classroom discussion and exercises create an action plan with no less than five steps for applying ethical standards in your own workgroup.
- Given a set of circumstances, role play at least one situation in which an ethical dilemma is demonstrated and effectively assess how best to address the situation. Be able to defend your answer.
This one-day workshop provides participants with general ethical standards in the business world and the development of organizational integrity. Participants will identify ways to increase ethical behavior, recognize and resolve issues, and learn how to enhance productivity of employees while increasing on-the-job satisfaction.
- Business Ethics – a Description
- The Organizational Role in Establishing Ethics
- Managers Role in Developing Standards
- Applying Ethics in the Workplace
- Resolving Ethical Dilemmas
- Developing an Action Plan
- Successful Accountability
Building Ethical Values
Specifics covered during this workshop include: A definition of Ethics, truths & myths; key roles and responsibilities in Ethics Management; identify ethics gaps and related performance problems; discover how ethics programs cultivate teamwork and productivity; develop awareness and sensitivity to ethical issues; look at scenarios and discuss options; learn to develop an action plan for incorporating ethical standards within your team and organization; learn to handle ethical dilemmas and develop procedures to resolve those dilemmas; address the use of how each individual spends their time on the job and uses company resources, such as email, internet, etc.
Class targeted to: Managers/Supervisors or any employee needing training in Ethics and accountability.
Prerequisites: None. | http://www.dcg-inc.com/class_outlines/building-ethical-values/ |
The Second Edition of Case Studies in Organizational Communication: Ethical Perspectives and Practices, by Dr. Steve May, integrates ethical theory and practice to help strengthen readers’ awareness, judgment, and action in organizations by exploring ethical dilemmas in a diverse range of well-known business cases.
Chapter 21: Google's Dilemma in China
Google's Dilemma in China
This case explores whether we should use one set of universal ethics that is applicable to all cultures or multiple ethical standards situated in the diverse legal, cultural, and social contexts of various nation states. In an era of globalization, it raises questions about how global companies should deal with conflicting ethical views from divergent stakeholders around the world. The case also seeks to examine the dilemmas of aligning organizational values and practices in other parts of the world that may not share such ethics.
The process of globalization is fundamentally changing the ways corporations do business today (Castells, 1996). While there is a lack of consensus on the causes, conceptualization, and effects of globalization, Held, ...
- Loading... | https://sk.sagepub.com/books/case-studies-in-organizational-communication-2e/n22.xml |
Supporting An Ethical Workplace
One of my consistently favorite areas of workplace [and human] behavior to read about and dive into is around ethical practice competencies and general issues surrounding workplace ethics. There is consistently an abundance of information around how absent it is in workplace cultures and leadership behaviors.
Part of the reason I am completely obsessed with this topic is that there is SO much information on what ethical business practices are, and how they are defined. The other reason I am fascinated by this topic is because – to me – behaving in an honest way, with a high-level of integrity and transparency is [and should be – always] the norm. As a leader, I pathologically possess a commitment to the common “good” – making the right choices that support growth, socially accepted behavior, happiness, and a harmonious – but clear and firm – conclusion to issues and that the decision is aligned with the organization policy and employee well-being. It is both bizarre and disheartening that this topic needs to be covered in so many areas in business that govern appropriate workplace behavior [i.e., policies, codes of ethics, codes of conduct, organizational values, and carefully defined work environments/company cultures].
It is staggering how frequently lapses in workplace ethics occur inside almost all industries. Just look at the recent disaster with Bill O’Reilly at FOX. We can have all the rules and policies we want to document in place – but, at the end of the day an organization, the individuals inside the organization, and the reality of the way THEY really work define the company ethics internally and to the public.
These lapses in ethical behavior manifest themselves in so many different ways inside the business world. Some of the more recent examples I have spoken with colleagues about – as well as read about have been:
- Expense fraud [either people padding their accounts or companies not reimbursing expenses to their employees]
- Sexual harassment
- Political Deviance [Lying & Assigning blame]
- Lack of personal accountability
- Conflicts of Interest
- Creating a culture of inaccessibility/unapproachability by ‘managers’ for their people [aka: I’m SO busy]
- Deliberately awful communication – lack of candor or transparency
How These Issues Negatively Impact The Work Environment [& Brand Reputation]
I have said it before and I will say it again – many employee handbooks are moldy, outdated, and cater to the lowest common denominator in the workplace. This challenge is further exacerbated when big ethical lapses drive additional policy development and stall any forward momentum the organization may have. This continues the practice of the publicizing and implementation of juvenile and “big brother-esqe” policies. Policies that are forcing, defining, and creating a parameter around a specific relationship between the employer and the employees.
Only 15% of Americans trust leaders to tell the truth – 2013 Edelman Trust Barometer
This creates challenges as employers are forced to mandate and manage what ethical and reasonable behavior by employees looks like. Depending on the environment and the company’s executive officers, these policies can be so strict and inflexible that it critically limits innovation, decision making, and leadership discretion, turning once valuable and engaged employees into – essentially – “sheeple“.
It is the unfortunate, but very real, political/ethical deviance on the part the few employees who refuse to practice principled workplace behavior that results in policies that cover and confine every employee.
In 2013, 41% of U.S. workers said they observed unethical or illegal misconduct on the job. –Ethics Resource Center’s 2013 National Business Ethics Survey.In a 2003 survey by Wirthlin Worldwide, 80% of people said they decide to buy a firm’s goods or services partly on their perception of its ethics. – Josephson Institute Reports
One of the biggest workplace ironies is that the most deviant and unethical employees are the first to make companies have to consider/deal with and invest in fighting issues such as, complaints of unfair/discriminatory treatment and hostile work environment complaints. Company policies, codes of conduct, company values, and company ethics evolved to define a company’s philosophy and purpose. But when employees or organizations conduct themselves in a way that destroys trust and erodes relationships – these constricting and damaging practices must be documented and enforced. The masses suffer for the few who are unable to work within socially appropriate norms and who function without a moral compass or with severe lack of personal accountability.
Signs Of An Ethical Workplace
- HONESTY: In order for employees to behave in an honest/ethical way, the company needs to support a culture of values that include a high-level of transparency with their employees. Company leadership/executives in ethical workplaces are honest about the state of the business. They are honest with team members when delivering performance feedback. They are honest in all interactions with customers and respectful in their dealings. By company leadership behaving in an honest and consistently ethical way they will inspire the majority of their employees to do the same and in doing so encourage a culture of trust and respect.
Lack of ethics programs increases misconduct. In one survey, 71% of employees who saw honesty applied rarely or never in their organization had seen misconduct in the past year, compared with 52% who saw honesty applied only occasionally, and 25% who saw it frequently. The figures were similar for respect and trust. – Josephson Institute Reports
- INTEGRITY: A company that values and displays integrity will do the right thing even when under pressure not to. They also refuse to gloss over detail or the truth. Being authentic requires a tremendous amount of courage, social responsibility, and self-awareness in both organizations and individuals.
- ACCOUNTABILITY: There is a big initiative in many organizations to support an elevated culture of accountability in the workplace. Accountability means that people or organizations make decisions that are in the best interest of the company purpose, they own their decisions, and – if it a wrong decision is made – they learn from it, acknowledge it, and quickly address and repair the residual fall out. Business decisions/changes are communicated and the rationale behind them is explained thoroughly and the spectrum of reactions is accepted.
- STRONG LEADERSHIP: Leaders in these ethical workplaces display all of these qualities, consistently. They are the role models for the Code of Conduct and have strong characters that are defined by the most honorable qualities. These leaders set the example and convey a positive example for others, both internally and externally.
Fortunately, as consumers, through social media we all have an inside [and real-time] window into almost every workplace. Additionally we have the ability to network with people inside organizations to have a current perspective of the most ethical workplaces and the not-so-ethical workplaces.
The Benefits Of An Ethical Workplace
- Ethical Practices Provide A Moral Compass During Turbulent Times: Lots of industries are experiencing change right now. Ethical workplaces – however – are keeping employees in “the loop”, preparing them for changes, and mitigating damage through open and honest communication. Attention to ethical practices is critical during times of change and/or crisis in business. People will be more inclined to support change and challenge if they believe in the company and the leadership of the company and understand they are working toward a common goal.
- Aligned Ethical Practices Support Collaboration and Productivity: Employee alignment around ethical behaviors that support the organizations values and culture draws people together around the vision of the organization. Ongoing attention to, and dialogue around, values in the workplace builds openness, a focus on solutions, and community…these are all critical to employee engagement and forward momentum in the workplace.
- Ethical Practices Keep Organizations Honest: It’s all well and good to have posters up on the walls and pages in the handbook outlining ethical practices but if the organization doesn’t live and breathe truly ethical practices surrounding policies then they have to be – and can be – held accountable. Forever21, a retailer that on paper supports and values diversity and inclusion was just served with a lawsuit in California for implementing a policy that their employees can only speak English in the workplace. It is an unfortunate reality that poor ethical practices lead to beneficial and practical updates in the workplace through formal litigation.
- Ethics Programs Support Strategic Planning, Diversity Management, and [In Today’s World] Sustainability: Ethics programs identify and support organizational values and ensure organizational behaviors are aligned with those values. This effort includes recording and communicating those critical values, developing policies & procedures to align beneficial and crucial behaviors with the organization’s values, and then educating all levels of employees about the policies. This overall process is important to several other programs in the workplace that require behaviors to be aligned with values, including productivity, strategic planning, and a diversity/inclusion strategy. Executives – who seek ethics as truly important – assign high priority to certain operating values, i.e., trust, performance, reliability, communication, and transparency. An ethics management focus is highly necessary for managing strategic values as they relate to expanding market share and reducing costs associated with unethical behavior(s). Ethics programs are absolutely needed to effectively managing diversity. Diversity is so very much more than the color of people’s skin or their language – it’s acknowledging different values and perspectives and are critical to any global organization’s ability to grow a robust and sustainable business. Diversity programs require recognizing and applying a diverse – but fair and consistent – practice around organizational values and people’s perspectives – these activities are the genesis of a sound and functional ethics program. | http://cottoncandyfshn.com/supporting-an-ethical-workplace/ |
Ethics are in vogue in the 1990s America. Concerns for ethical behavior pervade almost every aspect of our lives and work. This trend has not been unnoticed by the American business community. In fact, many businesses have taken current ethical concerns and tried to put them into action. In some cases, the action has been out of necessity or self-interest, as in the case of companies hurt by an unethical reputation or companies forced to implement ethics programs because of legal indictments. But some companies are taking a proactive stance toward ethics without external pressure.
As these businesses strive to conduct themselves in a more ethically responsible manner, many questions must be answered: Do businesses need to appoint certain employees whose sole task is to handle ethical concerns, or should the duties just be integrated into existing organizational structures? How should leaders respond to ethical violations within the company? What should businesses do when competitors act unethically? Are ethical concerns best handled within the company, or should outside experts be employed? The questions are unending. As scholars, our responsibility is to provide answers to these questions so that practitioners can act effectively. I conducted this research project to start to answer some of the difficult questions about business ethics.
Most of the research and writing on business ethics has addressed how organizations respond to difficult situations, like ethical misconduct (e.g., Millar & Boileau, 1992) or difficult ethical choices (e.g ., Berleant. 1982). Much less has been written on mundane ethical behavior in companies (Porter, 1990). Yet the mundane is the realm of behavior that represents the majority of what occurs. Difficult ethical dilemmas are inviting to study because they are salient, but they frequently reflect atypical behavior. To understand corporate ethics and make recommendations for growth, we need to study how companies respond to ethical issues in everyday organizational life. My focus, then, was to understand mundane structures for communicating ethics at one company, the Target Corporation. From that, I hoped to draw some preliminary conclusions about ethics at Target, and about organizational ethical structure in general.
Inclusive pages
53-67
Document Version
Published Version
Comments
Permission documentation is on file.
Copyright
Copyright © 1994, National Communication Association, previously known as the Speech Communication Association. Article is included in this repository with the publisher's permission. Any content used from this source must be attributed properly.
Publisher
Speech Communication Association
Place of Publication
Annandale, VA
eCommons Citation
Hess, Jon A., "Business as Usual: Ethics as Mundane Behavior, and the Case of Target Corporation" (1994). Communication Faculty Publications. 14. | https://ecommons.udayton.edu/cmm_fac_pub/14/ |
Citations of:
Ethics and the Conduct of Business
Pearson Prentice Hall (2009)
Add citationsYou must login to add citations.
|
|
|
|
The news reminds us almost daily that the truth is apparently not highly valued by many in business. This paper develops two prescriptive standards — the Expectation and Reputation guidelines — that may help businesspeople avoid violating clearly accepted truth standards. The guidelines also assist in determining whether truth is required in circumstances where honesty seems in conflict with the practical demands of business. A discussion of why, when and how these guidelines may be applied to facilitate truth-telling by business (...)
|
|
This article presents a theorized and conceptually informed method for the undertaking of an ethics audit organization. At an operational level, the overall integrity of an organization, it is argued, may be evaluated through the application of a conceptual frame-work that embraces the inter-related themes of individual responsibility, social equity and political responsibility. Finally, a method is presented for ethics audit which was developed in the auditing of a national public sector sports organization: sportscotland. This emphasizes the significance of key (...)
|
|
|
|
|
|
ABSTRACTEnvironmental ethics research pays much attention to the rights of individuals, future generations, and nonhuman stakeholders to have a clean environment. Moral condemnation is directed at polluters for violation of stakeholder rights. However, little consideration is given in the research literature to those who are harmed by well‐intended progressive environmental legislation. This article addresses the moral entitlements of small, remote resource‐based communities not to be harmed by environmental legislation that results in the elimination of the major employer that economically sustains (...)
|
|
It is often assumed that conventional ethics will contribute positively to economics and business, but here, this judgment will be examined. The conventional ethics of our time is dominated by altruistic philosophy, which has deep roots in religion. Such an idealistic ‘altruistic ethics’ especially emphasizes helping the least advantaged. This principle is contrasted with a more profane ‘reciprocal ethics.’ This term is used for the principle of mutual advantage central to a number of significant philosophers. This latter principle is compatible (...)
|
|
Despite the fact that business people and business students often cast doubt on the relevance of universal moral principles in business, the rejection of relativism is a precondition for business ethics to get off the ground. This paper proposes an educational strategy to overcome the philosophical confusions about relativism in which business people and students are often trapped. First, the paper provides some conceptual distinctions and clarifications related to moral relativism, particularism, and virtue ethics. More particularly, it revisits arguments demonstrating (...)
|
|
The evaluation of new theories and pedagogical approaches to business ethics is an essential task for ethicists. This is true not only for empirical and applied evaluation but also for metatheoretical evaluation. However, while there is increasing interest in the practical utility and empirical testing of ethical theories, there has been little systematic evaluation of how new theories relate to existing ones or what novel conceptual characteristics they might contribute. This paper aims to address this lack by discussing the role (...)
|
|
Loyalty is a much-discussed topic among business ethicists, but this discussion seems to have issued in very few clear conclusions. This article builds on the existing literature on the subject and attempts to ground a definite conclusion on a limited topic: whether, and under what conditions, it makes sense for an employee to offer loyalty to his employer. The main ways in which loyalty to one’s employer can contribute to human flourishing are that it makes the employee more trustworthy and (...)
|
|
Stakeholder theory is widely accepted but elementary aspects remain indeterminate as the term ‘stakeholder’ is an essentially contested concept, being variously describable, internally complex and open in character. Such contestability is highly problematic for theory development and empirical testing. The extent of essential contestability, previously unknown, is demonstrated in this paper through a bounded systematic review of 593 different stakeholder theory definitions. As an essentially contested concept, the solution does not lie in a universal stakeholder definition, but in debating the (...)
|
|
Whistle blowing programs have been central to numerous government, legislative, and regulatory reform efforts in recent years. To protect investors, corporate boards have instituted numerous measures to promote whistle blowing. Despite significant whistle blowing incentives, few individuals blow the whistle when presented with the opportunity. Instead, individuals often remain fallaciously silent and, in essence, become passive fraudsters themselves. Using the fraud triangle and models of moral behavior, we model and analyze fallacious silence and identify factors that may motivate an individual (...)
|
|
What is ethics in the contemporary world? What is the need of defining ethics and, secondly, defining it in contemporary context? The meaning of ethics is so ambiguous to nonphilosophical academicians, corporate world, and others who look to the meaning in the branch of Philosophy called Ethics. At the end of endless debates, if the purpose of getting a definition is done, it is clarity in thinking in defining ethics which would happen. This may lead to clarity in the study (...)
|
|
Businesses increasingly assume political roles, despite issues of legitimacy. The presented two case studies illustrate how businesses harness their political influence in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices through collaboration and dialog with stakeholders and civil society actors. These cases are set around issues arising in global supply chains in sourcing activities where the core problem is associated with businesses managing extended responsibilities under conflicting institutional conditions. The article seeks to provide empirical examples of Political CSR and illustrates the role of (...)
|
|
The present study sought to determine the extent to which individuals'' ethical ideologies, as measured by Forsyth''s (1980) Ethics Position Questionnaire (EPQ), impacted the degree of punishment they advocated for differing ethical infractions, as well as their selection of non-ethics related variables that might be used to modify judgments of disciplinary action. The data revealed that individual ideology does impact both advocated punishment and choice of non-ethics related variables, but only in some measures. The data are discussed in terms of (...)
|
|
In a previous essay (Sison and Fontrodona 2012), we defined the common good of the firm as collaborative work, insofar as it provides, first, an opportunity to develop knowledge, skills, virtues, and meaning (work as praxis), and second, inasmuch as it produces goods and services to satisfy society’s needs and wants (work as poiesis). We would now like to focus on the participatory aspect of this common good. To do so, we will have to identify the different members of the (...)
|
|
|
|
|
|
This article examines the relevance and value of Confucian Ethics to contemporary Business Ethics by comparing their respective perspectives and approaches towards business activities within the modern capitalist framework, the principle of reciprocity and the concept of human virtues. Confucian Ethics provides interesting parallels with contemporary Western-oriented Business Ethics. At the same, it diverges from contemporary Business Ethics in some significant ways. Upon an examination of philosophical texts as well as empirical studies, it is argued that Confucian Ethics is able (...)
|
|
Although the individual journalist is an essential unit of ethical agency, journalists are increasingly employees of large companies or corporations whose primary aim is to maximize returns to shareholders. Consequently, many, perhaps most, of the ethical dilemmas journalists face begin with the inherent conflict between the individual's role as a journalist and his or her employer's quest for profit. My underlying argument in this article is that this situation is not unique, that other fields are confronting similar dilemmas, and consequently, (...)
|
|
The aims of this study were to investigate what kinds of personal work goals managers have and whether ethical organisational culture is related to these goals. The sample consisted of 811 Finnish managers from different organisations, in middle and upper management levels, aged 25–68 years. Eight work-related goal content categories were found based on the managers self-reported goals: (1) organisational goals (35.4 %), (2) competence goals (26.1 %), (3) well-being goals (12.1 %), (4) career-ending goals (7.3 %), (5) progression goals (...)
|
|
Continual corporate malfeasance signals the need for obeying the law and for enhancing business ethics perspectives. Yet, the relationship between law and ethics and its integrative role in defining values are often unclear. While integrity-based ethics programs emphasize ethics values more than law or compliance, viewing ethics as being integrated with law may enhance understanding of an organization’s core values. The author refers to this integration of law and ethics as “substantive ethics,” analogous to the substantive law that evolves over (...)
|
|
Changes in modern societies originate the perception that ethical behaviour is essential in organization’s practices especially in the way they deal with aspects such as human rights. These issues are usually under the umbrella of the concept of social responsibility. Recently the Report of the International Bioethics Committee of UNESCO on Social Responsibility and Health has addressed this concept of social responsibility in the context of health care delivery suggesting a new paradigm in hospital governance. The objective of this paper (...)
|
|
In this study, we aim to investigate how multinational corporations (MNCs) balance ethical pressures from both the home and host countries. Drawing on theories from institutional theory, international business, and business ethics, we build a theoretical framework to explain the ethical behavior of MNCs. We apply the institutional logic concept to examine how MNCs with established logics and principles that have grown in the home country respond to local ethical expectations in the host country. We differentiate the core values from (...)
|
|
Taking multidimensional ethics scale approach, this article describes an empirical survey of top managers' moral decision-making patterns and their change from 1994 to 2004 during morally problematic situations in the Finnish context. The survey questionnaire consisted of four moral dilemmas and a multidimensional scale with six ethical dimensions: justice, deontology, relativism, utilitarianism, egoism and female ethics. The managers evaluated their decision-making in the problems using the multidimensional ethics scale. Altogether 880 questionnaires were analysed statistically. It is concluded that relying on (...)
|
|
Tokenistic short-term economic success is not good indicia of long-term success. Sustainable business success requires sustained existence in a corporation's political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental contexts. Far beyond the traditional economic focus, consumers, governments and public interest groups alike increasingly expect the business sector to take on more social and environmental responsibilities. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is the model in which economic, social and environmental responsibilities are fulfilled simultaneously. However, there is insufficient empirical evidence that demonstrates genuine widespread (...)
|
|
Theoretical justification for the Business Ethics Index (BEI) from the emerging economics of trust literature is discussed. The BEI results for 2007, 2008, and 2009 are presented. While the Personal/Past BEI component shows no significant difference from the previous years, the Vicarious/Past component shows a dramatic drop to levels previously never recorded.However, when it came to the perception of the future business ethical behavior, respondents were significantly more optimistic than in previous measurements.This finding was more than a little surprising given (...)
|
|
In recent times, whistleblowing has become one of the most popularly debated issues of business ethics. Popular discussion has coincided with the institutionalisation of whistleblowing via legal and administrative practices, supported by the emergence of academic research in the field. However, the public practice and knowledge that has subsequently developed appears to construct a dichotomy of whistleblowing/silence ; that is, an employee elects either to ‘blow the whistle’ on organisational wrongdoing, or remain silent. We argue that this public transcript of (...)
|
|
Turbulent changes in the American business landscape over the past several years present a potentially ominous future for our society. The confluence of corporate downsizing, declining unionism and the surging preference for hiring part-time/temporary workers poses a threat to the very existence of our blue-collar middle class. Furthermore, when these conditions are juxtaposed against prevailing corporate rhapsodies to employee participation programs and a teamwork approach to quality improvement, the scenario becomes absurd.Solutions to the societal and workplace problems we face require (...)
|
|
Sexual harassment is a problem for many organizations. Organizations must understand that sexual harassment lies within the broader context of sex discrimination and inequality of opportunity in the workplace. Sexual harassment is both an illegal and unethical practice. Companies need to implement a policy which respects the rights of individual employees by prohibiting sexual harassment. This policy need to be clearly stated in the company Code of Ethics and enforced rigorously. | https://philpapers.org/citations/BOAEAT-2 |
Every business works on ethics and moral values. To ensure the uniform behavior of all the employees, it is essential to implement and prioritize the moral values and ethics of every business. At the workplace, there are many myths that are involved relating to business ethics.
Ethical ways of business
There are different types of employees in every business with diverse backgrounds, religions, cultures, opinions. One thing that aligns everybody in the same direction is the common business ethics and values. Every employee has to follow business ethics to maintain discipline in the workplace. But, many myths revolve around these business ethics, and everybody has a different viewpoint about it. There may be ethical dilemmas or simplistic views that may arise from different opinions on business ethics. Many people get into business and do not have business ethics formed.
For example, if you have borrowed fast loans with no guarantor for your business in the UK, your business ethics also defines timely repayment of the loan. But many businesses do not focus on repayment of the loan and do not pay back, getting their business in trouble.
Myths about business ethics
Business ethics are related to religion instead of management
Many people believe that business ethics is more of a concern of religion as compared to management. People usually alter the business ethics as per their religious believes and backgrounds.
This may cause various conflicts at the workplace as many people belonging to different religions are involved. Hence, this myth should be eliminated as business ethics are more related to management than to religion.
Employees should be ethical instead of implementing the business ethics
If there are any ethical dilemmas at the workplace, they can grow into highly complex issues. Most employees and management believe that if they are ethical in their approach, there is no importance for business ethics.
On the other hand, business ethics are essential to sync everybody’s goals in One Direction. There may be many employees that may have different ethics in relation to their backgrounds and cultures.
No two employees have the same ethics, and hence it can create differences and conflicts within the employees. Also, the management may have different ethics and opinions that may clash with the employees.
And these clashes may have severe consequences on the productivity of the business. Hence there should be common business ethics that can maintain peace and harmony at the workplace within the employees.
Management and leaders are not a part of the business ethics, and it only caters to philosophers and academicians.
Many people believe that business ethics can only be led in an effective way by philosophers and academicians. There has been a lack of involvement from the managers and business leaders’ side from the past times.
Hence, it has led to a thought of the process that it has very little to do with the management and business people. However, business ethics is the main area for management people and leaders. It includes a lot of practical tools and theories that have to be applied to the workplace in the vigilance of the management. Hence, management and business leaders have a significant role in implementing business ethics in the workplace.
Must Read :20 Interesting Business Ideas On Instagram
Business ethics has only one motto of “do good”
In any workplace, most employees think that business ethics only focuses on one thing that is good. It is essential to realize that business ethics is more than the two good theories at the workplace. Also, it represents all the values and the thoughts of the business and its mission and vision. It also involves a code of conduct for the employees that define the business in the market.
For example, it is very good for people to be honest and transparent in their approach. Still, if the organization is dealing with honesty issues, this code of conduct will help them to imbibe honesty and ethics in the industry. Hence, the code of ethics is a compulsory protocol in any business organization to ensure its smooth functioning.
Business ethics always flows from the direction of good guys to bad guys
Most of the time, when we see around us, the good guys preach to the bad guys and tell them the importance of good values and ethics. Many people think the same case with business workplace. On the contrary, there are many good guys in the business that we not follow business ethics and may be stressed out. To manage business ethics in a workplace, everybody’s contribution is equally required irrespective of their past and behavior. If everybody follows business ethics in a collective way, it will keep away the stress from the workplace and avoid any confusion in the working culture of the business.
Social duty and business ethics are the two views of the same coin
You may have heard of many different things at a workplace, such as business ethics and social responsibility or one and the same thing. Many people feel that social responsibility is just another name for business ethics. Whereas business ethics are only for the corporate community, they are the way of telling about business dealings to the world. Also, many businesses identify them with their business ethics and code of conduct.
Social responsibility is a totally different aspect of the business. Social responsibility usually does not address several business issues, and hence business ethics should be involved to define the business in an effective way. Business ethics also consists of developing policies and procedures that will help the business stand in the market and improve its productivity and credibility.
Conclusion
Most businesses work on the concept of business ethics and have their own set of ethics. Business ethics differ from business to business and work differently for every company.
It is essential to have specific business ethics for your business to maintain harmony and peace at the workplace. Also, it aligns the goals of every employee in one direction.
Read More On The Mashtun. | https://themashtun.com/myths-about-business-ethics/ |
The term ethics is derived from the Greek word "ethos" meaning "character" and is defined as "moral principles that govern a person's or group's behavior". Nursing ethics first appeared in textbooks in the late 19th century.
Isabel Hampton Robb
, the founder of modern nursing theory, authored one of the first texts on nursing ethics. Nursing ethics initially encompassed
virtues that were desired in a nurse. At the time, these virtues included physician loyalty, commitment to high moral character and obedience. As the nursing profession evolved, nurses gradually embraced patient advocacy. As patient advocates, nurses work as part of an interdisciplinary team to provide patient care. Nursing ethics have kept pace with the advancement of the nursing profession to include a patient-centered focus, rather than a physician-centered focus. Nursing ethics differ from medical ethics because of their focus on caring, rather than curing.
Ethics in Nursing Practice
Ethics are important to the nursing profession. They guide nurses in their practice on a daily basis. They help nurses distinguish between right and wrong when the correct path is unclear. Ethical dilemmas may arise out of patient care situations or interactions with co-workers. At times, nurses may be asked to do things by other health care providers or employers that are out of their comfort zone. Ethics can also come into play when a nurse is off-duty. Nurses may find themselves in a position to make an ethical choice to provide care to a stranger should they come upon a car wreck or should a fellow airplane passenger experience a heart attack. A nurse may not be legally bound to provide care, but may have an ethical obligation to help. These situations are times when nurses must employ their personal and professional ethical decision making skills to determine how they should respond. Nurses may find it necessary to employ ethical decision making as part of the
nursing process
throughout the day. To aid in ethical decision making, many hospitals have an ethics board. The ethics board is a committee of health care providers who help to resolve ethical issues that arise in hospitals. Nurses can use the ethics board as a resource if they are faced with a situation that calls their personal morals into question. Nurses can also employ ethical reflection techniques. Ethical reflection aids nurses in identifying personal biases and reinforces moral foundations. Nurses who use ethical reflection may be better prepared while encountering ethical dilemmas on a day to day basis.
Ethics Training
Nursing students learn about ethics during the course of their nursing education. Depending on the school, student nurses can choose to earn a minor or certificate in ethics. Graduate nursing students may choose to write a thesis or dissertation on an ethical component of nursing practice. Students with additional education in ethics will be knowledgeable about different ethical theories including virtue ethics, ethics of care and deontological ethics. Nurses who are knowledgeable about ethical theories may be better prepared for ethical nursing practice as they will have a more thorough knowledge of which ethical approach will be most appropriate in a given situation.
Professional Organizations and Nursing Ethics
National and international nursing organizations provide ethical guidelines for nurses. Two of the largest nursing organizations, the International Council of Nurses and American Nurses Association provide a code of ethics for nurses. Ethical guidelines are also provided by the State Boards of Nursing. While professional ethical codes vary, common themes include confidentiality, dignity and respect. When ethical guidelines are breached there is a potential for criminal or civil liability depending on the situation. Nurses may also be sanctioned by the State Board of Nursing or be fired by their employer for a breach of ethics. Ethical nursing practice is enhanced through collaborative discussion at conferences and conventions. The Ethics of Caring collaboration has been stimulating ethical discussions and providing ethical education for nurses and other healthcare providers since 1993. The Ethics in Caring Annual Conference is a multi-disciplinary symposium in the Los Angeles area. Conference attendees can meet with healthcare providers from across the country and share ethical issues, ideas and dilemmas. Nursing ethics will remain an important aspect of the nursing profession. Ethical dilemmas will continue to be encountered by nurses in the course of their careers. Current ethical hot topics in nursing include assisting in abortions, flu-shot requirements for nurses and end-of-life issues. Nurses should be familiar with the ethics of the nursing profession, but also be comfortable with their own ethical code. Nurses who can find agreement between personal and professional ethics will be most successful at maintaining their integrity and moral character. Nurses who are comfortable with their morals and let ethics guide their decisions will be well equipped to provide patient care. | http://nursing-theory.org/articles/Nursing-ethics.php |
Published 1992 by Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture in Portland, Or .
Written in EnglishRead online
Edition Notes
|Statement||Gordon H. Reeves, Daniel L. Bottom, Martha H. Brookes, technical coordinators.|
|Series||General technical report PNW -- 288.|
|Contributions||Reeves, Gordon H., Bottom, Daniel L., Brookes, Martha H., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.)|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||39 p. :|
|Number of Pages||39|
|ID Numbers|
|Open Library||OL17613780M|
|OCLC/WorldCa||27354742|
Download Ethical questions for resource managers
Ethical questions for resource managers (OCoLC) Online version: Reeves, Gordon H. Ethical questions for resource managers (OCoLC) Material Type: Government publication, National government publication, Internet resource: Document Type: Book, Internet Resource: All Authors / Contributors.
Ethical questions for resource managers (OCoLC) Microfiche version: Ethical questions for resource managers (OCoLC) Material Type: Document, Government publication, National government publication, Internet resource: Document Type: Internet Resource, Computer File: All Authors / Contributors.
Human Resource is a business function that is concerned with managing relations between groups of people. Inevitably, this process may raise questions about what company ethics and values and if managers are the keepers of the flame, then it Ethical dilemmas in HR practice 2File Size: KB.
This paper is provided as an SHRM member benefit. It is not intended as legal advice. If you have questions or comments, please write the SHRM Information Center or call () Ethical Questions for the Human Resource Professional.
Especially human resource management (HRM) plays a decisive role in introducing and implementing ethics. The essay outlines some aspects of ethics in HRM. It sketches ethical concerns that emerged in recent HRM debates, and reflects the viewpoint that ethics should be a pivotal issue for HR specialists.
The ethical role of managers, or what the business ethicist Linda Treviño and her colleagues call ethical leadership, is a combination of being a moral person and being a moral manager.
Being a moral person rests on a combination of key traits such as integrity, honesty, and trustworthiness.
Integrity involves not onlyFile Size: KB. Questions about workplace ethics have no single or simple answer. To make things even more complicated in HR, practitioners have responsibilities as a private citizen, as a workplace colleague and.
Ethics in Natural Resources Management: Some Concepts and Food for Thought As good natural resource managers you might ask This is a book about government social policy in relation to the. Ethical Challenges in the Management of Health Information is the first book that provides comprehensive evaluation and guidance on the ethical issues emerging as a result of technological advances in health information management.
It provides a framework to guide individuals in deciding the best course of action for ethical dilemmas in health information. The Four Principles of Ethical Management As a manager you’re going to find yourself in Ethical questions for resource managers book position where you are required to regularly make decisions.
While you may, at times, feel as though you are guided by your own morals and beliefs, it is very important for you to remember to put your personal beliefs aside so that you can look at each.
Of all the organisational issues or problems, ethical issues are the most difficult ones to handle or deal with. Issues arise in employment, remuneration and benefits, industrial relations and health and safety.
There are ethical issues pertaining to the salaries, executive perquisites and the annual incentive plans etc. This Free Ethics & Compliance Toolkit provides: An historical look at organizational ethics and compliance.
The ECI Ethics and Compliance Toolkit has been assembled for your personal use. You may reproduce Toolkit materials for internal use as long as attribution is given to ECI as their creator. Use of the Toolkit for commercial purposes is. Human Resource Management Research5(3): DOI: / Human Resource Management Ethics and Professionals’ Dilemmas: A.
You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Human resource management: ethics and employment / edited by Ashly Pinnington, Rob Macklin, Tom Campbell.
Size: 2MB. oped the awareness to pursue ethical questions and establish your own views on organizational ethics. Asecond goal of the book is to strengthen your ethical reasoning and decision making. It is not enough to be aware of organizational ethics; it also requires strong critical-thinking skills to understand ethical situations and possible courses File Size: KB.
Ethical Issues in Human Resource Management 1. Ethical Issues In HR Jastinder Pal Singh MBA () School of Management Studies, Punjabi University, Patiala 2. Ethics • Ethics are moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity. Using the information in this book will sustain the foundation of ethical behavior and decision-making at all levels of the organization, regardless of project size and/or location.
The use of graphics, check lists, examples, and other tools, turn this book into a working document and a great desktop reference for any project by: 4. The second edition of Ethics for Managers is an excellent resource for managers who want to gain a better understanding of ethics to discover how it applies to their daily organizational practices.
The book offers guidance to managers wishing to make ethical decisions in a business context. José-Carlos García-Rosell, University of Lapland. The study on which this article reports, examined the relationship between the susceptibility of unethical behaviour in human resource (HR) practices (dependent variable).
HR managers need only look at the $5 billion settlement that Facebook has to pay to the Federal Trade Commission for the social media company's mishandling of.
No surprise here—managers exercise great influence on employee attitudes and behavior. They play an essential role in creating, nurturing, and sustaining an ethical culture and an ethical workforce.
Regulatory agencies acknowledge that fact, and they will scrutinize management practices, from time to time. For example, the U.S. Department of Justice and U.S. Securities.
Common Ethical Situations for Nurse Managers. Even though nursing is a fast-paced job with new challenges daily, many nurse managers report facing similar ethical dilemmas.
A recent study found the most frequently occurring and stressful ethical situations are protecting patients’ rights, staffing, advanced-care planning, and decision making.
Ethics is at the heart of leadership. Leaders must make every effort to make ethical decisions and foster ethical behavior among followers. The Seventh Edition of Meeting the Ethical Challenges of Leadership: Casting Light or Shadow explores the ethical demands of leadership and the dark side of leadership.
Bestselling author Craig E. Johnson takes an interdisciplinary approach. Too often, however, the behavior of middle managers remains unchanged, and undermines ethical messages and the creation of an ethical culture which is a corporate priority.
If middle managers are not committed to the values and ethics, this is immediately apparent to the lower level employees. This instruction, though not specifically for business ethics, would be much more helpful at providing “tough ethical questions and insights from Catholic Teaching.” Update: I am getting much value out of following back the various citations in the book/5(10).
Ethical standards are critical to the success of any organization, yet it can be extraordinarily difficult to judge a candidate’s ethical standards during the interview process. Hiring managers must know how to interview to find candidates with attitudes and characteristics that align with the company’s mission, vision and values.
Matters of hospital management do not figure prominently on the medical ethics agenda. However, management decisions that have to be taken in the area of hospital care are in fact riddled with ethical questions and do have significant impact on patients, staff members, and the community being served.
In this decision making process evidence based medicine (EBM) Cited by: The Importance of Ethics in Human Resources. Running a business or operation that demonstrates an ethical approach to business practices ensures that employees, vendors, customers and the general public view the operation favorably.
The role of human resources is one that rests at the heart of all business operations. Comprehensive, downloadable, easy-to-use Media Guide in the Coursepack for every video resource, listing the chapter to which the video content is tied, matching learning objective(s), a helpful description of the video content, and assessment questions; Premium Ethical Dilemma videos challenge students to practice their ethical reasoning and.
Your people likely look to you, as their manager or leader, to set an example in ethical leadership. But to do this, you first need to know your organization's values, so that you can embody them in your day-to-day business.
Machinery manufacturer Deere & Co., for example, was recognized in as one of most ethical companies in the world. Management Ethics – Ethical Principles of Managers Jan Grossmann Bachelor Thesis SEVEN QUESTIONS TO ADDRESS ETHICAL PROBLEM suppliers and stockholders on one side and managers and subordinates of the company on the other side (Hosmer6).
Another view brings Janotová (Janotová. Inevitably, this process may raise questions about what the respective responsibilities and rights of each party are in this relationship, and about what constitutes fair treatment.
These questions are ethical in nature, and this chapter will focus on debates about the ethical basis of human resource management. EHR_Cqxd 6/6/07 PM Page 27File Size: KB. The area of human resource management is an evolving area.
There was a time when HR managers were not directly involved in business decision making. However, with time, there has been a change in the basic role of HR function.
Therefore, it is important that HR managers must exhibit high ethical. 10 ethical issues confronting IT managers by Guest Contributor in Security on AugAM PST Should employees be.
Book Description Catholic University of America Press 3/12/, Paperback or Softback. Condition: New. A Catechism for Business: Tough Ethical Questions and Insights from Catholic Teaching. Book. Seller Inventory # BBS More information about this seller | Contact this seller/5(16).
Ethical Management for the Public Services: • deals with key issues for public services managers • integrates theory and practice throughout • uses vignettes, case studies and original research from various countries to illustrate the issues • helps managers identify ethical dilemmas • provides ethical frameworks to support managers.
Ethical Principles and Responsible Decision-Making. Leadership: Ethics at the Organizational Level. Ethics, Corporate Culture, and Compliance.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Ethics around the Globe. Emerging Trends in Ethics, CSR, and Compliance. Summary of Learning Outcomes.
Chapter Review Questions. Every child should be educated and the United Nations has made it one of the fundamental human rights of every child, recognizing the harm in having uneducated persons and the importance of an educated citizenry.
Unfortunately, there are some barriers to effective learning that receivers and givers of education have dealt with since time memorial. Managerial Ethics: Moral Management of People and Processes.
By Marshall Schminke. This book attempts to add to and (I hope) to improve on that pool of knowledge. It is a book for organizational and management scholars, philosophers, students, and, yes, even managers, interested in thinking aboutand thinking differently about -- business.
Session Legal and Ethical Issues Impacting Case Management + Unit 1: Legal and Ethical Issues Impacting Case Management: Module Bonus Material and CNE Credit Info + Unit 1: Test Taking Strategies for the CCM Exam: Unit 2: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) Unit. in a corporation ask themselves the fundamental question, namely, who are corporate managers and are they ethical.
It is only in the recent years that managers and researchers have turned their attention to ethics management (L. K. Trevino & Brown, ). The concern for “ethical consciousness” comes at the time when the concept of leadershipFile Size: KB.Include ethical performance as a dimension in performance appraisals.
7. The best ethics trainer: Bill Goodman, Chief Human Resource Officer at Aveda, describes, "We start our training even in our job ads," then adds, "but the best trainer is the behavior of our leaders." 8. Give all staff a copy of this free "Complete Guide to Ethics Management.".International Human Resource Management INTRODUCTION The term 'International Human Resource Management', (IHRM) creates an anxiety to know what is it, how does it differ from HRM, is it a synonym to cross-cultural management etc.
Hence, we should know what is IHRM at the beginning Size: 2MB. | https://kesohytugehi.silentsoundsparty.com/ethical-questions-for-resource-managers-book-8738up.php |
A prime divisor of a number is said to be core-nontrivial if for every group whose order is that number, the core for that prime divisor is nontrivial.
A prime divisor of a number is said to be core-nontrivial if for any group of order , the group (viz the -core of ) is nontrivial.
There are two cases, viz and . In case <math.n_p = 1</math>, thewhole Sylow subgroup is normal, hence it is the normal core, and the core is nontrivial.
Suppose there exist two Sylow subgroups and such that is of index in both. Then is normal in both and , hence it is normal in . But since is a subgroup of prime index, it is maximal, and hence, . Thus is a normal -subgroup of . Since , has size and we have a nontrivial core.
The only other case is that any two Sylow subgroups intersect in a subgroup of index at least in both. But in that case, we can show that (refer Sylow intersection technique). Since and is prime, this forces .
Thus, if is not 1 modulo , is a core-nontrivial prime divisor.
This page was last edited on 7 May 2008, at 23:24. | https://groupprops.subwiki.org/wiki/Core-nontrivial_prime_divisor |
Normality is one of the most pivotal subgroup properties. It traces its origins to the very beginnings of group theory, in fact, to even before that. Since a lot of subgroups aren't normal, attempts have naturally been made to determine, given a subgroup, how far it deviates from being normal. Here, we look at some subgroup operators that measure the extent to which a subgroup deviates from normality, aswell as some abstract groups we can associate with the given subgroup that again measure the deviation.
An arbitrary intersection of normal subgroups is a normal subgroup. In other words, normality is an intersection-closed subgroup property.
Thus, given a subgroup we can look at the set of all normal subgroups of containing , and take their intersection. This intersection will itself be a normal subgroup, and it will contain . The intersection is termed the normal closure of . The normal closure of in is denoted as .
A subgroup is normal if and only if it equals its normal closure.
The normal closure of can be viewed as a normal approximation to it from above, that is, a normal approximation that is bigger than it.
Another way of viewing the normal closure is as the smallest subgroup that contains as well as all the conjugates of . This can be thought of as a constructive way of making the normal closure, starting from and moving upwards (as opposed to the intersection route that goes downwards).
An arbitrary join of normal subgroups is a normal subgroup. In other words, normality is a join-closed subgroup property.
Thus, given a subgroup , we can take the join of all normal subgroups of contained inside . The join will itself be a normal subgroup, and it will contain . This join is termed the normal core of in . The normal core of in is denoted as .
A subgroup is normal if and only if it equals its normal core.
The normal core of a subgroup can be viewed as a normal approximation to it from below, that is, a normal approximation that is smaller than it.
Another way of viewing the normal core is as the intersection of and all the conjugates of .
Recall the following definition of normality: is normal if and only if for every .
The normalizer of a subgroup is defined as the set of all elements that commute with the subgroup. In other words, the normalizer of a subgroup , denoted as , is defined as the set of all such that .
Clearly, is normal in , and any subgroup in which is normal must lie inside . Thus, is the largest subgroup in which is normal.
A subgroup is normal if and only if its normalizer equals the whole group.
A subgroup of a group is termed contranormal if its normal closure is the whole group. In other words, the subgorup generated by all its conjugates is the whole group, or equivalently, there is no proper normal subgroup containing it.
The property of being contranormal is a NCI-subgroup property, that is, no proper normal subgroup can be contranormal. In fact, no proper subnormal subgroup can be contranormal either, because if is a subnormal series then is a proper normal subgroup containing .
Note that the condition of being contranormal does not imply that every element of the group is conjugate to some element in the subgroup, rather, it says that every element in the group can be expressed as a product of elements in the subgroup and their conjugates. The stronger condition of every element in the group being conjugate to some element in the subgroup, is termed the condition of being conjugate-dense.
Further, it is true that in a simple group, every nontrivial subgroup is contranormal, because its normal closure must be a nontrivial normal subgroup, and hence the whole group.
A subgroup of a group is termed core-free if its normal core is the trivial subgroup. In other words, the intersection of all its conjugates is trivial, or equivalently, there is no nontrivial normal subgroup contained inside it.
The property of being core-free is a NCT-subgroup property, that is, no nontrivial normal subgroup can be core-free. It may, however, happen that there is a subnormal core-free subgroup.
It is also true that in a simple group, any proper subgroup is core-free. This follows from the fact that the normal core of any proper subgroup must be a proper normal subgroup, and hence, trivial.
There are a number of stronger conditions than being core-free. For instance, there is the condition of being a malnormal subgroup, viz a subgroup such that the intersection with any conjugate by an outside element is trivial. (Any proper malnormal subgroup is core-free).
A subgroup of a group is termed self-normalizing if it equals its own normalizer. In other words, a subgroup of a group is termed self-normalizing if there is no subgroup properly containing it in which it is normal.
The property of being self-normalizing is a NCI-subgroup property, that is, no proper normal subgroup can be self-normalizing. In fact, no proper subnormal subgroup can be self-normalizing, because if is a subnormal series for , then is normal in .
Unlike the other two cases (viz contranormal and core-free subgroup) it is not true that most subgroups of a simple group are self-normalizing. This can essentially be viewed as because of the fact that the normalizer is local more to the nature of the subgroup than to the nature of the whole group.
The properties of being self-normalizing, core-free and contranormal are all closely related, thoguh none of them implies any of the others. Here are some facts.
Moreover, is the only intermediate subgroup for which both these conditions hold.
Moreover is the unique subgroup for which both these hold.
Given a subgroup , we consider the group where denotes the normal core of . Note that this group is trivial when is normal, so the size of this group measures the extent to which the subgroup deviates from normality.
For a core-free subgroup, the quotient-by-core is the same as the subgroup.
Certain interesting results are known on the quotient by the normal core. For instance, the quotient-by-core of a permutable subgroup, and more generally, of a modular subgroup in a finite group, is a nilpotent group.
Given a subgroup , the closure-by-core operator gives the abstract group , where is the normal closure of in and is the normal core of in . In other words, the closure-by-core operator outputs the quotient of the normal closure by the normal core.
Note that, like the quotient-by-core, this group is trivial when the subgroup is normal, so the size of this group measures deviation from normality.
Given a subgroup , the normalizer-by-self operator gives the abstract group . Note that this is well-defined because is normal in its normalizer.
The normalizer-by-self of a normal subgroup is the corresponding quotient group.
This page was last edited on 17 November 2008, at 23:46. | https://groupprops.subwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Measuring_deviation_from_normality&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile |
What do you think the purpose of this poster is? When must you register by? Is it true if I say that you must email in to register for a space at the workshop?
Hello, everyone! The workshop for making steamed glutinous rice with chicken is not real, but you might receive similar posters like that for visual text comprehension (VTC)!
In addition, the questions above are equally relevant to VTC.
Students should aim to score full marks for VTC. This is because this section tends to be more straightforward as the answers can all be found in the visual text.
However, if you find that you are still losing at least 3 marks in this section, then you should read on to find out how you can secure more marks!
1. Read and eliminate!
“Which of the following statements is true/ false?”
There is usually at least one of such questions in VTC. Always remember that for one option to be correct, the other options will all be wrong. In order to tackle them accurately, you should do the following:
-
Read the question carefully to see if the question is asking for a true or false statement.
-
Read each option carefully. Often, the small details in an option make it true or false. Underline the detail that does not add up.
-
Practise elimination by checking each option against the poster. Instead of placing ticks and crosses, Label “T” or “F” after checking each option to avoid confusing yourself.
Let’s take a look at an example question, based on the steamed glutinous rice workshop poster above!
For this question above, we should read and eliminate. Let’s practise the 3 steps!
First, I will read the question carefully. By doing so, I notice that the question is asking for a true statement.
Next, I will look at the options. Instead of looking at all 4 together, I will read each option closely.
For Option 1, the detail ‘register for the event by 22 October 2018’ does not match the poster. Hence, I will underline these details and label ‘F’ to indicate that the statement is false.
For Option 2, ‘Ms. Tan Kah Kee will teach participants’ is wrong because the poster mentions that it is Chef Low who taught participants. Hence, I will underline these details in the option and label ‘F’.
For Option 3, ‘Mr Chua C.K’ is wrong because the poster mentions that it is ‘Mr Phua C.K’. This small detail has made the statement false!
As for Option 4, it matches the poster as the poster states that the workshop is only held on 23 October 2018, making it a one-day event. Label this statement as ’T’ to indicate that it is true.
2. Know the meanings of common time expressions
Questions may ask you how often an event occurs, or when the deadline to register for an event is. In such cases, you will need to understand the meaning of certain time expressions in order to be accurate. Let’s take a look at some confusing ones!
1. biennial / biannual / annual
Do these words look the same to you? Well, they all involve years but in different ways!
Biennial = happening once every two years
E.g. This is a biennial event. Since it was last held in 2017, the next time will be in 2019.
Biannual = happening twice a year (Bi = twice; annual = a year)
E.g. The festival is held biannually, once in January and once in December.
Annual = once a year
E.g. The workshop is conducted annually. Since you missed it this year, you will have to wait till next year.
In order to remember the difference between biennial and biannual, just remember:
Bi = twice; annual = a year
Hence, biannual means ‘twice a year’. So, ’biennial’ cannot have the same meaning!
To learn more about the essential vocabulary for visual text, check here.
2. by / before
“Please register for the event by 18 October 2018.”
“Please register for the event before 18 October 2018.”
In the above sentences, one different word has caused the deadline for registration to differ!
‘By’ is an inclusive term: the deadline would include the date behind ‘by’.
‘Before’ is an exclusive term: the deadline is one day before the date behind ‘before’.
“Please register for the event by 18 October 2018.” —> You can still register on 18 October 2018.
“Please register for the event before 18 October 2018.” —> The last day of registration is 17 October 2018.
3. Look for the MAIN PURPOSE OF THE POSTER (not a specific event mentioned in the poster) in the right place
“The main aim of this flyer is to…”
Questions on the main purpose of the poster or advertisement are very common. However, students still tend to answer such questions wrongly because they might focus on the wrong section of the poster in order to answer them.
How do we answer questions on the purpose accurately? Well, here are 2 ways!
A. Read the title of the poster
For every poster or advertisement, the title is in the largest font on the page. This is done in order to grab the reader’s attention and provide an idea of what the poster is about. Hence, reading the title of the poster will let you know what the overall purpose of the poster is.
In the example above, the title ‘The House of Cards’ is the name of a store. By knowing this, it is likely that the purpose of the poster is related to getting people to visit the store.
However, do not jump to conclusions based on the title alone! You should also look for textual clues and details that point to the purpose of the poster. What are these clues? Continue reading below!
B. Look for verbs that get you to carry out some action after reading the poster
Frequently, the purpose of a poster is to get you to carry out some action. This means that the purpose can be stated in the form of a verb.
In this example above, the verb ‘visit’ tells us that the poster aims to get readers to visit the store. Other than visiting a place, common calls-to-action in posters include:
-
Attending/ Participating in an event (Possible action words: Come and join us; Sign up now)
-
Learning a new skill (Possible action words: Learn how to…; Pick up a new skill)
-
Doing one’s part in a meaningful activity (Possible action words: Do your part; Be a volunteer)
Do take note that there will be many verbs being used in just one poster. So, which verbs would help point us to the purpose of the entire poster?
Well, the verb must be used in the context of the whole poster, not just one section of it. In addition, such verbs will usually be used near the top or at the end of the poster in order to leave a lasting message to the readers.
Do remember to check that the title and the textual clues match in terms of pointing to the overall purpose of a poster before deciding on your answer!
With that, we have come to the end of this post. All the best for your SA2! I hope that these clues will be helpful when you are attempting VTC in the examinations! | https://lilbutmightyenglish.com/blog/3-tips-to-secure-more-marks-in-visual-text-comprehension-vtc/ |
a coloring book of messy, unruly wildflower for adults and children, drawn by me. My first coloring book.
Author website
Features & Details
- Primary Category: Crafts & Hobbies
-
Project Option: 6×9 in, 15×23 cm
# of Pages: 24
-
Isbn
- Softcover: 9781364812867
- Hardcover, ImageWrap: 9781364812850
- Hardcover, Dust Jacket: 9781364812843
- Publish Date: Nov 11, 2015
- Language English
- Keywords adult coloring book, flowers, wild flowers, black and white
See More
About the Creator
I have always always always wanted to illustrate picture books. I have so many ideas.... just need more time to create them. I hope you enjoy the books I have here so far! If I can make someone smile with something I have created then I will be a happy camper. I don’t know what my superpower is yet, but I know it will involve wearing a yellow polka dot cape. | https://www.blurb.com/b/6598602-unruly-wild-flowers |
Do you need a different ISBN for paperback and hardcover?
Printed books, however, cannot be sold without an ISBN. Remember that each version of your book would need a separate ISBN, and purchasing a block of 10 would be more cost-effective than purchasing one.
Can you use same ISBN for hardcover and paperback?
Each format of a book needs its own unique ISBN, meaning if you have an ebook version and a paperback version of the same title, each will need its own unique ISBN. ISBNs cannot be reused once they are assigned, which protects each version of a book from copyright violations.
Does ISBN change with hardcover?
For example, paperback and hardcover versions of the same title will have different ISBNs. A textbook will have a separate ISBN for each edition. International Edition textbooks have a different ISBN than the standard edition.
Does each book have a different ISBN?
ISBN is an acronym for International Standard Book Number. It’s a unique series of digits assigned to every book published in the world. Each different edition of the same book has its own ISBN. That means the paper-format, digital, illustrated or translated versions of the same book have different ISBNs.
What does ISBN 10 and ISBN 13 mean?
ISBN 10 and ISBN 13 are two different systems used in systematic numbering of books between which some differences can be identified. ISBN stands for International Standard Book Number. ISBN 10 was the system that was used earlier whereas ISBN 13 is the new system. This is the main difference between the two systems.
Can the same book have 2 ISBN numbers?
An ISBN (International Standard Book Number) is intended to identify a unique edition of a book. Thus a hardcover edition of a book will carry a different ISBN than a paperback edition of the same book, and a revised edition of a book gets a new ISBN even if it carries the same title.
Can two different books have the same ISBN?
Two books may have precisely the same content but be issued different ISBNs because they come from different printings. Likewise, printing errors, etc., can in rare cases render two books different despite having the same ISBN.
Why do books have two ISBN numbers?
Do copies of book have same ISBN?
No. A new ISBN is needed (and is easy to obtain). An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation (except reprintings) of a book. For example, an e-book, paperback, and hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN.
Can 2 different books have the same ISBN?
In most cases, this is not a mistake. The fact is, sometimes publishers print the same ISBN on more than one of their publications. Although ISBNs are meant to be unique to each title edition, it is surprisingly common for publishers to give the same ISBN to different books.
Do second editions have different ISBN numbers?
If a second edition has the same title as the first, does it keep the same ISBN? No. A new edition is considered a different product and gets its own ISBN. How are ISBNs assigned to multi-volume works? | https://www.thenewsindependent.com/do-you-need-a-different-isbn-for-paperback-and-hardcover/ |
Vaughan Nelson CEO and Portfolio Manager Chris Wallis shares insights on the economic recovery and near-term market risks.
While challenges related to the COVID-19 pandemic remain, evidence suggests that the post-crisis rebound can continue.
Results from our Global Survey of Financial Professionals, conducted in the midst of the pandemic, show that volatility and recession are top concerns and reveal insight into investor behavior in uncertain markets.
A look at post-COVID-19 tensions between the world’s two largest economies and what it could mean for investors and emerging markets.
Gains for trend following managed futures strategies during COVID-19 crisis are explained by Dr. Kathryn Kaminski in this Bloomberg interview.
Kathryn Kaminski, Chief Research Strategist at AlphaSimplex, talks with Natixis’s Esty Dwek about managing volatility today.
Spreading your investments across asset classes can help to balance risk and return potential, and avoid surprises when market corrections occur.
Oil market has recently made the news with negative prices. This is an opportunity to highlight the parallel between the Oil and Volatility markets.
Aziz Hamzaogullari, Chief Investment Officer and founder of the Growth Equities Strategies team at Loomis Sayles talks about how to protect your portfolio in market crisis.
Christiaan Kraan, Managing Director at Seeyond, an affiliate of Natixis Investment Managers, explains how volatility strategies can be both an investable and liquid asset class and why they are one of a few true diversification opportunities left in the world today.
Persistent cross-asset trends during periods of market stress, crisis alpha and the strategic role of managed futures are explained.
Paul Black, co-CEO and Portfolio Manager at WCM Investment Management, talks about COVID-19 market turbulence and how an active approach seeks to uncover opportunities in down markets.
Risk-mitigating and portfolio diversification ideas to help investors stay invested through market crisis for long-term financial goals.
A look at whether investors can expect a short or prolonged market downturn as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
In light of the federal aid response to COVID-19, how should investors consider market opportunities and risks over the near term?
Why panic selling during unsettling times may be one of the worst things long-term investors could do is analyzed over three decades.
With the world dealing with the impact of COVID-19, our Head of Global Market Strategy looks at three possible scenarios that could to unfold in the economy and markets.
Head of Global Market Strategy for Dynamic Solutions Esty Dwek looks at the potential global market implications of an oil supply glut.
Epidemics, wars, and a financial crisis have been short-term factors for long-term value-oriented Harris Associates, explains Portfolio Manager and Director of US Research, Win Murray.
As cases of COVID-19 occur outside of China, investors should be aware of the potential market risks.
China’s coronavirus outbreak has implications for the global economy and investors – here’s a look at the potential near-term and longer-term market risks.
Nicolas Just, Deputy CEO and CIO at Seeyond, explains why ‘low-vol’ equity strategies, can outperform the market and what it can bring to investors.
Generally solid US economic data and signs of improvement in China point to a market stabilization or improvement rather than a further slowdown.
How a looming Brexit deal and evidence of easing geopolitical tensions between the US and China could affect markets and investors.
Practice can differ from theory. Discover Seeyond’s innovative approach to equity investing.
We believe a minimum volatility-based allocation of high-dividend paying stocks could be a promising solution for investors looking for income generating investments and lower risk.
On earth as in markets, humans have been trying to domesticate mother nature for their own benefit. But Nature always takes back its place.
Our statistical analysis shows that 70% of equity investor risk appetite is defined by global growth, political risk and the FED’s monetary policies.
An analysis of recent market volatility and how US-China trade turmoil may continue to affect markets and investors in the near term.
The 2019 Natixis Global Survey of Individual Investors reveals that investors are conflicted about risk, returns and what they can expect from their investments.
What does this strategy bring to the investors’ allocation? And what weight should be added to a typical allocation?
Our 2019 Institutional Outlook explores the nine trends driving institutional strategy for 2019.
With the return of market volatility, professional fund buyers reveal their top concerns–and how they plan to meet their goals despite them.
How wholesale portfolio managers are finding opportunity amidst geopolitical instability, market volatility, and low interest rates. | https://www.im.natixis.com/sg/insights/volatility |
NYTimes Magazine has a special issue on Money. One of the stories deals with The Sink-or-Swim Economy:
Technological innovation, as well as deregulation and trade liberalization, ”fostered a pronounced expansion of competition and creative destruction,” observed Alan Greenspan. ”The result through the 1990’s of all this seeming-heightened instability for individual businesses, somewhat surprisingly, was an apparent reduction in the volatility of output and in the frequency and amplitude of business cycles for the macroeconomy.” Translated from Fed-speak, that means that for the past 20 years, individual companies have prospered or failed, entire industries have grown up while others have vanished and, when all that frantic sinking and swimming in the economic waters is plotted as a graph of overall output, it looks like a gently rising curve. Meanwhile, the periods of economic expansion keep getting longer, while the recessions get shorter and less severe. | https://emergic.org/2003/06/09/the-new-economy/ |
WASHINGTON, April 10 (RIA Novosti/PRIME) – The short-term decline in the value of the ruble will spur the recovery of the Russian economy, but prolonged financial volatility will increase capital outflows, World Bank economist Hans Timmer said Thursday.
“Anticipating that the volatility that they are facing now will be short-lived, then that’s not a bad strategy,” the chief economist of the World Bank for Europe and Central Asia told reporters on the sidelines of the spring session of the IMF and World Bank.
He added that he saw no threat in the weaker ruble as long as the trend is short-term.
“If this is a much longer term development, and you will see capital outflows that will grow and that will continue for a long time, then the Central Bank will have to change its policy,” he added.
Timmer linked the ruble exchange rate volatility with recent fluctuations in the financial markets caused by a tense geopolitical situation among other factors.
“That is one of the big impacts that any country faces and there are some tensions because they are reflected in international financial markets,” he added.
“Russia at the moment has significant reserves so that’s good, they can draw from that, but in the environment that you have also opportunity to let the currency depreciate – that is also helpful for Russia,” he concluded, while expressing hope that the situation with the current instability of the ruble ends well. | http://www.brics-info.org/world-bank-says-temporarily-weak-ruble-will-boost-russian-economy/ |
Volatility hasn’t crept back into the markets; it has jumped back in. The COVID-19 coronavirus outbreak has sent stocks lurching over the past week. And in the face of such huge market swings, investors...
The stock market took a gut punch recently as a number of on-again, off-again headwinds started to blow at the same time. Investors quickly turned tail, seeking out more protective positions. Unsurprisingly,...
Volatility is back, and that has investors on the defensive. Huge market swings over prolonged periods of time can be a nightmare, prompting investors to make rash decisions that ultimately hamper their... | https://www.kiplinger.com/tfn/ticker.html?ticker=HYLV |
It's been a wild week for stocks, and there was a point in my life when that would've caused me to lose serious sleep. Not anymore, though.
Frankly, at this point, I've been investing for so many years that I'm no stranger to periods of stock market unrest, or even full-blown crashes. But here are some other reasons why I'm not at all nervous over the idea of prolonged volatility — or even a bear market that lasts months.
1. Volatility is normal
When you're new to investing, the idea of stock values dropping substantially can be extremely worrisome. But when you dig into the stock market's history, you'll see that volatility is actually quite commonplace.
The S&P 500 index (which consists of the 500 largest publicly traded companies and is considered an accurate measure of the broad market's performance) has been through 26 bear markets — periods where it's lost 20% of its value or more — since 1928. The good news? It's managed to recover from each and every one. That alone gives me peace of mind despite the mildly unsettling experience of seeing my portfolio value decline temporarily.
2. I'm not planning to sell anytime soon
The only way to lose money in the stock market is to sell investments at a loss. But if you sit tight and ride out periods of volatility, you may not lose so much as a dime. A big reason why I force myself not to check my portfolio frequently — and especially not during market downturns — is that I don't want to put myself in a position where I get spooked and make rash decisions, like unloading stocks with the potential to recover.
In fact, my general investing strategy is to load up on quality stocks and hold them for many decades. Since I have no plans to sell any of my investments in the near term, and I think every stock I own has the potential to recover from a downturn, I don't have to be nervous about permanent losses.
3. I'm strong in the savings department
My plan to not liquidate investments when they're down? Part of the reason it works is that I also happen to have a solid emergency fund — one with enough money to cover about a year's worth of living expenses.
Now some people will say that's way too aggressive an emergency fund to have, and the reality is that for many people, three to six months' worth of bills is perfectly reasonable and appropriate. I have my own logic for having a larger emergency fund, and part of it is that I know it'll buy me the opportunity to leave my portfolio alone during periods of volatility.
Sometimes, a volatile week in the stock market is just that — a temporary blip. In other cases, it can be the beginning of a prolonged sell-off that ultimately leads to a correction or full-blown crash. But no matter what comes to be in the near term, I'm not worried about it. And if you take a similar approach to investing, you, too, can sleep better at night when stock market volatility rears its ugly head.
10 stocks we like better than Walmart
When investing geniuses David and Tom Gardner have an investing tip, it can pay to listen. After all, the newsletter they have run for over a decade, Motley Fool Stock Advisor, has tripled the market.*
David and Tom just revealed what they believe are the ten best stocks for investors to buy right now… and Walmart wasn't one of them! That's right — they think these 10 stocks are even better buys.
Stock Advisor returns as of 2/1/20
The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy. | https://retire.ly/2021/05/16/stocks-have-been-volatile-heres-why-im-not-panicked-over-it/ |
Market volatility represents the natural ebb and flow of an investment’s worth. Over time, solid investments increase in value. However, it’s usually not a steady uphill climb. Some analysts describe the phenomenon as a yo-yo on an upgoing escalator. Due to market forces, a good investment’s worth can dip temporarily, sometimes for prolonged periods of time. In other instances, its value can rise drastically in a short timeframe. The broader market often undergoes similar fluctuations, or periods of volatility.
Latest News
More News
Archives:
- November 2021 (2)
- October 2021 (7)
- September 2021 (2)
Want to Know More? | https://fischerwealthadvisors.com/news/news-by-tags.html?tag=Market&key=articlestags |
In today’s DueNorth Insight, we’re going to discuss everyone’s favorite topic of market volatility, pullbacks, corrections, and bear markets. These are all buzzwords used when the market begins to decline and can cause investors much anxiety. Volatility is characterized as periods of rapid and unexpected price movements in a market or security. It often gets a bad reputation and is only referenced in declining market environments but can also be used to describe sharp market increases. While sometimes unsettling, volatility is a totally normal part of long-term investing.
A pullback is defined as a 5-10% drop off of recent highs. They are very short in duration and do not impact market sentiment or outlook.
The next step is a correction. A correction is a downward movement of 10-20%. Longer lasting than pullbacks, corrections last anywhere from a few weeks to a few months. Corrections are not uncommon and in fact there have been 10 corrections in the last 20 years.*
A bear market is a prolonged market decline of greater than 20%. They are periods of negative investor sentiment and market pessimism lasting a few months to a few years.
More infrequent than both pullbacks and corrections, there have been 5 bear markets since 2000.** Investors become risk averse and favor more stable investments. All of the topics that we just referenced are reasons to have a diversified investment portfolio and frequently review your financial plan and personal risk tolerance. Reviewing your risk tolerance will allow you to have the confidence
that you’re ready to weather all market climates. And that’s today’s DueNorth Insight.
The opinions voiced in this material are for general information only and are not intended to provide specific advice or recommendations for any individual. All performance referenced is historical and is no guarantee of future results. All indices are unmanaged and may not be invested into directly
Sources: | https://www.priebewealth.com/blog/pullbacks-corrections-bear-markets |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.