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The most typical characteristic of energy prices is high volatility due to the influence of numerous political and environmental factors. Energy prices are also influenced by many factors of supply and demand, the most powerful of which is global economic growth. In periods of economic prosperity, energy demand is growing, while in periods of economic stagnation there is a decline in consumption.
In addition to economic changes, extreme weather conditions can have a huge impact on energy carriers, leading to disruptions in the supply of crude oil, natural gas or fuel oil. In turn, these circumstances may reduce or increase the demand for many consumer services related to energy. In addition, political instability in countries with some of the largest natural gas fields in the world has a great impact on world energy prices.
Oil is a global non-stop market which prices are in constant motion. This makes it the ideal tool for day traders who use rapid changes and choose CFDs as the easiest way to trade based on oil prices. | https://amelok.com/en/assets/resources |
Evidence of a 2016 recovery in gas price volatility
Implied volatility benchmarks from the traded prices of gas options suggest that there may be a recovery in European gas price volatility underway in 2016.
Implied volatility benchmarks from the traded prices of gas options suggest that there may be a recovery in European gas price volatility underway in 2016.
September 26, 2016
Prompt gas price volatility is the key market price signal for short term supply flexibility response. Volatility plays a key role in determining the risk that gas suppliers face in supplying customer portfolios. Volatility also has a strong influence on the value of flexible supply assets. For example, it is an important driver of capacity sales revenue for the owners of storage, pipeline & interconnector assets.
Spot volatility at European hubs has remained subdued since the start of this decade. This has been due to weak gas demand and a prolonged surplus of supply flexibility at European gas hubs. But evidence is building in 2016 of what may be the start of a more structural recovery in European gas price volatility. Recent issues with the UK’s Rough storage asset, and uncertainty over it’s long term future, are playing an important role.
We provide fairly regular updates on historical volatility. Today we also look at an alternative measure of gas price fluctuations: implied volatility. This is a benchmark “implied” from the prices of traded gas options (see boxed section below) and is becoming an increasingly useful source of information on volatility as gas options liquidity at the UK NBP and Dutch TTF hubs improve.
Implied volatility on the rise
The attraction of implied volatility as a benchmark, is the immediacy of its responsiveness to changes in market conditions. It represents a current, forward looking, market view on the level of volatility. This is in contrast to historical volatility which is by definition backward looking. For further details on the characteristics of implied vs historical volatility see the box below and a previous article on the subject.
|Historical vs implied volatility
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Volatility can be estimated from historic price movements (‘historic volatility’). Volatility can also be estimated or implied from traded options prices (“implied volatility”). This is done by reverse-engineering the volatility consistent with the observed option price using a standard option pricing model. Implied volatility benchmarks have the advantage over historic volatility measures in that they are forward looking and include information on market expectations of future volatility (rather than what has happened historically). Implied volatility relies on access to prices or quotes for traded options. This means that implied volatility benchmarks are less accessible than historical volatility benchmarks (which can more easily be calculated from publicly available price information).
In layman’s terms, an increase in implied volatility can be interpreted as an increase in the market risk premium priced into traded options. This can be seen in practice in Chart 1 which shows a pronounced pickup in the implied volatility of NBP gas contracts across 2016. The volatility measure displayed on the chart comes from the front month NBP ‘at the money’ call option, based on Marex Spectron* data.
Chart 1: Implied volatility of UK NBP front month “at-the-money” call option
Source: Timera Energy (data from Marex Spectron)
The rise in NBP implied volatility at the start of the 2016 was driven by rapidly declining oil and gas hub prices. Volatility rose again in Q2 2016 as the result of a pronounced short squeeze. Since June, NBP volatility levels have been elevated by the outage issues at the UK’s Rough storage facility. Brexit has also helped by increasing the impact of GBP exchange rate volatility on NBP gas prices.
Rough storage plays an important role in dampening gas price fluctuations at the UK NBP. This is because gas is withdrawn from Rough in periods of higher prices and gas is injected in lower priced summer periods. The complete injection outage on Rough this summer has been a big factor driving higher NBP volatility, as prices have fallen more than they otherwise would have without Rough to absorb surplus gas. Looking ahead to the coming winter, reduced Rough withdrawal capability is likely to continue to support volatility via more pronounced periods of higher prices.
An interesting observation on Chart 1 is that the implied volatility benchmark is itself quite volatile. This reflects the limited liquidity in the gas options market in Europe. Price swings in relatively thinly traded options contracts can translate into big fluctuations in implied volatility. This is particularly the case when demand for options rises sharply relative to available liquidity e.g. the surprise Rough outage announcement this summer. However these sharp swings in implied volatility are typically short lived as liquidity returns and the market responds to arbitrage opportunities.
Historical volatility tells a consistent story
One key limitation of implied volatility as a benchmark is the relatively short available historical data set. It is only over the last three to four years that gas options liquidity has evolved to the point that supports sensible estimation of implied volatility. To understand the evolution of NBP price behaviour over a longer 15 year time horizon we return to historical volatility in Chart 2.
Chart 2 Evolution of NBP historical volatility (2001-16)
Source: Timera Energy
The recovery in historical volatility in 2016 (Chart 2) is not as pronounced as the one in implied volatility (Chart 1). But the perspective of a 15 year horizon also appears to suggest that 2016 may be marking the start of a volatility recovery.
Recovering volatility is consistent with several important fundamental drivers at work in the European gas market:
The fact that implied and historical volatility benchmarks are both pointing towards a recovery is an important sign that these fundamental drivers are starting to make an impact.
Article written by Olly Spinks & David Stokes
*For more information about the Marex Spectron implied volatility data please contact Richard Frape.
Relevant Articles: | https://timera-energy.com/evidence-of-a-2016-recovery-in-gas-price-volatility/ |
The financial hardships households faced in the midst of the pandemic reveals the scale of the precarity that millions of households were experiencing well before the crisis began. This highlights the urgency of the need to reimagine our system of benefits—both public and private—to effectively...
This brief outlines how beneficiaries are using online platforms to identify breakdowns in public services, celebrate the positive impact of public policy and urge reform. Ways in which government can capitalize on widespread social media feedback and begin to build long-term measures to center...
Aspen Financial Security Program’s the Expanding Prosperity Impact Collaborative (EPIC) has identified seven specific consumer debt problems that result in decreased financial insecurity and well-being. Four of the identified problems are general to consumer debt: households’ lack of savings...
Short-term cushions are key to longer-term financial security and well-being. This report shines a light on the central role that short-term financial stability plays in a person’s ability to reach broader financial security and upward economic mobility, a measurement of whether an...
This is the second in a series of briefs produced by a partnership between the Aspen Institute’s Expanding Prosperity Impact Collaborative (EPIC), Washington University’s Center for Social Development (CSD), and the Intuit Tax and Financial Center. The first brief highlighted new data on the...
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EPIC’s first issue brief, “Income Volatility: A Primer,” was a comprehensive literature review of what is known about the prevalence, causes, and impacts of income volatility. This second brief looks at managing income volatility at both the household and societal levels. It presents a... | https://learninghub.prospercanada.org/searchwp/?knowledge-source=1613 |
Stockholm (Ekonamik) – In a recent research note, Winton Capital asks “Are Markets Becoming More Unstable?” After considering a range of markets, the asset manager finds “that there is no evidence for increasing instability over the past 60 years”.
Assuming that “five-sigma events” – shifts that would happen once every thousand years if market returns were normally distributed – can be counted as “shocks” Winton Capital argues that the number of shocks in has not increased very much over time. These observations hold for equity, bond, currency, rates, various commodities and alternative investments markets.
Although it may have been more intuitive to display the quarterly shock count rather than the cumulative total, the data does appear to show a relatively stable rate of growth for the shock count. The only periods when the shock count seems to visibly deviate from a linear growth path is during the 1960s, 1979, the second half of the 1980s and in 2008. The shocks are more visible when shocks are measured by long- rather than by short-term volatility in returns.
Calamos Investments offers the opposing view. Using a different metric, the firm shows that there is an uptick in the number of daily moves of +/- 2% and +/- 3% since the 1950s. According to the research “a growing consensus holds that large daily swings, such as those that reappeared at the start of 2016, are more structural than temporary.” According to Calamos, technology and the increased interconnectedness and trading velocity it facilitates may be at the heart of the problem. “When investors decide to de-risk portfolios at the same time, the result can be like a game of musical chairs in which each investor seeks to avoid being the last to hold an unwanted asset.”
The narrative of technological disruption that Calamos provides is appealing and in synch with the zeitgeist. However, Calamos’s choice of measurement variable seems more arbitrary, which makes Winton Capital’s approach more convincing, by comparison. The fact that Winton’s conclusion appears to hold across markets and regardless of the time horizon over which the standard deviation is calculated is particularly appealing.
Unfortunately, the data presented by Winton Capital and by Calamos Investments is overwhelmingly focused on developed markets. The most popular article on this topic is a 1995 NBER paper by Bekaert and Harvey, but the data is old and the focus is on the causes rather than the trend. According to the research, there is wide variation across different emerging markets but some generalisations can be made. Political risk explains much of the volatility and financial market liberalisation seems to decrease volatility. | http://ekonamik.com/2019/04/market-instability-in-historical-perspective/ |
The Bank of Mozambique has complied with its mission to consolidate macro-economic stability and the country’s financial system, despite “a particularly complex” economic, political and social context, in both the domestic and international arena, declared the Bank’s governor, Rogerio Zandamela, on Wednesday.
Speaking in the southern city of Xai-Xai, at the opening of a meeting of the Consultative Council of the central bank, Zandamela cited as positive steps, contributing to the success of the Bank’s mission, the peace agreement signed in August between President Filipe Nyusi and the leader of the former rebel movement Renamo, Ossufo Momade, and the final investment decision on the liquefied natural gas project in Area One of the Rovuma Basin, off the coast of the northern province of Cabo Delgado.
Other positive signs were the grant, by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), of 118 million US dollars for reconstruction after cyclone Idai devastated much of central Mozambique in March, and the 880 million dollars in capital gains tax to be paid to the Mozambican treasury as a result of the takeover of Anadarko, formerly the operator of Rovuma Basin Area One, by Occidental Petroleum.
Zandamela said his assessment of the performance of the Bank of Mozambique was “very positive”, based on such results as the reduction in the annual inflation rate to around two per cent, an increase in the country’s international reserves so that they cover around seven months of imports of goods and services, a stable exchange rate, and adequate levels of solvency of the commercial banks.
As for the domestic events which caused difficulties for the banks, Zandamela stressed, in particular, the two cyclones, Idai and Kenneth, in March and April, which had reduced the supply of goods and services. He also pointed to the continued military instability in Cabo Delgado, and the appearance of foci of violence in the central provinces of Manica and Sofala.
On the world stage, Zandamela pointed to worsening commercial tensions and “geopolitical conflicts”, and the prolonged impasse over whether or not the United Kingdom is going to leave the European Union.
These uncertainties influenced demand for the commodities Mozambique exports and cause volatility in their prices, he pointed out.
Zandamela said the central bank has cut its benchmark interest rate from 15 to 12.75 per cent, which contributed to a drop in the interest rates charged by the commercial banks to their preferential clients from 20.2 to 18 per cent.
Zandamela added that the Bank of Mozambique held “with great success” and in partnership with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) a high level international seminar on sovereign wealth funds.
The consensus from this meeting, he said, was that it is important to set up a sovereign fund in Mozambique, and preparatory work for this is now under way. | https://furtherafrica.com/2019/11/22/bank-of-mozambique-claims-success-in-2019/ |
We test for a change in the volatility of 215 US macroeconomic time series over the period 1960-1996. We find that about 90\\% of these series have experienced a break in volatility during this period. This result is robust to controlling for instability in the mean and business cycle nonlinearities. Real variables have seen a reduction in volatility since the early 1980s, which is accompanied by lower but steadier output growth. Furthermore, nominal variables have seen temporary increases in their volatility around the early 1980s. This suggests the existence of a trade-off between short-term volatility and the long-term pattern of growth. | https://repub.eur.nl/pub/1674 |
- et al.
Published Web Locationhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-010-0065-4
Abstract
Food prices are an important component of the food security equation. Stable prices promote food security, whereas price instability and volatility can contribute to and exacerbate food crises. Understanding market integration, or the co-movement of prices between different markets, can therefore provide important insights into food security and threats to it. The value of a geographic perspective is illustrated through an examination of market integration with spatial analysis. Results from an analysis of the 2004/5 food crisis in Niger indicate that market integration in Niger tends to be local and deteriorates rapidly during shocks or periods of crisis.
Many UC-authored scholarly publications are freely available on this site because of the UC's open access policies. Let us know how this access is important for you.
Main Content
Enter the password to open this PDF file: | https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9394h8dr |
New FAO Head Says Agency Will Increase Support To Countries Experiencing Prolonged Food Crises
The new head of the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Director-General José Graziano da Silva, began work on January 1, “pledging [on Tuesday] to increase the agency’s support to poor countries experiencing prolonged food crises,” the U.N. News Centre reports (1/3). He “said volatility in food markets was likely to continue due to economic instability and currency market fluctuations,” according to Reuters (Hornby, 1/3).
“FAO, which is the U.N.’s biggest specialized agency with a $1 billion budget, has been battling the effects of wild swings in food prices that have particularly affected poor countries,” the Associated Press writes (1/3). “Graziano da Silva said the Sahelian region of West Africa, where many countries are facing ‘food deficits’ and unable to feed their populations, would be a key target of FAO’s programs,” according to the U.N. News Centre (1/3).
The KFF Daily Global Health Policy Report summarized news and information on global health policy from hundreds of sources, from May 2009 through December 2020. All summaries are archived and available via search. | https://www.kff.org/news-summary/new-fao-head-says-agency-will-increase-support-to-countries-experiencing-prolonged-food-crises/ |
The Great Financial System Realignment of the Early 21st Century - What's Bitcoin's Role?
Bitcoin Has a Role to Play In an Interconnected World.
The global financial system has experienced three substantial upheavals since 1900: 1914, 1934-1939, and 1971. Geopolitical unrest, economic instability, and financial market volatility accompanied each period. As part of my ongoing analysis of financial markets and complex adaptive systems, we conclude that 2008 marked the opening chapter in the next major global monetary and currency realignment. I expect this to reach fruition by 2024, if not earlier. This time, the fundamental issue is the constitution of “money.” Money has evolved from ancient times through gift and barter systems, to barley, to receipts, to fixed reference points measured in ounces of gold. The most recent evolution is a fiat system impacted by the proliferation of credit-based “money,” asset-backed securities, and derivative instruments.
Bitcoin is among the first digital currencies introduced in the peer-to-peer framework and has disrupted the traditional definition of “money.” As the global financial system evolves, Bitcoin may make headlines for reasons not obvious right now. It may not achieve widespread use, but may influence the definition of money itself, and thus the development of a new global currency system by 2024.
Our current financial and currency system is a world in which traditional centers of money creation have an unlimited capacity to run monetary “printing presses.” The unbridled proliferation of monetary aggregates and thus the size and leverage of the total liquidity pyramid far outstretches total GDP. This situation increasingly contributes to the volatility experienced in currency markets, and via a complex transmission mechanism, the volatility in all asset markets. Since the global financial system is a complex system (like earthquakes or infectious diseases), this increasingly instability is not surprising. These types of systems, due to its widespread interconnectedness, are extremely susceptible to dramatic changes from seemingly innocuous actions. We are likely to witness increasing bouts of market volatility as the global financial system realigns and seeks a new, higher level of order.
Currently, Bitcoin accounts for approximately 0.00004% of the world’s total M3 (broad money) supply. As demonstrated over the past few years, Bitcoin is a digital store of value. It is highly volatile in part due to its emerging status and can act as an electronic cash-like currency with a very low cost of use. Highly prized are Bitcoin’s “blockchain” characteristics that allow no single point of failure and its decentralized status. However, it has received criticism from monetary authorities for its lack of control and accountability. We cannot speculate on who will win this debate. But what is increasingly clear, is that currencies like Bitcoin will impact the debate on what kind of currency system the world needs, a world more interconnected and complex than at any time in human history.
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Any opinions or forecasts contained herein reflect the subjective judgments and assumptions of the author only. There can be no assurance that developments will transpire as forecasted and actual results will be different. Accuracy of data is not guaranteed but represents the author’s best judgment and can be derived from a variety of sources. The information is subject to change at any time without notice. | https://www.complexityeverywhere.com/the-great-financial-system-realignment-of-the-early-21st-century-whats-bitcoins-role/ |
Minsky Having a Moment?
The Wall Street Journal recently featured a lead article on economist Hyman Minsky: In Time of Tumult, Obscure Economist Gains Currency.
Minsky is increasingly cited by leading financial figures such as PimCo bond fund manager Paul McCulley and Prudent Bear's Dave Noland. According to the WSJ article, the Levy Economics Institute of Bard College plans to reprint his major works. The recent sub-prime crisis is described by some as the markets "having a Minsky moment".
Minsky's central idea is the Financial Instability Hypothesis, which holds that the periodic crises that afflict "capitalist" economies are endogenous to the capitalistic financial system, that once a crisis has started the natural tendency of the system is toward amplification rather than equlibrium, and that "stability breeds instability". From Minsky's paper, "over periods of prolonged prosperity, the economy transits from financial relations that make for a stable system to financial relations that make for an unstable system." In short, during periods of stability, the perception of risk among financial players is diminished, leading to more risk taking. The risky structures that are established during a period of stability eventually start to topple, leading to a self-feeding process in which they bring each other down:
In particular, over a protracted period of good times, capitalist economies tend to move from a financial structure dominated by hedge finance units to a structure in which there is large weight to units engaged in speculative and Ponzi finance. Furthermore, if an economy with a sizeable body of speculative financial units is in an inflationary state, and the authorities attempt to exorcise inflation by monetary constraint, then speculative units will become Ponzi units and the net worth of previously Ponzi units will quickly evaporate. Consequently, units with cash flow shortfalls will be forced to try to make position by selling out position. This is likely to lead to a collapse of asset values.
Minsky has in common with the Austrian school that monetary phenomenon are responsible for the cyclical behavior of modern financial economies, in particular the banking system, inthat he finds the strict quantity theory of money insufficient to explain inflationary processes:
In contrast to the orthodox Quantity Theory of money, the financial instability hypothesis takes banking seriously as a profit-seeking activity. Banks seek profits by financing activity and bankers. Like all entrepreneurs in a capitalist economy, bankers are aware that innovation assures profits. Thus, bankers (using the term generically for all intermediaries in finance), whether they be brokers or dealers, are merchants of debt who strive to innovate in the assets they acquire and the liabilities they market. This innovative characteristic of banking and finance invalidates the fundamental presupposition of the orthodox Quantity Theory of money to the effect that there is an unchanging "money" item whose velocity of circulation is sufficiently close to being constant: hence, changes in this money's supply have a linear proportional relation to a well defined price level.
After reading the paper posted to the Levy site, it seems to me that the existence of fractional reserve banking and central banking is essential to his hypothesis. Indeed, the above quote is a pretty good description of how fractional reserve banking works.
Suppose we start out from a period of "stability" or "equilibrium". The perception of risk is low, so financial market players start creating more securities. In a system of on 100% reserve banking, the interest rate is a price that balances present savings against the demand for future goods. In the absence of a mechanism for creating more claims to assets unbacked by any real assets, and without more actual savings being drawn into the market to fund the assets, the price of these assets would fall fairly quickly, limiting further investment. The decline in asset prices represents the increasing cost of fund future consumption out of the finite pool of present savings.
This is known in Austrian theory as "the interest rate brake". But a central bank can fix the rate of interest and create out of nothing unlimited quantities of debt without the interest rate moving. The cycle plays out according to the Austrian school as the perception of savings is greater than the reality, enabling more investment to be undertaken than can be funded out of actual savings.
While the Great Austrian Critique of Minsky has yet to be written, the critique will focus on a difference over the nature of economic-financial crises in a capitalistic economy: endogenous (Minsky) or exogenous (Austrians)? Are fractional reserve banking and central banking inherent to a market economy, or are they a destructive form of central planning? | https://mises.org/wire/minsky-having-moment |
How to read and use average true range trading indicator
This indicator is used to identify potential breakout signals or as a base to define trailing stop-loss orders.
Average true range indicator explained
The ATR or Average True Range was one of the technical analysis indicators presented in J. Welles Wilder's book New Concepts in Technical Trading System in 1978.
Wilder considered average true range technical analysis as a tool to measure the volatility of commodities, but it can also be used for other types of assets. As a volatility indicator, ATR doesn't take into account the price direction. Instead, it examines how much the price of an underlying asset moves during a specific time frame and whether there are price gaps. For an hourly time frame, the ATR indicator value is calculated for each hour. On a daily time frame, the calculation is performed for each day, and so on.
According to Wilder, the average true range indicator formula is centered around the calculation of true ranges for the specific period. It is based on three methods which are fairly simple to use:
- The difference between the current high and the previous close;
- The difference between the current low and the previous close;
- The difference between the current high and the current low.
The true range for the selected period is obtained as the highest value from the above three methods. As the absolute value is considered, it doesn’t matter whether it is positive or negative. The average value is derived from the values for each period, which, by default, is 14 periods. Wilder smoothed the generated value for a 14-period ATR using the previous ATR value, in the following manner:
ATR = [(Previous ATR x 13) + Current TR] / 14
For periods other than the suggested 14 periods, the general average true range indicator formula is:
ATR = (Previous ATR * (n - 1) + TR) / n
Depending on your trading strategy, you can change the number of periods included in the ATR calculation. Shorter time frames will provide more signals, while longer time frames will provide fewer trading alerts.
How to read ATR indicator
The average true range indicator looks like a single line in a section under your chart and the line can move up or down. Reading the ATR indicator is not complicated: a higher ATR means increased volatility, while a lower ATR signals lower volatility. However, remember that ATR does not give signals about the potential trend direction – it only shows what is happening with the price volatility. Let's look at the graph below.
You can see that during a stronger upward or downward movement of the price, the volatility is increased.
How to use ATR indicator in trading
The ATR is a useful indicator because it shows what happens with the price volatility of a given asset. However, be careful when defining your average true range trading strategy because the indicator should not be used as a standalone tool. You can combine ATR with price action analysis and with other indicators that will provide alerts about the price direction or the momentum.
The average true range Indicator is commonly used by traders to find potential breakouts and to define stop-loss orders to avoid premature termination of their positions.
ATR breakout alerts
The ATR indicator can be used to find potential breakouts. Try to monitor the ATR value and look for a multi-year low value. When you find such a point, look for the price to break the support level, which will be an indication that the volatility will increase and breakout may appear.
Traders can use the ATR to identify potential entry and exit points for their trading positions. Keep in mind that periods of high or low volatility will eventually end, and you can use this to your advantage. For instance, after a period of low volatility, traders expect the volatility to increase and this can be a point where you enter or exit your position.
Trailing stop loss
One way you can use an average true range strategy is to identify potential points where you can set stop-loss orders or trailing stop-loss orders. By using this indicator, you dodge the possibility that you place narrow stop loss in times of high volatility or very broad stop-loss order during low volatility. Look at the following graph to see why ATR can be used when placing a stop-loss order.
The white arrows show periods of increased volatility with respective price movements during the higher volatility (the white circles). By incorporating the ATR in your trailing stop loss decisions, you will ensure that the profit is locked in and that you don’t define tight stop loss, which will result in a premature exit.
In times of decreased volatility (sideways market movement), you can set an adequate stop-loss, which is narrow enough to ensure that you collect a certain level of profits. You can use the ATR value as a base to define your trailing stop, which is beneficial because every time the volatility moves, your stop loss will move as well. When the price action changes are not in your favour, the stop loss can be activated based on the set distance from the ATR value.
Aside from these common applications, traders have developed numerous average true range strategies for determining and confirming potentially profitable signals. Along with the average true range, they also include moving averages indicator to determine the trend direction or the RSI indicator to measure the momentum.
An ATR trading strategy for a stop loss can be defined when you set your stop-loss order below or above the support and resistance levels. The distance of the stop loss from the ATR value is usually set by traders at 1, 2 or 3 times the ATR value. Of course, this doesn't mean that this should be taken as a rule, since traders create their own average true range trading strategies as well as their own general trading strategy. | https://currency.com/features/2019/12/30/how-to-read-and-use-average-true-range-trading-indicator |
What Are the Odds of Selecting a Top Performing Mutual Fund?
During periods of extreme market volatility, investors often make irrational decisions that can undermine their long-term objective of accumulating wealth and minimizing risk. Since the crash of 2008, financial markets have experienced several periods of market volatility. As a result, investors have become increasingly sensitive to the volatility of the equity market even as we hit record high levels. | http://advisor.wilshire.com/KnowledgeCenter/category/white-papers-14.aspx |
Premature infants present with frequent episodes of spontaneous intermittent hypoxemia. These episodes are more prevalent in infants who require prolonged mechanical ventilation.
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A common mechanism triggering intermittent hypoxemia is contractions of the abdominal muscles that splint the respiratory system, resulting in decreased lung volume, impaired lung mechanics, and hypoventilation.
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Episodes of intermittent hypoxemia are often followed by hyperoxemia induced by excessive oxygen supplementation used to prevent or correct the episodes.
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Because of the frequency and severity of intermittent hypoxemia, it can have detrimental effects on long-term outcome.
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The mechanisms and consequences of intermittent hypoxemia need to be further investigated to identify effective therapeutic and preventive strategies.
As a consequence of their respiratory instability, premature infants experience frequent fluctuations in oxygenation and intermittent hypoxemia (IH) episodes. These episodes can be induced, but most are spontaneous and their severity and duration can be influenced by staff responsiveness. Premature infants who show fluctuations in arterial oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry (Sp o 2 ) require frequent adjustment to the fraction of inspired oxygen (F io 2 ). However, maintenance of Sp o 2 within the prescribed range is not always achieved, and infants can spend considerable time with Sp o 2 below or above this range.
This chapter describes the mechanisms leading to fluctuations in oxygenation, discusses the management strategies used to prevent or attenuate these fluctuations, and provides an overview of the possible long-term consequences of oxygenation instability in the premature infant.
Mechanisms of Oxygenation Instability in Ventilated Infants
Most preterm infants receiving mechanical ventilation present with respiratory instability that make them susceptible to IH. These episodes of IH can complicate the respiratory management and prolong the need for respiratory support and oxygen supplementation, both of which may be associated with long-term sequelae. The mechanisms leading to IH, their clinical management, and possible consequences are discussed in the following sections.
Episodic hypoxemia in neonates has been traditionally attributed to hypoventilation owing to central or obstructive apnea, but these mechanisms mainly apply to spontaneously breathing infants. Most extremely premature infants present with an increasing frequency of IH after the first weeks after birth while they still require mechanical ventilation and supplemental oxygen. The occurrence of spontaneous IH in mechanically ventilated infants is often perplexing because they occur despite continued cycling of the ventilator and patency of the airway. These episodes of hypoxemia are characterized by a rapid decline in Sp o 2 that become more frequent with advancing postnatal age.
One of the most common mechanisms leading to spontaneous IH in mechanically ventilated preterm infants are forced exhalations secondary to contractions of the abdominal musculature that impinge on the respiratory system and impair respiratory mechanics. The resultant decrease in lung volume and hypoventilation cause hypoxemia that becomes more severe and persistent with successive abdominal contractions. This is illustrated in Fig. 14.1 .
Electromyographic measurements show that these forced exhalations are caused by contractions of the abdominal muscles that produce a marked increase in abdominal and intrathoracic pressure, some in excess of 25 cm H 2 O. As shown in Fig. 14.2 , repeated contractions of the abdominal muscles can prolong the episodes and increase their severity. It is important to note that in ventilated infants, the endotracheal tube bypasses the glottis and eliminates the protective upper airway’s function to preserve lung volume during the rise in intrathoracic pressure.
The factors that elicit these forced exhalations leading to loss in lung volume and hypoventilation with hypoxemia have not been clearly defined. However, behavioral disturbances appear to trigger IH. Increased body activity, agitation, squirming, and tachycardia are frequently present moments before the onset of the episodes. Intermittent hypoxia is observed more frequently during awake or indeterminate sleep states than during quiet or active sleep. These observations are important because indeterminate sleep is the most common sleep state in preterm infants. The prone position has also been associated with fewer and shorter IH episodes compared with the supine position.
The combination of increased activity leading to ventilation changes and poor lung function owing to the underlying lung disease may aggravate the frequency and severity of IH. In addition, the low functional residual capacity and decreased lung compliance characteristic of these infants, combined with bypassing of the glottis by the endotracheal tube, may increase the likelihood of reaching closing volume in some areas of the lung with even small decreases in lung volume.
The decline in Sp o 2 during these episodes of hypoxemia is more abrupt than what is expected from a decline in ventilation alone and often persists after ventilation has been reestablished. This observation suggests that the initial loss in lung volume and hypoventilation may produce ventilation-perfusion inequalities and some degree of intrapulmonary shunting, thereby causing a rapid decline in Sp o 2 . The onset of hypoxemia can also provoke an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance and induce right-to-left shunting through extrapulmonary channels. These circulatory changes can explain why episodes of IH are observed more frequently in infants with chronic lung disease and increased pulmonary vascular reactivity. In many of these infants, normoxemia is restored only after the fraction of inspired oxygen (F io 2 ) is increased, which may restore oxygenation not only by increasing the alveolar-capillary oxygen gradient but also by attenuating the hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction.
Oxygenation Instability in Spontaneously Breathing Infants After Mechanical Ventilation
Episodes of hypoxemia are frequently observed in premature infants after extubation while the infants are receiving noninvasive respiratory support or breathing spontaneously. IH during this period have been mainly attributed to central or mixed apnea. However, a study showed that most IH in spontaneously breathing preterm infants after a prolonged course of ventilation may also be caused by episodes of forced exhalation, which induce a decline in lung volume and hypoventilation similar to the IH observed in intubated infants ( Fig. 14.3 ). In this study almost all infants were receiving caffeine. Hence, it is possible that use of stimulants after extubation may have decreased the proportion of IH caused by central apnea during the postextubation period. It is also possible that preterm infants after prolonged mechanical ventilation may be more susceptible to lung volume instability because the prolonged presence of the endotracheal tube may impair the upper airway’s ability to preserve lung volume. The extent to which this contributes to extubation failure remains to be determined. (Oxygenation instability in spontaneously breathing infants resulting from central and obstructive apnea is discussed in Chapter 13 .)
Management of Oxygenation Instability
Ventilatory Strategies
To reduce the frequency, severity, or duration of IH, clinicians often resort to higher levels of mechanical respiratory support. However, this may be of limited efficacy and can lead to unwanted consequences. A high positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) may increase lung volume and increase basal oxygenation levels, but this maneuver may be only partially effective in preventing IH caused by active exhalations. This is because the rise in intrathoracic pressure during forceful contraction of the abdominal muscles exceeds the level of positive end-expiratory pressure considerably. Higher peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) or ventilator frequency can be effective in attenuating IH, but this strategy provides excessive support during periods when the infant is not presenting with episodic hypoxemia. Improving infant-ventilator interaction by using synchronized ventilation has been shown to reduce IH in preterm infants.
Volume-targeted ventilation (VTV) automatically adjusts the ventilator PIP to maintain a set tidal volume ( V T ). The efficacy of VTV in attenuating the decrease in V T and minute ventilation that precedes each episode of hypoxemia was evaluated in preterm infants with frequent IH. In these studies, VTV attenuated the decrease in ventilation and the severity and duration of the episodes of IH compared with conventional pressure-controlled (PC) ventilation but failed to prevent them. However, this required setting a target V T that was larger than the V T delivered during PC ventilation, possibly exposing the infants to excessive V T and PIP during periods when ventilation was stable. In a recent study matching the target V T during VTV to that during PC ventilation, VTV reduced the duration of episodes of IH and the F io 2 provided by the caregivers in response to these episodes. The limited effectiveness of VTV is likely because infants continue to increase intrathoracic pressure and reduce their lung volume despite the continuous cycling of the ventilator. Fig. 14.4 shows VTV adjustments in PIP during an episode of hypoxemia.
Automatic increases in ventilator frequency when minute ventilation or Sp o 2 declines are effective in reducing the duration but not the frequency of IH. The parallel increase in ventilator frequency and PIP, to maintain minute ventilation and V T , respectively, was more effective in reducing the duration and severity of IH in an animal model. This approach has not been evaluated in infants.
Supplemental Oxygen
The goal of oxygen supplementation in preterm infants is to maintain adequate oxygenation while minimizing hyperoxemia and oxygen exposure. However, this is complicated by fluctuations in oxygenation. F io 2 is adjusted to maintain Sp o 2 within a target range and avoid exposure to high and low Sp o 2 , but this is only partially achieved during routine care. Data from 14 centers showed that in preterm infants receiving supplemental oxygen the Sp o 2 was within the target range only 48% of the time. These data showed preterm infants spend 16% of the time below the target range (0%–47% between centers). This is mainly due to IH episodes that are predominantly spontaneous but with a duration and severity that can be influenced by staff responsiveness. In these infants Sp o 2 was above the target for 36% of the time (5%–90% between centers); which is almost always induced by provision of an F io 2 that exceeds that required to maintain Sp o 2 within target. This is frequently done in an attempt to avert IH, whereas in other cases the staff increases F io 2 in response to a hypoxemia alarm but often F io 2 is not promptly returned to baseline after the episode resolves. As shown in Fig. 14.5 , high basal levels of Sp o 2 can attenuate the frequency or severity of IH, but this increases the exposure to high F io 2 and hyperoxemia. | https://obgynkey.com/oxygenation-instability-in-the-premature-infant/ |
Globalization is a concept that aims at encapsulating the processes operating on a global scale. It makes reference to the constantly tightening connection networks which cut across boundaries of nations, integrating various communities in emerging space-time combinations. Globalization thus has had the impact on a number of sectors of the economy and many other aspects of the society. In all these aspects, adjustments are being made towards globalization to enhancing function ability and the ability to cope with changing trends (Hall, 1992, pp. 34-88). This has not left behind hospitality industry which is also adjusting to globalization according to Bauman (2000, pp. 77-85). Thus, this essay seeks to discuss the competitiveness of international hospitality business in the context of the processes of globalization.
World maps define boundaries of nations although those boundary lines belay the ever-increasing nature of the economy globally. Globalization is characterized by the fast movement of information, people and capital across borders of nations universally in methods that would have been proved difficult to envisage in the recent past. Nevertheless, globalization has been embraced as a modern force and a big concept which needs a careful description. In many States and countries where the industry of tourism and hospitality has been proved a major area in the export industry, the hospitality sector is ever a core point for globalization processes to begin unearthing. For sure, tourism and hospitality has now become the largest industry of export in the universe. It involves huge flows capital and people across borders (Busby, 2001, pp. 29-43).
The hospitality industry is, therefore, one of the biggest employers in the world and arguably among the largest foreign currency traders. It is usually a center point for the local society and a center of the transfer of opinions and ideas and culture-cross fertilization. At its center, the hospitality industry has played a very imperative role physically in bringing individuals in one place in a global society. The nations which suffer from trade imbalances as a result of high imports usually look to hospitality and tourism as measures to close this gap and strike a balance in the economy (Crafts, 2004, pp. 25-44). Hospitality is therefore not merely an industry but a concept and a great force in the swiftly emerging global market region. Hospitality industry is therefore at the very focal center of international business globalization.
Companies in the hospitality industry thus need to make a consideration of the implications of the global nature in which operations are being carried out and should be ready to deal with issues that emerge from this ever-changing environment. Such things include the tangible trends that are driven by an inter-connected global market region expected to shape the future of the hospitality industry. Another issue would be the matter concerning the meaning of globalization for the hospitality company which is oriented internationally together with the operations of hotels that compete in the local set up and in the region with the organizations. Business globalization and lifestyles is defined by communicating over long distances in international languages, occasional travel abroad, dealing with a lot of currencies as well as coping with different social and political systems, environments of regulation, customs and cultures (Becton and Graetz, 2001, pp. 105-113).
Whilst these globalization aspects can easily be identified, comprehending the underlying present and the future trends can be difficult. However, the analysis shows that these some of these matters are changing the shape of the global hospitality industry even though there are clearly some other difficult questions that need a resolution. These include: the international expansion together with common brand and product position; programs of marketing and sales that capture the global economies of scale entirely; structures of organizations that permit universal service delivery together with control of local operations; the training of employees across borders to help in supporting operations and finally the utilization of the capital markets in the world as a funding source.
The companies in the hospitality industry with the belief that they can increase and retain a market niche position even without making an acknowledgement of the significance of globalization thus need to have another view. In other words, many of the hospitality business will require a global thinking if they are to stand the competition in the global arena. This is more especially for the organizations in competition in the mature markets of the United States of America and Europe. These nations are now facing very stiff competition from other regions of the world and more especially from Asia (Lam and Xiao, 2000, pp.291-95). The sheer magnitude of the wide market of the U.S specifically can enhance an insular viewpoint although the hotel companies engaging only with the dynamism in the domestic field need this awakening call.
Globalization will consequently tough significantly all the facets of the hospitality industry. Customers, employees, capital sources, products and processes of management will increasingly be competed for and this will be experienced across boundaries. Companies which are not ready for this are likely to lag behind. Regional or local entities could believe that globalization does not concern them. However, that perception could be wrong. Competition in the near future is expected to emerge from universal entities with the merits that globalization will come with. Globalization is an ordinary trend outgrowth that has evolved in the past half a century. International chains of hotels came to existence years following WWII and came to the full establishment in the 1960s. They later expanded immensely in till the 1980s. Economic and Industry trends have further ignited the growth of hotel companies which are oriented internationally for different reasons. Severe extra-building of markets of hotels especially in America in the 1980s stopped the emerging development almost wholly, whilst the scarcity of development and growth opportunities in the markets all over the world have again supported the move towards the consolidation of industry (Smith and Cooper, 2000, pp. 90-95).
Many industries which have made a commitment to growth have realized that opportunities behind them have been limited due to the overbuilding and now have been forced to see beyond mature markets domestically to opportunities offshore. The pressures of expansion beyond boundaries of nations have greatly come up from the desire of hotel companies and organizations to target Critical mass. This is the point at which property network is sufficiently available to meet the travel needs of the hotel company’s most esteemed customers. For a variety of companies, with different locations and products, critical mass will change in scope. A hotel company according to Daurer (2001, pp. 1-12) could reach a stage in which there is no other option which is viable other than expanding across boundaries of nations if there is a desire to grow, attain critical mass as well as benefit from the economies of scale that are incorporated in it.
Well, if it happens so, management will be required to reorganize the importance of organizing as an international company. Taking an example of an international facility company that is already established in Europe and America (Leslie and Richardson, 2000, pp. 489-98). In modern global market, company leadership and management could draw attention to the potential of getting away to Pacific or Asia markets to compete with the regional companies which are already established. Companies and organizations which make see such an option are likely going to make progress against strong regional and local competitors but only when they capitalize on the merits gotten from being an international company. Whilst the large international chains are increasingly expanding on a global trend, there are some brand names in the United States of America that are yet to attain the critical mass needed for success in marketing.
The question presented her to the hospitality industry can simply be stated. Will the globalization demands encourage continued consolidation as smaller organizations and companies that have not gained the critical mass are obtained or put away from business? The desire for hotel organizations to attain critical mass together with the attendant economies of scale asserts that there will be a decreasing number of big companies in the prospect as the global expansion imperatives persist. Economies of scale are authentic, not thought about, and marketing on a universal basis enhances a crucial competitive edge. It is for sure that products and brands will be largely marketed on a truly universal basis. Development and growth functions will therefore be even more important for the organizations that have not attained a critical mass (Drucker, 1986, pp. 768-91).
Companies and organizations going after a global strategy and used to management contracts of hotels, relationships of franchising and non-recourse funding, noteworthy adjustments would need to be aligned with model of growth and development. In various markets around the globe, ownership bifurcation from management and similarly management from marketing is an aspect which is yet to receive actual maturity. The process that enhances these facets is a gradual one and companies which a global perception are expected to respond appropriately (Went, 2000, pp. 24-32). The differencing in owning, financing, marketing and operating hotel facilities will thus ultimately narrow in a more universal environment. The issue for companies which are still growing into markets where local alliances and partnerships are needed for success will ever be to convince counterparts in the foreign arena of the merits of structures that have been efficient in the home countries. A company or an organization that is going offshore with a concept of business, however, cannot make an assumption of being fully accepted. Michael et al (2009, pp. 523-41) assert that differences will slowly break down although for now, it could be important to make adjustments to the realities in the local market.
Customers in the hospitality industry are looking for services that are predictable and that can support their capacity to move easily and quickly around the globe. Actually, the lifestyles and businesses of these multi-cultural travelers have taken shape in accordance to the processes of globalization. The concept of looking and making use of single brands universally is therefore alluring together with being completely within the touch of quite a number of the hospitality organization and companies. Nevertheless, there is a consistent uncertainty concerning the importance of establishing a particular brand in the global market region, different from responding to the different conditions at the regional level. That challenge was dealt with by an executive in a different industry in the study of Economist Intelligence Unit where he stated that companies that realize the way to organize and disburse their global experience to the local needs will be victors in the future.
Various international hotel companies have found out the attendant economies of scale to develop single products and brands and offering them with a uniform fashion to many markets within their capability around the globe. There is a trend that countervails in that many individuals both business travelers and tourists seek the unique customs and qualities of an individual locale. While responding to this, a number of the internal hotel organizations have made an effort to reflect a local culture in a manner the hotels are operated and designed. There is indeed a platform in which there is no one correct answers but instead a balance of tough factors needed. For instance there is a universal accord that “global travelers” who usually travel whether for recreation or for business, normally make preference to a uniform product since they need to have convenience and predictability comfort and they require a service which is of a higher degree.
The people who do not travel frequently but have a relatively high sophistication level could avoid such dominant global product and brand concepts. Another group comprises the people which look for the things they are accustomed to, and are strongly attached to brands which are familiar to them; in reality, they make preference to staying in environments reflecting their experience at home. The expectations of customers are linked to the level of offered product, as well as hotel product at the lower end of the range apparently are easier to standardize in a global aspect, in part due to these properties which are clearly described by the physical features, which have a possibility of being duplicated. At the upper end of the spectrum of product quality, the customers’ search for subtle variety in services together with quality cannot be replicated easily.
With such awareness, organizations like McDonalds have signified the spread of global capitalism. McDonalds has over 26,500 restaurants in 119 countries whose staff is expected to present themselves in particular ways by having designed uniforms and a particular way of reception through greetings, smiles and such like attributes. What could be termed as “McDonaldization” is the manner in which the organization operates uniformly in the various countries. This is a process of which the principles of the McDonald fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate many more society sectors. The main premise apart from the choice appearance apparently offered by consumption is becoming more standardized and globalized. McDonalds supports the opinion that they are leading to a global homogeneity and standardization. There are three typical pillars upon which McDonalds outlets operate on: efficiency, Calculability and Predictability (Ritzer, 1993, pp. 10-56).
Modern hospitality organizations like McDonalds seek to be efficient by coming up with an optimum way of getting from a particular point to another point of efficiency by satisfying needs in a pre-designed procedure and process. With globalization, there are many diverse needs which need to be addressed. It is therefore the responsibility of the leadership and management to establish good procedures which effectively tackle the issues that come along with globalization. Calculability is a quantitative approach used to relate the quantity of product sold and the quality thereof. Any hospitality organization or company that is making a realization of this aspect is bound to succeed in the future to come.
Working with predictability will also enhance the business efforts. Services and products will be the same for a particular period of time in all locale employees behave in ways which are predictable. Standardization as provided in the principles of Globalization and McDonaldization leads in the direction of highly standardized commodities and products. Holiday Inn, Brand Image Travel Lodge must bear the same appearance regardless of the location on the globe. Any hospitality company should therefore lessen the distinctions as much as possible. As a result, food becomes standardized and can easily be accepted both locally and globally (Ritzer, 1993, pp. 10-56).
For the bigger and well established hotel organizations like McDonalds that have circled the universe in the quest for new chances, globalization has been a concept of strategy for many years now. International Hotel organizations were forced to confront all the matters facing international enterprises globally. Unlike what a manufacturer with a plant overseas, a hotel organization should export its entire business of operation to function in assorted geographic and cultural settings. Hotel organizations should have the ability to establish a whole concept of business in dramatically various local environments. While the new century approaches, coming up with other structures of organization that can put together particular business in a seamless global form will be an everlasting challenge. Information technology in fact is one of the major factors that shape opportunities for the way global hotel organizations structure themselves, providing the ability to converse with customers in an electronic way and making contact of the far-flung processes and operations (Fischer, 2003, pp. 1-30).
Again, the global companies also benefit through becoming flatter, contrary to pyramid-shaped organs with strong centralized authority. Such organizations which are decentralized can narrow the emotional and physical distance between employees and employers, while putting the staff and management close to the esteemed customer. Structures of organization founded on systems of hierarchy with centralize authority at a location in the headquarters consequently, may be absolutely obsolete based on the distance of the customer from the management. At the same time the failure to empower the staff and line management responsible for service delivery can add up to the shortcoming. Luckily, “flatter” together with an organization which is more decentralized are largely facilitated through the ever-increasing sophistication of communications and technology (Rupert, 2000, pp. 23-45).
Moreover, hotel organization employees make a representation of a melting pot of customs, languages and culture which require other skills of management and visioning to be able to effectively manage and show a commitment to training and education that is exceptional in its breadth. Modern schools of hotel will require an increased focus on matters that need to do with universal environment like international marketing, communications, social studies, international law, language and geography (Airey and Tribe, 2000, pp. 23-45). Wide training of a company in a global unit of organization to assure effective leadership, service delivery and skills of operation are also a representative of a relative challenge.
All the factors enlisted in here are a suggestion that companies in the hospitality industry that are expanding globally can greatly benefit through the formation of strategic alliances. Some companies are going towards such kind of alliances with partners in the regions as a major strategy to offer entry into relatively unfamiliar and new markets and assure higher local knowledge level (Kusluvan and Kusluvan, 2000, pp. 251-69). By expanding and entering alone can be a risky and more expensive process. Considerable amounts of money can be used in making efforts of conquering a region, and there could be substantial wisdom in establishing alliances with the regional and local partners. Foreign groups of hotels have long realized difficulties in establishing a presence of U.S and a system of distribution, for instance, and will certainly require entry into alliances, instead of establishing new services and products from the scratch in a market that is extremely competitive.
At their best, the forged alliances can major on the strengths of the big, multinational corporations whilst drawing the advantages and profits that accrue to smaller and more differentiated organizations. Forming an integrated organization in such alliances come along with challenges though. The overriding matter in terms of operations is maintaining fixed center which is firm while at the same time encouraging proactive approaches and flexibility to local situations. Additionally, partner choice is also an issue to be addressed at the initial stages. A shared philosophy of operation and orientation to customer/product are significant if the combined whole is to remain successful than the total parts’ sum. Therefore globalization is widening up the context of hospitality industry and much communication is needed that highlights the importance of organizations and/or companies in the industry to re-align themselves with these changes. | https://specialessays.com/international-hospitality-management/ |
Globalization is the tendency of investment funds and businesses to move beyond domestic and national markets to other markets around the globe, thereby increasing the interconnection of the world. Globalization has had the effect of markedly increasing international trade and cultural exchange.
BREAKING DOWN ‘Globalization’
Proponents of globalization say that it helps developing nations catch up to industrialized nations much faster through increased employment and technological advances; critics of globalization say that it weakens national sovereignty and allows rich nations to ship domestic jobs overseas where labor is much cheaper.
Globalization is used to explain the recent integration of domestic economies, industries, cultures and government policies around the world. This integration has occurred through increases in the technological capabilities and efficiency of world trade, communication and transportation. Primarily, globalization refers to the economic integration of the global markets, but it is also used to describe the socio-cultural integration that has been brought on by the rise of the Internet.
Driving Factors of Globalization
Public policy and technology are the two main driving factors behind current globalization. Recent implementations of government policy, both domestic and internationally, have opened economic borders for countries across the world. Over the past 20 years, world governments have integrated a free-market economic system into fiscal policies, monetary policies and trade agreements. This evolution of economic systems has stimulated domestic production potential and opened countries to increased financial opportunities abroad. World governments now focus on decreasing barriers to trade and actively promote international commerce in relation to investments, goods and services.
Technology has also been a major reason for the growth in globalization. Advancements in information technology (IT) and the flow of information across borders have empowered individuals to take control of their financial lives. Technology has helped people become more informed about economic trends and allows people to transfer financial assets and take advantage of investment opportunities. Technology has increased the ability to communicate internationally, closing the gap between different cultures.
The Controversy Behind Globalization
At first glance, globalization is an amazing development. Those who believe in globalization as a force of good cite increases in standards of living in developing countries as benefits of globalization. Those who do not believe in globalization, however, cite the fact that it has disproportionately benefited corporations in the Western world at the damage of developing economies, cultures and people. These critics actively work to strengthen domestic economies at the expense of free trade. | https://www.graduateprogramsonline.net/what-is-globalization/ |
How do changing global dynamics affect culture?
Globalization -- the expanding system of integrated markets, nation states, and technologies -- presents both opportunities and challenges in the unprecedented volume of creative and cultural exchange between peoples around the world.
Do shrinking borders offer broader access to ideas, cultural products, and means of production and distribution for all? Or are the disproportionate access to some cultures and the increasingly global reach of corporations creating a homogenizing effect on culture?
Is globalization a euphemism for "Americanization"? How do we answer calls to preserve and protect that which different cultures value? How do we address conflicts that arise over these cultural clashes of value?
How can cultures be enhanced by interacting with one another? Can international cultural exchanges promote understanding of peoples across borders?
The Center for Arts and Culture looks at the impact of globalization and modernization upon culture and how foreign policies can promote understanding. We track the development of cultural and public diplomacy, exchange programs, visa policies, trade agreements, and other policies and ideas that have an international impact upon the development, preservation, and expression of culture. | http://culturalpolicy.org/international-relations-culture/ |
Esra Gönen is an entrepreneur mainly interested in Innovation and Design in Service and Creative and Cultural Industries. In 2009, she founded GNN Foreign Trade, which gives sales and consultancy services to Turkish SMEs for expanding international markets and to multinational companies for entering Turkish market, followed by GNN Office in 2014, the first co-working space for businesses in Izmir. After observing the impact of co-working and co-creation on local development, she co-founded ORIGINN COWORKING in 2016, where creative and social entrepreneurs work, socialize and develop projects collectively. She is the local facilitator of NestaUK Creative Enterprise Program in Turkey. Esra Gönen studied Business Administration at Dokuz Eylül University and holds an MSc in International Business at Applied University of Mainz and London South Bank University; she still continues her master studies in Design Management in Izmir University of Economics.
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Gonen, Esra
(2019)
"Tim Brown, Change by Design: How Design Thinking Transforms Organizations and Inspires Innovation (2009),"
Markets, Globalization & Development Review:
Vol. 4:
No.
2, Article 8. | https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/mgdr/vol4/iss2/8/ |
Dani Rodrik is probably the most prominent critic of globalization among academic economists. He thinks the global trade regime and global norms favoring financial liberalization have unduly constrained the policy space available to national governments. But while he’s for re-regulating trade and finance, he wants to liberalize flows of people. He writes in The Globalization Paradox:
The problems in international trade and finance arise from too much globalization, not properly managed. By contrast, one large segment of the world economy is not globalized nearly enough. Further economic openness in the world’s labor markets could potentially provide huge benefits, especially to the world’s poor. Even a minor liberalization of the advanced countries’ restrictions on the use of foreign workers would produce a large impact on global incomes. In fact, the gains would outstrip comfortably any other proposal currently on the table… Labor markets are the unexploited frontier of globalization.
It may seem surprising to suggest that labor markets are not sufficiently globalized. The news media are full of stories of foreign workers in rich lands, ranging from the inspiring to the terrifying: Indian software engineers in Silicon Valley, illegal Mexicans in New York sweatshops, poorly treated Filipina maids in the Persian Gulf countries, or disgruntled North Africans in Europe. Human smuggling and trafficking in sex workers represent the especially ugly side of the global trade in labor. But the facts are incontrovertible. The transaction costs associated with crossing national borders are much larger in this segment of the world economy than in any other. Moreover, these costs are created for the most part by explicit government barriers at the border, namely, visa restrictions. They can be lowered at the stroke of a pen.
Consider the numbers. Wages for similarly qualified workers in poor and rich countries can differ by an order of magnitude; a worker could increase his income several-fold just by crossing the border. Straightforward comparisons of wages across nations are fraught with problems because it is difficult to tease out the effects of visa restrictions from other factors such as differences in skills, education, experience, or aptitude. A recent study which makes adfjustments for these factors delivers some striking findings. The average Jamaican worker who moves to the United States would increase his earnings by at least twofold, a Bolivian or Indian by at least threefold, and a Nigerian by more than eightfold. To put these numbers ni context, we can compare them to the mere 50 percent gain that a Puerto Rican worker can expect to make when she moves to New York City, which she is of course free to do, unlke other foreign countrparts. Or we can compare them to differences across nations in the prices of goods or financial assets, which are again much smaller in magnitude (50 percent or less at most).
Labor markets are much more segmented internationally than any other market. This extreme segmentation, and the huge wage gaps it gives rise to, induces illegal migrants from low-income countries to take serious risks and endure extreme hardships in the hope of improving their incomes and the living standards of their families back home. The reason such large wage gaps persist is not difficult to fathom. The visa policies of rich countries allow limited numbers of workers from poor countries to move in legally and take up jobs in their economies. Moreover, these restrictions tend to favor, increasingly, the skilled and well-educated workers from abroad.
If the leaders of the advanced nations were serious about boosting incomes around the world and in doing so equitably, they would focus single-mindedly on reforming the rules that govern international labor mobility. Nothing else on their agenda– not Doha, not global financial regulation, not even expanding foreign aid– comes even close in terms of potential impact on enlarging the global pie. (The Globalization Paradox, Kindle Edition, around location 4300)
Rodrik quickly adds that “I am not talking about total liberalization”– so he is not, alas, an advocate of open borders like me. But he sees very clearly that migration is THE way that rich countries can promote development worldwide, that all else is little more than tokenism by comparison. People in rich countries bear much responsibility for world poverty, not because we buy stuff that’s made in foreign “sweatshops,” not because we pollute the environment, not because of past or present “imperialism,” but because we support regimes that tightly control migration. In a world of open borders, there would be far less people living on $2/day or less. | https://openborders.info/blog/dani-rodrik-argues-for-more-migration/ |
For additional reading, check out: In the 19th century, steamships reduced the cost of international transport significantly and railroads made inland transportation cheaper. Although the changing global trade and financial environment has led several international organizations to undertake initiatives to improve the concepts and methods of compiling international economic statistics, none of the resulting studies focuses specifically on data on U.
The same is the case with the communication and storage sectors which have enjoyed a growth of High-rated foreign corporations in the United States, attracted by the liquidity and the low cost of the market, are likely to be among the new issuers.
Simply stated, he would have us focus on the governance of financial activities, and most diligently on the way particular sorts of incentives shape entrepreneurial behaviour.
Furthermore, interactions among markets, which have been facilitated by technological innovations, have provided market participants with opportunities to diversify, hedge, and increase profits on their investments, thereby promoting the use of new financial products and instruments.
An Economic Study in the Evolution of Institutions". This is a direct consequence of the free movement of capital. Globalization and increase in foreign market Due to globalization, India has turned into a vast consumer market with high demands.
This section discusses several aspects of the effect of new global realities in financial markets on a nation's economic policies and financial oversight. Introducing Ukrainian security issuers into the global market with the help of depository receipts solves foremost issues of primary distribution.
The issues are considered which attract investment assets by developing the stock market implementing Ukraine's aspirations for European integration.
Second, cross-border financial activity has increased. Page 31 Share Cite Suggested Citation: This phenomenon was evident in the United States in the s, when large federal budget deficits were accompanied by large trade deficits.
Around the world, market participants are bombarded with a plethora of information and a cacophony of opinions, reports, and rumors, much of which is communicated by computers. Geographically, there are three main financial zones in the world: It con-suited experts in the accounting profession and other expert groups currently examining the changes in global financial markets and the treatment of complex financial transactions.
It covers all aspects of the history of the securities markets from its beginnings in Medieval Venice through Amsterdam and London to its operations in Tokyo and New York today. New multinational companies have been created, each producing and distributing its goods and services through networks that span the globe, while established multinationals have expanded internationally by merging with or acquiring foreign companies.
Investors, including the institutional investors that manage a growing share of global financial wealth, are trying to enhance their risk-adjusted returns by diversifying their portfolios internationally and are seeking out the best investment opportunities from a wider range of industries, countries, and currencies.The retreat from globalisation: threats and opportunities for financial market infrastructures.
Cross-border payments and securities transactions have grown sharply since the s, as exchange controls were relaxed and barriers to trade across borders were lowered. The article analyses the processes of globalization challenges for Ukraine's securities market and its economic development in general.
The issues are considered which attract investment assets by. A securities market provides liquidity, to varying degrees, for the securities traded within its domain. Full liquidity would mean ready saleability or purchasability of any reasonable quantity of a particular security at or near its latest current market price.
The globalisation of financial markets and H. Sander () "Regionalisation versus globalisation in European financial market integration: evidence from co-integration analyses", Journal of Banking and Finance, no.
24, European Central Bank Directorate General Communications Sonnemannstrasse 20, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Globalization is the extension and integration of cross-border international trade, investment and culture. these policies have created an international free market that has mainly benefited.
• The Global Market; • The growth of E-Commerce; • Current international regulatory activity; • Regional initiatives; and • International enforcement.
The Global Market The globalisation of the securities market is reflected in a number of ways including: 1. | https://cosozii.ltgov2018.com/globalisation-of-the-securities-market-90761xb.html |
This article introduced three strategies of globalization business and analyzed the relations among them; then offers some essential decisive-related questions for strategy scheme and decision making; and at last summarizes some issues for executives to think about.
The globalization directly affects the competitive situation of the world, it is necessary to make good use of strategies and reduce risks in order to establish and lift the power of business competition.
Because competition is emerging in very much different markets, today’s businesses are forced to be globalized in non-traditional ways. Before enterprises make a presence in markets just so that they know what competitors in that market are doing and use it as a window to look into new trends and new competitive strategies. These are just some of the reasons that require businesses today to have a global mindset-it is an essential factor for survival.
Followed are three strategies for globalization business.
The first is to adjust measures according to local conditions of target area, and it’s the essence of all global business strategies. There are differences in terms of costs for different raw materials, labor power, working skills, and institutional infrastructures. The decision makers with a global perspective, have to recognize the differences across countries and account for them in the strategic decisions. Those decisions may have to do with customers, raw materials, manufacturing, capital funds, market capacity or any of the dimensions on which strategic plans are made. Thus, a company in a labor-intensive business that fails to account for labor cost differentials across countries.
On the contrast, the second strategy is to fully use the similarities across countries. Because there are significant similarities, it means that products, skills and investments that are made or developed for one market have the potential to be leveraged in multiple geographic markets. The similarities imply that a product created or developed in some market can be sold in another market without having to be reinvented. What that enables a business to do, for example, is to use its research and development dollars by selling a proven product from one market, usually the company’s home market, to different countries. This advantage is particularly significant in businesses like pharmaceuticals that are research and development intensive.
The above two strategies of similarities and differences across markets are not opposite ends of one scale. Rather, they are complementary dimensions and should both be leveraged. An executive needs to ask what the similarities and differences are across markets. It then becomes a matter of strategic choice whether to exploit similarities first or differences first or both simultaneously, in order to take advantages of the global potential that lies inherent in each business.
The third of globalization business strategy is about the fundamental choices. Typically, these decisions involve four considerations: operations and costs; customers and markets; competition; government policies. Does the product have a committed champion? Can a product sold in multiple markets increase competitive advantage in home market? Are the competitors in that particular market already global and therefore, does the company needs to have a presence in multiple markets to be able to defend against the competitors? Sometimes, answering these questions in the context of a company’s organization is as much an administrative as an economic and strategic process.
Ultimately, an executive must make sure that the company has a presence in multiple markets and view it like a global game of chess. He must coordinate competitive moves across countries; consciously decide in which country to launch a product, where the global competitors are strongest, where the cost structure is lowest, and where the business is likely to get the quickest market feedback. Then he must decide how to launch the product in other markets and how to manage pricing in multiple markets. It is the global chess game rather than individual market share games being played in local area. Unless all elements fit together, it is difficult to develop the competitive global business. | http://www.businesshumans.us/page/2 |
The present paper is aimed at exploring the issue of globalization and applying it to the Emirati context. It gives some definitions of the process of globalization and reviews assorted opinions on the subject. Attempting to answer the question of whether the process is more beneficial than harmful, the paper outlines the causes of globalization, its main types, and features that analyze its impact on economic growth and emphasize the challenges that it poses.
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The paper provides the cases of Etisalat and Al Habtoor Motors – the UAE-based companies that have gone global at some point. Based on these cases, it explores how Emirates is expanding in the global market. The paper concludes that, so far, globalization has benefitted the country in economic terms.
Introduction
Globalization is not a new phenomenon for us as citizens of Earth. The contacts between populations happened before, and the exchange of cultures complemented the trading of goods. However, the culture of globalization did not arise until relatively recently. To be at better terms with the idea of a globalized world we inhabit, it is worth reviewing what globalization is and what it is meant for.
Definitions
The term “globalization” roots from the term “global” – that which refers to the world as a whole. There are many definitions of globalization, regarding it from the cultural and economic standpoint, but they are all similar in that basic assumption. For instance, from one perspective, the process is described as a growing interdependence of the nations’ economies (Ritzer & Atalay, 2010). Another definition analogizes it with diffusion, in all aspects of life: practices, mindsets, culture, and technology (Ritzer & Atalay, 2010). Some sources go as far as to assume that globalization is a closed-loop process: it is triggered by cross-border trade and results in an increase in it.
Concepts
Some basic concepts pertaining to this process are liberalization, universalization, and westernization. The first one is visibly changing the world towards creating a borderless economy – the one that is not restricted by states and does not pose territorial barriers to trading. The second is consistent with how the cultural phenomena “migrate” around the world (e.g., exotic foods, music, clothing, and so forth), although the economy and legal practices are also becoming universalized. The last concept seems to concern globalization experts: they find evidence that globalization is the guise under which the West (particularly, the U.S.) is imposing its values of capitalism, individualism, rationalism, etc., on the rest of the world. This supposition is exactly what makes globalization a controversial issue.
Proponents of the process insist that it helps the poor nations to develop and stabilize their economy. In their view, globalization is a unique process in that it both increases the life quality and enriches cultures by merging them together. The oppositionists maintain that globalization is synonymous with Americanization, and it has a destructive impact on local cultures and practices.
As a historical phenomenon, globalization cannot have any objectives as such. Rather, it can be analyzed in terms of its impact and where it can potentially lead. An analysis of its evolution, features, and main tendencies can provide a holistic view and give an answer to the most pressing question: what is good and what is bad about globalization.
Globalization: Causes, features, and details
Causes
However controversial the subject may be, all experts agree that it is a unique phenomenon. Although it is not new, most of the diffusion as we know it has emerged during the last several decades. The necessity to reconcile on the aftermath of World War I and the carnage of World War II was one of the factors to stimulate the process. The growth of multinational corporations and trading blocks during the 20th century encouraged this reconciliation and benefitted the global economy, which was only beginning to form as it is. The gradual reduction of the national trading barriers made for the financial system to become increasingly globalized. Most importantly, however, the technological advancements in terms of transportation and communications made the process faster, cheaper, and more efficient.
Evidently, the process is rooted deeply in the past. However, the unprecedented developmental leap the humanity made during the previous century, and the political picture of the world at this time, were the trigger to start the process that sustains itself ever since.
Types
Various sources identify up to 18 types of globalization, but there are three instances in which the process is most impactful: economy, politics, and culture.
Economic globalization means that every country’s economy influences all the others, to some extent. More advanced countries enter the markets of developing nations because the latter shows the demand for the former’s products. Likewise, the advanced ones create a supply chain with the developing countries as the main source of raw products and natural resources. In other words, all economies are interconnected and depend upon each other to function (Surugiu & Surugiu, 2014).
Political globalization is the nations’ attempt to create a bonded global community, free from conflict and bigotry. Organizations like the UN and the League of Nations are some examples of the global enterprises that try to keep diverse nations committed. These and other organizations are created in line with a vision that the unification of the world and global safety is viable.
Cultural globalization happens inflow: the ideas and the knowledge diverse cultures generate are spread across the world through various media. For instance, literature written by Western authors is translated into a mass of other languages and is well-known and loved beyond the borders of the U.S. The networking of cultures is another stage of the process of creating a global community – and a global culture (Surugiu & Surugiu, 2014).
Features
Some of the features of globalization were outlined above, the main assumption being that it is not a new, Western concept. Indeed, the contacts between nations have been made before, which was only natural, although the slow communications made it complicated. Nevertheless, the trading relationships existed, and the cultural exchange as well (Khatri, 2015).
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Another feature of globalization is that it is not merely a theory in economics. While our ancestors regarded the contacts as an economic advantage, the modern world has come to see them as a mindset. Today, the world is embracing diversity, openness to new ideas, and a broader framework of thought that opens opportunities other than trade (Khatri, 2015).
At this, opportunities are a separate feature in itself. While some experts are concerned that Westernization disrupts local economies by subjecting them to international competition, others believe that the benefit outweighs the cost. Indeed, the smaller and less developed countries are thought to benefit from providing their resources, as well as the culture-specific products and raw materials they supply. The beneficence factor, therefore, pertains to both parties.
Another feature that subsumes reciprocity results from the global concern with environmental, legal, and other issues that humanity makes it’s own. In the globalized context, such issues as terrorism, climate change, human rights abuse, pollution, etc., are the problem of humankind as a whole. The issues receive immediate attention from the global community and are dealt with by conjoined efforts.
Some of the features stated above include the linkage of politics and economy, raised living standards, and technology that serves humankind. All these ideas speak for globalization as a means to make the world a better place in terms of life quality and productivity.
Globalization and growth
Some of the ways in which globalization positively influences economic growth are foreign direct investment (FDI), technological innovation, and economies of scale.
In the first instance, FDI is the process that has become more popular than simple cross-border trading. By investment, the shareholders increase the speed with which technology is transferred, restructure the whole industries to meet the needs of contemporary markets, and thus help the global companies grow (Grossman & Helpman, 2015).
Technological innovation is the growth factor influenced by international competition. Paired with the growing interest in FDI, the innovation speeds up the communication, production, and supply, which helps increase the economy outputs.
Scaling is a process that can only be initiated under the condition of globalization. It makes it possible for large-scale companies to optimize their pricing strategies and cut costs. This can produce a hazard for small businesses as they try to compete within their homeland, although the economic benefit for the global organizations and consumers is evident (Grossman & Helpman, 2015).
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Challenges
As stated, globalization is a potential threat to the domestic-scale companies whose markets are being entered by the global giants rendering similar services. Other challenges primarily arise from the economies’ interdependence, national sovereignty, and equity distribution.
While interdependence encourages sharing and dealing with universal problems together, it can result in global instability, under some circumstances. For instance, should the local economy fluctuate, the impact would be discernible on a global scale?
National sovereignty is one of the conditions on which organizations like the UN and WTO are formed. However, the global community subsumes that the nations’ policies are integrated, and the leaders’ actions are visible to all other countries. This, and the flow of foreign people and immigrants, can produce a reactive response and create an environment of nationalism and xenophobia (Ritzer & Dean, 2015).
Finally, the primary concern of the Westernization opponents is that the West would be the one to receive most of the benefit. Other countries and individuals can lose profit and the sense of stability as their values, policies, and practices are skewed towards the Western ones.
On the whole, the impact of globalization is palpable in every aspect of life. While there are certain drawbacks to it, the process seems just as beneficial as it is unstoppable. Some of the issues and advantages of globalization can be analyzed through studying cases.
Case studies
The UAE has largely benefitted from globalization. During the last 40 years, the country has evolved into one of the most powerful economies in the world, utilizing the abundant resources as its ultimate growth strategy. As the country developed, it deviated from solely exploiting its oil and gas: other industries showed increasing potential, which facilitated the growth and globalization of several notable corporations.
Etisalat
The name of Etisalat, the UAE-based telecommunications establishment, can be synonymized with the Emirates’ entrance to the global market. Ever since its inception, the company almost monopolized the telecom sector. However, in spite of the monopolization, the company has always been at the forefront of innovation. The innovations that Etisalat had to offer the Emirati market were based on what the consumer wanted most – in the case of a telecom provider, it was the mobile penetration, which was more than 100% by 2005.
The company’s ascent into the global market began with neighboring Egypt in 2006. 50 days after it entered, the number of Etisalat mobile network subscribers spiked up to 1 million (Hitt, Ireland & Hoskisson, 2016). After that, it took 100% ownership of Atlantique Telecom and thus entered West Africa. The company has been particularly successful in Nigeria where it is known as a top-quality service provider. Having entered the market in 2008, the company has acquired more than 5 million clients in three years (Hitt et al., 2016). At the moment, Etisalat operates in all 36 states of the country.
The success and future expansion of Etisalat are dependent on its perceptivity to the trends of the global markets. So far, it has provided services of exceptional quality and attracted clients with its innovative products for local markets. It has been sensitive to the needs of the Nigerian market and was able to provide customized solutions for it. Another example of such perceptivity was Etisalat’s merging with Afghanistan: it has provided the locals with attractive tariffs to connect to UAE. The result was that the traffic owned by Etisalat has quadrupled since its inception in 2010 (Hitt et al., 2016).
Another field that Etisalat is actively exploring is the technology itself. Cloud computing is an emerging trend worldwide, and at the moment, Etisalat is considering a program launch to more efficiently connect the regions it operates in. Another area that Etisalat wants to take the lead of (in the Emirati globalization context) is M2M – Machine to Machine technology. The company offers a range of M2M-related services that allow users to manage their devices in a smart way.
The technology serves the global business practices in that it allows us to oversee all the SIM activities, streamline the operations, and perform basic analytics. Etisalat’s M2M Control Center empowers its business users to have full control and insight into their business operations – which pertains directly to what the global market needs: it connects, integrates practices, and facilitates the sharing of them (M2M Control Center, 2016)
Al Habtoor Motors
Al Habtoor Motors is a subdivision of the well-known Al Habtoor Group that specializes in hospitality services, real estate, publishing, and even education (The Group, 2016). The Motors subdivision was formed in 1983 and has become one of the largest automobile distributors in the UAE (About Al Habtoor Motors, 2016).
The secret of the company’s success lies in its globalization-induced practices. It cooperated with automobile manufacturers all over the world, and it mainly strives for import. Some of its most recognized suppliers include Bentley (Great Britain), Bugatti (France), Mitsubishi (Japan), and Chery (China). Specifically, the entrance of Chery into the UAE market happened with the formation of a partnership with Al Habtoor Motors, which was mostly focused on top-class automobiles before that (Al Habtoor Motors Signs with Chery, 2016). The cooperation with Chery was a strategic decision for both the Chinese manufacturer and the UAE-based vendor.
The former found a way to enter the Emirati market and experience the fast growth and fair competition such a market could provide. Moreover, they have achieved their goal of finding a native automobile dealer with global experience and an established reputation to distribute their passenger and commercial vehicles as masterfully as the top-class cars. Al Habtoor benefitted even more: not only did it expand its global market outreach by partnering with China but it also widened its client base by providing more affordable products than Bentley or Bugatti.
Conclusion
Globalization is a process offering multiple advantages in terms of politics, culture, and economics. It facilitates the creation of a unified global economy where large-scape organizations can develop, expand, and thrive. Some experts indicate their concern about the small businesses and Westernizations of the local economies. So far, however, the UAE-based companies have experienced success and growth while reaching out beyond the country’s borders.
The cases of Etisalat and Al Habtoor Motors illustrate how the companies benefit other countries’ markets and gain from foreign contacts as well. The innovative practices of one company and the client base expansion of the other provide some evidence that globalization is largely beneficial in the Emirati context.
References
About Al Habtoor Motors. (2016). Web.
Al Habtoor Motors Signs with Chery, China’s No. 1 Selling Chinese Car Brand. (2016). Web.
Grossman, G. M., & Helpman, E. (2015). Globalization and Growth. American Economic Review, 105(5), 100-104.
Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., & Hoskisson, R. E. (2016). Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases: Competitiveness and Globalization. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
Khatri, J. (2015). Ten Basic Characteristics of Globalization. Web.
M2M Control Center. (2016). Web.
Ritzer, G., & Atalay, Z. (2010). Readings in Globalization: Key Concepts and Major Debates. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Ritzer, G., & Dean, P. (2015). Globalization: A Basic Text. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Surugiu, M., & Surugiu, C. (2014). International Trade, Globalization and Economic Interdependence between European Countries: Implications for Businesses and Marketing Framework. Procedia Economics and Finance, 32, 131-138.
The Group. (2016). Web. | https://ivypanda.com/essays/globalization-evolution-in-the-uae/ |
The new era of globalization
In the new era of guarded globalization, however, any sector could prove to be strategic here’s how six industries will stack up in four emerging markets in 2014. The world is headed toward a new era of globalization, marked by increased political fragmentation but stronger global digital connection this challenging environment presents many risks which supply chain managers must carefully plan for and navigate. The evidence of globalization can be seen everywhere: in the home, in the workplace, in the discount stores, in the newspapers and business journals, in the flow of monthly government statistics. The era of globalization profitability and production of knowledge 1990 – 2005 as the 1980 s drew to a close, so did the cold war because a sound economy was fundamental to the pursuit of a military arms race, the struggle between east and west was very much an economic one. Think of this, if you will, as a new era of ‘deep globality’ while globalisation is something that happened to a market, globality is something that happens with a market it’s a bridge between global and local, and it works well for brands as well as consumers.
Digital globalization the new era of global flows and what it means for the united states event when feb 25, 2016 1:30 pm - 3:30 pm where new america 740 15th street nw, suite 900 washington, dc 20005 stream videos at ustream. Strategies in the era of de-globalization we have entered a new era, where the beliefs which we held true seem to hold no longer globalization doesn’t appear to provide all the answers to the economic growth and development of countries. China’s foreign policy in the new era of globalization jan 23 , 2017 print tweet he yafei former vice minister, ministry of foreign affairs it is an honor and pleasure to be in hongkong again talking about china’s foreign policy in the new era of globalization. If the 20th century was marked by the first and second stages of globalization, a number of trends are developing in the 21st century that point to what may be a new era for our world's economy.
Migration in an earlier era of globalization the most recent era of mass voluntary migration was between 1850 and 1914 ver one million people a year were drawn to the new world by the turn of the 20th century. Globalization is by no means a new phenomenon transcontinental trade and the movement of people date back at least 2,000 years, to the era of the ancient silk road trade route the global spread of infectious disease has followed a parallel course. Globalization can be described as the increased movement of people, knowledge, ideas, goods and money across national borders to make the world more incorporated in a sense it is an instrument of.
A final possibility can also be sought: if there are indeed facts and theory that denote that the current time undergoes changes and that these changes may mean a period of transition, this phase seems to be heading to an end of a cycle, the end of an era of economic globalization. The new era of globalization allows any business to become international by accessing this new platform of technologies, castells’s vision of working as a unit in real time on a planetary scale can be a reality. Business and government leaders must find ways to ensure that this new era of globalization is more equitable than the previous one despite the tremendous benefits that it brought to asia, the old globalization framework exacerbated economic inequality and uncertainty elsewhere in the world. On the contrary, we seem to be entering a new era of globalization more specifically, the mckinsey report highlights that, if in the 20 th century globalization was visible mainly in terms of physical goods and finances, then today we are entering a phase of digital globalization, defined largely by flows of data and information. Globalization has undermined the traditional definition of economic security that centered on economic vulnerability to other states at the same time, globalization has produced a redefinition of economic security in light of the risks posed by cross-border networks of non-state actors and by the economic volatility of the new global environment.
Over 1 million copies sold worldwide major new edition from nobel laureate joseph stiglitz, globalization and its discontents is the bestselling expose of the all-powerful organizations that control our lives joseph stiglitz's landmark book lifted the lid on how globalization was hurting those it was meant to help. Increased competition from globalization helps stimulate new technology development, particularly with the growth in fdi, which helps improve economic output by making processes more efficient economies of scale. The book examines the interaction of globalization and international law through four sub-themes: the adaptation of classical international legal tools to regulate and adjudicate community interests and conflicts in the era of globalization coordinating dialogues and governance strategies within and between international legal systems and. Journal of human development vol 4, no 2, july 2003 new threats to human security in the era of globalization sakiko fukuda-parr sakiko fukuda-parr is director, human development report office, united.
The new era of globalization
Globalization is commonly thought of as a new phenomenon, but contact between diverse individuals is not new it began when prehistoric tribes settled and were able to outmuscle wandering tribes the premodern period saw technological advances that allowed trade and communication to flourish. Opinion: brics must lead way in new era of globalization by chen siqing ten years ago, when a financial crisis took down the world’s economy, as representatives of emerging economies, the brics countries worked together to cope with the crisis and improve global governance. Globalization since the fourteenth century a very long-term view the many meanings of the word globalization have accumulated very rapidly, and recently, and the verb, globalize is first attested by the merriam webster dictionary in 1944. Hollywood in the era of globalization hollywood films represent more than half, and sometimes more than two-thirds of total box-office receipts in major markets films that succeed in the us market also tend to succeed in foreign markets.
- Multinationals are facing a new era of globalization characterized by the polarized forces of cooperation and competition — a duality that makes for a messy business landscape on the one hand, the global economic system is becoming increasingly integrated through trade and investment flows and digitization.
- The last era of globalization goes from 2000 until now and in the future too nowadays people realizing that they are a part of globalization as individuals, but work together with other individuals they all have so many possibilities to participate at the global competition.
- Going beyond the rhetoric april 25, 2017 by arindam bhattacharya, globalization emerged stronger than ever the current era is no different the emergence of a new model of globalization does not mean, of course, that the old ways of engaging with the world will suddenly become irrelevant the new globalization: going beyond the.
China and latin america's new era of globalization 0 latin american leaders are increasingly aligning their economies with china, and the united states seems worried. What is new is the changing nature of migration in this era of globalization in this globalize world, where everything seems to be global, migration is also changing its nature and forms which it takes. | http://xhessayawit.soalmatematika.info/the-new-era-of-globalization.html |
What is Energy?
Energy in physics or chemistry is defined as a property that can be transformed into or produced from work. Kinetic and potential energy are common forms. Mechanical, internal, chemical, heat, electromagnetic, and surface tension are the main types that can be obtained from various natural facts. It is measured by SI unit joule and CGS unit erg. The other most common units are calorie (cal), electronvolt (eV), kilowatt-hour (kWh), etc. The conservation of energy states that it can neither be created nor be destroyed but it may transfer one form to another. Therefore, it is obtained from different types of non-renewable or renewable sources that can be converted to other forms for doing useful work. In biology, living organisms get energy from food and oxygen to carry out biological processes.
Different types of energy sources
Primary sources are two types such as non-renewable and renewable energy sources.
- Oil, natural gas, coal, and nuclear power are the four major types of non-renewable natural resources that we used widely in our daily life. From these four, oil, natural gas, and coal are collectively named fossil fuels. These resources are obtained due to the decomposition of dead plants and animals over millions of years. These are mainly hydrocarbon compounds.
- Wind, solar, geothermal, hydropower and biogas are examples of renewable sources. These types of resources we used mainly to save fossil fuel, less environmental pollution, and huge demand for electricity over the world.
These primary sources are converted to electricity, a secondary source, and transmitted to homes and factories.
What is heat energy?
Heat or specific heat is another form that can produce work and transfer from one body to another. But heat is different from other sources such as chemical, mechanical or electrical because all the other forms are completely converted into work but heat cannot be wholly converted into work. In learning chemistry or physics, when two objects with different temperatures come together, heat transit or flow from lower temperatures to higher temperatures.
More precise examples of conversion of energy into work or heat are burning of coal or natural gas for doing some useful work. The mechanical work spent by rubbing two crystalline solid blocks of ice generates a quantity of heat. Therefore, there has an intimate relation between heat and work. One can yield the other quantity.
It is an extensive thermodynamics property like volume or surface area because it depends on the mass of the system. On the other hand, intensive properties like temperature, pressure, density, refractive index, etc are independent of the mass of the system.
Kinetic and potential types energy
What is kinetic energy?
It is the type of energy produced due to the motion of objects. It can be defined and calculated by accelerating a given mass of the body from rest to an appropriate speed. It is mainly three types of motion like rotational, vibrational, and translational. In classical mechanics, if the mass of the non-rotating body = m and speed of the body in a given time = v. Then KE = mv2/2. The accelerating bodies maintain their KE unless their velocity changes.
What is potential energy?
The potential energy (PE) formula in science was described first in 19th-century Scottish engineer and physicist William Rankine to define various forms of potential energies held by an object. Gravitational, elastic, electric energies are the common types or forms of PE. The common examples of PE are displacing the spring from its equilibrium position, lifting the weight, turning the blades in the wheel. Gravitational potential can be calculated by the formula, PEg = mgh, where m = mass of body whose height = h and g = gravity of earth = 9.80665 m/s2.
Unit of heat, energy, and work
They are derived from physical quantities whose unit can be derived from other base physical quantities like mass, length, and time. The units and dimensions of heat, energy, and work may be expressed in terms of base physical quantities by multiplication and division. From the definition of work, W = F × s, where the force (F) = maas × acceleration and acceleration = length sec-2. Hence, W = mass length2 sec-2.
From the definition, it is the ability to do work. Therefore, the unit and dimension of work and energy are the same. The most used units are joule, calorie, electronvolt, and kilowatt-hour with their conversion are given below the table,
|Unit of energy|
|Joule (J)||Calorie (cal)||Electronvolt (eV)||Kilowatt-hour (kWh)|
|1||0.239||6.24 × 1018||2.78 × 10-7|
|4.184||1||2.61 × 1018||1.16 × 10-6|
|1.60 × 10-19||3.82 × 10-20||1||4.45 × 10-26|
|3.6 × 106||8.60 × 105||2.24 × 1025||1|
Heat and work
Heat is another form that can be converted into all the other forms like electrical, chemical, mechanical, kinetic, or potential by producing work. The relation between heat and work is the origin of the first law of thermodynamics. It states that if or whenever heat is obtained from work, the amount of heat produced is proportional to work spent. In another word, if heat is transferred into work, there is proportionality between the work obtained and heat disappearing.
Conversion of heat into work
Heat cannot be completely converted into work because any attempt to convert whole heat into work permanently changes the system or neighboring system. When two objects with different temperatures come together, one with a higher temperature losses heat, and the other gains it.
Types of energy conversion
The production or conversation of heat into work is going through a definite process. For example, when a liquid molecule freezes into solid yielding heat or water freezes into ice producing specific heat.
Electrical to mechanical
The electricity that passes through a circuit may produce the rotation of the armature of a motor used for lifting a weight or winding a spring. Conversely, the mechanical work done on the turbine blades of a hydroelectric power plant would generate electricity. These two examples suggest the conversion of electrical to mechanical energy or vice versa.
Chemical to electrical
Redox reaction between chemical elements zinc and copper sulfate produces a large amount of heat. The same chemical change is carried out in electrochemical cell or batteries for the production of electrical current.
What is internal energy?
In thermodynamics, every system has within itself a quantity of internal energy. It can be obtained by common observations,
- A liquid freezes into solid yielding heat.
- Zinc and copper sulfate in Daniell cell producing electricity.
- Steam expands from a higher to a lower pressure yielding work or mechanical work.
- Yellow phosphorus glows in oxygen producing light.
- Carbon monoxide unites with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and heat. | https://www.priyamstudycentre.com/chemistry/energy |
percent of our electricity comes from coal-fired power plants. Coal Mining Coal companies use two methods to mine coal: surface mining and underground mining. Surface mining is used to extract about one-third of the coal in the United States. Surface mining can be used when the coal is buried less than 200 feet underground.
Coal is a combustible, sedimentary rock that, as a fossil fuel, is more abundant than either oil or gas. There are several varieties of coal, but the most abundant is Bitumus coal, which is used for power production and to make coke for steel production. Coal burning accounts for approximately 44% of the world's carbon emissions.
The first part of the conversion is efficiency of the boiler and combustion. For this example we take 88 % on an HHV basis that is the normal range for a well-optimized power plant. Second part is the steam cycle efficiency. Modern Rankine cycle, adopted in coal fired power plants, have efficiencies that vary from 32 % to 42 %. This depends ...
In contrast, China's coal-fired power plants emitted an estimated 200 ± 90 tons of mercury in 1999, which was about 38% of Chinese human-generated mercury emissions (45% being emitted from non-ferrous metals smelting). Mercury in emissions from power plants can be reduced by the use of activated carbon.
Coal for Power Plants. The coal fired power plant converts energy in coal to electricity. The basic input into the system is the fuel that is coal. All other systems and equipment only aid in this conversion process. Before going into the details, let us look at the quantity of coal processed in a power plant.
Thermal-based power plants can produce electricity from coal or other fuel sources. The coal-fired process requires three different steps to turn energy released from burning coal to generating electricity for consumption. Coal fired power plants, while producing power, require a lot of water and produce a lot of pollutants like ash and CO2.
Dec 12, 2011· COAL BASED THERMAL POWER PLANTS ... FUEL GRADES & GCV 'S I.COAL GRADES: The gradation of non-coking coal is based on Useful Heat Value (UHV), the gradation of coking coal is based on ash content and for semi coking / weakly cokng coal it is based on ash plus moisture content, ...
Apr 29, 2019· China Building Hundreds Of Coal-Fired Power Plants Abroad China has taken dramatic steps to fight climate change, including shutting major coal power plants…
Jul 28, 2008· Air pollution from coal-fired power plants is linked with asthma, cancer, heart and lung ailments, neurological problems, acid rain, global warming, and other severe environmental and public health impacts. Coal has long been a reliable source of American energy, but …
Dec 13, 2011· Boilers for steam generation in power plants and process industries use coal as fuel. The percentage of boilers operating with coal as fuel outnumbers the boilers using all other fuels combined. Coal is pulverized before firing for achieving a stable and efficient combustion. Many types of pulverizers are used in boilers by different designers.
Coal Fired Power Plant Coal is the most procurable fuel and commen used primary fuel in the world. Coal fired power plants produce electricity by burning coal in a steam generator.
Aug 11, 2015· Coal Fired Power Plant . How do you make electricity from coal, Effective Digital Presentations, produced this incredible 3D animation to show how a coal . ...
Coal and power industry data. Coal exports; Coal-fired power plant capacity and generation; Coal reserves; Corporate market share of global coal export trade; Existing U.S. Coal Plants; eGRID (EPA emissions database) Global use and production of coal; Powder River Basin; Foreign ownership of U.S. corporations; The Politics of Coal. The 2008 ...
May 09, 2019· Fifty coal-fired power plants have shut in the United States since President Donald Trump came to office two years ago, an environmental organization said …
Coal-fired power plants currently fuel 38% of global electricity and, in some countries, an even higher percentage. Coal 's role in electricity generation worldwide. Modern life is unimaginable without electricity. It lights houses, buildings, streets, provides domestic and industrial heat, and powers most equipment used in homes, offices and ...
Power plants are designed to use the available grade of coal. These may be anthracite, bituminous, lignite, high or low sulfur. What changes are the pollution control systems that are required to ...
May 31, 2017· Coal-fired power plants, or coal burning power plants, produce electricity by burning coal in a boiler to produce steam. The steam produced, under high pressure, flows into a turbine, which spins a generator to create electricity. Coal is the largest energy source used to generate electricity at U.S. power plants.
There are mainly three classifications of coal: Anthracite, Bituminous and Lignite. Lignite has the lowest grade of coal whereas anthracite is the highest one. Power plants generally use steam coal which is a grade between anthracite and bituminou...
Section 7.1.5 below), each coal fired plant is also assigned several coal grades which it may use if that coal type is available within its demand region. In EPA Platform v6 the endogenous demand for coal is generated by coal fired power plants interacting
A coal-fired power station is a type of fossil fuel power station.The coal is usually pulverized and then burned in a furnace with a boiler.The furnace heat converts boiler water to steam, which is then used to spin turbines which turn generators.Thus chemical energy stored in coal is converted successively into thermal energy, mechanical energy and, finally, electrical energy.
How coal is used to generate electricity in a conventional coal-fired power plant with a pulverized coal boiler. Emissions Control. In the United States, gases produced by the combustion of coal in the boiler (called flue gas) must be treated to remove air pollutants before they can be released to the atmosphere through the power-plant stack.
As shown in the table, larger plants and higher grade coals result in better plant efficiency. (The sole exception to that principle is IGCC plants, which are expected to perform more efficiently with subbituminous coal than with bituminous coal.) ... ↑ 8.0 8.1 "NEW COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT PERFORMANCE AND COST ESTIMATES," Sargent & Lundy, 2009
Can Kemper become the first US power plant to use 'clean coal... 12 Mar 2014 ... But this coal-fired power plant could help save the climate, or at least ... to burn through around 4m tonnes of low-grade lignite coal a year, ... He said the oil industry has used carbon capture for years to prime failing oil fields.
Mar 27, 2019· Global 'collapse' in number of new coal-fired power plants This article is more than 7 months old. Not long before coal use is over, say analysts, while warning of …
Most coal-fired capacity (88%) was built between 1950 and 1990, and the capacity-weighted average age of operating coal facilities is 39 years. About half of the coal capacity operating in 2016 use bituminous coal as their main energy source, a type of coal that comes from Appalachian states such as West ia, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania.
These changes have occurred as coal-fired power plants have retired or been used less and as natural gas-fired power plants have been built and used more nationwide. Only one nuclear power plant was built in those years—Watts Bar Unit 2 in Tennessee—but some other nuclear power plants across the country have completed uprates to their ... | https://www.historischeverenigingfelua.nl/coal/39627_coal-grades-used-in-coal-fired-power-plants.html |
The nutrients which have been prepared by digestion are absorbed (ie taken up through the walls of the stomach and intestines) and passed directly or indirectly into the blood. The small intestine is the chief area where absorption of the nutrients take place. Water, however, is largely absorbed in the large intestine.
There are two separate pathways by which the various nutrients reach the general bloodstream of the body:
· Nitrogenous nutrients together with sugars, salts and water are taken into the blood mainly in the walls of the small intestine. They are then carried by a large blood vessel, the portal vein (fig 2.13 PV), to the liver and are to some extent acted upon by that organ before they reach the general bloodstream of the body through the veins leaving the liver (fig 2.13 HV). This special system is known as the portal circulation. In addition to other important functions the liver has to store the sugars and prepare them for further use in the body. Any substances (including poisons) absorbed from the gut must thus pass via the bloodstream to the liver, where they could (as in the case of poisons) damage the liver, or be modified by it.
· Fats, on the other hand, are taken up by the lymphatic vessels of the small intestine and pass through these to veins and so to the general circulation (fig 2.15).
Both pathways of absorption are shown in fig 2.15. A further description of the portal circulation and of the lymphatic vessels will be found in the next section.
The body is a living ``machine'' and its living structures or tissues make use of the nutritional substances and oxygen in order to:
· perform mechanical and other forms of labour
· maintain bodily heat
· repair the constant decline of living structures
In a steam engine coal and oxygen from the air are used similarly to produce heat, which in turn result in useful activity. In the body there is less active ``burning'' or oxidation of nutritional substances which are absorbed in the lungs and blood. In both cases energy is produced in the form of heat, resulting in activity. The burning of coal in the engine converts the coal into smoke and ash. So too the activity of bodily tissues in consequence of oxidation and the conversion of food produce certain waste material of which the body must rid itself.
The most important of these waste materials are:
· carbon dioxide
· water
· urea
Related Topics
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Nov 23, 2021 How a Coal Plant Works. Coal-fired plants produce electricity by burning coal in a boiler to produce steam. The steam produced, under tremendous pressure, flows into a turbine, which spins a generator to create electricity. The steam is then cooled, condensed back into water and returned to the boiler to start the process over.
Dec 15, 2017 How coal is burned. Almost all coal plants operating today use pulverized coal (PC) technology, which involves grinding the coal, burning it to make steam, and running the steam through a turbine to generate electricity.
Coal is the most common fuel source to produce electricity. Coal plants convert the chemical energy in coal to the mechanical energy in steam pushing a turbine and then to electricity. Authors Dana Desonie, Ph.D. Difficulty Level.
Jul 26, 2016 How a coal fired power plant work 1. Heat is created. Before the coal is burned, it is pulverized to the fineness of talcum powder. It is then mixed with hot air and blown into the firebox of the boiler. Burning in suspension, the coal/air mixture provides the
Nov 13, 2010 A coal-fired plant is consuming thousands of tons of coal every day. Sitting outside the typical plant is a million-ton stockpile of coal that might keep the plant supplied for a month or two. Trains and barges are arriving every day delivering the coal the plant needs. The first step in turning the coal into electricity is a pulverizer.
Coal power plant produces a large amount of electricity, for our homes, hospitals, industries, schools etc. Coal has been used as a fuel source for locomotives for years. In this article you have learnt about coal power plant working, main components, layout, advantages and disadvantages with application.
Mar 26, 2020 The map shows coal capacity, whereas electricity generation and CO2 emissions depend on a range of other factors. Most important is how often coal plants run their load factor. Global average loads started falling in 2007 and coal power CO2 has
With coal-fired power plants achieving an average 33 percent efficiency, its crucial to build advanced HELE plants to reduce global carbon emissions. Energy Outlook Global With low carbon a priority in energy generation, it is imperative to develop a more efficient, lower-emissions technology for coal.
Nov 24, 2021 How Much Co2 Does A Power Plant Emit Per Year? The U. Power generation is responsible for nearly 10 billion tons of CO2 emissions globally each year, according to the Dirty Dozen list. The U. Over 8,000 power plants are located around the world, making up about 25 percent of the total of 50,000. There are 8 billion tons of steel in the world.
Oct 23, 2020 There are about 1,400 coal- and oil-fired electric generating units (EGUs) at 600 power plants covered by these standards.They emit harmful pollutants, including mercury, non-mercury metallic toxics, acid gases, and organic air toxics such as dioxin.
In addition, people who work with coal in any capacity (in mines, at power plants, in train lines and at ports) are more likely to suffer from long-term health effects, including permanent scarring of their lungs. Fossil Fuel Plants Poison the Food We Eat. Burning coal releases toxic mercury that rains down into rivers and streams.
How Does a Coal Power Plant Work . 2008 12 4 Thermal based power plants can produce electricity from coal or other fuel sources The coal fired process requires three different steps to turn energy released from burning coal to generating electricity for consumption Coal fired power plants while producing power require a lot of water and produce ...
Jan 09, 2013 Nuclear and coal based power plants fall under this category. The way energy from fuel gets transformed into electricity forms the working of a power plant. In a thermal power plant a steam turbine is rotated with help of high pressure and high temperature steam and this rotation is transferred to a generator to produce electricity.
Coal Power for Kids. Coal is a fossil fuel like, oil and natural gas. A fossil fuel is a natural energy resource. The Earth forms them over a hundred million years from the remains of plants or animals. Coal is made up of the energy from plants that grew in swamps. Layers of rocks and dirt covered those plants for over a million years.
Three Ways Drones Can Help Improve Power Plant Maintenance How Power Plants Work. Power plants convert raw energy sources such as coal, nuclear heat, or wind, into usable power in the form of electricity. A thermal power plant, which is one of the most common types, is a plant that creates power by burning fuel to convert it into electricity.
How Gas Turbine Power Plants Work. The combustion (gas) turbines being installed in many of todays natural-gas-fueled power plants are complex machines, but they basically involve three main sections The compressor, which draws air into the engine, pressurizes it, and feeds it to the combustion chamber at speeds of hundreds of miles per hour ...
Dec 31, 2018 Thermoelectric power plant Bowen owned by Georgia Power Company, from Highway 113, Euharlee, Bartow County, Georgia. Plant Bowen is one of the largest coal-fired power plants in the United States. Plant Bowen uses recirculating cooling, decreasing the
Coal fired power plants also known as coal fired power stations are facilities that burn coal to make steam in order to generate electricity.These stations, seen in Figure 1, provide 40% of the worlds electricity. Countries such as South Africa use coal for 94% of their electricity and China and India use coal for 70-75% of their electricity needs, however the amount of coal China uses ...
How Coal Power Plants Work Conversion of Energy. In coal power plants, this first phase involves coal from the mine being delivered to the coal hopper, where it undergoes its first crushing before being pulverized to the fineness of talcum powder. Its then mixed with hot air and blown into the firebox of
Jul 19, 2021 A coal-fired power station is an energy plant that burns coal a fossil fuel to generate electricity thats fed into the grid which supplies power to homes and businesses. There are a few key energies stored in coal and when successfully converted, can create thermal energy, mechanical energy and electrical energy.
Duke Energy has used coal to produce energy in the Carolinas since 1911. The first coal-fired plants in Greensboro, N.C., and Greenville, S.C., originally only supplemented the companys use of hydroelectricity. This changed in the 1920s when energy demand exceeded what the hydroelectric stations could generate.
May 05, 2021 In 2011, U.S. coal-fired power plants produced 1,828 million tons of CO 2-equivalents 31.8% of U.S. CO 2 emissions from energy-related activities, and 5.8% of total world CO 2 fossil fuel emissions.. Stagnant capacity, declining output. From 1990 to 2009, the net capacity of the U.S. coal-fired power plant fleet remained virtually unchanged, increasing by only 7 Gigawatts (MW) or 2.5% ...
The United States burns fossil fuels for more than 85 percent of its energy needs, and power plants are sprouting up in China at the rate of two per week source Herzog/ CCS. To produce energy, most power plants burn coal (or another fossil fuel) in air to create steam. The steam turns a turbine, which generates electricity.
Sep 16, 2019 Nuclear power plants use reactors heat to turn water into steam. The steam is then sent through a turbine, which, as weve already learned, generates movement of a generator, which in turn generates electricity. 2.2. Coal Power Plants. A coal power plant works in much the same way, but instead of a nuclear reactor heating water to make steam ...
To power around 700,000 homes, a power plant would need to burn around 14,000 tons of coal a day. Thats about 140 railroad cars, every day. And coal isnt a renewable resource, meaning that it took billions of years to create, but its taking us under a couple hundred to use it all up.
Oct 17, 2021 Coal is consumed in many industries in the country, but 75 percent of the coal is spent on the production of electricity. That is, three-fourths of the countrys coal reserves and the coal imported from abroad goes to thermal power plants. There are 135 thermal power plants in the country, including NTPC, where electricity is generated.
Coal plays a vital role in electricity generation worldwide. Coal-fired power plants currently fuel 37% of global electricity and figures from the IEA show that coal will still generate 22% of the worlds electricity in 2040, retaining coals position as the single largest source of electricity worldwide.
Dec 21, 2011 Coal-fired electric power plants make up the largest source of national sulfur dioxide (SO 2) emissions.The Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR) calls for a 53% reduction in SO 2 emissions from the electric power sector by 2014. To meet this goal, plant owners can implement one of or a combination of three main strategies use lower sulfur coal in their boilers, retire plants without ...
Aug 19, 2019 Use the above slider to see the difference between Chinas coal plants in 2000 with projected future capacity. Towards a New Reality. Coal is the most carbon intensive fossil fuel, and for every tonne of coal burned there are approximately 2.5 tonnes of carbon emissions.The International Energy Agency states that all unabated coal must be phased out within a few decades if global
Electric Power Plants Boiler Unit Almost all of power plants operate by heating water in a boiler unit into super heated steam at very high pressures. The source of heat from combustion reactions may vary in fossil fuel plants from the source of fuels such as coal, oil, or natural gas.
Jan 06, 2020 Most traditional power plants make energy by burning fuel to release heat. Thus, they are called thermal (heat-based) power plants. They burn fuel with oxygen to release heat energy, which boils water and drives a steam turbine. This is majorly the one used by coal and oil plants. Natural gas uses a different process.
Oct 05, 2017 The above are the brief of the main equipment required for the proper combustion of coal in a large power plant boiler. WORKING OF A POWER PLANT BOILER. Boiler in a power plant has two functions. The Combustion system converts energy in coal to Heat. Water and steam system converts the heat to steam at high pressures and temperatures. | https://www.spes-brandenburg.de/regulations/September_40324.html |
It is increasingly becoming accepted that renewable energy has a decisive place in the future energy system and that the “future” may not be very far away, considering not just issues of greenhouse gas emissions and the finiteness of fossil and nuclear resources, but also their uneven distribution over the Earth and the increasing political instability of precisely those regions most endowed with the remaining non-renewable resources.
Renewable energy sources have been the backbone of our energy system during most of human history, interrupted by a brief interval of cheap fuels that could be used for a few hundred years in a highly unsustainable way. Unfortunately, this interval has also weakened our sensibility over wasteful uses of energy. For a long time, energy was so cheap that most people did not think it worthwhile to improve the efficiency of energy use, even if there was money to save. Recent analysis has shown that a number of efficiency improvements that would use already existing technology could have been introduced at a cost lower than that of the energy saved, even at the prevailing low prices. We now know that any renewal of our energy supply- system would probably be more (although not necessarily a lot more) expensive than the present cost of energy, and although this book is about the prospects for filling our future energy needs with a range of renewable technologies, it must still be emphasised that carrying though all efficiency improvements in our conversion system, that can be made at lower cost than the new system, should be done first, and thereby buying us more time to make the supply transition unfold smoothly.
This book is based on the energy conversion, transmission and storage parts of the author’s Renewable Energy, the book that in 1979 placed the topic on the academic agenda and actually got the term “renewable energy” accepted. While Renewable Energy (now in its third edition) deals with the physical, technical, social, economic and environmental aspects of renewable energy, the present book concentrates on the engineering aspects, in order to provide a suitable textbook for the many engineering courses in renewable energy coming on-line, and hopefully at the same time providing a handy primer for people working in this important field.
Gilleleje, June 2007, Bent Sørensen viii
Units and conversion factors
Powers of 10¤ Prefix Symbol Value Prefix Symbol Value atto a 10-18 kilo k 103 femto f 10-15 mega M 106 pico p 10-12 giga G 109 nano n 10-9 tera T 1012 micro µ 10-6 peta P 1015 milli m 10-3 exa E 1018
|Basic unit||Name Symbol|
|length||metre m|
|mass||kilogram kg|
|time||second s|
|temperature||Kelvin K|
|plane angle||radian rad|
|solid angle||steradian sr|
|amount#||mole mol|
|Derived unit||Name Symbol Definition|
|energy||joule J kg m2 s-2|
|power||watt W J s-1|
|force||newton N J m-1|
|pressure||pascal Pa N m-2|
SI units electric current ampere A luminous intensity candela cd electric charge coulomb C A s potential difference volt V J A-1 s-1
|inductance||henry H V s A-1|
|illumination||lux lx cd sr m-2|
|frequency||hertz Hz cycle s-1|
electric resistance ohm Ω V A-1 electric capacitance farad F A s V-1 magnetic flux weber Wb V s magnetic flux density tesla T V s m-2 luminous flux lumen lm cd sr
¤ G, T, P, E are called milliard, billion, billiard, trillion in Europe, but billion, trillion, quadrillion, quintillion in the USA. M as million is universal. # The amount containing as many particles as there are atoms in 0.012 kg 12C.
|Type Name||Symbol Approximate value|
ixConversion factors
|energy erg||erg 10-7 J (exact)|
|energy Q||Q 1018 Btu (exact)|
|energy quad||q 1015 Btu (exact)|
|energy m3 of natural gas||3.4 × 107 J|
|energy kg of methane||6.13 × 107 J|
|energy m3 of biogas||2.3 × 107 J|
|energy litre of gasoline||3.29 × 107 J|
|energy kg of gasoline||4.38 × 107 J|
|energy litre of diesel oil||3.59 × 107 J|
|energy kg of hydrogen||1.2 × 108 J|
|radioactivity curie||Ci 3.7 × 108 s-1|
|radiation dose rad||rad 10-2 J kg-1|
|radiation dose gray||Gy J kg-1|
|dose equivalent rem||rem 10-2 J kg-1|
|dose equivalent sievert||Sv J kg-1|
energy electon volt eV 1.6021 × 10-19 J energy calorie (thermochemical) cal 4.184 J energy British thermal unit Btu 1055.06 J energy tons oil equivalent toe 4.19 × 1010 J energy barrels oil equivalent bbl 5.74 × 109 J energy tons coal equivalent tce 2.93 × 1010 J energy kg of diesel oil/gasoil 4.27 × 107 J energy m3 of hydrogen at 1 atm 1.0 × 107 J energy kilowatt hour kWh 3.6 × 106 J power horsepower hp 745.7 W power kWh per year kWh/y 0.114 W radioactivity becqerel Bq 1 s-1 temperature degree Celsius °C K — 273.15
|time minute||min 60 s (exact)|
|time hour||h 3600 s (exact)|
|time year||y 8760 h|
temperature degree Fahrenheit °F 9/5 C+ 32 continued next page
|Type Name||Symbol Approximate value|
|pressure bar||bar 105 Pa|
|mass pound||lb 0.4536 kg|
|mass ounce||oz 0.02835 kg|
|length inch||in 0.0254 m|
|length foot||ft 0.3048 m|
|volume litre||l 10-3 m3|
pressure atmosphere atm 1.013 × 105 Pa pressure pounds per square inch psi 6890 Pa mass ton (metric) t 103 kg length Ångström Å 10-10 m length mile (statute) mi 1609 m volume gallon (US) 3.785 × 10-3 m3
1. INTRODUCTION
The structure of this book is to start with general principles of energy conversion and then move on to more specific types of conversion suitable for different classes of renewable energy such as wind, hydro and wave energy, solar radiation used for heat or power generation, secondary conversions in fuel cell or battery operation, and a range of conversions related to biomass, from traditional combustion to advanced ways of producing liquid or gaseous biofuels.
Because some of the renewable energy sources are fundamentally intermittent, and sometimes beyond what can be remedied by regional trade of energy (counting on the variability being different in different geographical regimes), energy storage must also be treated as an important partner to many renewable energy systems. This is done in the final chapters, after a discussion of transmission or transport of the forms of energy available in a renewable energy system. In total, the book constitutes an introduction to all the technical issues to consider in designing renewable energy systems. The complementary issues of economy, environmental impacts and planning procedures, as well as a basic physical-astronomical explanation of where the renewable energy sources come from and how they are distributed, may be found in the bulkier treatise of Sørensen (2004).
If used for energy courses, the teacher may find the “mini-projects and exercises” attached at the end useful. They comprise simple problems but in most cases can be used as mini-projects, which are issues discussed by individual students or groups of students for a period of one to a couple of weeks, and completed by submission of a project report of some 5-25 pages for evaluation and grading. These mini-projects may involve small computer models made by the students for getting quantitative results to the problems posed.
General principles do not wear with time, and the reference list contains many quite old references, reflecting a preference for quoting those who first discussed a given issue rather than the most recent marginal improvement.
CHAPTER 1
|I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES||3|
|BASIC PRINCIPLES OF|
2. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ENERGY CONVERSION ENERGY CONVERSION
A large number of energy conversion processes take place in nature. Man is capable of performing a number of additional energy conversion processes by means of various devices invented during the history of man. Such devices may be classified according to the type of construction used, according to the underlying physical or chemical principle, or according to the forms of energy appearing before and after the action of the device. In this chapter, a survey of conversion methods, which may be suitable for the conversion of renewable energy flows or stored energy, will be given. A discussion of general conversion principles will be made below, followed by an outline of engineering design details for specific energy conversion devices, ordered according to the energy form being converted and the energy form obtained. The collection is necessarily incomplete and involves judgment about the importance of various devices.
2.1 Conversion between energy forms
For a number of energy forms, Table 2.1 lists some examples of energy conversion processes or devices currently in use or contemplated, organised according to the energy form emerging after the conversion. In several cases more than one energy form will emerge as a result of the action of the device, e.g. heat in addition to one of the other energy forms listed. Many devices also perform a number of energy conversion steps, rather than the single ones given in the table. A power plant, for example, may perform the conversion process chain between energy forms: chemical → heat → me- chanical → electrical. Diagonal transformations are also possible, such as conversion of mechanical energy into mechanical energy (potential energy of elevated fluid → kinetic energy of flowing fluid → rotational energy of
CHAPTER 2
|4|
turbine) or of heat into heat at a lower temperature (convection, conduction). The second law of thermodynamics forbids a process in which the only change is that heat is transferred from a lower to a higher temperature. Such transfer can be established if at the same time some high-quality energy is degraded, e.g. by a heat pump (which is listed as a converter of electrical into heat energy in Table 2.1, but is discussed further in Chapter 6).
Initial ener-gy form Converted energy form
|Nuclear||Reactor|
Chemical Radiant Electrical Mechanical Heat
Chemical Fuel cell, battery discharge
Burner, boiler
Radiant Photolysis Photovoltaic cell Absorber
Electrical Electrolysis, battery charging
Lamp, laser Electric motor Resistance, heat pump
Mechanical Electric gen-erator, MHD
Turbines Friction, churning
Heat Thermionic & thermoelectric generators
Thermodynamic engines
Convector, radiator, heat pipe
Table 2.1. Examples of energy conversion processes listed according to the initial energy form and one particular converted energy form (the one primarily wanted).
The efficiency with which a given conversion process can be carried out, i.e. the ratio between the output of the desired energy form and the energy input, depends on the physical and chemical laws governing the process. For the heat engines, which convert heat into work or vice versa, the description of thermodynamic theory may be used in order to avoid the complication of a microscopic description on the molecular level (which is, of course, possible, e.g. on the basis of statistical assumptions). According to thermodynamic theory (again the “second law”), no heat engine can have an efficiency higher than that of a reversible Carnot process, which is depicted in Fig. 2.1, in terms of different sets of thermodynamic state variables,
(P, V) = (pressure, volume), (T, S) = (absolute temperature, entropy), and (H, S) = (enthalpy, entropy).
|I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES||5|
2. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ENERGY CONVERSION
Figure 2.1. The cyclic Carnot process in different representations. Traversing the cycle in the direction 1→ 2→ 3→ 4 leads to the conversion of a certain amount of heat into work (see text for details).
The change of the entropy S during a process (e.g. an energy conversion process), which brings the system from a state 1 to a state 2, is defined by
|QTS||(2.1)|
where the integral is over successive infinitesimal and reversible process steps (not necessarily related to the real process, which may not be reversible), during which an amount of heat dQ is transferred from a reservoir of temperature T to the system. The imagined reservoirs may not exist in the real process, but the initial and final states of the system must have well- defined temperatures T1 and T2 in order for (2.1) to be applicable. The entropy may contain an arbitrary common constant fixed by the third law of
|The enthalpy H is defined by|
thermodynamics (Nernst’s law), which states that S may be taken as zero at zero absolute temperature (T = 0). H = U+PV, in terms of P, V and the internal energy U of the system. According to the first law of thermodynamics, U is a state variable given by
|∆U = ∫ dQ + ∫ dW,||(2.2)|
in terms of the amounts of heat and work added to the system [Q and W are not state variables, and the individual integrals in (2.2) depend on the paths of integration]. The equation (2.2) determines U up to an arbitrary constant, the zero point of the energy scale. Using the definition (2.1), dQ = T dS
|6|
and dW = — P dV, both of which are valid only for reversible processes The following relations are found among the differentials:
|dH = T dS + V dP||(2.3)|
dU = T dS — P dV,
These relations are often assumed to have general validity.
If chemical reactions occur in the system, additional terms µi dni should be added on the right-hand side of both relations (2.3), in terms of the chemical potentials µi (see e.g. Maron and Prutton, 1959). For a cyclic process such as the one shown in Fig. 2.1, ∫ dU = 0 upon re- turning to the initial locus in one of the diagrams, and thus according to
(2.3) ∫ T dS = ∫ P dV. This means that the area enclosed by the path of the cyclic process in either the (P, V) or the (T, S) diagram equals the work —W performed by the system during one cycle (in the direction of increasing numbers on Fig. 2.1). The amount of heat added to the system during the isothermal process 2-
3 is ∆ Q23 = T(S3 — S2), if the constant temperature is denoted T. The heat added in the other isothermal process, 4-1, at a temperature Tref, is ∆ Q41 =
−Tref (S3 — S2). It follows from the (T, S) diagram that ∆ Q23 + ∆ Q41 = −W. The efficiency by which the Carnot process converts heat available at tempera- ture T into work, when a reference temperature of Tref is available, is then
23 T TTQ
|−=η||(2.4)|
The Carnot cycle (Fig. 2.1) consists of four steps: 1-2, adiabatic compression (no heat exchange with the surroundings, i.e. dQ = 0 and dS = 0); 2-3, heat drawn reversibly from the surroundings at constant temperature (the amount of heat transfer ∆ Q23 is given by the area enclosed by the path 2-3-5- 6-2 in the (T, S)-diagram); 3-4, adiabatic expansion; and 4-1, heat given away to the surroundings by a reversible process at constant temperature
[⎜∆Q41⎜equal to the area of the path 4-5-6-1-4 in the (T, S)-diagram]. The (H, S)-diagram is an example of a representation in which energy differences can be read directly on the ordinate, rather than being represented by an area.
It requires long periods of time to perform the steps involved in the Carnot cycle in a way that approaches reversibility. As time is important for man (the goal of the energy conversion process being power rather than just an amount of energy), irreversible processes are deliberately introduced into
|I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES||7|
2. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ENERGY CONVERSION the thermodynamic cycles of actual conversion devices. The thermodynamics of irreversible processes are described below using a practical approximation, which will be referred to in several of the examples to follow. Readers without special interest in the thermodynamic description may go lightly over the formulae (unless such readers are up for an exam!).
2.2 Irreversible thermodynamics
The degree of irreversibility is measured in terms of the rate of energy dissipation,
|D = T dS/dt,||(2.5)|
where dS/dt is the entropy production of the system while held at the constant temperature T (i.e. T may be thought of as the temperature of a large heat reservoir, with which the system is in contact). In order to describe the nature of the dissipation process, the concept of free energy may be introduced (cf. E.G. Callen, 1960).
The free energy of a system, G, is defined as the maximum work that can be drawn from the system under conditions where the exchange of work is the only interaction between the system and its surroundings. A system of this kind is said to be in thermodynamic equilibrium if its free energy is zero.
Consider now a system divided into two subsystems, a small one with extensive variables (i.e. variables proportional to the size of the system) U, S,
V, etc. and a large one with intensive variables Tref, Pref, etc., which is initially in thermodynamic equilibrium. The terms “small system” and “large sys- tem” are meant to imply that the intensive variables of the large system (but not its extensive variables Uref, Sref, etc.) can be regarded as constant, regardless of the processes by which the entire system approaches equilibrium. | https://www.ebah.com.br/content/ABAAAgSTEAC/renewable-energy-conversion-transmission-and-storage |
This process of electricity generation takes place in the so-called thermoelectric solar or solar thermal power plants. The first thermosolar power plants were built in Europe and Japan in the early 1980s.
The main advantage over fossil fuel power plants is that clean, abundant and renewable energy can be obtained.
The main drawback is in the schedule and the meteorology that do not allow to generate a quantity of constant electrical energy. Initially the first power plants could only operate during the hours of solar irradiation, but today it is possible to store the heat during the day to produce electricity at night.
The operation of a thermosolar plant is similar to that of a thermal power plant or a nuclear power plant. The distinctive element between them is fuel, a very significant difference. Thermal power plants use fossil fuels such as coal or gas to generate heat, nuclear power plants use nuclear energy to generate thermal energy, while thermoelectric power plants use solar radiation.
The solar rays are concentrated by mirrors in a receiver that reaches temperatures of up to 1,000º C. This heat energy is used to heat a fluid and generate steam. The steam generated, which has a high pressure allows a turbine to move a turbine. At the same time, this turbine will power a generator that will be in charge of generating the electric energy.
Throughout this process, energy is transformed. First we have solar radiation, which is transformed into heat energy by impacting solar collectors. This heat is transported by a fluid which will then become vapor. The steam drives a turbine, at this time, the heat energy is transformed into mechanical energy of rotation. Finally the turbine drives a generator by transforming the mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Renewable energies come from practically inexhaustible natural sources. They are considered inexhaustible either because of the large amount of energy they contain or because they can be regenerated naturally.
Thermal energy is the part of the internal energy of a thermodynamic system in equilibrium that is proportional to its absolute temperature and is increased or decreased by energy transfer.
In thermodynamics, the internal energy is the total energy that contains a thermodynamic system, the sum of the internal potential energy and the internal kinetic energetics. | https://solar-energy.technology/definitions/solar-thermal-energy.html |
Burning Coal Steam Boiler
Check Item item hot water boiler hot water boiler comprising a boiler inspection and checking internal use preparations, checking in the furnace and the flue, the boiler attachment check, check automatic control system, the secondary device, check the combustion device, the auxiliary heat check the surface of the hot water boiler must be done before running some tests, these tests are quite a lot of us, it is possible because of our neglect and causing very serious consequences. Therefore, we must forestall, be sure to carefully check the following before the hot water boiler operation. 1, including the use of internal inspection and boiler ready. 2, inspection, and furnace fouling and debris inside the flue in the furnace and flue should be cleaned. Flue duct and damper, the shutter must be complete and compact, flexible switch, opening and closing accurately indicated. 3, check the boiler accessories, check the safety accessory is intact; cock is rotating flexible, easy to use; all kinds of instruments and controls should be complete, good, clean. After passing the examination, should the gauge cocks in working condition. 4, check the automatic control system. 5. Check the accessory device. 6, inspection of the combustion apparatus, the combustion apparatus is intact inspection; mechanical transmission system, coal handling system, the ballast system test switch normally; spring-loaded safety level of a gearbox should be appropriate, well lubricated; coal shutter indicate the correct scale. iron eagle neat, well, turn the ballast plates full, flexible movement. 7, the auxiliary heating surface of the inspection, check the auxiliary device (fan, blower, pump, etc.) are firmly connected coupling; proper belt tension triangle; oil should be good enough; cooling water flow. After passing the examination, installed security guard, respectively, commissioning, and note the current when idling. It is fed out of the hot water boiler heat equivalent to a mass per hour (usually expressed in tons) in water was heated from 20 ℃ and heat output of all vaporized into a burning coal steam boiler water absorbed three expressions, in tons) water from 20 ℃ heated and vaporized into all heat absorbed by the steam boiler it is fed out of the hot water heat equivalent to a mass per hour (i.e. typically kcal / hr (kcal / h), tonnes / hour (t / h ), megawatt (MW). (1) kcal / h is in metric units of expression, which represents the heat of hot water boiler fed out per hour. (2) t t borrowed steamed steam boiler popular argument, ( 3) megawatts (MW) is the international system of units unit of power, the basic unit is W (1MW = 106W). this expression formal documents should be used.
The third reason is that the amount of nitrogen oxide released during operation is very small. Most heating equipment such as ordinary boilers need to use coal materials as raw materials when they are in operation. Materials such as coal generally release a large amount of hazardous air-quality substances when burned. The condensing boiler uses the steam produced by natural gas combustion as the raw material when it is in operation, so the nitrogen oxide content released during the operation is much lower than the prescribed standard. The analysis of the reason for the year-by-year increase in the sales of condensing boilers has come to an end for the time being.
Beijing New Energy Automobile Co., Ltd. is China's first to operate independently and gain new energy automobile production qualification of new energy auto companies, mainly engaged in new energy vehicles and key parts and components research and development, production, sales and service business segments, and the layout intelligent manufacturing, energy management, smart travel, Internet +, and other strategic emerging industries. In the new energy automobile manufacturing process, and a series of paint drying processes can not do without the help of hot water boiler. Due to the company before the device has reached less than the growing production needs, the introduction of the 2017 mid-tail electric company producing heating pressure hot water boiler (CEDR0.7--95 / 70-Ⅱ).
Learning materials heat boiler 1, the boiler is three safety accessories: water gauge, pressure gauge, safety valve. 2, the normal operation of the boiler water level is 0 ± 40mmH2O, the maximum does not exceed 0 ± 80mmH2O, the normal water pressure of 5.5MPa, to allow the fluctuation range of 4.5-6.0MPa, normal pressure boiler feed water temperature should be 105 degrees Celsius. 3, steam flow is not larger than the normal water boiler feedwater flow reasons, the measuring device instrument to do so. 4, the steam flow rate is less than the abnormal overheating damage reasons of water flow, water wall damage, damage to the economizer, the boiler is full of water, measuring device instrument to do so. 5, points on the furnace process CCP washed three times water gauge, pressures of 0.05-0.1MPa, 1.0MPa, 2.8MPa. 6, it is determined whether the normal water table and put into operation to see if the water level fluctuates slightly exemplar. 7, the boiler water pressure test and the test is divided into P overpressure test of two, when the water pressure P test, the boosting speed of not more than 0.35MPa 0.5MPa down rate does not exceed per minute. To the boiler water blowdown 8, the pressure in the boiler shutdown boiler water temperature drops below 80 degrees Celsius. 9, the position of each ordinary pressure test is hydrophobic doors: a door opening, the second door is closed. 10, the boiler-burner with a swirling-type and DC type two. 11, elemental analysis of coal with a composition: C, H, O, N, S, moisture, ash. 12, the main component of the blast furnace gas is: CO.'S time, nitrogen gas, blast furnace gas pressure is lower than 1500Pa, the user must reduce the amount of gas. Fire stop its pressure 1000Pa, working pressure 4000-8000Pa, the upper limit for the dangerous pressure 10000Pa, the lower limit is 2000Pa. 13, the main component of the coke oven gas: CO, nitrogen gas, coke oven gas pressure is lower than 1500Pa, must reduce the amount of gas, which pressure is 500Pa fire stop, working pressure 5000-7000Pa, the upper limit is 8000 Pa pressure the risk, the lower limit is 1500Pa . 14, the high, the main features of coke oven gas is flammable, explosive, toxic. 15, proximate analysis of coal with a volatile content, fixed carbon, ash and moisture. 16, boiler water circulation loop fault has stagnated, cycling back down the tube vaporization, soft drinks stratification. 17, the pulverized coal burning furnace radiation heat from a heat source of flame, high temperature flue gas convection heat. 18, the pulverized coal ignition and quick combustion conditions are sufficiently high temperature furnace, a sufficient amount of air mixed well, pulverized coal and air. Enough burn time. 19, ignition of pulverized coal into the combustion stage, the combustion stage, burning ember stage. 20, boiler mechanical rolling bearing does not exceed a predetermined temperature 80 degrees Celsius, the slide bearing does not exceed 40 degrees Celsius. 21, with factors affecting the steam load boiler water, boiler water salinity, pressure change, the vapor space of the drum height. 22, the principle of the steam separator drum gravity separation, inertial separation, centrifugal separation, separation of the water film. 23, the first ignition of the pulverized coal volatiles, fixed carbon is the latest ignition, the combustion of carbon is the longest. 24, steam soluble salt contaminated steam quality reasons, mechanical carryover. 25, the normal operation of the boiler drum water level in the glass tube than the water level high 50MM, when the water level in the steam table overall door leak, the water level high water table, the total gate leakage when the water level is low. 26, a method for enhancing heat transfer with a heat transfer coefficient is increased, raising the average temperature difference between the heat transfer, the heat transfer area is increased. 27, into the boiler furnace wall refractory layer, three-layer insulating layer and the sealing layer. 28, light blue flame blast furnace gas, as a bright golden yellow flame co-firing light yellow flame, coal, coke oven gas when the combustion gas as a combustion time. 29, the boiler by the "pot" and "furnace" composition, "pan" refers to a soft drink system is mainly composed of the drum, the downcomer, the header, waterwall, economizer, superheater composition; "oven" refers to a combustion system, a furnace, a burner, an air preheater composition. Calorific value 3.27GJ 30,1 tons of steam. | https://chesters-restaurant.co.uk/Aug-24/burning-coal-steam-boiler.html |
What is an External Combustion Engine?
An external combustion engine is a reciprocating engine for which combustion takes place outside the cylinders. An early example is the steam engine, which typically burned coal outside of the engine to turn water into steam. The Stirling engine is an external combustion engine that uses a working fluid to move pistons in cylinders. In an internal combustion engine, on the other hand, a fuel is burned inside engine cylinders. Though steam engines have largely been replaced, Stirling engines have many potential applications.
While combustion gases do not enter the cylinders of an external combustion engine, they must be in thermal contact with the engine for it to function. In a steam engine, the heat from burning coal is transferred to water through the walls of a boiler. This heat turns water into steam, which is directed into the cylinders of the engine. At the appropriate time, the steam pushes on a piston that turns a crankshaft. In this way, a steam engine transforms the chemical energy stored in coal into the mechanical energy of a rotating crankshaft.
The Stirling engine is similar to the steam engine, except that it uses a permanently-contained gas rather than disposable steam to push pistons. It works by exchanging heat at different locations of its cylinders. Heat passes through a cylinder wall and heats up the working gas, which tends to push the piston to create power. When a piston needs to move back to its original position, a heat exchanger allows the adjacent gas to cool.
The external combustion engine has had a variety of applications over the past two centuries. Steam power was used extensively in factories as well as on ships and trains during the Industrial Revolution, largely replacing water wheels and animal muscle as sources of energy. While steam engines were eventually overtaken by internal combustion engines, they remained the primary power source into the 20th century.
The Stirling engine has been applied even more flexibly. By converting rotational energy to electricity, it can take advantage of a heat source for combined heat and power generation. It can also be used in reverse as a heat pump—taking in electrical energy and pumping away heat.
Since the Stirling engine only transfers heat, not matter, into its cylinders, it does not require combustion to be the heat source. Other non-combustion forms of heat, such as nuclear power, could work equally well with this kind of engine. In fact, it has been suggested that future nuclear power plants may incorporate the Stirling external combustion engine to simplify the design and increase efficiency.
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Discussion Comments
How is the problem of pollution addressed with Stirling engines? One of the major complaints about internal combustion engines is that burning fuel creates exhaust which pollutes the environment, so is that less of a concern with Stirling engines? That would seem to be the case, but there is the question of what is used to generate the heat that the engine needs as a heat source. | https://www.wise-geek.com/what-is-an-external-combustion-engine.htm |
Classification of Thermodynamic Cycles
In general, thermodynamics is the science that deals with energy production, storage, transfer and conversion. Our goal here will be to introduce thermodynamics as the energy conversion science. At present, fossil fuel is still the world’s predominant energy source. But the burning of fossil fuels generates only thermal energy, therefore these energy sources are so called “primary energy sources”, that must be converted to secondary energy source, so called energy carriers (electrical energy etc.). To convert thermal energy into another form of energy a heat engine must be used.
Many heat engines operate in a cyclic manner, adding energy in the form of heat in one part of the cycle and using that energy to do useful work in another part of the cycle.
A process that eventually returns a system to its initial state is called a cyclic process. At the conclusion of a cycle, all the properties have the same value they had at the beginning. Typical thermodynamic cycle consists of a series of thermodynamic processes transferring heat and work, while varying pressure, temperature, and other state variables, eventually returning a system to its initial state.
The first law of thermodynamics dictates that the net heat input is equal to the net work output over any cycle.
The increase in internal energy of a closed system is equal to the heat supplied to the system minus work done by it.
∆Eint = Q – W
This is the First Law of Thermodynamics and it is the principle of conservation of energy, meaning that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but rather transformed into various forms as the fluid within the control volume is being studied.
It is the most important law for analysis of most systems and the one that quantifies how thermal energy is transformed to other forms of energy.
The thermodynamic cycles can be divided into two primary classes:
- Power cycles. Power cycles are cycles which convert some heat input into a mechanical work output. Thermodynamic power cycles are the basis for the operation of heat engines, which run the vast majority of motor vehicles and generate most of the world’s electric power.
- Heat pump cycles. Heat pump cycles transfer heat from low to high temperatures using mechanical work input. There is no difference between thermodynamics of refrigerators and heat pumps. Both work by moving heat from a cold space to a warm space.
The following classification of thermodynamic cycles is made according to their constituent thermodynamic processes. In practice, simple idealized thermodynamic cycles are usually made out of four thermodynamic processes. In general, the following processes usually constitute thermodynamic cycles:
Classification of Thermodynamic Cycles: | https://www.reactor-physics.com/engineering/classification-of-thermodynamic-cycles/ |
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Journal of Modern Physics, 2013, 4, 52-58
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2013.47A2008 Published Online July 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/jmp)
Proposal for Generalized Exergy and Entropy Properties
Based on Stable Equilibrium of Composite
System-Reservoir
Pierfrancesco Palazzo
Technip, Rome, Italy
Email: [email protected]
Received April 20, 2013; revised May 25, 2013; accepted June 27, 2013
Copyright © 2013 Pierfrancesco Palazzo. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
ABSTRACT
The present theoretical study represents a proposal aimed at investigating about the possibility of generalizing the ca-
nonical entropy-exergy relationship and the reservoir concept. The method adopted assumes the equality of pressure
and chemical potential as necessary conditions of mutual stable equilibrium between a system and a reservoir in addi-
tion to the equality of temperature that constitutes the basis for defining entropy as deriving from energy and exergy
concepts. An attempt is made to define mechanical and chemical entropy as an additional and additive component of
generalized entropy formulated from generalized exergy property. The implications in exergy method and the possible
engineering applications of this appro ach are outlined as future developments among the domains involved.
Keywords: Adiabatic Availability; Available Energy; Generalized Exergy; Generalized Entropy; Reservoir; Stable
Equilibrium; Exergy Method
1. Introduction 2. Theoretical Model and Method
The formulation of the Seco nd Law is based on the exis-
tence and uniqueness of the state of stable equilibrium of
a system interacting with a reservoir “among all the
states of a system that have a given value of the energy
and are compatible with a given set of values of the
amounts of constituents and of the parameters” . This
general statement requires compliance with the necessary
conditions of equ ality of (absolute) temperature, pressure
and chemical potential between system and reservoir.
The Second Law implies the definition of entropy prop-
erty in relation to temperature. The entrop y of system
The following assumptions are posited: 1) the analysis is
focused on “simple systems” according to the terminal-
ogy and definitions adopted by Gyftopoulos and Beretta
; 2) the external reference system behaves as a reser-
voir as defined in the literature ; 3) the system may be
large or small, even at molecular level, and may experi-
ence states of equilibrium and nonequilibrium ; 4)
physical and chemical exergy are accounted for; 5) ki-
netic energy and the potential energy of the system as a
whole are neglected. These assumptions are posited in
order to constitute the requirements complying with the
fundamental framework to which the addressed literature
refers.
A
can also be derived as the difference of energy and
exergy associated with the generalized available
energy
E
EX
R
with respect to a reservoir at constant
temperature R
R
The method adopted assumes the equality of pressure
and chemical potential of the composite system-reservoir
T . The Second Law, expressed as in-
dicated above, has to account for pressure and chemical
potential in add ition to temperature, hence the purpose of
this present study is to conceive a generalized formula-
tion of exergy, and consequently of entropy, based on
equality of pressure and chemical p oten tial, in additio n to
temperature, between a system
A
and a reservoir
at constant temperature
A
R as additional necessary conditions for mutual stable
equilibrium, other than equality of temperature. The for-
mulation of the entropy property is derived from exergy,
related to a reservoir at constant temperature, constant
pressure and constant chemical potential. This set of ge-
neralized potentials equality constitutes a necessary and
sufficient condition for the stable equilibrium of a com-
posite system-reservoir consistent with the Second Law
R
R
T, constant pressure
R
P and
constant chemical potential
R
.
C
opyright © 2013 SciRes. JMP
P. PALAZZO 53
statement.
3. Thermal Entropy Derived from Thermal
Exergy
The behaviour of the exergy property is characterized by
additivity because it is defined considering an external
reference system or an internal part of the system itself
that behaves as a reservoir [1,2]. Exergy is derived from
the generalized available energy that is a consequence of
the concept of adiabatic availability when the system
interacts with a reservoir ; the definitions of available
energy and exergy are based on the mutual stable equi-
librium of a system
A
with a reservoir at constant
temperature R
R
T
MAX
10
AR
W
and account for work interaction by
means of a weight process; this implies that, as defined in
these terms, (thermal) exergy expresses the maximum net
useful work connecting two states 0 and 1
obtained by means of a weight process resulting from the
available energy between variable temperatures Tof
system
A
and constant temperature
R
T
R of reservoir
as expressed by the following equations adopting the
symbology used by Gyftopoulos and Beretta :
MAX
0
10
R
RR
PVV
T
S
MAX
10 1
101 0
TAR R
TT
EX W
UUT SS
(1)
The definition of entropy is derived from the differ-
ence between energy and available energy and is here
defined as thermal entropy by virtue of the consid-
erations discussed above:
10 10
1
TT
R
SS EE
T
1 0
T
R R
(2)
These equations, reported in the addressed literature,
constitute the outset of the present study underpinned by
the consideration that equality of temperature is a neces-
sary condition that is not sufficient to prove that a system
is in stable equilibrium with the reservoir. Indeed, even
though two interacting systems are in thermal stable
equilibrium owing to equality of temperatures, the two
systems may experience nonequ ilibrium states due to the
non-null difference between pressures or chemical poten-
tials. The equality of total potential and pressure between
system and reservoir should therefore constitute the set
of additional necessary conditions to ensure the stable
equilibrium so that the equality of the complete set of
“generalized potentials” constitutes a necessary and suf-
ficient condition for mutual stable equilibrium in com-
pliance with the Second Law as worded by Gyftopoulos
and Beretta . As a consequence of the procedure
adopted for its definition by the said Authors , entropy
is an additive property that can be generalized to include
the contribution of additional components fulfilling to the
conditions of equality of pressure and chemical potential
that guarantee the mutual stable equilibrium of the com-
posite system-reservoir.
An intuitive rationale of the pro cedure here adopted to
define entropy may be explained considering that internal
energy is characterized by a “hybridization” of ordered
and disordered (due to distribution of molecule’ position
and velocity of system’s particles) energy status. Entropy
may be regarded as the measure of the amount of disor-
dered energy – released to the reservoir – resulting from
the difference of hybrid energy – ordered and disordered
– and available energy – ordered energy – transferred, as
useful interaction, to th e external system.
4. Mechanical Entropy Derived from
Mechanical Exergy
The formulation of thermal exergy in Equation (1) ex-
presses the weight process as the result (and the measure)
of the maximum net useful work that can be extracted
from a system interacting with a thermal reservoir. The
weight process can also be regarded as the minimum net
useful work delivered to the system and hence can be as-
sociated with the maximum net useful heat according to
the concepts of equivalence and interconvertibility [3-5].
In this case, the weight process is calculated as the result
of the interaction of the system with a mechanical reser-
voir at constant pressure
R
P. The mechanical reservoir
is here assumed to possess the same properties as a ther-
mal reservoir [1,2,6] that is characterized and defined
without explicit reference to any specific form of gener-
alized potential.
The equality of pressu re between system and reservo ir
is assumed to be an additional necessary condition of
mutual stable equilibrium. This condition should there-
fore be complied with equality of temperature to ensure
that the status of composite system-reservoir is one of
stable equilibrium.
R
If the concept of generalized available energy
is now referred to, then the formulation of mechanical
exergy should be translated into the following expression
where the superscript “M” stands for “Mechanical reser-
voir” since the composite system-reservoir undergoes a
“work interaction” and the physical meaning becomes
the “maximum” net useful heat of the system:
MAX
101 0
M
MAR RR
EXQ
(3)
The definition of mechanical exergy is the basis for
deriving the expression of mechanical entropy using the
procedure adopted for thermal exergy and thermal en-
tropy:
1010 10
M
MM RR
RR
R
SS EE
PV
(4)
Copyright © 2013 SciRes. JMP
P. PALAZZO
54
This expression of mechanical entropy can be demon-
strated considering that the procedure conceived by Gy-
ftopoulos and Beretta proving the formulation of (ther-
mal) entropy , does not impose any restriction with re-
spect to the form of energy and generalized available
energy that constitute the expression of entropy. There-
fore the same procedure can be considered valid regard-
less of the physical nature of the properties involved. Th e
minimum amount of weight process corresponds to the
maxim um amount of heat interact i on:
10 1
MIN
10
AR RR
EE
WP
0
1 0
ln ln
M
RR
VVV
(5)
which expresses the (minimum) amount of work interac-
tion absorbed from mechanical reservoir at constant pres-
sure
R
P and constant
R
V (total volume coincides with
specific volume in the particular case of a reservoir). Equ-
ation (5), substituted in the former relation, expresses the
mechanical entropy:
1 0
ln lnRVV
NET
WG
10
MM
SS (6)
5. Chemical Entropy Derived from Chemical
Exergy
The chemical potential generated by interaction among
the molecules of an open system constitutes a component
of internal energy and is defined as a form of “disordered
energy”, as thermal energy is .
The maximum work of a reversible (internally and ex-
ternally) chemical reaction is expressed by the Gibbs
function so that REV . The Van’t Hoff equilib-
rium open system at constant temperature and constant
pressure is a suitable device for reproducing a typical
chemical reaction where A, B are reactants and C, D are
products :
0
0
PG
KRT
ln
AB CD
nA nBnCnD (7)
is adopted to express maximum work tak ing into account
the internal mechanism of chemical reaction by means of
the expression depending on the equilibrium constant
P
K
of the reaction.
The Gibbs relation, obtained from mass and internal
energy balance, is as follows:
,,
dddd
dd
ii
i
i
Vn Sn
UTSPVn
UU
SV
SV
,,
d
i
iVSn
U
n
n
(8)
where
,,
iVSn
U
n
-ith
represents the chemical potential
of the constituent.
Chemical exergy is defined by Kotas as “the ma-
ximum work obtainable from a substance when it is
brought from the environmental state to the dead state by
means of processes involving interaction only with the
environment”. The chemical reservoir can be character-
ized according to the definition proposed by Gyftopoulos
and Beretta as a “reservoir with variable amounts of
constituents”. The whole chemical and physical process
is modelled by a schema subdivided in two typical steps
: the initial molecular system form’s rearrangement
(molecular structure) and the final molecular system’s di-
mensional change (geometry-kinematics or pressure and
temperature). The two representative processes are: che-
mical reaction open system and physical operation open
system; the two processes in series provide an expression
of maximum net useful work withdrawn from the system
expressed by Equa t i o n [ 7]:
MAX 1
10 0
ln
CAR RP
EXWRT P
n
(9a)
Mass interaction is the characteristics of the chemical
energy transfer and is moved by the difference of chemi-
cal potential between the system and the reservoir.
In the more general case of a mixture of chemical
constituents:
MAX
10 ln
nn
CAR
R
ii
i
ii
EXWRTx x
MAX
101 0
C
CAR RR
EXW
(9b)
The equality of total potentials is accounted for as an
additional necessary condition of mutual stable equilib-
rium between the system and the reservoir other than the
equality of temperature . This implies a definition of
chemical entropy derived from chemical exergy and che-
mical energy in line with the methodology previously
adopted.
If the concept of generalized available energy is now
again considered, the formulation of chemical exergy
should be translated into the following expression:
(10)
where the superscript “C” stands for “Chemical reser-
voir” since the composite of system and reservoir under-
goes a “mass interaction”.
Now that chemical exergy is defined, and considering
that entropy is an additive property, the expression used
for entropy associated with heat interaction can be ex-
tended to chemical potential depending on mass interac-
tion:
101010
1C
CRR
R
SS EE
(11)
This constitutes the expression of the chemical entrop y
derived from chemical exergy based on the equality of
Copyright © 2013 SciRes. JMP
P. PALAZZO 55
chemical potential which constitutes a necessary condi-
tion for mutual stable equilibrium between the system
and the chemical reservoir.
Since entropy is an inherent property of all systems
[8-11], chemical entropy would be characterized by the
chemical potential of all atoms and sub-molecules that
constitute all compounds and determine the supra-mo-
lecular architecture and configurations of all molecular
systems. The dimensions and shapes of molecular struc-
tures play, in this perspective, a fundamental role in de-
termining the minimum entropy level that ensures the
stability of matter and its capability to react with other
co-reactants, as well as to undergo endogenous or ex-
ogenous processes. Typical is organic chemistry and bio-
chemistry in which same chemical formula are incapable
of describing materials and compounds that display dif-
ferent physical and chemical characteristics and proper-
ties. The vibration degree of freedom is an additional
aspect correlated to molecular structure complexity.
6. Generalized Exergy and Entropy
The definition of a thermo-chemical-mechanical reser-
voir characterized by constant temperature, pressure and
chemical potential implies the additivity [1,2] of the com-
ponents constitu ting the generalized exergy:
GT
EX EX
MC
EX EX (12)
The internal energy balance of the composite system-
reservoir, adopting the symbology in , provides the
amount of weight process due to therm a l , mechanical and
chemical contributions:
TEM ,
AR
SYSTEM RESERVOIR
SYSTEM , SYS
SYSTEM ,
GARAR
R
Q
QW
RC
C
EX WQM
UU
UU
UU
RW
UU
,RQ
(13)
where:
R
UQ ,RC
is the minimum heat interaction
with the thermal reservoir;
R
UM is the mini-
mum mass interaction with the chemical reservoir and
,RW
R
UW
IR
,
is the minimum work interaction with the
mechanical reservoir.
The isothermal process r ealizes energy conversion and
at the same time an entropy conversion from thermal en-
tropy to mechanical entropy that occurs due to simulta-
neous heat interaction and work interaction. Both con-
versions are accounted for in the physical exergy expres-
sion:
SYSTEM RESERVO
TOTAL
0
,,
G
R
R
R
R
P V
TOTAL,
R
TR C
RR
EX UU
UUTS
TS S
(14)
where the term
R
R represents the contribu-
tion to entropy conversion only occurring inside the res-
ervoir and the terms
TS
,,
R
TR CR
PVTSS
GTMC
SSSS
ddd0STVPn
RR R
represent the contribution transferred from the system to
the reservoir. It is noteworthy that entropy conversion is
inherent in energy conversion and that entropy conver-
sion requires the additional term that contributes to ex-
ergy balance expressed in the above formulation which
therefore considers the effect of both energy and entropy
conversion processes. Considering that entropy is an ad-
ditive property constituted by components deduced from
the corresponding generalized exergy’s components, the
generalized entropy may be defined as the sum of ther-
mal, mechanical and chemical terms:
.
7. Remarks upon the Gibbs-Duhem Relation
The Gibbs-Duhem relation constitutes a condition
among all intensive properties temperature—pressure and
chemical potential—that define the state of a heteroge-
neous system. If the system is homogeneous and consti-
tuted by one con stituent only, th ere are no phase changes
or chemical reaction mechanisms inside the system im-
plying the system itself is at chemical equilibrium and
the Gibbs-Duhem relation is:
(15)
Chemical potential
is defined as the component of
internal energy ge nerated by the interactions of in ter-par-
ticle positions and relative distance, except for kinetic
potential (due to inter-particle relative velocity). Consid-
ering these assumptions, the system model characteristics
can be assimilated to those ado pted in the Kinetic Theory
of Gas which, in p articular, considers molecules un-
dergoing elastic repulsive interaction forces (Lennard-
Jones) on collision with other molecules and with the
wall of the container but otherwise exert no attractive in-
teraction forces (Van der Waals) on each other or on the
container wall . The container walls represent a geo-
metrical volume constraint con dition imposed on the sys-
tem.
In the special case of the system’s undergoing an iso-
thermal process, the pressure changes are due to the
change of volume that determines the frequency of parti-
cle collisions ; if the system is characterized as as-
sumed, then the differential of chemical potential among
all atoms or molecules is due to the temperature that is
the only inter-particle kin etic energy transformed into in-
ter-particle potential energ y due to repulsive collisio n in-
teractions (attractive interactions are negligible by as-
sumption). Considering that no chemical reactions occur
inside the system as assumed, then d0
, as reported
by Kotas for systems with a fixed chemical composi-
Copyright © 2013 SciRes. JMP
P. PALAZZO
56
tion, and the Gibbs-Duhem relations becomes:
ddST VP
S
d0T
dP
d0
0
(16)
where and V are not null both being inherent pro-
perties of any system . If the system undergoes an
isothermal reversible process, then the temperature re-
mains constant by definition, so that ; on the
other side, is not null in the same isothermal proc-
ess and therefore an inconsistency appears. The same in-
consistency is displayed if an isobaric process is ac-
counted for using the Gibbs-Duhem relation where pres-
sure remains constant, so that , and temperature
does not. This inconsistency involves the intensive prop-
erties temperature and pressure which determine the
thermo-mechanical conversions involved in the concept
of available energy and exergy. The alternative ap proach
set forth in the present study resolves this inco nsistency.
P
The chemical potential expressed by the Gibbs func-
tion reveals that entropy property is variable in the iso-
thermal process and consequently the chemical potential
is not constant, which is in contradiction with the as-
sumption set forth.
The chemical potential that appears in assumed system
model is due exclusively to the repulsive interactions on
collisions and depends solely on molecules’ velocity, so
that temperature constitutes the first contribution to pres-
sure. The second contribution is due to the (specific) vo-
lume determining the frequency of collisions between
molecules and the external system which, on the other
side, does not determine the chemical potential due to at-
tractive interactions among the molecules which does not
exist in the model assumed.
If d
and and considering attractive in-
teractions as negligible, repulsive interaction potential is
equal to kinetic poten tial (transformation during collision
only). The Gibbs rel at i on:
d0T
dVQ WddUTSP
(17)
can be reformulated in different terms adopting thermal
entropy and mechanical entropy as defined in Equation
(6):
dQ Wdd
TM
PV
UT SS
R
(18)
and transformed, by using the state equation PV RT
d
TM
T S
QW
valid in this special case, and consistent with the Kinetic
Theory of Gases , in the following form:
dd
dd
TM
UTS
TSS
0U
TOTAL 0
TM
SSS
(19)
This, associated with the temperature, takes into ac-
count either heat or work interactions contributing to va-
riations in internal energy.
It is noteworthy that, in the case of work interaction,
the work put into the system, which is considered posi-
tive, corresponds to a decrease of mechanical entropy as
per Equation (6). This is the opposite of heat interaction
that is positive if thermal entropy increases. In other
terms, heat inpu t causes thermal entropy to increas e, work
input causes mechanical entropy to decrease, therefore
work depends on pressure in the opposite manner that
heat depends on temperature. If the system releases work,
it increases mechanical entropy because mechanical en-
ergy, distributed among the particles that constitute the
system, progressively becomes similar to thermal energy
i.e. energy distributed by the velocity of the same parti-
cles. Increasing volume means that pressure is progres-
sively determined by particles’ kinetic energy (tempera-
ture) with respect to the contribution of the frequency of
collisions among particles and with the external system
surface determined by the volume. Pressure is thus pro-
gressively the more like temperature as volume in-
creases.
The balance of entropy, along the isothermal expan-
sion reversible process d, is deduced from the
equation
T
S where is the ther-
mal entropy input due to heat flowing into the system
and
M
S
TOTAL
S
TOTAL 0
TM
SSS
is the mechanical entropy output from the
system which is the opposite of the mechanical entropy
input flow inherent in the expansion work output from
the system itself. The physical meaning is that conver-
sion from a kinetic form into a geometric form, required
to convert heat into work, necessitates an increase in me-
chanical entropy.
Due to the fact that mechanical entropy must enter the
system because of work output, then the mechanical en-
tropy direction is inverted compared to the thermal en-
tropy direction in the system’s entropy balance. Total en-
tropy is consequently constant if either thermal and me-
chanical entropy enter into the system. The rationale of
this statement is that these two entrop y components have
an opposite origin and elide each other.
If the term is expressed by means of
, the total entropy, resulting from
the addition of thermal and mechanical components of
entropy, implies that thermal entropy would be constant
in an isothermal reversible process that requires heat in-
teraction by means of thermal entropy exchange.
On the other side, pressure does not derive from in-
ter-particle chemical potential and is just the mechanical
effect produced by the temperature itself (apparent po-
tential).
The Gibbs relation, expressed in terms of the Equation
(19), resolves the apparent inconsistency highlighted in
the Gibbs-Duhem relation. In fact, this can be reformu-
lated as follows:
Copyright © 2013 SciRes. JMP
P. PALAZZO 57
d
d
TM
dS n
n
T M
TS n
dd
dd
TM
UTS
TS TS
(20)
The Euler relation is obtained from the Gibbs relation
by integration at constant temperature and constant
chemical potential , so that:
TOTAL
TM
UTS
TSSn TS
S nP
(21)
If compared with the classical expression of the Gibbs
relation UT V
PV, the term corre-
sponds to the term
M
TS
n
. Moreover, in the case of an
isothermal process (and absence of chemical reactions so
that chemical potential is constant) it requires that total
entropy is constant also implying that thermal entropy
variation is equal to mechanical entropy variation.
It is noteworthy that, in the case of an ideal system as
assumed, internal energy U is associated with the kinetic
energy of the molecules, and thus to temperature only;
however, internal energy components depend on the
terms
and which both depend on volume
as well. This dependence ensures that real systems in
which thermodynamic cond itions are affected by interac-
tions among molecules that determine the potential en-
ergy, are characterized by volume. In differential terms,
the Euler relations are:
PV
dd
d d
dd
nn
n n
TOTAL TOTAL
d
dd
dd d
dddd
TM TM
TMTM
U
TSSTn n
TS SSST
TSTSST ST
d0VP n
(22)
On combining the Gibbs relation and Euler relation
expressed in the terms set forth, the Gibbs-Duhem rela-
tion ddST
d
dd
dd0
Tn
Tn
STn
assumes the form:
TOTAL
dd
TM
TM
STS
SS
TPV
(23)
where: constitutes the inter-particle kinetic potential
component of internal energy resulting in the
macroscopic work interaction transferred by means of a
weight process;
constitutes the inter-particle chemi-
cal potential component of internal energy resulting in
the macroscopic work interaction transferred by
means of a weight process. The kinetic and chemical
constitute the two fundamental potentials at microscopic
inter-particle level interacting at macroscopic level that
constitute the hierarch ical geometric and kinematic struc-
ture.
PV
The dualism of kinetic potential and chemical potential
constitutes the inh erent structure of potentials even in the
special case of an ideal system for which inter-particle
potential energy in null. In this case, in fact, potential
energy still exist in the form of repulsive reaction poten-
tial energy that is due to kinetic energy transformed on
collision only, without macroscopic effects on the entire
system.
This different form of the Gibbs-Duhem relation re-
solves the apparent inconsistency in the special case of
the isothermal ideal process. In fact, d0n
d0T
dP
d0T
because
the system model is ideal and remains the only
condition to be satisfied since no longer appears in
the Gibbs-Duhem relatio n as expressed in Equ ation (23).
The rationale of these statements can also be found in the
behaviour of elements, molecules and atoms, constituting
the system as a whole. In fact, in the isothermal process,
the temperature and subsequent intermolecular repulsive
interactions on each collision are constant and the varia-
tions of kinetic potential and chemical potential (due to
intermolecular repulsive interactions) are therefore null:
and consequently d0
0T
d0
. In the case of the
isobaric process, temperature and pressure are variable or
kinetic potential and chemical po tential (due to repulsive
interactions at each inter-particle collision) both change
along the isobaric process: d and consequently
. Even in the case of an ideal system, there is du-
alism and symmetry of kinetic energy and potential en-
ergy among the molecules so that and d0d0T
.
Pressure is the mechanical effect of the contribution
related to kinetic interaction and related potential and
chemical interaction and related potential. In this per-
spective, pressure can viewed as the outcome of the
temperature and chemical potential of a complex mul-
ti-particle system, converted into work interaction with
the external reservoir and with the external weight proc-
ess.
Finally, notwithstanding the restrictions assumed for
the model adopted, the behaviour of the system is coher-
ent with expectations in terms of phenomena and ten-
dency of the properties in the general case of real sys-
tems and processes where each particle experiences at-
tractive interaction with all others, and does not contra-
dict the fundamentals reported in the literature.
8. Conclusion
The three additive components of exergy discussed in
this study constitute the components of generalized ex-
ergy that depends on temperature, pressure and chemical
potential and, at microscopic level, on the kinetic energy
and potential energy generated by interactions among the
molecules of the system. Moreover, three components of
entropy property have been inferred from the corre-
sponding exergy components. In particular, chemical
exergy and entropy are correlated to the molecular struc-
ture of matter due to the composite of molecules geome-
Copyright © 2013 SciRes. JMP
P. PALAZZO
Copyright © 2013 SciRes. JMP
58
try and chemical bonds characteristics. The aim of seek-
ing a property related to molecular or supra-molecular
architecture is to obtain a method able to pred ict a-priori
stability as well as capability in self-assembling proc-
esses and the related intermediate phases of chemical
compounds that are not available in the environment and
which could undergo a building process by means of na-
no-sciences technologies. Such a method would make it
possible to design materials characterized by properties
that could be evaluated prior to being realized and to
confirm predictions by means of experiments and labo-
ratory tests. Finally, the method of Entropy Generation
Minimization (EGM) [14-16] associated with the Ex-
tended Exergy Accounting (EEA) [17,18] could be fur-
ther generalized to provide an overarching paradigm for
analysing the whole process.
REFERENCES
E. Gyftopoulos and G. P. Beretta, “Thermodynamics:
Foundations and Applications,” Dover Publications, New
York, 2005.
R. A. Gaggioli, International Journal of Applied Thermo-
dynamics, Vol. 1, 1998, pp. 1-8.
W. R. Dunbar, N. Lior and R. A. Gaggioli, Journal of
Energy Resources Technology, Vol. 114, 1992.
R. A. Gaggioli, D. H. Richar dso n and A. J. B owman, Jour-
nal of Energy Resources Technology, Vol. 124, 2002, pp.
105-109. doi:10.1115/1.1448336
R. A. Gaggioli and D. M. Paulus Jr. “Available Energy—
Part II: Gibbs Extended,” Transaction of the ASME 2002,
2002.
R. A. Gaggioli, “The Dead State,” Proceedings of 25th
ECOS, Perugia, 2012.
T. J. Kotas, “The Exergy Method of Thermal Plant Ana-
lysis,” Reprint Edition, Krieger Publishing Co mpany, Krie-
ger, 1995.
E. P. Gyftopoulos, International Journal of Thermody-
namics, Vol. 9, 2006, pp. 107-115.
G. P. Beretta, International Journal of Thermodynamics,
2008.
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2010.
E. Zanchini and G. P. Beretta, International Journal of
Thermodynamics, Vol. 13, 2010, pp. 67-76.
H. A. Jakobsen, “Chemical Reactor Modeling,” Springer-
Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2008.
doi:10.1007/978-3-540-68622-4_2
B. H. Bransden and C. J. Joachain, “Physics of Atoms
and Molecules,” 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle
River, 2003.
T. L. Hill, “Statistical Mechanics. Principles and Selected
Applications,” Dover, New York, 1987.
E. Sciubba, Entropy, Vol. 12, 2010, pp. 1885-1866.
doi:10.3390/e12081855
E. Sciubba, International Journal of Thermodynamics, Vol.
14, 2011, pp. 11-20.
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doi:10.1016/S0360-5442(03)00111-7
Home | About SCIRP | Sitemap | Contact Us
Copyright ? 2006-2013 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All rights reserved. | https://www.scirp.org/Html/34821.html |
Secondly, and that is the bit frustrating part, I, with the support of my husband and the gardener, have worked hard on this bed, but that work doesn't show on the photos. All plants are fertilized, a decent layer of new mulch has been put down and a big new hole has been dug to the very right of the bed (not visible on the photo above, it is obstructed by the pool spa). Of course, I would have loved to have filled the bed with perennials and annual spring flowers already, and believe me, knowing that the next End of Month View post was due soon, the temptation was great. But I know, that in my garden I always have to be patient and reasonable and work on improving the soil first, otherwise nothing is going to grow well here in the long run.
Thirdly altogether there was very little time to work on this bed, because I was still pruning and fertilizing the roses in the whole yard and without that being done as soon as possible there will be no rose spring flush in the garden. So this had definitively priority over working on the White Garden Bed.
Are you tired of my explanations and excuses why there is not much change to see on these photos by now? Yes? Then let's actually focus on what has changed.
And if you look even closer at this plant, you can see the very first blooms emerging. I can't remember the exact color anymore, only recall, it was a very light one, therefore I can't wait to see the buds opening and hope that they fit into my white color scheme.
Hardy geranium 'Biokovo' to the right side of the cycad on the right in the bed is still blooming prolifically. It is good to know that this plant has a flowering period of at least four weeks.
Just another view of the White Garden Bed.
Even though I haven't been planting anything new into the White Garden Bed within the last month, I have been thinking a lot about what I could possibly plant there. Since it is a very narrow bed it is not realistic to expect to have an impressive display of white flowers there at all the times unless I exchange annuals on a very regular base. So I thought I would go with Vita Sackville-West's approach in her White Garden, and use silver and gray leaved plants in this bed, which come the closest to white flowers, but are there year round.
I have these two dichondra sericea, 'Silver Ponyfoot' sitting around in my pot ghetto for quite a while now and thought I will plant them into my White Garden Bed and see how this looks. When the sunlight hits their leaves they have an almost metallic shine to them, which I find quite fascinating. Another good thing about these plants is that they are supposed to be drought tolerant.
Hopefully next month I have some more progress to show and I would be happy if you would come back to check in with the development of my White Garden Bed.
I am joining Helen Johnstone's End of Month View meme at The Patient Gardener's Weblog. Please click on the link to see views of other gardens at the end of February.
Wishing all of you a nice rest of the weekend!
See you in the garden! | http://www.organicgardendreams.com/2015/02/end-of-month-view-white-garden-bed.html |
March 25, 2021
Today we celebrate the man remembered as the Father of Plant Anatomy.
We'll also learn about a man who developed his own system fr classifying plant families. Then we’ll chat a bit about why knowing your plant families can be a beneficial skill to add to your gardening expertise.
We hear a little poem today from an English writer who was born on this day - she led an incredible life and died young.
We Grow That Garden Library™ with a book about a great topic - Plant Folklore.
And then we’ll wrap things up with a little story about one of my favorite spring ephemerals: Violets.
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Curated News
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The next time you're on Facebook, search for Daily Gardener Community, where you’d search for a friend... and request to join.
I'd love to meet you in the group.
Important Events
March 25, 1641
Today is the birthday of the Father of Plant Anatomy, Nehemiah Grew.
Nehemiah was an English botanist and was the first person to illustrate the inner structures and functions of plants in all their amazing intricacies. Specifically, Nehemiah illustrated eighty images in his 1682 book called Anatomy of Plants, which was divided into four topics: Anatomy of Vegetables begun, Anatomy of Roots, Anatomy of Trunks, and Anatomy of Leaves, Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds.
Nehemiah was one of the first naturalists to incorporate the microscope in the study of plant morphology. Nehemiah’s unique perspective is what he tried to recreate in his drawings. For instance, Nehemiah's drawings of tree parts cut transversely look like intricate laser cuts.
If you've ever seen a Nehemiah Grew drawing, you'll probably agree that you can spot them a mile away. But, if you've never seen a Nehemiah Grew drawing, imagine a mandala or an etch-a-sketch drawing on steroids. The lines in these drawings are impossibly thin, and the level of detail is staggering.
Nehemiah’s use of the microscope allowed him to write about it intimately, and he wrote the first known microscopic description of pollen.
And as you might imagine, Nehemiah’s obsession with the microscope even extended to the human body. So, it’s not surprising to learn that Nehemiah was also the first person to analyze the ridges, furrows, grooves, and pores on human hands and feet. He published his incredibly accurate drawings of finger ridge patterns in 1684. Palm readers owe Nehemiah a debt of gratitude. (Just kidding.... or am I?)
Now, if you’d like to try something fun this summer, you can channel your inner Nehemiah Grew and get a microscope on Amazon or at a thrift store and check out your own plant specimens under the microscope.
March 25, 1844
Today is the birthday of the German botanist Adolf Engler.
Adolf developed a system for plant classification now called the Engler System that is still used in some specialty areas today. His masterpiece was Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien (“The Natural Plant Families”).
The concept of Plant Families is useful for gardeners to understand.
Plant families can help with plant identification. Once you know the characteristics of plants in a family, you can narrow down your plant identification options.
Once you know that the Common Daisy (Bellis perennis) is in the Asteraceae Family will look like a Daisy. Flowers in the Campanulaceae Family are often bell- or star-shaped, and the blossoms are blue.
Plant families even tend to have similar seed structures or shapes. Plants in the Cabbage or Brassicaceae Family have little paper-thin membranes that divide the two halves of the seedpod.
And plant families can often have similarities when it comes to seedlings. Monocot families like the Iris and the lily will have seedlings with a single leaf, while dicot families have two seed leaves.
Unearthed Words
Into the scented woods we'll go
And see the blackthorn swim in snow.
High above, in the budding leaves,
A brooding dove awakes and grieves;
The glades with mingled music stir,
And wildly laughs the woodpecker.
When blackthorn petals pearl the breeze.
There are the twisted hawthorn trees
Thick-set with buds, as clear and pale
As golden water or green hail-
As if a storm of rain had stood
Enchanted in the thorny wood,
And, hearing fairy voices call,
Hung poised, forgetting how to fall.
— Mary Webb, English romantic novelist, and poet, Green Rain
(Birthday: March 25, 1881)
Grow That Garden Library
Folklore and Symbolism of Flowers, Plants, and Trees by Ernst Lehner and Johanna Lehner
This book came out in 2003. It's an oldie, but goodie, and I agree with how this book's publisher describes it. They say:
This profusely illustrated archive of more than 200 flowers, plants, and trees was compiled by Ernst and Johannah Lehner, and they happen to be two of the world's foremost collectors of pictorial symbols.
How's that for a job!? And they also happen to be devoted flower enthusiasts - so that's a wonderful mashup.
I love diving into the meaning of flowers (floriography) and looking at the symbolism of flowers. And what Ernst in Johanna do in this book is really look at all aspects of these flowers, plants, and trees and then look at the religious meaning and the legends that have evolved around these plants. They also examine how these plants have been used as symbols through time.
If you have any interest in this topic, this book is a must-have.
This book is 128 pages of the religious, legendary, and symbolic meaning of 200 plants.
You can get a copy of Folklore and Symbolism of Flowers, Plants, and Trees by Ernst Lehner and Johanna Lehner and support the show using the Amazon Link in today's Show Notes for around $10
Today’s Botanic Spark
Reviving the little botanic spark in your heart
March 25, 1874
On this day, the English merchant and author Henry Arthur Bright recorded an update about his spring garden in his famous book called Year in a Lancashire Garden.
Again we have had frost and snow, and this time it has done us harm. The early bloom of the Apricot has turned black, and our chance of a crop rests with the later buds.
Meanwhile, the white Scilla, the double Daffodil, the Arabis, and some others, are doing well enough. A bed of Daisies and another of Polyanthus are far from satisfactory. Hepaticas I have tried over and over again, and they always fail.
By the way, I found it very difficult to get these Primroses and had to pay what seemed an excessive price for them.
...we have Violets in abundance, and they scent all the air as we pass through the garden door. Even in winter, a faint fragrance lingers among their leaves--a shadowy memory of a perfume, which haunts them even when no single flower can be found.
Bacon says that "the flower which above all others yields the sweetest smell in the air is the Violet; especially the double white Violet which comes twice-a-year: about the middle of April and about Bartholomew-tide (August 24)."
Thanks for listening to The Daily Gardener.
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SI HORTUM IN HORTORIA PODCASTA IN BIBLIOTEHCA HABES, NIHIL DEERIT. | https://thedailygardener.org/tdg20210325/ |
The recent Royal Wedding provided this envious colonial gardener many views of lush English gardens and landscapes (sadly by telly only).
Echoing this riotous display of nature’s bounty was the fantastic display of the milliners’ craft adorning the heads of the rich and famous and the heads of state. But nary a bee was to be seen in the bevy of bonnets!
Returning my attention to this side of the pond, I recently attended a monthly meeting of the Lanark Master Gardeners held at the home of Master Gardener Paul (I don’t recall any bonnets being in view.) During a pre-meeting garden tour of his pristine lawn and well-tended perennial garden beds a bed of dying flowers caught my eye. Surely this bed of plants on the noxious weed list had no place in his garden!
Coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara) is a low-growing perennial plant native to Europe, North Africa and parts of Asia. It was introduced to Canada in the 1920’s, and can now be found in most provinces. It has been positively identified through the Weed Alert Program in 27 counties in Southern Ontario. The most common location for coltsfoot is on roadsides. From this foothold, it can spread by seed or rhizomes to adjacent fields. While this plant has not spread rapidly, it is of concern to farmers because there are very few herbicides that will control it, it thrives in several crops and competes strongly with grasses.
Coltsfoot has large, deep green leaves, often forming a complete canopy covering the soil. It spreads by underground rhizomes, which produce dense stands of above-ground foliage. This would suggest that it might be useful in some situations as a groundcover. However, like many plants that have a tendency to be vigorous (invasive) it needs to be in a place where it can be contained. Do not attempt this without professional advice. Unrestrained coltsfoot can gallop into your carefully prepared perennial beds like a terrified colt headed for the barn in a thunderstorm.
So why would this noxious weed be found in the garden of a master of the art and science of gardening? The answer lies in its very unique flowering characteristic. The bright yellow flowers, similar to dandelions but slightly smaller, appear early in the spring, before any leaves emerge. In Southern Ontario, coltsfoot flowers in April, often before the last of the snowbanks have melted. Flower heads have even been known to push through snow.
It is one of the very first sources of food for pollinators.
Why does it matter if pollinators have food? Well, it’s essential to our continuing life on this planet. More than three-quarters of the world’s food crops rely on pollination by insects and other animals. There are more than 20,000 species of wild bees alone, plus many species of butterflies, flies, moths, wasps, beetles, birds, bats and other animals that contribute to pollination. But many of these species are now under threat from disease, pesticides and climate change, according to a report, compiled by over 70 scientists from around the world for a United Nations agency.
They estimated that 16 per cent of vertebrate pollinators, such as birds and bats, are threatened with global extinction and more than 40 per cent of some invertebrates are threatened – declines in bees, for example, have been confirmed for North Western Europe and in North America.The report blames the increasing risk to pollinators on a combination of factors, including changes in land use, intensive agricultural practices and pesticide use, invasive species, diseases and pests, and climate change. They note that it’s hard to pin down a single factor to account for the change in numbers and diversity because effects vary from species to species, and from location to location. It is hard to definitively link pesticides to pollinator decline, for example, as the picture is complicated by the fact that the use of these chemicals is closely related to the penchant of modern cash-cropping agriculture to create ever-larger fields.
June 18-24, 2018 is National Pollinator Week. This is an international celebration of the valuable ecosystem services provided by bees, birds, butterflies, bats and beetles.
It’s a time to celebrate pollinators and spread the word about protecting them.
Some suggestions from the Ontario Ministry of the Environment to create a pollinator-friendly garden:
- Choose native Ontario plants to attract native pollinators
- Make a bee bath by filling a bowl with large rocks and shallow water
- Select plants that bloom at different times from spring to fall to ensure that pollinators have food and adequate shelter throughout the growing season
- Plant flowers in clusters – creating clusters makes it easier for pollinators to find the flowers and improves the efficiency of pollination
- Eliminate or reduce the use of pesticides including pollinator attractive plants treated with systemic pesticides. | https://millstonenews.com/2018/06/gardening-in-almonte-a-bee-in-her-bonnet.html |
Lord & Lady Backspindle need a new Head Gardener to look after the stunning Flower Beds in their family estate. They have decided to hold a competition to see who will win this revered job.
Objective
Players compete against each other using Fireflies to pollinate Flowers and then plant them in colourful Flower Beds. A full Flower Bed consists of 6 Flowers of different colours and earns the maximum number of points at the end of the game. A player can have multiple Flower Beds, but cannot have two Flowers of the same colour in the same Flower Bed.
Players will use tactical deployment of their Fireflies and perhaps employ a little bit of sneakiness (by using their Royal Firefly) to outdo their opponent/s to win the coveted job. | https://www.bedlamalliancegames.co.uk/product-page/dance-of-the-fireflies |
Resurrection lilies (L. squamigera) commonly known as surprise lilies are named for their sudden appearance in early fall when they spring forth from the ground without any prior noticeable foliage to announce their presence. Not a true lily, these plants are part of the amaryllis family. Plant the bulbs in late summer to early fall, but don't expect to see any flowers the first year. After that first year, foliage will appear in the spring and die back in early summer, with fragrant flowers appearing on naked stems in late August or early September. L. squamigera is resistant to deer and rabbits and does not have any significant risk of pests or diseases.
How to Grow and Care for Resurrection Lily
By
Jamie McIntosh
Jamie McIntosh has written about gardening and special occasion flowers for the Spruce since 2011. She has more than 20 years of experience caring for flowers and plants. She was a feature writer for Organic Gardening at Suite101, where she won awards for her writing.
Learn more about The Spruce's Editorial Process
Updated on 02/16/22
Reviewed by
Debra LaGattuta
Reviewed by Debra LaGattuta
Debra LaGattuta is a gardening expert with three decades of experience in perennial and flowering plants, container gardening, and raised bed vegetable gardening. She is a Master Gardener and lead gardener in a Plant-A-Row, which is a program that offers thousands of pounds of organically-grown vegetables to local food banks. Debra is a member of The Spruce Gardening and Plant Care Review Board. | https://www.thespruce.com/plant-fall-blooming-spider-lilies-1316043 |
Hello! My name is Carl Johnson I am the Plant diagnostic & Horticulture intern at the UConn Plant Diagnostic Lab. I am a graduate of the Ratcliffe Hicks plant science program(RHSA) and am going into my senior year as a Sustainable Plant and Soil Systems (SPSS) major. Before enrolling in UConn I worked as a grower at Logee’s greenhouse in Danielson, CT. I am also the student worker in the Floriculture greenhouse on campus and have spent several semesters working as a lab assistant for the Lubell-Brand lab in the Plant Science department at UConn. I am the President of the UConn Horticulture Club and an avid plant collector and horticulturalist.
This summer I will be completing my internship online under the supervision of Abby Beissinger and the team of professionals at the UConn Home and Garden Education Center (HGEC). My projects this summer will include adding to the already extensive collection of educational resources and fact sheets for the diagnostic lab and the HGEC. I will also be assisting with plant ID in addition to plant pest and disease diagnosis, a service the diagnostic lab provides to the community and nurseries across the state. I will also be helping compile the monthly Plant Diagnostic Report for the UConn Plant Diagnostic Lab, Home & Garden Education Center, and Extension Master Gardener Clinics. I’m excited to be a part of such an important branch of UConn extension and am grateful to have this opportunity to work with such knowledgeable people.
Raised beds for my vegetable garden?
There’s a growing interest in using raised beds in vegetable gardens, and if that’s your interest, read on. It’s always a good idea to plan a project before jumping in and consider the many variables. Let’s explore some of these.
Why you’re considering raised beds. Many people are interested in raised beds as a way to eliminate as much bending and stooping over in the garden as possible; the higher the beds, the less bending required as you tend your plants. This, in turn, will impact the type of material your beds are made of and the amount of soil your beds will have in them. If you’re interested in portable raised beds (perhaps to be able to move your beds during the day to get the maximum amount of sunlight), that will limit the size each bed will be and what they’re made from.
Space needs and sizes of beds. If you’re a patio-gardener, and have limited space, your beds will need to be smaller than if you set beds within a larger garden area. What you want to grow can also determine the size of your beds. For example, herb gardens fit nicely in smaller beds, while tomatoes, root vegetables, and many other crops need beds that are deeper and larger. If you want to use raised beds with walls, a bed that is wider than four feet will be more difficult to tend; a length of more than eight feet will require more movement to get around the bed itself. The layout of raised beds that are simply mounded soil hills, without structured walls, can much more easily be changed than structured beds with walls.
Materials for raised beds. Raised bed kits are readily available, especially online, and made from a variety of materials, including wood and plastic. Will you buy raised bed kits, which can be expensive, or create your own? If you create your own raised beds, will they be very simply made from highly-mounded soil in your garden, or will they have a solid, box-like structure? If they’re structured, what will they be made from…. wood, concrete block, brick, or plastic? Some materials are more readily available than others, some will last longer outside than others, some are more decorative and easier to disassemble and move, and prices will vary, depending on what you choose.
Irrigation needs of plants in raised beds. Soil in raised beds generally dries out more quickly, since air circulation around the perimeter of the bed contributes to drying, so your garden may need to be watered more frequently. Whether you water by hand, sprinkler, or soaker hoses, it’s important to check the amount of moisture in the soil when setting a watering schedule. As with a ground-level garden, mulching will help retain soil moisture. If you decide to use soaker hoses, it’s helpful to draw a layout of your garden and how the hoses will be laid out to assure that you can water each bed when necessary, especially if some plants need more water than others. Hose layout is also important to plan so that you don’t end up with raised hoses draping from one bed to another, making it more difficult to move among the beds.
Overall, gardening in raised beds can be very rewarding, and much easier if you take the time to plan before you build. If you’re unsure if using raised beds is the right choice for you, start with one or two small raised beds, learn as you go along, and determine what best meets your gardening needs for the future. If you have further questions, you can contact the UConn Extension Master Gardeners at https://mastergardener.uconn.edu/ask-us-a-question/
Article by Linette Branham, 2019 UConn Extension Master Gardener
How To Weed Your Garden: How Often, What to Weed, Tips or Best Management Practices
Any undesirable plant in your garden can be labeled a weed. The vegetables or flowers you want to grow will be robbed of nutrients, moisture, light, and space if weeds are not managed. Weeds seem to always outpace the desired plants in growth. They can also harbor insects and diseases.
To be fair, it needs to be noted that some “weeds” in our gardens have a positive side in other circumstances, such as when not surrounding our tomato plant. Many weeds play a healing role in restoring worn-out soil or prevent erosion. Many also provide nectar and shelter for beneficial insects, and can be a food source for animals.
Common garden weeds in our area include annual bluegrass, crabgrass, henbit, creeping Charlie (also known as ground ivy), nutsedge, prickly lettuce, broadleaf plantain and, of course, the dandelion! The best way to know if a self-invited plant on your territory is a potential friend or foe is to get to know your weeds. We can’t eradicate the weeds but we can learn about the ways to manage them.
For weed control it really all comes down to well-timed physical measures. Preparing the ground properly for planting and doing modest clean up often results in a good-looking and productive result.
The simple rule to live by is to avoid procrastinating by waiting for weeds to mature and set seed. Whether annuals, perennials, or biennials, weeds are famous for their rapid seeding and spreading ability.
Hand pull in small enclosed garden spaces. Loosen the soil around the weed with a hand fork so you can remove it with its root. Be careful not to pull flowers or vegetables if weeds are too close to them. Practice close planting when possible to suppress weeds.
Hoeing is the most useful and easiest method to remove the plants you don’t want. Skim the soil surface, don’t dig in too deep to avoid hurting the roots of your plants, and avoid bringing up more seeds to the surface. Hoe on a warm, dry day so the weeds wilt and die quickly after hoeing.
Remove stems and leaves from the garden beds as they may root. Do not compost any weeds that
have set seeds!
Mulching is an effective deterrent to weed growth. When weeds do come up they are usually lanky and can be easily hand pulled. Hay, straw, wood chips, and compost are all natural mulches that work well to smother weeds, and are a good buffer to protect the soil from evaporation and erosion. For large flower areas or vegetable beds, landscape fabric or plastic roll-out weed barriers can be installed, with or without a covering of mulch.
Also, consider where the weeds are, and their amount. If they are in the lawn and there are only a few of them, hand weeding will be more efficient. If the weeds have overtaken an entire bed, hoeing or digging them out may be the best action to take.
Most garden spaces can be managed with physical and cultural controls. If you do chose to use an herbicide, make sure the product is right for your situation – both for the weed in question and the location. Follow the instructions for correct timing and application rates and wear the appropriate personal protective gear.
If you have further questions, you can contact the UConn Extension Master Gardeners at:
https://mastergardener.uconn.edu/ask-us-a-question/
Article by Tatiana Ponder, 2020 UConn Extension Master Gardener Intern
Deadline Extended – Become a UConn Extension Master Gardener
UConn Extension is accepting applications for the 2017 Master Gardener Program. Master Gardener interns receive horticultural training from UConn, and then share knowledge with the public through community volunteering and outreach efforts. Enrollment in the UConn Extension Master Gardener program is limited and competitive.
“Gardening and the study of it is something we can do our whole lives,” says Karen Linder, a 2015 graduate of the UConn Extension Master Gardener Program at the Bartlett Arboretum in Stamford. “There is always something new to learn – we can get deeper into a subject. Our instructors truly brought subjects to life that I thought could not be made exciting. Who knew soil had so much going on? It has truly changed the way I think and observe the world around me. That is pretty amazing!”
The program is broad-based, intensive, and consists of 16 class sessions (one full day per week) beginning January 9, 2017. The Master Gardener program includes over 100 hours of classroom training and 60 hours of volunteer service. Individuals successfully completing the program will receive UConn Extension Master Gardener certification. The program fee is $425.00, and includes the training manual. Partial scholarships may be available, based on demonstrated financial need.
“Working at the Courthouse Garden signature project in Hartford gave me the opportunity to use my gardening skills to help feed and educate others,” says John Vecchitto, a 2015 graduate from Hartford County. “We’re teaching others, many of whom have never gardened, to enjoy the gardening experience. People expressed their satisfaction when they heard the produce we grew would go to a shelter to help hungry people. We fed those who needed good food, and we fed the spirits of our participants with a taste of kindness. It was empowering.”
Classes will be held in Haddam, West Hartford, Bethel, Brooklyn, and Stamford. The postmark deadline for applications has been extended until Friday, November 18, 2016.
For more information or an application, call UConn Extension at 860-486-9228 or visit the UConn Extension Master Gardener website at: www.mastergardener.uconn.edu. | https://news.extension.uconn.edu/tag/uconn-master-gardener/ |
Aruncus, a perennial for shade
Planting a perennial border in the shade sometimes presents a challenge in finding the right plant with the right height.
I planted a row of Aruncus dioicus, or goat’s beard, at the back of my perennial bed more than 20 years ago. It has grown there without any problem.
It is an old-fashioned perennial that was once called Spirea Aruncus. It loves shade so I chose it for an area in my garden with only a short period of afternoon sun.
I wondered what 19th-century seed companies and nurseries wrote about this plant. Garden writers from that period had nothing but praise for it.
In 1885, Philadelphia nurseryman Thomas Meehan included an article from the weekly English garden journal Gardener's Chronicle in his monthly garden magazine. The title of the article was “The Aruncus offers unique beauty in the garden.”
The article said, “A grand plant, not by any means so abundant as it should be in our gardens, owing to its very distinct and effective appearance. Of course there are positions in the garden where it would be out of place, but there are many others to which it would give additional beauty. We have yet much to learn and appreciate in the arrangement of hardy plants.”
Then Meehan, whose name was simply noted at the end of the article by the letter "T," described the plant.
"I may say, for the benefit of those unacquainted with the plant, that it grows from 3 to 4 feet high, with large divided foliage, and immense plumes of white flowers, forming when established most conspicuous objects. I lately saw several masses 3 and 4 feet in diameter, and as much high, and nothing could surpass their unique beauty," he wrote.
Because this plant can grow a few feet tall, it is probably best to position it in the back of the perennial bed. Though garden books often advocate for planting Aruncus in a damp or moist area, I grow it in dry soil with no problem.
After the plant blooms, I cut off the tall flowers, which turn brown after a while. Thus I simply enjoy the green color of leaves on this shrub-like plant for the rest of the season.
In 1897, the garden journal titled Vick's Illustrated Monthly Magazine said, "Spirea Aruncus is popularly known as the 'Goats Beard’ (sic). It is a very effective species and one of the best of border plants. It is a native of England, grows from 3 to 4 feet in height, and blooms during the months of June and July. The foliage is very handsome, the leaves being of pinnate form and of a light green color. Flowers are a creamy white and borne in large branched panicles."
Aruncus is one of our native plants even though Vick's magazine had written that it was native to England. The American Beauties Native Series (http://www.abnativeplants.com) offers it for the gardener among its collection of plants.
What I like about Aruncus is that it is an easy plant to grow and does not take over an area. It certainly deserves a spot in a shady garden.
Ohio University Press released Thomas Mickey’s new book, “America’s Romance with the English Garden.” He lives in Rye. Send him an e-mail at [email protected]. | https://www.seacoastonline.com/story/news/local/portsmouth-herald/2014/09/17/aruncus-perennial-for-shade/36201064007/ |
It’s wintertime and the garden is asleep — or is it? And should you be sleeping as a gardener right now? I’m certainly wide awake as it’s the perfect time to start next year’s garden planning. New seed and plant catalogs are making their way into my overstuffed mailbox.
My garden planning books are beckoning from my garden library’s shelves, including my favorite garden design book from John Brookes, The Essentials of Garden Design .
As a holiday gift, I received a copy of Peter J. Hatch’s “A Rich Spot of Earth”: Thomas Jefferson’s Revolutionary Garden at Monticello . It’s a book written by Peter Hatch and based upon his work at Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello estate in Charlottesville, VA. It’s not a secret that Monticello’s gardens are some of my favorites for design and simplicity as well as my favorite destination garden. Thomas Jefferson could be America’s first real visionary gardener, having been the first known person to successfully grow a number of varieties of plants not native to the United States. And Peter Hatch is quite the expert on Monticello and its gardens.
This year, I’m planning a vegetable and herb garden bed for the first time. I say “planning” because we have a large deer population in the area and I want to be sure I can protect the vegetable plants adequately. Also, the only area on the property that gets enough sun is outside of our fenced backyard and instead in the unfenced front of the property. Short of putting up a tall fence around the garden area, I needed to come up with something nicer-looking. I’m planning a decorative chicken wire enclosure that can be entered from the side.
Having toured Monticello‘s gardens, I’m not sure how the local deer are kept from browsing the Monticello gardens — maybe I will find the secret in Peter Hatch’s book .
Herbs can be grown in pots — a pretty collection!
My kitchen herb garden (photo directly above) has existed in pots and containers on my back deck since we moved into this house. Over the years, the forest’s oak, maple, and tulip poplar trees have gotten taller, and there’s less and less direct sunshine coming onto the deck these days. Not enough sun at all to grow tomatoes, even in a pot. My once gorgeous New Dawn climbing rose trellis has been replaced by a pretty vigorous grapevine. The grapevine is quite prolific, even without a whole lot of sun. The key to the grapevine is to skimp on watering (learned that out at the Mondavi winery in Napa Valley, California).
Additionally, I grow pink-flowering strawberries mostly for their looks since the squirrels get to the berries before I do. The flowers are a lovely deep pink, and believe-it-or-not, they are still blooming profusely in this cool Virginia winter! No berries forming yet, though!
Lovely strawberry plant with pink flowers!
Last year we had a number of failing oaks taken down in the front of the property…so why not plant a garden with herbs and vegetables in the new sunny area? I’ll still keep the container herb garden outside the kitchen door…yet I think it will be more fun to have a larger plot for herbs, some vegetables, and more SUN!
Devil’s Walking Stick. Pretty, but not.
Look at the root system on this Devil’s Walking Stick!!!
Aside from the Devil’s Walking Stick came some pretty creepy-looking plants called Stinkhorns that were covered with flies (see below). And they smelled terrible. Like rotting flesh….
StinkHorns are well-named and they do stink.
So once I’m able to figure out how to keep these two aggressive plants from appearing again, I think a raised bed will be a great solution. That way, I can line the bottom of the bed with heavy landscaping fabric and hope for the best with brand new soil!
So what am I planning to plant? Hopefully, some tomatoes, peppers, squash, parsley, basil, tarragon, and cucumbers! I will add some marigolds for color and as a natural repellent for the “bad bugs.” We love to eat a lot of tomatoes in the summer and early fall, so having my own crop would be stellar. I grew tomatoes years ago at another home where I had a lot of sun. A fresh warm sun-ripened tomato straight from the stalk is such a treat!
Fresh Sun-Ripened Tomatoes on the Plant!
Pruning will be first on my list this year, as well as spraying a horticultural oil to smother the eggs of the lacewing bugs that emerged last summer now that my front-bed azaleas are now getting lots more sun. Some limbing up of some small decorative trees, and some pruning out of the azaleas, nandina, and Otto Luyken Laurels is needed. And a bit of mulching of chopped leaves around some areas to keep the weed population down. And what needs to be removed because it’s not growing well? I’ll be doing a bit of decision-making there, too.
Recently, I’ve added a “Garden Design Consultation” offering to A Gardener’s Delight. Many of you are interested in some assistance in your garden planning and design, and have requested my help. Please be sure to contact me via email at A Gardener’s Delight.
What will you be planning for your garden this year? Let me know! I’m eager to hear about your plans! | http://agardenersdelight.com/garden-planning/ |
The battle between gardener and weeds is tiring and often a never-ending, losing battle. With proper site preparation and gardening practices, you can beat weeds with your next gardening venture. The sooner you begin to plan and prepare the soil, and the more control methods you incorporate, the more likely you’ll be able to enjoy a weed-free flower bed.
1
Identify the weeds growing in the soil bed, if possible. Observe whether they are broadleaf or grassy weeds and if they flower. Some weeds grow in winter, so observe during cooler weather as well as during the warmer months. Take pictures, if necessary, and use an online weed guide or garden book to help with their identification. This information helps determine when they germinate and what herbicides are effective.
2
Hand-pull weeds and their roots from the flower bed before planting. Alternatively, apply the nonselective herbicide glyphosate to the entire bed to kill everything growing in it. In two weeks, till or hoe the soil about 4 to 6 inches deep. At this time, add any amendments, such as weed-free compost, to the soil.
3
Spray a pre-emergent herbicide, if applicable, that is labeled specifically for the weeds that were growing in your garden. These herbicides are time-sensitive and must be applied just before the weeds are expected to germinate. Summer annual weeds, for example, germinate in the spring so apply a pre-emergent herbicide as the soil begins to warm but before they sprout.
4
Water the soil with ½ inch of water and wait a week. If weeds germinate, hand-pull them or till them into the soil about 3 to 4 inches deep. You can also apply an appropriate post-emergent herbicide to kill them.
5
Lay a weed or landscape fabric down before planting the flower bed. Cut "X’s" in the fabric, fold back the flaps and plant the flowers. Plant flowers close together, using the smallest distance recommendation for the type of flower. The flowers will fill in more quickly, leaving little room for weeds.
6
Apply approximately 3 to 4 inches of mulch to help suppress weeds that require light to germinate. Grass clippings, wood chips, bark and leaf mold work well. Replenish throughout the year as necessary.
Things You Will Need
- Camera (optional)
- Glyphosate
- Tiller or hoe
- Pre-emergent herbicide
- Garden hose
- Weed fabric
- Mulch
Tips
- You can also lay clear plastic over the flower bed and leave it in place for two months before planting a flower bed. This works best during hot weather from June until August. Most active weeds, roots and seeds die during this time, so you can plant a weed-free flower bed.
- Water your flower bed deeply with 1 inch of water about once or twice a week, depending on the flowers. Watering more frequently with less water will encourage weeds. | https://homeguides.sfgate.com/plant-weed-flower-bed-44583.html |
Once upon a time there was a wealthy sultan who received a gift from his friend the emir that looked a lot like an onion. “It’s a tulip bulb,” said the emir. “Put it in the ground and it will grow into a magnificent flower. I have brought a couple of thousand with me,” he explained. The sultan was not impressed by the ‘tulip-thingimibobs’, but his trusty gardener decided to plant one anyway.
After the emir had left, the sultan became seriously ill. Even the doctor was unable to cure him. Then one day, a vagabond came up to the gardener with his flute and the gardener gave him something to eat and drink whilst he played him a tune. The gardener was mesmerised by his playing and all of a sudden, a red flower started to appear from where the tulip bulb had been planted; and it grew quickly too.
“I am a fakir,” said the vagabond. “It is his riches that make the sultan so ill,” he said, “and he will only recover once he has appreciated the beauty of a single tulip flower.” So the gardener put the tulip by the sultan’s bed and he started to get better straight away. The doctor prescribed him a garden full of those ‘tulip-thingimibobs’ and the next day the sultan was well enough to go out onto the balcony. Down below, the fakir was still playing his magic flute. Hundreds of red flowers started to rise out of the soil and tears of joy ran down the sultan’s cheeks. It was an amazing sight.
Would the sultan ever fully recover? | https://aegtte.weebly.com/de-tuinman-en-de-fakir-the-gardener-and-the-fakir.html |
Outlines how to care for mums (chrysanthemums) in the garden or as potted plants, including position, watering, boosting flowers, hibernating and soil needs.
Find more garden guides, tips and advice
When the summer flowers have bloomed and autumn bathes the garden in the last warm rays of the sun, the great time of chrysanthemums comes. The late bloomers create great color accents. They also bloom on the balcony and terrace until the end of autumn.
Originally, chrysanthemums come from China. It has been working on the breeding of these flowers for 2,000 years. In Chinese culture, the chrysanthemums — together with bamboo, Orchid and plum — are viewed as the four ‘noble plants’ that symbolize happiness and prosperity. In the middle of the 19th century, the chrysanthemums entered the European gardens and nurseries and immediately became popular.
- How to care for mums — inside and outdoors
- Overview of varieties
- How to care for mums: Flowering
- How to care for mums: Planting and soil
- How to care for mums: Watering
- How to care for mums indoors – Short guide
- How to care for mums: Pruning
- How to care for mums: Propagating
- How to care for mums: Diseases and pests
- Perennial chrysanthemums can be hibernated
- Pairing with other plants
- How to care for mums: Summary
How to care for mums — inside and outdoors
Overview of varieties
Chrysanthemums are among the most popular garden and balcony plants and the selection of commercially available varieties is large, with single- and multi-coloured, filled and unfilled flowers. Although they are autumn flowers, they are offered almost all year round. Botanically, the plant genus of chrysanthemums belongs to the family of the Asteraceae.
The more than 40 species are mainly found in East Asia and were cultivated as ornamental plants in China more than 2,000 years ago. In the 17th century, the first plants came to Europe in six colour variations. Today there are more than 5,000 different varieties, but not all of them are hardy. Due to their close relationship with the real asters, the hardy strains for the open-earth are often referred to as winter asters.
The frost-sensitive varieties are offered in autumn as pot chrysanthemums and are a colorful ornament for balcony and terrace or serve as cut flowers for the vase. New to the market is the increasing proportion of hardy garden chrysanthemumsevery year. They are often offered in stores under the name “Garden-Mums”. These varieties are particularly robust because, unlike the traditional pot varieties that the gardener grows in the greenhouse, the garden chrysanthemums grow outdoors. This makes them more robust, which is particularly evident in rainy and bad weather periods.
Recommended autumn flowers are, for example, the reddish-brown, stuffed ‘burning point’, the lemon-yellow ‘Citronella’, the purple-pink ‘Schweizerland’ and the pompous, cream-coloured ‘White Bouquet’. ‘Anja’s Bouquet’ (pink violet), ‘Bienchen’ (orange-yellow) and ‘Hebe’ (tender pink) have proved particularly successful in terms of winter hardness and stability.
The so-called topf-chrysanthema (Chrysanthemum frutescens) are particularly suitable as balcony decorations. They are sold in full bloom, are easy to maintain, need a lot of water and little fertilizer and bloom for weeks. By nature, they are perennial plants, but with us they are usually grown for one year, i.e. when they have flowered, they can be disposed of.
How to care for mums: Flowering
Only when the nights get cooler do the buds of the undemanding perennials sprout. The flowering period of chrysanthemums usually begins in late summer and continues through autumn. Some less common species bloom in spring, mostly compact perennials. The hardy Greenland margerite (Chrysanthemum arcticum ssp. arcticum) blooms almost last through to the start of winter.
A stay in the fresh air enhances the intensity of their magnificent autumn colours and they are characterized by a longer flowering period. The reason: The perennials do not open all flower at the same time, but in bursts. If you ‘dead head’ while they are flowering, you can look forward to the plants for many weeks.
The shelf life also depends on the colour of the flowers: experiments showed that pink and violet varieties bloom the longest.
How to care for mums: Planting and soil
The autumn beauties enjoy the sun and thrive magnificently in the bed on nutritious soils, which should not be too dry or too moist. Especially they tolerate winter wetness very badly. In clay-containing soils, therefore, a drainage of gravel or sand is required.
For colourful autumn arrangements, the chrysanthemums should already set in suitable planters in early autumn with high-quality potting soil and keep them evenly moist. They hardly need fertilizer during their rather short flowering season, as a rule, the nutrient supply of the potting soil is sufficient.
Winter-hardy garden chrysanthemums can be planted in the bed after flowering, as long as the soil is frost-free. If they are to survive the winter well, put the plants in the bed as early as possible so that they can still root. They have problems in wet locations. Instead choose a dry place, for example near the house wall. The soil should be nutritious, chalky and well-drained.
To plant a chrysanthemum properly, only a few aspects are relevant. Follow these steps:
- Put the potted young plant in water for 10-20 minutes
- In the loosened, weeded-out soil create a pit with twice the volume of the root bale
- Optimize the excavated soil with compost and horn chips
- Pot out the flower and plant it to the root neck
- Tie high-growing varieties to a support rod
How to care for mums: Watering
During the flowering period, the bushy plants must be watered daily – even in rain. The large leaves otherwise hang down very quickly, but recover after the next thorough watering. After flowering, the shoots of pro-year plants are cut off over the pot for about a finger. During the rest period, only water so much that the earth does not dry out. In spring, the plants come into fresh soil and re-expel. To keep them low and bushy, the new shoots should be trimmed several times.
During the main growth season in summer, organic vegetable fertilizer or compost soil is fertilized every two weeks. By the way: If older chrysanthemums suddenly soar, it is because the plants have previously been treated with growth-inhibiting substances in the gardener, the effect of which decreases after some time.
When watering, be careful not to wet leaves and flowers. This measure helps you to prevent fungal infestation
How to care for mums indoors – Short guide
Chrysanthemums are not only among the flowering perennials that bloom very late, they also often inspire with a very long flowering period. In the following we have compiled the most important hints for the care of the popular autumn flower in a short and clear way.
Avoid direct sun
Of course, this also includes the right location. Chrysanthemums need a lot of light, but they don’t tolerate direct sun – especially the midday sun – usually very well. So it’s best to make sure you have a bright to sunny location without a direct midday sun.
Substrate and planting
For your pot chrysanthemums, use a nutritious, humic plant soil that you can loosen up with some sand. Pay particular attention to good pot drainage, so that superfluous water can flow easily. You can achieve one by filling in shards of clay, small pebbles or a similar material as the lowest layer of the pot about two to five centimetres high.
Water and fertilization
The lushly flowering chrysanthemums are highly consuming, so they require a lot of water and fertilizer. In autumn, it is sufficient to pour abundantly about once or twice a week. The right time to water is when the top layer of substrate in the pot has already dried. You should avoid fertilization in autumn.
Cutting
Flowering stems can be cut off to just above the ground.
Hibernate
Chrysanthemums in the pot should preferably not hibernate outside, but in the house, in the garden shed or in the greenhouse at temperatures between five and ten degrees Celsius.
How to care for mums: Pruning
Only when the young shoots sprout out of the earth with the mild temperatures from March, it is time for the cutback. In the process, the withered plant is cut off as close to the ground as possible with scissors, without injuring the young shoots.
An occasional pruning of the plant in the season promotes dense growth. The same applies to the first flowering approaches – the chrysanthemum branches more and blooms more abundantly. In general, the flower perennial grows more widely in the second year. Provide your chrysanthemums in the bed with some garden compost and horn shavings every spring.
How to care for mums: Propagating
Chrysanthemums can best be propagated in spring by dividing the plant. Pot chrysanthemums can also be reproduced by cuttings from summer to autumn: For this purpose, you cut off some young shoots with a sharp knife near the base, remove the lower leaves and shorten the cuttings. Put the knife just below a leaf knot.
You can put the cuttings in pots or growing bowls with moist sowing soil. Then cover the vessels with a transparent plastic hood or place a foil bag over them. To grow, the plants need a bright, 20 degree warm place. The soil is kept slightly moist and the cuttings are regularly sprayed with rainwater until roots have formed. Late-onset shoots should be wintered in the light and cool in the house, summer cuttings of hardy varieties can be planted directly in the garden in autumn.
How to care for mums: Diseases and pests
Chrysanthemums can get infested with insects that bore into the leaves and lay their eggs. The larvae eat passages between the upper and lower skin of the leaves. Control is only permitted with pest-free Neem. The white chrysanthemum grate is noticeable by 0.5 to two centimetres large spots on the top of the leaf. They are greenish-white or yellow and later have a brown center. On the bottom are pustules with flour-like fluff. As soon as the first spots occur, the plants can be treated with suitable fungicides.
Perennial chrysanthemums can be hibernated
Those who have bought perennial chrysanthemums as a flowering potted plant in autumn should hibernate them in a cool area of the home — at a maximum of eight degrees — and not put them outdoors again until April. They need a nutritious loose soil, they can’t tolerate waterlogging at all.
In the garden bed, the brown plants are cut back to about a quarter of the height in late autumn. If you want to bring the flowers safely through the winter, you have to protect the rhizomes well. For this purpose, the root bales can be covered with foliage or fir branches or similar protective mulch.
Planted chrysanthemums are covered with several layers of fir mulch in late autumn to protect against the first frosts. Under a damp foliage, on the other hand, the plants would rot immediately.
Potted plants hibernate best in a bright and cool quarter, ideal is an unheated greenhouse. In mild winters and with good protection, the plants can also be placed in pots over the cold season, provided that the planters are large enough. In case of doubt, the chrysanthemums are simply lowered into the soil with the pot.
Pairing with other plants
Chrysanthemums play a special role as soloists or planting partners in planters. Pot grasses such as rod millet, china reed, segge and feather grass benefit from the bright flower colours of the chrysanthemums, while they themselves give playful lightness to the arrangements on the terrace, balcony or at the entrance to the house.
Compact varieties of rosemary, catnip, fat hen,curry herb or colored leaves such as purple bells (Heuchera) also prove to be an attractive court state. In spacious terrace vessels you can let your creativity run wild when combining. The plants should be placed close to each other, as they will grow only a little in the coming weeks.
How to care for mums: Summary
ALSO SEE: | https://www.howtodiyeverything.com/how-to-care-for-mums-inside-and-outdoors-complete-guide/ |
CAROL LINK ON GARDENING: Planting the Texas Star Hibiscus
Several years ago, I obtained a couple of Texas Star Hibiscus (Hibiscus coccineus) after a friend thinned out her plants. I planted the hibiscus in a planting bed along the front foundation of our home.
That first year, neither plant bloomed. When winter arrived, the above-ground portion of the plants died back, but the following spring they returned. That year, each one produced a couple of red, star-shaped blossoms, and in the fall, seed pods developed.
I removed a couple of the large pods and saved the seeds, but I left the other pods on the plants. The ones that remained popped open and spread the small seeds throughout the planting bed.
The next spring, several new plants appeared in the planting bed, and the original plants grew straight and tall. That year, the older plants displayed several large, red star-shaped flowers. A couple of years passed before the newest plants grew tall and developed pretty blossoms.
After the first couple of years, I began removing all of the seed pods. I had all the plants that I wanted or needed. I saved the seeds and gave many of them to friends and family. In addition, Etowah County Master Gardeners propagated a few plants to sell at the annual plant sale.
The older the plants, the taller and wider they grow. I have removed most of my plants and left a couple because of their large size. Each year, the two hibiscus that remain reach about 6 feet in height and have three or four tall, thin, stick-like trunks. Another smaller plant developed from a wayward seed that settled in a brick planting bed that is part of the carport structure. The pretty flowers start blooming in late spring or early summer, and generally continue to bloom until fall.
Recently, I learned that the Texas Star Hibiscus is not a Texas native, but the plant is a native to North America. In addition, I learned that there is a Texas Star Hibiscus that produces large, star-shaped white flowers.
The Texas Star Hibiscus flowers best in full sun and will tolerate almost any type of soil. In addition, most of the time the plants will thrive on the amount of water that nature provides. The lovely, large red flowers attract butterflies, bees and hummingbirds.
Carol (Bonnie) Link is an Etowah County Master Gardener and an experienced garden writer. Her weekly column is designed to help and encourage others in their gardening endeavors. Send questions or comments to [email protected]. | https://www.gadsdentimes.com/story/news/local/2020/08/07/carol-link-on-gardening-planting-texas-star-hibiscus/112876062/ |
Cleome is a prolific self seeder. I gathered close to half a pound of seeds off of it last summer, and it still managed to populate the flower bed for the following year. It is beautiful, even though its flowers are a lot more subdued this year.
Here’s the drawback: the original plants were hybrids.
Most of the plant seeds that come in packets from growers are hybrids, and even though the plants they produce may be incredibly eager to propagate, their offspring will not come true from seed.
Last year this plant sported gigantic magenta inflorescences, color of which one can still see a sample at the center of the flower, but for the most part their color now shifted to a muted lavender.
If you are keen on collecting and planting seeds from your own garden, which I find extremely rewarding in more ways than one, I recommend checking if the variety you chose is an heirloom.
Annuals are the least likely to come true from seed, and in my experience, some of them, like petunias and impatiens, are not worth the trouble, when they are so readily available from growers, in every shape and color. Love in a mist, larkspur, lunaria, calendula and French mallow will return with fierce determination and they will be true to variety, for the most part.
Biennials and perennials fare a little better, but here are a few you should not expect to come true from seed: all but purple cone flowers, hellebores, hollyhocks, and lupines. I’m sure the list is much longer than that, it is actually easier to list the plants that do. The garden phlox will turn up reasonably close, as are betony, tickseed, Maltese Cross, sedums, sweet violets, Blue Eyed Mary, and some delphiniums.
Main Areas: Garden Writing; Sustainable Gardening; Homegrown Harvest
Published Books: “Terra Two”; “Generations”; "The Plant - A Steampunk Story"; "Letters to Lelia"; "Fair"; "Door Number Eight"; "A Year and A Day"; "Möbius' Code"
Career Focus: Author; Consummate Gardener;
Affiliation: All Year Garden; The Weekly Gardener; Francis Rosenfeld's Blog
I started blogging in 2010, to share the joy of growing all things green and the beauty of the garden through the seasons. Two garden blogs were born: allyeargarden.com and theweeklygardener.com, a periodical that followed it one year later. I wanted to assemble an informal compendium of the things I learned from my grandfather, wonderful books, educational websites, and my own experience, in the hope that other people might use it in their own gardening practice. | https://www.selfgrowth.com/articles/harvesting-seeds |
By Emilee Fowkes Warne, UC Master Gardener of Butte County, April 13, 2018.
Let's start from the beginning. What does full sun really mean? A plant requiring full sun needs at least 6 hours of direct sunlight each day in order to thrive. If a plant that requires full sun is planted in a location that receives less than 6 hours of direct sunlight, it will often fail to produce flowers or fruit and may become spindly and weak. Likewise, a plant requiring shade that is planted in the sun will quickly develop leaf burn and can die from the lack of protection shade would give its roots and the surface of its leaves. Keep in mind that full shade does not mean “no sun”; all plants need at least some light. But shade plants prefer less than four hours of sun each day and generally do very well in dappled shade conditions, such as beneath trees.
Another vital piece of information is the amount of water a plant is going to need. When you are selecting a plant, note its water requirements. Is it marked as a “Drought Tolerant” or “Xeric” plant? These types of plants are ideal in our climate because they can withstand prolonged hot, dry summer months. Choosing plants labeled drought tolerant or xeric will set you up for the best chance of success in establishing them in your garden. A word of caution though: nearly all plants initially need a period of consistent watering to allow their roots to become established in the soil. By keeping the ground around the plant moist, you allow roots to expand and grow into the native soil adjacent to the original planting site, which will ultimately be where the plant anchors itself for the duration of its lifetime.
It is also important to group plants together that have similar water requirements. A common mistake is to plant a tree in the center of a lawn. Nearly every type of tree has a vastly different water requirement than grass. Grass prefers more frequent, shorter bursts of water, while a tree, once established, prefers a deeper, more gradual soaking. Watering a tree using a watering schedule meant for grass will often result in a less stable, shallow-rooted tree. It is far preferable to plant a tree in a planting bed, allowing plenty of space for it to expand to its mature size.
The UC Master Gardeners of Butte County will be hosting a plant sale this month on April 28th. The sale will be held at the UC Master Gardener Demonstration Gardens at the Patrick Ranch, 10381 Midway, just south of Chico. Many of the plants featured in the sale have been tried and tested in our Demonstration Garden and our own home gardens for success and durability in our climate. All will be marked with the vital plant requirements and characteristics outlined above: sun or shade, size at maturity, drought tolerance, and also whether or not they are California natives and/or pollinator plants. The sale will be staffed with a number of knowledgeable, local Master Gardeners who are there to answer any questions you might have, take you on a tour of the garden, or even help to diagnose your pest problems. We are committed to helping you succeed in your garden!
By Brent McGhie, UC Master Gardener of Butte County, March 30, 2018.
Pollinator plants are plants that attract pollinators by offering them pollen and/or nectar. Pollen provides pollinators with proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and other nutrients. Nectar is a sugary liquid that provides pollinators with carbohydrates for energy. Pollinator plants “advertise” the presence of nectar and pollen with scents and colors. A good example of a specific link between pollinators and the plants that attract them is the relationship between bees and the flowers they pollinate. Although it is invisible to humans, bees can see ultraviolet light and bee flowers have evolved distinctive patterns visible only in the ultraviolet range.
Animal pollinators are necessary for the reproduction of 90% of flowering plants and the majority of our fruit, nut and vegetable crops. These facts alone point to the importance of attracting pollinators. In addition, plants are the foundation of the overwhelming majority of food chains on Earth and also provide shelter for many animal species. Healthy pollinator populations, and the plants that feed them, mean healthy ecosystems. Unfortunately, due to human influences such as habitat loss and pesticides, many pollinator populations are in trouble. Backyard pollinator gardens can serve as important refuges for vulnerable pollinators. An added incentive for including pollinator plants in your garden is that pollinators such as hummingbirds, bees, and butterflies are beautiful creatures that are fascinating to watch.
Many pollinator plants can be seen at the Butte County Master Gardeners Demonstration Garden at Patrick Ranch, 10381 Midway, between Durham and Chico. Two varieties of manzanita (Arctostaphylos) are currently on display at the Demonstration Garden. The delicate white blooms of these evergreen shrubs attract bees and butterflies as well as beneficial insects that prey on insect pests. A larger shrub with attractive purple blooms is the butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii). As its name implies, it attracts butterflies, blooming from summer until first frost. If you're interested in a small tree for your garden, California buckeye (Aesculus californica) and Chaste tree (Vitus agnus-castus) can be seen as well. Both of these trees are butterfly favorites and the Chaste tree also attracts hummingbirds, bees, other insect pollinators and beneficial predators. Also found in the gardens are several species of sages (Salvia sp.) and penstemons (Penstemon sp.), which draw hummingbirds. Another hummingbird plant that will be introduced in the garden this fall is red fairy duster (Caliandra californica), an airy, mesquite-like shrub that is covered in downy red flowers from summer through fall.
This sampling of pollinator plants doesn't do justice to the wide variety of plants found at the Demonstration Gardens. All of the plants mentioned above, along with many others, will be available at the Butte County Master Gardener Plant Sale. The Plant Sale will be held at the Demonstration Gardens at Patrick Ranch (10381 Midway) on Saturday, April 28th, from 10 am till 2pm. The Master Gardeners are a voluntary organization and the plant sale is our primary fund-raiser. Why not plan on supporting the work of the Butte County Master Gardeners by enjoying a visit to the gardens and purchasing pollinator plants for your garden while you're there?
1. Different pollinators are generally active from early spring to late fall, so the garden should have plants with overlapping flowering times covering this time period. For example, Cleveland sage and manzanita are spring bloomers, while many penstemons bloom in late spring and early summer. Chaste tree is a prolific fall bloomer.
2. Provide a diversity of plants to attract a diversity of pollinators. The University of California, Agriculture & Natural Resources (UC ANR) recommends planting at least 20 different plant types.
3. Plant in the sun. Bees and other pollinators prefer to visit plants in the sun. There are always exceptions. Bumble bees, for instance, will forage in shade or sun and most moths are active at night.
4. Maintain flowers. Dead-heading (removing spent flowers) encourages new blooms and lengthens the flowering season. Lightly fertilizing with compost can improve plant health and also serves to lengthen the blooming period.
5. Water regularly. Water stressed plants won't put much energy into flowers. But many native plants, including most of those mentioned above, require little if any summer water once they are established.
6. Avoid pesticide use! In addition to the targeted pests, these chemicals also kill pollinators as well as other beneficial insects including parasites and predators that can provide an alternative, natural control of garden pests.
Happy gardening! For more information about pollinator plants or any other garden topic (including our April 28, 2018 Plant Sale), call the Butte County Master Gardener Hotline (530-538-7201), or visit our website at: http://ucanr.edu/sites/bcmg/
By Laura Lukes, UC Master Gardener of Butte County, March 16, 2018.
Forty years ago, Brown and her husband Jeff moved to the home on that property, and she began to work her magic on an enormous expanse of St. Augustine grass shaded by native oaks and sycamores. Over time, she's transformed it into a patchwork of plants that provide flowers and greenery for bouquets and floral displays throughout all four seasons of the year.
On a brisk afternoon in late February, Brown led a tour of her Cutting Garden as a part of the UC Butte County Master Gardeners 2018 Spring Workshop Series. The garden was bursting with color and texture from stands of daffodils, narcissus, hyacinth,and anemone. Forsythia and “Shoebutton” spirea were in bloom, as were redbud trees and giant camellias. Trees in the family fruit orchard were showing off their blossoms.
Workshop participants were given a valuable list Brown had prepared titled “Cut Flowers for Most of the Year,” annotated with useful commentary and helpful hints.
Brown began the tour with a short history of her interest in flowers, which started when she was a child, planting nasturtium and sweet pea seeds with her mother. When Brown and her husband moved to the rich earth of their Chico home after gardening in decomposed granite in the Hollywood Hills, Brown set out to “learn flowering plants,” most of which did not grow in Southern California. In those days many interesting shrubs and perennials were found only in catalogs and purchasing them meant paying steep shipping fees.
Creating floral arrangements for weddings meant pre-dawn buying trips to the San Francisco Wholesale Flower Mart. Acquiring a resale number and Market Badge gave Brown behind-the-scenes access which made all that driving worthwhile.
Despite the dazzling variety of Flower Market offerings, Brown really prefers fresh and seasonal, just like what is on tap at our Farmers Markets. For example, roses are entirely unnatural at Valentine's Day, and they represent a large carbon footprint in the energy required to grow them in greenhouses and fly them from South America. Greenhouse flowers come with a high use of chemicals, like fungicides, to keep them perfect in those humid growing conditions. But tulips and anemones, beautiful flowers which bloom naturally in February, come in Valentine's Day colors of red, white, and pink too.
Brown scheduled this workshop in February precisely because many people think it is an unlikely month for finding local flowers suitable for use in arrangements. She emphasizes that the category of cut flowers includes bulbs and branches of flowering trees and shrubs as well as annuals and perennials.
Before Valentine's Day there is a very early spirea in bloom, along with branches of wild plum with its fabulously delicate white blossoms. Branches of this plum, together with those of the purple-leafed plum with pink flowers, make a wonderful arrangement in a vase on their own. Another benefit of using spring branches, even before they flower, is that they add height and contrast to a bouquet.
Earliest spring also marks the onset of flowering bulbs. As Brown notes, “Bulbs are sort of a secret bonus garden. They bloom while the perennials, biennials, and roses are dormant and the earliest annuals are just getting ready. They can slide into spaces between things that will be mostly covered up when the other plants wake up and grow.” Some of Brown's favorite early-blooming bulbs are daffodils, narcissi, anemones, hyacinth, and leucojum (often called snowdrops). Freesias and allium, along with ranunculus (one of the very best cut flowers), will strut their stuff in March. Like the many types of daffodils blooming from very early spring to late spring, some tulips can start in February while others bloom late in April.
Though the very best cutting flowers will last about a week in an arrangement, many other flowers will look fine for a special occasion or over a weekend.
After the tour of her garden, Brown used cuttings she had prepared earlier to fashion sample arrangements, and invited us to make our own. Brown sums up her cut flower efforts with this blessing: May beauty, fragrance, and variety lighten your spirit beyond the life of the blooms. I finished the tour of her Cutting Garden with a lovely posey of my own, determined to sew some felt pads (brilliant idea!) into the knees of my garden jeans.
Note: For more information about the Master Gardener Program and Workshops, please visit http://ucanr.edu/sites/bcmg/.
Questions? Plant problems? Call the Master Gardener Hotline at 530-538-7201 and/or visit our website Hotline page at ucanr.edu/p/49588.
By David Walther, UC Master Gardener of Butte County, March 2, 2018.
Mulch is good for the soil, and thus good for your plants for a number of reasons. It jump-starts the useful work done by microscopic organisms (this is often referred to as microbial activity); retains moisture, thus preventing plants' roots from drying out; and deters weeds by providing a barrier between the soil and the sun.
Mulching is also a time-saver for the gardener – it takes a fraction of the time to put down mulch that it would take to weed later on. And using mulch to control weeds reduces the use of expensive herbicides.
Natural inorganic mulches include gravel, pebbles, and crushed stone. Other inorganic mulches are plastic, cardboard, and even pieces of old carpet. The mulch you use will depend upon the job you want the mulch to perform and how you want it to look.
Any ground that needs enrichment, such as flower or vegetable beds you will be planting later in the season, will benefit from an application of organic mulch. Mulching around shrubs, trees, annuals, and perennials will improve the soil that feeds their roots, as well as deter weeds. Large areas that you wish to keep weed-free are also candidates for a thick application of mulch.
To control annual weeds, apply four to six inches of mulch on top of the soil, or even on top of the weeds themselves. To control perennial weeds, an application of 12 to 16 inches of mulch is needed.
The reappearance of weeds in an area that has been mulched is an indication that the mulch has decomposed to such a degree that a new application of mulch is required.
While the benefits of applying mulch are many, mulch can also lead to an increase in mole activity because of the increase in the worms and grubs they feed on – the more alive your soil is, the more it becomes a habitat for other creatures.
Finally, different garden situations require different choices of mulching materials: for example, dryland garden plants (xeriscape plants) such as native California plants, cacti, and succulents, have evolved to flourish in dry conditions and poor soil. The moisture-retentive qualities of organic mulch could be detrimental to their vigor and growth while the use of stone or gravel mulch would be helpful in replicating their natural environment.
Your mulch choices can range from commercial mulches purchased at a landscape center, to bags of organic mulch available at nurseries and home improvement stores, to your own (free!) shredded leaves, grass clippings, and yesterday's paper. The benefits of mulching far outweigh any negatives, so there is no reason not to mulch.
For more information see: Mulches
Questions? Plant problems? Call the Master Gardener Hotline at 530-538-7201 and/or visit our website Hotline page at ucanr.edu/p/49588.
By Emilee Fowkes Warne, UC Master Gardener of Butte County, February 16, 2018.
The Moth Orchid (Phalaenopsis spp.). One of the easiest orchids to grow indoors in our climate, the Moth Orchid can yield a rainbow of beautiful flower colors during their bloom time, which is typically between January and April. A flower spike will appear as early as November and, once the buds open, the flowers can last as long as three months. Once the flowers have finished blooming, save the old flower spike as long as it remains green. It will often branch from lateral buds the next year and the cycle begins again, yielding new flowers in late winter each year. Moth Orchids only require bright, indirect light, good drainage, and a short cold period in October when temperatures get down into the low 50s to remind them that it is time to bloom again.
ZZ Plant, also known as the Aroid Palm (Zamioculcas zamiifolia). Hailing from eastern and south Africa, the ZZ Plant makes an excellent houseplant that is well-suited for the beginning indoor gardener. It has naturally glossy leaves in a rich emerald green color that is very attractive in the home environment. More attractive still is the ZZ Plant's ability to tolerate low water and low light conditions. This plant's root system is comprised of an adapted rhizome which can store large amounts of water. In times of drought, the ZZ plant can draw upon this water source for many months to keep itself alive. In a pot, it should be watered sparingly (just two to three times each month) but very thoroughly watered at those times. The ZZ Plant prefers bright indirect light, but can tolerate a variety of conditions and exposures, including north, south, and east facing windows. | https://ucanr.edu/blogs/dirt/index.cfm?start=96 |
- This event has passed.
Ask a Master Gardener Online Clinic
July 11, 2020 @ 2:00 PM - 3:00 PM
Join us over Zoom with your gardening questions!
https://wsu.zoom.us/j/92586177662?pwd=VjN5KzhzZ3RxT0JES2t4bVVYa1gxQT09
Meeting ID: 925 8617 7662
Password: 509241
For security reasons, all participants must have a free Zoom account and be signed in to join.
To join the meeting by phone without a Zoom account, call (long distance)
+1 253 215 8782 and enter the meeting password: 509241
To help us better diagnose a plant problem, please try to share as much of the following information as possible:
- What type of damage are you seeing and when did it start?
- Which parts of the plant are affected, for example, flower, leaf, stem, fruit, etc?
- How is the plant watered and how much, for example, hand watered 3 times a week for 10 minutes?
- Where the plant is located, for example, in a garden bed or in the lawn, next to a driveway or house, in full or part sun, facing what direction?
It is also very helpful if you can share photos of your plant problem or plant or insect to be identified. Here are some helpful guidelines for what to include in your photos:
- Show the damaged or problem plant in the landscape along with other plants to provide additional clues to the probable cause of the problem.
- Show the base of the plant at the soil line to determine root issues.
- Show the live branches, limbs and leaves as well as the dead branches, limbs and leaves.
- Show buds and flowers to help with plant identification, show the damage, etc.
- Show the insect or other pest that is the suspected culprit in the damage. | https://extension.wsu.edu/island/event/ask-a-master-gardener-online-clinic-2/2020-07-11/ |
The University of Illinois Extension Master Gardener Program is a volunteer program open to anyone with the desire to learn and to share information with others about research-based landscape and gardening practices.
Master Gardeners reach into the communities with a variety of projects in partnership with local organizations, and they also staff the Master Gardener Help Desk by assisting residents with garden and landscape questions.
Volunteers participate in extensive training sessions conducted by University of Illinois Extension specialists and educators in horticulture, insects, diseases, grasses, woody and herbaceous ornamentals, and fruits and vegetables. The Master Gardener program provides 60 hours of horticultural training in return for 60 hours of volunteer time. Much of the first 60 volunteer hours must be completed at the Master Gardener Help Desk, which is open to the public during the growing season (see details below).
Need to contact the Help Desk?
We're still here to help you grow! The DuPage County Master Gardener Help Desk is available via email at this time.
Please send a detailed message with your question, and a volunteer will get back to you, often by the next operating day (Monday/Wednesday/Friday). Please see the tips below to guide your submission. We look forward to helping you!
General Submission Tips:
- Please check your images before submitting them.
- If they look out-of-focus to you, they will not be helpful to us.
- Send a maximum of 10 images per sample/question.
- When possible, please include a size reference in your photos (such as a pen, ruler or a coin).
- For plant identifications, please include a photo of the whole plant AND close-ups of plant parts
- Parts may include leaves, flowers, roots, fruit, seeds, etc.
- As with actual samples, please include as much additional information as possible.
- This could include planting date, age of plant, chemicals used, number of plants affected, where found, patterns, when symptoms were first noticed, etc.
- Email to [email protected]
If you are a DuPage County resident and would like to receive information about the next Master Gardener training in 2022, please complete this Master Gardener Training Interest Form. You will be placed on our email list to receive information about the next informational meeting and the application process.
To become a Master Gardener, you must attend the orientation meeting where you will learn about our program and how to apply. The horticulture staff reviews all applications and an interview is required. Applications for 2020 are now closed.
University of Illinois Extension is pleased to present these horticultural programs to your DuPage County group. To request a program please fill out the Request Form.
Bloomin’ Bulbs - Flowering bulbs add color to our gardens from early spring to late fall, blooming in many colors, shapes, sizes and heights. Tips on common and not so common bulbs and their allies including colors, planting, watering issues, and pointers on their use as cut flowers will be discussed.
BodySmart Gardening - The effects of gardening on our bodies can make it more of a chore than a pleasure. This lesson will help one garden "smartly" with emphasis on approved methods to reduce stress and strain on the body. Learn some clever tips and tricks to help you safely, comfortably and efficiently complete your garden tasks. (non-PowerPoint)
Bulbs: Basics, Myths, and Truths *NEW* - Bust some of the myths we always thought were true with latest research. This presentation is an interactive style that will allow the presenter to make a statement allowing the audience to vote if they think it is a truth or myth before revealing the answer. This presentation will allow the Master Gardeners to teach the basics of bulb care during the late summer and fall months while gardeners are planting.
Care of Holiday Gift Plants - How do you take care of those holiday gift plants after the holidays? Learn about the varieties and care of these colorful plants. (non—PowerPoint)
Composting: Building Your Garden from the Ground Up - This program touts the benefits of composting. Improve the health and vitality of your garden by using the organic matter generated in your home and yard.
Creating a Shady Garden Respite *NEW* - This presentation covers both the art and science of gardening in the shade. Learn how to garden in the shade a give a variety of plant options beyond the usual hosta and fern. You’ll also learn other elements that are needed to round out a relaxing space that connects you with nature.
Designing a Flower Bed with Seasonal Interest *NEW* - Have you ever seen a garden that just took your breath away? You visit again, two months later, and the garden is again in full glory. How do people do this? How do design a garden that offers visual interest through the seasons? This lesson will walk you through the design process step-by-step, You will learn how to plan a garden that will offer you visual interest spring through fall with a few winter accents as well.
Don’t Use the Worst First: Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for the Home Gardener - Learn environmentally friendly pest management techniques and receive advice on the safe use of pesticides in the garden.
Enjoying Birds and Butterflies in Your Yard - Welcome birds and butterflies into your yard using bird feeders and/or "the natural way" with easy to grow plants and shrubs.
Easy Care Native Plants *NEW* - Many home gardeners would like to add native plants to their garden, but are unsure how to start. This program takes a look at the native plants that are low maintenance and grow in a wide range of conditions. Native grasses, wildflowers, trees and shrubs will be covered.
Edible Landscapes *NEW* - By combining fruit and nut trees, vegetables, herbs, edible flowers or berry bushes in aesthetically pleasing ways, edible landscapes can be just as attractive as ornamental ones. Learn how to eat your yard by creating a tasteful home landscape using edible plants.
Fairy Gardens - Unlock the mystery into the magical world of Fairy Gardening! This program is designed to inspire you to create your own miniature garden (inside or out) where gnomes, fairies, elves and other wee folk can frolic. It covers the basic folklore of this age old form of gardening, as well as ideas in design, construction, use of creative containers, plant material choices and of course, accessories. It's a whimsical look into the world of fantasy!
Fall Garden Clean-Up *NEW* - End of the growing season cleanup can be a daunting task, especially with large yards. This presentation will help organize fall tasks into an easy month-by-month to-do list and provide a printable checklist to help you check-off the tasks.
Good Guys in the Garden: Attracting Beneficial Insects - What is ailing your plants? How can you tell the good bugs from the bad bugs? Get tips on attracting beneficial insects to the garden and other pest management options.
The Herb Patch - Whether you’re a new or advanced herb gardener, this program offers information useful in selection, care and uses of a variety of herbs. (non—PowerPoint)
The Meaning of Flowers: Floriography *NEW* - Should you send a red or white rose to the one you love? Through the ages, various flowers and floral arrangements have taken on subtle and secret messages that allow us to express our unspoken feelings. Learn how to send the most appropriate floral message to your friends and family.
Native Plants for All Seasons - Discover the advantages of using prairie plants in the home landscape. Plants are categorized for the garden by the month when they reach their peak.
Native Pollinators *NEW* - When it comes to pollination, honey bees get a majority of the attention. However, many insects play a role in pollination. This presentation will discuss different native pollinators and how to make your landscape attractive to them.
Right Plant, Right Place: Healthy Plants with Less Maintenance - Get some helpful tips on how to select and care for your plants with less work. making good choices from the start will help you enjoy your garden more.
Seed Starting: Giving Your Garden a Head Start - Jump-start the spring growing season. Learn about the equipment and methods used for starting seeds indoors. This program offered in winter and early spring only.
Tea Gardens - Learn the history and tradition of tea gardens. Discover the different types of tea gardens and plants to grow for your very own special space.
Vegetable Gardening - Learn the basics of vegetable gardening: preparation of the soil, choosing the right location and selecting plant varieties to help you successfully grow your own vegetables.
Vegetable Gardening in Raised Beds and Containers *NEW* - Don’t have usable space in the ground to grow your vegetables? Learn how to use above ground growing systems for safe and fruitful production of your favorite backyard vegetables. Methods to increase production by maximizing your space, recommended soil and fertilizer practices and construction material options will be reviewed.
Viva les Vines! - Maximize your garden space by growing up. Learn all about vines, the support structures they need and some of the best perennial and annual vines for our growing area.
Winter Sowing - Learn this easy method of seed starting. Seeds are planted in "mini greenhouses" during the cold winter months, germinate outside, and are ready to transplant once the ground thaws.
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Links for current DuPage County Master Gardener volunteers: | https://extension.illinois.edu/dkk/dupage-county-master-gardeners |
The paper deals with the hermeneutical approach to active human movement and sport. This topic has been more frequently examined in literature since 2010. This paper focuses on holism and harmony within the hermeneutics of sport. Some specific holistic approaches based on different viewpoints are described here. The key task of the middle part of the paper is to question and search for authentic meanings in sport. In this context, the theory of kinestructs and kinascepts by Eleaonor Metheny is briefly explained. The final part of the paper attempts to summarize possibilities for uncovering a deeper sense of human movement in the context of holism.
Parole chiave
- authenticity
- kinescept
- kinestruct
- kinesymbol
- levels of satisfaction
- Accesso libero
“We show that we are men”: the Dominant Masculinity Profile of the Portoan Ultra-groups
Pagine: 16 - 23
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The ultra-groups that support football clubs have been present in Portugal since the 1970s. Despite this support, performed with many chants and choreographies, the ultra-groups are reported mostly due to violent situations caused by their members. Based on an investigation of four ultra-groups that support football clubs in Oporto that was performed through lengthy observation, interviews, and surveys, this text highlights the characteristics of the dominant masculine profile present in these ultra-groups. The dimensions that allowed for the outline of this profile arise from theoretical perspectives reflecting gender and masculinity as an explanatory dimension of the aggressive behavior of hooligans and ultra-group members. These were briefly dealt in this text. They are composed of key features resulting from research about gender and masculinity in the Portoan ultra-groups, enabling their outlines. The physical and verbal violence, leadership profile, body display, homophobic discourse, and gendered exclusion expressed in the words, chants, and iconography of the ultra-groups allow for the definition of the key characteristics of the aggressive dominant masculine profile present in these Portoan ultra-groups.
Parole chiave
- ultra-groups
- hooligans,masculinity
- gender
- Accesso libero
Segmentation by Motivational Factors of Fantasy Football Consumers and Differences Among Segments
Pagine: 24 - 33
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Market segmentation and consumer motivation are among the most important concepts utilized in the prediction and explanation of consumer behavior. Although fantasy sports consumption has shown a remarkable growth in recent years, there has been limited research on the characteristics of participants of this activity, motivational factors influencing participation, and the effects of these factors on consumer behavior and preferences. For this purpose, we aimed to reveal the motives of fantasy football consumers, to comprise motivational market segments, and to show the potential differences between the segments in terms of experience. In the present study, we used non-hierarchical clustering (K-mean analysis) and hierarchical clustering (Ward cluster algorithm) analyses to determine the number of segments. In addition, we analyzed the potential differences between segments using ANOVA and chi-square analyses. As a result, we found that fantasy football consumers were classified into three different segments (loyal gamblers, hedonists, and casual players) with a motivational basis for the different behavioral responses. According to difference analysis, the consumers who are in different segments were found to be statistically different in terms of consumption behavior and experiential characteristics. The theoretical and practical effects of the study results were evaluated for academicians and practitioners.
Parole chiave
- market segmentation
- fantasy football
- motivation,sports consumptio
- Accesso libero
Etes-vous pret? Partez! – The Late Start of Women Rowers
Pagine: 34 - 41
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The aim of our study is to show the development of women's rowing and competition, as well as the reasons for its slow spread, taking into account the so called decisive era, the social environment, which, although in various ways, has greatly influenced it all over the world. One of the major research methods for collecting data was document analysis: we used the volumes of Gusztáv Götz's legacy1found in the sports history collection of the Hungarian Rowing Federation, whose spirit we also tried to preserve. In these volumes we found and analysed congressional reports, resolutions made by the national rowing federations, professional articles on rowing and papers on sports medicine. In addition, we studied the relevant literature, namely, studies dealing with the era from sociological, sports sociological and sports historical perspectives. Moreover, via membership in the Traditionalist Committee of the Hungarian Rowing Federation we had the opportunity to meet the great Hungarian female rowing champions of the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, and we prepared structured in-depth interviews with them. Meeting most often with Anna Domonkos1, Ágnes Bán1, Zsuzsanna Rakitay1. The results show that the international rowing society was divided, the social and medical discourse differed from each other in the assessment of women's sports, sports historical traditions varied country by country and international sports politics also played a decisive role in the delay. With the results, our paper is intended to give a more thorough picture of the reasons why women's competition in rowing has expanded so slowly than the previous analyses did.
Parole chiave
- women's rowing
- women’s rights
- rowing history
- modern rowing sports
- Accesso libero
The Positive Effects of a Combined Program of Creative Dance and BrainDance on Health-Related Ouality of Life as Perceived by Primary School Students
Pagine: 42 - 52
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The combination of Creative Dance and BrainDance within the context of physical education could be a promising innovation. This combined program can be implemented in primary school to help students achieve a better and more holistic assessment of their Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL), covering aspects of physical, emotional, social, and mental functioning and well-being. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact that a combined Creative Dance and BrainDance program based on the Laban Theory of Movement Analysis has on HRQoL perceptions of primary school students when this program is implemented within the context of the physical education curriculum in primary school. For this purpose, an eight-week educational intervention was designed combining Creative Dance and BrainDance into one single program. The survey sample consisted of 32 fifth- and sixth-grade primary school students. The Kidscreen-52 questionnaire was used to collect data. Data analysis was performed with the use of descriptive statistical indices and mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA). Although the results showed no differences between the beginning and end of the educational intervention, a fact that might be due to the small sample and the time of the implementation of the program (limited to 8 weeks), its implementation produced very good results with regard to improvisation, body control, balance, and coordination, as well as kinaesthetic awareness and musical rhythmic skills. Creative Dance and BrainDance promote imagination, creativity, improvisation, and self-esteem in general, particularly in primary school students..
Parole chiave
- creative dance
- BrainDance
- health-related quality of life
- primary education
- Accesso libero
Challenges That Make/Break the Athlete’s Quest to Become an Entrepreneur: A Qualitative Study About Fans’ Perceptions
Pagine: 53 - 61
Astratto
Athletes are a new type of celebrity in the world. Following other celebrities, there are several examples of athletes who have used their persona of fame to go a step further with their so-called personal brands and actually launch products carrying their names. As athletes are considered brands in themselves, these sorts of activities (i.e., introducing a product brand) are considered as an extension of the athlete’s brand. Given the nature of the research, this study employed a qualitative design. A purposeful convenience sampling technique was employed to select study participants according to a set of predetermined criteria. The final sample comprised nine fans. The fans identified five major factors that could be important in the context of an athlete’s decision to start his/her own brand. The five identified factors that could decide the fate of an athlete’s brand extensions were the athlete’s origin, extension fit, gender, performance, and impression. According to fans, these factors play an important role in the athlete’s venture as an entrepreneur. The study suggests that although fans understand that athletes are brands in themselves, Pakistani fans are not fond of the idea of athletes becoming entrepreneurs due to the fans’ emotional attachment to the athletes. As this is the first study expressing fans’ perspectives in the context of athlete brand extension, this study is an addition to the academic literature and theories of athlete branding and athletes as entrepreneurs.
Parole chiave
- athlete brand
- athlete brand extension
- human brands
- sport marketing
- Accesso libero
Karate: Emotions and Movement Anticipation
Pagine: 62 - 71
Astratto
Introduction The following paper is a case study developed to investigate the possible relationship between mirror neurons and karate. In karate, athletes are often trained to anticipate the opponent’s movement and to consider their emotions (Dosil 2006). This kind of training and skill may be linked to the concept related to mirror neurons, which are connected to the identification of the intention behind an action and are involved in a sort of automatic empathy of “really feeling what another person is feeling or going to do” (Carey 2006). Methods The research is an introductive literary review about martial arts and the theory of mirror neurons and provides a case study based on interviews. Participants have been asked to answer five questions related to the topic. All of them are expert athletes at the black belt level or with at least 10 years of training experience. | https://sciendo.com/it/issue/PCSSR/79/1 |
Table of Contents
- 1 Is athletic ability hereditary?
- 2 Is athletic ability Nature or nurture?
- 3 At what age can you tell if a child is athletic?
- 4 What is a natural born athlete?
- 5 Can an unathletic kid become athletic?
- 6 How do I know if I’m athletic?
- 7 Is athletic performance determined by genetics?
- 8 What is athletic ability?
Is athletic ability hereditary?
Athletic ability can be an inherited trait. Both common variants (e.g. mutation in ACTN3) and rare variants (e.g. mutation in EPOR) can influence athletic ability. Many genes often work in combination and other elements (e.g. nutrition or environment) can contribute to athletic ability.
Does athletic ability come from mother or father?
A researcher found that as you go up the scale of athletic skill level, the proportion of parents who participated in sports also goes up.
Is athletic ability Nature or nurture?
We conclude that athletic ability is influenced by both nature and nurture, and with recent progress in sports genomics research into what makes an elite athlete, using the ‘nature versus nurture’ argument is no longer applicable.
Is there an athlete gene?
Athletic performance is determined by many factors, including genetics, nutrition, and training. One of the most studied genes regarding athletics is the ACTN3 gene, sometimes referred to as the “athlete gene”. In our muscles, the two main types of muscle fibres are slow-twitch and fast-twitch fibres.
At what age can you tell if a child is athletic?
It’s not until they are about six months old that they begin to understand the correlation between seeing and touching. Their ability to watch an object as it moves and transfer an object from one hand to another is an early indicator of coordination.
Are athletes born or made?
With the right habits, it’s likely that everyone can live a healthy, fit life regardless of the genes they were born with. Your athletic ability isn’t written in your genes; it’s written in your daily routine — the hard part is starting that routine and sticking to it.
What is a natural born athlete?
natural – existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind. athlete – a person who is proficient in sports and other forms of physical exercise.
What is the elite athlete gene?
Studies have found that most elite power athletes have a specific genetic variant in a gene related to muscle composition called the ACTN3 gene. This variant causes muscle cells to produce alpha-actinin-3, a protein found in fast-twitch muscle fibers.
Can an unathletic kid become athletic?
Every child is on their own unique developmental timetable Some children are early bloomers who enjoy success in sports because they develop faster, not because they have more raw athletic talent.
Are professional athletes genetically gifted?
“The only real rule is tremendous individual variation,” said David Epstein, author of “The Sports Gene,” a look at how much of athletic greatness is genetic and how much is learned. Epstein’s answer: 100 percent of both. “No two people respond to training in exactly the same way because of their genes,” said Epstein.
How do I know if I’m athletic?
Simple examples include sprinting, jumping or throwing, and someone who is athletic should be able to do all three. A true athlete has the ability to take that speed and strength and put it into motion, whether it is with their own body weight or an external object.
When can you tell if your child is athletic?
Is athletic performance determined by genetics?
Athletic performance is a complex trait that is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Many physical traits help determine an individual’s athletic ability, primarily the strength of muscles used for movement (skeletal muscles) and the predominant type of fibers that compose them.
Is being athletic genetic?
Athletic ability is considered to be a complex genetic trait involving the interaction of genes with the environment. An understanding of the genetics of human performance is being sought in a number of research studies using laboratory and computer‐based strategies.
What is athletic ability?
athletic ability. The strength, co-ordination, speed of reflexes and other qualities and skills which are required for a person to excel in a sport.
Is exercise genetic?
The role of genetics in determining exercise performance is best viewed at different levels of influence (Figure 1). The very nature of genetics is based on the expression of genetic information (i.e. from genes) that directs the cellular development of an organism. | https://wise-advices.com/is-athletic-ability-hereditary/ |
To become a professional athlete, they do not need to attend college classes or play for college teams. Football and basketball players, on the other hand, must attend college to continue their sporting careers. You have the option of attending college or ending your sporting career. If you end your sporting career before graduating high school or after only one year of college, you will not be able to join a professional team.
The majority of professional athletes never graduate from high school. This is because the more years of experience you have, the better chance you have of making it in sports. Many top athletes choose not to attend class or go home early every day so they can practice with their teams.
Some athletes do go to college and use their time there to work on their games while others take online courses or try out for different teams. Either way, being an elite athlete is a hard job to hold down while going to school at the same time. Most athletes drop out of college after one or two years.
A small percentage of athletes do finish their degrees. These are the ones who want to become teachers, coaches, or administrators once their sports career is over.
In conclusion, yes, very few athletes do go to college because it is difficult to balance school with sports.
To become a professional football player, you must have stamina, strength, and ambition. It does not, however, necessitate a formal education. While NFL players are not required to attend school in order to become professional football players, the NFL and NCAA both have educational requirements. In fact, most players who want to pursue a career in the NFL will need to complete at least one year of college.
In order to be considered for an NFL roster, you must be able to pass a physical examination. This includes a series of tests given by medical personnel at the training camps that cover everything from your blood type to the size of your heart and lungs. Also included is an oral interview with members of the coaching staff. They will ask you questions about why you want to play football, what positions you can play, etc. The last part of the process involves participating in practice sessions and preseason games.
After you have been accepted into a training camp, you will be given a chance to make the team. This is called "making the squad". On some teams, this means making the final cut down to the official number of players on the active roster. Other teams may keep several players on their roster during training camp and then release them all at once. This is called "reducing the roster". In any case, once the season starts, only those players that are on the active roster will be allowed to play.
The table shows how many NCAA players go on to have professional careers in sports such as basketball, football, baseball, and ice hockey. Professional options are exceedingly restricted, and the chances of a high school or even college athlete becoming a professional athlete are quite slim. However, some students do manage to make the leap directly from college to the NFL or NBA.
There are only about 30 people who get paid to play sports at the college level, so if you're interested in turning your passion for sports into a career, think about what kind of player you want to be. You can always work with coaches to improve your skills, and many colleges will let you test out for different positions during recruiting season.
The most popular way for athletes to earn a living is through advertising contracts. These days, more and more athletes are choosing to use their talents to promote brand names by signing with marketing companies that pay them to wear clothes or drink products. Some athletes find other ways to make money such as by taking jobs with amusement parks or team owners. But none of these options is guaranteed to provide much of a living for them or their families.
In conclusion, the chances of becoming an athletic professional are fairly low but not impossible. You should consider whether or not you want to turn your love for sports into a career before jumping into anything serious.
Is it common for NCAA student-athletes to go on to play professionally? Only around 2% of NCAA student-athletes go on to play professionally. In actuality, the majority of student-athletes rely on their studies to prepare them for life after college. However, a small percentage do go on to make an impact at the professional level.
An outstanding performance in college can help an athlete earn an invitation to the NBA draft. The best example of this is Michael Jordan, who played three seasons at University of North Carolina before going on to become one of the greatest players in NBA history. He helped lead his team to multiple national championships during his time there.
Today's athletes are given opportunities that never existed before. With that being said, there is no guarantee that anyone will be offered a contract by an NBA team once they enter the draft. Factors such as age, injury history, and overall talent may prevent an athlete from being selected during any particular year.
In addition to playing basketball, some athletes choose to take advantage of other options that are available to them. For example, football player Aaron Hernandez could have elected to continue playing football after graduating from the University of Florida. Instead, he signed with the New England Patriots as a wide receiver. As you can see, there are many ways in which an athlete can use their time while attending school.
Education is critical. There are about 460,000 NCAA student-athletes, with the majority becoming pro in fields other than sports. Only around 2% of these athletes will go on to play professional basketball or football.
The odds depend on the sport and school you attend. Football and baseball players have the highest chance of making it into the NFL or MLB, respectively. While basketball players are least likely to make it as a pro. The reason for this is that not only do you need natural ability, but also physical skills that can be learned only through practice.
There are several factors that determine how likely it is that you'll become a professional athlete. Your school plays a big role in this regard. If you attend a school that doesn't have much success producing professional athletes, then there's no real chance that you'll turn pro. However, if you attend a school like Indiana University or the University of Michigan, then you have a better chance of making it as a pro.
You also need to consider your sport. Basketball is by far the most likely sport to lead to a career in professional sports. This is because so many people can play this sport, where as football and baseball require special training to be able to play them at a high level. | https://sportsmanist.com/do-athletes-go-to-college |
Cat Osterman, an Olympic Games gold and silver medallist who will represent USA in Tokyo 2020, was nominated for the United States Sports Academy Athlete of the Month. Osterman dominated the Athletes Unlimited inaugural season claiming the title with 2,408 points.
The United States Sports Academy announced online voting is open for its Athlete of the Month ballot for the month of September, featuring 12 candidates from nine countries who made an impact in their sport during the month.
Osterman shares the nomination with Simona Halep (tennis, Romania); Sifan Hassan (running, the Netherlands); Peres Jepchirchir (athletics, Kenya); Malaika Mihambo (athletics, Germany); and Anna van der Breggen (cycling, the Netherlands).
Osterman, a native of Houston, Texas, won the gold medal with the US National Team at the Athens 2004 Olympic Games, and four years later added a silver medal in Beijing 2008. In 2010 she retired from the international competition, but in 2018 she came out of retirement to pursue another Olympic medal at Tokyo 2020. With the postponement of the Tokyo Games, she took the opportunity to play the Athletes Unlimited season, where she collected 95 Ks through 64 IP, for a 1.53 ERA. She pitched six complete games and her overall win-loss record was 13-1. | https://www.wbsc.org/news/two-time-olympic-medallist-cat-osterman-nominated-for-united-states-sports-academy-athlete-of-the-month-award |
Cliff Bertrand, left, wins at West Indies Championship in 1958 in Jamaica. Joe Goddard, centre, was third while Hendrickson Harewood, right, placed second.
Does mental imagery influence or impact sports performance? Yes! It does when applied with diligence and self awareness. Southern Games comes up on April 9 - 10. This is the first big meet of a jammed pack season. As a former competitor and coach of Abilene Wildcats, my athletes and I, apart from physical preparation, employed the art of visualisation. We ran our race in our mind over and over before the actual event. The Abilenian athletes of the sixties routinely use the visualization process as part of training and competition. We focused on the scene, the competition, the lane assignment, what time to hit at a given point in the race, weather conditions, track condition, wet, hard, parched with cracks on the surface, the finish line, the turn, the back stretch, the spike length for track con ditions, the starter, fast gun, long set position, who is in what lane, the location of the finish line, no party time, no shake hands before the race, professional attitude on and off the field.
There are many stories of athletes who have used these observations to cultivate not only a competitive edge, but also to create renewed mental state of environmental and self awareness, a heightened sense of well-being and confidence. All of these factors have been shown to contribute to success in athletics. The visualisation process has been clled guided imagery, mental rehearsal, meditation, and a variety of other psychologically related terms. No matter the term, the basic techniques and concepts are the same. Generally speaking, visualisation is the process of creating a mental image or intention of what you want to happen. An athlete can use this technique to determine an outcome for the race or training session. He/she can simply divorce him/herself from the madding crowd in a relaxed yet aggressive mode of competition fever. The athlete may choose to imagine a symphony of images of a previous race or a future desired outcome.
The athlete can simply ‘step into’ a hypnotic feeling and try to imagine in detail the way he/she wants to perform. In 1958, at the now defunct West Indian championships held in Jamaica, I ran the race over and over in my mind to minuscule detail; I practiced my launch for the tape to win the race. Low and behold the race came down to the launch. I won in record time from the outside lane exactly as I rehearsed.
I rehearsed this scenario with team mate Joe Goddard. He ran third in the race. He and Hendrickson Harewood caught me “early o’clock”, but I came off the turn like my idol Andy Stanfield of the USA. The race was over as I prayed for an early tape arrival. I won! There was visual imaging, the body felt good, there was the roar of the crowd. Using the mind, I summoned these images to appear over and over, enhancing this skill through repetitions or rehearsals, similar to physical practice. With mental rehearsals the mind and body become one when trained to actually perform the skill imagined.
Research has found that both physical and psychological reactions in certain situations can be improved with visualisation. Such repeated imagery can build both experience, confidence and perfection in an athlete’s ability to perform certain skills under pressure, or in a variety of possible situations. The level of concentration employed the week before Southern Games in 1965, and the power of meditation on the day of the 200 meters international was perhaps the most effective visualisation technique I used in Trinidad. I won the race in the last stride. I became the first T&T athlete trained at home to run 20.7 seconds, the fastest time in the world that year at that time. The result was a very extraordinary sporting experience in which I had complete control over a successful performance and a belief in ‘self’. Guided imagery, visualization, mental rehearsal or other such techniques can maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of your training. In a world where sports performance and success is measured in seconds, most athletes will use every possible training technique at hand. Visualisation might be one way to gain that very elusive competitive edge.
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The Olympic Games is the largest sport event in the world. In Beijing, 10 500 athletes competed, selected from a large group of elite athletes in 204 countries. Sports participation on the elite level, aside from winning medals, fame and other rewards, is also important from a health perspective. There is no longer any doubt that regular physical activity reduces the risk of premature mortality in general, and of coronary heart disease, hypertension, colon cancer, obesity and diabetes mellitus in particular. The question is whether the health benefits of sports participation outweigh the risk of injury and long-term disability, especially in high-level athletes. Sarna et al1 have studied the incidence of chronic disease and life expectancy of former male world-class athletes from Finland in endurance sports, power sports and team sports. The overall life expectancy was longer in the high-level athlete compared with a reference group (75.6 vs 69.9 years). The same group also showed that the rate of hospitalisation later in life was lower for endurance sports and power sports compared with the reference group.2 This resulted from a lower rate of hospital care for heart disease, respiratory disease and cancer. However, the athletes were more likely to have been hospitalised for musculoskeletal disorders. Thus, the evidence suggests that although there is a general health benefit from sports participation, injuries represent a significant side effect.
One priority of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) is to protect the health of the athlete. During recent years, prevention of injuries and illnesses has been high on the IOC agenda. During the Athens Games, an injury surveillance system was applied for all team sports.3 During the Beijing Games, the IOC ran, for the first time, an injury surveillance system covering all the athletes, showing a 10% incidence of injuries.4 In Vancouver and London, the surveillance system will include disease conditions as well. The surveillance studies are prerequisites for providing evidence for health development in sports as well as for developing prevention programmes. Another method to decrease injuries and diseases in the elite athlete is to perform a preparticipation examination (PPE) or periodic health evaluation (PHE) of all elite athletes.5 PHE in various forms have been available for many years, but a recent analysis5 has questioned the efficacy of PHEs in detecting serious problems in the elite athlete.
In March 2009, the IOC assembled an expert group to discuss the current state of health evaluations for athletes, aiming to provide recommendations for a practical PHE for the elite athlete, as well as to outline the need for further research. The task of the group was to review the benefits as well as potential negative effects of PHE at the elite sport level. The group did not take any position as to whether PHE should be recommended as compulsory for participation in sport. That is for the relevant sports authorities to decide.
The PHE can serve many purposes. It includes a comprehensive assessment of the athlete’s current health status and risk of future injury or disease and, typically, is the entry point for medical care of the athlete. The PHE also serves as a tool for continuous health monitoring in athletes. Recent advances in this field relate to: (1) data on sudden cardiac death and other non-cardiac medical problems, and the detection of risk factors and groups; (2) a consensus conference on concussion; (3) data on eating disorders; and (4) data on risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries. This paper addresses each of these advances in more detail after a discussion on the purpose of a PHE and the evidence we have supporting the different components of the PHE.
Purposes of the medical evaluation
In a narrow sense, the main purpose of the PHE is to screen for injuries or medical conditions that may place an athlete at risk for safe participation. Athletes may be affected by conditions that do not have overt symptoms and that can only be detected by periodic health evaluations. One example is cardiovascular abnormalities, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arrythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy or congenital coronary arteries anomalies. These are typically silent until a potentially fatal arrhythmia occurs but may in some cases be detected through a careful cardiovascular examination.
Screening is a strategy used in a population to detect a disease in individuals without signs or symptoms of that disease. The intention is to identify pathological conditions early, thus enabling earlier intervention and management in the hope of reducing future morbidity and mortality. Although screening may lead to an earlier diagnosis, not all screening programmes have been shown to benefit the person being screened.
To ensure that screening programmes confer the intended benefit, the World Health Organization published what have become known as the Wilson–Jungner criteria for appraising a screening programme.6 The main criteria are that the condition being screened for is an important health problem (depending not just on how serious the condition is, but also how common it is), that there is a detectable early stage, that treatment at an early stage is of more benefit than at a later stage and that a suitable test is available to detect disease in the early stage.
From a public health perspective, there is insufficient evidence to date to mandate any specific screening tests for elite athletes apart from those recommended for the general population. This is mainly the consequence of the low risk of serious conditions in this population. An important limitation is also the lack of suitable screening tests; such tests must be reliable (repeatable, good interobserver agreement), sensitive (detects all those with increased risk), specific (detects only those with increased risk), affordable (ideally cheap, easy to perform, widely available), acceptable to the screening population and subject to quality assurance.
However, the PHE may serve other purposes than just screening athletes for future health problems. One obvious goal is to ensure that current health problems are managed appropriately and, ultimately, to determine whether an athlete is medically suitable to engage in a particular sport or event. Even elite athletes with easy access to medical care do not always seek medical attention for injuries or disease, despite having significant symptoms.
Some silent conditions are common and, although not severe from a health perspective, may influence sports performance. An example of this is mild iron deficiency, which is common in female athletes. Periodic health evaluations and ongoing monitoring represent an opportunity to diagnose and manage such conditions. They also provide an opportunity to identify conditions that are barriers to performance. An example is astigmatism, which can be detected on a simple test of visual acuity. Another important function of periodic health evaluations is that they allow the athlete an opportunity to establish a relationship with the health personnel who will be involved in providing continuing care.
Finally, the PHE also represents an opportunity to look for characteristics which may put the elite athlete at risk for future injury or disease. However, as mentioned above, there is limited direct evidence to suggest that it is possible to predict future outcomes based on the PHE. Nevertheless, there is evidence in some areas, such as injury risk factor assessment,7 that holds future promise and warrants investigation related to the PHE. Depending on the sport and the age, ethnic origin and gender of the athlete, it may be prudent to include an assessment of specific risk factors in the PHE.
General requirements of a PHE
It is important to address and balance the ethical and legal aspects of the PHE in order to help protect the rights and responsibilities of athletes, physicians, sporting organisations and other persons concerned. In the context of designing and implementing a PHE, the following considerations need to be taken into account:
PHE should be based on sound scientific and medical criteria.
PHE should be performed in the primary interest of the athlete, that is, assessing their health in relation to their practice of a given sport.
PHE should be performed under the responsibility of a physician trained in sports medicine, preferably by the physician responsible for providing ongoing medical care for the athlete—for example, the team physician.
The decision concerning the nature and scope of the PHE should take into account individual factors, such as the geographical region, the sport discipline, the level of competition, age and gender of the athlete.
The setting of the evaluation should be chosen to optimise the accuracy of the examination and respect the privacy of the athlete. The PHE should preferably be carried out in the physician’s office, which assures privacy, access to prior medical records and an appropriate patient–physician relationship.
A physician can only perform a PHE with the free and informed consent of the athlete and, if applicable, their legal guardian.
If PHE evidences that an athlete is at serious medical risk, the physician must strongly discourage the athlete from continuing training or competing until the necessary medical measures have been taken.
Based on such advice, it is the responsibility of the athlete to decide whether to continue training or competing.
If a physician is requested to issue a medical certificate, they must have explained in advance to the athlete the reason for the PHE and its outcome, as well as the nature of information provided to the third parties. In principle, the medical certificate may only indicate the athlete’s fitness or unfitness to participate in training or competition and should minimise disclosure of confidential medical information.
In many settings, the PHE is used to offer medical clearance to participate in sport and is seen as a one-time certification for future involvement in elite sport. However, the evaluation of the athlete’s health should ideally be seen as a dynamic, ongoing process.
While many aspects of the PHE will be common to all elite athletes, it should be tailored to be gender, age, race, culture and sport specific when appropriate. If any injury or medical condition is identified, it should be managed in a manner consistent with the existing standards of medical care. If warranted, this may involve referral to the appropriate specialists for further evaluation and management. It should be noted that the PHE is also the time that medications or nutritional products in use or prescribed should be reviewed to determine if a Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE) application to the World Anti Doping Association (WADA) is needed.
The timing of the PHE should ideally allow for sufficient time for management of any injuries or medical problems well before major competitions. For example, it is preferable to conduct a PHE during the off-season so that rehabilitation or other treatment can restore the athlete to optimal health before facing maximal physical stress.
As the PHE is the only contact that many elite athletes will have with medical personnel, it should be seen as an opportunity for education regarding other health risks and health-related behaviour.
The following document is laid out in sections that correspond to the various areas of evaluation appropriate to the elite athlete.
1. Cardiology
1.1 Introduction
The scope of the cardiovascular PHE is to detect potentially lethal cardiovascular disease in elite athletes and start appropriate management to reduce the risk for sudden cardiac death and/or disease progression in a timely fashion.
1.2 Evidence base
Cardiovascular (CV) risk of competitive sport participation
Regular participation in training and athletic competition is associated with an increased risk for sudden cardiac death (SCD), with an average relative risk for athletes of 2.8 times compared with their non-athletic counterpart.8 It is worth noting, however, that sport is not per se the cause for greater incidence of SCD. It is the combination of intensive physical exercise in athletes with underlying cardiovascular disease, which can trigger ominous arrhythmias leading to cardiac arrest. The relative risk of sport participation is different according to the underlying disease, and it is greatest in case of cardiomyopathies (such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy) or congenital coronary arteries anomalies (Corrado et al 2003).
Rationale for CV evaluation in elite competitive athletes
The vast majority of the athletes dying suddenly do not experience premonitory symptoms;9 therefore, the PHE represents the only strategy capable of identifying athletes with silent cardiac disease, and allowing appropriate management to reduce the risk of SCD and disease progression. Identifying asymptomatic athletes with underlying cardiovascular disease through the PHE is important because SCD could be prevented by lifestyle modification, including (when necessary) restriction from competitive sports activity, but also prophylactic treatment by drugs, implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) or other therapeutic options. Athletes carrying an increased cardiac risk may have a favourable long-term outcome thanks to timely identification and appropriate clinical management.10
Rationale for including the 12-lead ECG in the PHE
Recent scientific evidence supports the role of ECG in reducing mortality in screened athletes.11 This concept is based on the recognition that ECG is abnormal in most individuals with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (up to 90%) and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (up to 80%). The ECG can also identify athletes with WPW syndrome and ion channel diseases, such as Lènegre conduction disease, long or short QT syndromes and Brugada syndrome.12 13 However, there has been criticism voiced related to available data on the use of ECG in the elite athlete based on lack of an unscreened athletic control group. A comparison of athletes screened with ECG versus non-screened athletes will require two matched large athlete populations (several thousand athletes, in consideration of the low incidence of cardiomyopathies) undergoing long-term follow-up (at least two decades, due to the young age of athletes at initial evaluation).
It has been demonstrated that adding a 12-lead ECG examination to history and physical examination results in a substantial increase in the ability to identify potentially lethal heart disorders,12 13 and this strategy has been endorsed in “The Lausanne Recommendations”14 and the European Society of Cardiology recommendations.15 However, it is not currently recommended by the American Heart Association.16 17
1.3 Proposal for PHE
The following questions regarding cardiovascular abnormalities should be included:
Family history:
Family history of one or more relatives with disability or death of heart disease (sudden/unexpected) before age 50.
Family history of cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease, Marfan syndrome, long QT syndrome, severe arrhythmias, or other disabling cardiovascular disease.
Personal history:
syncope or near-syncope;
exertional chest pain or discomfort;
shortness of breath or fatigue out of proportion to the degree of physical effort;
palpitations or irregular heartbeat.
Physical examination should be performed according to the best clinical care and should investigate the presence of:
musculoskeletal and ocular features suggestive of Marfan syndrome;
diminished and delayed femoral artery pulses;
mid- or end-systolic clicks;
abnormal second heart sound (single or widely split and fixed with respiration);
heart murmurs (systolic grade >2/6 and any diastolic);
irregular heart rhythm;
brachial, bilateral blood pressure >140/90 mm Hg on more than one reading.
Twelve-lead ECG
The 12-lead ECG should be recorded on a non-training day, during rest, according to best clinical practice. Interpretation of the ECG abnormalities can be categorised according to the criteria defined by Corrado et al18 into two groups: (1) the most common in trained athletes (sinus bradycardia, first degree AV block, notched QRS in V1 or incomplete right bundle branch block, isolated QRS voltage criteria for LV hypertrophy) consistent with athlete’s age, ethnical origin and level of athletic conditioning, and that do not require additional testing; (2) all other less common ECG abnormalities further evaluated to exclude cardiovascular disease (fig 1).
Further investigations
At present, there is no agreement regarding the need for routine use of echocardiography in the PHE. Neither is there a role for routine use of other imaging or invasive testing. However, in the presence of abnormal findings at history, physical examination or 12-lead ECG, additional testing should be performed in order to confirm (or exclude) cardiovascular disease. In most instances, echocardiography is the first-line test, but other imaging modalities (such as cardiac magnetic resonance) or invasive testing, when necessary, may be pursued. In adult athletes (>35 years) exercise ECG testing in the context of PHE is efficient to detect otherwise unsuspected cardiac abnormalities19 and is currently recommended for elite athletes with increased cardiovascular risk profile.20
1.4 Management of athletes with CV abnormalities
The IOC PHE Consensus Group recommends that any athlete identified with a CV abnormality should be managed according to the current, widely accepted clinical recommendations, that is, Bethesda Conference #36 and ESC recommendations.21 22 The group acknowledges that identification of cardiac disease in an athlete represents a challenging question regarding the ethical, medical and legal consequence with particular regard to the need for disqualification from competition. However, there is scientific evidence that preventing athletes with specific cardiovascular abnormality from regular training and competition is an efficient strategy for preventing SCD.10 23 Unnecessary exclusion from participation of competitive athletes with non-lethal diseases is a problem. Therefore, there is a need for a common agreement of sports eligibility guidelines and management of competitive athletes with cardiovascular diseases in the future.24 The main goal should be to reduce the number of unnecessary disqualifications and to adapt (rather than restrict) sports activity in relation to the specific cardiovascular risk.
Finally, we recognise that young competitive athletes (<18 years) require specific expertise in the evaluation, interpretation of findings and management.
1.5 Educational programmes
The sport organisations together with scientific sport societies should encourage and support educational activities intended to enhance the knowledge and skill of physicians involved in the cardiology part of the PHE process.
1.6 Research
Although there are issues of debate regarding wide-scale mandatory use of the ECG for athlete screening,16 24 there is sufficient evidence to justify a staged implementation with evaluation to assess the properties of the test (sensitivity, specificity, predictive value) in a variety of sporting populations. Staged implementation would provide a natural control group to measure differences in outcome between ECG screened and unscreened groups. Finally, the mortality effects of a screening programme documented in Italy need to be replicated in other ethnic populations where the underlying disease conditions may differ from those seen in Italy.
The sport organisations and scientific sport societies should encourage research that could expand our current knowledge and database regarding the mechanisms and strategies to prevent SCD in competitive athletes.
2. Non-cardiac medical conditions
2.1 Introduction
To date, the main elements of the PHE have been to screen elite athletes for possible risk for sudden cardiovascular death,15 25 musculoskeletal injury,26 and head injury.27 Furthermore, elements of the PHE that focus on non-cardiac medical conditions have to date been confined to haematological conditions,28 lung disease, particularly exercise-induced bronchoconstriction29 and specific medical concerns of the female athlete.30
However, sports physicians who regularly perform medical assessments on elite athletes, as well as members of the medical team that accompany athletes to the Olympic Games (fig 2) and other international sports events, commonly encounter medical conditions that are non-injury-related, and are of a non-cardiac nature.31 32 33
In one study, it was reported that 50% of the 1804 athletes seen at the multipurpose medical facility at the 1996 Olympic Games were treated for non-injury-related illnesses.34 In another study conducted in the athlete medical clinic during the 2002 Winter Olympic Games, medical diagnoses, notably respiratory conditions, were more commonly reported than traumatic conditions.33 Furthermore, in two other studies, over 50% of the medical consultations in a participating team during two Olympic Games were non-injury-related.31 32 It is important to note that the frequency of cardiac-related medical consultations reported in these two studies was very low.31 32
Therefore, medical conditions in systems other than the cardiovascular system are very common in elite athletes. These conditions can occur immediately before competitions, during periods of training in preparation for competitions and after competitions. In two reports, the frequency of medical conditions reported in athletes during the Olympic Games has been documented (table 1). These data indicate that medical conditions, other than cardiovascular conditions, are common in elite athletes, yet these conditions have not received much attention in a PHE. A spectrum of medical conditions can occur in athletes across a number of medical systems (box 1), and these can be identified during a PHE.35 36 Finally, a number of these conditions are transient and can be treated. Therefore, clearance for sports participation when athletes suffer from these conditions is an ongoing process and requires ongoing monitoring and assessment.
The purpose of this section is to (1) briefly review the evidence base for including elements in the PHE that focus on non-cardiac medical conditions; (2) recommend elements in the medical history, physical examination and special investigations that could be included in a PHE to identify significant non-cardiac medical conditions; and (3) suggest future directions for research in this area.
2.2 Evidence base: non-cardiac medical conditions
There are very few data available on the inclusion of assessment for non-cardiac medical conditions in a PHE. Evidence for the inclusion of screening tests to identify non-cardiac medical conditions in a PHE is therefore largely limited to expert opinion and case series. However, the identification of some non-cardiac medical conditions is frequently included in the medical history, physical examination and profile of special investigations of existing PHE recommendations.37 38 39 40 41 42 The evidence base for including screening to identify non-cardiac medical conditions in a PPE will be briefly reviewed below.
2.2.1 Pulmonary system
The rationale for including an assessment of the pulmonary system in a PHE is that respiratory symptoms that are suggestive of asthma are common in athletes.43 At the time of a PHE, these symptoms can be identified, and the clinical examination together with objective special tests can be used to confirm the diagnosis of asthma.43 The prevalence of asthma in athletes is high and varies from 3–23% in summer sports to 12–50% in winter sports.44 45 Furthermore, during a PHE, respiratory-tract conditions other than asthma that can also give rise to respiratory symptoms in athletes can be identified.45
2.2.2 Haematological
The main rationale for including routine haematological assessment during a PHE is based on the higher-than-expected prevalence of decreased iron stores in athletes, particularly female athletes.28 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 An additional rationale is to determine if the athlete has anaemia (iron deficiency or other), and to identify other illnesses such as infections.28 It is noteworthy that haematological testing has been suggested as a screening/monitoring tool for blood doping (haematological passport) as well.52 The likelihood of a positive result on routine haematological screening is higher in physically active females than in male athletes.28 48 53
2.2.3 Allergies
The rationale for including assessments in the PHE to identify allergies, particularly allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, in elite athletes is based on the facts that (1) significantly higher than expected prevalence of allergic conditions has been observed in elite athletes;54 55 56 57 (2) travelling athletes could be exposed to a variety of allergens at different venues where international competitions take place;55 and (3) acute and chronic allergies could result in morbidity and also reduce athletic performance.58
2.2.4 Infections and immunological
The rationale to consider infective disease in a PHE is based on a number of important considerations. First, it is established that during intense training and immediately following competitions, there is evidence of immune suppression in athletes that could predispose them to infective disease.59 60 Second, acute systemic infective illness is a contraindication to participation in sports because of the risk of viral myocarditis, organ injury (splenomegaly) and in some cases increased risk of transmission of the infective illness to fellow athletes.61 62 63 Third, the PHE provides an opportunity to assess whether an athlete has been immunised against infective conditions, including those that may be associated with international travel to specific regions. There are a number of infective illnesses that could be considered when performing a PHE, and these have been reviewed recently.61 62
2.2.5 Ear, nose and throat
The rationale for including the ear, nose and throat (ENT) assessment in a PHE is based on the high incidence medical consultations during international competitions that are related to this system in elite athletes (table 1). Furthermore, the common illnesses encountered in the ENT system of athletes are allergies54 58 and upper-respiratory-tract infections.33 60 61 64 The basis for including this spectrum of conditions in PHE has already been discussed.
2.2.6 Dermatological
The rationale for including a dermatological assessment in the PHE is that skin disorders are very common in athletes.65 66 67 Furthermore, participation in sports may predispose athletes to certain skin conditions, and there is a risk of transmission of certain skin conditions during sports.65 Therefore, clearance to compete may have to be withheld temporarily if athletes suffer from some skin infections.65
2.2.7 Urological
The rationale for including an assessment of the urological system in the PHE is not based on strong evidence. However, it is known that (1) renal and bladder disease can be asymptomatic; and (2) conditions such as asymptomatic haematuria, proteinuria and pyuria are often encountered when screening in athletes is conducted.68 Although these conditions may not be clinically significant, they do however require further evaluation to exclude underlying urological disease.
2.2.8 Gastro-intestinal
The rationale for including an assessment of the gastro-intestinal (GIT) system in the PHE is that GIT symptoms are very common in athletes (particularly endurance athletes) during sports participation.69 Exclusion of significant underlying GIT disease is therefore important in athletes, particularly those that regularly suffer from GIT symptoms during exercise.69 Furthermore, GIT conditions are also frequently encountered when travelling with athletes to international competitions.31 32
2.2.9 Nervous system (neurological)
The rationale for including assessment of neurological conditions in the PHE of athletes is that neurological conditions are common70 and can include a variety of different conditions such as headaches and epilepsy. Furthermore, although uncommon, stroke can occur in younger adults, including athletes. It has been suggested that the PHE should include screening for the risk factors of stroke in young athletes.70
2.2.10 Endocrine/metabolic
The rationale for routine enquiry to determine if elite athletes have underlying endocrine and metabolic disease is (1) that these conditions do occur in elite athletes; (2) one of the more common endocrine conditions in elite athletes is diabetes mellitus—nine Olympic athletes required therapeutic use exemption for the use of insulin in the 2004 Summer Olympic Games;71 and (3) elite athletes with existing endocrine and metabolic disease may require counselling and advice because medication they may use could contravene doping control regulations.72
2.2.11 Ophthalmology
The principal rationale for including ophthalmological assessment in the PHE is that ophthalmic conditions, particularly reduced visual acuity, have been reported in 4.5–25% of college athletes undergoing a PHE.35 36 73 Other less common ophthalmological conditions can also be identified.
2.3 Proposal for content of the PHE
Assessment of non-cardiac medical conditions during a PHE would include an appropriate systematic medical history (table 2). A directed physical examination and selected special investigations (table 3) should follow. Routine investigations that are recommended are (1) urinalysis (males and females) and (2) tests for iron stores (female athletes). According to best-medical-practice guidelines, these elements should be included in the PHE to assess elite athletes for the presence of non-cardiac medical conditions.
2.4 Possible future directions in research
Broad research areas:
Define the scope of the problem in each system (prevalence of non-cardiac medical conditions in elite athletes).
Determine the impact of these medical conditions on performance, short-term risk and longer-term outcome in elite athletes.
Investigate which diagnostic tests have the highest sensitivity, specificity and predictive value for each condition.
Determine if identification and management of these conditions reduces morbidity and improves performance in elite athletes.
3. Concussion in sport
3.1 Introduction
Concussion in sport is defined as a complex pathophysiological process affecting the brain, induced by traumatic biomechanical forces.74 Estimates in the USA range from 1.6 to 3.8 million concussions per year related to sport and recreation.75 76 There is evidence that concussions are particularly prevalent in collision sport.77 78
3.2 Evidence base
The IOC and several members of the present consensus group participated in the recent Zurich Consensus Statement on Concussion in Sport79 and endorse its concepts and principles. A structured consensus-development conference format was used, modelled after the protocol of the National Institutes of Health, including development of evidence-based recommendations. The specific evidence and rationale are provided in detail in the manuscript by McCrory et al.
3.3 Proposal for content of the PHE
It is recognised that a structured concussion history is an important component of the PHE and should include specific questions regarding:
previous symptoms of a concussion; not just the perceived number of past concussions; appreciating the fact that many athletes will not recognise all the concussions they may have suffered in the past;
all previous head, orofacial or cervical spine injuries;
whether repeated concussions produce disproportionate severity of symptoms given the amount of impact; alerting the clinician to a progressively increasing vulnerability to injury;
use of protective equipment such as helmets, facial protection and mouth guards; including their age and state of repair;
the ability of the athlete to adopt protective behaviour such as avoiding overly aggressive or high risk situations.
The purpose in obtaining such a history may identify athletes that fit into a high-risk category and provides an opportunity for the healthcare provider to educate the athlete in regard to the significance of concussive injury.
3.4 Possible future directions for concussion in sport
The Concussion in Sport Group79 had extensive discussion and general agreement on the principle of doing baseline assessment (neuropsychological, balance, etc) during the PHE in high-risk sports. The intent is to provide a comparison point for possible future postinjury testing. While a specific recommendation for baseline examination in the PHE was not included in the concussion consensus document, one of the suggested future directions in research was the “clinical assessment where no baseline assessment has been performed.”79
4. Dental injuries
4.1 Introduction
Oral health evaluation has significant relevance to the establishment of an improvement in oral health. Good oral health will ensure good function and the ability of the athlete to compete at an optimal level without being compromised by dental disease or an otherwise preventable emergency.
4.2 Evidence base
Statistics collected by the IOC at recent summer games80 have highlighted the level of dental disease in many participants. The use of a DMF Index (“decayed–missing–filled,” a dental screening tool) and appropriate radiographs to measure dental disease may also identify oral health behaviour and the extent of poor oral health prevalent in our elite athlete group.81 82 The identification of erosion, the prevalence of which is estimated to be 25.4–37.4% in athletes, may be an indicator of excessive use of sports beverages, which are acidic in nature.83 84 In addition, erosion may be caused by acidic reflux, which may be indicative of an underlying eating disorder.85 86
The presence of wisdom teeth87 88 and certain malocclusions are risk factors for future injury.89 90 The presence or absence of wisdom teeth may affect the risk profile for mandibular fracture in combative sports.91 92 93 Additionally, associated pericoronitis and periodontal infection may affect athlete performance.94
4.3 Proposal for content of the PHE
The physical examination should include the following elements:
DMF, an acronym for decayed, missing and filled teeth; these three elements together with recent dental history can be used as an indicator for underlying oral health.
Other risk factors for orofacial injury that can be targeted for prevention are:
malocclusion where the overjet (overlap of upper over lower incisors) is greater than 6 mm;89 90
presence of braces or orthodontic appliances.95
4.4 Possible future directions in oral health
Efforts should be made to educate athletes and authorities about the considerable benefits in preventing dental injuries by providing custom-made mouthguards for those taking part in “at risk” sports (eg, collision and contact sports),91 96 and to continue to measure or quantify the benefits. Additionally, further studies are required to assess more accurately the oral health of the athlete population, and educational programmes should be expanded and targeted to those sports where the risks identified above influence athlete health.97 98 The IOC group encourages athletes to be provided with regular dental examinations
5. Musculoskeletal injuries
5.1 Introduction
Musculoskeletal injuries are common in sports. Acute injuries are most common in sports in which the speed is high, and the risk of falling is great (eg, downhill skiing), and in team sports where there is significant contact between players (eg, ice hockey and soccer). Overuse injuries make up the large portion of injuries in aerobic sports that require long training sessions with repetitive motion (eg, long-distance running, cycling or cross-country skiing). However, a large number of overuse injuries also occur in technical sports, in which the same movement is repeated numerous times (eg, tennis, javelin throwing, weightlifting and high jumping). The injury profile also varies from sport to sport; each sport has its distinctive injury pattern. This pattern must be considered carefully when designing the musculoskeletal component of the PHE. The practitioner must be familiar with the most common injury types associated with the sport in question, and the examination should be targeted on these injury types and their risk factors.
The main objective of the musculoskeletal PHE is to detect current injuries and ensure that these are managed appropriately. While an injured athlete may have gone through rehabilitation in the middle of the season, the focus is often on return to play, sometimes using taping and bracing to protect from further injury. The off-season should be used as an opportunity to get the athlete back to full fitness. Therefore, the best timing of the PHE may be the immediate postseason (while there is still time to work on problems that are identified) rather than the preseason.
A previous injury is the most consistent risk factor for new recurrent injuries. This has been demonstrated for a number of different injury types, such as ankle sprains, muscle strains and knee ligament injuries. A previous injury could compromise joint function through reduced mechanical stability or neuromuscular control, or muscle function through scar tissue formation, reduced strength, or more subtle changes in the length–tension relationship. It follows, then, that training programmes to restore strength and neuromuscular control can help prevent recurrent injuries. One important aim of the musculoskeletal PHE is therefore to identify sequelae or deficits resulting from previous injuries.
Ideally, the musculoskeletal PHE should be used to identify athletes at risk for injury. However, although a number of risk factors have been identified which make an athlete susceptible to different injuries, the examination needs to be focused on the characteristics and requirements of the sport in question. A complete review of risk factors associated with injuries to the different body regions can be found in the IOC Handbook on Sports Injury Prevention.7
5.2 Evidence base
The evidence base for designing a musculoskeletal PHE to detect risk factors for future injury is limited. Players with a history of previous injury or symptoms indicating reduced function are a group with an increased injury risk that should be targeted for soft-tissue examinations and with specific prevention programmes addressing their deficits. However, in the asymptomatic athlete with no history of previous injury, there is limited evidence to prescribe specific tests—even using more advanced functional tests—to identify athletes at risk. One limitation is that the reproducibility of such tests is often low. Another is that the predictive value of such tests is for the most part unknown.
5.3 Proposal for the content of the PHE
The fundamental element of the musculoskeletal PHE is obtaining a thorough history of current and previous musculoskeletal injuries. To improve the history, one can use self-report forms; these should be specific to the regions and injury types associated with the sport in question to ensure that no injuries and symptoms are missed. The clinical examination should follow up on any symptoms or injuries reported, consisting of inspection, palpation, range of motion, strength and laxity exams, effusions, muscle testing and relevant functional exams. Additional imaging (eg, ultrasound, MRI) or more advanced functional tests (eg, strength tests, balance tests) may be indicated based on history and physical examination.
5.4 Possible future research directions
Large-scale population-based studies are needed to evaluate the components of history and examination that can be used to identify athletes at risk, intervene and change outcome.
6. PHE issues specific to women
6.1 Introduction
Female athlete participation in sport has increased tremendously, with 42% of the athletes at the Beijing Olympic Games being female.99 Despite the well-documented health benefits of exercise, there are two medical conditions unique to the female athlete that may have long-term consequences that can be avoided through early detection and treatment. Low energy availability from caloric intake inadequate to meet the energy requirements of exercise can lead to secondary menstrual disorders and low bone density. This is referred to as the female athlete triad.100 In addition, iron-deficiency anaemia is more common in the female athlete.101 The health and performance consequences of these two conditions can be prevented through early detection and treatment. The PHE provides a unique opportunity for the team physician to detect and treat low energy availability, menstrual disorders, low bone density and iron-deficiency anaemia.
6.2 Evidence base
The prevalence of eating disorders (anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), anorexia athletica (AA) and eating disorders not otherwise specified (ED-NOS)) in the sport population was found to be 15–31% in comparison with 5–13% in the general population. The prevalence in males is generally lower than in females.102 103 The sports at highest risks are the aesthetic sports that emphasise thinness, endurance sports and weight class sports.102 The prevalence of secondary amenorrhea varies widely depending on the type of sport and is reported to be as high as 65% in long-distance runners104 in comparison with 2–5% in the general population.105 The incidence of secondary amenorrhea increases with weekly mileage,106 with athletes in sports emphasising leanness107 and in athletes less than 15 years of age.108 The incidence of primary amenorrhea is 22% in cheerleading, diving and gymnastics109 in comparison with <1% in the general population.110 Likewise, the frequency of low bone mineral density in athletes is two to four times greater than the general population.111 Stress fractures occur more frequently in athletes with abnormal menstrual cycles and low bone mineral density.112 Short- and long-term consequences of the female athlete triad are well documented in the literature and effective treatment exists.100
For the detection of eating disorders and disordered eating, several validated screening tools exist: the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q),113 114 115 the SCOFF Questionnaire116 7 and the Eating Disorder Screen for Primary Care (ESP).118 A comparative study of the SCOFF and ESP screening tools by Cotton et al identified four questions that could serve as positive predictors and two as negative predictors of disordered eating (table 1, included in appendix A PHE Form).118 A population of high school endurance runners with low bone mineral density was found to score higher on the EDE-Q subscale of Dietary Restraint in comparison with other subscales. The validated questions correlating caloric restriction and low bone mineral density are shown in box 2.119
6.3 Proposal for content for the PHE
The history and physical examination of the female athlete should address each component of the female athlete triad. Validated questions to detect eating disorders and disordered eating should be utilised (box 2). Assessment of menstrual pattern and a history of stress fractures should be included. A systems review may identify body systems affected by low energy availability. If so, completion of a nutritional analysis identifies the athlete at risk for energy imbalance and iron deficiency.
A physical examination should include a body mass index. The following physical signs can be found in advanced cases of eating disorders but are likely to be absent in early detection: lanugo, petechiae, subconjunctival haemorrhages, swelling of the parotid glands, erosion of tooth enamel, bradycardia and peripheral oedema. A complete gynaecological examination is recommended in the athlete with primary or secondary amenorrhea.
The laboratory examination should include a CBC for all female athletes and a serum ferritin for those athletes in endurance sports. For those athletes identified at risk for the female athlete triad based on a screening questionnaire, physical examination abnormalities and initial blood work, measurement of body composition is recommended. For these athletes, laboratory tests include a hormonal screen (TSH, LH, FSH, estradiol, prolactin, beta HCG, testosterone, 17-OH-progesterone, sex hormone binding capacity, cortisol, DHEA-S, androstenadione), CBC, biochemistry screen, bone mineral density (iDXA scan) to assess bone health, ECG to rule out electroconductive abnormalities from electrolyte disturbance in eating disorders and a nutritional analysis to assess energy balance.
6.4 Future direction
6.4.1 Research
Further research should be directed toward ascertaining the cause–effect relationship between the female athlete triad and sports participation. Validating the questions for detecting the triad is essential for accurate diagnosis and for earlier identification of athletes who would benefit from intervention. Further research into the relationship between low ferritin as a premonitor of iron deficiency anaemia is important for both medical and performance reasons.
6.4.2 Education
Healthcare professionals working with female athletes should be qualified and experienced in the detection, diagnosis and treatment of the female athlete triad and iron-deficiency anaemia.
Educational programmes for athletes and coaches focused on prevention of the female athlete triad and iron-deficiency anaemia are recommended to decrease the incidence of these health concerns, to maximise athletic performance and to ensure that female athletes enjoy the benefits of sport participation.
7. Technology
7.1 Community of practice/training
The internet represents an ideal platform for the establishment of a portal/community where medical and scientific experts can share information for the purpose of enhancing best clinical practice and advancing science related to PHE. It can also act as a forum for ongoing education and training of the medical, administrative and athlete participants.
7.2 Data collection
Medical/research community portal
The PHE research project may contain a Web Portal where the sports medicine and scientific community with an interest in PHE can access, review and comment on the latest information, results and progress of this PHE research project.
Data-collection tools
The questionnaire components of the PHE facilitate the standardisation of the PHE and permit analysis of the sensitivity and specificity of the questions asked. Where practical, the questionnaire components can be completed via the internet provided any such internet-based programmes conform to the recognised technology industry standards for network security and authentication, and that they are in compliance with the local guidelines and/or standards for the collection and storage of Personal Health Information. An internet-based version of the PHE Questionnaire would be a time- and cost-efficient incremental step in the evolution of the PHE, enabling the participation of athletes, medical professionals and administrators from jurisdictions with limited facilities and budgets. An internet-based questionnaire application provides an efficient means to enforce data-collection standards across multiple input points, therefore improving the accuracy of any research outcomes.
7.3 Data mining
Web-based data repositories present an ideal environment within which deidentified aggregate PHE data can be mined and analysed, thereby facilitating the ongoing improvement of best practices related to the PHE. In all cases, the security and privacy of this personal health data are of the utmost importance.
Where software tools are employed to facilitate the input and or collection of athlete data, the following principles should be considered:
Data security and privacy
Data processing should be in keeping with good faith efforts.
Data processing should be proportional (only collect the data that is needed).
Data should be processed only for the purposes indicated and agreed to by the athlete and or his/her legal representative.
Data should be precise.
Data should be protected against any form of unauthorised processing and provide full and complete audit trail of all transactions related to the Data.
Data should be legitimate.
Data should be transparent to the owner (the athlete maintains access).
Furthermore, any organisation implementing PHE should adopt best practices with respect to human behaviour and the safeguarding of all personal medical data.
8. PHE Form
A final objective was to provide a practical PHE Form that could be used by various groups and form a starting-point for further evaluation. Testing and standardisation in medicine are not possible if we do not begin somewhere. The first step in creating such a form was to collect existing forms, including those in widespread use. These included the FIFA Pre Competition Medical Assessment (PCMA), the Pre-Participation Physical Evaluation form,120 the electronic Pre-Participation Evaluation,121 the National Hockey League Pre-Participation Medical Evaluation form, plus specialised forms including the American Heart Association recommendations,122 the Lausanne Recommendations,14 plus the items outlined in the text of this manuscript. The second step was to combine these into a master set of questions/items that was inclusive. This was circulated to the authors for review.
The third step will be to go through refinement in the future. This should be done on the basis of scientific evidence, which will come through evaluation with prospective data collection in a variety of sporting populations.
9. Scientific advisors
The IOC now has high-level scientific advisors who are capable of monitoring new developments in the field of PHE, and of advising the IOC in relation to the use and abuse of PHE. These advisors will help ensure that athletes and coaches receive the benefits of these developments in improving their ability to prevent injury, and to enhance therapy if needed. The IOC will follow this field and hold a new conference in 2011.
10. Future directions
It is recommended that PHEs be set up and conducted as research projects. Presently, the decision to implement a compulsory PHE must be taken by the International Federations. It must be in compliance with ethical and legal requirements applicable to biomedical research involving human beings. Project findings should be shared and used by the medical and scientific community to further develop and improve best practices. In particular, such research should be conducted “in accordance with the recognised principles of research ethics, in particular the Helsinki Declaration adopted by the World Medical Association (Edinburgh, 2000), and the applicable laws” (Article 7.5 of the Olympic Movement Medical Code).
Box 1 Non-cardiac systems that should be considered in a Periodic Health Examination
Pulmonary
Haematological
Allergies
Infections and immunological
Ear, nose and throat
Dermatological
Urological and genital
Gastrointestinal
Nervous system (neurological)
Endocrine/metabolic
Psychological/psychiatric
Box 2 Dietary Restraint Questions (EDE-Q) correlated with low bone mineral density in high school endurance runners119
1. Have you been consciously trying to restrict the amount of food you eat to influence your shape or weight?
2. Have you gone for long periods of time (8 h or more) without eating anything in order to influence your shape or weight?
3. Have you attempted to avoid eating any foods that you like in order to influence your shape or weight?
4. Have you attempted to follow definite rules regarding your eating in order to influence your shape or weight; for example, a calorie limit, a set amount of food, or rules about what or when you should eat?
5. Have you had a definite desire for your stomach to feel empty?
Governing sports bodies (National Olympic Committees and International Federations) are encouraged to support research activities to provide sport discipline specific scientific and medical evidence as related to the improvement and application of PHE.
APPENDIX A
REFERENCES
Footnotes
Competing interests None.
This article has been copublished in the following journals: American Journal of Sports Medicine, British Journal of Sports Medicine, Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine, Journal of Athletic Training, International Sports Medicine Journal (FIMS), Journal of Science and Medicine in Sports, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports and South African Journal of Sports Medicine.
Provenance and peer review Commissioned; not externally peer reviewed.
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Absolute vs relative dating fossils ryan reynolds amy smart dating
These strata make up much of the famous prominent rock formations in widely spaced protected areas such as Capitol Reef National Park and Canyonlands National Park.
From top to bottom: Rounded tan domes of the Navajo Sandstone, layered red Kayenta Formation, cliff-forming, vertically jointed, red Wingate Sandstone, slope-forming, purplish Chinle Formation, layered, lighter-red Moenkopi Formation, and white, layered Cutler Formation sandstone.
In their investigation, the ancient astronomers needed tools to evaluate their observations, which are not commonly used on more earthly problems.
One such tool is the concept of the magnitude, which Greek astronomer Hipparchus used about 200 years ago.
Relative dating by biostratigraphy is the preferred method in paleontology and is, in some respects, more accurate.
The Law of Superposition, which states that older layers will be deeper in a site than more recent layers, was the summary outcome of 'relative datin g' as observed in geology from the 17th century to the early 20th century.
The Permian through Jurassic stratigraphy of the Colorado Plateau area of southeastern Utah is a great example of Original Horizontality and the Law of Superposition, two important ideas used in relative dating.
Photo from Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Utah.
Relative dating is the science of determining the relative order of past events (i.e., the age of an object in comparison to another), without necessarily determining their absolute age (i.e. In geology, rock or superficial deposits, fossils and lithologies can be used to correlate one stratigraphic column with another.
It is a measure of the intrinsic brightness of the celestial body.
Comparing the magnitude of the astronomical bodies at a fixed distance allows the astronomers to rule out the astronomical extinction and the varying distance to the bodies, and consider only the amount of light coming from the body. | https://www.strojka-svoimi-rukami.ru/absolute-vs-relative-dating-fossils-6325.html |
By dating these surrounding layers, they can figure out the youngest and oldest that the fossil might be; this is known as "bracketing" the age of the sedimentary layer in which the fossils occur.Teach your students about absolute dating: Determining age of rocks and fossils, a classroom activity for grades 9-12.If our stratigraphic methods show that fossil A was always deposited below fossil B whenever we are in a position to compare their dates of deposition, then we can conclude that species A is older than species B.We can apply the same sort of reasoning to the stratigraphic relationships of fossils and datable rocks.Find additional lessons, activities, videos, and articles that focus on relative and absolute dating.Our understanding of the shape and pattern of the history of life depends on the accuracy of fossils and dating methods.Relative age dating also means paying attention to crosscutting relationships.Say for example that a volcanic dike, or a fault, cuts across several sedimentary layers, or maybe through another volcanic rock type.
There are two basic approaches: relative age dating, and absolute age dating.So in order to date most older fossils, scientists look for layers of igneous rock or volcanic ash above and below the fossil.Scientists date igneous rock using elements that are slow to decay, such as uranium and potassium.Carbon-14 cannot be used to date biological artifacts of organisms that did not get their carbon dioxide from the air.This rules out carbon dating for most aquatic organisms, because they often obtain at least some of their carbon from dissolved carbonate rock.For example, suppose that using stratigraphic methods, we can show that a particular fossil is always older than rocks which are 14 million years old or less, and always younger than rocks which are 16 million years old or more, whenever we are in a position to make a comparison.
That way you get the daily taste of both portions of the Bible. You’ll find that website address on the back of your bulletin. | http://pruffifriends.ru/profile/8948 |
The healthcare provider has a crucial role in preventing heat loss and providing a stable thermal environment for neonates and infants. The neutral thermal environment (NTE) has been defined as maintenance of the infants’ temperature with a stable metabolic state along with minimal oxygen and energy expenditure. The NTE is best achieved when infants can maintain a core temperature at rest between 36.5°C and 37.5°C. Thermoregulation is a vital body function, which is reflective of physiological maturity. Effective thermoregulation requires adequate energy stores (primarily glucose), insulation (fat deposits), hypothalamic function and muscle tone. It is widely supported that kangaroo mother care is the most effective method of regulating the neonatal temperature, however frequently in the critical care setting this is unable to be achieved. Furthermore, neonates and infants in the hospital setting frequently require a large portion of their body surface exposed for assessment and procedures which may lead to cold stress. Persistent cold stress is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, thus it is imperative to optimise thermoregulation. In order to ensure the neutral thermal environment is maintained in infants who are unable to achieve this with their own physiological measures, it is essential to provide environmental thermostability by blocking avenues of heat loss, and applying adequate radiant warmth in a suitable cot.
Aim
To provide information to healthcare workers on the equipment available to apply assisted thermoregulation support to premature, neonatal and infant patients in the hospital setting, ensuring the most appropriate device is selected for patients will improve delivery of thermostability and optimise outcomes.
Definition of Terms
- Brown adipose tissue is a highly vascular type of fat around nape of neck, kidneys, between scapulae and axillas. Brown fat contains thermogenin, which is effective in generating heat during lipolysis by oxidation. This is activated when neonate’s temperature decreases below 36.5oC
- Cold stress is a cascade of physiological events caused by the infant’s use of chemically mediated thermogenesis in attempt to increase core temperature. Two specific alterations to thermogenesis occur in the infant suffering cold stress; vasoconstriction of the peripheries, which allows heat to be drawn back to the core and metabolism of brown adipose tissue.
- Heat stress may also be incurred if an infant is exposed to high environmental temperatures, often associated with increased heart rate and decreasing stability. It is imperative to ensure frequent observation of probe placement when utilising a thermoregulatory device to avoid a false-low reading if probe becomes detached, that will result in high heater output.
- HFJV: High frequency Jet ventilation, which is specialised for neonates, and requires a specialised circuit and JET ventilation box to be placed in close proximity to endotracheal tube. Requires easy access and close monitoring of neonate at all times.
- HFOV: High frequency oscillated ventilation, may be delivered by SLE ventilator or Sensormedics ventilator. Sensormedics circuit consists of large, immobile and rigid tubing, necessitating consideration in cot choice.
- Hybrid: A hybrid cot operates as an incubator, with the ability to raise the hood and function as an open-system radiant warmer. This cot is beneficial for premature infants who are best suited to being nursed in an incubator, where there is indication for frequent access or surgery that necessitates an ability to provide open-system care. Surgery may be performed in the hybrid cot, however alternative thermoregulatory devices (cosytherm™ or bair hugger™) may be required, at the discretion of surgical team.
- Incubator: Incubators are utilised to provide a controlled, enclosed heated environment to ensure neutral thermoregulation is provided, enabling the infant to be nursed unwrapped. Incubators are the optimal choice for preterm infants requiring NTE support +/- environmental humidification. Incubators support neurodevelopmental health for preterm babies, with reduction in noise and light within the enclosed environment. The incubator is not effective if frequent access to the baby is required for procedures or surgery, as temperature stability cannot be maintained with open portholes or sides down. Can be operated in servo or environmental control settings.
- Open Care System: A thermoregulatory cot that is not enclosed, allowing easy access to the infant requiring frequent intervention as well as temperature support (e.g. Radiant warmer and Hybrid cots).
- Radiant warmer: Radiant warmers are an open care cot system designed to provide thermal stability to infants while allowing for continuous direct observation and accessibility. As this is not an enclosed system the temperature will fluctuate depending on the surrounding environment. Delivery of humidification is very limited and unable to be accurately measured. Radiant warmers are most suitable for term neonates requiring NTE support, or for use during surgery and procedures on the unit. During surgery, alternative thermoregulation devices will be required, such as the cosytherm™ mattress or bair hugger ™, at discretion of surgical team.
- Servo control: Heat output is automatically and constantly adjusted according to the programmed set skin temperature, which is continuously measured from the skin temperature probe. This is the preferred mode of applying thermoregulatory assistance to most neonates, but requires close monitoring and assessment of probe site.
- Thermoregulation: The ability to regulate one’s core body temperature, even when environmental temperature is variable.
- Assisted thermoregulation is the application of controlled environmental temperature to maintain core body temperature within expected parameters.
Background Information
Modes of Heat Loss:
- Evaporation - Heat loss occurring during conversion of liquid to vapour
- Convection - Transfer of heat from the body surface to the surrounding air via air current
- Conduction - Transfer of heat from one solid object to another solid object in direct contact with it
- Radiation - Transfer of heat to cooler solid objects not in direct contact with the body
It is important to note that preterm infants are at a higher risk of heat loss via the 4 modes mentioned above. Preterm infants possess a disproportionate body mass-to-surface area ratio, reduced thermal insulation in decreased brown adipose tissue (BAT), a thin epidermis that has increased permeability, poor vasomotor control and a naturally extended position that exposes a greater body surface area to the external environment. For these infants, cold stress will trigger a cascade of physiological responses that further impedes their transition to extrauterine life.
Criteria for provision of thermoregulationassistance
- ≤ 32 weeks gestation OR ≤ 1800 grams
- Environmental humidity
- Surgery
- Moderate to high sedation therapies
- Muscle relaxation
- Phototherapy
- Prolonged procedure
- Observations requiring exposure of chest or abdomen
- Temperature instability for any reason
- Isolation for infection risk or additional precautions*
*Infants who have infection risk or require additional precautions may be nursed in an incubator to minimise environmental contamination in some instances. Incubators that are utilised for infection precautions only may not require the same thermoregulation principles as per this guideline. Infants may be nursed in a low temperature environmental setting with light clothing and wraps.
Equipment
- Isolette: The Draegar™ isolette is the incubator used at RCH. This is not suitable for neonates requiring HFJV or HFOV via the sensormedics due to limitations with space and inability to access the infant with ease in an emergency. Cares and procedures should be completed through portholes where possible to minimise heat loss.
- Atom radiant warmer: The Atom™radiant warmers are available at RCH. The Atom is compatible with all modes of ventilation and other critical care equipment, and may also be used for short-term procedures in otherwise thermally stable infants. The atom cots contain built-in scales to enable close monitoring of infant weight without removing from the bed. See user tip-sheet.
- Babyleo® incuwarmer: The Draegar™ Babyleo® incuwarmer is the hybrid cot available on Butterfly unit, providing multiple functions to ensure optimised NTE, with ‘touch time’ mode increasing airflow to minimise alterations with open portholes during cares, and the ability to turn on the mattress heating to ensure conductive heat is applied when necessary. Mattress setting should be set to desired core temperature for infant. Kangaroo mode is also available to provide continuous temperature monitoring of the infant whilst they are out of the cot for kangaroo cuddles. This reduces the need to disrupt family time, and ensures the cot adjusts environmental temperature according to the infants needs prior to returning to the cot. See user tip-sheet.
- Skin temperature probe: All devices have unique skin temperature probes. The ATOM™ skin temperature probes are reusable, and are fixated to the device. It is imperative that these probes are cleaned of adhesives to prevent organism growth, and optimise monitoring function. The isolette and Babyleo® skin temperature probes are disposable. Heat reflective patches are required to adhere the probe firmly to the infant’s skin, with both hydrogel and foam patches available at RCH. Hydrogel patches are preferable in preterm infants due to enhanced preservation of skin integrity.
When to choose which device
Assessment
Method of temperature assessment:
Rectal Temperature is taken on admission to Butterfly Unit to establish a baseline central temperature and patency of the anus. This should not be conducted as routine monitoring on other wards.
1. Place plastic sheath over thermometer
2. Dab a small amount of lubrication on end of thermometer
3. Insert thermometer 2cm into infant’s anus (1cm for preterm infant). Over-insertion may cause bowel perforation.
4. Turn thermometer on
5. Wait for 5 seconds post Celsius sign flashing
6. Remove thermometer
7. Clean with alcohol
Axilla Temperature is taken thereafter the initial rectal temperature.
1. Position the tip of the thermometer in the middle of the axilla
2. Lock the tip under the arm at a 35 - 45 degree angle in relation to the arm, using the arm to slightly apply pressure.
3. Turn thermometer on.
4. Wait 3 minutes for an accurate temperature reading.
5. Parents can be taught to safely take their baby’s temperature using the same process.
Frequency of Temperature Assessment:
Hourly until stable for 4 hours on:
- Admission
- Transfer to incubator, radiant warmer or open cot
- Commencement or cessation of phototherapy
- Commencement or cessation of humidity
- Commencement or cessation of servo control
When infant’s temperature is stable (for at least 4 hours prior):
- Hourly skin temperature documentation
- 3 - 4 hourly axillary for term infants
- 4 - 6 hourly axillary for preterm infants
Exceptions:
- 3 hourly for the first 24 hours when manual control is commenced, then 4-6 hourly
- Document heat output of device in servo control mode hourly, and check axailla temperature if there is a significant change in heating requirements.
- 3-4 hourly for all neonates in the first 24 hours when transferred to an open cot
- If temperature records outside normal range, commence hourly temperatures until 2 consecutive normothermic measurements (Refer to temperature management nursing guideline)
- Infants on Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) scoring charts require a temperature check a minimum
- 4 hourly or otherwise prior to each feed
Frequency of probe assessment:
- Visually inspect to ensure probe remains in complete contact with skin each hour, documenting site placement and skin temperature on EMR.
- When humidity is applied in incubator, more frequent checking of the site may be indicated as patch may become dislodged when moist. Closely monitor heat output and check site when there is a change in infant’s temperature or environmental temperature of ≥ 0.5°C.
Management
Probe placement: Optimal temperature probe placement for central surface monitoring is on the abdomen for a supine infant, ideally over the liver region; or on the back over the flanks if positioned prone.
The probe should NOT be placed on areas of brown adipose tissue (back, axillae, scapula, neck and kidneys) as brown fat metabolism is activated to generate heat during cold stress, delaying vasoconstriction at these sites, thus there will be a delay in detection of declining temperature stability. Additionally, bony prominences should be avoided due to reduced sensitivity to temperature changes.
It is imperative that the probe is not placed between the mattress and the infant, as this will create a false high reading, resulting in inadvertent cooling, and also poses a risk for pressure area development. The probe should be sited away from transcutaneous gas monitoring transducers. Ensure the probe is not in contact with any wound dressings.
It may be normal for a variance of skin probe temperature reading and axillary temperature of 0.5 – 1.0°C, and setting servo control should target appropriate skin temperature, not axillary temperature in the instance of a discrepancy.
The probe should be resited every 8 hours, or upon repositioning of the infant, with care taken when removing adhesive patch to minimise skin trauma. Skin adhesive remover (e.g. Niltac™) wipes may be utilised to aid with removal. Upon application it may take 4 - 5 minutes for temperature monitoring to stabilise.
Servo control is the preferred mode for all neonates and infants requiring assisted thermoregulation. Servo control maintains the infant’s temperature within a specific range by adjusting heat output to achieve pre-set skin probe temperature. This relies on appropriate placement of the skin probe, and continuous observation to ensure the probe remains well adhered to the skin and the heat output is not widely fluctuating. If there is a significant change in heat output from the device, closer assessment may be required to ensure probe remains well adhered. Increased thermoregulation requirements may be indicative of a deterioration and routine observations may need to be more frequent.
1. Infants weighing <1750grams – Target axillary temperature of 36.8°C
2. Infants weighing >1750grams – Target axillary temperature of 36.5°C
Manual control is where a constant environmental temperature is set with continuous, unadjusted heat output. This mode may be used on all devices to pre-warm for an expected admission, when a temperature probe needs to be removed temporarily for a procedure, or when aiming to wean from an incubator to an open cot.This mode is not recommended for long-term use in other instances, as there is an increased risk of temperature instability in manual control.Air temperature must be set higher than ambient temperature of room. The temperature probe should remain insitu as a guide for nursing staff to monitor temperature continuously, and adapt environmental temperature accordingly. Refer to environmental temperature for gestational age and weight chart.
Neutral Thermal Environment Chart
Generally speaking, the smaller infants in each group will require a temperature in the higher portion of the range, and for each age range, the younger infants generally require the higher temperature setting for the range.
Infants who do not fit the age and weight ranges for this chart should have the incubator set at 29°C with minimal clothing for observation as a starting point.
This data has been taken from GHS Neonatal Intensive CareUnit Resident Handbook 2018-2019, adapted from Scopes JW, et al: Minimal ratesof oxygen consumption in sick and premature infants, Arch Dis Child 41: 407,1966.
Temperature Outsideof Normothermic Range:
If the patient’s temperature is <36.5°C and not being actively cooled, initiate the following:
- Increase cot temperature by 0.5°C hourly
- Check axillary temperature hourly until 2 consecutive temperature of 36.5°C or above are recorded
- If the patient does not require close observation then layers (clothes & wraps) can be added but careful consideration needs to be given in blocking the transfer of heat and exacerbating the effects of conduction if the wraps/clothes are not pre-warmed.
If the patient’s temperature is >37.5°C, initiate the following:
- Assess environmental factors
- Assess physiological factors
- Decrease cot temperature by 0.5°C hourly
- Check axillary temperature hourly until 2 consecutive temperatures <37.5°C.
- Consider whether this is an indication that the infant requires the set temperature to be weaned.
Considerations:
- Only ever alter incubator temperature by 0.5°C at any one time and allow at least one hour for the infant’s temperature to stabilise before making further changes
- Manipulation of incubator temperatures may obscure temperature instability associated with physiological features rather than environmental i.e. infection. This may put infants at risk of being nursed in inappropriately cold temperatures.
- NEVER switch the incubator off, as the fan does not work when the incubator is switched off. Once the incubator is switched off there is no circulation of air and therefore carbon monoxide levels increase. Please note that transfer of patients from room-to-room, out of the ward, etc. is an exemption to the rule however, the duration in which the incubator is switched off needs to be minimised
- Inform AUM and/or Medical Team of any significant changes or concerns.
Documentation
Within the flowsheets of EMR, temperatures can be documented within the ‘observations’ section with the method of temperature selected from the drop-down options below. Furthermore, within ‘thermoregulation’, select either incubator or radiant warmer, and document the ‘skin temperature probe reading’, ‘skin temperature site’ and ‘set temperature/air temperature’ hourly.
Transfer to an open cot
Infants can be transferred to an open cot once they have met the following criteria:
- Weight ≥1800 grams
- Consistent weight gain
- Stabilized apnoeic and bradycardic episodes
- Medically stable condition
- No longer requiring invasive mechanical ventilation
- No longer requiring observations necessitating exposure of large surface area.
Once the infant meets the above criteria and discussion has taken place between the bedside nurse, medical team & AUM, the infant may be transferred to an open cot by using the following steps as a guide:
- If in an incubator, ensure thermo-control is set to air temperature mode and wean temperature by 0.5°C hourly (as a maximum) until the temperature is at the 26-27°C.
- Dress infant in pre-warmed clothing and wrap
- Ensure the infant maintains their temperature at this set temperature for 4 hours (hourly axilla temperatures)
- Place in open cot (preferably a Perspex cot)
- Assess temperature
- If the axillary temperature drops between 36.2°C and 36.5°C, increase clothing layers if possible and add a pre-warmed wrap/blanket.
- Check temperature hourly until stable for 4 consecutive hours
- If the axilla temperature remains unstable for a consecutive period of 3 hours (3 x hourly checks) then return the infant to a pre-warmed incubator.
- Infants nursed under a radiant warmer may be transferred to a normal cot when they are able to be dressed and wrapped appropriately, maintaining normothermia without heat output requirement.
Special Considerations
- Environmental humidity may also be applied to preterm infants in incubator and hybrid cots. See environmental humidity guideline.
- Infection control: The incubator and hybrid cots need to be changed every 7 days. If humidity is ceased, the cot should be changed immediately. In critical neonates who are deemed to unstable to move, the incubator may be utilised for up to 14 days, unless humidification has been used. The Babyleo® requires a comprehensive cleaning procedure if humidity has been in use. Please ensure the waterbag remains attached to the cot, and the laminated card in the drawer is placed on the mattress to ensure cleaning staff can easily identify the required process.
- Surgery on Unit will require application of thermoregulatory support under instruction and provision of surgical team. Whilst surgery may be conducted on the radiant warmer and hybrid beds, the heating output will need to be off, with the mattress of the Babyleo® disconnected. The cosytherm mattress is available on Butterfly, which may be appropriate during surgical procedures, and should be set to desired patient temperature. Alternatively, the surgical team may provide the bair hugger. This system consists of warming units and disposable blankets that distribute warm air across the patient before, during and/or after surgery.
- Palliative Care patients who require thermoregulatory support may be nursed on the cosytherm heated mattress in an open cot to enable families to access their baby more freely, and facilitate portability to ensure families can spend time away from the unit making memories whilst maintaining the comfort of their infant.
- Kangaroo care is beneficial for its neurodevelopmental and thermoregulatory properties and should be provided to neonates of all gestation unless there are contraindications, as outlined in skin-to-skin care for the newborn nursing guideline.
Companion Documents
- Temperature management nursing guideline
- Environmental humidity for premature neonates nursing guideline
Evidence Table
The evidence table for this guideline can be viewed here.
- Aydemir, O., Soysaldi, E., Kale, Y., Kavurt, S., Bas, A., Demirel, N. (2014). Body temperature changes of Newborns Under Fluorescent versus LED phototherapy: Authors’ reply. Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 81 (9), 990. DOI 10.1007/s12098-013-1279-1
- De La Fuente, L., Campbell, D., Rios, A., Graff, M., & Brion, L. (2006). Frequency analysis of air and skin temperature in neonates in servo-controlled incubators. Journal of perinatology, 26. 301-305.
- Engorn, B., Kahntroff, S., Frank, K., Singh, S., Harvey, H., Barkulis, C., Barnett, A., Olambiwonnu, O., Heitmiller, E., & Greenberg, R. (2016). Perioperative hypothermia in neonatal intensive care unit patients: effectiveness of a thermoregulation intervention and associated risk factor. Pediatric Anesthesia, 27,196 – 204. doi:10.1111/pan.13047
- Fellows, P. (2010) Management of thermal stability. Neonatal intensive care nursing, 2nd ed., pp 87 – 120.
- Greenspan, J., Cullen, A., Touch, S., Wolfson, M., Shaffer, T. (2001) Thermal Stability and Transition Studies with a Hybrid Warming Device for Neonates. Journal of perinatology, 21. 167 – 173.
- Handhayanti, L., Rustina, Y., Budiati, T. (2017). Differences in Temperature Changes in Premature Infants During Invasive Procedures in Incubators and Radiant Warmers. Comprehensive child and adolescent Nursing, 40 (1), 102 -106. doi.org/10.1080/24694193.2017.1386977
- Joseph, R., Derstine, S., & Killian, M. (2017). Ideal site for skin temperature probe placement in Infants in the NICU: A review of the literature. Advances in Neonatal Care, 17(2), 114-122. Doi: 10.1097/ANC.0000000000000369
- Martins, L., Silveira, S., Avila, I., Moraes., Silva dos Santos, D., Whitaker, M., & de Camargo, C. (2018). Thermoregulation protocol implementation for newborns in surgical procedures. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2019;40. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/19831447.2019.20180218.
- Molgat-Seon, Y., Daboval, T., Chou, S., & Jay, O. (2013) Perinatal/Neonatal case presentation – Accidental overheating of a newborn under an infant radiant warmer: a lesson for future use. Journal of perinatology, 33, 738-739. doi:10.1038/jp.2013.32
- Molgat-Seon, Y., Daboval, T., Chou, S., & Jay, O. (2014) Assessing neonatal heat balance and physiological strain in newborn infants nursed under radiant warmers in intensive care with fentanyl sedation. European journal of applied physiology, 114. 2539 – 2549. Doi: 10.1007/s00421-014-2964-0
- Vilinsky, A., Sheridan, A. (2014). Hypothermia in the newborn: An exploration of its cause, effect and prevention. British Journal of Midwifery, 22. 557-562.
WHO recommendations on newborn health: guidelines approved by the WHO Guidelines Review Committee. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017 (WHO/MCA/17.07). Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IG
Please remember to read the disclaimer.
The development of this nursing guideline was coordinated by Sarah Gardner, CSN/CNS, Butterfly Ward, and approved by the Nursing Clinical Effectiveness Committee. Updated June 2020. | https://deca2580.com/article/clinical-guidelines-nursing-assisted-thermoregulation |
Circadian rhythms are biological processes that recur on a daily basis and exist to appropriately organize physiology, metabolism, and behavior relative to the 24-h light/dark cycle created by the rotation of the Earth. These rhythms are controlled by a genetically encoded molecular clock active in most, if not all, cells in the body. In mammals, these cell-autonomous oscillators are regulated and synchronized by the master clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus through a variety of direct and indirect pathways. The circadian timekeeping system imposes integrated temporal organization to ongoing biochemical and physiological processes throughout the body, ensuring optimal functioning in the context of repeated environmental changes driven by the solar cycle. It is well known that shift workers are at greater risk for development of a large number of chronic diseases and recent experimental evidence has shown that disruption of circadian organization leads to physiological impairments and dysfunction that are relevant for disease development and pathology. In particular, circadian disturbances yield metabolic derangements capable of predisposing individuals to diabetes, obesity, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disease, and to disease states which have been linked to increases in risk for various cancers. In addition, the molecular circadian machinery has been linked to regulators of the cell cycle and other prominent pathways involved in cancer, including DNA repair and apoptosis. An understanding of the circadian timekeeping system and recognition of its fundamental role in temporal organization of biochemical pathways and physiological processes enables a framework upon which the concept of time on a 24-h basis can be applied to translational research and brought into the realm of clinical medicine in order to improve diagnostics, therapeutics and, ultimately, patient outcomes. | https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/biomedical-effects-of-circadian-rhythm-disturbances |
Nicole is a health and wellness writer who has spent many years perfecting the science of sleep. Now her days are filled with adventure and writing, and her nights with peaceful slumber.
Nicole is a health and wellness writer who has spent many years perfecting the science of sleep. Now her days are filled with adventure and writing, and her nights with peaceful slumber.
Have you ever woken up because you’re too hot or too cold? Many people struggle with this problem nightly, experiencing daytime fatigue and memory troubles due to the lack of sleep. In order to regain control of your sleeping environment and body temperature, it’s helpful to understand what’s happening. The secret here is something called thermoregulation.
As you know from being outside on a hot or cold day, our bodies work to maintain an optimal temperature. We use evaporative cooling for heat loss in the form of sweat when it’s too hot, and we use thermogenesis in the form of shivering when it’s too cold. This ability to control our body temperature is known as thermoregulation.
When it comes to thermoregulation, our bodies consist of two parts:
During thermoregulation, the priority is keeping the core temperature stable. When it’s cold out, blood vessels are constricted to avoid losing heat from the core to the extremities. When it’s hot out, our blood vessels dilate to allow heat to escape from the core to the extremities.
Humans have an internal clock known as the circadian rhythm that regulates body temperature. During every 24-hour period our body temperature falls and rises, with warmer temperatures during daytime (waking hours) and lower temperatures during nighttime (sleeping hours).
When our core temperature is higher, we tend to feel more energized, and when it dips, we can feel tired and sluggish. This is also why skin temperature feels colder during the night than during the day.
Temperature regulation and sleep are intricately linked, and our circadian rhythm is largely responsible for both the hot/cold cycle and for the sleep/wake cycle.
The reason why it’s easy to fall asleep at night and harder during certain times of the day is because of our core body temperature. Thanks to our circadian rhythm, our body temperature begins to dip in the evening. Once we go to sleep, this decrease in core temperature continues.
It is thought that by reducing the core temperature, our bodies have more resources available to allow for mental and physical healing and rejuvenation.
Our core body temperature reaches its coldest point around 5 a.m., and from there, slowly begins to rise. This increase in body temperature encourages us to wake up and is partly to thank for the energy that we feel in the mornings.
Do you ever wake up because you’re too cold or too hot? This is caused by an inability of your body’s core temperature to get to where it needs to be.
The most common causes of sleep disruption due to poor thermoregulation is our sleeping environment. When we sleep somewhere that is too warm or too cold, our bodies will eventually run into a problem maintaining their optimal core temperature.
If you’re too warm during sleep, it will encourage increased alertness levels and disrupt REM (rapid eye movement) sleep and other stages of sleep. You are also likely to wake up if the temperature changes drastically and your body can’t adapt quickly enough.
Conversely, too cold of a sleeping environment will cause a similar disruption as your body awakens to find a way to warm itself.
For some people with sleep disorders, fixing the sleep environment can enhance sleep quality. The key here is to:
Additionally, there are other tricks that you can use to encourage the body temperature best for sleeping:
Every night when you go to sleep, your core body temperature drops, allowing restoration and recovery. Maintaining the proper core body temperature is critical for optimal sleep. If you struggle to sleep through the night, use the tips above to help support thermogenesis and keep your body temperature where it needs to be for a restful night’s sleep. | https://www.mattressadvisor.com/thermoregulation/ |
# Insect thermoregulation
Insect thermoregulation is the process whereby insects maintain body temperatures within certain boundaries. Insects have traditionally been considered as poikilotherms (animals in which body temperature is variable and dependent on ambient temperature) as opposed to being homeothermic (animals that maintain a stable internal body temperature regardless of external influences). However, the term temperature regulation, or thermoregulation, is currently used to describe the ability of insects and other animals to maintain a stable temperature (either above or below ambient temperature), at least in a portion of their bodies by physiological or behavioral means. While many insects are ectotherms (animals in which their heat source is primarily from the environment), others are endotherms (animals that can produce heat internally by biochemical processes). These endothermic insects are better described as regional heterotherms because they are not uniformly endothermic. When heat is being produced, different temperatures are maintained in different parts of their bodies, for example, moths generate heat in their thorax prior to flight but the abdomen remains relatively cool.
## In-flight thermoregulation
Animal flight is a very energetically expensive form of locomotion that requires a high metabolic rate. In order for an animal to fly, its flight muscles need to be capable of high mechanical power output, which in turn, due to biochemical inefficiencies, end up producing large amounts of heat. A flying insect produces heat, which, as long as it does not exceed an upper lethal limit, will be tolerated. However, if the flying insect is also exposed to external sources of heat (for example, radiation from the sun) or ambient temperatures are too high, it should be able to thermoregulate and stay in its temperature comfort zone. Higher speeds necessarily increase convective cooling. Higher flying velocities have been shown to result in an increase, instead of a reduction, of thoracic temperature. This is probably caused by the flight muscles working at higher levels and consequently, increasing thoracic heat generation. The first evidence for insect thermoregulation in flight came from experiments in moths demonstrating that dissipation of heat occurs via hemolymph movement from the thorax to the abdomen. The heart of these moths makes a loop through the center of the thorax facilitating heat exchange and converting the abdomen into both a heat sink and a heat radiator that helps the flying insect in maintaining a stable thoracic temperature under different ambient temperature conditions. It was believed that heat regulation was only achieved by varying heat loss until evidence for varying heat production was observed in honeybees. Then, it was then suggested that thermal stability in honeybees, and probably many other heterothermic insects, was primarily attained by varying heat production. Whether flying insects are able or not to regulate their thoracic temperature by regulating heat production or only by varying heat loss, is still a matter of debate.
## Pre-flight thermoregulation
Several large insects have evolved to warm-up previous to flight so that energetically demanding activities, such as flight, are possible. Insect behavior involves inefficient muscle operation that produces excess heat and establishes the thermal range in which specific muscles best function. The high metabolic cost of insect flight muscles means that great amounts of chemical energy are utilized by these specific muscles. However, only a very small percentage of this energy translates into actual mechanical work or wing movement. Thus, the rest of this chemical energy is transformed into heat that in turn produces body temperatures significantly greater than those of the ambient.
These high temperatures at which flight muscles work impose a constraint on low temperature take-off because an insect at rest has its flight muscles at ambient temperature, which is not the optimal temperature for these muscles to function. So, heterothermic insects have adapted to make use of the excess heat produced by flight muscles to increase their thoracic temperature pre-flight. Both the dorsolongitudinal muscles (which flip down the wings during flight) and the dorsoventral muscles (which cause the wings to flip upward during flight) are involved in the pre-flight warm-up behavior but in a slightly different way. During flight, these function as antagonistic muscles to produce the wing flapping that allows for sustained flight. However, during warm-up these muscles are contracted simultaneously (or almost simultaneously in some insects) to produce no wing movement (or a minimal amount of wing movement) and produce as much heat as possible to elevate thoracic temperatures to flight-levels. The pre-flight warm-up behavior of male moths (Helicoverpa zea) has been shown to be affected by olfactory information. As in many moths, the males of this species respond to female pheromone by flying towards the female and trying to mate with her. During the warm-up of their flight muscles, and when in presence of the female pheromone, males generate heat at higher rates, so as to take off earlier and out-compete other males that might have also sensed the pheromone.
Achieving elevated temperatures as stated above fall under the term physiological thermoregulation because heat is generated by a physiological process inside the insect. The other described way of thermoregulation is called behavioral thermoregulation because body temperature is controlled by behavioral means, such as basking in the sun. Butterflies are a good example of insects that are heliotherms (deriving heat almost exclusively from the sun).
## Other thermoregulatory examples
Some nocturnal dung beetles have been shown to increase their ball-making and ball-rolling velocity when their thoracic temperature increases. In these beetles, dung is a precious commodity that allows them to find a mate and feed their larvae. Discovering the resource soon is important so that they can start rolling a ball as soon as possible and take it to a distant place for burying. The beetles first detect the dung by olfactory cues and fly towards it rapidly. As they first arrive, their body temperatures are still high due to their flight metabolism, which allows them to make and roll balls faster; and the bigger the ball, the better chances they have of getting a mate. However, as time passes, a grounded beetle making a ball starts to cool off and it becomes harder to increase the size of the dung ball and also transport it. So, there is a trade-off between making a large ball that would guarantee a mate but might be not easily transported and a smaller ball, which might not attract a mate but can be safely taken to the burying place. Additionally, other beetles that arrive later (which are hotter), can actually fight over balls and have been shown to usually win against beetles that are cooler.
Another example of thermoregulation is that of heat being used as a defensive mechanism. The Japanese honeybee (Apis cerana japonica) is preyed upon by a hornet (Vespa simillima xanthoptera) that usually waits at the entrance of their hive. Even though the hornets are many times bigger than the bees, bees numbers make the difference. These bees are adapted to survive temperatures above 46 °C (115 °F) but the hornet is not. Thus, bees are able to kill their attacker by making a ball around the hornet and then increasing their body temperature above 46 °C (115 °F).
Anopheles mosquitoes, vectors of Malaria, thermoregulate each time they take a blood meal on a warm-blooded animal. During blood ingestion, they emit a droplet composed of urine and fresh blood that they keep attached to their anus. The liquid of the drop evaporates dissipating the excess of heat in their bodies consequence of the rapid ingestion of relatively high amounts of blood much warmer than the insect itself. This evaporative cooling mechanism helps them to avoid the thermal stress associated to their haematophagous way of life.
The Grayling butterfly (Hipparchia semele) engages in thermoregulation as well. The species prefers to live in open habitats with easy access to the sun, and can be seen orienting its body to maximize exposure to the sun. At lower temperatures, the grayling can be observed exposing as much of its body as possible to the sun, whereas at higher temperatures, it exposes as little of its body as possible. This behavior is often used by male butterflies defending their territory, as this thermoregulatory behavior allows them to maximize their flight efficiency.
The thermoregulatory properties of dark coloration are important for mate searching by Phymata americana males. In cool climates, darker coloration allows males to reach warmer temperatures faster, which increases locomotor ability and decreases mate search time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_thermoregulation |
Understanding the Different Stages of Sleep
In order to determine the cause of insomnia, doctors use a polysomnogram, a test that records several physiological factors during sleep. This test measures eye movements, EEG, and muscle movements. It also monitors breathing, movement, and pulse oximetry. Research has shown that deep sleep is essential for optimal emotional and social functioning, and helps prevent a range of health problems. This test is performed overnight and requires up to six hours of monitoring.
The lightest phase of sleep occurs when 50% of the alpha waves are replaced by low-amplitude mixed-frequency activity. Strict muscle tone is present and breathing is regular. This stage of sleep usually lasts from one to five minutes and accounts for about 5% of the sleep cycle. During the early stages of the night, the brain begins to change, and its activity is regulated by the circadian rhythm. This is a vital stage of sleep, and it is important to understand the different levels of it to determine how well you rest.
A good amount of research has been done on the biological mechanisms of sleep. In addition to regulating energy, metabolism, and thermoregulation, sleep boosts the immune system, detoxification, and brain maturation and synaptic optimization. Scientists have determined that humans and birds have a unique sleeping pattern that evolved from the way they eat and move. The mechanisms that regulate these processes include neurotransmitters, circadian rhythms, and genes. The length and frequency of sleep differs among genders.
Researchers have found that our sleep is made up of two stages: rapid-eye-movement (REM) and non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM). We cycle through these phases four to six times throughout the night, with fewer NREM phases as the night progresses. And as with all sleeping stages, the duration of each stage varies according to age and sex. This is a normal part of the sleep cycle.
During REM sleep, 50% of the alpha waves are replaced by low-amplitude mixed-frequency activity. We maintain muscle tone in skeletal muscle, and breathe normally. This type of sleep lasts from one to five minutes, making up approximately 5% of the entire sleep cycle. If you’re a light sleeper, try to make sure that your delta wave is longer than the NREM stage. When it’s time for your next NREM sleep, your body and brain will both be in a deep state.
If you have insomnia, you need to get enough sleep to maintain your daily routines. Your body is constantly changing. It changes from one stage to the next in a matter of seconds. REM is a state of deep sleep, while NREM is a state of waking. It is the most common type of sleep in humans. However, a REM stage lasts longer than a NREM stage. The lightest phase lasts from one to five minutes. | https://reviewsprotocol.com/understanding-the-different-stages-of-sleep/ |
The induction of a mild reduction in body core temperature has been demonstrated to provide neuroprotection for patients who have suffered a medical event resulting in ischemia to the brain or vital organs. Temperatures in the range of 32–34 °C provide the required level of protection and can be produced and maintained by diverse means for periods of days. Rewarming from hypothermia must be conducted slowly to avoid serious adverse consequences and usually is performed under control of the thermal therapeutic device based on a closed-loop feedback strategy based on the patient's core temperature. Given the sensitivity and criticality of this process, it is important that the device control system be able to interact with the human thermoregulation system, which itself is highly nonlinear. The therapeutic hypothermia device must be calibrated periodically to ensure that its performance is accurate and safe for the patient. In general, calibration processes are conducted with the hypothermia device operating on a passive thermal mass that behaves much differently than a living human. This project has developed and demonstrated an active human thermoregulation simulator (HTRS) that embodies major governing thermal functions such as central metabolism, tissue conduction, and convective transport between the core and the skin surface via the flow of blood and that replicates primary dimensions of the torso. When operated at physiological values for metabolism and cardiac output, the temperature gradients created across the body layers and the heat exchange with both an air environment and a clinical water-circulating cooling pad system match that which would occur in a living body. Approximately two-thirds of the heat flow between the core and surface is via convection rather than conduction, highlighting the importance of including the contribution of blood circulation to human thermoregulation in a device designed to calibrate the functioning of a therapeutic hypothermia system. The thermoregulation simulator functions as anticipated for a typical living patient during both body cooling and warming processes. This human thermoregulatory surrogate can be used to calibrate the thermal function of water-perfused cooling pads for a hypothermic temperature management system during both static and transient operation.
Introduction
Therapeutic hypothermia is induced by the intentional lowering of the core body temperature to the range of 32 °C to 34 °C. This therapy is applied to decrease ischemic tissue damage as may be precipitated by cardiac arrest, stroke, neurotrauma, or traumatic brain injury [1–3]. Ischemia leads to cell and neuronal destruction via temperature-dependent processes. By inducing hypothermia, these detrimental processes may be slowed and their effects minimized [4,5]. Similarly, induced hypothermia can be used to combat the deleterious processes resulting from elevated intracranial pressure, reduced cerebral blood flow, overall ischemia, and cerebral herniation . Specifically, therapeutically cooling the core often has the following beneficial outcomes: reduction of cerebral metabolism, restoration of gene expression, inhibition of cytoskeletal breakdown, reduction of excitatory amino acids, and prevention of deleterious signals leading to unnecessary apoptosis and inflammation [4,7]. Because of these benefits, many methods have been developed to induce therapeutic hypothermia.
Both invasive and noninvasive techniques have been used to lower the body core temperature in the clinical setting. Endovascular cooling uses a closed-loop catheter filled with a circulating chilled liquid inserted into the vena cava to cool the blood as it flows around the catheter . This invasive method allows for a relatively rapid induction of a hypothermic state once the catheter is inserted, followed by active control of the core temperature. Alternatively, intensive care units may apply cold packs for cooling with or without intravenous saline infusions . Another noninvasive method to induce hypothermia is the use of external water-perfused cooling pads applied to the patient's skin (Fig. 1). Water at a conditioned temperature is pumped through the pads at a specific flow rate in order to cause heat transfer over large areas of the body surface. The surface pads function in conjunction with a feedback control system that regulates the temperature of the circulating water. This type of circulating water hypothermia induction system is the subject of the present study.
Physicians often face difficulties during the rewarming of patients from a state of induced hypothermia, since the process must be conducted at a slow and well-controlled rate for the sake of safety. Because the physiological mechanisms of human thermoregulation are highly nonlinear, coupled, and dynamic, during clinical procedures it can be extremely challenging to use manipulation of the temperature of the water that is circulated through the heat transfer pads on the body's surface to produce targeted transients in a patient's core temperature. Asynchronous fluctuations between the temperatures of the device and that of the patient may occur, thereby leading to dangerous thermal instabilities during rewarming. The safe operation of a therapeutic hypothermia device demands that it be able to effectively interact thermally with patients in a manner that is compatible with their thermoregulatory function and response.
In order to ensure the safe and effective use of external cooling pad devices in the clinical setting, the control system must be calibrated to be able to adjust the patient core temperature according to a prescribed protocol. Currently, a control unit with the associated pad system is often calibrated according to its capability to regulate the temperature of a passive thermal mass with an internal heater to represent body metabolism. The sole mechanism of heat flow between the center and periphery of the passive system is via conduction. In contrast, the core temperature of humans is modulated by a complex and sophisticated thermoregulatory system that uses multiple parallel and often nonlinear mechanisms to control the flow of heat into and/or out of body, plus its rate of internal generation. For a living person, in general, the convective flow of blood between the core and the surface is the primary means by which heat is transported, occurring in parallel with, and often dominating, conduction of heat through the tissue mass. A passive thermal mass has no capacity for mimicking an internal convective heat flow and therefore lacks the capability to ascertain whether a specific therapeutic hypothermia device can safely and accurately manage a patient's core temperature under conditions for which the internal thermal state may be governed by blood flowing between the core and the skin. The rate at which the core temperature changes during transient procedures may be critical in determining patient outcome, particularly during rewarming from a therapeutic hypothermia state for which too great a heating rate may have dire consequences . If the device control system is unable to accommodate for the effects of varying blood flow rates during this procedure, the warming process may become thermally unstable. Therefore, it is important to have a calibration system that can account for the influence of core to surface blood flow when evaluating the function of a therapeutic hypothermia device. Thus, a significant need exists for a human thermoregulatory simulation device that will generate more accurate representation of how heat moves between the body core and surface.
We have developed a human thermoregulation simulator (HTRS) that embodies the primary thermoregulatory functions of patients that are relevant during therapeutic hypothermia procedures. This simulator does not intend to replace the human body as the basis for design of the rewarming strategy of a therapeutic hypothermia device, but rather to provide a means of calibration that more accurately reflects how the body would react under both cooling and rewarming conditions compared to current calibration devices that simulate the body with a passive thermal mass. The HTRS can be used both for calibration of existing clinical devices and for evaluating the efficacy of new innovations to improve performance.
HTRS Design
The HTRS is purposely designed to use mechanically simple components to physically replicate the highly sophisticated physiological system of thermoregulation. The objective is to create a simple physical surrogate with the ability to simulate the combination of conductive and convective heat flows between the body core and surface that govern thermoregulatory function and that has physical dimensions that are representative of an average human adult. The initial proof-of-concept implementation features three cylindrical containers concentrically stacked within one another, each representing a discrete layer of the body torso: a central core container with a metabolic equivalent heat generator and a pump, a middle tissue container, and an outer container for both the skin and the peripheral circulatory system, which is the primary site of heat exchange between blood and tissue (Fig. 2). These containers are not intended to match the exact size and shape of the human torso. Rather, their function is to present to an external therapeutic hypothermia induction and control device a thermal load that behaves in much the same manner as would an actively thermoregulating human body. The core consists of three key components: a water volume, a submersion pump, and an immersion heater. The water in the core container represents the blood therein. The total blood volume of the body is approximately 4–6 L. The HTRS contains roughly 4 L, representing the trunk and the head but excluding the extremity limbs . Water comprises approximately 83% of blood , and although it has a lower viscosity than blood, the thermal and flow properties make it an appropriate simulant choice for the HTRS . The submersion pump mimics the heart, and the immersion heater represents the body's basal metabolic rate—the amount of energy expended by the body while at rest to maintain homeostasis and vital functions such as breathing, nutritive circulation of blood, brain and nerve function, cell growth, and thermoregulation . The operation of these components is coordinated in the following manner: the immersion heater warms the water in the core reservoir; the submersion pump causes water to flow from the core through a closed-loop network of small tubing in the skin with its cutaneous vasculature, returning back to the core reservoir. The pump also produces a mixing effect for the water in the core reservoir to maintain a homogeneous temperature.
The middle container represents the tissues of the torso, and the outermost skin container represents the skin plus the peripheral network of vessels that function as a convective heat exchanger for circulating blood (water, in the HTRS) to the body surface. Both the tissue and skin containers are also filled with water to replicate the torso thermal properties and energy capacitance. The body is composed of roughly 60% water; more specifically, muscles are 76%, bones are 22%, and adipose (fat) tissues are 10% . The central tissue container contains open-cell foam immersed into and saturated with the water. This water-soaked open-cell foam serves as a conduction conduit between the core and the skin, just as do the various tissues within the human body. The thermal conductivities of a composite consisting of foam (k = 0.030 W/m K) soaked with water (0.060 W/m K) are a reasonable approximation for a composite tissue consisting of muscle (k = 0.046 W/m K) and fat (k = 0.023 W/m K).
The heat conduction pathway between the inner and outer containers is through the water and foam matrix in the middle container, representing the aggregate thermal behavior of the muscles, bone, and fat. The core container with its heater (not shown immersed in the photo) and the tissue container with its open-cell foam are shown in Fig. 3. The outer skin container holds the tubing network on its inside surface representing the blood vessels of the peripheral circulation (Fig. 4). The design of the tubing pattern aims to emulate the body's branched vascular network and to maximize heat transfer between the circulating water and the outermost container through which it flows. Although the simulator's tubing network is not of the same dimensions as the body's peripheral vasculature, it serves the purpose of thermally equilibrating a flowing stream of water with a physical mass through which it passes as does blood with the tissue through which it is perfused. Thus, from the perspective of an external therapeutic hypothermia device, the exact internal mechanism of heat transfer between a fluid convecting from the core and the peripheral tissue mass has little consequence on the has very minimal effect on thermal interaction between the device and body.
The HTRS as a whole simulates major components of the thermoregulatory function of the human body by mimicking internal metabolism, convection of the blood between the core and the periphery, and conduction of heat through tissues. The conduction and convection are parallel processes, just as they occur in the body. The outer surface of the container represents the atmosphere–skin interface during normothermia testing (Fig. 5) and the cooling pad–skin interface during induced hypothermia testing (Fig. 6).
HTRS Testing
A series of tests was conducted on the HTRS to evaluate three issues: to determine whether the HTRS is able to create an accurate thermal gradient from the core to the skin for conditions of normothermia with exposure to room air and of operation with a commercial whole body hypothermia system with cold-water circulation pads applied to the surface; to highlight the need for the HTRS to demonstrate the difference between using dynamic and static devices to represent the body during calibration of clinical hypothermia induction and control systems; and, to illustrate the efficacy of incorporating active internal thermal control into a device for calibrating the function of a therapeutic hypothermia system. Two types of performance tests were conducted. A baseline normothermia test consisted of the HTRS exposed to room air to evaluate its ability to maintain a core temperature of 37 °C while generating a basal level of internal metabolism in conjunction with normal blood circulation from the core to the skin and parallel heat conduction through overlying tissues, with natural convection between the skin surface and environment. The second set of tests consisted of replicating the thermal interaction between the body with an active thermoregulatory system and a cold-water circulation therapeutic hypothermia apparatus that is programmed to execute cooling and/or warming of the body core. The test periods and temperature ranges for these trials are shown in Table 1. A Philips InnerCool STx+ Core Surface Pad (Phillips Healthcare, Andover, MA) was used for the trials of therapeutic hypothermia (Fig. 7). For laboratory trials, the cooling pads were connected to a controlled-temperature water reservoir with an internal circulation pump, and the temperature was set to approximately 10 °C. Alternatively, a single clinical trial was conducted with a full Phillips InnerCool STx+ system to regulate the external pad water temperature and flow over time.
The voltage and current applied to the heater to simulate metabolism were recorded using a LOGiT LCV Current and Voltage Data Logger (SUPCO, Inc., Monmouth, NJ) from which the internally generated (metabolic) power was calculated. Numerous type T thermocouples were applied at key locations throughout the HTRS (Fig. 8) to collect continuous temperature data that was input to a host computer via a NI 9213 analog to digital converter and labview signal express software (National Instruments, Austin, TX). Temperatures were also monitored for ambient air, heater water, and flows into and out of the peripheral circulatory tube network. Temperatures of flowing water were measured with inline thermocouples embedded in sealed “tee” connectors directly in the tubing network, as seen in Fig. 9.
Normothermia experiments were conducted under manual control of the thermoregulatory parameters. The heater was adjusted to bring the core temperature to 37 °C after which it was maintained constant throughout the experiment. The HTRS was allowed to come to an equilibrium state with the environment to establish a stable thermal gradient amongst its components based on parallel conduction and convection heat flow pathways between the core and the surface. The steady-state temperature distribution within the HTRS is shown in Fig. 10. This trial corresponds to a human resting in a thermoneutral environment.
A second normothermia test was run to measure the contribution of blood circulation to the temperature distribution, i.e., to compare the system performance with both parallel conduction and convection versus conduction only. These two conditions can be characterized as active and passive heat flow regulation between the core and surface. The HTRS, when operated without water flow, mimics the behavior of passive thermal mass calibration devices. The primary difference between the HTRS without the pump operational and a typical solid thermal mass is that the HTRS will have a natural convection loop in the core due to the heating element. Figures 11(a) and 11(b) correspondingly present data for the HTRS operating with the water pump on (active) and off (passive).
Tests were also conducted to replicate both the induction of therapeutic hypothermia as well as bringing a patient out of a hypothermic state. The protocol consisted of first establishing a normothermic state by appropriate manipulation of the metabolic heater to bring the core internal temperature to approximately 37 °C with the water circulation pump running, and then intentionally lowering the core to be between 32 °C and 35 °C through the use of the external water-perfused cooling pads. After a hypothermic equilibrium state was reached, the water temperature of the pads was increased progressively to return the HTRS core back to normothermia. After the core temperature reached 34.5 °C, the heater was set to maintain this state for long enough to establish a cooler thermal gradient across the HTRS. The transient temperature distribution during rewarming from hypothermia with and without water circulation is shown in Figs. 12(a) and 12(b), respectively. Data are plotted only for the time interval between 50 and 80 min to allow for easier visual interpretation.
Results
One additional test was performed with the HTRS attached to a clinical hypothermia machine, programmed to execute a cooling and warming protocol. Figure 13 presents a set of transient data plots for this trial. The HTRS was set to operate with water flow to the peripheral circulation network during the entire procedure, starting from equilibrium at a core temperature of 37 °C. After the equilibrium core temperature was achieved, the cold-water perfusion pads with water already flowing were wrapped around the outer surface of the HTRS. The application of the cold-water perfused pads immediately dropped the HTRS surface temperature dramatically, with the temperatures of the interior layers subsequently slowing following. The final temperature difference between the core and outer surface was slightly higher in the clinical trial compared to that of the laboratory testing. This difference is attributed to the fact that the clinical trial was 60 min shorter than the laboratory trial, allowing less time for heat loss. However, the overall trend of the data is the same in both testing environments as seen by comparing Figs. 11 and 13.
Discussion
The thermal performance of the HTRS may be compared with known features and operational properties of human thermoregulatory function to provide indicators of the veracity of simulation. For example, the temperature measured on the outside of the container represents the skin surface during thermoneutral trials in Fig. 10. With no circulation of water, Fig. 10(b), the HTRS is representative of a system in which passive conduction is the only means of heat transfer between the core and the skin. For these conditions, the temperature drop across the intermediate tissues of the body was 7 °C (33–26 °C), and the skin temperature was 25 °C, which does not match typical physiological status unless a person has a high degree of cutaneous vasoconstriction. In contrast, when water is circulated from the core to the peripheral shell in parallel with tissue conduction, Fig. 10(a), the skin temperature was 33.5 °C, which is much better aligned with values commonly reported in the literature [14–16] and measured in our own lab under thermoneutral conditions. The conduction temperature drop across the intermediate tissues was reduced from 7 °C to 1.5 °C (36–34.5 °C). When there is a normal level of cutaneous blood flow, the major thermal resistance between the core and the environmental air is natural convection at the skin surface, as would be anticipated.
The water flow from the core to the inlet of the peripheral (cutaneous) flow network in the HTRS is largely insulated, with a drop of only 0.3 °C. Likewise, past studies have shown that only minimal heat is lost by blood flowing from the core until it reaches the larger elements of the microvasculature that are the primary site of tissue heat transfer . Thus, a majority of heat is delivered directly from the core to the periphery where it is transferred by flow through the circulation. This effect is enhanced during the hypothermia experiments in which a low temperature is enforced onto the body surface.
Figure 11(b) shows that when the water-perfused cooling pads are applied to the exterior of the HTRS, but with no water flow in the peripheral circulation network, the internal temperature increments between each layer increase dramatically as a consequence of the lower outer boundary temperature. In this case, the difference between the core and innermost surface of the body tissue is 6.5 °C (36.3–29.8 °C) and across the tissue is 7.6 °C (29.8–21.2 °C). The temperature at the outer surface at the HTRS with the cooling pad is 18.4 °C. With water flowing through the peripheral circulation network, see Fig. 11(a), the temperature drop between the core and inner surface of the tissue is reduced to 1 °C (34.5–33.5 °C) and across the tissue is 1.2 °C (33.5–32.3 °C). The temperature drop across the skin is 5.4 °C (30.8–25.4 °C). The heat input to maintain the HTRS at steady state without peripheral circulation is 30.8 W, whereas with peripheral circulation, it is 88.4 W. This difference occurs because the convective water flow greatly augments the heat transfer pathway from the core to the environment.
The basal metabolic rate for the average human of 70 kg is approximately 80 W . The heater energy input of the HTRS is somewhat higher than this at about 110 W (Table 2). Part of this discrepancy may be attributed to the loss of heat directly from the core container to the environment because it is not as well insulated in the HTRS as in the human body.
The large differential in conductive and convective heat flows is illustrated in Fig. 14 which shows that when the HTRS is operated with active convection, it is much more effective at transferring heat than when only conduction is allowed. Thus, a system with an active circulation is able to deliver more heat from the core to the outer layers of the HTRS compared to a system without circulation. This difference corresponds to states of extremes in cutaneous vasodilation and vasoconstriction associated with a primary function of the thermoregulation system. This difference also illustrates the inadequacy of a thermally passive system that does not embody the effect of convective heat transfer by vascular circulation in representing the human thermoregulation for calibration of therapeutic hypothermia device function.
Evaluation of the rewarming trials in Fig. 12 with and without water circulated from the core to the periphery shows a very large difference in performance. Most simply stated, in the absence of convection (Fig. 12(b)), warming of the core occurs much more slowly. Since convection is more efficient than conduction in transmitting heat between the surface and core, it is anticipated that an active circulation will result in the core tissue temperatures rising faster (and under better control) than in its absence. For example, without internal circulation, after 80 min of surface warming, the temperatures at the center and the interior of the tissue compartment had risen to 28.0 °C and 31.7 °C, respectively. With an active water circulation, the corresponding temperatures were 34.8 °C and 35.6 °C. Thus, the HTRS with active circulation presents a much different thermal load to a therapeutic hypothermia device than does a passive, heated mass. This difference can be critical in assessing the efficacy of a hypothermia device in managing the core temperature of a patient safely.
Figure 13 displays the results for testing the HTRS when attached to a clinical therapeutic hypothermia device. The purpose of this experiment was to determine if the HTRS can effectively and accurately represent a human thermal interaction with a clinical hypothermia machine. Comparison with Fig. 11(a) shows that overall the data from this experiment closely resemble the results from the laboratory trials. In both cases, the temperature of the outer surface of the HTRS is dictated by the perfused cooling water; this temperature was 23 °C and 26 °C for the clinical and laboratory trials, respectively. Moving inwardly, by far the largest temperature drop within the HTRS occurs across the skin compartment that is governed thermally by the active circulation of water from the warm system core. This large temperature drop attests to the efficacy of convective heat transfer within the system and points to the importance that a human thermoregulation simulation system includes the influence of blood flow between the body core and the skin surface.
It should be noted that the temperatures of the skin compartment and the water leaving it (denoted by “flow out”) had nearly identical values of 33.5 °C for both trials. Thus, the convective heat transport between water flowing through the skin compartment and the compartment mass results in effective thermal equilibration. This is the same effect that occurs in the human peripheral circulation , pointing to the accuracy in simulation of the HTRS.
A relevant question to pose in considering whether the HTRS provides an advantage in calibrating a therapeutic hypothermia device is how much the process is improved. The answer depends on how the therapeutic hypothermia system is programmed and operated, which can cover a wide range of conditions. One method to compare the operation of the present system and a passive system is illustrated by the data in Fig. 14 in which the internal temperature gradient is plotted between the core and surface with and without circulation. When circulation is used, the internal temperature gradient is reduced approximately six fold, indicating a greatly heightened ability to respond to external stimuli. This difference represents an improved capability of the calibration device to respond to inputs from the therapeutic hypothermia system in a manner that mimics actual thermoregulatory behavior, which should result in a more relevant calibration outcome.
A key feature of the HTRS is its diverse spectrum of operating states. Both the blood flow rate and metabolism can be altered over wide ranges to simulate specific physiological states. Thus, it is possible to mimic thermoregulatory function during normothermia, hypothermia, and rewarming protocols. Removing the blood circulation component creates a passive system typifying many existing calibration systems for hypothermia devices. The ability to vary the flow rate may be of particular importance to study conditions in which a patient experiences transient vasoconstriction or vasodilation processes. Blood perfusion transients may be especially important during the rewarming phase of a hypothermia procedure during which the thermoregulatory system is susceptible to dynamic responses to input from the hypothermia device. Although manual control of the HTRS was used for the reported testing of the prototype device, a programmable control module may be easily added using well-established technology.
Conclusions
The HTRS can improve the calibration process for therapeutic hypothermia systems by providing a load that replicates the internal parallel convection and conduction processes in the human body. The ability to modify the equivalent blood flow rate and metabolism contributes to this system's versatility to recreate and test a variety of relevant physiological states and processes. This feature may be of particular importance for evaluating the ability and safety of therapeutic hypothermia devices to lower or raise the core temperature at controlled rates. Since human thermoregulation processes operate independently, an external device controller must be able to accommodate a patient's physiological function in a manner that is compatible and safe. A passive lumped-mass calibration system is unable to satisfy this requirement, whereas the HTRS incorporates the primary features of active human thermoregulation to provide a physiologically meaningful load to test hypothermia device function.
The HTRS prototype is designed and built using simple and economical existing components. Thus, it should be straightforward to translate into an operational device for clinical application.
Acknowledgment
This project was funded by an Undergraduate Research Fellowship from the Office of the Vice President for Research in the University of Texas at Austin to P.C., by the National Science Foundation Grant No. CBET 1250659 to K.R.D., and by the Robert and Prudie Leibrock Professorship in Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin. | https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/medicaldevices/article/11/3/034506/369588/A-Human-Thermoregulation-Simulator-for-Calibrating |
Heather E.M. Liwanag Ph. D.
I am interested in the physiological adaptations of animals to their environment, and the evolutionary processes involved in those adaptations.
Much of my research has focused on thermoregulation - the regulation of body temperature - in both endotherms and ectotherms. | http://heatherml.com/members.html |
What Are the Different Types of Homeostatic Functions?
Maintaining the proper level of acidity in the blood is a very important homeostatic function.
The homeostatic function of excretion occurs through the urinary tract, which is comprised of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
Core temperature is an internal condition of the body that must remain stable.
The human body includes 11 organ systems working together to regulate homeostatic functions.
Homeostatic functions control the internal surroundings in such a way that a balance is achieved and sustained. The human body includes 11 organ systems all working together to regulate various homeostatic functions including thermoregulation, pH modification, and fluid-electrolyte balance. Thermoregulation allows for temperature control, while the steady balancing of acidity or alkalinity is maintained by the pH buffering system. Excretion of excess water is necessary for precise fluid content within the body, as the contents of liquid is also kept if needed. Normal functioning of the organism is determined to stay within sure ranges of values, otherwise serious issues and disease may result.
Most animals in the world have homeostatic activities that are essential for regulating temperature, which is given the term thermoregulation. It refers to the ability to maintain relative body temperature within a definite range, although the temperature in the outside surroundings is different. Human homeostatic functions necessary for effective controlling of temperature aims to maintain a steady balance around 98.6° Fahrenheit (37° Celsius). The body produces heat due to the processes of metabolism, such as through sweating which is an evaporation mechanism. Body temperature is determined by the rate at which heat is produced and lost or gained by outside means.
Processes of homeostasis operate in order to keep a suitable pH, which is simply a measure of acidity in a solution based on a value scale of 0 to 14. Measurements below 7 indicate acidity, while values above 7 are indicators of alkalinity. Values in pH out of the normal limits can cause serious problems, or even death. For example, the pH of human blood is tightly confined to a value of 7.40 and fluctuations in either direction can be dangerous. The pH in human systems is kept stabilized via the introduction of substances called buffers.
Important homeostatic functions such as osmoregulation and excretion permit the body to make use of osmotic pressure to regulate liquid concentration, while disposing of excess water, toxins, and waste. The human urinary process can adjust the concentration of salts and other substances in the blood, lymph, and interstitial fluid. By collecting liquid from the body, the urinary process can alter the parts in the liquid and return essential substances back to the body. Water excess and toxins are excreted in urine, a liquid containing metabolic waste byproducts such as urea, ammonia, and uric acid. Located in the pelvic cavity, organs important in the urinary process encompasses kidneys, ureters, the bladder, and urethra.
What Is the Coagulation System? | https://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-different-types-of-homeostatic-functions.htm |
Flashcards in Homeostatic Control, Excretion and Thermoregulation (Chapter 14) Deck (64)
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1
What is homeostasis?
- The maintenance of internal conditions despite variations in the external environment, within narrow limits us
- It uses control systems in the body to keep internal conditions near constant
2
What does homeostasis require?
- Information about the conditions inside the body and the surroundings, which are detected by sensory cells
- This information to be transferred between different parts of the body
3
Name 6 physiological factors controlled in homeostasis in mammals
1) core body temperature
2) metabolic wastes especially CO2 and urea
3) blood pH
4) blood glucose concentration
5) water potential of blood
6) concentration of CO2 and O2 (respiratory gases) in the blood
4
What is the internal environment of an organism?
All conditions inside the body/conditions in which the cells function
5
What is the immediate environment for a cell?
The tissue fluid that surrounds it
6
What are 3 features of tissue fluid that influence cell activities?
1) temperature
2) water potential
3) concentration of glucose
7
How does temperature influence cell activities?
- Low temperatures slow down metabolic reactions
- At high temperatures, proteins (incl enzymes) are denatured and cannot function
8
How does water potential influence cell activities?
- If the water potential decreases, water may move out of cells by osmosis, causing metabolic reactions in the cell to slow or stop
- If the water potential increases, water may enter the cell, causing it to swell and maybe burst
9
How does the concentration of glucose influence cells activties?
- Glucose is the fuel for respiration ∴ lack of it causes respiration to slow or stop, depriving the cell of an energy source
- Too much glucose may cause water to move out of the cell by osmosis, again disturbing the metabolism of the cell
10
How does homeostasis work?
By controlling the composition of blood and ∴ the composition of tissue fluid (using different control mechanisms for different aspects of the blood and tissue fluid)
11
What do most control mechanisms in living organisms use to maintain homeostatic balance?
A negative feedback control loop, involving a receptor and effector (muscles and glands)
12
How does negative feedback work?
1) the receptor detects stimuli (external or internal) that are involved with the condition being regulated
2) these receptors send information (input) about the changes they detect through to nervous system to a central control in the brain or spinal cord
3) the central control instructs an effector to carry out an action (output)
4) continuous monitoring of the factor by receptors produces a steady stream of information to the control centre that makes continuous adjustments to the output
5) ∴ the factor fluctuates around a particular set point (ideal value)
13
What is the aim of negative feedback?
To keep changes in the factor within narrow limits
14
What are the actions of negative feedback called and why?
- Corrective actions because their effect is to correct and reverse the change
- An increase in the factor results in something happening that makes the factor decrease and vice versa
15
Why do homeostatic mechanisms involve negative feedback?
- Because it minimises the difference between the actual value of the factor and the set point
- The factor never stays exactly constant, but fluctuates a little above and below the set point
16
What two coordination systems in the body transfer information between different parts of the body?
Nervous and endocrine
17
How is information transferred in the nervous system?
Information in the form of electrical impulses is transmitted along neurones
18
How is information transferred in the endocrine system?
Chemical messengers called hormones that travel in the blood, in a form of long-distance cell signalling
19
What is thermoregulation?
The control of body temperature, involving both the endocrine and nervous system
20
What is excretion?
The removal of unwanted products of metabolism
21
What two excretory products are formed in humans in much greater quantities than others?
1) CO2
2) Urea
22
How is CO2 an excretory product?
1) it is produced continuously by cells respiring aerobically
2) the waste CO2 is transported from the respiring cells to lungs in the bloodstream
3) gas exchange occurs within the lungs and CO2 diffuses from the blood into the alveoli - it is excreted in the air we breathe out
23
How is urea an excretory product?
1) it is produced in the liver from excess amino acids and transported to the kidneys, in solution in blood plasma
2) kidneys remove urea from blood and excrete it, dissolved in water, as urine
24
What happens when more protein is eaten than is needed?
- The excess cannot be stored in the body, however amino acids provide useful energy
- To make use of this energy, the liver removes the amino groups
25
What is deamination?
The process where the liver removes the amino groups from amino acids
26
What happens during deamination?
- The amino group (-NH2) of an amino acid and an extra hydrogen atom are removed and combine to produce NH3 and a keto acid
27
Where does deamination take place?
In liver cells
28
What happens to NH3 formed in deamination?
1) it is converted immediately to urea, which is less soluble and less toxic, by combining it with CO2 in the urea cycle
2) urea diffuses from liver cells into the blood plasma
3) as blood passes through the kidneys, urea is filtered out and excreted
29
Why must NH3 be immediately converted to urea? | https://blog.brainscape.com/flashcards/homeostatic-control-excretion-and-thermo-6832658/packs/8150510 |
The body temperature of pilots wearing anti-G garments becomes uncomfortably or even dangerously high in moderate to hot environments. To reduce the body heat stress, thermal characteristics and thermal protection performance of anti-G garments should be studied systematically, but up to now there is no related research to simulate the anti-G garment thermal protection performance. First, a human thermoregulation model is established which can analyze blood convective heat exchange and the central blood temperature fluctuation, according to this model the heat and mass transfer processes of a thermal system are simulated which consists of human body, an anti-G garment, and the surrounding environment, then on the base of this thermal system simulation influences of clothing permeability, thermal resistance and bladder coverage on anti-G garments are analyzed. Calculation of the human thermoregulation model is carried out by using finite element method. Experiments are conducted in 35 °C and 40 °C climate chambers, and model built above is well validated by these experiments. Model simulation reveals that low thermal resistance and high permeability of anti-G garments reduce body heat stress in moderate environments. In hot environments, however, anti-G garments with lower thermal resistance increase body heat stress. The body heat stress rises significantly as the bladder coverage area of anti-G garments increases. Anti-G garments thermal parameters can be appropriately designed by using the model built in this paper to ensure body physiological requirements. | https://www.mysciencework.com/publication/show/human-thermoregulation-model-estimating-thermal-protection-performance-antig-garments-077be6a7?search=1 |
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Abstract
Mammalian heterotherms, species that employ short or long periods of torpor, are found in many different climatic regions. Although the underlying physiological mechanisms of heterothermy in species from lower latitudes (i.e. the tropics and southern hemisphere) appear analogous to those of temperate and arctic heterotherms, the ultimate triggers and resulting patterns of energy expenditure and body temperature are often noticeably different. Phenotypic flexibility in the patterns of thermoregulation in non-Holarctic species can be extensive (depending on body condition, environmental parameters and species competition) and the factors responsible for inducing heterothermy are more variable in non-Holarctic species. As well as being a regular adaptation to seasonality, heterothermy can also be employed as a response to unpredictability in environmental parameters and as a response to emergency situations. Non-Holarctic heterotherms also challenge the notion that regular inter-bout arousals during hibernation are obligatory and suggest all that is necessary to maintain proper functioning during hibernation is an occasional passive return to -or maintenance of - a relatively high body temperature. The study of non-Holarctic heterotherms has led to the conclusion that heterothermy must be defined on the basis of mechanistic, physiological parameters, and not solely by body temperature; yet we are still limited in our abilities to record such mechanistic parameters in the field. It is now believed that homeothermy in mammals evolved in hot climates via an ancestral heterothermic state. Similar to extant warm-climate heterotherms, early mammals could have relied mainly on passive body temperature regulation with a capacity for short- to longer-term up-regulation of metabolism when needed. Hibernation, as seen in temperate and arctic species may then be a derived state of this ancestral heterothermy, and the study of torpor in warm climates can provide potential models for the energetics of early mammals. | http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/12626/ |
It’s important to bear in mind certain basic considerations in terms of thermoregulation when training in heat.
Many athletes, particularly resistance athletes, don’t know how our body works and how it regulates body temperature.
By answering these questions, not only will you potentially dangerous health scenarios, but you’ll have optimal performance abilities in hot climate conditions and/or with a high humidity level.
Index
- 1 Basic Physiological Concepts
- 2 How does the Human Body eliminate Excess Heat?
- 3 Heat Regulation Mechanisms
- 4 How much Water does our Body contain?
- 5 What can be done to reduce this Metabolic Heat?
- 6 What happens in Humid Environments?
- 7 How does Heat affect our Physical Performance?
- 8 Basic Advice for Training in Heat
- 9 Conclusions
- 10 Bibliographic References
- 11 Related Entires
Basic Physiological Concepts
The human body is nearly completely water.
It’s present in our body to very high percentages: 75% in the muscles, 83% in the blood, 75% of the brain, etc…
The water remains in its designated place to maintain a perfect balance in normal conditions, but if that water balance ruptured, a series of processes are triggered that put the health of the individual at risk, even reaching fatal circumstances.
In this sense, the internal organs are more active than the peripheral ones (metabolically speaking), reaching higher temperatures; however, the superficial tissues suffer greater temperature variation.
Factors affecting body surface temperature variation.
- Intense exercise
- Metabolic changes.
- Environmental temperature/humidity.
- Air currents.
- Sweat.
- Changes in subcutaneous flow.
- Heat from radiation.
Hence that heat production has to be eliminated in order to maintain the body’s base temperature.
How does the Human Body eliminate Excess Heat?
The body uses up energy when eliminating excess heat, and will be affected by the above factors.
Otherwise, there is a substantial decrease in sports performance.
The body normally rids itself of excess heat by sweating, which eliminates electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chlorine, calcium).
Those electrolytes, distributed in the extra and intra-cellular fluid, maintain an optimal state, that hydric balance necessary for the correct functioning of the body.
Heat Regulation Mechanisms
It’s important to know how our body reacts when training in heat:
Hypothalamus
This is in charge of regulating heat in our body.
It acts as a “Thermal Sensor”, which not only receives but measures the temperature information in every part of the body. It integrates this information and activates the necessary mechanisms to control it.
Sweat
One of the heat control mechanisms is to eliminate heat through sweat.
It’s useful for athletes to have basic notions of how to measure sweat loss in given environmental conditions and before an exercise: weight loss during sport, and fluid intake during sport.
Sweat is a mechanism for regulating body heat
Others
We also have other mechanisms:
- Radiation;
- Conduction (to be taken into account when practising sports in water (swimming), or in contact with air, such as cycling);
- And also Convection, Evaporation.
How much Water does our Body contain?
At Rest
As an indication, in a state of rest we have a total of 2.5 litres of water, and it can be determined that:
- 250ml is used for Metabolism.
- 750ml is ingested in food.
- 1500ml is ingested in drink.
During Exercise
As mentioned above, most of the energy expenditure produced during exercise is used to maintain body temperature (metabolic heat, 75%- 80%), and the rest is used for muscle work.
There are also other factors to be taken into account when maintaining that base temperature, such as environmental conditions: heat, cold, degree of humidity…
They directly affect how the body will produce heat to maintain that body temperature, and therefore for sports practice should be considered and studied for the hydration plan.
What can be done to reduce this Metabolic Heat?
One way is through sweating.
By sweating, there’s a loss of liquids that must be replaced to maintain the water balance and homeostatic state of the blood plasma at all times.
In the case of sweating caused by intense exercise as well as high ambient temperatures, the amounts that can be lost through evaporation varies greatly, and can become very high (1.5-2 litres of sweat an hour).
Without sweat evaporation, there’s no loss of sweat.
What happens in Humid Environments?
This is particularly relevant is humid environments, as the evaporation happens much slower and the internal body heat increases significantly.
If a good hydric balance is not kept, there is a:
- Decrease in the plasma volume (see picture above)
- Big increase in body temperature; and, therefore,
- An increase in the amount of sweat as a thermoregulator;
How does Heat affect our Physical Performance?
Along with the other processes, it also increases the heart rate and, at the same time, greatly increases the perceived effort during exercise…
It’s true that every individual has their own rhythm of sweating.
For women, the body generally sweats less, meaning the body temperature increases and and sensation of heat too.
As set out by the ACSM (American College Of Sports Medicine) in 2007, when exercising, we should re-hydrate so as not to exceed a loss of more than 2% of our body weight.
Basic Advice for Training in Heat
Period of Heat Acclimatisation
Between one week and 15 days: control the volume and duration of training, and take special care with fluid intake (drinks that include sodium, potassium and magnesium).
Keep yourself well hydrated
A good indicator of optimal level of hydration is the colour of urine.
The clearer it is, the better hydrated you are.
Frequent cooling
It’s advisable to run in places where you can cool yourself down, doing so not only by drinking water but by lowering your body temperature by through water over your wrists, back of the neck…
Supplementation
- Up to 60mins: it’s necessary to calculate the dose of isotonic drinks, as not only water should be drunk, but lost electrolytes should be recovered too.
- Over 90 minutes: and if they are resistance tests, in addition to water they should contain not only electrolytes but also carbohydrates.
Hour of training
Try to take advantage of the coolest hours of the day for sports practice (especially for those high intensity sessions).
Conclusions
The heat produced through energy metabolism during exercise can be extremely high, and it’s eliminated through the skin by a number of mechanisms.
In a hot environment, the majority of heat is lost through sweat evaporation.
If the environment is also humid, the evaporation of sweat and the elimination of heat is minimal, and a progressive hyperthermia can occur.
With the progressive dehydration due to the loss of sweat, there’s an increase in the internal temperature and a limitation in the cardiocirculatory system.
In addition, during exercise, the body needs to carry blood to the skin as a thermoregulatory system.
Bibliographic References
- Armstrong L.E., Maresh C.M. “The induction and Decay of heat acclimatisation in trained athletes”, Sports Medicine 12 (5):302-312, 1991.
- Haymes E.M.,Wells C.L. “Environment and Human Performance” Humena Kinetics Publishers, 1986.
Related Entires
- For Heat Training, a Glycerol Supplement will help maximise Hydration. We tell you everything you need to know at this link.
- Do you know the importance of replacing mineral salts? We invite you to go deeper by clicking here. | https://www.hsnstore.eu/blog/health-and-beauty/well-being-habits/training-in-heat/ |
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Thermogenesis is the name of the process that generates heat in all warm-blooded animals. It allows them to maintain the constant internal temperature they need to survive. Thermogenesis also enables fats to be burned and converted into heat; thus when it’s not functioning properly, it’s sometimes blamed for causing excess weight and obesity. Lastly, thermogenesis is stimulated when the body has to defend itself against stress factors such as the cold or an infection: this is called adaptive thermogenesis.
There are three main ways heat is produced in the human body: hormonal thermoregulation, diet and physical activity.
With the hormonal pathway, everything takes place in the hypothalamus, a gland located at the base of the brain, which controls a number of physiological processes. When the body gets cold, the hypothalamus triggers a warming action, prompted by various signals:
In terms of diet, 40% of the food we ingest is used as fuel to produce heat, during digestion (1). The amount of energy expended in digestion varies. Lipids (fats) have the best ‘quality-energy’ ratio as they make the lowest demands on the body. Conversely, digesting proteins (followed by carbohydrates to a lesser extent) requires more energy and promotes greater dietary thermogenesis (2).
Last but not least, physical activity produces intense muscle movements as muscles contract and relax, which causes heat to be released.
It’s important to note that the mechanisms of thermoregulation vary according to sex and age. In women of reproductive age, for example, body temperature increases during ovulation due to the effect of progesterone, whereas there’s a natural decrease in body temperature in older people.
Finally, when the body is subjected to an overly-strict diet and rapid fat loss, there’s a natural, long-lasting reduction in thermogenesis. This is referred to as starvation mode. It’s a mechanism that encourages fats to be stored, as they’re less energy-intensive. It’s thus responsible for the rapid weight gain that can occur when an individual stops dieting (3).
This is a type of fatty tissue which is responsible for producing heat and can thus be found in hibernating mammals. It’s also present in humans, primarily new-born babies, and, to a lesser degree, in adults too, and even less so in obese individuals.
A specific protein in brown adipose tissue called UCP1 (or thermogenin) is responsible for emitting heat. This uncoupling protein encourages the release of heat to the detriment of energy production (4).
In addition, researchers have shown that excessive levels of certain amino acids (valine, leucine and isoleucine) are associated with obesity and diabetes. They also demonstrated that it is these amino acids which are used preferentially by brown adipose tissue for heat production (5). Stimulation of brown adipose tissue activity is therefore one of the most promising avenues of research for promoting weight loss.
Along with exercise, heat production can be stimulated by consuming foods and drinks with recognized thermogenic properties: chillies, and tea and coffee. These contain active principles (capsaicin and caffeine respectively) which stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, the main driver of thermogenesis (6). Ginger may also increase thermogenesis (7), and cinnamon may stimulate the ‘browning’ of adipose tissue (8).
Thermogenic supplements can also help to produce heat and thus increase average calorie expenditure. One such product is Advanced Fat Burner, an essential supplement that contains 5 natural ingredients (inulin, green coffee, Coleus forskohlii, chromium, Garcinia and Sphaeranthus indicus) able to stimulate thermogenesis.
Have you heard of chrononutrition, the approach to eating that’s matched to the body’s circadian rhythms? Here are 3 ready-made recipe options for successfully implementing the chrononutrition approach across the day’s meals.
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How can you slim down and lose fat without also losing muscle (and maybe even gain muscle)? We give you the lowdown on daily calorie intake and expenditure.
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Appearance and health both suffer when we accumulate excess fat. Discover the 4 best fat-burning supplements to help get rid of it.
Are you suffering with swollen ankles or feet? If so, you’ll be pleased to know there are natural ways of reducing and combatting water retention. Here are our five ‘must-try’ tips. | https://us.supersmart.com/en/blog/slimming-weight-control/what-is-thermogenesis-what-can-you-to-boost-it-s202 |
Our environment plays a huge role when it comes to sleeping. It’s a fact that everyone can agree on. A hot or cold room can severely impact even a quick snooze, a cat nap or a power nap in between juggling deadlines.
That’s why keeping room temperature at a “perfect comfort level” is ideal. However, there’s more than just our comfortable spaces to consider here – we need to understand how our body temperature works.
You may have asked yourself the following questions from time to time:
- Why do I sometimes feel hot when I sleep?
- Why do we experience hot and cold body temperature swings?
- Why do I sometimes wake up and feel cold in the middle of the night?
- Why does my body feel warmer after a workout?
Well, all those questions above are actually related to thermoregulation. Like it or not, it does affect the quality of our sleep.
But worry not, we’ll help you understand this natural process and give you some practical tips that will ensure that your body feels just right before you head off to sleep.
Let’s take a look into each section to know how this process helps us to sleep well.
What Is Thermoregulation?
For starters, thermoregulation isn’t as complicated as it sounds.
According to Merriam-Webster:
Thermoregulation is the maintenance or regulation of temperature by a living organism. Err…it’s still a bit complex-looking.
So, what we’re going to do is give examples to make us remember and understand this seemingly complex term:
How does an organism regulate their internal body temperature?
Well, there are two different strategies at work here.
Ectotherms, or simply known as cold-blooded animals, interact with heat coming from the outside. They obtain their temperature from their surroundings. So, their core body temperature is the same as the room temperature. Fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and invertebrates belong to this group. This is why we see these fascinating animals climbing on a rock or basking under the sun – they simply want to feel a little warmer
However, the endotherms’ body temperature regulation is due to metabolic processes. It’s our classification along with birds, mammals, and some species of fishes. We can generate heat inside our bodies. So, if the surroundings have a cold temperature, then it’s close to ours also. If we’re in a warm environment, then our temperature is also close to that.
As endotherms, or the opposite of cold-blooded animals, our internal body temperature will always be the same. Isn’t that quite an advantage? But here’s the catch: there is a need to consume more. So, it’s eating, eating, and more eating!
Why?
Because our food intake will be converted into energy to generate heat. Take this in mind, our process of producing heat needs plenty of potencies that it even includes when we’re at rest.
Are we all on the same page now? Let’s continue!
Achieve Comfortable Temperature Through This Process
What regulates body temperature?
Located on the lower surface of the brain is the hypothalamus. It may be small, but it continuously calculates the temperature of the body. Thus, allowing it to maintain within a degree or two of a 98.8 temp. Even so, two regions divide the body, making it not a straightforward task. One regulates core temperature while the other focuses on shell temperature. The former deals with the warmth of our inner organs like the heart, liver, and kidney. The latter deals with the heat of the skin tissue under the skin.
In addition to the information above, we will be giving some examples below:
One of the factors that make our body thermoregulate is exercising. During exercise, your body releases heat. When you run, your temperature starts to go high until it reaches a set point. This body overheating results in the release of sweat. It’s one of the typical ways we react when we get too hot. Besides, our blood vessels will widen. Correspondingly, more blood will move to the surface away from the warm inner body. We then release this heat via heat radiation.
At the same time, if our body needs to warm up these two things happen: we get skin bumps and our hairs stand on end (think goosebumps) .
Correspondingly, more blood will move to the surface away from the warm inner body. We then release this heat via heat radiation.
By the way, besides regulating body temperature our hypothalamus also plays a crucial role in:
- The release of hormones
- The maintenance of daily physiological cycles
- The controlling of our appetite
- The management of sexual habits
- The regulation of emotional responses
For an organ so small, the hypothalamus packs quite a punch.
Interpreting Body Temperature Changes for the Duration of the Day
What can make our body temperature change?
- The type of activity
- The hour of the day
- Our age
- Our gender
- The type of food we’ve consumed
- Menstrual cycle
- Constant stress
- Intake of certain pharmaceutical drugs
- Smoking
Throughout our natural life, this will vary and won’t stay the same all day. Various factors cause our temperature to fluctuate . One of the reasons is when we put on our gym clothes and work out. Hence, being active makes us aware of our surroundings. Again, the hypothalamus plays a significant role in this spike. It pushes the morning baseline temperature up to 100.4 degrees for the much-needed exercise boost. As we’ve mentioned, body temperature swings up and down during the day. This shift is parallel to our metabolic activity level. Remarkably, this is quite noticeable at the time of the siesta. After that, our temperature further goes down to prepare us for the night’s rest.
To sum it all up, we’re at our lowest temperature level when we wake up; then there’s a gradual climb wherein it reaches the peak in the late afternoon.
That actually makes sense when you think about your day, right? It’s cooler at night and it’s much, much cooler in the morning, hence, your body temperature should be cooler, too. It might explain why it’s so difficult for us to wake up in the morning and get under the covers to get that extra “five more minutes”. But as you become more active during the day and move your body around, the human body naturally regulates its temperature accordingly.
Interpreting Body Temperature Changes Before and During Bedtime
Evenings sometimes bring about body temperature regulation problems. But these fluctuations are entirely natural. They are also part of our internal clock or the circadian rhythm which readies the body for sleep. Thanks to the hypothalamus, our core body temperature lowers in the evening preparing us for bed. But sometimes this organ can’t regulate body temperature effectively. This usually happens when our sleep environment becomes too cold or too warm. When this happens at night, then it can explicitly be irksome.
Here are the factors we might have when we’re experiencing extreme body overheating while sleeping:
- Certain illness or disease
- Certain drugs
- An infection such as a cold or fever
- Being pregnant
With this in mind, a too hot or too freezing room temperature usually results in being uneasy all throughout the night. It’s because of thermoregulation being futile when you’re in the stage of deep sleep.
Besides taking a hot bath, what should you do to have an ideal temperature before going to sleep? Here are some tips that we’ve gathered:
- Use blinds during the daytime and close all the windows if the temperature is hotter outside.
- The higher your apartment’s location inside a building, the hotter it becomes. Try to switch places with a friend.
- If it’s possible to have a sleep-over with a relative who has a cooler place, then do it even if it’s just temporary.
Question:
During REM sleep, do we feel hot or cold?
You’d be surprised to know that it is actually neither of the two. We don’t sweat or shiver during this stage of sleep. As adults, we’ve duplicated an old feat which we’ve done during our infancy. When we were babies, we didn’t shiver or sweat even when awake. This was due to the brown adipose tissue (BAT), which is found on our body mass. However, not all of these fats disappear during adulthood. Medical experts say that i’s likely that, as adults, our bodies still work the same way..
The Ideal Temperature That We Can Easily Doze Off To
Nobody wants to toss and turn at night. But sometimes such a predicament might strike us. Isn’t it all too familiar? Being too warm will prevent us from having a sound sleep because sweating compels us to exert energy.
Here is our advice.
- Choose the right beddings and comforters. Don’t choose non-breathable products such as polyester. The best choices for us here are cotton and linen. They have materials that won’t trap the warm air between our body and the bed itself. By choosing something made of breathable fibers, this will make us remain at an ideal temperature.
- Never exercise prior to going to bed:Stick to a light routine such as walking before jumping the sack. A collection of heavy work out sets will increase your heart rate which will keep you awake.
- Invest in a good mattress:Find a mattress that will not trap warm air between one’s body and the mattress itself. Stay clear from products that don’t promote airflow. Instead, find one that will give you optimal breathability not just through the night.
- Don’t drink anything with caffeine: Be it in the afternoon or evening, never take any caffeinated liquids or it’ll cause unwanted alertness in the middle of the night.
- Refrain from eating spicy foods:They are known to escalate body temperature.
By the way,
Be sure that your choice of beddings is appropriate for the season. Swap them immediately when the season changes. A lightweight blanket is far more suitable to use than a massive comforter during the summer. But let’s be extra careful.We don’t know if a sudden cold snap may arrive. It’s best to prepare another blanket on top of that two-layered comforter.
We’ll talk more about the best mattresses in the next section.
For Those with Excessive Body Heat, Eyes Here!
We need to consider a lot of things when it comes to choosing a mattress. There are those with a tendency to direct the heat back at the sleepers. We don’t want that to happen to us. Here are the qualities of mattresses that make them top-rated when it comes to making us feel cool. Remember, always do a thorough groundwork when choosing a mattress. We can start by looking at websites and checking for reviews.
- Find a mattress that displays stiffness: When you choose a soft mattress, this has the possibility of retaining more heat.
- Stay away from hybrid types: Find a mattress that isn’t made of memory foam or latex hybrid.
Conclusion
Thermoregulation is simply the occurrence of natural fluctuations that happen in our bodies without us having to think about it. Which makes us say – isn’t the human body amazing? Understanding why we easily get an elevated body temperature when we sleep, will help us suffer much less from sleep deprivation. This is why we need to take important steps before settling into bed. This includes the right way of exercising and proper eating before we go to bed
We have a few simple suggestions to make your body be prepared for sleeping:
- Let us learn to adjust the activities we do before bedtime by giving our bodies ample time before catching some well-deserved rest.. For example, if we’re going to have a shower, we can do it 2-3 hours prior to sleeping.
- Enjoy silence. Stay away, if possible, from loud or repetitive noises. One of the best pieces of advice to follow is to use foam earplugs to isolate ourselves from being interrupted.
- Invest in what helps you sleep better. Buy a good bed sheet or comforter that is made of natural fibers.
- A bedroom is a place of rest. It’s not a place for gadgets and other gizmos.
If you have your own ways to deal with thermoregulation, let us know! We’d love to hear tips from you. | https://www.id-mag.com/understanding-thermoregulation/ |
Exhaled breath, which is warm and contains moisture, is a means of regulating the body's water content and internal temperature, and the movement of the lungs contributes to optimal blood circulation. Afferent pathways— carry nerve impulses into the central nervous system. Every variable is controlled by homeostasis together to maintain life. When the room cools, the circuit is completed, the switches on, and the temperature rises. This maintenance of body size is an example of homeostasis.
This is true particularly with regard to our internal state or well-being. So, how does our body regulate all these variables and compensate for changes in the environment? Homeostasis A human being is shaped by millions of cells that are working together for the maintenance of all organs in a human body. Diffusion Particles in liquids and gases move about randomly in all directions. Cytoplasm is mostly water containing dissolved solutes E. Now try a — Foundation Read on if you are taking the Higher paper. Homeostasis is just the balance of the body, so it can be anythingfrom water levels, as mentioned above to heat or glucoseregulation. All organisms have to maintain a constant internal environment in accordance with the external environment.
All organisms, from large mammals to tiny bacteria, must maintain an ideal temperature in order to survive. We produce waste, some of which is collected in the … blood, filtered out by the kidneys and passed as urine. For the well-being of the entire human organism, every individual cell needs to maintain the internal environment like glucose, oxygen, mineral ions and waste removal. The control center, sensors, and effector together form what is known as a control system. There are several ways the immune system protects the body, including the skin, antigens and mucus membranes. It achieves this in various ways, including adaptive immunity when the body encounters a new pathogen, innate immunity, secreting acids onto the skin and using mucus membranes to breakdown bacteria.
Cytolysis is the bursting of cells 5. Molecules diffuse faster at higher temperatures than at lower temperatures I. Think of it as an extremely complex balancing act. It is important to emphasize that homeostatic reactions are inevitable and automatic if the system is functioning properly, and that a steady state or homeostasis may be maintained by many systems operating together. That's how important it is that Life on Earth would end almost immediately if this single mechanism in living organism fails.
Birds and mammals including humans are endotherms. Solute concentration outside the cell is higher less water 2. Temperature sensors in our brain monitor body temperature, and if it starts rising moving away from its supposed set point , this activates an effector tissue or organ that will help bring the temperature back to its set point. It means keeping things constant and comes from two Greek words: 'homeo,' meaning 'similar,' and 'stasis,' meaning 'stable. Positive feedback is a response to change from the normal condition that increases the departure even more.
Channel proteins in the cell membrane form tunnels across the membrane to move materials H. Physical excercise places greater demands on the abilities of the body to maintain a steady state. Heart senses changes in pressure and sends signals to brain which signals back how to respond. Plant cells become turgid due to water pressing outward against cell wall 6. The skin is the body's first line of defense. The gland that is responsible for maintaining homeostasis is the hypothalamus, and the main organs of homeostasis are the kidne … ys. Major Endocrine Glands and Their Major Hormones Name Hormone Function Adrenal medulla Epinephrine and norepinephrine Stimulates fight or flight reaction.
You didn't give any options, so there's no way I can answer this question. In simple terms, it could be referred as a balance in a system to maintain a stable internal environment for the survival of the animal. Parathyroid Parathyroid Maintains blood calcium and phosphorus levels. When there is a problem with the internal functioning of your body, this temperature may increase, signaling and imbalance. Of course, humans fall ill despite that force but humans or any other living organism simply would not have existed if not for Homeostasis.
Carrier molecules change shape when solute attaches to them F. Shivering is another response to chilling: the involuntary movements burn body tissue to produce more body heat. The respiratory system participates in a variety of homeostatic processes, and the two most important of these are maintaining pH and regulating gas exchange. In terms of behavior, you might seek out warm clothes or a patch of sunlight if you start to feel chilly. The concentration of hydrogen ions in blood depends on the concentration of carbon dioxide, which is directly influenced by the respiratory system. | http://wingle.jp/what-is-the-purpose-of-homeostasis.html |
inhabit self-excavated burrows in open grasslands, where conductive heating is restricted.
Therefore, their Tbs are more likely influenced by postural and orientation adjustments than
by conductive mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to measure the Ttarget of Sungazers
and to assess the impact of body posture and orientation on thermoregulation in Sungazers.
Thermocron® iButtons were modified to function as cloacal probes, set to record temperatures
every minute and were inserted in the cloacas of 18 adult Sungazers. Sungazers were released
at their respective burrows where camera traps recorded photographs every minute of the
diurnal cycle to record behaviour. Copper models recorded the range of operative
temperatures; an exposed model set up in “sungazing” posture, and a model inserted 0.5 m
into an active Sungazer burrow. Data were successfully recorded from nine Sungazers.
Sungazers achieved a Ttarget of 30.17 ± 1.35 ˚C (Mean ± SD) and remained at this range for
332.56 ± 180.60 minutes (Mean ± SD). There was a significant effect of the anterior body-up
(high) and anterior body-up (low) posture on Tb, which were significantly different to all other
postures. An anterior body-up (high) posture was the only posture that enabled Sungazers to
achieve their Ttarget, with a heating rate of 2.57 ºC ± 3.62 ºC per 15 minutes. A significant
difference in the time spent at each posture was apparent and a limited time (25.11 ± 44.01
min) was spent at the anterior body-up (high) posture. Orientation of basking Sungazers
showed no statistically significant effect on Tb, however lizards heated up faster facing when
away from the sun (2.66 ºC ± 2.50 ºC per 15 min) and spent proportionally more time facing
this orientation in the morning when Tbs were lower than Ttarget. This study suggests that
changes in climatic conditions will result in basking Sungazers either increasing or reducing
the time spent in an anterior body-up (high) posture while orientated away from the sun in
order to achieve thermal demands.
Keywords
behavioural thermoregulation, body posture, orientation, Smaug giganteus, target
temperature, thermal profile
Wade Stanton-Jones Student Number: 601874
Page 3 of 31
1. Introduction
1.1 Thermoregulation
Body temperature (Tb) is the most influential factor of ecophysiology in ectothermic
animals (Angilleta Jr. et al., 2002), and has a significant impact on growth, digestion and
locomotion and metabolic processes (Seebacher and Franklin, 2005; Truter, 2011). While
most endothermic animals typically regulate their Tbs within a narrow range and are
considered to be thermal specialists (Ivanov, 2006; Truter, 2011), reptiles (ectotherms) have a
wider selected thermal range (Truter, 2011), in which a target Tb (Ttarget) is achieved
(Alexander, 2007). Reptiles primarily rely on behavioural mechanisms (e.g. site selection,
postural and orientation adjustments and shuttling behaviour) in an attempt to reach Ttarget, the
temperature at which many physiological functions occur within their respective thermal
optima (Truter, 2011). Behavioural adjustments in the form of postural and orientation
adjustments are often used to modify the rates of thermal exchange (Alexander, 1996). These
behaviours aid the animal in its ability to control Tb at levels that are conducive to its
performance. Should temperature extremes occur within the environment, the animal’s
physiological and behavioural components regulate their Tbs to a narrow range in comparison
to environmental temperatures (Angilleta Jr. et al., 2002).
Behavioural thermoregulation in reptiles was first investigated in desert-dwelling
lizards by Cowles and Bogert (1944). Since this seminal work, behaviour has been regarded
as the principal mechanism of reptile thermoregulation (Avery et al. 1982; van Wyk, 1992;
Truter, 2011). Reptiles thermoregulate by modifying rates of heat gain and loss to the
environment, and temporal variation within the environment accounts for variation in diel and
seasonal activity patterns and Tb variations (van Wyk, 1992; Diaz and Cabezas-Diaz, 2004).
Since the primary mechanism for thermoregulation in reptiles is through behaviour, aspects
such as shuttling, postural and orientation adjustments as well as regulated activity periods are
vitally important in achieving Ttarget (Huey, 1962; Muth, 1977; Bohorquez-Alonso et al.,
2011; Truter, 2011).
Muth (1977) associated different postures and orientations with Tb of Callisaurus
draconoides, an American Phrynosomatid lizard. The study also highlighted the role of
posture in rates of heat exchange and found significant differences in heating rates for
different postures (Muth, 1977). A more recent study on Gallotia galloti, a Lacertid lizard,
highlighted the importance of posture and orientation in relation to the position of the sun
Wade Stanton-Jones Student Number: 601874
Page 4 of 31
(Bohorquez-Alonso et al., 2011). The study found that postural and orientation adjustments
not only directly impact an ectotherm’s ability to thermoregulate, but also contribute to
efficient social signalling (Bohorquez-Alonso et al., 2011). Typical postures range from a
body-down posture to an anterior body-up high posture (van Wyk, 1992; Fig. 1), with subtle
adjustments (Greenberg, 1977). These postures were explored through Greenberg’s (1977)
work on Sceloporus cyanogenys, a Phrynosomatid lizard, in which lizards adjusted postures
based on thermal requirements. Van Wyk (1992) expanded the work on body postures
through research on Smaug giganteus, a South African Cordylid, in which he assigned body
postures to several different categories (Fig. 1). He found that Sungazers spend most of their
activity period in anterior body-up postures, maximising the exposure of the dorsal parts of
the body to the sun (van Wyk, 1992). Additionally, orientation changes accordingly based on
the position of the sun as lizards attempted to regulate heat gain from the environment (van
Wyk, 1992).
Figure 1: Typical body postures adopted by S. giganteus (van Wyk, 1992).
1.2 Family: Cordylidae
The Cordylidae is the only lizard family endemic to mainland Africa (Bates et al.,
2014). Cordylids occupy an array of habitats but the majority of species are strictly rupicolous
(Tolley, 2010; Bates et al., 2014). However, there are species that are not rupicolous: three
species of Chamaesura, two species of Cordylus (Cordylus macropholis and Cordylus
ukingensis), and Smaug giganteus are considered terrestrial, while two Cordylus species,
Cordylus jonesi and Cordylus tropidosternum, are considered arboreal (Bates et al., 2014).
Cordylids are diurnal, mostly insectivorous and generally ambush foragers, with many species
showing well developed territoriality (Bates et al., 2014). Rupicolous Cordylids live in
habitats that are mostly not impacted from human transformation (Bates et al., 2014).
Wade Stanton-Jones Student Number: 601874
Page 5 of 31
However, terrestrial Cordylids such as S. giganteus are threatened by land transformation and
illegal harvesting (Parusnath, 2014). | https://cupdf.com/document/the-importance-of-body-posture-and-orientation-in-the-importance-of-the-importance.html |
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Her name was Henrietta Lacks, but scientists know her as HeLa. She was a poor black tobacco farmer whose cells—taken without her knowledge in 1951—became one of the most important tools in medicine, bought and sold by the billions, with devastating effects on her family. Now in paperback, this phenomenal New York Times bestseller tells a riveting story of ethics, race, and medicine colliding; of scientific discovery and faith healing; and of a daughter’s persistent desire to know her mother.
THE WOMAN WARRIOR: MEMOIRS OF A GIRLHOOD AMONG GHOSTS by Maxine Hong Kingston
With this book, the acclaimed author created an entirely new form—an exhilarating blend of autobiography and mythology, of world and self, of hot rage and cool analysis. First published in 1976, it has become a classic in its innovative portrayal of multiple and intersecting identities—immigrant, female, Chinese, American.
For more on these and many other relevant titles, visit Women’s History 2023
Visit https://womenshistorymonth.gov/ for events and more information.
There’s a Book for That! is brought to you by Penguin Random House’s Sales department. Please follow our Tumblr by clicking here—and share this link with your accounts: theresabookforthat.tumblr.com. Thank you! | https://global.penguinrandomhouse.com/announcements/theres-a-book-for-that-womens-history-month-5/ |
"Set in 1954, this compelling historical novel tells the story of a young girl's struggles and triumphs in the aftermath of World War II. The war is over, but the threat of communism and the Cold War loom over the United States. In Detroit, Michigan, twelve-year-old Marjorie Campbell struggles with the ups and downs of family life, dealing with her veteran father's unpredictable outbursts, keeping her mother's stash of banned library books a secret,...
Author
Poems about relationships between young men and women.
Author
Collection of 41 poems about familiar school experiences. Includes poetry facts, definitions, and challenges to get young poets writing. Some poems previously published. | https://catalog.santafelibrary.org/Author/Home?author=%22Holbrook%2C%20Sara%22 |
This museum explores the universal themes of freedom, civil rights and assimilation told through the life experiences, struggles and triumphs of American Jews. This is the nation’s only museum solely dedicated to telling the story of Jews in America. The Museum features more than 10,000 compelling artifacts, cutting-edge interactive technology and immersive environments. The storyline takes visitors through an amazing episodic journey, dealing with the moments in time where immigrants caused change and shaped American history. | https://www.gallagherdesign.com/projects/national-museum-of-american-jewish-history/ |
In this provocative and resonant autobiography, world-renowned artist and feminist icon Judy Chicago reflects on her extraordinary life and career.
Judy Chicago is America’s most dynamic living artist. Her works comprise a dizzying array of media from performance and installation to the glittering table laid for thirty-nine iconic women in The Dinner Party (now permanently housed at the Brooklyn Museum), the groundbreaking Birth Project, and the meticulously researched Holocaust Project. She designed the monumental installation for Dior’s 2020 Paris couture show and, in 2019, established the Judy Chicago Portal, which will help to accomplish her lifelong goal of overcoming the erasure that has eclipsed the achievements of so many women.
The Flowering is her vivid and revealing autobiography, fully illustrated with photographs of her work, as well as never-before-published personal images and a foreword by Gloria Steinem. Chicago has revised and updated her earlier, classic works with previously untold stories, fresh insights, and an extensive afterword covering the last twenty years. This powerful narrative weaves together the stories behind some of Chicago’s most significant artworks and her journey as a woman artist with the chronicles of her personal relationships and her understanding, from decades of experience and extensive research, of how misogyny, racism, and other prejudices intersect to erase the legacies of artists who are not white and male while dismissing the suffering of millions of creatures who share the planet.
With the first career retrospective of her work forthcoming at the de Young Museum in 2021, Chicago reinforces her message of resilience for a new generation of artists and activists. The Flowering is an essential read for anyone interested in making change.
About the Author
Judy Chicago is an artist, author, feminist, and educator whose career spans nearly six decades. Her work is in the collections of The Art Institute of Chicago, The Brooklyn Museum, The British Museum, the de Young Museum, The Getty Trust, The Hammer Museum, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, The Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Moderna Museet in Stockholm, The Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, National Museum of Women in the Arts, Nevada Museum of Art, SF MOMA, Tate Modern, and more than 25 university art museums.
Gloria Steinem is a writer, political activist, and feminist organizer. She was a founder of New York and Ms. magazines, and is the author of The Truth Will Set You Free, But First it Will Piss You Off!, My Life on the Road, and other books.
Praise For…
Now, we need Judy Chicago more
than ever.
— Gloria Steinem
Combining
engrossing, urgent storytelling with illustrations, personal images and
a foreword by Gloria Steinem, Chicago relays the story of an artist
determined to ensure that women’s cultural achievements are permanently
valued.
— Time
An intimate [and] revealing account of an artist of grit and gumption who set the pattern for much of the art being made today.
— The Washington Post
In The Flowering, Judy Chicago offers a clear-eyed, unapologetic accounting of ambition and a life dedicated to making and supporting feminist art. From her childhood until the present, The Flowering is not only the story of a life fully lived or a woman committed, first and foremost to her art, it is also a compelling history of contemporary feminist art in the United States. Judy Chicago has a distinct point of view, in her art and in her words. The Flowering offers the opportunity to inhabit that perspective, and understand how a woman artist forged a path not only for herself but so many others. This book is fascinating and I couldn't put it down.
— Roxane Gay, author of Hunger and How to be Heard
To read The Flowering is to take a riveting masterclass in creativity, bravery, and never giving up. Like an addictive page-turner, I found myself reading it into the early morning hours—enlightened, infuriated, and electrifyingly inspired.
— Kevin Kwan, New York Times bestselling author of Crazy Rich Asians
An intimate tour of [Judy Chicago's] development as an artist, sharing
the challenges, struggles, and triumphs to make space for women in the
male dominated art world, which established
false hierarchies that continue to this day. Refusing to play along,
Chicago subverted the system from within, using her work to call out
established notions of art, history, and gender, restoring the Divine
Feminine to its rightful place in the pantheon.
— Dazed
Exhilarating… Artist Judy Chicago's welcome new memoir, her first since 1996's Beyond the Flower, updates readers on her adventures in the intervening quarter century.
— Shelf Awareness (starred review)
Like many women artists, Chicago’s experiences have taught her that she has to fight marginalization in the art world. As she chronicles her rise in an arena controlled by men, she also explores the genesis of the works that stemmed from those experiences... Chicago’s narrative speaks to the power of persistence and remaining true to yourself, especially important in the art world. An unapologetic examination of the life of an artist dedicated to following her passions.
— Kirkus Reviews
Chicago, now in her triumphant eighties, charts the evolution of her
radical, conceptually and technically complicated art... Her dramatic
life and extensive and intrepid body of work deserve close attention.
— Booklist
The story of [Judy Chicago's] life...promises to be a rollicking tale.
— Artnews
When one reads the narrative of [Judy Chicago's] life, one sees how
tough a struggle she has had to reach the situation of respect she now
enjoys.
— Edward Lucie-Smith, - Artlyst
A page turner for creative readers passionate about change.
— Surface
A meticulous record of the artist's life and career... [Judy Chicago's]
writing moves fluidly between accounts of her personal life, her
artistic endeavors and struggles, and the evolution of her feminism into
a feminist art practice.
— National Museum of Women in the Arts
Judy Chicago is one of the world’s greatest living artists. The stories she tells in The Flowering are integral to the post-war history of art, gender relations and Jewish diaspora culture. Chicago's clear, direct voice makes her aesthetic and political positions easily accessible—a feat that reveals her ability to engage and her effort to empower us all.
— Dr. Sarah Thornton, sociologist of culture, author of Seven Days in the Art World
Judy Chicago's The Flowering is the update to her autobiographical writings we urgently need. It recasts Judy's pioneering sensibility for the important debates of our times, ensuring her pivotal place in the discourse of feminism and art.
— Hans Ulrich Obrist, Artistic Director of the Serpentine Galleries
This inspiring read tells the story of one of our most influential contemporary artists: a woman who was able to break the barrier of a male-dominated, chauvinistic system by revealing to the world what feminine creativity can produce. The imperative now lies in transforming this message into a reality for tomorrow.
— Maria Grazia Chiuri, Creative Director of Women’s Collections, Dior
Chicago’s new autobiography, The Flowering, documents both the historical and contemporary precarity of her work while also reminding readers of her visceral, artistic vision... It is fitting for Chicago to have such a richly illustrated autobiography. Equally dazzling is Chicago’s story of her struggles to create the work, to have it seen, and to be respected in the art world... A gripping read.
— Jewish Book Council
Intimate and absorbing... hard to put down... This personal story traces the artist's career and highlights her determination to champion women. | https://www.boswellbooks.com/book/9780500094389 |
Sistas: The Musical - 2022 - Off-Broadway Tickets, News, Info & More
SISTAS is the uplifting musical journey of a multi-generational, African-American Family. Based on a series of interviews conducted with Black women over a six-year period, and using a playlist of songs made famous by artists that include Billie Holiday, Lena Horn, Erykah Badu, Jill Scott, Mary J. Blige and others. This Musical tells of the struggles, the joys and the triumphs of being Black and of being a Woman in America. Told through the life and experiences of one woman and the women in her family, the story easily segues from the days of Jim Crow to the present and covers a range of topics from segregation to the civil rights and women's movement, and tackles the idea of love vs. control.
The narrative is stitched perfectly together by the lyrics of songs that capture the mood and speak to the issues of each period and time -- Strange Fruit, Society's Child, Taint Nobody's Business, I am Not My Hair by India.Arie, Alicia Keyes A Woman's Worth, Golden by Jill Scott and, Erykah Badu's Tyrone. In the end, the play comes full circle and reflects on the love of family and the strength of values passed from one generation to the next.
History:Original Production
Run Type:Open Run
Market:Off-Broadway
Previews: April 02, 2022
Closing:May 28, 2022
Running Time:90 minutes with no intermission
St. Luke's Theatre
|About the Theatre|
Address: | https://www.broadwayworld.com/shows/Sistas-The-Musical-330426.html |
Founding Director Lonnie Bunch’s deeply personal tale of the triumphs and challenges of bringing the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture to life. His story is by turns inspiring, funny, frustrating, quixotic, bittersweet, and above all, a compelling read.
Sweet Taste of Liberty: A True Story of Slavery and Restitution in America
- The epic, unique, and haunting story an enslaved woman and her quest for justice
- Incorporates recent scholarship on slavery, reparations, and the ongoing connection between slavery and incarceration of black Americans
- McDaniel received a Public Scholar fellowship from the National Endowment for the Humanities that enabled him to write this book
More info →
Grace Will Lead Us Home: The Charleston Church Massacre and the Hard, Inspiring Journey to Forgiveness
A deeply moving work of narrative nonfiction on the tragic shootings at the Mother Emanuel AME church in Charleston, South Carolina from Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Jennifer Berry Hawes.More info →
The Great War in America: World War I and Its Aftermath
A chronicle of the American experience during World War I and the unexpected changes that rocked the country in its immediate aftermath—the Red Scare, race riots, women’s suffrage, and Prohibition.More info →
The Presidents
Over a period of decades, C-SPAN has surveyed leading historians on the best and worst of America’s presidents across a variety of categories — their ability to persuade the public, their leadership skills, the moral authority, and more. The crucible of the presidency has forged some of the very best and very worst leaders in our national history, along with much in between. | https://joemadison.com/genre/history/ |
When caught in objectivity, figures are relegated to a mundane limbo. Not alive enough to be dead, they appear cold and static, taking up a liminal position akin to the forever floating Ophelia. Their everyday objects and gestures occupy a suspended landscape of displaced anxieties, collapsed time, and ugly wallpaper. In my paintings, these subjects are either viewed vicariously or warped to the point of unrecognition. The milky consistency of paint adds to an overarching sense of flatness, rendering figures stiffly inaccessible despite their large stature.
Jesse Lee Alkire
In the central canvas of “Butterfly Chanting,” a warrior is seated on a unicorn while below her are seated twin fairies. On the left canvas, a male angel is laughing while on the right a Madonna figure is holding her baby. Ambiguous in narrative, “Chanting” appropriates the tropes of religious iconography, the triptych configuration suggesting an altarpiece. In actuality “Chanting” is a group portrait of some of my closest friends, a community in which we have witnessed each other’s triumphs, struggles, and transformations. Historically, portraiture has been a mode of portraying the rich and the powerful. I chose to eschew this tradition and its expectations of monumentality and grandeur by emphasizing a personal, sentimental experience. My imagery is meant to empower, humor, and canonize friends in my life who I respect and admire.
Ellery von Dassow
I use the formal and narrative aspects of drawing and digital media to present moments in which violence and confusion prevail, and adverse crowds collide. The participants of each scene are abstracted and anonymous, with stony uniforms and bodies reminiscent of action figures or statuettes. Lacking the emotional substrates of faces, they are petrified as slabs, metallic blocks, and weathered forms defined by deformity and warpage. | https://westerngallery.wwu.edu/event/fever-dreams-artist-talk-emeline-agnew-jesse-lee-alkire-ellery-von-dassow |
Besides the spiritual message found in the biblical text, the narrative that delves into the history, geography, society and politics of this ancient land sometimes is vague and incomplete. The archaeological research of the past 150 years puts “flesh onto the bones” of the biblical narrative- giving us a better glimpse of the past.
Some of the topics that can be addressed include:
THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST AND HOW HE/SHE WORKS. We have come a long way from the pilgrim with a Bible in one hand and spade in the other. Understand the science of archaeology in Israel today.
THE WORLD OF THE PATRIARCHS AND MATRIARCHS: Discover the origins of Israelite faith as it makes it journey from the Tigris and Euphrates River Valley into the biblical land of ancient Israel.
THE SOJOURN IN EGYPT AND THE EXODUS NARRATIVE: Beginning with Joseph, Israel in Egypt is a compelling story of a journey from bondage to redemption- a story that has a timeless meaning for all people. What archaeological evidence supports the narrative?
THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF ANCIENT ISRAELITE FAITH: FROM TABERNACLE TO TEMPLE. Archaeological evidence, when coupled with Biblical reference, allows us today to more learly see the architecture of Israelite faith.
CONQUEST AND CONSOLIDATION. Recent evidence points to three waves of Conquest of ancient Canaan, beginning with Moses' first departure from Egypt, Joshua's stunning march through the central highlands, and the culminating triumphs of Devorah and the Judges in the next generation.
THE MONARCHY OF ISRAEL. How did the Kingdom established by Saul become one of the ancient powerhouses of the Middle East under Solomon, and why did it split into 2 following his reign.
|Lectures, Seminars & Courses | Biography | Study & Travel | Resources | Calendar | Home
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© Copyright 2011, Educational Resources, Inc. All rights reserved. | http://eduresources.org/lectures/archaeology/archisrael.htm |
To Teach: The Journey of a Teacher.
Ayers, William
This book presents a framework for discussing the action of teachers in public elementary schools as the 21st century approaches. An educator with almost 30 years of teaching experience speaks from the perspective of teacher and parent. He tells tales about his family and his life as a teacher; he shares his social and moral philosophy and what he has learned from his children and his students. The personal narrative is told in the context of the on-going and imperfect processes involved in teaching and learning. The volume begins with a preface by Herbert Kohl; it is organized into seven chapters, moving from story to theory and back to story. Tales are told in a conversational and anecdotal fashion and emphasize the need to observe students with a sensitive eye and create a caring environment for learning. Chapters cover the growth involved in teaching well, curriculum organization and the complex craft and art of molding the content of learning to fit the uniqueness of each situation, how an educator can discover what is of value in his/her work and how to fine tune that work in the service of students' learning and lives, and the ethical dimensions of teaching. (Contains 22 references.) (LL)
Descriptors: Classroom Environment, Curriculum Design, Educational Practices, Elementary Education, Elementary School Teachers, Ethics, Humanism, Learning Processes, Parent Child Relationship, Personal Narratives, Perspective Taking, Professional Development, Teacher Student Relationship, Teaching Experience, Teaching (Occupation)
Teachers College Press, 1234 Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY 10027. | https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED362470 |
Being a huge fan of Dostoevsky, and Russian literature in general, I was very excited when I came across an unassuming little copy of Netochka Nezvanova (which translates, sadly, to Nameless Nobody) in a used bookstore. I had really never heard about this book, so I did some research on it before I read it. It was a good thing too, because it turns out that the book is actually unfinished. This was Dostoevsky’s first attempt at a novel, as well, which is so important in terms of his growth and development as an author, and on his themes. There are about 180ish pages here of Netochka’s story, but Dostoevsky was arrested and exiled to Siberia before he could finish it. Then, upon his release, he abandoned the work altogether and focused on his other novels, the famous ones we have all heard of. While this may not be his strongest novel by any means, there are sparks of brilliance throughout that speak to his later books, and I found it enjoyable and fascinating as a whole.
The best part of Netochka Nezvanova, for me, has to be the first third of the novel, when Netochka is still a small child and the reader experiences her life in a tiny apartment with her mother and stepfather. Here, Dostoevsky ruminates on the struggle of an artistic genius in the form of Netochka’s stepfather, Efimov. This character study appears deeply personal to Dostoevsky and, I imagine, evokes the same feeling in any creative mind that it did in me. Efimov, we are told, is this musical protege basically, a huge talent and artistic genius. He is, however, also raving mad and sometimes wicked, conniving, and petulant. Through the eyes of the child Netochka, we are given this stark look at how someone who is naturally gifted in the arts can squander their own success.
As someone who aspires to be a writer beyond just as a hobby, I felt this struggle deep in my very core. I felt at times that I was understood better than ever before, and at other times that I was being called out for my excuses and haphazardness. Dostoevsky too seemed to be speaking from experience. He explained all too well how natural talent or passion for something is not enough. One has to be dedicated to their craft, has to work extremely hard to fine tune it, and has to turn away from self-sabotaging thoughts and excuses. I know how hard that is! It is so so easy to blame other things, fate or hardships, for your failure or immobility. When more often than not, it is your own mind, your own motivations, holding you back.
That entire look into Efimov’s character and his ultimate demise was worth reading the entire book for me. It was evocative and hinted at the themes, characters, and brilliance that would later come out of Dostoevsky’s novels.
The beginning is important too for Netochka’s character, because she is forever (well, as far as we see her before the book abruptly ends) living in the shadow of Efimov. As a child, she sees his passion and his madness and it both excites and terrifies her. She knows him to be both kind and angry. She sides with him over her own mother many times and appears to have this magnetic draw to him. She is too young to fully understand all of the things he tells her and does in his career, but she feels that warring energy in him of genius vs. madman. This ultimately shapes her own character and view of artistic creation later in her life.
The rest of the novel is equally as interesting to read, if slightly less moving for me in particular. Netochka, after the death of her mother and Efimov, is adopted and sent to live with an acquaintance of her stepfather’s. Here, the reader observes as Netochka tries to resolve her feelings about her childhood and her new life in an aristocratic household. She struggles to find her place in this world, as she grows older. One of the most intriguing aspects of the novel shows up during this middle section, in the form of Netochka’s relationship with her patron’s daughter Katya.
Although they are both still children, Netochka’s narrative makes it clear to the reader that she almost instantly falls in love with Katya. Her romantic feelings are explored for the duration of her time in this adoptive home, but then ultimately never resolved, due to the book’s unfinished end. Dostoevsky’s approach to this homosexual relationship between the girls was very straightforward, direct, and unabashed. It was refreshing to see such a bold and unadorned direction taken in a novel of this age. The interactions between Netochka and Katya were compelling and I was sorry to see that their story will forever remain unknown.
The remaining journey that Netochka experiences, in the pages left before the novel ends, brings her to another household where she develops further as a character and as a woman. Here, Dostoevsky explores her sentiments as a teenager becoming a woman and how her previous life experiences have shaped her ideals. He also further expands on her artistic inclinations, exposing in her a great talent for singing. Her growth and navigation, as both a woman and an artist, are touched on here, but unfortunately the novel ends before everything can come together. These threads are dropped and the reader never really knows what would become of Netochka Nezvanova. However, it seems like Dostoevsky was paving the way for Netochka to follow in her stepfather’s footsteps, except perhaps with a bit more compassion and grounding. She will be a musical talent, but because of her own life experiences and relationships with those around her, she is more settled as a person. Whatever direction Dostoevsky was planning to take the story, though, we will not know for sure.
Reading a book that cuts off before it is finished is an odd experience. I want to know how it ends, but at the same time, it is almost satisfying that the whole resolution of the story remains a mystery. What we are given here is a thoughtful, somber, beautifully written story with all the promise of Dostoevsky’s later works. He may not have completely honed his craft yet here, but for anyone who admires his writing, I would say that you definitely want to read this one, too. Netochka Nezvanova was the start of his creative journey and seeing how it evolved from there is wonderful.
I have a talent for catching lizards; you’re just not letting me express it! | https://letthemreadcake.com/2018/08/27/book-review-netochka-nezvanova-by-fyodor-dostoevsky-%E2%98%85%E2%98%85%E2%98%85/ |
The incomparable Bruce Springsteen performs his critically acclaimed latest album and muses on life, rock, and the American dream, in this intimate and personal concert film co-directed by Thom Zimny and Springsteen himself.
Views: 20
Genre: Documentary
Director: Bruce Springsteen, Thom Zimny
Actors: Bruce Springsteen
Duration: 83
Release: 2019
IMDb: 6.9
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Froning: The Fittest Man in History
Rich Froning Jr entered the 2014 CrossFit Games competition with three consecutive victories, a feat that no other athlete had accomplished. After finding CrossFit in 2009, Froning began a history-making…
The Crisis of Civilization
The Crisis Civilization is a documentary feature film investigating how global crises like ecological disaster, financial meltdown, dwindling oil reserves, terrorism and food shortages are converging symptoms of a single,…
Swim Team
SWIM TEAM chronicles the overwhelming struggles and extraordinary triumphs of 3 young athletes with autism and shows how a swim team can bring hope to a community.
A Metamorfose dos Pássaros
Beatriz married Henrique on the day of her 21st birthday. Henrique, a naval officer, would spend long periods at sea. Ashore, Beatriz, who learned everything from the verticality of plants,…
Harry & Meghan: A Modern Royal Romance
Meet the new royal couple and their entourage as we follow their story from the beginning of their romance through their engagement announcement and discover how an American actress will…
Chris Brown: Welcome to My Life
This compelling Documentary moves beyond the spotlight and past the attention-grabbing headlines to give pop superstar Chris Brown a chance to tell his own story. New interviews with the international…
Lost in France
A new documentary by Irish director Niall McCann, “Lost In France” explores the rise of Scotland’s independent music scene in the ’90s, led by cult label Chemikal Underground. Featuring The…
Pride and Prejudice Revisited
Not Available
Perfect Bid: The Contestant Who Knew Too Much
Maths teacher Ted Slauson became adept at recording and memorizing prices of products featured on the iconic game show The Price is Right, an obsession dating back to the show’s…
Brabham
The story of the forgotten godfather of modern Formula 1—Jack Brabham—and a son’s quest to defy the odds in the competitive world of international motor-sport once more. | https://putlocker9.org/western-stars/ |
How to write a descriptive and narrative essay? Table of Contents How to write a descriptive and narrative essay? An essay is a short piece of writing on a particular topic, event or phenomenon.
Linguistics While both narrative and descriptive stories allow a writer to explain an idea or event, they differ in the specific intent. A narrative tells a story about an event, while description creates a clear and vivid picture of a person, place, thing or event.
The biggest difference between the two is that a narrative essay includes action, but the descriptive essay does not. Narration follows a logical order, typically chronological.
We will write a custom essay sample on Narrative vs. A descriptive essay is more compelling than a narrative: There is a handful of questions you can ask yourself while writing a descriptive story, all of which will engage the five senses of the reader.
What do you smell? What do you taste? What do you hear? What might you touch? What do you see?
All of the questions are used for describing. If at all possible, try and avoid the words stuff, things and a lot. There really is no meaning behind those words, they are kind of just filler words.
The house was yellow. I can see this yellow house in my mind and I can picture the fence and the driveway so clearly. This is why it is so important in a descriptive essay to choose words wisely and make sure you are painting a clear picture for your readers. Narrative stories or essays tend to tell a story from the perspective of a narrator.
The story may be true, false or a combination. A narration is generally done on a more time-framed basis, ideally from the perspective of one time-frame. The first one being the opening paragraph, which is used to introduce the situation and create some tension.
The next element is the rising action, which should take up the majority of your story. The next element is the climax, which is generally where the story resolves problems or conflicts.
The next element is the after-math, where the story all comes together. The last element is the concluding paragraph, in which the narrator would tie together any loose ends and bring the story to a close. When writing a narrative, it is best to use concrete details, rather than abstract.
This is to allow your reader to empathize with the story you are presenting. Between the two, descriptive and narrative, there are some similarities. Both styles have a clear and concise point within the story and both tell about something the writer is passionate about, which makes for a more interesting read.
Both styles of writing also should follow the same essay format, which includes an introductory paragraph, body paragraphs and a concluding paragraph.
There should also be a thesis statement placed to reiterate the whole purpose of the paper. Make the reader understand why the topic was important to you as the writer.
Description and narration are often used together because description helps make the story we are narrating clearer and more vivid.How to write a descriptive and narrative essay? An essay is a short piece of writing on a particular topic, event or phenomenon. An essay can be written in both formal or informal capacity.
Nov 13, · Here are student opinion questions that invite narrative and personal writing, What Personal Essay Topic Would You Assign to College Applicants? Anyone who does narrative or personal writing will find it really useful.
Narrative Essay Topics Writing a good narrative essay depends mostly on the topic you chose. Although you can make an ordinary story sound spectacular by using the right words and the proper technique, more than often the topic gets the credit for a .
Narrative Essay Topics Choosing the topic for your essay may be the hardest part. What you're looking for is a particular incident that you can recount in a well-developed and clearly organized essay . A descriptive essay is more compelling than a narrative: even though a narrative is meant to entertain, a descriptive essay creates a better visual image because the language is more specific and helps to make the essay more vivid and clear.
50 Narrative Essay Topics They say a picture is worth a thousand words, but a narrative essay can also tell an exciting story and create vivid pictures in the reader’s mind! We’ve got 50 narrative essay topics designed to prompt students to craft memorable written narratives. | https://fazejigydyvipaseg.ph-vs.com/descriptive-and-narrative-essay-topics-3504cj.html |
"First in a planned Traveling Photographer series, this will delight armchair explorers and animal lovers." — Kirkus Reviews
A Smithsonian Notable Book for Children Powerful but shy, the African mountain gorilla struggles for survival in the rainforests of Uganda’s national parks. Through extraordinary images and a compelling text, wildlife photographer Richard Sobol leads us on an arduous journey to the gorillas’ hidden habitats and offers a hushed, close-up look at the gentle giants as they nibble on leaves for their morning meal. Striking photographs of the little-seen ritual remind readers of the wonders of this dwindling species, while a first-person narrative describes the photographer’s journey — and tells of efforts being made to preserve these magnificent creatures. Back matter includes mountain gorilla facts, online resources, a glossary, and an afterword by Leonardo DiCaprio.
Richard Sobol took the photographs that illustrate "Construction Zone" by Cheryl Willis Hudson. He lives in Lexington, Massachusetts.
ISBN: | https://www.walkerbooks.com.au/Books/Breakfast-in-the-Rainforest-9780763651343 |
This book tells the compelling story of a journey into the profound depths of God’s love; of the unquenchable grace He pours into and through our lives.
In March 2009, Nicola Neal moved with her family to live permanently in a nation none of them had ever visited. All she had was God’s promise: “I am taking you there to teach you how to love.” After this step of obedience followed a rollercoaster adventure of dramatic highs and crushing lows as together they confronted the most unimaginable poverty and need.
Yet we read how, in the face of overwhelming circumstances and towering odds, love triumphs again and again. In this beautifully written book Nicola shares timeless truths woven through extraordinary stories of love and grace. | https://www.river-publishing.co.uk/product/journey-into-love/ |
In this increasingly complex and digital age, knowing how to turn data into information is a powerful thing. Communicating complex numbers and crafting meaningful stories from them is a desirable skill that can help to move policies, create new partnerships and lead to positive change.
During this workshop, we will build compelling stories for grantmaking from datasets. We will start by focusing on the ‘who’ we are telling the story to and how to craft a narrative that is compelling to them.
We will also review best practices for using stories crafted from data to build a better understanding of our stakeholders and their needs. We will explore data – 360Giving’s, your own, or other data sources – and think about the story it tells us, drafting stories for our audiences.
This is a train the trainer session where we will teach how to facilitate this activity, but it’s open to everyone who wants to learn how to tell stories with data. | https://www.opendatamanchester.org.uk/?p=1048 |
Founded in 1950, Haystack Mountain School of Crafts played a Central role in the development of American art and craft.
The artists of the school’s early years—Anni Albers, Dale Chihuly, Robert Ebendorf, Jack Lenor Larsen, M.C. Richards, and Toshiko Takaezu—contributed to a dynamic community of craftspeople who broke new ground across a wide range of media. In the Vanguard is the first major museum exhibition focused solely on this school, as well as the Portland Museum of Art’s first exhibition to be supported by a major grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. Its insights will revise the narrative of midcentury art and craft in America.
Organized by co-curators Rachael Arauz and Diana Greenwold, the exhibition features more than 90 works of art, including textiles, ceramics, glass, metalwork, paintings, and prints, as well as newly discovered correspondence, photographs, brochures, posters, and magazine articles from the Haystack archive. In the Vanguard presents the most comprehensive exhibition to date about one of the country’s most influential and lasting art institutions. It is a vital, compelling, and inspiring story about the pivotal imprint one small school in Maine has left on midcentury American culture.
The experimental nature of the Haystack experience, the effect of communal living within the natural landscape, and the powerful forces of the post-war art world all shaped Haystack’s teachers and students in profound ways. Textiles, ceramics, glass, metalwork, paintings, and prints on view will exemplify the breadth of innovative work that the Haystack experience made possible.
In the Vanguard: Haystack Mountain School of Crafts, 1950-1969, which opens at the PMA on May 24 before traveling to the Cranbrook Art Museum in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, in fall 2019, includes artworks that demonstrate the innovative and collaborative nature of the Haystack experience. Groupings of diverse media demonstrate how artists informed and critiqued one another at Haystack and reveal unique instances of exchange fostered by the school’s environment. With seminal works of art by leaders of the midcentury studio craft movement, the exhibition asserts Haystack’s central role in national debates about the boundaries between art, craft, and design.
Additionally, archival material such as original correspondence, photographs, brochures, posters, and magazine articles will enrich the narrative of Haystack’s growth and transformation. Much of this material has never been published and is included in the first ever scholarly catalogue about the school,In the Vanguard: Haystack Mountain School of Crafts, 1950-1969.
Through this wide array of art and archival material, In the Vanguard: Haystack Mountain School of Crafts, 1950-1969 tells the incredible story of this Maine institution and its pivotal imprint on art and craft practice in the United States.
Next Post: Great Job, Mom! and Great Job, Dad! | http://whencreativityknocks.com/2019/03/in-the-vanguard-haystack-mountain-school-of-crafts-1950-1969/ |
Students exposed to their personal environments, alone, rarely have opportunity to learn about other cultures and lifestyles. This, I contend, prohibits an ability to feel compassion for others. As an African American female educator in a predominantly all-White college preparatory high school for young men, I am aware of the cultural assets I bring and how my lived experiences and professional expertise may be perceived differently by those I teach. Teaching multiple perspectives has been a professional goal of mine, however, especially when helping students to recognize the environmental bubbles we live in. Students, as critical readers, should question the world around them and explore multiple perspectives. Teaching empathy, I have found, furthers my ability to reach these goals.
My moral identity results from societal influences and, as a result, I incorporate ideas of institutional and cultural socialization in my preparation and teaching processes. These ideas include the vision I carry forth for teaching empathy. Harro (2000) writes, “our socialization sources are rapidly multiplied based on how many institutions with which we have contact” (p. 18). Such socialization has been true for me, too, where the beliefs I hold have been influenced from traditional Baptist Christian practices to liberal compasses that provided throughout my education. Transitioning in the role of a teacher in different states, both educationally and professionally, has helped me to mold my moral compass in different ways, which is something I express with my students. Exploring empathy encourages my students to grow as individuals for themselves. Banks and Banks (2009) also help me to realize that similar to how I was influenced by my environments, so it will be for students. In their words, “schools are also cultural sites and teachers are themselves cultural beings” (p. 37). As a result, I am aware of the effect I have on my students’ cultural assimilations, and I try my best to be a resource for them. This includes the literature I introduce them to and the multicultural perspectives I want them to appreciate, not only in their high school experience but throughout their lives.
My School (Fairfield College Preparatory School).
The Athlete Narrative
With the goal to mix-up the curriculum so that it was more diverse, I added August Wilson’s play, Fences. Fences encompasses qualities in a story that I desired: sports, race issues, family issues, personal growth challenges, the journey into manhood, ethics, conflict, etc. It also offered a location to discuss empathy. Fences explores the conflicts within a male protagonist, Troy Maxon, and his effect on family and friends. As a former baseball player in the Negro Leagues who was rejected from being integrating into Major League Baseball, Troy blocks his son’s, Cory, opportunity to play college football. The play serves as a vehicle to dig into Troy’s history and to question the choices he makes throughout the book. Troy’s decisions throughout the script make it hard to like him yet learning his past helps to understand that his flaws make him the individual that he is. As a way to be most effective in reaching goals with my students, I designed a class project to help them better understand empathy.
I named the project The Athlete Narrative, a project that requires students to choose one athlete they respect but know very little about. While reading Fences, they research and write a report on that athlete’s experiences, explain their journey, and look critically at the athletic careers, including the many communities that help make them the individuals they are. Jesuit schools like mine encourage students to be men and women for others, and I wanted my students to see themselves as individuals who are also influenced by larger communities: families, neighborhoods, regions, friends, histories, etc. I wanted them to see that characters in the stories we read are also impacted by the societies that make them who they are.
As the young men work through the play, too, I supplement reading materials that expose them to a wider understanding of athleticism, including:
- Darkness Unto Light: Kris Dunn’s path to stardom at Providence
- Undaunted by grim prognosis, college softball star vows to return to field
- Reborn and revived: Marines vet Hank Goff rediscovers joy through football
- New York Liberty star Tina Charles determined to help her community
Reading such news stories brings a richer understanding to Wilson’s play, as well provides additional angles to teach empathy. The work aso enables students to avoid preconceptions of people they do not know and provides a scaffold to students’ prior knowledge with new knowledge. Using the theme of empathy has enabled my students to understand experiences different from theirs and, in turn, to see the humanity in people and not just occupations or labels. My intention was not to trivialize ethnic cultures or the struggles they face; rather, I wanted to work through sports stories to challenge “stereotypes and misconceptions” (Banks, 1989) p. 17).
The Potential for Adding Young Adult Literature
The Hate U Give also does a fantastic job portraying Starr’s world as a prep student from the “ghetto” and what it is like to live separate lives: one as Williamson Prep Starr and the other as Garden Heights Starr. As she becomes the central witness of controversial police shooting of an unarmed black teen, she begins to unravel the identities she carries and struggles to keep Garden Heights Starr out of Williamson Prep, especially as the shooting gets nationwide attention. The Hate U Give has tremendous potential for teaching empathy. Currently, the only novel offered to students with a black protagonist in the sophomore curriculum is The Bluest Eye, and that is a challenging text for my students. The Hate U Give would provide a modern, relevant story that would engage more of readers, whether at the beginning of the school year or at the end.
Cop-profiling and the killing of young Black men are relevant to the lives of young people today and on message with the current state of this country (e.g, Milwaukee’s Sterling Brown and experience as a Black male athlete). The book explores a sensitive and complicated topic and can be used to initiate class discussions within a theme of heroes and conflicts. At the same time it would my male readers to look at all sides of a complicated issue through an empathetical lens.
Similarly, in “Teaming Up: Teaching Analysis and Research through Sports Controversies,” Beckelhimer (2014) makes the argument that sports create controversy that, in turn, can initiate arguments, analysis, research, and context. Teachers can and should use sports to help their students learn rhetoric and analyze controversy. Beckelhimer also encourages the idea of expanding resource options for research, similar to how the Athlete Narrative requires my students to research background stories of professional athletes as a way to understand the reasoning behind the human behavior and to see athletes as humans, and not merely entertainers. | http://www.yawednesday.com/blog/the-potential-of-young-adult-sports-literature-in-teaching-empathy-at-a-jesuit-high-school-by-jayne-penn |
Documentary exploring the history of jazz from its beginnings through the 1990's, including the stories of many of its creators and performers. Includes archival video, still photographs, historical performances, and newly recorded interviews and musical performances.
Publisher
Eagle Vision
Pub. Date
Language
English
Beyond the notes is a journey behind the scenes of Blue Note Records, one of the most important labels in the history of jazz. Founded in New York in 1939 by German Jewish refugees Alfred Lion and Francis Wolff, the history of the label goes beyond the landmark recordings, encompassing the pursuit of musical freedom, the conflict between art and commerce, and the idea of music as a transformative and revolutionary force. Includes archival footage,...
Author
Publisher
W.C. Brown
Pub. Date
Language
English
Author
Publisher
William Morrow, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers
Pub. Date
Language
English
"From T.J. English, the New York Times bestselling author of Havana Nocturne, comes the epic, scintillating narrative of the interconnected worlds of jazz and organized crime in 20th century America"-- "Dangerous Rhythms tells the symbiotic story of jazz and the underworld: a relationship fostered in some of 20th century America's most notorious vice districts. For the first half of the century mobsters and musicians enjoyed a mutually beneficial...
5) Jazz
Author
Publisher
W.W. Norton & Co
Pub. Date
Language
English
History of jazz that explains what jazz is, where it came from, and who created it and why, all within the broader context of American life and culture. Emphasizing its African American roots, Jazz traces the history of the music over the last hundred years. From ragtime and blues to the international craze for swing, from the heated protests of the avant-garde to the radical diversity of today's artists, Jazz describes the travails and triumphs of...
Author
Publisher
Oxford University Press
Pub. Date
1992.
Language
English
Author
Publisher
Modern Library
Pub. Date
2001.
Language
English
Author
Series
Language
English
Formats
Jazz is a uniquely American art form, one of America's great contributions to not only musical culture, but world culture, with each generation of musicians applying new levels of creativity that take the music in unexpected directions that defy definition, category, and stagnation. Now you can learn the basics and history of this intoxicating genre in an eight-lecture series that is as free-flowing and original as the art form itself. You'll follow...
Author
Publisher
Oxford University Press
Pub. Date
2013.
Language
English
A year-by-year history of people and events, this lively multi-layered account tells the whole story of jazz music and its personalities. The Chronicle of Jazz charts the evolution of jazz from its roots in Africa and the southern United States to the myriad urban styles heard around the world today, Mervyn Cooke gives us a narrative rich with innovation, experimentation, controversy, and emotion. The book is completely up to date, exploring the exciting...
Author
Publisher
Pantheon Books
Pub. Date
Language
English
One of jazz's leading critics gives us an invigorating, richly detailed portrait of the artists and events that have shaped the music of our time. Grounded in authority and brimming with style, Playing Changes is the first book to take the measure of this exhilarating moment: it is a compelling argument for the resiliency of the art form and a rejoinder to any claims about its calcification or demise. zPlaying changes,y in jazz parlance, has long...
Author
Publisher
St. Martin's Press
Pub. Date
2000.
Language
English
Author
Publisher
Oxford University Press
Pub. Date
1956.
Language
English
Author
Publisher
Oxford University Press
Pub. Date
©2020
Language
English
"This book-both a narrative and a film directory-surveys and analyzes English-language feature films (and a few shorts and TV shows/movies) made between 1927 and 2016 that tell stories about jazz music, its musicians, its history and culture. Play the Way You Feel looks at jazz movies as a narrative tradition with recurring plot points and story tropes, whose roots and development are traced. It also demonstrates how jazz stories cut across diverse...
Publisher
Georgetown University Press
Pub. Date
©2018.
Language
English
The conventional history of jazz music in the United States begins in New Orleans, moves upstream along the Mississippi River to Chicago, then by rail into New York before exploding across the globe. But in fact the nation's capital has been a fertile city for jazz for a century. Some of the most important clubs in the jazz world have opened and closed their doors in Washington, DC; some of its greatest players and promoters were born there and continue...
Publisher
Yale University Press
Pub. Date
Language
English
An extraordinary collection of revealing, personal interviews with fourteen jazz music legends During his nearly forty years as a music journalist, Ralph J. Gleason recorded many in-depth interviews with some of the greatest jazz musicians of all time. These informal sessions, conducted mostly in Gleason's Berkeley, California, home, have never been transcribed and published in full until now. This remarkable volume, a must-read for any jazz...
Author
Publisher
University of California Press
Pub. Date
Language
English
Author
Publisher
Candlewick Press
Pub. Date
2016.
Language
English
When Esquire magazine planned an issue to salute the American jazz scene in 1958, graphic designer Art Kane pitched a crazy idea: how about gathering a group of beloved jazz musicians and photographing them? He didn't own a good camera, didn't know if any musicians would show up, and insisted on setting up the shoot in front of a Harlem brownstone. Could he pull it off? In a captivating collection of poems, Roxane Orgill steps into the frame of Harlem...
Author
Publisher
Oxford University Press
Pub. Date
Language
English
"The History of Jazz, 3rd edition, is a comprehensive survey of jazz music from its origins until the current day. The book is designed for general readers and students, as well as those with more specialized interest in jazz and music history. It provides detailed biographical information and an overview of the musical contributions of the key innovators in development of jazz, including Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Billie Holiday, Coleman Hawkins,...
Author
Publisher
The University of Chicago Press
Pub. Date
2017.
Language
English
"Miles Davis's Bitches Brew is one of the most iconic albums in American music, the preeminent landmark and fertile seedbed of jazz-fusion. Fans have been fortunate in the past few years to gain access to Davis's live recording from this time, when he was working with an ensemble that has come to be known as the Lost Quintet. In this book, jazz historian and musician Bob Gluck explores the performances of this revolutionary group--Davis's first electric...
Didn't find it? | https://libcat.arlingtonva.us/Search/Results?lookfor=%22Jazz%20History%20and%20criticism.%22&searchIndex=Subject |
Happy birthday D. J. Chaconas (A Hat for Lilly), Avner Katz (The Little Pickpocket), Jonathan London (Froggy series), Peter Sís (The Wall: Growing Up Behind the Iron Curtain), and Libba Bray (Going Bovine) .
It’s the birth date of Wanda Gag (1893–1946), Millions of Cats, and Ezra Jack Keats (1916–1983), The Snowy Day.
In 1824 the United States War Department creates the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Read The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian by Sherman Alexie, illustrated by Ellen Forney.
It’s Johnny Appleseed Day. Read Johnny Appleseed Steven Kellogg, Johnny Appleseed by Reeve Lindbergh, illustrated by Kathy Jakobsen Hallquist, and Johnny Appleseed by David L. Harrison, illustrated by Mike Wohnoutka.
On March 11, 1888, a record blizzard hit the East Coast. Although parts of the country have seen record snow falls this year, most areas have snow-removal equipment and constant weather monitoring to lessen the impact of Mother Nature. But such was not always the case, as Jim Murphy relates in his compelling story about the 1888 snowstorm, Blizzard!
Drawing on primary sources, newspapers, and accounts written by survivors, Murphy begins the saga on March 10, 1888, a day warmer than normal on the East Coast. The Army Signal Corp, then the weather monitoring unit of the United States government, closed its offices at midnight, to observe the Sabbath. On Sunday, March 11, two air masses began to collide—one moving over the northern part of the country and one swinging up the East Coast from the south. They created one doozy of a snowstorm. In this era of snow removal by shovel, no underground transportation, and no underground electricity or wires, the massive storm wreaked a kind of damage unimaginable today.
Trains came to a halt and passengers had to try to walk to safety or die in the storm. Wires came down over the city of New York and electrocuted people. Even farmers heading from their houses to their barns died of hypothermia and exhaustion. Focusing the narrative on the struggles of those braving the elements, Jim Murphy walks readers through the dangers posed by massive snow. Some died trying to get to work the next Monday. Others died, like Senator Conklin, who suffered a heart attack brought on by battling the elements. Even to walk a few blocks in New York City put people in harm’s way. Without modern snow-removal equipment, day laborers, mostly Italians, were solicited to clean the streets. But no municipal government was set up to handle a disaster of this magnitude.
As I reread Blizzard! a winter storm piled two-foot snow drifts around my house. Jim Murphy made the disaster of 1888 seem so real that I kept checking for death reports on the Internet. In Blizzard! readers not only see the elements, they taste and feel the fury of the snow. And they get to know the people affected by the storm.
In this book, ideal for third through seventh grades, Jim Murphy brings to life the snowstorm that changed America, giving us the United States Weather Bureau and city governments ready to respond to disaster. Many classes use the book in a snow unit this time of year. Otherwise it makes compelling reading in a warm house by a fire. No one describes disasters—fire, snowstorms, or the plague—to children better than Jim Murphy.
It all happened so suddenly that many of those who had ventured out earlier in the day found themselves trapped in a wild storm. James Algeo, his wife, and four-year-old son were in the Bronx visiting friends when the weather changed. Even though a heavy rain was falling at 8 p.m., they left for home anyway.
A thick buildup of ice made the streetcar jump the tracks several times, while slippery rails forced the elevated train to crawl along. The worst part of the Alegos’ journey was the two-block walk from the station on 86th Street to their front door. A vicious wind-driven sleet slashed at their faces, numbed their fingers, and caused them to slip and slide all over the icy sidewalk. The trip to the Bronx had taken one hour; the return journey was a hard four-hour trek. When they stumbled inside at midnight, James remembered that a fine snow had just begun to fall.
Originally posted March 11, 2011. Updated for .
Instructional materials from TeachingBooks.net for Blizzard!
Jim Murphy is an absolutely fantastic children’s/YA nonfiction author. He won the Margaret Edwards lifetime achievement award in 2010 for significant contribution to YA lit and was the FIRST nonfiction writer to receive this award.
Even read in the middle of the summer, Blizzard is chilling. Read in the winter, it freezes you to your chair as you follow the great snowstorm of 1888. You see people young and old, rich and poor, who struggled to survive the blizzard that came without warning.
Murphy’s work stands out to me as authentic and realistic, as he includes newspaper articles and photographs. He tells stories about disasters, but he also tells about the people who lived through them – or didn’t.
I’d never heard of this book until I saw it in my 9th grader’s backpack this morning! He is reading it for English class. Funny it’s the one reviewed today! I’m going to read it over the weekend.
A few months after reading this book, I experienced my first Boston winter. On a day where there was almost 20 inches of snow, I walked to the T and was amazed to see the train still running. It’s a harrowing story to read, but it is more amazing when you see the results of such a blizzard in real life!
I think this is one of those times when the children’s book triumphs – I recently read an adult book on this same topic (because I had liked this Murphy text so much) and Murphy has clearly written the superior story.The information was so well organized and created such a strong narrative voice. Though I knew that his writings are always historical authentic, the people within the book still managed to come alive for me in a way that the adult book simply did not.
I think it is that opening anecdote of his own experience with heavy snow that sets the tone of the book so well – Murphy’s personal investment shines through, even though I can see the care and attention he has devoted to keeping the book factual. To me, this book is proof that nonfiction does not mean emotionless and dry.
While I love all of Jim Murphy’s meticulous researched writings, this one gets my vote as his very best.
I read this book for Susan Bloom’s Nonfiction class at Simmons. I loved that class because it was the perfect combination of my History degree and my (almost) degree in Children’s Lit. This was one of my favorites, and I ended up purchasing it. Susan asked us all if a particular image stuck out to us as we read it, and one of mine was the red feather from the hat.
Ah, Blizzard. I adored this book. It was the first book I read as a grad student in the Simmons children’s literature program, so I remember it well.
When I was little, I wanted to read fantasy and fiction. I never liked nonfiction much because I thought the narrative was too stale. However, I learned a lot from Murphy’s book AND I couldn’t put it down because of his compelling narrative. Murphy helped me realize that nonfiction books can be JUST as interesting and engaging as a fiction book. I was also a big fan of how Murphy characterized the blizzard.
The storm itself is something of a ruthless character. A villain, really. I recall one scene where the storm churned up the waves, causing the sea to toss the boats around as if they were bath toys. It was really awful. Murphy did a great job in showing the magnitude/severity of this storm. | http://childrensbookalmanac.com/2011/03/blizzard/ |
INTP Personality Type | The Scientist | INTP A | INTP T
You know you’re an INTP when:
- You enter into a flow state when solving problems and engaging in analytical thinking
- You are scared but fascinated by the thought of chasing your dreams or doing something new and different
- You often withdraw to a comfortable routine or think about setting healthy habits and structure for yourself, but also feel bored by it over time
- You become easily stressed by interpersonally demanding situations and relationships, and emotionally intense situations.
The INTP Personality Type is a critical thinking type that gains energy, confidence, and motivation from being able to formulate their own rational explanation and process. You engage in processes, projects, and goals in a careful and elaborate manner, thinking through every step to make sure that it is done correctly. It is important for you to understand things correctly and to make sure you have the right definition or apply the correct methodology.
INTPs are people that highly benefit from novelty and from trying new things, and having a varied and diverse life, but they also find it scary to go into new situations. This can cause them to overthink new possibilities. Sometimes, the old and comfortable can feel more safe then. INTPs are people that draw a lot of meaning from connections and relationships, but also find it highly stressful and draining to deal with these situations. Their goal is to be able to solve human problems through intellectual means or through the possession of high skill and proper execution of tasks.
The INTP Cognitive Functions
Introverted Thinking
The dominant function of the INTP is Introverted Thinking. This function allows them to enter into a state of flow when appropriately challenged by a task, project, or process. They like to learn new skills and to improve slowly and steadily at a task, by consistently applying more pressure. This type feels at their best when they are able to accomplish better results and to gain a better understanding of how tools and processes work.
Extroverted iNtuition
The INTP benefits highly from putting themselves in new situations. The creative INTP is extremely novelty-seeking, and always learning about new ideas and theories, even slightly wacky theories, that lack evidence and proof. The more balanced INTP, avoids new possibilities because these can be overstimulating and scary. They instead prefer to stay in a comfortable routine.
Introverted Sensing
The INTP Introverted Sensing function takes the form of a desire to have a healthy routine or stable environment. The goal is to be consistent and to cling to a static sense of identity. This is particularly pronounced in balanced INTPs, who seek and value comfort more, and who avoid Extroverted iNtuition. This function allows them to engage in a healthy routine and structure. However, most INTPs tend to find this routine boring over time, and will eventually move to something new, presenting the feeling that they are just jumping from habit to habit, and never sticking to anything.
Extroverted Feeling
The Extroverted Feeling function provides the INTP with a healthy sense of stress, pushing them to translate their skills to personal relationships and to make themselves useful to people, their family, or the expectations of their boss or coworker. This provides a healthy outlet and INTPs that engage in this function well tend to feel a strong sense of pride when they are able to help other people through their technical skill or expertise in a field or working with a process. This function can however also overwhelm the INTP.
Extroverted Thinking
The Extroverted Thinking function amps up the speed and stress and sets deadlines and standards that push the INTP to the max. This can be uncomfortable for the INTP, who likes to take their time doing a task methodically, but it can also be the push the INTP needs to get things done. Extroverted Thinking can get the INTP out into the world and more focused on translating their skills to practical tasks.
Introverted iNtuition
INTPs engage recreatively in Introverted iNtuition. This function allows them to engage in existential thinking. This provides a sense of rest and fun and amusement to the INTP, who can engage in Introverted iNtuition without any greater goal or desire. For the INTP, unlike the INTJ or INFJ, Introverted iNtuition and existential thought is more a hobby, than a vocation or a passion.
Extroverted Sensing
It can be scary and stressful for an INTP to put their thoughts out to the world and many INTPs suffer from stage fright or a fear of public speaking and presentation. These activities can be draining for you so finding a comfortable space to express yourself is key. It’s also positive to reward yourself after doing it. It’s easy to overthink your actions and to feel embarrassed for things you said and did in public, so learning to develop a sense of humor and to laugh about mistakes you did, can help you manage this stress, turning it from an anxiety to an enriching experience.
Introverted Feeling
Introverted Feeling helps you manage your overall mood and emotions. It’s easy to avoid or ignore your emotions and to focus on rational activities and exercises and to dismiss your feelings as an INTP. But taking the time to engage your feelings and to engage in self nurture is important to your health and well-being. Sometimes engaging in this function can put you in a state of autopilot, and boredom. But this can also help comfort you if you are experiencing emotional turmoil.
The Dominant Subtype
Assertive and confident in their own skills and capabilities, or at least, their ability to figure things out. The INTP who is more dominant will stand up for themselves and their own power and capacity even if the tribe does not understand or see things the way they do. This type will push for what they know is correct, and can sometimes get into trouble with others. They work to get people on their side and for others to understand or benefit from their knowledge and expertise, even if it is stressful for them to do so.
The Creative Subtype
This INTP is constantly pushing themselves to go into new situations, even if it’s scary for them. They can push themselves to try new things and to keep an open mind, even if things don’t make immediate sense to them, hoping to learn something from the situation. They can however struggle to trust in their own thoughts and expertise, constantly looking for alternative perspectives and viewpoints.
The Balanced Subtype
This subtype is known for holding to consistency and a more empirical approach. They value to keep their mind in place and to work consistently through something, even if it can be boring to do so. At times, this type can struggle to think outside the box, as this can scare them, even if they know it can lead to a positive and enriching experience. Perhaps they’ve been burnt on new possibilities in the past that have made them more withdrawn and reserved.
The Turbulent Subtype
The turbulent subtype INTP is more careful and cautious with what they say and how they say it, out of a fear of being misunderstood by others. They are more mindful of common beliefs and views and feelings that other people may have, and worry more about embarrassing themselves or hurting the feelings of other people. What can help here is learning to develop a sense of humor, to take things less seriously, and to learn that it’s okay to sometimes make mistakes, and that over time, it can help others more if you are more open and vulnerable about yourself. | https://www.personalitopia.com/intp/ |
Do you love yourself? Generally when asked this question many answer with a default response “Yes, I do”. But what is love? For me, the concept of self-love is pure acceptance of oneself totally and unconditionally, at any given moment. You constantly go on telling yourself in your head that you will be happier with yourself once you accomplish/achieve your desires created by your mind, do you not? You constantly drag yourself through hell and work towards your goals that may really just be for approval that you have been seeking for many years now from your parents, to accept you as you are right?. When you set goals, do you really do it for yourself, or do you do it for approval of friends, family or society in general? If you really loved who you were, would you not trust every decision you make, without getting opinions of others on your decisions? I am not saying it is bad to listen to the opinion of others, as you THINK they will give you the right advice, but at the end of the day if they are as indecisive with their own life, and depend more on their mind than their hearts, how can you trust their answer to be right? Clearly, you can’t because they have lived the same life, of seeking approval and acceptance of others in order to be where they are right now. Maybe they seem happy in your eyes, but that’s just a mask they are portraying to you, inside they may be a wreck, even they are suffering from the repetitive insecure mind that’s a disease to mankind.
Love cannot be something that can be calculated by the mind, it just happens, it is spontaneous when you fall in love with someone, it does not happen through calculated steps, it is spontaneous, and you are not even aware that you have fallen in love, until the feeling of it’s right crosses your mind. When one is in love with someone else, they will change as a person as a whole. This is because the biggest thing love will teach you is to sacrifice one’s ego for another, of course, it is very hard, hence why most relationships don’t last. The mind wants to live so it will destroy the experience of love with whatever it can whether it be the repetition of bad memories of the past in every conversation, seeking drama or anxiety of what may happen in the future (assumptions of the future basically). However, love is not possible if one does not sacrifice and adjust to the way the other is vice versa. Many people are afraid of Love for this very reason. Parents bring their kids up, securely because they are insecure about the kids and daughters falling in love, so they constantly restrict them. When one is restricted they become more rebellious and go against their parents.
Really all one wants is a person that can understand them and accept them for who they are. But if you can’t accept yourself, how can you expect that understanding from another? How can you possibly love someone totally, if you don’t love yourself? In love the biggest realisation happens, the one where you start understanding yourself more about who you are and what you really want to do in life. In love you go against everyone, even your parent’s restrictions, have you noticed? This is because it feels good, it feels right, you are in the moment, there is no worry, just joy of being, in the partner’s presence. However, love starts disappearing when one starts expecting the same experience of joy in the relationship. When one starts to become more used to the opposite they start questioning everything they do, the acceptance of the other, changes now, as the masculine energy whether it’s in the male more or the female, brings about control in the relationship, power and politics occur, and judgements of one another more frequently, making the relationship of what once was love into something ugly and with conditions. When the man tries to rule the woman, and change the way she is, the way she lives, is when it all starts, the man portrays his insecurities, by being controlling, getting more irritated, making nothing something and more drama. The man has always had the belief that they are more superior, than the woman, so they will constantly have power trips over the woman. It is not always the case of course, but it works in certain patterns. Conditions, lack of communication and understanding are three main reasons why cheating and breakups occur.
So what to do, nothing last’s in life, so the experience of love should not be consistent either, of course, the mind tries to live consistently, but that is only because you are unconscious of the patterns of the mind. Even with yourself, you try to remain consistent, if you become more aware you will realise how much you actually suppress just to remain consistent in the eyes of another. Changes occur every moment, so the feeling of love should be cherished and appreciated every moment, because not many people can experience and share love, with another, of course, that’s because of their own insecurities, and stubbornness with what they believe to be true, but oh well.
To be free of these patterns in a relationship one has to be more aware, of where one is going wrong. Question yourself, how are you expecting the other to change for you if you haven’t accepted your own insecurities about yourself? Second is, ask yourself, do you really love yourself? If you really do, control from your side in the relationship will disappear as you have now become content with yourself so there will be no need for the other to change. If you can truly accept yourself as you are, you won’t have a problem accepting anyone as they are. Please be aware, if you can’t show your original face and nature in a relationship, and have to use masks to hide behind your insecurities, then your relationship is a lie. Furthermore, if you feel like you are suppressing, speak up, don’t be pushed around, you don’t owe anyone anything. Love is a positive phenomenon, don’t ruin it with conditions, and don’t be suppressed because you feel like you owe them, speak up or leave. Be more independent, less dependent, improve yourself. Don’t let your past ruin your present moment, there is always time to change, and finally, respect yourself. | https://wisdombeyondmind.com/2018/01/17/love-and-relationships/ |
20 Signs You're an Overly Judgmental Person
When in doubt, keep those unkind opinions to yourself.
We often try, in our daily lives, to exhibit judgment that is "good" and avoid judgment that is "bad." Seldom do we stop and think, however, whether we should really be exhibiting judgment at all. The fact is, for some of people, the issuing of judgments crosses the line from a necessity of life to a recreational sport. When that happens, you're no longer merely issuing helpful (or unhelpful) opinions—you've become an overly judgmental person. And no one enjoys being around an overly judgmental person.
Fortunately, for those so afflicted, there are steps which can be taken to reduce one's need to consistently judge others. But before that can be done, the facts must be faced that one is indeed just such an overly judgmental person. What follows is a list of 20 signs that—if you find yourself nodding along— you may be guilty of passing too much judgment yourself.
1
You Frequently Make Moral Evaluations
An overly judgmental person has difficulty accepting things they way they are. Instead of viewing reality as it is, they prefer to simply reject those people and things they feel are threatening. Thus, such a person will frequently divide people into stark categories of "good" or "bad," with the latter being subjected to criticism as a result of this negative judgment. These judgments, meanwhile, are rapidly made, and may change over time—the point isn't judging people to help them, it's simply a means of maintaining control.
2
You See Others' Actions As Emblematic of Their Person
Not every move we make may may be emblematic of the person we are—hence the phrase, "Sorry, I just wasn't acting like myself." An overly judgmental person, however, will often have difficulty separating an action—particularly one they disapprove of—from the person that committed it.
Thus, they frequently latch onto even the smallest bad act, using it as an excuse to label the person behind them "bad." A more level-headed approach, meanwhile, would understand that no single action can define someone, and that a person's character is created through a lifetime of repeated actions, not a few isolated events.
3
You Justify Your Criticism as "The Truth"
At a certain point—whether due to self-reflection or the advice of friends—an overly judgmental person will likely become aware of their own tendency to frequently criticize.
While, in some cases, this can be a springboard to their dealing with the underlying issues behind their critical position, if the person has not yet reached the stage of maturity to be able to do so, they will deflect these assertions by claiming that they are merely commenting on "the truth."
In their minds, their frequently-issued criticisms aren't excessive because they don't stem from a baseless need to bring others down, but rather a need to assert what is plainly true. Thus, they preserve their understanding of themselves as a non-judgmental person by claiming that it is only the abundance of faults in others, and not their own need to criticize, that forces them to vocalize their negative commentary on the things around them.
4
You Expect Perfect Consistency From Others
Everyone makes mistakes, and occasionally fails to live up to their own ideals. While most people know this, an overly judgmental person will often have difficulty accepting others' failures.
Instead of recognizing that people are complex individuals who aren't perfectly consistent in everything they do in life, an overly judgmental person will feel wronged that someone else does not live up to expectation.
5
You Regularly Have a Negative Outlook
Imagine if you were touring a new city and all your tour guide had to offer were negative evaluations of the things within it. That's kind of like what it is to be an overly judgmental person—instead of seeing things as they are, you see them overlaid with criticisms and problems. It should be no surprise, then, that people who are overly judgmental tend to have a negative, pessimistic attitude towards life.
6
Your Judgment of Others Typically Elevates Yourself
Being overly judgmental is a defense mechanism: by criticizing others, you protect yourself from a negative evaluation. Thus, the judgments made by such a person will often work in their favor by dismissing those dissimilar to themselves as lesser. A scientist who frequently criticizes the arts, for example, is more likely to be an overly judgmental person than, say, the scientist who criticizes her own profession.
7
You Jump to Conclusions
In his or her rush to condemn others, an overly judgmental person often will not stop to gather all the facts. Once again, this is because the act of judging—and classifying—is more important than the long-term accuracy of the judgment itself. Thus, even when working with scant evidence, such a person will often rush to a conclusion.
8
You Frequently Self-Criticize
As critical as an overly judgmental person may be of others, the sword is often sharpest when they turn it on themselves. Given their wealth of knowledge about themselves, it's also often the most debilitating.
9
You Do Not Trust Others
At the root of an overly judgmental mindset is a desire to keep others at bay. Through constant criticism and labelling, other people are kept at arm's length, shrouded as they are in classifications like "bad" or "ugly," as opposed to being seen for who they are. This generally comes from a distrust of others—many judgmental individuals assume that, if they let other people get close, they'll wind up hurt.
10
You Struggle to Tolerate Ambiguity
Because an overly judgmental person is generally threatened by others, they seek to understand those they fear by labeling them. Thus, such a person will often be unable to tolerate ambiguity, as it makes it more difficult to fit said person into a neat little box.
11
You Engage in Black Or White Thinking
In much the same way that overly judgmental people have difficulties accepting the variability of their fellow humans, they also struggle to see the mixed consequences of many actions. Instead of recognizing an act as, say, good in some ways and bad in others—as most are—they see an act which is either "good," or "bad," no ifs, ands, or buts.
12
You Focus on Specific Traits of Others
While most people are a bundle of confused—and often paradoxical—traits, an overly judgmental person will tend to focus on one such aspect of someone's personality, allowing it to crowd out the rest.
Thus, they tend to reduce people to one dimension: the brilliant scholar who often daydreams becomes, for them, "that space cadet," while her many accomplishments are swept under this rug of criticism.
13
You're a Perfectionist
Oftentimes, the flip-side to being overly judgmental is being a perfectionist. Since, in their mind, most things are subpar—including their own work— and thus in need of constant criticism, an overly judgmental person will tend to seek "perfection" as a way to escape this never-ending drumbeat of judgment. Unfortunately, as any perfectionist knows, the road to perfection is actually more of a bridge to nowhere.
14
You're Losing Friends
The fact is, an overly judgmental person is not exactly fun to be around. Despite possibly having many other good qualities, being in proximity to so much negativity can be exhausting for anyone. So, if your friends start dropping off like flies for what seems to be no good reason, you might want to ask yourself whether you're doing something that is making them uncomfortable. And constantly criticizing others is certainly liable to do just that.
15
People Don't Share Things with You
Even if friends remain, they may become mum about the things most meaningful to them. This is because they know that their overly judgmental friend will be unable to listen to their problems with an open mind, or provide answers honestly in the friend's best interest. Thus, they may refrain from speaking about the things they actually care about with those they consider judgmental, knowing that—while they can withstand hearing the negativity when it is directed at other people—they will not be able to tolerate it when its penetrating glare turns to their own issues and insecurities.
16
You Feel Social Anxiety
Being overly judgmental is a defense mechanism meant to protect the self from what could be a harmful world. Thus, those who engage in frequent judgment often feel an acute sense of social anxiety around others, developed as a defense mechanism against people casting the same judgments on them.
17
You Often Tell Others How to "Fix" or "Improve" Things
We all occasionally offer unsolicited advice—sometimes we may feel we have the appropriate expertise, other times we simply can't bear to watch others make what we believe to be a mistake.
However, if you find yourself consistently remarking to others about the ways in which they could improve upon various aspects of their lives without prompting, that's a good sign you're overly judgmental. After all, no one said there was anything wrong that needed to be fixed—except you, that is.
18
You're Intolerant of Other People's Differences
Because being overly judgmental is a defense mechanism, it often means subduing those who are different in order to protect the judger's feeling of superiority. Thus, someone who is overly judgmental will find that their greatest intolerances lie with those who are their polar opposite. The act of judgment implicitly helps to endorse the judger, thereby shielding them from harmful criticism.
19
You Have Low Self-Worth
Even while making every effort to put others down, overly judgmental person will likely continue to maintain a low self-worth and lack of self-esteem. This is a result of their own constant self-criticism, as well as their generally negative outlook. Unfortunately, this is a self-perpetuating cycle, as the worse someone may feel about themselves, the more likely they will be to condemn others to get a boost to their ego.
20
You Believe Others Are Out to "Get" You
An overly judgmental person is generally not at ease with the world. In addition to the underlying fear propelling their original condition, they are also likely to learn from their own example that others are watching them, too, quick to critique even the slightest mistake. Thus, they may convince themselves that everyone is as judgmental as they are, and are out to "get" them for even the most minuscule of infractions.
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Tags: Point Of View Essay ExamplesBpr In Government - ThesisEssays On Being Asian AmericanCuban Missile Crisis Essay AnalysisEssay Natural Resources ConservationComputer Repair Shop Business Plan
This is no easy task, which is why we aimed to help break down the basic elements of critical thinking and offer suggestions on how you can hone your skills and become a better critical thinker.
Think of yourself as a judge in that you want to evaluate the claims of both sides of an argument, but you’ll also need to keep in mind the biases each side may possess.
It is equally important—and arguably more difficult—to learn how to set aside your own personal biases that may cloud your judgement.
critical, hypercritical, faultfinding, captious, carping, censorious mean inclined to look for and point out faults and defects.
critical may also imply an effort to see a thing clearly and truly in order to judge it fairly.
First and foremost, you must be aware that bias exists.
Simple Definition Of Critical Thinking
When evaluating information or an argument, ask yourself the following: The ability to infer and draw conclusions based on the information presented to you is another important skill for mastering critical thinking.Critical thinking is a skill that allows you to make logical and informed decisions to the best of your ability.For example, a child who has not yet developed such skills might believe the Tooth Fairy left money under their pillow based on stories their parents told them.Arguments are meant to be persuasive—that means the facts and figures presented in their favor might be lacking in context or come from questionable sources.The best way to combat this is independent verification; find the source of the information and evaluate.A critical thinker, however, can quickly conclude that the existence of such a thing is probably unlikely—even if there are a few bucks under their pillow.While there’s no universal standard for what skills are included in the critical thinking process, we’ve boiled it down to the following six.This skill can be exceedingly difficult, as even the smartest among us can fail to recognize biases.Strong critical thinkers do their best to evaluate information objectively.These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'critical.' Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. No matter what walk of life you come from, what industry you’re interested in pursuing or how much experience you’ve already garnered, we’ve all seen firsthand the importance of critical thinking skills.
Comments Simple Definition Of Critical Thinking
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Our Conception of Critical Thinking
A Definition Critical thinking is that mode of thinking — about any subject, content, or problem — in which the thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking by skillfully analyzing, assessing, and reconstructing it. Critical thinking is self-directed, self-disciplined, self-monitored, and self-corrective thinking.…
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What is the easy definition of critical thinking? - Quora
The easy definition is critical thinking is being curious about things that seem wrong and asking questions that would lead to an understanding of why they’re wrong. This process is aided by skepticism, the old “that just doesn’t seem right. Hmmm!” Hidden within that “Hmmm!” is that start of critical thinking.…
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Critical Thinking Definition, Skills, and Examples
Why Employers Value Critical Thinking Skills. Critical thinking involves the evaluation of sources such as data, facts, observable phenomenon, and research findings. Good critical thinkers can draw reasonable conclusions from a set of information and discriminate between useful and less useful details to solve a problem or make a decision.…
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Definition of critical thinking
Critical thinking noun disciplined thinking that is clear, rational, open-minded, and informed by evidence The questions are intended to develop your critical thinking.…
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What is Critical Thinking? - Definition, Skills & Meaning.
Critical Thinking Defined. Critical thinking means making reasoned judgments that are logical and well-thought out. It is a way of thinking in which you don't simply accept all arguments and conclusions you are exposed to but rather have an attitude involving questioning such arguments and conclusions.…
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Critical thinking - Wikipedia
Critical thinking is the analysis of facts to form a judgement. The subject is complex, and several different definitions exist, which generally include the rational, skeptical, unbiased analysis, or evaluation of factual evidence. Critical thinking is self-directed, self-disciplined, self-monitored, and self-corrective thinking.…
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Definition of critical thinking - csus.edu
Critical thinking is the ability to engage in reasoned discourse with intellectual standards such as clarity, accuracy, precision, and logic, and to use analytic skills with a fundamental value orientation that emphasizes intellectual humility, intellectual integrity, and fair-mindedness.…
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Critical-thinking dictionary definition critical-thinking. | https://mediashkola-plus.ru/simple-definition-of-critical-thinking-694.html |
What Does It Take to Succeed?
To succeed in business, it helps to succeed in life.
Helping you succeed as an entrepreneur is what Stay Paid is all about.
Week after week, Luke and Josh interview highly successful entrepreneurs and ask them questions about how they built their businesses and what advice they would offer to others.
Most guests share stories and advice with similar themes about operations, strategy, marketing, and sales.
But some interviews go in other directions.
Instead of focusing on what to do to be successful, some guests end up talking about who to be.
And with the ease of their next breath, what they do and who they are become one in the same.
Who you are is what you can become
For Cyrus Mohseni, this week’s guest on Stay Paid, success was becoming a professional soccer player, and it took years of practice until he earned a spot on a professional team.
Later, after a career-ending accident, success was becoming a wealthy real estate broker, which took getting a license, setting up a business, and learning how to run it.
In both cases, Cyrus had to act with will and determination to nurture a commitment, maintain focus, and turn adversity into opportunity.
Without the life skills to be determined, focused, and having a mindset that compelled him to keep moving forward, Cyrus probably wouldn’t have reached either of his business goals.
Life skills are business skills
To become successful in business, art, exploration, or any other endeavor means having the skills specific to that pursuit.
But if learning those skills was all it took, then we’d all be successful.
Success requires more than operational skills; it requires some exceptionally important life skills.
It requires perseverance and trust in yourself.
Without these life skills, no business is likely to succeed because they are the ones that will get you through when things get tough—and at some point, things will always get tough.
Learning perseverance
You don’t have to do all these exercises, but the more you do and the more often you do them, the more you’ll be able to build your perseverance muscle.
- Don’t be afraid to fail. Strive to change the way you think about things not working out the way you had intended. When they don’t, it’s a temporary setback, and there is something to learn. That’s it.
- Start to take some reasonable risks. If you can put yourself into situations where the outcome is unclear, you begin to learn how to adapt, which is another way of saying you learn different ways to keep going.
- Don’t lose sight of your goal. It’s easy to give up when mistakes and the unexpected take you off course. Focus on your goal; always keep it in mind. If your goal means something to you, it’s all the motivation you’ll need to keep going.
- Understand resistance. If you can identify what holds you back (doubt, negative thoughts, nay-sayers, etc.) then it loses its power.
- Identify your bleacher people. Everyone needs a cheering section that wants you to succeed. Build a network of these people and call on them for support when you need them.
- Set clear benchmarks.
- Work to become a little bit better every day. Developing perseverance is like any other skill—you need to practice in order to get better at it. Work to become 1% better every day.
Learning to trust yourself
Learning to trust yourself is one way to ensure that there’s at least one person you can always count on—you.
But many people find it hard to trust themselves. People who don’t trust themselves often find they lack the confidence in their own ability to achieve, to make it through, or to overcome.
Not trusting yourself is essentially a symptom of low self-confidence.
To build your confidence and learn to trust yourself, ask what it is about other people that make you trust them, and then apply those traits to yourself.
- Don’t talk badly about yourself. Would anyone you trust go around dissing other people as relentlessly as you might do to yourself? Instead of proclaiming your stupidity when you make a mistake, try to be gentle with yourself. Talk to yourself as you would a child you love.
- Keep your promises. It’s so easy to break the promises we make to ourselves, but if we knew someone who didn’t keep their word, you wouldn’t trust them. When you tell yourself your going to do something—relax and read a book, lose five pounds, save more for retirement—make sure you do it.
- Be who you are. You’re not likely to trust someone who comes off as a phony. Be authentic and remain true to who you are. Take time to be with yourself; look inward and get to know your own thoughts and feelings.
- Stick with your decisions. If someone doesn’t trust themselves, is there any reason for you to trust them? Make your decisions in the best way you can and once you have, don’t keep questioning yourself. Go forward. It may turn out to be a great decision, but if it’s not, don’t beat yourself up about it. Learn from it instead.
Success in life doesn’t guarantee success as an entrepreneur. But success as an entrepreneur does require at least a couple essential life skills.
And while perseverance and trusting yourself aren’t the only two life skills needed, they are among the most critical because they will keep you going when times aren’t easy and you find yourself challenged to keep going.
Key Points
- To make something happen, you need to visualize it, map out the steps to get it, and then execute on the plan.
- If you want to get to the next level, then have standards, uphold them, and let go of people who don’t meet them.
- Strong business relationships are necessary if you want a future where you aren’t always chasing leads.
Action Item
Focus on whatever it is you want and go all in. Develop the habits and standards you need to get what it is you want and stick to them.
Connect | Resources
Website: www.CyrusMohseni.com
Foundation: /www.givingfootball.org/
Instagram: @CyrusAndre and @GivingFootball
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Young Entrepreneur Council, 9 Ways You Can Improve Your Perseverance Skills, Success, October 23, 2019, https://www.success.com/9-ways-to-improve-your-perseverance-skills/.
Erica Cirino, 6 Tips for Building Trust in Yourself, Healthline, Updated July 19, 2018, https://www.healthline.com/health/trusting-yourself#bottom-line. | https://remindermedia.com/podcast/ep-201-a-conversation-with-30-under-30-top-realtor-cyrus-mohseni/ |
"I don't trust you..." It's the sentence we all dread. How can someone not trust me? I'm a good person. Trust is one of those incredibly loaded words. What trust means to one person may mean something else to someone else. We don't need a universal definition of trust. Instead, we need to stop using that word as a replacement for identifying and precisely defining a problem.
Take a moment to think about the person you trust most. Now, think of someone you don't trust. How does that person show up differently in your life? Identify the one to three differences that reinforce why one person is highly trusted while the other is not.
Credible: Does this person lack experience or judgment to know what he or she is talking about?
Caring: Is this person self-serving, has bad intent and does not care about the impact of his or her actions on others and the company?
Following through: Does this person not follow through on action items?
Consistent: Is this person not consistently sticking to what he or she said?
Transparent: Do you not trust this person because he or she is not direct and free flowing with information?
Open and flexible: In the face of facts, does this person refuse to change his or her mind and is not open to doing things differently?
The majority of people are well intentioned. When you use the words "lack of trust" or "I don't trust you," it's usually taken to mean that you are comparing a person to a criminal or a truly bad person. In reality, you probably mean something else, such as this person is holding his or her cards too close to the vest and not being as transparent about how he or she feels or that you are seeing a lack of consistency between what this person is saying to you versus what he or she is saying to your colleague.
Telling someone that he or she is not trusted can hit that person in the core. So the next time you are tempted to share that you do not trust someone, focus instead on the behavior, not the personality. Be precise in what you experience and observe in the other person by identifying the behaviors and how they impact you. Take the emotion and judgment from the conversation and make it easier for the other person to correct a few behaviors instead thinking he or she has to change his or her entire personality.
As good corporate citizens, spouses/partners or parents, it's our jobs to be more precise and careful with our language and words. Now you have six alternatives to the word trust. | https://skylineg.com/resources/blog/how-trust-gets-you-in-trouble-6-alternatives-you-can-use-instead |
As an ADHD coach I hear a common lament from my clients: “I can’t trust myself to not make mistakes, no matter how hard I try.” This creates a lot of stress and anxiety for my clients, especially at work. It got me thinking about the concept of ‘trusting oneself’ and why a person with ADHD feels they cannot trust themselves. In this article I argue that if you set up the type of environment you need to focus and perform well, then you should be able to trust yourself to get the results you expect. Enjoy reading my random thoughts about this.
The phone rang, interrupting my concentration. I saw that it was my friend, Lucie calling and I had to pick up.
“I don’t see, Jacinta. “I just don’t see things,” she wailed. “Why do I keep doing this? I checked, checked, and double checked before sending off an important email and I still got it wrong! I just can’t trust myself,” she cried.
It reminded me of a recent conversation with a client who said, “My biggest frustration with ADHD is that I can’t trust myself.”
Performance Consistency
What both are referring to is the inconsistency of ADHD performance. On some days, your brain will be razor sharp with nothing escaping your attention. But the very next day, you’ll miss the most obvious details staring you in the face.
You might be firing on all cylinders for the first part of the week, whizzing through your To Do list like a tornedo, but then by the second half of the week, find yourself wasting precious days flitting from task to task getting pretty much nothing done. It’s this swinging from brilliance to incompetence that mystifies your boss and frustrates you.
What on earth is going on and why can’t you trust yourself to work well and behave consistently? Why do you need to constantly police yourself, worried that you will make a mistake, or forget something important or give a mediocre performance?
The normal advice neurotypicals offer is: “You just have to try harder, Lucie.” “You just have to concentrate more. You just have to stop being so careless.” Advice that’s well meant, but as everyone with ADHD knows, your entire life is about trying harder. Trying harder is not the issue here.
I wish I could promise that you will become consistent, but I can’t. Instead, let’s face reality, acknowledge this common ADHD trait and create some workarounds to get us through the off days. Here are some ideas.
High Octane Brain: If you are having a hyper-speedy day, then there’s a chance your brain is processing faster than you can read text or think through consequences. This means you can trust (expect) yourself to skip over important details. When you feel this in yourself, you need to be on high alert. Perhaps you should put this task off until later, when your brain is chugging along at a slower pace. If the task has to be done today, then you know you must use techniques to slow yourself down. If you slow down, you can trust yourself to be accurate.
Sleep Quality: Did you sleep well the night before? Don’t expect peak performance the day afterwards. With or without ADHD, if you didn’t sleep well, you can trust yourself to make mistakes! Unless you use your brain power to concentrate.
Brain Fuel: What did you eat yesterday? Did you fill your body with junk food? If so, then you will definitely experience a chemically induced brain fog today. If, on the other hand, you fed your body with nutrients, you can trust yourself to perform well.
Interest Deficit: How engaging is the task? We know that the ADHD brain struggles to focus if the task is dull. So, if interest is low, then you can trust yourself to make mistakes. The question is, how can you make the task more interesting and thus reduce errors? What brain hacks can you apply in order to engage the brain?
Emotional Steadiness: How emotionally stable are you today? Strong emotions like anxiety, will block your ability to be alert. If emotions are surging, you need to address this before working on a task that requires concentration. When you are able to manage your emotional state, you can trust yourself to perform well.
I was thinking about Lucie and her email. She’d had a busy morning just trying to get to the office, there was far too much work to get through once she arrived. Playing on her mind was the good-bye lunch she needed to be on time for. In addition to this, she had instant messaging pop-ups, mobile phone pings, TEAM messages and emails all vying for her attention. So, while she was trying to send out this very critical email on behalf of her boss, she was in a pretty frazzled state. No wonder she made a mistake. What she could have done instead?
- Recognize her state of mind and take action
- Turn off all distractions so she could fully concentrate.
- Calm down the emotional feeling of panic.
- Get fully present in the moment by grounding herself.
- Take a deep breath, then and only THEN, start on the email.
Lucie knows she doesn’t look at things properly and therefore, she needs to force herself to slow down in order to speed up; no quick scanning as she normally would. If Lucie does the right things to support her ADHD brain, then she can trust herself to carry out her tasks correctly.
In a nutshell, if you understand what your ADHD brain needs and you provide the right conditions, you can reduce the anxiety you feel about screwing up and start trusting yourself to get things right. | https://platformbe.com/abcs-of-adhd-t-is-for-trust-thyself/ |
One of the thoughts that comes to my mind and just doesn’t let go is how to help my students (and, in that case, everyone I know) navigate the flow of information, avoid misinformation and find the way to the Truth.
I recently took “Facts Against Fiction: Teaching Critical Thinking Skills in an Age of Fake News»Jennifer Lagarde and Darren Hudgens (2018). Towards the end of the first chapter, the authors describe a scene from “Star Wars” where C-3PO turns into R2-D2 when they are under siege by a corridor full of attack aircraft, and says, “We are doomed”.
When I read this description, I wanted to shout, “Yes! You have it! ”
This is exactly what I feel when I think about taking on the monumental task of guiding children through a process of critical thinking, especially when we cautiously walk through a landscape full of political mines, seek to be mindful of societal controversy, and find that our professional autonomy in this regard may indeed be limited.
Eating a talking elephant for one bite seems like a great place to start, but which bite to make first? I would suggest that we could start by delving into definitions that allow us to speak with clarity regarding the types of information that are misleading. Develop a common vocabulary if you want.
In my quest to deeply understand the elephant on the menu, I delved this infographic from European Association of Spectators which took me on a tour of ten types of misleading news: propaganda, clickbait, sponsored content, satire and mystification, error, party, conspiracy theory, pseudoscience, misinformation and fake information. Of course, I learned these terms, but it allowed me to more clearly articulate the similarities and differences in the texts and images that fit these descriptions.
As much as this is not enough, as consumers of information, we must also be aware of the possibility of false attribution, fake accounts, fraudulent headlines and falsified content.
After all, not only children are fighting. Many adults are also working hard to determine what is legal information and what is two-story. Much of the content that is distributed online is intentionally created to make us click, retweet, annoy, share, comment, tune in and vote.
Here, in this safe space, I admit that although I know better from time to time, they also get me. There were times when I turned to my adult son and said, “Can you believe that?” only to have it revealed that it is a fake account or outright propaganda.
To catch yourself in passion, you need self-regulation, the ability to pause and a willingness to think. These are skills that require a lot of practice, the ability to make mistakes and analyze why, and it seems we needed to figure it all out decades ago.
As soon as we feel that we are beginning to move forward, those who manipulate information find new ways to turn us down, turn our heads, and again snatch the security of truth from our hands.
But we can’t give up.
We cannot raise our hands and declare that we are doomed.
Doing so means we really will.
(By the way, although below I share the great information I got from Facts Against Fiction, it’s full of more information, resources, and analysis. I encourage you to pick up a copy or borrow it from your library and delve into it completely.)
It’s time to focus on what LaGard and Hutchins call a news consumer skill set. While these skills will require a lot of training, and it’s not as easy as “just do it,” it will definitely focus on future work.
- LaGard and Hudgins believe we need to learn to recognize our own biases. Each of us brings to the consumption of information our own implicit biases. Recognizing these preconceived opinions and thoughts enables us to remember that these biases tend to make us more inclined to accept stories that fit our own opinions and reject those that do not.
- I like the phrase “stupidity detectors” that LaGard and Hudgens use to describe the spidery feeling we should get when we see sensationalism, vague statistics, highly emotional stories, and images that make us say, “Really?” Sharpening these skills allows us to recognize clickbait when we see it, and navigate it as critical thinkers.
- Even after we tested our own biases and tuned in to our clickbait alert system, our work is not over. It is important that we study and analyze the credibility of the original source, not just our supposed trust in the person who shared information with us through social media or any other channel.
- Finally, and probably the most difficult to follow consistently because it takes time and effort – this is the idea that we need to triangulate information, i.e. find other credible sources that corroborate the same facts.
Even if we focus on the key behaviors outlined by LaGuard and Hudgens, the work ahead is still challenging, but if we don’t, who will?
The good news is that there is a lot of help to work with quality sources.
The first step begins now. We can reflect on and evaluate our own biases, develop these spidery feelings for clickbait in all its nefarious forms, consistently model for youth how to find the original source, and make extra efforts to triangulate the facts.
I’m ready to challenge. Who’s with me? | https://trainersadda.com/are-we-doomed-to-a-culture-where-fake-news-wins-not-if-schools-can-help/496/ |
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