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In the last post in this series I discussed the Wi-Fi interface settings. Certainly no less important to privacy and security is the cellular interface. This is an iPhone’s primary interface and managing it effectively is extremely important. Fortunately the iOS 10 cellular settings grant granular control to what can use this interface and what cannot. This post will also address the Bluetooth nad Personal Hotspot settings in iOS.
iOS 10 Bluetooth Settings
Settings//Bluetooth or Control Center: Bluetooth presents challenges similar to those presented by Wi-Fi, though to a much lesser degree. Bluetooth can be used to track your location very accurately, though only over short distances from a receiver. Bluetooth traffic can also be intercepted, but the security of Bluetooth has increased greatly over the last few years. Bluetooth should still be turned off when not in use. Bluetooth can also be toggled on or off from the Control Center.
iOS 10 Cellular Settings
Settings//Cellular: Cellular data is one of the primary communications pathways of iPhones and iPads that have cellular data plans. By default many applications and services on your device will want to access and use your cellular data. Allowing all applications and services to use this data has two potential consequences. Most prosaically, this uses the expensive data that you pay for each month. From a security standpoint, access to a communication pathway allows the application to transmit and share data in the background without your knowledge or explicit consent. I recommend that you restrict the ability to use cellular data to only those applications and services that truly need it to function correctly.
Navigate to Settings//Cellular and scroll down to the applications that are displayed. By default, most of the applications you have installed on the device will be permitted to use cellular data. You should disable this for every app that does not require a communication pathway to perform its desired function. This is largely up to your uses of the applications you have, but think critically about each one. For example, I do not allow the App Store to use cellular data. Even though I download apps I can usually wait to do so until I have a Wi-Fi connection because apps are relatively large files and just a few can use a significant amount of data. I disallow photos for other reasons. Because I do not share photos through iCloud or any other service, I disallow cellular data access for Photos.
For some apps it is necessary or desirable for you to allow cellular data. Maps is a good example. Without the ability to use cellular data the Maps app cannot retrieve imagery, plan routes, or search for addresses, except when I am connected to Wi-Fi. This limits my ability to use maps to an intolerable degree, so I allow maps to use cellular data. Mail, phone, and messages likewise have access to cellular data so that I can receive emails, phone calls, and texts.
Wi-Fi Assist: This setting is located at the bottom of the iOS 10 Cellular settings. When enabled it allows your phone to use cellular data to supplement slow or weak Wi-Fi connections. Wi-Fi assist may use a significant portion of your data plan if you are browsing through what you assume is a Wi-Fi connection. Additionally, knowing exactly what interface (cellular or Wi-Fi) your device is using at a given time may be important for your security. Disabling Wi-Fi Assist allows you a degree of certainty that your phone is only using Wi-Fi when you are connected to a Wi-Fi network.
RECOMMENDATION: Make a decision about each application that is requesting access to cellular data. If the app does not need cellular data to perform its desired function, toggle it OFF. Disable Wi-Fi Assist.
iOS 10 Personal Hotspot Settings
Settings//Personal Hotspot
The Personal Hotspot function allows you to tether your iOS device to a computer or other device to provide it with an internet connection. Your device can then use your phone and its data connection to access the internet. This allows you to set up a trusted Wi-Fi hotspot anywhere you have a cellular connection. Your personal hotspot is generally much more secure than using a public hotspot that may or may not be properly secured. Personal Hotspot encrypts your connection with WPA2 encryption, and allows to control the hardware and internet connection that your other devices are using.
There are two communication pathways through which the connection can be made with another device: Wi-Fi and Bluetooth or USB Only. If the device to which you wish to tether your iPhone or iPad is USB capable, I strongly recommend selecting the USB Only option. This requires a physical connection to the phone and significantly reduces the chances your traffic will be intercepted. If you choose the Wi-Fi and Bluetooth option, I recommend changing the password somewhat regularly.
Using this option will make the name of your phone visible to anyone with a Wi-Fi capable device; this factor should be considered if your phone’s name is very unique or reveals personal information about you. You can change the name of your device in the General Settings (see this section later in this chapter). Also note that after using the Personal Hotspot in this mode both Wi-Fi and Bluetooth will both be on and must be turned off manually. | https://operational-security.com/ios-10-cellular-bluetooth-settings/ |
Imagine having to travel across the globe for three weeks while handling the business and staying connected to your team at the same time. Well, I did. This year I decided to make a risky move. The goal was to travel through India (such a WiFi friendly zone) while staying connected with my co-founders and remote teams. Even though technology and apps like Skype, Whatsapp, and Viber allow a modern entrepreneur to connect with his business team while working remotely, the overall task of being away and staying truly connected isn’t easy. Does this sound familiar?
The Sheraton Hotel chain surveyed its business travelers last year. Findings say that 54 % of the participants admit to turning on their phones while the plane is still taxiing on the tarmac, and 12 % say they never turned it off in the first place. Apparently, being disconnected causes at least a small dose of stress and anxiety. Business traveling requires some skills. Planning ahead can save the day, so here are some things you should keep in mind before you hit the road.
Why staying connected at all?
1. #Nowifi vacation is not a stress-free vacation.
First of all, yes it sounds amazing - laying down at the beach for a few weeks having nothing in mind and being in a state of worry less. How realistic is that? You could have your '3 weeks of doing nothing' but you'll need another vacation after your first day back in the office. I don't even have to answer this one. You know the answer 'you'll be overwhelmed and packed with work'.
2. You're in control, not the vacation (and you're still enjoying it)!
Personally, I cannot relax if being absent. I'm not saying you should work like a crazy person every day on your days off. But stay in touch, stay connected, do worry (at least a bit). Don't try to fool yourself you need to be disconnected. State of worry less is state of danger, and you never know when it's going to hit.
Wouldn't you prefer this kind of scenario? :)
3. Your team will appreciate it.
Being available, and checking in on projects will be highly appreciated by your co-founders as well as your interns. More so, your team will start telling you to hit the beach. :)
4. Co-founders or group help with potential projects abroad
Let's say you get an awesome new idea while traveling. You'll need your team support with basic research if you decide to act upon it immediately on the spot. Who says you cannot have it both. Seize the opportunity.
5. Managing your interns successfully.
Staying connected with your interns is an essential point in keeping them motivated. Their tasks are simple, but it's good to be there when your interns have questions. It is good for them to know they have your support while you're away. That way they won't be insecure about what they're doing and will work stress-free, and we all know, the positive working environment is a must. In the worst case (and it happens), if they decide to quit their programs or just have personal issues, you will be ready to act on it.
Making the most out of offline activity...
Now that we've covered why it's important to stay connected, here is the know-how on gadgets and offline time while on the plane! :)
Time to use your flight time wisely!
If you have the stuff to research while offline, you can work without WiFi during your flight. Now is the right time to read all those Pocket articles! Before, make sure you have installed it on your mobile phone or that you've added it as a plugin on Chrome. The Pocket will allow you to read articles that you've previously saved while being offline. From now on, every flight can be your chance to catch up on work or do research. Organize your articles, videos or web pages beforehand and the world will be yours on that 8-hour flight across the ocean.
Don't forget the portable battery chargers!
Thanks to cloud everything is just one click away. That's why you need to make sure to stay charged up.
Finding a power outlet at an airport or in the underdeveloped country can be quite a challenge. When you even do find it, it might not work, or regardless, you have to move while charging your phone. Cut the worry and just bring your portable battery charger. Besides that, it's useful to optimize the battery life of your laptop, smartphone, & tablet best you can beforehand.
Find the best noise-cancelling headphones!
You're kind of introverted, or you just love to work in peace and quiet. These pair of babies will be lifesavers, especially if you easily get distracted. I prefer to use them while flying, in particularly to shut down the engine noise or to concentrate on writing emails or reports. Check Sennheiser The MM 70s - a high-quality in-ear headset with high-powered, dynamic speakers. Will do the work!
Don't wait for the WiFi, take the WiFi with you!
I'm sure you want to avoid unreliable Internet zones, but sometimes you can't. Buy the cool little-unlocked gadget called MiFi, make sure it's unlocked and enjoy that all the time internet access.
Personally, I loved it while traveling through India. All that's keeping you away from 24/7 access to the Internet is the SIM Card you'll need to buy in the country of visiting. The device has a SIM card slot and uses mobile networks to provide internet-on-the-go, but it is not restricted to giving access to a single device at the time. MiFi will create a local Wi-Fi hotspot so that multiple devices can connect at once (typically a maximum of 4-5 at a time).
What mobile apps will be your life saviors?
Now that we've covered the gadget part, let's focus on the mobile apps you'll find of use when traveling abroad. To make your life easier, here is the right order to use them! :)
1. Real time, Chat with Slack!
First of all, Slack killed 50% of our email communication. What a productivity boost! You can forget countless of deep email threads. All of your communication is now happening in one place, and everyone is involved. For example, while traveling you can easily search any topic by using Slacks search box and multiple filters to narrow the conversation search. Time savior and efficient while traveling. Having all the communication in the one place helps, too. When it comes to file sharing, Slack makes it easy to share fun photos with your team and to make things a bit more personal. Again, your team will appreciate you sharing the fun with everyone.
For example, at Bamboo Lab we use channels for fun talks. Bamboo Business Slack's channel #bamboliranje, meaning 'Bamboo Goofy Channel' is a ground to share photos and fun experiences.
2. Handle the interruption and time difference like a pro with Viber!
I'm sure all of you heard of Viber - a mobile application that allows you to make phone calls and send text messages to all other Viber users for free. What I found useful while traveling and using Viber is the excellent feature of sending voice messages. It often happens that due to the bad connection you cannot talk with no interruptions. Pass the bridge of interruptions and time difference and enjoy the sensation of a real conversation by sending voice messages and handle it like a pro!
3. Schedule your emails in advance with RightInbox
Right Inbox is a plugin available for Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox and Safari, and it takes seconds to install it. Thanks to Right Inbox, I was able to auto send scheduled emails with follow-ups, reminders, and recurring emails. Sometimes you need to plan your e-mails in advance because you'll find yourself in urgent situations when your WiFi signal won't be that strong. Additionally, scheduling an email to a prospect who is located in another country to be delivered at a decent time and hopefully attracting more attention could be tricky. Thankfully, this plugin will let you easily define a time zone setting for the delivery time. Run offline with Google Drive
4. Run offline with Google Drive
Google Drive can be configured to run even without the Internet so that you can view and edit your documents no matter where you are. Find out how!
5. Share your location with your team and never miss another breaking tech news thanks to IFTTT
Automate your most important moves with IFTTT! If you're unfamiliar, IFTTT is a web automatization service that lets you build 'If This Then That' conditional statements for apps.
Let's assume you're a community manager and you get a 500 new followers every day across multiple different social accounts. It would be overwhelming to respond with a welcome message to each of the new followers. Not anymore, say Hello to IFTTT. By using the recipe: 'When you receive a new email about a new Twitter follower in your Gmail inbox, tweet the new follower a welcome message.' you'll have it resolved.
When it comes to social accounts there are so many other useful and time-saving recipes you could use. For example: 'Tweet my Wordpress blog post.' or 'If you post to WordPress, have it posted to your Facebook page.'
To give you another glimpse of what cool stuff IFTTT can do for you, continue reading.
'Share your location with your team (don't forget your mom!)'
As a team leader, I want my friends and business colleagues to be familiar with my location and availability. Not just for business purposes, but for my family. Who'd say but my mom (like every other mom) loves to be updated the most. Ask yourself, how many times have you forgot to text your mom, when arriving at the airport? By using 'Send an e-mail update when you safely arrive at the airport' recipe, your check-ins will be emailed to a designated account without you having to lift a finger.
'Notify everyone on Slack when a new task has been created.'
If you're working on new ideas while being away - keep others informed. Your activity may also inspire others or give you another perspective on whatever you're doing by including everybody in the process. The same 'recipe' works with interns, so that way you can be notified when an intern completes or opens a new task that is a good to know.
IFTT and similar tools like Zapier (and both are awesome) may overwhelm you. So just stay moderate and do not overuse it. Start with only a few recipes and see how it goes.
There are so many ways to stay connected with the remote teams while traveling. I'm sure, the tools mentioned above will help you become more productive (please do tell how it went)! Make sure to keep in mind there is more to it but don't overwhelm yourself! What matters the most is to be consistent with your expectations. Use the available tools and proper times to show your proactivity and availability in a way you're most comfortable. What matters the most, is not to disconnect yourself completely but to stay familiar on the current happenings at your company. Afterall, you don't want to return from your vacation and wish to escape because due to work overload right on your first day back! | https://bamboolab.eu/blog/business/how-i-managed-to-travel-carefree-and-stay-connected-with-my-company |
E.164 is an ITU-T recommendation, titled The international public telecommunication numbering plan, that defines a numbering plan for the worldwide public switched telephone network (PSTN) and some other data networks. E.164 defines a general format for international telephone numbers. Plan-conforming numbers are limited to a maximum of 15 digits, excluding the international call prefix. The presentation of a number at the B-party device is usually prefixed with the plus sign, indicating that the number includes the country calling code. This is done by the B-party subscribers network by usually looking at the NOA (Nature Of Address) field of the signaling messages.
E.164
e164.arpae164.orgcountry code
Kayvan Novak
In 2005, he and Ed Tracy created Fonejacker, a prank call show as part of Channel 4's Comedy Lab strand. After the pilot, he was given a Christmas special and a six-part series, which began airing on 5 July 2007 on E4 and 7 September 2007 on Channel 4. In November 2009, he appeared on the Channel 4 show The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret, playing a bomb disposal officer. In April 2010, Novak began appearing in a spin-off of Fonejacker called Facejacker, in which he adopted various disguises, including several characters heard in Fonejacker.
Business telephone system
PBXprivate branch exchangekey telephone system
Each device connected to the PBX, such as a telephone, a fax machine, or a computer modem, is referred to as an extension. There are two numbering plans to designate extensions on a private branch exchange. In the first numbering plan the PBX maps one-to-one with the numbering plan of the public switched telephone network, e.g. the PBX is assigned all numbers 234-5000 to 234-5999 (1000 devices), and the public switched telephone network treats it as a normal internal switching exchange. In the second numbering plan, the PBX is assigned a few public switch telephone network numbers, and the device is designated my a second "extension" number, e.g. 234-5678 ext 1234(5).
Digital subscriber line
DSLxDSLDigital Subscriber Line (DSL)
A naked DSL (also known as standalone or dry loop DSL) is a way of providing DSL services without a PSTN (analogue telephony) service. It is useful when the customer does not need the traditional telephony voice service because voice service is received either on top of the DSL services (usually VoIP) or through another network (mobile telephony). It is also commonly called a UNE (for unbundled network element) in the United States; in Australia it is known as a ULL (unconditioned local loop); in Belgium it is known as "raw copper" and in the UK it is known as Single Order GEA (SoGEA).
Local loop
subscriber lineloopsubscriber loop
In telephony, the local loop (also referred to as a local tail, subscriber line, or in the aggregate as the last mile) is the physical link or circuit that connects from the demarcation point of the customer premises to the edge of the common carrier or telecommunications service provider's network. At the edge of the carrier access network in a traditional public telephone network, the local loop terminates in a circuit switch housed in an incumbent local exchange carrier or telephone exchange. Traditionally, the local loop was an electrical circuit in the form of a single pair of conductors from the telephone on the customer's premises to the local telephone exchange.
Telephone line
phone linelinetelephone lines
A telephone line or telephone circuit (or just line or circuit within the industry) is a single-user circuit on a telephone communication system. This is the physical wire or other signaling medium connecting the user's telephone apparatus to the telecommunications network, and usually also implies a single telephone number for billing purposes reserved for that user. Telephone lines are used to deliver landline telephone service and Digital subscriber line (DSL) phone cable service to the premises. Telephone overhead lines are connected to the public switched telephone network.
Backbone network
core networkbackbonenetwork backbone
The theory, design principles, and first instantiation of the backbone network came from the telephone core network, when traffic was purely voice. The core network was the central part of a telecommunications network that provided various services to customers who were connected by the access network. One of the main functions was to route telephone calls across the PSTN. Typically the term referred to the high capacity communication facilities that connect primary nodes. A core network provided paths for the exchange of information between different sub-networks.
Signaling (telecommunications)
signalsignalingsignalling
In the public switched telephone network (PSTN), in-band signaling is the exchange of call control information within the same physical channel, or within the same frequency band, that the telephone call itself is using. An example is dual-tone multi-frequency signaling (DTMF), which is used on most telephone lines to customer premises. Out-of-band signaling is telecommunication signaling on a dedicated channel separate from that used for the telephone call. Out-of-band signaling has been used since Signaling System No. 6 (SS6) was introduced in the 1970s, and also in Signalling System No. 7 (SS7) in 1980 which became the standard for signaling among exchanges ever since.
ITU-T
CCITTTelecommunication Standardization SectorComité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique
Data communication over the telephone network, V-series. Fax standards T.2 – T.4, T.30, T.37, T.38. G.hn (Next generation wired home networking over powerlines, phonelines and coaxial cable). Green ICT standards and supplements ( L.1000 series). H.323 family of standards for multimedia and VoIP. Interconnection rate harmonization, D-series. International Emergency Preference Scheme E.106. IMSI codes used in SIM cards E.212. ISDN and PSTN/3G videoconferencing systems, H.320 and H.324. ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) Q.931. Open Systems Interconnection. Optical Transport Network (OTN) G.709, G.798, G.872. Passive optical networks (PON) G.983, G.984, G.987.
Pulse-code modulation
PCMlinear PCMLPCM
For example, in telephony, the usable voice frequency band ranges from approximately 300 Hz to 3400 Hz. For effective reconstruction of the voice signal, telephony applications therefore typically uses an 8000 Hz sampling frequency which is more than twice the highest usable voice frequency. Regardless, there are potential sources of impairment implicit in any PCM system: In conventional PCM, the analog signal may be processed (e.g., by amplitude compression) before being digitized. Once the signal is digitized, the PCM signal is usually subjected to further processing (e.g., digital data compression). PCM with linear quantization is known as Linear PCM (LPCM).
SIM card
SIMnano-SIMSIM cards
A subscriber identity module or subscriber identification module (SIM), widely known as a SIM card, is an integrated circuit that is intended to securely store the international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) number and its related key, which are used to identify and authenticate subscribers on mobile telephony devices (such as mobile phones and computers). It is also possible to store contact information on many SIM cards. SIM cards are always used on GSM phones; for CDMA phones, they are only needed for newer LTE-capable handsets. SIM cards can also be used in satellite phones, smart watches, computers, or cameras.
Telephone exchange names
central office nametelephone exchangetelephone exchange name
This extended the usable numbering plan and only two area code splits became necessary between 1962 and 1981. All-number calling was phased in starting in 1958 and most areas had adopted it fully by the mid-1960s. In some areas it did not become universal until the 1980s. The Bell System published and distributed area code handbooks yearly which compiled the towns available for calling using an area code. Experiencing significant resistance in many areas, the Bell System employed a strategy of gradual changes to ease the transition for customers.
Bruce Almighty
Almighty
Since God contacts Bruce using an actual phone number rather than a number in the standard fictional 555 telephone exchange, several people and groups sharing this number subsequently received hundreds of phone calls from people wanting to talk to God, including a church in North Carolina (where the Minister was named Bruce), a Pastor in Northern Wisconsin and a man in Manchester, England. The producers noted that the number (776-2323) was not in use in the area code (716, which was never specified on screen) in the film's story but did not check anywhere else. The home video and television versions changed it to the fictional 555-0123.
Disruptive innovation
disruptive technologydisruptive technologiesdisruption
In business, a disruptive innovation is an innovation that creates a new market and value network and eventually disrupts an existing market and value network, displacing established market-leading firms, products, and alliances. The term was defined and first analyzed by the American scholar Clayton M. Christensen and his collaborators beginning in 1995, and has been called the most influential business idea of the early 21st century.
Wi-Fi
WiFiwireless internetwireless
The United Kingdom's Health Protection Agency reported in 2007 that exposure to Wi-Fi for a year results in the "same amount of radiation from a 20-minute mobile phone call". A review of studies involving 725 people who claimed electromagnetic hypersensitivity, "...suggests that 'electromagnetic hypersensitivity' is unrelated to the presence of an EMF, although more research into this phenomenon is required."
Smartphone
smartphonessmart phonesmart phones
Smartphones (contraction of smart and telephone) are a class of mobile phones and of multi-purpose mobile computing devices. They are distinguished from feature phones by their stronger hardware capabilities and extensive mobile operating systems, which facilitate wider software, internet (including web browsing over mobile broadband), and multimedia functionality (including music, video, cameras, and gaming), alongside core phone functions such as voice calls and text messaging.
GSM services
servicesmobile data serviceGSM
The systems that monitor and provide the prepaid services are not part of the GSM standard services, but instead an example of intelligent network services that a mobile phone operator may decide to implement in addition to the standard GSM ones. When someone places a call to a mobile phone, they dial the telephone number (also called a MSISDN) associated with the phone user and the call is routed to the mobile phone operator's Gateway Mobile Switching Centre. The Gateway MSC, as the name suggests, acts as the "entrance" from exterior portions of the Public Switched Telephone Network onto the provider's network.
Mobile telephony
mobile communicationmobile telecommunicationsmobile communications
Mobile telephony is the provision of telephone services to phones which may move around freely rather than stay fixed in one location. Mobile phones connect to a terrestrial cellular network of base stations (cell sites), whereas satellite phones connect to orbiting satellites. Both networks are interconnected to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) to allow any phone in the world to be dialed. In 2010 there were estimated to be five billion mobile cellular subscriptions in the world.
Swatting
played it for a 911 operatora false report from an anonymous caller claiming that there was a hostage situation in Hogg's family home.false report about a stabbing
Caller ID spoofing, social engineering, TTY, prank calls and phone phreaking techniques may be variously combined by swatting perpetrators. 911 systems (including computer telephony systems and human operators) have been tricked by calls placed from cities hundreds of miles away from the location of the purported call, or even from other countries. The caller typically places a 911 call using a spoofed phone number (so as to hide the fraudulent caller's real location) with the goal of tricking emergency authorities into responding with a SWAT team to a fabricated emergency.
John Francis Mitchell
John F. Mitchell
Prior to the development of the cell phone, Mitchell and his team of engineers produced and marketed the first transistorized pager and obtained a patent for the concept of portable cell telephony, including small antennae used to help free mobile phone units from car trunks where they were typically installed. Mitchell, Motorola's chief of portable communication products and Martin Cooper's boss in 1973, played a key role in advancing the development of handheld mobile telephone equipment. Mitchell successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular phone.
Global title
Global Title Translation
E.212(IMSI) = MCC+MNC+MSIN - (Mobile Country Code+Mobile Network Code+Mobile Subscription Identification Number) e.g. 404-68-6600620186 (MTNL delhi) -. E.214(MGT) = combination of E.212 and E.164(CC+NDC+MSIN) (Exact combination is defined in the operators IR21 document). NPI=E.212: 28405 xxxxxxxxxx (284 = Bulgaria MCC + 05 = Globul MNC) ->. NPI=E.214: 359888 xxxxxxxxx (359 = Bulgaria country calling code). NPI=E.214: 14054 xxxxxxxxx (1 = U.S. country calling code) ->. NPI=E.212: 310150 xxxxxxxxx (310 = U.S. MCC + 150 = Cingular MNC).
Internet access
broadband internetbroadbandbroadband Internet access
Mobile broadband is the marketing term for wireless Internet access delivered through mobile phone towers to computers, mobile phones (called "cell phones" in North America and South Africa, and "hand phones" in Asia), and other digital devices using portable modems. Some mobile services allow more than one device to be connected to the Internet using a single cellular connection using a process called tethering. The modem may be built into laptop computers, tablets, mobile phones, and other devices, added to some devices using PC cards, USB modems, and USB sticks or dongles, or separate wireless modems can be used.
Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom
+44dialling code0141
Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom are administered by the UK government's Office of Communications (Ofcom). For this purpose Ofcom established a telephone numbering plan, known as the National Telephone Numbering Plan, which is the system for assigning telephone numbers to subscriber stations. The numbers are of variable length. Local numbers are supported from land-lines, or numbers can be dialled with a '0'-lead prefix that denotes either a geographical region or another service. Cell phone numbers have their own prefixes which are not geographical and are completely portable between providers.
Trunk prefix
trunk code8city or region
However, because the world's telephone systems are "intelligent" enough to "know" from where the call has been originated, to where the call is directed and as to how it is to be charged, if the full international number is used, then this full international number may be dialed from any telephone anywhere. This is particularly important for users of mobile phones. Such users are strongly advised to store all numbers in their phones in the form of "+ (Country Code) (Area Code) (Local Number)", no matter where they live.
Local number portability
number portabilityportedport
Canada, South Africa and the United States are the only countries that offer full number portability transfers between both fixed lines and mobile phone lines, because mobile and fixed line numbers are mixed in the same area codes, and are billed identically for the calling party, the mobile user usually pays for incoming calls and texts; in other countries all mobile numbers are placed in higher priced mobile-dedicated area codes and the originator of the call to the mobile phone pays for the call. The government of Hong Kong has tentatively approved fixed-mobile number portability; however, as of July 2012, this service is not yet available. | https://hyperleap.com/suggestions/Mobile_phone/Telephony/Phoneme/Prank_call/Fonejacker/Telephone_numbering_plan/Misdialed_call/Public_switched_telephone_network/555_(telephone_number)/Caller_ID_spoofing?page=4 |
Mount Gambier Library is aiming to bridge the gap for socially isolated members of the community as part of the ‘Be Connected – Stay Connected’ project. The project follows the library’s successful grant application for $5,000 under the Australian Government’s ‘Be Connected’ program, enabling the purchase of digital devices available for borrowing.
“Mount Gambier Library has used the grant funding to purchase seven new iPads,” Mount Gambier Library Manager Georgina Davison said.
“These iPads will be available specifically for over 50 year olds who do not already have access to such equipment.”
The project aims to connect family members by teaching them how to utilise messaging apps and free video calls and emails, and will be tailored to suit each individual applicant.
The iPads will be loaned out for a six month period, complete with data allowance and training sessions on how to utilise the devices, enabling participants to connect with family and friends.
People with little or no experience using an iPad are encouraged to apply.
“The first training session will teach the successful applicants how to navigate the device and we will work with them to customise a learning program," Ms Davison said.
To qualify for the loan of an iPad and free data, applicants need to express their interest or interest on behalf of someone they know and meet the following criteria:
“We envisage the program will suit someone who may be self-isolating or have family members living away and hope that it will empower participants to gain the knowledge and confidence to communicate with family online via audio and video calls through various free apps and messaging platforms,” Ms Davison said.
To apply, applicants can write to or email Mount Gambier Library on behalf of themselves or someone who would benefit from this program and include a short paragraph explaining how the iPad will be used and who they would connect with if they were one of the seven successful applicants.
Applications can be emailed to [email protected] or mailed to Library Manager, Mount Gambier Library, 6 Watson Terrace, Mount Gambier SA 5290.
Applications close Wednesday 24 July 2020.
Media contact: City of Mount Gambier Communications Officer Ashlea Watson at [email protected] or phone (08) 8721 2577. | https://www.mountgambier.sa.gov.au/news/library-launches-be-connected-project |
Sharjah Airport makes it easy for you to stay connected by pay phone, smartphone or laptop. As a modern, state of the art airport, Sharjah is wired for the future. All passengers, including du and Etisalat customers, can connect to our free wireless network or make a local or international call from a phone booth.
It’s quick and easy to log onto the airport’s free Wifi on any electronic device, and our airport staff will be happy to assist you if required. Alternatively, pay phones accepting cash and credit card are located in the Departures and Arrival Terminals for international and UAE calls; all calls to Sharjah are free.
The UAE’s two telecom providers Du and Etisalat offer various services within the airport. There’s a du centre in the arrivals hall which is open 24 hours a day and offers business and personal mobile services and bill payment facilities; visitors can purchase a temporary Tourist Plan SIM here.
Etisalat has several payment machines located across the airport, where customers can pay phone and utilities bills. | https://www.sharjahairport.ae/en/traveller/airport-facilities/facilities/telecommunications-services/ |
How to Fix Call Failed Errors on Android
Are you trying to call someone, but then the call failed?
Many people experience this problem. It’s not that rare.
But do you know what’s worse?
It’s when you need to make an urgent call, then it fails!
Still, there’s nothing to worry about. For every problem, there’s always a solution!
The great thing is that the solutions are quick and easy.
However, let me remind you:
Problems like this can differ based on your device and service provider. The solutions here are general fixes that could apply to most Android phones.
Are you calm now? Good.
Continue reading to see how to fix your outgoing call problems.
Related: Best Ways to Improve Android Call Quality
Call Failed: Problems, Causes, and Solutions
Method 1: Call Failed to One Number or a Specific Number
Is your call to a specific number not going through?
A call failed to one number might have several reasons.
Step 1: A Blocked Number
You may have unintentionally blocked the person your calling. To check this, go to Settings and look for Blocked numbers.
Go to Settings and look for Blocked numbers.
From there, you can check if the number is blocked.
The worst case would be that the person you’re trying to call blocked your number.
There’s nothing you could do about it than to wait it out.
Step 2: Mobile Network Error
Often, the problem could be with your mobile service provider. For this cause, you may need to contact them to ask for assistance and solutions.
General Fixes and Solutions
1. Use the Dialer
Type out the number you want to call on your phone’s dialer.
2. Remove Country Code
Remove the country code at the beginning of the number you’re calling.
3. Toggle the VoLTE Settings
Toggle your VoLTE settings by enabling or disabling it. You can find it in the Connection Settings for most Android phones.
Method 2: Call Failed After Ringing
Sometimes you may call someone, and it would only ring once before it fails.
A network connection error might be responsible for this. In this case, you need to call your mobile service provider.
You can also try performing a soft or factory reset on your phone.
Step 1: Perform a Soft Reset
a. Turn off your phone by pressing the Power button. Then, tap on the Power Off option.
b. After that, wait for a few minutes before you turn it back on.
Step 2: Perform a Factory Reset
Warning: A factory reset will delete all the data in your device. If you want to try this, I suggest that you back up your files.
a. Go to Settings and choose Backup & Reset or something similar.
b. Next, tap the Factory Data Reset.
c. Then, confirm your action by tapping on Reset.
d. For some devices, you may need to provide your passcode before you can finally restore your device’s settings.
Method 3: Call Failed Without Ringing
When a call failed without a single ring, there could be several reasons.
Step 1: The Person You’re Calling Changed His/Her Phone Number
If the person your calling changed his/her phone number, no force on Earth can make it possible for your call to go through.
Your call would never go through. However, you may try to call the person using messaging apps.
Step 2: Wrong Number Input
Another reason could be that you dialed an incorrect number.
The only thing you should do is to double-check the number you’re dialing before making the call.
Step 3: Poor Cell Reception
Your call might also fail when you have poor cell reception.
To solve this problem, you may need to go to an area where you can get a stronger signal.
If you can’t avoid it, you can try using cell phone signal boosters.
Method 4: “Call Failed. Try Another Method”
This error message is the nightmare of JIO sim users. The cause of this is unknown, but it could be such an inconvenience.
General Fixes and Solutions
1. Toggle the Enhanced 4G LTE Mode
a. Go to your phone’s Settings.
b. Next, go to Network and Internet.
c. Then, choose Mobile Network and select the JIO sim.
d. Finally, select Advanced and turn on the Enhanced 4G LTE Mode.
e. If it’s already on, turn it off. Then, wait for a few seconds before turning it on again.
2. Clear Cache and Data
a. Go to Settings, and find Apps.
b. Go to the Apps Settings and tap on Storage.
c. Lastly, clear cache and data.
3. Manual Mobile Network Search
a. Open the Settings and choose Mobile Networks.
b. Tap on Mobile Operator, then Select Manually.
c. Let your phone search for the networks available.
d. Lastly, choose your mobile operator.
4. Swap Sim Cards
If your phone can support two sim cards, then try this solution.
a. Remove the JIO sim card while your phone is on.
b. After that, insert another sim into the slot where you removed the JIO sim.
b. Then, restart your phone.
c. Once it’s back on, put the JIO sim into the other slot.
d. Finally, restart your phone one last time.
Method 5: Call Failed on Calling and Messaging Apps
Nowadays, most people use apps to call and message others. These apps include Hangouts, Whatsapp, and Messenger.
It could be an inconvenience when your call fails using these apps. This issue may have several reasons.
Step 1: Poor to No Internet Connection
Messaging apps need a strong Internet connection to run properly. If you have a poor connection through Wi-Fi, try using signal strength apps.
Step 2: You Have Been Blocked
It’s easy for people to block others on messaging apps.
If this is the case, there’s nothing you could do. You can try to wait until the person you want to call unblocks you.
General Fixes and Solutions
1. Perform a Soft Reset
It could be a simple error that a soft reset can fix. (Refer to “Call Failed After Ringing” for the steps)
2. Allow Permissions
Whenever you install apps, they’ll ask you for permissions to your microphone, contacts, and more. Failing to permit your messaging apps may cause issues.
To manage the permissions, follow these steps:
a. Go to Settings.
b. Then, tap on Apps and choose the messaging app you want to fix.
c. Tap on Permissions and permit the app to use your phone’s functions by toggling them on and off.
Grant the app access to your phone’s Microphone, Camera, Phone, and Contacts.
3. Clear Cache
a. First, go to Settings and tap on Apps.
b. Next, tap on the messaging app that’s having the call failed error.
c. Finally, tap on Clear Cache and wait for a few seconds.
4. Update the App
Sometimes, the call failed issue happens because your apps aren’t updated.
You have two options on how to update your apps.
By Google Play Store
a. Open your Google Play Store. Then, tap on Menu on the upper left corner of your screen.
b. Next, go to My apps & games.
c. It will automatically show you the Updates tab. Here, you can already see if your messaging app has a pending update.
d. Tap on UPDATE ALL if you want all to update all your apps or choose the ones you only need.
By App Settings
a. Go to Settings and look for the Apps option.
b. Tap on the messaging app you want to update.
c. Tap on the Update button if necessary.
5. Reinstall the App
In some cases, a corrupted app may cause a call failed error. Reinstalling the app might fix the problem.
Make sure that your Wi-Fi connection is stable as you reinstall the app.
6. Relog into the App
Another simple fix would be to log out and log in to the messaging app.
7. Specific Fix for Hangouts
If the call failed error occurred with Hangouts, try to follow these steps.
a. Log in to the Google Admin page. It’s easier to use a computer for this solution.
b. Next, click on Apps and G-Suite. Then, go to Google Talk Hangouts and Advanced Settings.
c. Under “Choose an option for online chat”, change it to “Google Talk Only” and click on Save.
d. Wait for at least 15 seconds, then change it to “Hangouts Chat or Google Talk” and click on Save.
e. Log out of the Google Admin page and reset your browser.
f. Wait for a few hours for the changes to take effect. Sometimes, it may take 24 hours. While waiting, try to do something else like playing idle games on your phone.
Once you’ve solved all your calling problems, why not use a retro telephone handset to make calls?
You can connect this cordless handset to your smartphone via Bluetooth. This can make all your calls clearer. You might also find this more comfortable than using earphones.
FAQs
I tried inserting my sim card to another phone. I was able to call without any problems. What does this mean?
It could mean that your phone has a technical problem. You should bring it to a reliable service center and get it checked.
If I block other people’s numbers or accounts, will they know?
No, they’ll only get notified that the call failed.
Is there any way to find out if the person I’m calling blocked my number or account?
One way to find out is by calling that person using another number or account. When the call goes through, it could mean that the person blocked you.
Conclusion
Call failed problems are such a pain in the neck especially when you need to make urgent calls.
In my personal experience, it’s best to have a backup plan if you rely a lot on making calls.
Get a second phone with a sim card from a different mobile service provider. You can also buy a smartphone that can accommodate two sim cards.
These are just some ways to ensure that you can always make important calls anytime.
But I do understand that not everyone can have this luxury.
If you ever face call failed errors with your phone, I hope these solutions can help you.
Do you have a specific problem that wasn’t mentioned in the article?
Ask us in the comment section below and we’ll try our best to help you. | https://techsamaritan.com/fix-call-failed-errors/ |
Do Motorola flip phones have SIM cards?
Many phones store the SIM card in the battery compartment. Since the Motorola Droid RAZR does not have a removable battery, the SIM card is stored in a slot on the side of the phone.
How do you put a SIM card in a flip phone?
INSERT/REMOVE SIM CARD: The SIM slot is in the battery compartment. Insert the nano-SIM card into the SIM slot with the metal contacts facing down and the notched edge going in first. Push until it is all the way in. To remove, press down on the stopper below the SIM card slot then slide the nano-SIM card down.
How do you put a SIM card in a Motorola phone?
First Steps: Turn off and unplug the phone.
- Remove the back cover. Use your fingernail to pry open the bottom of the back cover. …
- Remove a SIM card. Push the SIM card in to release it, then slide it out. …
- Insert a SIM card. …
- Power the phone back on.
How do you get the SIM card out of an old flip phone?
Turn the phone off, then remove the back cover and the battery (as demonstrated in the previous instructions). Locate the slot for the SIM card (the lower of the two slots above the upper-right corner of the battery compartment) and gently slide the SIM card out to remove it.
Can a cell phone work without a SIM card?
The short answer, yes. Your Android smartphone will totally work without a SIM card. In fact, you can do almost everything you can do with it right now, without paying a carrier anything or using a SIM card. All you need is Wi-Fi (internet access), a few different apps, and a device to use.
Is there a SIM card in a flip phone?
Find out the step-by-step guide in this article. Your LG Classic Flip needs cards to operate. The SIM card is the most important. It acts as a connector between your phone and the network.
What does a SIM card do in a flip phone?
SIM cards are the small cards which contains a chip and are removable and transferable to other phones. In order for a GSM phone to work, a SIM card must be placed into it so you can access the local mobile network to place or receive calls or send texts.
What happens if you take out your SIM card and put it in another phone?
It contains all your contacts and settings, and it’s linked to your account. You can take the SIM card out, put it into another phone, and if someone calls your number, the new phone will ring. … The SIM card won’t work in other phones, and the phone won’t work with other SIM cards.
How do you open a SIM card slot without the tool?
A paper clip is one of the easiest and most common objects to use when you don’t have an ejector tool.
- Start with a small or medium-size paper clip.
- Unfold one straight side, so it’s sticking out.
- Stick the straight side of the paper clip into the SIM card ejector hole as far as it will go.
22 дек. 2020 г.
How do I remove the SIM card from my Moto G?
Moto G Play – Remove SIM Card
- Ensure the device is powered off.
- From the USB port (located on the bottom edge), gently lift and remove the battery cover.
- From the notch in lower edge of the battery compartment, lift and remove the battery.
- If necessary, remove the SD card.
- Remove the SIM card. …
- Insert the battery.
Where is the SIM card on a Motorola Moto G?
The SIM Card tray is located under the back plate of the device. Use the notch at the bottom of the device to take the plate off. Insert the SIM into the SIM card slot with the gold contacts facing down and the notched edge going in first. Push the SIM until it clicks into place.
How do you take the back off a flip phone?
Remove
- Locate the notch on the bottom left side of the device and lift to remove the back cover.
- Lift up on the notch on the top of the battery to remove it from the phone.
Do all LG phones have SIM cards?
Most LG phones use the micro SIM card, with the exception of a few, including the LG G5. See more information about LG cell phones and their SIM card sizes below.
Are all SIM cards the same?
All phones need SIM cards, but they don’t all need SIM cards of the same size. In fact, there are three different sizes in use, namely Standard, Micro and Nano. … Plus, you’ll find some advice for what to do if you end up with a SIM card that’s the wrong size for your phone. | https://gsm-sources.com/phones/question-how-do-you-put-a-sim-card-in-a-motorola-flip-phone.html |
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Free throws help Massachusetts beat Dayton 55-50
AMHERST, Mass. – Anthony Gurley scored 10 of his 15 points from the foul line as Massachusetts rallied on the free-throw line in a 55-50 win over Dayton on Sunday.
The Minutemen (9-5, 1-0 Atlantic 10 Conference) were 29 of 36 from the line (80.6 percent), overcoming bad shooting performances by both teams.
UMass shot 27.3 percent from the field (12 of 44), while the Flyers (13-4, 1-1) made just 16 of 56 shots (28.6 percent). The Minutemen's 55 points were their fewest in a win since a 53-50 victory over Saint Louis on Feb. 24, 2007. They also held Dayton to the lowest shooting percentage of an opponent this season.
The Flyers pulled within two, 44-42, with 3:24 left, but Gurley hit a 3 and Javorn Farrell made a three-point play to help the Minutemen pull away with 47 seconds left.
Paul Williams had 12 points for Dayton, which saw its six-game winning streak snapped. | https://www.foxnews.com/sports/free-throws-help-massachusetts-beat-dayton-55-50 |
Penn State holds off Maryland 55-50
UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. (AP) Izaiah Brockington had 13 points, John Harrar added nine points and 12 rebounds, and Penn State beat Maryland 55-50 on Friday night.
Jamari Wheeler added 11 points for the Nittany Lions (7-8, 4-7 Big Ten), including a pair of free throws that capped the scoring with 23 seconds left.
Eric Ayala tied a career high with 23 points for the Terrapins (10-9, 4-8).
Maryland missed its last 10 field goal attempts over the final 7:32, scoring its final six points from the foul line. Ayala made a pair of free throws to cut the deficit to 53-50 with 34 seconds to go.
Penn State also struggled down the stretch with Myles Dread making the last field goal of the game on a 3-pointer that made it 53-46 with 4:34 to go. It was the Nittany Lions' only field goal in their final nine shots. They committed turnovers on four consecutive possessions during the final three minutes.
Penn State visits Michigan State on Tuesday. Maryland hosts No. 7 Ohio State on Monday.
---
More AP college basketball: https://apnews.com/hub/college-basketball and https://twitter.com/AP-Top25
Copyright 2021 STATS LLC and Associated Press. Any commercial use or distribution without the express written consent of STATS LLC and Associated Press is strictly prohibited. | https://www.cbssports.com/college-basketball/gametracker/recap/NCAAB_20210205_MD@PSU/ |
Techsters triumph at the end
Move over, Tom Brady, and all you quarterbacks with the nerves and talent to direct the winning drive in the last two minutes.
That kind of clutch also resides in a group of girls from Benson High.
You heard of Lillard Time? Friday night at Chiles Center, there was Techsters Time.
The Benson Techsters, with their basketball season and dreams on the line, performed some late heroics that will go on their school's list of sporting lore.
They dug deep and landed the knockout punch in the 15th round of a heavyweight fight with Sheldon. They pulled out a 58-52 win and advanced to Saturday's 8:30 p.m. Class 6A title game against Southridge.
With little more than two minutes to go, things weren't looking great for the Techsters. The Portland Interscholastic League champs were in the fight of their 2019 tournament lives. The score was 50-50. One of Benson's top players, Tayler Lyday, had fouled out with 5:02 remaining. Another Tech star, top scorer Ciera Ellington, was on thin ice with four fouls.
It looked like the seventh-ranked Irish might find the gold at the end of the rainbow. One night after knocking off No. 2 Tigard, they were close to an upset of No. 3 Benson.
But the Techsters refused to accept that outcome.
"It felt like it was 50-50, but to us, we knew we had it, we knew we were going to outwork them at the end," Benson junior guard Bria Dixson said. "I think what it came down to was just heart."
After Sheldon pulled even at 50-50, the Techsters made a handful of big plays in a decisive 8-0, 90-second run.
First, it was Ellington taking offensive matters into her own hands. The 6-0 senior guard drove hard for a layup through traffic that gave Tech a 52-50 lead with 2:03 remaining.
Next, Ellington and 6-1 junior forward Aujae Yoakum made a steal as Sheldon tried to run its offense. Ellington took off for the basket again in transition, then dished off to trailing 6-2 senior post Imani Harris for a layup and 54-50 lead with 1:38 on the clock.
On its next possession, Sheldon went inside for a shot. Yoakum was there to block it and give the ball back to Benson.
The Irish had to foul, but after Dixson missed the front end of a one-and-one, Harris beat the Irish to the rebound and went up for a put-back basket. Now it was 56-50 with 49 seconds left.
Moments later, Yoakum blocked another Irish attempt, and Dixson grabbed the rebound.
Dixson pushed the ball up the court with no hesitation. Her half-court pass off the dribble found Ellington for an in-stride layup with 33 seconds to go. That was the final blow.
Sheldon hit a short jumper with three seconds left, but time ran out, and the Irish left with a spot in the third-place game against Beaverton at 6:45 p.m. Saturday.
Sheldon (24-4) had given the Techsters plenty to handle. The Irish served notice by taking an 11-5 lead in the first 2 1/2 minutes. Benson stormed back for a 24-16 lead after one quarter, but the lead never got any larger.
Sheldon was within 32-30 at the half, then went in front 37-32. The rest of the way, there were six ties and three lead changes.
Ellington finished with a game-high 23 points, going 10 of 18 from the field.
"Ciera was awesome," Benson coach Eric Knox said. "She is probably the best all-around player in the state. She runs point, she can post up, she can shoot the 3, she can go by you, she can get a rebound, she guards the best players. She's that do-all-things type of player. She showed that tonight."
Dixson, the sharpshooting transfer from Franklin, came off the bench for 14 points, making three 3-pointers and helping the half-court offense run well enough to win.
"Her shooting was key for us, but so was her IQ," Knox said. "She's more than a 3-point shooter, and she played well off Ciera."
And then there was Harris, another key cog whose closing baskets were critical.
"Ciera and Imani, at the end, were the reason we got this victory," Knox said.
Benson will take a 24-4 record into Saturday's final against heavily favored Southridge.
The Skyhawks (25-3) have been dominant, as they were in beating Metro League rival Beaverton 46-30 in their semifinal.
Southridge's long, stifling defense, with 6-5 junior star Cameron Brink in the middle to block shots, held the Beavers to 25-percent field-goal shooting while letting Beaverton get to the free-throw line only four times.
Southridge will be looking for its third consecutive state championship.
Benson, which will be going for its first, lost to the Skyhawks 46-27 in the 2018 title game and again 55-50 in a holiday tournament this season.
In last year's 6A tournament, Benson was the No. 7 seed knocking of No. 3 Beaverton, 54-53, in the semifinals.
"A lot of people thought we were lucky, but winning tonight just shows we're supposed to be here, just as much as Southridge," Ellington said after the Sheldon game. "Southridge is a great team, everybody knows that. But we're also a great team, and we've always felt we were meant for this moment."
Brink has committed to Stanford. She has helped the U.S. win a gold medal at the FIBA under-17 World Cup.
"You play her honest," said Ellington, who has signed with Loyola Marymount. "You don't play her as Cameron Brink, the All-American or Stanford commit. You play her as a player. She puts her jersey on, we put our jerseys on. She's a D-I player, we have D-I players."
The Benson strategy going into the final probably will be to run as much as possible.
"We've got to trust the work we've put in and just play our game," Dixson said. "They cannot run with us."
Southridge has the size and length, Knox noted.
"They're long like us. Well, they're a little longer — they've got Cameron. You can't simulate her. She's just a fabulous player. We've got to utilize our speed, our ball movement. We have a saying about that — ping, ping, zip, zip. If we do that, I think we give ourselves a chance."
"If we want to win, we can pull it out," Ellington said. "But we have to play Benson basketball 24-7, for four quarters."
Quality local journalism takes time and money, which comes, in part, from paying readers. If you enjoy articles like this one, please consider supporting us. | https://pamplinmedia.com/pt/12-sports/422116-326941-techsters-triumph-at-the-end |
Here are the candidates for SBLive’s Mississippi high school girls basketball player of the week for March 1-7 as nominated by fans, readers and SBLive’s staff. Read through the nominees and cast your vote at the bottom of the page. Voting will conclude on Sunday at 11:59 p.m and the winner will be announced Monday. If you would like to make a nomination in a future week, please email [email protected] or tag us on Twitter or Instagram at @sblivems.
PLAYER OF THE WEEK NOMINEES FOR MARCH 1-7:
Rhema Pegues, Olive Branch: Pegues stepped up when Olive Branch needed her. The 5-foot-8 junior finished with 28 points and nine rebounds, despite picking up her fourth foul with 4:30 to go in the third quarter, to lead Olive Branch to a 66-62 win over Germanton in the 6A state championship.
Macie Walker, Belmont: Walker topped off a remarkable season with a game-high 29 points to lead Belmont to a 66-65 win over Kossuth in the 3A girls state championship.
Hannah Campbell, New Site: Campbell scored 19 points and earned MVP honors as the Lady Royals outlasted Calhoun City 55-50 to capture the program’s second state championship and first since 2012.
Katie Beth Hall, Ingomar: Hall scored 16 points – including four 3-pointers – help Ingomar to a 55-51 win over West Lowndes in the 1A state title game.
Mackenzie Thomas, Laurel: Thomas scored nine points and was named the game’s MVP as she led Laurel to a 39-36 win over Holmes County Central in the 5A state title game – their first state title in girls basketball in school history.
Madison Booker, Germantown: The Lady Mavericks’ superstar sophomore poured in 25 points to go with 16 rebounds and dished out eight assists to help Germantown beat Harrison Central 65-32 in the 6A semifinals.
Tydajasha Hood, West Lowndes: Hood scored 22 points in West Lowndes’ loss to Ingomar in the 1A state title game.
Zoe Essary, Kossuth: Essary led Kossuth with 20 points and 11 rebounds in their 66-65 loss to Belmont in the 3A girls state championship.
Brooklyn Hodum, Belmont: Hodum made the game-winning layup with 13 seconds left in overtime to lift Belmont to a 66-65 win over Kossuth in the 3A girls state championship.
Quay Bailey, Calhoun City: Bailey had 14 points and 13 rebounds in Calhoun City’s 55-50 loss to New Site in the 2A state championship.
Ivy Loden, New Site: With the Lady Royals hanging on to a 53-50 lead late in the 2A state championship game, the 5-foot-4 Loden got a huge offensive rebound off a missed free throw, got fouled and buried her two free throws to put the game out of reach. Loden finished with 15 points.
Macie Phifer, Ingomar: The sensational 14-year-old scored 29 points and pulled down 13 rebounds to help Ingomar capture its fourth MHSAA 1A State Championship in six years with a 55-51 win over West Lowndes.
Addison Howell, Olive Branch: Howell poured in 22 points in Olive Branch’s 73-53 win over Meridian in the 6A state semifinals.
Meloney Thames, Choctaw Central: The senior scored 30 points for Choctaw Central in their game against Pass Christian on Monday. | https://scorebooklive.com/mississippi/2021/03/08/vote-now-who-should-be-sblives-mississippi-high-school-girls-basketball-player-of-the-week-5/ |
CHARLESTON, SC - Reiver Sanmartin delivered six innings of one-run baseball and got all the help he needed, including a seventh-inning, two-run insurance home run from Dermis Garcia, as the Charleston RiverDogs defeated the Augusta GreenJackets, 5-1, in front of 3,055 at Riley Park on Tuesday night.
Sanmartin (1-3) suffered losses in each of his first three starts with the RiverDogs (48-50, 15-15), but managed his first win by allowing just four hits and striking out five GreenJackets (50-50, 14-18) in his six frames. The Colombian southpaw did not walk a batter in his outing and has issued just three free passes in 20 2/3 innings with Charleston.
The 22-year-old's six innings gave RiverDogs starters back-to-back games with six innings or more after teenager Roansy Contreras dealt six one-run innings in Monday's series opener. Charleston starters had previously failed to go five innings in nine of 11 games.
Right-hander Daniel Ramos followed Sanmartin's effort with three shutout innings, claiming his first save while striking out four and surrendering no walks. Between the two Dogs pitchers, they held Augusta to a 0-for-7 mark with runners in scoring position.
The RiverDogs took the lead in the opening inning on a two-run double from third baseman Oswaldo Cabrera, scoring right fielder Carlos Vidal and shortstop Wilkerman Garcia. Garcia finished with a pair of runs and helped Charleston added a run in the fourth on an error by Augusta starting pitcher Garrett Cave (5-6). Garcia bounced a grounder back to Cave who couldn't field the chopper cleanly, allowing Garcia to reach and left fielder Mitchell Hansen to score with two outs.
Augusta scored its lone run in the seventh, but Dermis Garcia got the run back and more with his two-run blast over the left center field wall off Stetson Woods. Wilkerman Garcia also scored on Dermis Garcia's 10th long ball of the season.
With the victory, Charleston avoided its third consecutive loss but has dropped 11 of its last 14 contests. The four-run victory was the RiverDogs' largest margin of victory since defeated Greenville, 6-2, on July 2.
Ballpark Fun
The RiverDogs celebrated the local scene as they showed off the Lowcountry to their newest neighbors in South Carolina, the GreenJackets, on another Live & Local Tuesday at The Joe presented by 105.5 The Bridge. The Charlestonian evening featured a local farmer's market on the concourse, live music, and restaurant pop-up Braised in the South.
Upcoming
The Dogs continue the series with Augusta on Wednesday night as they suit up in their throwback uniforms for a 7:05 first pitch on a Way Back Wednesday presented by Kirkman Broadcasting. It's also a Military Appreciation Night presented by Bank of America, meaning all current or retired military members can receive up to four complementary tickets at the box office. Right-hander Deivi Garcia (1-3, 3.77), the Yankees' No. 9 prospect in the organization, gets the ball for Charleston. The 19-year-old will be opposed by Jackets righty John Gavin (5-3, 1.83). Wednesday's contest can be tuned into on "The Big Talker" 1250 WTMA with audio streaming live at riverdogs.com and the RiverDogs' TuneIn radio station. | https://www.live5news.com/story/38723308/garcia-belts-two-run-homer-as-dogs-even-series-with-augusta/ |
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There are no reviews yet. | https://arnecarlos.com/shop/product/embla-sweater/ |
DEMOREST, Ga. -- The Covenant men's basketball team saw its eight-game win streak come to an end with a 76-69 loss at Piedmont on Saturday afternoon at Cave Arena in the regular season finale.
The loss for Covenant (16-9, 10-6 USA South) means the Scots will be the No. 3 seed from the West in next week's USA South Tournament and will travel back to Demorest to face Piedmont (15-10, 10-6 USA South). The two teams finished with identical conference records, but Piedmont will earn the No. 2 seed by virtue of taking both games against the Scots during the season.
Covenant suffered through a tough shooting day as the Scots connected on only 38.5 percent (25-of-65) from the floor, despite making 10 3-pointers. The foul line was also a difficult spot as Covenant made 9-of-19 free throws.
Even with the cold shooting, the Scots had opportunities to come away with the road win. Trailing 50-45 in the second half, Covenant rattled off a 10-0 scoring run to go ahead 55-50 with 11:54 remaining. Back-to-back baskets from Caleb Haynes and Berto Dryden followed by a 3-pointer from James Mitchell gave the Scots a 52-50 lead during the run. A Will Crumly three-point play capped the stretch giving the Scots their largest lead of the game.
Piedmont answered with an 8-0 run to regain the lead before Mitchell buried another 3-pointer to knot the score at 58 apiece with 9:59 left. Both teams struggled to score down the stretch, but the host Lions built a five-point lead, 65-60, with over six minutes left before a Haynes layup at the 3:06 mark sliced the Piedmont edge to 68-67. Elijah Alston responded with a 3-pointer on Piedmont's next possession to stretch the margin to four at 71-67 with 2:46 remaining.
A pair of Dryden free throws got Covenant within 71-69 with 1:10 to go, but Piedmont was able to hold the Scots scoreless the rest of the way and sealed the game at the free throw line.
Mitchell led Covenant with 15 points, on 5-of-11 from 3-point distance, while Bailey Spragg totaled 13 points, seven steals, and six rebounds. Crumly had 12 points and four boards off the bench and Dryden tallied 11 points. Haynes finished with eight points and nine boards.
Piedmont built a 43-36 lead at the half after shooting 59.4 percent in the period. Alston scored 14 of his game-high 21 points in the first 20 minutes.
The Lions finished the day connecting on 50 percent (28-of-56) from the field and 15-of-23 at the line. Alston scored 21 points off the bench, while Justin Vallejo had a double-double of 17 points and 14 rebounds. Marquise Lanier also recorded 17 points.
Covenant and Piedmont will face each other for a third time this year on Tuesday in Demorest, Ga., in the quarterfinal round of the USA South Tournament. Game time will be announced on Sunday. | https://athletics.covenant.edu/sports/mbkb/2017-18/releases/20180217rr7ua4 |
Update 12:30 PM – Major deal points from TSN and the NY Times:
- The revenue share split is 50-50 of HRR (hockey related revenue)
- While the salary cap remains at $64.3 million, the salary floor is $44 million.
- An NBA-style amnesty provision has been inserted into the CBA to allow teams to drop salaries to get under the cap. Each team has two amnesty buyouts it can use to cut high salaries.
- To keep teams from structuring deals that would circumvent the cap, no single player contract can have a year-to-year raise of more than 35%, and the highest salaried year can be no more than 50% above the lowest salaried year.
- Revenue sharing from rich to poor teams will grow to $200 million. (I assume this is annual.)
- The 50-game schedule would start January 15. The 48-game schedule would commence January 19.
- Specifics regarding pro participation in the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia remain missing. Those are to be determined after the CBA is ratified. (My guess – owners will be very restrictive about allowing their players to go, perhaps not even allowing for a season carveout to accommodate the Games.)
Both sides heavily credited federal mediator Scott Beckenbaugh for pulling both sides away from the abyss. Until he guided the negotiations, talks were so acrimonious that it was common for one side to accuse the other of trying to screw them over or hide something whenever a deal point was brought up. It’s much akin to the recent federal fiscal cliff debate, which required both sides to come off hardline stances and let some level of common sense reign. Like the fiscal cliff talks, the actual deal came weeks, if not months later than it should have. Too bad that the people who really paid the price for the lockout are the fans. The hardcore fans will come back, somewhat begrudgingly. Will the casual fan?
======
At 5:09 AM EST, reports started to emerge out of New York that a tentative deal to end the 113-day NHL lockout had been reached. It’s not a done deal yet as there are still issues to work out, but apparently the major deal points have been agreed upon. Here’s what we know so far:
- The CBA will run 10 years, with either side able to opt out in year 8.
- 2013 schedule will have 48-50 regular season games, all in-conference.
- Season will start January 19.
- Individual player contracts are limited to 7 years, 8 for re-signed players.
- The initial salary cap for each team will be $64.3 million.
That last point is interesting, because that’s the same figure as the 2011-12 cap. That’s a pretty big concession on the players’ part. It’s not clear yet the revenue share percentages will be. Last summer, NHL commissioner Gary Bettman projected the cap to be $70 million or higher. During the most recent negotiations, the league was not budging from a $60 million cap.
If the NBA’s post-lockout schedule is any indicator, the upcoming 48-game schedule is going to be brutal. Expect lots of back-to-back games, maybe even some back-to-back-to-back scheduling. Starting on January 19, it’s extremely unlikely that 48 games can be fit into the remaining 12 weeks of the regular season (4 games a week!). Instead, the regular season should be extended 2 weeks to accommodate more rest, with the potential for a compressed or extended Stanley Cup Playoffs schedule on the back end.
This session was, like other fruitless sessions during the fall, handled by a federal mediator. It is unclear exactly how much influence mediator Scott Beckenbaugh had on the process as opposed to the desperation of the two sides, but Bettman made sure to thank Beckenbaugh during his press briefing after the 16-hour marathon session was over.
We’ll dig into the specifics later in the morning. | https://newballpark.org/2013/01/06/nhl-and-nhlpa-reach-tentative-deal-to-end-lockout-updated/ |
By Bob Burrows on Feb 9, 2019 at 10:25 a.m.
Junior Kylie Strop became just the fourth player in River Falls girls' basketball history to reach 1,000 career points in the Wildcat's 55-53 victory over Rice Lake Friday night, Feb. 8, in River Falls.
Strop joins senior teammate Bailey Reardon, who scored her 1,000th point earlier this season, Karly Murphy (2013-16) and Tessa Wells (2007-10) as the only 1,000 point scorers in program history. Murphy, currently a sophomore at UW-Green Bay, is the Wildcat's all-time leading scorer with 1,589 points.
Strop scored her 1,000th point on a left-handed layup with 5:45 remaining to give the Wildcats a 45-35 lead. The Cats appeared to have the game well in hand at the time but after a brief stoppage of play to recognize the milestone, Rice Lake made things interesting at the end.
Strop said the Wildcat's couldn't afford to let their guard down.
The Warriors pulled to within four with two minutes remaining before Strop hit three free throws to extend River Falls' lead back to seven with a minute to play.
Rice Lake wouldn't go away and got a three-pointer and a pair of free throws to make it a two-point game, 52-50, with 39 seconds remaining. Abby Doerre hit one of two free throws and after a Bailey Reardon block at the other end, Strop was fouled and hit both free throws to make it 55-50 with 15 seconds left, and Rice Lake hit a three-pointer just before the buzzer to make the final 55-53.
Point were hard to come by for both teams in the first half. A three-point play by Doerre gave the Wildcats a 10-6 lead midway through the half before the Cats opened up a 26-15 lead at the break.
Strop, who finished with 18 points, said the Cats did a much better job with shot selection in the second half.
The win bumped the Wildcat's record to 9-8 overall, 4-5 in the Big Rivers Conference. The game was the first of three in four days for the Cats, who will visit Eau Claire Memorial Saturday, Feb. 9, and Hudson for a make-up game Monday, Feb. 11.
Strop said it felt great to celebrate her 1,000th point with a win Friday night, but added she and the Wildcats need to remain focused on finishing the season on a high note. | https://www.riverfallsjournal.com/sports/basketball/4569014-girls-basketball-strop-scores-1000th-point-win |
The Tabor men?s basketball team defeated Haskell Indian Nations University, 96-73, at home Monday night.
The Bluejays enjoyed an 18-point lead at halftime, 41-23, and outscored Haskell 55-50 in the second half to claim the 23-point victory.
Tabor shot 52.6 percent from the field (41-78). Lance Carter led the Bluejays in scoring with 18 points. Dewayne Biggs and Andrew Thomas each contributed 16 points. D?Marco Smith added 12.
With the win, the Bluejay men improved to 9-6 overall.
COMING?Tabor will host McPherson Thursday. The women will play at 6 p.m., followed by the men at 8 p.m. | https://www.hillsborofreepress.com/breakingnews/tc-men-defeat-haskell-indian-nations-university |
Hornets erase 18-point deficit, beat state-ranked Toronto
Malvern claimed its 13th straight sectional title with a thrilling come-from-behind victory over host Toronto, 58-52.
“This was a game for the ages,” stated Head Coach Dennis Tucci. “Everybody who was at this game will remember it for a long time. These boys are simply amazing. They never give up, and they believe in each other.”
The two teams battled earlier in the season, with the Red Knights overcoming a 10-point halftime deficit for a 74-62 victory.
This time around it would be the Hornets who would mount an improbable comeback.
Trailing by 18 points with six minutes remaining in regulation, Malvern went on a 22-0 run for a 54-50 advantage.
Derk Hutchison started the rally with a conventional 3-point play and a layup off a Toronto turnover. Kenneth Martin split a pair of free throws and Davair Williams’s bucket made it 50-40 as the Red Knights were forced to call a timeout with 4:17 to play.
Johnny Browning’s two free throws cut the lead to eight. Jake Onul swiped a steal on Toronto’s next possession, and Browning was able to put back his own miss. Another Red Knights turnover resulted in a layup by Williams, pulling the Hornets to within four as Toronto called another timeout with 3:33 remaining in regulation.
The Red Knights failed to score on their next possession, and Hutchison made them pay as his left-handed layup cut the deficit to two.
After a Toronto miss, Browning took a beautiful feed from Martin and scored to tie the contest at 50-50 with 2:40 left on the clock.
In a span of three minutes and 20 seconds, Malvern had completed erased an 18-point deficit. But they were not done.
An offensive foul gave the Hornets the ball back. Seconds later Jake Onul’s driving layup gave the visitors a 52-50 advantage with two minutes to play.
Browning came up with a steal and found a wide open Martin, who kissed it off the glass to stretch the lead to 54-50.
Nate Karaffe ended Malvern’s 18-0 run as he split a pair of free throws with 1:14 to go to pull Toronto to within three.
Martin sealed the victory for the Hornets as he made four straight free throws in the closing seconds.
“Derk simply put us on his back and single-handedly got us back in it,” noted Coach Tucci. “Our defense was unbelievable in that fourth quarter. Our three juniors were outstanding with the pressure. Noah and Trent were big for us off the bench.
“This was our 13th straight sectional title. I can't say enough about our players, the cheerleaders, and our fans.”
The Hornets (17-7) struggled in the opening stanza, missing its first 14 shots before Trent Severs broke through with a bucket. Toronto (21-3) would end the quarter up 11-2.
Malvern regrouped in the second frame to outscore the Red Knights 19-12 to trail by just two at halftime, 23-21. Browning, Hutchison and Michael Minor each had five points.
Toronto, the fourth ranked team in the state, put together a dominating third frame, outscoring the visitors 24-8 for a 47-29 advantage.
Hutchison had 18 points and four rebounds; Browning had 11 points, 12 rebounds and seven assists; Minor had 10 points and 3 boards; Martin had nine points and five assists; Williams had six points; and Onul grabbed six rebounds.
Malvern - 38
Steubenville CC - 38
Earlier in the week, the Hornets dominated from start to finish during a home sectional opener.
“It was a good way to start tourney play,” commented Coach Tucci. “We finished our season with a 10-1 record at home. All 14 players got to play today, and I always enjoy that.”
Hutchison nailed two 3-pointers and tallied eight points as the Hornets jumped out to a 17-7 first-quarter advantage.
Malvern took a commanding 38-12 lead into halftime on the strength of Browning and Noah Ball. The duo combined for 14 points.
The Hornets extended their lead to as many as 32 points in the third stanza on back-to-back buckets from Williams and Severs.
Malvern subbed freely over the final two quarters of play, resulting in 11 players denting the scorebook.
Hutchison had 18 points, five assists and three rebounds; Browning had 12 points and nine boards; Minor had 12 points; Onul had eight assists and three rebounds; Ball had six rebounds; and Martin had five rebounds and four steals. | https://www.the-review.com/story/news/local/minerva/2019/02/28/hornets-erase-18-point-deficit/53200524007/ |
Sarah Kopp's basket with 4.2 seconds left gave Flat Rock a 52-50 victory over Airport in the finals of the Division 2 District at Jefferson.
Sarah Kopp changed the play.
Flat Rock girls basketball coach Marc Villemure drew up a play with his team tied 50-50 against Airport in the final seconds of the championship game of the Division 2 District at Jefferson Friday night.
But Kopp, who was throwing an inbounds pass under her own basket, saw an opportunity and went with her own play.
The senior threw the ball off the back of an Airport player, then jumped inbounds, grabbed the ball and banked it off the glass for the winning basket with 4.2 seconds left.
Flat Rock won 52-50 for its first District championship since 2006.
“That’s a play me and Sara Serbantez have been working on in practice,” Kopp said. “We joked about using it in a game.”
When Kopp saw Airport’s defensive alignment, she decided the time was right.
“They were all facing the other way,” she said. “They were focused on our two bigs. It was the perfect opportunity. I just grabbed the ball, shot it and thought, ‘Please go in.’”
Even if the shot had not gone in, Villemure said he would not have been angry.
“That was all her,” he said. “She does not score a ton, but that’s why she is our leader.”
“It was the perfect move,” said sophomore Kayla Giroux, who led the Rams with 14 points and 13 rebounds.
Even Airport coach Darrell Mossburg was impressed.
“That was a smart play by Sarah Kopp,” he said.
Both teams made a lot of smart plays in an entertaining, well-played game.
“They have a lot of seniors and we have a lot of seniors,” Villemure said. “At some point as a coach you have to just sit back and let them decide it.”
The teams were tied at 13-13 after one quarter, then Serbantez hit a 3-pointer at the buzzer to give Flat Rock a 31-24 lead at halftime.
The Ram lead grew to as many 9 points in the third quarter, but Airport kept fighting back.
Back-to-back 3-pointers by Riley Mossburg and Hadley Gratz with 2:45 left gave the Jets their first lead since the opening minutes of the game, 46-44.
But Amy Jackson hit a triple to put Flat Rock back on top 47-46.
Baskets by Gratz and Lauren Gannon for Airport and another 3-pointer by Serbantez knotted the score at 50-50 with 25.7 left.
That set the stage for Kopp’s winning play.
“There were two good teams playing,” Mossburg said.
The Jets, who were led Gratz with 19 points and Gannon with 11, finish with a 16-6 record.
“We have seven seniors,” Mossburg said. “They’ve played a total of 80 games among them. I give them credit for building a championship culture for us. Without that championship attitude, you’re not playing in games like this.”
The Airport seniors will be difficult to replace, but Mossburg believes the Jets will keep winning.
“I have faith in our program,” he said.
Jackson scored 13 points and Serbantez 12 for Flat Rock, which will take a 20-3 record into the Regional at Airport Tuesday. They will play Dearborn Heights Annapolis at 7 p.m. | https://www.monroenews.com/sports/20200307/kopps-smart-play-lifts-flat-rock |
Our dynamic asset allocation process is designed to diversify your portfolio while managing volatility and aligning with your goals.
Manager selections are a forward-looking approach, placing strong emphasis on alpha generation, the Sharpe ratio, standard deviation and the Sortino ratio.
A broad-based asset allocation approach is utilized in most models. Most models invest in approximately 10-15 investments.
In our Dynamic Asset Allocation models, we primarily invest in approximately 45-50 funds. These 45-50 funds are analyzed in detail on a monthly basis and monitored continuously against competitors (using over 400 funds and analyzing various metrics and other proprietary techniques). This analysis is the basis on which we make changes and adjustments to the various models.
The strategies are open architecture, not constrained by asset size or affiliations. Our models are hybrid approaches utilizing a variety of funds including open-end mutual funds, closed-end mutual funds and ETFS.
We aim to reduce risk and volatility by moving to cash during periods of extreme market conditions.
When deciding which asset allocation model is right for you, we will discuss multiple factors such as risk tolerance, time horizon, investment focus, etc.
We do not believe in chasing short-term results or trying to time the market but rather focus on long-term goals. | https://www.raymondjames.com/cleartrackfa/investment-process/cleartrack-dynamic-asset-allocation-models |
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The UVM women’s basketball team is going dancing.
The Catamounts have earned their second straight bid to the NCAA Tournament after defeating the Hartford Hawks 55-50 in the America East championship game on March 13.
This is the second straight America East Title for the team, and this gained them an automatic bid into the 2010 NCAA Women’s Basketball Tournament for the second year in a row.
The girls were able to hold off a second half surge from the Hartford Hawks in Saturday’s championship game.
After Vermont jumped out to an 18 point lead at halftime, Hartford crawled its way back to within four points with under a minute to play.
It was all for not though as Hartford would go on to lose 55-50 sending the Cats to the Big Dance.
With the win, the team earned the No. 10 seed in the Kansas City Region and will play the No. 7 seed Wisconsin Badgers March 21 in Notre Dame, Ind.
The number 10 ranking is the highest seed ever for the Cats.
“[I’m] absolutely thrilled that we are ranked that high, we defintely have earned it,” senior Alissa Sheftic said.
The game should be well-coached as Sharon Dawley, whose 127 wins at Vermont tie her for first all time at the school, will face Wisconsin coach Lisa Stone who is the Big Ten Coach of the Year.
Although the team is not familiar with the Badgers, senior Courtnay Pilypaitis expressed faith in the team.
“We are definitely going there to win, ” Pilypiatis said. “I can’t say I know much about [Wisconsin], so I don’t know what they bring … Once we know more, we’ll see how we match up. We are going into the game hoping to win.”
The team accomplished the goal they set at the beginning of the season, to win the America East championship and make the national tournament.
By accomplishing this goal, the team has opened up a whole new set of goals according to senior May Kotsopoulos.
“Getting back to the tournament was our goal. We are looking for that first win in that first game,” Kotsopoulos said.
Their chance will come on Sunday, March 21, as the NCAA tournament begins for the ladies. The game will air at 12:15 p.m. on ESPN2. | https://vtcynic.com/sports/womens-basketball-secures-second-consecutive-bid/ |
There are numerous ways to vary the basic Sudoku format. Yet, only a few variations have developed a loyal group of supporters. Most variations are regarded as a curiosity.
To complicate things, a puzzle maker can combine several of these alterations.
These often appear in newspapers or feature in dedicated puzzle books.
Given numbers are replaced by cages labeled with the sum of the digits inside the cage. This is by far the most popular Sudoku variation.
3x3 boxes are replaced by regions with an irregular shape.
The 2 diagonals also require digits 1 through 9.
There are 4 additional 3x3 boxes in the grid which must also contain digits 1 through 9.
A puzzle with 5 partially overlapping Sudoku grids.
There appear occasionally in newspapers, but have dedicated websites and appear on a regular basis in Sudoku variant books.
A puzzle with 9 Sudoku grids where the center nonets form a 10th Sudoku grid.
A puzzle where 4 Sudoku grids each overlap 6 boxes of a central Sudoku grid.
A puzzle with hexagonal cells that must contain a consecutive series of digits.
A puzzle where the given digits are replaced by greater-than signs.
A puzzle where 2 adjacent cells cannot contain consecutive digits.
These variants are less common.
An ordinary Sudoku with an extra constraint which looks like an asterisk.
An ordinary Sudoku, except that the starting position contains pencilmarks instead of givens.
A puzzle with 13 partially overlapping Sudoku grids.
A puzzle with 25 partially overlapping Sudoku grids.
This page was last modified 00:30, 12 November 2007. | http://sudopedia.enjoysudoku.com/Sudoku_Variations.html |
I've just started using SadMan Sudoku, and noticed that the CPU usage is sometimes very high. Why is this?
A. Sudoku is busy building up a library of puzzles. It does this in the background so that there's always a puzzle ready when you want one. Once the library is full, which may take several hours, it will stop. You can:
- Leave it running unattended for a while to give it a chance to fill its library without the fan bothering you.
- Disable background creation of puzzles. View -> Options -> Options tab -> Create puzzles in the background. But if the library is empty when you want a new puzzle, you'll have to wait while one is generated.
- View some stats on the library to give you an idea how much longer it will be annoying you. View -> Library statistics. The library is set to hold 2700 puzzles, split across the various grades, works out at 300 puzzles per grade.
Note: this shouldn't happen from version 3.2 onwards (released 10 October 2008) as Sudoku is now installed with a pre-built library containing 2700 sudokus. As you play or print the sudokus, more are automatically created to replace them.
- Overview
- Screen Shot
- FAQ
- Upgrade
- Change History
- Translations
- User Comments
- Buy
- Printable Grids
- Solving Techniques
- Glossary
- Links
- Support Forum
|What People Say|
First congratulations for your great Sudoku software. I usually play with Simple Sudoku, but trying your software certainly shows its superiority. | http://www.sadmansoftware.com/sudoku/faq14.php |
Slate contributor Seth Stevenson talks about the game of sudoku, a Japanese numbers game that's gaining popularity in the United States.
More at Slate.com
MADELEINE BRAND, host:
And finally today, puzzles. Recently our partner online magazine, Slate, asked contributor Seth Stevenson to write about Sudoku. It's a Japanese number puzzle hugely popular in Britain. Now it seems poised to conquer this country too. Seth likes puzzles, so he thought it would be a pleasant little assignment.
SETH STEVENSON:
Cut to me at the computer. It's 2 AM. My deadline is looming, and I'm only on my second paragraph--all because I can't stop playing Sudoku. I'm a full-on Sudoku addict. It's like when The New Republic magazine asked one of its writers to try crack. Thanks, Slate.
But let me back up. Sudoku is a logic puzzle. You fill numbers into a grid using deduction or, failing that, plain old trial and error. Each row and column and each three-by-three subset of the puzzle must contain the digits one through nine, with each digit used only once. It's not as hard as it sounds, and the best way to understand is probably to visit Sudoku.com--that's S-U-D-O-K-U.com--where there are clear explanations and some sample games.
It's incredibly easy to learn, which is at least partly why it spread so quickly. There's an ongoing Sudoku war in Great Britain right now, with several newspapers competing to be the hot Sudoku spot. Sudoku books are flying off the shelves, and it's all about to hit these shores. The New York Post has started printing Sudokus. According to The Economist, The New York Times is pondering a Sudoku offering right next to the Sunday crossword no less. It's a Sudoku epidemic.
Now Sudoku is not actually new. This sort of puzzle has been around forever, all over the world. So why is it suddenly so popular? The current British fad stems mainly from the efforts of a single man, Wayne Gould, the guy behind the Sudoku.com Web site. A retired Hong Kong judge, Gould first spotted Sudoku in Japan and was instantly hooked. He created a computer program that will compose new Sudoku puzzles on demand. Then he walked into The Times of London offices without an appointment and convinced them to run his puzzles. Gould syndicates many of his Sudoku grids for free on the theory that he'll rake in money from books and the computer program.
Being a crossword nut myself, I understand how folks can get excited about puzzles. But how does Sudoku measure up to crosswords? There is a similar feeling of accomplishment--that little sense of completion I get with each square I fill in The New York Times crossword. Sudoku has that too. But it does not have puns. I love those painful puns in a crossword's theme entries. Sudoku offers no clever wordplay and no head-scratching trivia--just cold, hard numbers and logic. Also, I solve crosswords in pen because I'm a badass. I love the way the blue ink stands out against the black-and-white newsprint. With Sudoku you need to use pencil to avoid a total mess, unless you're a Rain Man and can hold complicated sequences in your head.
Still, Sudoku does have its charms. There's a tiny joy in spotting a number pattern, making a deduction and unlocking a tough puzzle. But I'm going back to crosswords. Granted, writing `oleo' and `aria' into crossword grids for the 9,000th time doesn't feel so new at this point, either. But I know there's always another bad pun out there somewhere waiting for me.
BRAND: Opinion from Seth Stevenson, a frequent contributor to our online partner, Slate magazine.
(Credits)
(Soundbite of music)
BRAND: DAY TO DAY is a production of NPR News and slate.com. I'm Madeleine Brand.
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb8tm, Inc., an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR’s programming is the audio record. | https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4696259/?storyId=4696259 |
Archaeology is the study of the history of civilizations through the recovery, examination, documentation and analysis of material evidence. Xenoarchaeology is archaeology focusing on alien worlds and civilizations. Individuals who study archaeology are known as archaeologists.
Operations
Archaeology is typically carried out by a slow and painstaking process of uncovering and examining artifacts and other remains of former settlement sites. Because of this, much of the examination and analysis is done on site. Expeditions to such sites can vary in terms of team size and amount of time dedicated to recovery.
A 5,000-year-old pyramid on Abaris was discovered in 2270 by archeologists Elsa Hoff and Paul Hoff. They spent three years exploring it, learning the culture of its builders and translating its hieroglyphs with the aid of a Rosetta Stone-like tablet. (TOS comic: "Aberration on Abaris")
In 2368, Dr. Marjorie Devarona led a small team to Rajatha Prime, to a near pristine site previously undiscovered due to the planet's ionosphere obscuring sensor scans. Amongst the ruins of the Rajathan civilization the team discovered a collection of Harmonic diamonds. Unfortunately these valuable stones stimulated primitive emotions in the teams brains causing them to kill each other in jealous rage. Only two of the team survived, per Dr. Devarona's final request the gems were used to fund further expeditions across the quadrant. (TNG - The Space Between comic: "Captain's Pleasure")
In c.2372 Istani Reyla travelled to Beta Kupsic to participate in an archaeological dig. (DS9 novel: Avatar, Book One)
The ancient city of B'hala was a major archaeological site on Bajor. The operation was organized by the Order of the Temple and consisted mostly of Bajoran archaeologists, however a few offworlders were also involved, including the Human Jake Sisko and a group of Vulcan chronologists. (DS9 novel: Avatar, Book One)
Archaelologists
- Marla Aster
- Robert Crater
- Marjorie Devarona
- Richard Galen
- Gest
- Elsa Hoff
- Paul Hoff
- Hoyle
- O'Hara
- Istani Reyla
- Kob
- Jean-Luc Picard
- Vash
External links
- Archaeology article at Memory Alpha, the wiki for canon Star Trek.
- Archaeology article at Memory Alpha, the wiki for canon Star Trek.
- Archaeology article at Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. | https://memory-beta.fandom.com/wiki/Archaeology |
What are the causes of climate change?
burning of fossil fuels from automobiles and factories
What are the potential impacts of climate change on people?
warmer oceans, severe wildfires, and stronger storms
Why is the Earth's tilt and rotation important?
they cause day and night and the weather
Combined with the tilt, what is significant about the Earth's revolution around the sun?
It affects the amount of sunlight that reaches different locations on the earth at different times of the year
What do the 2 equinoxes mark?
they mark the shift in seasons between winter and spring and summer and fall
What is the longest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere and what is it called?
June 21, summer solstice
How much of the suns radiation reaches the Earth?
50% of the sun's radiation is converted into heat
Where is the low latitude lines?
between 30 degrees N and 30 degrees S
What are some characteristics of the low latitude region?
tropic of Capricorn, equator, Tropic of cancer
Where is the mid latitude lines?
between 30 degrees N & 60 degrees N and 30 degrees S and 60 degrees S
What are some characteristics of the Middle latitude region?
temperate climate with dramatic seasonal weather changes
Where is the high latitude lines?
60 degrees N to 90 degrees N and 60 degrees S to 90 degrees S
What are some characteristics of high latitude?
When either Northern or the Southern Hemisphere is tilted toward the sun, its polar area receives nearly continuous, but indirect sunlight
air moving across the surface of the Earth
wind
What is it called when warm temperatures cause air to rise?
low pressure
What is it called when cool temperatures cause air to sink?
high pressure
Why are ocean currents so important?
they help distribute energy around the planet
What determines the direction of prevailing winds?
latitude and the Earth's movement
What 3 factors determine ocean currents?
the Earth's rotation, changes in air pressure, and differences in water temperature
How do mountain ranges affect climate?
Their increase in elevation brings a decrease in temperature
What are the four climate zones?
tropical, dry, midlatitude, and high- latitude
What are the 2 main factors that affect distribution of Earth's biomes?
climate and terrain
What do similarities in climates often result in?
similar biomes
What are the 2 types of tropical climates and what kind of biomes do they have?
wet and dry climates, tropical rain forests & savanna
What are the 2 types of dry climates and what biomes do they have?
semiarid and arid, steppes & deserts
What are the 4 types of midlatitude climates?
humid subtropical, marine west coast, Mediterannean, and humid continental
What are the 3 types of high latitude climates?
subarctic, tundra, and ice cap
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This section is dedicated to all types and caused of timber decay, particularly rot. We have projects which will help you to identify dry and wet rot, and explain the necessary treatments. This section also covers information about woodworm which is another major cause of timber decay.
There is also specific information about how to treat and preserve wood after flooding and how to protect it from ongoing water damage. There is advice and guidance about how to repair structural timber joist in situ.
One of the most important contributory factors in wood decay is damp. We have a section dedicated to the causes and cures of damp which is well worth browsing through. The moisture that damp creates accelerates the decay of any timber, and reducing damp will protect your timber from much of the decay that it could experience.
Aligned with damp, condensation might be a factor in timber decay; you can find out more in our section about condensation.
The Different Types and Causes of Timber Decay
There are four principle types of timber decay:
- Biological
- Chemical
- Physical
- Radiation
These different types of decay will have one or more agent that cause the wood to breakdown. This will happen in different ways depending on the agent.
Biological Agents of Wood Decay
Biological decay is probably the single biggest cause of timber decay, outstripping the other types combined. It is the changing of the timber in a detrimental way by the actions of living organisms. These organisms can be beetles or fungi which feed off the wood, and their activity is generally accelerated by environmental conditions.
Environmental factors that will contribute to timber decay include humidity, temperature and ventilation (or lack of it). The more moist and warm it is the better suited it is for the growth of fungi in particular.
The main agents of wood decay are:
- Fungi
- Beetles (or their larvae)
- Lichen and Algae
- Moss and plants
- Other animals; termites, moths and lice
There is detailed information about the identification and treatment of these different agents in the projects above, so we will not cover them in this simple summary, other than to describe the difference between the types of fungi that have the most damaging effect to wood.
Fungi that Cause Wood Decay
There are several types of fungi that are responsible for wood decay:
- Dry Rot – (Serpula lacrymans) This occurs where there is at least 20% moisture content in the wood, but ideally between 30-40%. It needs a temperature of between 20-25°C to grow in buildings
- Wet Rot – This to be continually damp to survive and will grow rapidly when the moisture content is between 50-60%. Most of the wet rot fungi thrive between 20-30°C. Some common wet rot fungi: Cellar rot fungus (Coniophora puteana); Poria fungi, (Amyloporia Xantha, Fibroporia vaillantii and Poria placenta), Oyster fungus (Pleurotus ostreatus), Donkioporia expansa, Phellinus continguus
- Soft rot – (Chaetomium globosum)
- Other Moulds and Fungi – These include Moulds (Alternaria spp, Aureobasidium spp, Aspergillus spp, Cladosporium spp, Penicillium spp, Trichoderma spp), Slime moulds (Myxomycetes), Plaster fungi (Coprinus spp, Peziza spp, Pyronema spp), Stain fungi (Aureobasidium spp; Cladosporium spp)
Beetles that cause Wood Decay
There are a range of beetles that cause wood decay. It is actually their larvae that cause the damage as they feed and move through the wood breaking down the structure of the wood. The most damaging beetles include:
- Woodworm (Anobium punctatum)
- Death Watch Beetle (Xestobium rufovillosum)
- Powder Post Beetle (Lyctus spp)
- House Longhorn Beetle (Hylotrapes bajulus)
Other Agents of Timber Decay
The biological agents of timber decay tend to be the most troublesome, however whichever agent does the bulk of the damage is important to acknowledge that there are others that will also contribute to the decay of timber in your home. These include:
- Chemical Agents include acids, solvents and caustic substances. These can be a result of pollution or from the treatment of other causes of decay. Some of the chemicals that are used to kill biological agents can damage the wood, although to a much lesser degree that their intended victim, so are generally worth using
- Physical Agents such as heat or wear from movement or use will damage the timber over time. Continued heating and cooling will affect the structure of the wood, as will prolonged saturation. It is often possible to remove the environmental factor that causes this physical damage; if it is not possible they you will need replace the timber work periodically as it wears out
- Radiation refers to the damage that can be caused by the UV light in sunlight. This often bleaches the colour of the wood; this is what makes wooden cladding or shingles turn slivery in colour. Typically the damage is gradual and exacerbated by other damage, particularly physical agents (and the wood would need to be exposed)
This article is a summary of the various agents of decay that affect timber and wood. You will seldom see them working alone, as they will work in concert to speed up the decay. The more that you can stop this happening, the longer that the wood will last. Please read the projects above for detailed instructions about treating specific types of timber decay. | https://www.diydoctor.org.uk/diy-how-to-type/damp/rot-woodworm.htm |
On January 12, an online study was published on the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) entitled “Improving Crop Yield and Efficient Use of Nutrients via Biofertilization” (Improving Crop Yield and Nutrient Use Efficiency via Biofertilization-A Global Meta-Analysis).
Without a doubt, it has a long title that can dissuade people from the reading of the report, so we have made a summary to explain its results. The study explains that biofertilizers are inoculants with a large amount of microorganisms (especially bacteria and fungi) that are applied to the soil to improve crop yields. These microorganisms live associated or in symbiosis with the plants and help them in their natural nutrition process, in addition to being soil regenerators. The application of biofertilizers is a new way of tackling agricultural systems in a sustainable way without jeopardizing the rapid decrease in phosphorus reserves and the need to use available nitrogen more efficiently.
Several types of microbial strains are currently used as biofertilizers, depending on their ability to access nutrients from fertilizers and soil reserves, to fix atmospheric nitrogen, or to improve water absorption. An analysis based on 171 publications on the benefits of biofertilizers in terms of increased yield, efficiency of nitrogen, and phosphorus use were analyzed in the study. The main findings presented are:
- The superiority of biofertilizer yield in dry climates over other climatic regions (yield response: dry climate +20.0 ± 1.7%, tropical climate +14.9 ± 1.2%, oceanic climate +10.0 ± 3.7%, continental climate + 8.5 ± 2.4% ).
- The yield response with the application of biofertilizers is higher for high levels of P available in the soil due to the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi), P solubilizers and N fixers.
- The inoculation of biofertilizers was positive even with low content of organic matter and neutral pH.
- Finally, it is also indicated that due to the worldwide increase of arid lands (too poor for cultivation) and the effects of climate change, rainfed agriculture is expected to be a great beneficiary of the use of biofertilizers. These conclusions indicate that Ficosterra is moving in the right direction and encourages us to continue investigating the best application of our biofertilizers to optimize agricultural yields, as well as to develop new products that adapt to the needs of our customers. | https://tiendaficosterra.com/the-efficient-use-of-nutrients-via-biofertilization/ |
Are all people and societies created equal? Anthropologists, scientists, and researchers have asked this question for a long time and throughout different time periods have had different answers. During the mass European colonization of the 1800’s, analysts used biology to explain the subordination of non-European societies. In 1964, Napoleon Chagnon’s observations of the Yanomami led people to believe that evolution and biology were essential to understanding their violent tendencies. Richard Lee and Irven Devore wrote Man the Hunter in 1968 which discredits the female contribution to the development of the human species.
These examples show how the categorization of race, ethnicity, and gender can be used to justify inequality. These justifications are incorrectly based on the foundation that races and genders are inherently unequal. Jared Diamond in his book Guns, Germs, and Steel explains what he believes caused some societies to progress faster than others, which led to the people of those societies dominating the world. European civilizations in the 1800’s were the power houses of the world.
They colonized and enforced acculturation on many societies, and in some instances, even went as far as enslaving the indigenous people. This European domination or ‘success’ was used as evidence that they were naturally better than their subordinate counterparts. Brain scientist, Paul Broca, introduced the Cephalic Index where, through measuring head shape, a higher index suggested superior intelligence.
Caucasians typically scored well which justified the way things were. Racial thinking was used to imply that races were ‘naturally and permanently higher or lower than others… [which then] seemed reasonable to subordinate and restrict the lower ones’ (Eller: 106).
This type of justification could also be paralleled with the American slavery of black people. Edward Drinker Cope wrote that the ‘inferior character of the Negro mind in the scale of evolution made him unfit for American citizenship’ (Haller: 198). Today, it is more commonplace that these ideas were wrong. In these racial systems of inequality, the physical qualities that are being pointed out are simply scape goats to reason. The racist justification of this time is more of an effect of colonialism than a cause. The Europeans wanted to believe they were morally correct in the way they were treating the other races. Ashley Montagu wrote in his book Man’s Most Dangerous Myth that ‘such a conception of race’ has no basis in scientific fact or in any other kind of demonstrable fact. It is a pure myth, and it is the tragic myth of our tragic era’ (8). The racial thinking that ties into the conception of race is a result of taking biological differences to explain cultural differences.
They are essentially caste and class problems being masked as racial inequality. The next topic is another example of racial thinking that stems from the work of one of the most famous and most controversial anthropologists. Napoleon Chagnon started his ethnology of the Yanomami in 1964. He described them as living ‘in a state of chronic warfare’ (Eakin: 3). He believed biology was essential to understanding Yanomami warfare, which led others to believe that evolutionary causes could have been the reason for their violent tendencies. The idea of biological determinism came to fruition, which closely relates to the 19th century European tendencies of racial thinking. Some people started to think that the Yanomami could be violent because of their race, which lends to the idea that people and societies are not created equal.Academic debates ensued as to whether biological determinism was correct. Other scholars believed that Chagnon’s gifts to the Yanomami, which were given to easily acquire information, could be a catalyst for their violence. Some even challenged the accuracy of his findings, calling his gift giving bribery and accusing him of fabricating his data of battles. ‘There is little clarity in regard to the term race’…it is well-nigh impossible to determine with certainty the hereditary traits in mental behavior’ (Boas: 50).
Through his work, Boas concluded that the differences of personality and intelligence were a product of culture, not race. This idea lends to agreeing with those that challenged Chagnon and the idea of biological determination. It is apparent that race is not inherently a cause of inequality, but rather the categorization of race is the cause. The last topic will focus on a different section of inequality, gender.Historically, a large part of the world’s societies have been patriarchal. We can see this in the marriage residence practices. Matrilocality, where the couple lives with or near the wife’s family, is observed in societies almost five times less than patrilocality, where the couple lives with or near the husband’s family (Eller: 155). Richard Lee and Irven DeVore in their book Man the Hunter state that the ‘biology, psychology, and customs that separate us from the apesall of these we owe to the hunters of time past’ (38). Since males were hunters and females were gatherers, we can tell that they attribute virtually all the development and progress of our species to men. This shows just how male dominated the societies up to the 1960’s were. Similar to racial thinking, this outlook on gender could have been used to justify why society was male dominated.Even at the time that Lee and DeVore published their book, female anthropologists had issues with their take which marked the rise of feminist anthropology.
As a response to their book, Annette Weiner revisited Bronislaw Malinowski’s ethnography of the Trobriand Islands. She found the women’s activities and objects as important as the men’s and concluded that they were ‘active participants in the exchange system, and thus I accord them equal place beside’ (Weiner: 11). This also parallels the relationship between male and female in foraging (also known as hunting and gathering) societies. Females gathered a larger portion of the food for their society than males were able to hunt, which caused an egalitarian outcome. Both examples show that men are not naturally above women. It could be that the categorization of gender is what led to the reality of patriarchal society and not the inherent differences between genders.Jared Diamond in his book Guns, Germs, and Steel looks to answer Yali’s question: “Why is it that you white people developed so much cargo and brought it to New Guinea, but we black people had little cargo of our own?” (14) He proceeds to point out that the key to the progression of ancient civilizations was in the domestication of plants and animals. Being able to have a sustainable food supply, as opposed to foraging societies, led to larger populations, which in turn led to power. Two important factors in the ability to domesticate plants and animals were the types of plants and animals available to that society, and the type of environment. | https://studymoose.com/what-i-learned-about-putting-people-and-cultures-into-categories-essay |
Marabou recently visited the Bard Graduate Center Gallery to see “The Story Box: Franz Boas, George Hunt and the Making of Anthropology.” The exhibition explores the history and legacy of The Social Organization and the Secret Societies of the Kwakiutl Indians. Published in 1897, the book is one of the first major, comprehensive documents of a Native American culture written from an Euro-American perspective, and is considered a seminal work in the field of anthropology. Franz Boas, a German-born American thought of as the “Father of American Anthropology,” and his Indigenous (Kixitasu’) research partner George Hunt spent years studying the lives and practices of Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw people in British Columbia. Social Organization is the culmination of their work. The exhibition highlights three major elements that affected the creation of the book, but were omitted by Boas: 1) “Canada’s assimilation policy, which outlawed potlatch ceremonies,” 2) “the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair, where Boas and Hunt conducted much of their fieldwork,” and 3) “Hunt’s proper status as co-author.” The exhibition is an outgrowth of a larger project, a Critical Edition of The Social Organization and the Secret Societies of the Kwakiutl Indians that addresses these three points, and incorporates Hunt’s corrective notes on Boas’ misinterpretations and inaccuracies.
“The Story Box” offers insights into Boas’, Hunt’s, and their book’s legacy. For Marabou, the exhibition is also a case study that considers the many facets of cultural documentation processes. “The Story Box”: 1) reveals the actual subjectivity behind information presented as observed, objective “fact” and 2) complicates the idea of what it means to “collect” objects for research purposes.
[A note on names: Boas’ book uses the name “Kwakiutl.” The name “Kwakiutl” is an anglicized version of Kwagu’ł, the name of a band (village group) stationed at Fort Rupert, British Columbia, where Boas and Hunt were researching. Kwagu’ł are part of the larger Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw (translating to “Those who speak Kwak’wala.”) population composed of 18 independent bands residing in the central coast of British Columbia. Boas’ term “Kwakiutl” became the popular way to reference Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw people and culture. Marabou is using the proper name Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw.]
The exhibition opens with a quote written in both English and Kwak’wala:
“It is good that you should have a box in which your laws and stories are kept. My friend, George Hunt, will show you a box in which some of your stories will be kept. It is a book I have written on what I saw and heard when I was with you two years ago. It is a good book, for in it are your laws and your stories. Now they will not be forgotten.”
Franz Boas, in a letter to Kwagu’ł Chiefs, April 14, 1897
For Marabou, this quote captures Boas’ good intent, but also hints that ethnographic research is not ego-free. Boas believed he was delivering an accurate account of Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw culture in his book. The exhibition, however, points out that Boas made a number of mistakes. One example is when Hunt tried to correct Boas’ interpretation of mask types. Boas was lumping a certain group of masks together saying they represent the same thing while Hunt said that each mask held different meanings. Boas dismissed Hunt’s claims because, per the exhibition text, Boas was “concerned that Hunt’s sources were relating the masks to mythology in order to raise their financial value.” Today, we acknowledge Hunt’s differentiation is correct and Boas was mistaken. In 1920, Hunt told Boas there were a number of inaccuracies within The Social Organization and the Secret Societies of the Kwakiutl Indians. With Boas’ encouragement, Hunt annotated, revised, and corrected the entire book. By 1933, when Hunt passed away, he had amassed a manuscript with over 600 pages of corrections and edits. Gallery text announced that, “this exhibit and the larger 1897 Critical Edition are bringing Hunt’s archival notes back in connection with the book, museum collections, and Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw families for the first time.” From mistakes in the text, the exhibition went on to explain that some of the book’s documentary images of Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw culture were also not totally objective or accurate.
A major point of the exhibition is to highlight that much of Boas and Hunt’s research and documentation did not take place in British Columbia, but at the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair. Chicago was the site of a lot of fieldwork because Canada had outlawed the potlatch, an integral communal and economic practice of the Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw and other Indigenous people from the northwest coast of present-day North America. A potlatch could be held in Chicago because it was not on Canadian land. As curator of the World’s Fair’s Anthropology Department, Boas invited members of the Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw to be on display. This allowed Boas and Hunt to photo document aspects of the potlatch and other ceremonies. The exhibition does a nice job of showing how images, like drawings and photos, meant to serve as official documents of culture are not made or recorded as authentically as we would think.
One example is a print of a painting called “Chief Delivering Speech at Festival.” It shows a chief standing in the middle of a circle of seated men. In the background are carved totem poles and wooden buildings with pitched roofs. In the gallery, four photographs are displayed below the print. It is explained that the print is a composite of these four photographs that could have been taken at different events at Fort Rupert. The text concludes by saying, “Like many of Boas’s ethnographic descriptions, this image represents an idealized view.”
Some other examples are photographs that appear in The Social Organization and the Secret Societies of the Kwakiutl Indians, taken at the Chicago World’s Fair, of men in traditional ceremonial dress. Above is video of the interactive installation that allows visitors to slide between the original photograph and the image that appeared in the book. The image shown is called “Dance of the Hamatsa.” The Hamatsa is a secret Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw society. In the background of the original photo, there are white sheets to hide the industrial buildings in the distance. The photo that appeared in the book only shows the main subject of the photo, the men sitting behind him and all other context were removed. For Marabou, the backstory of photos like “Dance of the Hamatsa” is not problematic like the composite illustrated print “Chief Delivering Speech at Festival.” Regardless if the photo was taken in Chicago or Canada, the man would have worn the same ceremonial clothing. The deception is not in the content, but in how it’s presented. Boas was operating in a period when non-white, non-Western European cultures are being studied as exotic fascinations. Researchers were presenting information, both written and visual, as recorded directly as it was seen or heard in the field. In reality, writing was very edited and photographs staged and sometimes even manipulated. The exhibition highlights a very important point about early anthropological studies, don’t always believe the documentation as absolute truth. Ask questions, particularly about context and methods of collecting information. When it comes to collecting information, anthropologists were not only writing and taking photos, but were also obtaining objects for study, and eventual museum display.
Marabou has brought up questions relating to ethics around acquisition and collection processes in previous posts. These questions include, how were objects obtained? Were they bought? Gifted? Stolen? Many of the labels of the objects in “The Story Box,” read “Collected by Franz Boas” or “Collected by George Hunt” and are currently in a museum collection. This doesn’t tell us much about how the objects were collected. However, one object’s acquisition is explained. A settee that originally belonged to Chief Q’alaidi of Hope Island is decorated with the crest of the Sisiuł, a double headed serpent. Boas used this settee in a publication that discusses traditional Sisiuł motifs. Apparently, the owner of the settee was still using it and did not want to sell it. After two years of trying to buy the settee, Hunt, according to the exhibition text, “asked a creditor to call in the owner’s debts so that he might be compelled to sell it for a much lower price than initially offered.” The details of Hunt’s purchase complicates and adds nuance to the idea of collecting. Although official documentation may say someone bought an item or received it by legal means, in circumstances of colonialism and ethnographic study, it’s important to consider whether objects were acquired through manipulation or sold under possible duress. Sometimes an extremely dedicated researcher will sacrifice personal ethics for their work.
The Social Organization and the Secret Societies of the Kwakiutl Indians became a landmark work in the field of anthropology and also became an important resource for Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw culture. A quote at the end of the exhibition is from William T. Cranmer, Chief of the ‘Namgis First Nation, Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw, “A large part of our history wouldn’t be there…if it wasn’t for George Hunt and Franz Boas.” Because of oppressive Canadian laws, Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw cultural practices could have faded with each successive generation. Boas and Hunt’s book is one source for the reactivation of Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw culture. Despite some of its problems, there is still great value in Boas and Hunt’s work.
The exhibition does a good job of representing Boas’ good intentions as well as his errors. Early on, it is explained that Boas meant to challenge existing racist views. Wall text reads,
“Franz Boas used his detailed research with the Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw to help undermine scientific racism. The dominant anthropological paradigm of the late 19th century was social evolutionism, which held that all peoples develop along a single path from simple to complex, from “savagery” to “civilization.” Boas promoted a different tradition of thought, which held that each society has its own internal cultural dynamic (the notion of cultural relativism) and develops according to its actual experience and contact with neighbors (the notion of historical particularism).”
Although imperfect, The Social Organization and the Secret Societies of the Kwakiutl Indians is valued by the Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw community as a reference for objects and language that have been lost. The Critical Edition of the book will realize Boas and Hunt’s intentions, to serve as an accurate reference of Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw culture for and with the input of Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw people.
The original edition of The Social Organization and the Secret Societies of the Kwakiutl Indians is just one example of inaccurate, and/or incomplete cultural records that have been circulating for decades. As we work to correct these records and histories, Marabou reminds us that correcting the histories alone is not enough, we must also understand and change the structures and forces that lead to inaccurate documentation in the first place. Academia and research are fraught with bias. In order to make long lasting impact, we need to not only amend, edit, and change the work produced, but also change the systems that produce the work.
“The Story Box: Franz Boas, George Hunt and the Making of Anthropology” is curated by Aaron Glass and runs until 7 July 2019 at the Bard Graduate Center Gallery, 18 West 86th Street (between Central Park West and Columbus Avenue) in New York. | https://marabouatthemuseum.com/2019/03/28/the-story-box-franz-boas-george-hunt-and-the-making-of-anthropology-at-bgc/ |
Elman Rogers Service (May 18, 1915 – November 14, 1996) was an American neo-evolutionary cultural anthropologist, famous for his contribution to the development of the modern theory of social evolution. Service made detailed studies of early cultures in Central and South America, focusing on the development of political structure. He developed a four-stage model of societal evolution, arguing that all cultures progressed from societies based on family and kinship structures to chiefdoms and then states. He argued that such development occurred naturally, with leadership by the tribal elders giving way to chiefs who led benevolently, taking care of the members of their society, gradually developing bureaucracies and the rise of the state. His concept of the chiefdom has been particularly well-accepted among archaeologists, and its application to their research has led to coherent syntheses of early human histories.
Elman Rogers Service was born on May 18, 1915, in Tecumseh, Michigan. Due to the Great Depression, his high school closed in 1933, shortly before his final year. Service somehow managed to graduate and wanted to continue to study at the University of Michigan. Lack of money, however, prevented him from pursuing his dream immediately. Instead, he found a job in a southern California aircraft factory, and after earning enough money he finally enrolled in the University of Michigan.
The social tragedy of the Depression and his own experiences of hardship inevitably influenced Service’s decision to turn to social sciences. His later focus in his career—studying the origins and institutionalization of inequality and the problem of injustice—can be understood in this light. Furthermore, in the mid-1930s Service joined the Abraham Lincoln Brigade in Spain to fight fascism. It was during this experience, and his friendship with an anthropologist whom he met during those years, that Service decided to dedicate his career to anthropology.
After he returned to the United States in 1938, he continued with his studies at the University of Michigan, graduating with a bachelor’s degree in English literature in 1941. He continued with graduate studies at the University of Chicago in 1942, but then decided to join the U.S. army, serving in France in a mapping unit during World War II.
At the end of the war, he entered Columbia University. The Columbia Anthropology Department at the time was divided into two camps: one that advocated a comparative approach, headed by Julian Steward and his students, and the other that was formed of Boasian followers and grouped around Ruth Benedict, espousing cultural relativism. Service and a number of other students, among them Stanley Diamond, Morton Fried, Robert Manners, Sidney Mintz, and Eric Wolf supported Steward, forming a group they called the Mundial Upheaval Society (M.U.S.). They met regularly holding weekly seminars, discussing each others papers, and grew to become a rather popular society. Service received his Ph.D. in 1950 with a thesis on Guarani acculturation and a year of fieldwork in Paraguay.
Service began teaching at Columbia in 1949, and remained there until 1953. From there, he went back to the University of Michigan to teach from 1953 to 1969. He later taught at the University of California at Santa Barbara from 1969 to 1985, when he retired. He is remembered as a great lecturer and an eloquent writer. His published numerous books and articles, many of which passed through several editions. He served as the Secretary-Treasurer of the American Ethnological Society and a member of the American Anthropological Association.
By the end of his career Service’s sight deteriorated, leaving him nearly blind. He died in 1996 in Santa Barbara, California. He was survived by his wife Helen Stephenson, a fellow anthropologist, who was a great help in his work. They were married for more than 50 years.
Elman Service researched Latin American Indian ethnology, cultural evolution, the evolution of political institutions, and theory and method in ethnology. He studied cultural evolution in Paraguay and Mexico, and several other cultures in Latin America and the Caribbean. His major fieldwork was systematized in his work Tobati: Paraguayan Town (1954), which he wrote with his wife, Helen. These studies led to his theories about social systems and the rise of the state as a system of political organization.
Service argued that early societies were based on kinship relationships and blood lineage, and therefore did not need any official government. Tribe elders usually led other members of the society. Once government was developed as a leading body of society, ruling elites took over and social inequality became institutionalized. In his integration theory, he explained that early civilizations were not stratified based on property or unequal access to resources. They were only stratified based on unequal political power. He believed that in early civilizations there were no true class conflicts (as suggested by Marxists), but only power struggles between and within the political elites.
Service defined four stages of social evolution, which also constitute the four levels of political organization: band, tribe, chiefdom, and state. He developed the "managerial benefits" theory that chiefdom-like society developed because it was apparently beneficial for all members, and because of centralized leadership. The leader provided benefits to the followers, which, over time, became more complex, benefiting the whole chiefdom society. This kept the leader in power, and allowed a bureaucratic organization to grow, which then developed into the state. Benefits offered by ruling groups, according to Service, outweighed the exploitative nature of their rule in early civilizations, enabling their peaceful growth.
Critics, however, objected that the peace within such societies was achieved rather through coercion, the cost paid by the ruled class. These contrasting views are known as the "integrationist" and "conflict" positions, and have continued to be debated.
Service’s proposal of “chiefdom” as the missing link between tribe and state was an important concept in theories of the development of early societies. Archaeological excavations in Service’s time mostly supported his ideas, and archaeologists overwhelmingly embraced his concept as the theoretical framework for their work. For example, Sanders' and Price's 1968 synthesis of Mesoamerican prehistory was one of the first applications of Service’s evolutionary theory.
Service gave cultural evolution theory a new boost, after years of stagnation under the prevailing anti-evolutionist milieu that dominated mid-twentieth century anthropology.
His long teaching career of over 40 years encompassed an extensive audience, augmented by the fact that his textbook, Profiles in Ethnology, which went through three editions (1958, 1963, 1971), was widely adopted. Other books, such as Primitive Social Organization (1962, 1971) and The Hunters (1966, 1979), were adopted as texts; a number of his books were issued in translation (in Spanish, Portuguese, Japanese, German, and Hungarian); many of his articles and chapters, such as "Indian-European Relations in Colonial and Latin America" (1955), "Kinship Terminology and Evolution" (1960), and "The Law of Evolutionary Potential" (1960), were reprinted in collections directed to students. Thus, his influence was great within the academic community of the time.
Service, Elman R. 1954. Tobati: Paraguayan Town. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Service, Elman R. 1955. Indian-European relations in colonial Latin America. American Anthropological Association.
Service, Elman R. 1958. A Profile of Primitive Culture. Harper & Row Publishers.
History of "Elman Rogers Service"
This page was last modified on 12 September 2017, at 15:03. | http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Elman_Rogers_Service |
through successive generations. And evidently in the earlier stages of social evolution, while the coherence is small and the want of structure great, it is requisite that the principle of inheritance should, especially in respect of the political headship, predominate over the principle of efficiency. Contemplation of the facts will make this clear.
Two primary forms of hereditary succession have to be considered. The system of kinship through females, common among rude peoples, results in descent of property and power to brothers or to the children of sisters; while the system of kinship through males, general among advanced peoples, results in descent of property and power to sons or daughters. We have first to note that succession through females results in less stable political headships than does succession through males.
From the fact named, when treating of the domestic relations, that the system of kinship through females arises where unions of the sexes are temporary or unsettled, it is to be inferred that this system characterizes societies which are unadvanced in all ways, political included. We saw that irregular connections involve paucity and feebleness of known relationships, and a type of family the successive links of which are not strengthened by so many collateral links. A common consequence is, that along with descent through females there goes either no chieftainship, or chieftainship is established by merit, or, if hereditary it is usually unstable. The Australians and Tasmanians may be named as typical instances. Among the Haidahs and other savage peoples of Columbia "rank is nominally hereditary, for the most part by the female line"; and actual chieftainship "depends to a great extent on wealth and ability in war." Of other North American tribes, the Chippewas, Comanches, and Snakes, show us the system of kinship through females joined with either absence of hereditary chieftainship or very feeble development of it. Passing to South America, the Arawaks and the Waraus may be instanced as having female descent and almost nominal though hereditary chiefs; and much the same may be said of the Caribs.
A group of facts having much significance may now be noted. In many societies where descent of property and rank in the female line is the rule, an exception is made in the case of the political head; and the societies exemplifying this exception are societies in which political headship has become relatively stable. Though in Feejee there is kinship through females, yet, according to Seemann, the ruler, chosen from the members of the royal family, is "generally the son" of the late ruler. In Tahiti, where the two highest ranks follow the primitive system of descent, male succession to rulership is so pronounced that, on the birth of an eldest son, the father becomes simply a regent on his behalf. And among the Malagasy, along with a prevailing kinship through females, the sovereign either nominates his successor, or, | https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Popular_Science_Monthly_Volume_18.djvu/750 |
us to seek the causes of inequality in properties of the individual,
not society. At the same time, we realize that social and economic
conditions, by shaping people's experiences, can be the causes
of individual intellectual differences, as well as their consequences.
Can' t we find universals in human experience and construct a
test on this basis?
What would be more ideal than a psychological test that could measure intellectual potential independently of the specific experience provided by sociocultural and economic circumstance? Such a test would provide an excellent tool for insuring that unfortunate social circumstances would not prevent the identification of intellectual potential. Some psychologists have claimed not only that such tests are possible in principle, but have been applied in practice (Hernnstein & Murray, 1994).
In this chapter, I will argue that the notion of culture-free intelligence is a contradiction in terms. I begin by reviewing the historical background of efforts to understand the relation between culture and thought that formed the scholarly background against which IQ testing came into being. After summarizing briefly the strategy developed by the pioneers of IQ testing, I will present a "thought experiment" to help clarify the issues and some empirical evidence from research which has sought to approximate the conditions of the thought experiment. I close by offering some comments on how to think about culture and IQ testing given the impossibility of a culture-free test of intellectual ability.
Beliefs About Culture and Cognitive Ability in the 19th
Century
The several decades just proceeding this century provide a useful starting point from which to trace theories of culture and cognitive development, because it was during this period that both anthropology and psychology, the disciplines assigned the roles of studying culture and cognition, took shape as disciplines. Until this time there was no distinctive body of methods for the study of the "humane sciences," nor had scholars with different theories been institutionally divided into separate disciplines, each with its own methods of studying human nature.
Obvious differences in technological achievement between peoples living in different parts of the world were common knowledge among European scholars. Their theorizing about sources of these differences had produced rather general acceptance of the notion that it is possible to study the history of humanity by a study of contemporary peoples at different "levels of progress." The "father of anthropology," E. B. Tylor, summarized (in which he called a "mythic fashion") the general course of culture that most of his fellow scholars would have adhered to:
We may fancy ourselves looking on Civilization, as in personal figure she traverses the world; we see her lingering or resting by the way, and often deviating into paths that bring her toiling back to where she had passed by long ago; but direct or devious, her path lies forward, and if now and then she tries a few backward steps, her walk soon falls into a helpless stumbling. It is not according to her nature, her feet were not made to plant uncertain steps behind her, for both in her forward view and in her onward gait she is of truly human type. (Taylor, 1958, p. 69)
Tylor made another assumption that also won general acceptance:
there is an intimate connection between socio-cultural progress
and mental progress. "...the condition of culture among
various societies of mankind," he wrote, "..is a subject
apt for the study of laws of human thought and action" (Tylor,
1874, p. 1). He even adopted the notion of a "mental culture,"
which he expected to be high or low depending upon the other conditions
of culture with which it was associated.
Herbert Spencer, writing at about the same time, shared Tylor's belief in the fusion of mental and sociocultural progress. He argued that the circumstances under which the earliest human beings lived provided only a limited number and variety of experiences. "Consequently," he argued, " there can be no considerable exercise of faculties which take cognizance of the general truths displayed throughout many special truths." (Spencer, 1886, p. 521)
Spencer invites us to consider the most extreme case; suppose that only one experience were repeated over and over again, such that this single event comprised all of the person's experiences. In this case, as he put it, "the power of representation is limited to reproduction of the experience" in the mind. There isn't anything else to think about! Next we can imagine that life consists of two experiences, thus allowing at least elementary comparison. Three experiences add to the elementary comparisons, and elementary generalizations that we make on the basis on our limited (three) experiences. We can keep adding experience to our hypothetical culture until we arrive at the rich variety of experiences that characterizes our lives. It follows from this line of reasoning that generalizations, the "general truths" attainable by people, will be more numerous and more powerful the greater one's experience. Since cultures provide experience, and some cultures (Spencer claimed) provide a greater diversity of experience than others, a neat bond between cultural progress and mental progress is cemented.
Although such evolutionary schemes seemed almost transparently obvious in the enthusiasm following publication of Darwin's Origin of Species. events toward the close of the nineteenth century proved that there could be a great deal of disagreement about the relation between culture and thought, despite the compelling story constructed by scholars like Tylor and Spencer. One set of disagreements arose when researchers started to examine more closely the data used to support conclusions about relations between cultures, especially claims for historical or evolutionary sequences. A different set of disagreements arose around conflicting claims about mental processes.
The source of these disagreements concerning sociocultural sequences can be found in Tylor's own work. The main criteria he used for judging the stage of a culture were the sophistication of industrial arts (including manufacturing techniques for metal tools, agricultural practices) and "the extent of scientific knowledge, the definitions of moral principles, the conditions of religious belief and ceremony, the degree of social and political organization, and so forth." However, in Tylor's words, "If not only knowledge and art, but at the same time moral and political excellence, be taken into consideration it becomes more difficult to scale societies from lower to higher stages of culture" (Tylor, 1874, p. 29).
This undeveloped theme in Tylor's work was taken up by Franz Boas, who submitted the cultural evolution position to a devastating critique at the close of the nineteenth century. On the basis of his own ethnographic work, Boas (1911) concluded that a great deal of the evidence apparently supportive of evolutionary schemes was so deeply flawed that no clear conclusions ranking one culture above another could be accepted. Boas did more than show the flaws in evolutionists' data and arguments concerning culture; he also delighted in showing that examples of "primitive mind" produced as part of this argument were based on misunderstandings.
Consider the following example from Boas's classic, The Mind of Primitive Man, which repeats evidence used by Spencer to make some generalizations about properties of primitive mind:
In his description of the natives of the west coast of Vancouver Island, Sproat says, "The native mind, to an educated man, seems generally to be asleep....On his attention being fully aroused, he often shows much quickness in reply and ingenuity in argument. But a short conversation wearies him, particularly if questions are asked that require efforts of thought or memory on his part. The mind of the savage then appears to rock to and fro out of mere weakness." (Boas, 1911, p. 111)
Spencer's text goes on to cite a number of similar anecdotes corroborating this point. But Boas produces an anecdote of his own.
I happen to know through personal contact the tribes mentioned by Sproat. The questions put by the traveller seem mostly trifling to the Indian, and he naturally soon tires of a conversation carried on in a foreign language, and one in which he finds nothing to interest him. As a matter of fact, the interest of these natives can easily be raised to a high pitch, and I have often been the one who was wearied out first. Neither does the management of their intricate system of exchange prove mental inertness in matters which concern them. Without mnemonic aids to speak of, they plan the systematic distribution of their property in such a manner as to increase their wealth and social position. These plans require great foresight and constant application. (Boas, 1911, p. 128)
Thus, Boas tells us that the entire scheme was wrong. Cultures
cannot be ranked using evolutionary age as a basis for comparison,
and "mind" cannot be seen as rank in developmental age.
(Boas also demonstrates the total hopelessness of deducing cultural
differences from any differences, real or imagined, in genetic
makeup.)
Finally, and very importantly, Boas was a leader in a subtle, but essential change in anthropological thinking about the concept of culture itself. Educated in Germany, Boas had begun his career imbued with the romantic concept of "Kultur," the expression of the highest attainments of human experience, as expressed in the arts, music, literature, and science. This is the conception of culture that allowed Tylor to talk about "the conditions of culture among various societies." Tylor, like Boas as a young man, conceived of culture as something groups and individuals had more or less of. It was a singular noun: one talked of higher or lower culture, not more or fewer cultures. By the same route that led him to deny the basis for ranking cultures in terms of a hypothetical, evolutionary sequence, Boas arrived at the idea that different societies create different "designs for living," each representing a uniquely adapted fit between their past and their present circumstances in the world. This point of view is central to contemporary anthropology, and it clearly has to be taken into account if we want to rank the intellectual achievements (levels of mental development) of people growing up with different cultural experiences. It renders simple more/less comparisons of cultures difficult and restricted, with parallel effects on our inferences about mind.
Enter Psychology
The birth of psychology is usually dated back to 1879, when
Wilhelm Wundt officially opened an experimental laboratory in
Leipzig. The exact date is not important, because several laboratories
opened almost simultaneously in different industrialized countries.
But the reasons for these laboratory openings are important for
understanding the problems of understanding the relation between
culture and intelligence.
Boas's critique of developmental theories, whether of mind or culture, produced controversy in both domains of inquiry. Boas earned the enmity of anthropologists who believed his criticisms of their general theories unjust; they sought to rescue the more general theories, criticizing Boas and his students for "historical particularism" (Harris, 1968). Psychologists were people who took up the other half of the equation, the problem of specifying mental mechanisms.
The major difficulty facing psychologists was to devise methods for specifying pretty exactly what happens when an individual when some sort of "thinking" is going on. Competing claims were evaluated by constructing settings to control as exactly as possible the kinds of events a person experienced and to record the kinds of responses these experiences evoked. Since the presumed processes were not observable (they were, as we say, "psychological"), psychologists spent a great deal of time and ingenuity devising ways to pin down what these nonobservable processes might be.
The rapidly growing ability to control electricity and to build precision machinery was exploited to the fullest; the early psychology laboratories were marvels of inventions. Their instruments allowed psychologists to present people carefully controlled lights and tones for carefully controlled intervals and to measure precisely the time it took to respond. In their search for ways to make mind observable, they used electrophysiological devices to record internal, organic functioning. The discipline of "psychophysics" advanced appreciably in its quest to relate psychological phenomena of an elementary order (discriminating tones, judging hues). There were even hopes of uncovering a "cognitive algebra" by carefully comparing reaction times to stimuli of various complexities arranged to reveal steps in the thought process.
The activities of psychologists and anthropologists soon contrasted very dramatically. Psychologist brought people into the laboratory where behavior could be constrained, events controlled, and mind made visible. Whereas the anthropologists continued to concentrate on gathering data that would permit them firm statements about historical relations between cultures, scholars who came to identify themselves as psychologists concentrated on resolving arguments about thinking such as those illustrated in the passage quoted by Boas. Just as anthropology evolved careful field techniques to disambiguate competing claims about "culture," psychologists developed the laboratory experiment as a way to test competing claims about "mind."
There occurred, in effect, a division of labor in the "humane sciences," a division that was primarily a matter of scientific strategy in the beginning: progress required some concentrated work on specialized subtopics. The overall task remained the same for everyone: how do human beings come to be the way they are?
Enter Testing
Despite an increasing gulf between scholars who called themselves psychologists and those who called themselves anthropologists, it was not long before those two areas of inquiry were brought together again. At the end of the nineteenth century, Francis Galton, in England, set out to test hypotheses about mental differences among people, using the newly devised psychological techniques. His concern was not differences between people growing up in different cultures. Rather, he studied people growing up in different families. Significantly, his tests were theoretically motived; he believed that speed of mental processing was central to intelligence so he created tests to measure the rapid processing of elementary signals. Galton succeeded in finding differences among Englishmen on such tests as simple reaction time to a pure tone, but he did not succeed in relating these "psychological test" differences to human characteristics of greater interest to him such as scientific excellence or musical ability. Galton's tests, based on an oversimplified model of the human mind and the highly controlled procedures adopted from the laboratory appropriate to testing his theory, were not taken up by society. However, in creating an early precursor of existing IQ tests, Galton did begin the development of the statistical techniques that would be necessary to show how test differences correlate with interesting behavioral differences.
Galton did all of his work in England, but other Englishmen, including W. H. R. Rivers (1901), traveled to the Torres Strait northeast of Australia, to see if psychological tests could be used to settle disputes over cultural differences in cognition. Rivers was in some senses an antique. He was both anthropologist and psychologist, which meant that he considered both the evidence of his tests and evidence provided by observation of the people he went to study when he made statements about culture and thought. His conclusions were consistent with Galton's data on individual differences; natives differed from each other on such simple tasks as their ability to detect a gap in a line, or their recognition of colors. But there were no impressive differences between the natives of the Torres Strait and Englishmen.
It would appear on the basis of this evidence that there are no cultural differences in thinking, at least no differences consistent with the pattern proposed by Tylor, Spencer, and others. However, it could be (and was) argued, that the important ways in which cultural differences cause mental differences were not even tested by Rivers and his associates. After all, Galton had found no relation between responses to his psychological tests and other presumed indicators of intelligence. Why would anyone, then, expect cultural differences in elementary senory abilities since these depended on a physiological mechanisms common to all people? What seemed necessary were tests of higher psychological processes that could be used to compare people from different cultures or different people in the same culture.
This distinction between elementary and higher processes pinpoints a weakness in the basic foundations of experimental psychology, a weakness acknowledged by Wundt, its founder. It is impossible , Wundt believed, to study higher psychological functions in experiments because such functions always depend on prior, culturally organized, experience that differs from one individual and society to another, and these differences undermine the purity of the experiment. Wundt believed that scientists should use ethnological evidence and folklore if they want to discover the properties of the mind that get constructed on the basis of the elementary processes that he studied in the laboratory.
Wundt's doubts about the experimental method were not accepted because they put psychologists in a difficult bind. Psychology had been founded on the principle that carefully controlled environments are required to make legitimate statements about how the mind works. But a great many of the questions about how the mind works that interested psychologists and anthropologists alike clearly refer to "higher" psychological processes such as logical reasoning and inference. When Wundt gave up on the idea that such processes could be studied in the laboratory, he was, it seemed, robbing psychology of most of its interesting subject matter. For psychologists, the inability to study higher psychological processes in the laboratory meant that they could not be studied at all.
Binet's Strategy
The major push for a way to measure mental ability apart from culturally-conditioned experience came from a source seemingly remote from theoretical disputes among anthropologists about the possibility of reconstructing history through a study of contemporary cultural variation or issues of cross-cultural experimentation among psychologists. Early in this century, Alfred Binet was asked to deal with a practical, social problem. With the growth of public education in France, there was a growing problem of school failure, or at least severe school under achievement. It seemed not only that some children learned more slowly than others, but that some children, who otherwise appeared perfectly normal, did not seem to benefit much from instruction at all. Binet and his colleagues were asked to see if they could find a way to identify slow-learning children at an early stage in their education. If such identification were possible, special education could be provided them, and the remaining children could be more efficiently taught.
The subsequent history of IQ testing has been described too frequently to bear repetition here, but a sketch of the basic strategy of research is necessary as background to understand just how deeply IQ tests are embedded in cultural experience.
To begin with, early test makers had to decide what to test for. The decision seemed straightforward. They wanted to test people's ability to perform the kinds of tasks that are required by schools. They observed classrooms, looked at textbooks, talked to teachers, and used their intuitions to arrive at some idea of the many different kinds of knowledge and skills that children are eventually expected to master in school.
What Binet and his colleagues found was not easy to describe briefly, as anyone who has looked into a classroom can quickly testify (and all of us have done so, or we would not be reading these words). There was a very obvious need to understand graphic symbols, such as alphabets and number systems. So recognition of these symbols was tested. But mastery of the rudiments of these symbols was not enough. Children were also expected to manipulate these symbols to store and retrieve vast amounts of information, to rearrange this information according to the demands of the moment, and to use the information to solve a great variety of problems that had never arisen before in the experience of the individual pupil. Thus, children's abilities to remember and carry out sequences of movements, to define words, to construct plausible event sequences from jumbled picture sequences, and to recognize the missing element in graphic designs were tested (along with many other components of school-based problems).
It was also obvious that to master more and more esoteric applications of the basic knowledge contained in alpha-numeric writing systems, pupils had to learn to master their own behavior. They had not only to engage in a variety of "mental activities" directed at processing information; they also had to gain control over their own attention, applying it not according to the whim of the moment, but according to the whim of the teacher and the demands of the text.
It was clearly impossible to arrive at a single sample of all the kinds of thinking required by "the" school. Not only was there too much going on in any one classroom to make this feasible; it was equally clear that the school required different abilities from children of different ages. Binet realized that estimates of "basic aptitude" for this range of material would depend upon how much the child had learned about the specific content before he or she arrived at school, but he felt knowing the child's current abilities would be useful to teachers anyway.
In the face of these difficulties, Binet decided to construct a sample of school-like tasks appropriate for each year of education, starting with elementary grades, and reaching into higher levels of the curriculum. He would have liked to sample so that all the essential activities were included in his test and that tasks at one level of difficulty would be stepping stones to tasks at the next higher level. But because no firmly based theory of higher based psychological functions existed, Binet had to rely on a combination of his own common sense and a logical analysis of tasks that different classrooms seem to require (for example, you have to be able to remember three random digits before you can remember four; you have to know the alphabet before you can read). He also hit on the handy strategy of letting the children themselves tell him when an item selected for the test was appropriate. Beginning with a large set of possible test questions, Binet hunted for items that half the children at a given age level could solve. An "average" child would then be the one who solved problems appropriate to his or her age level. Keeping items that discriminated between children of different ages (as well as items that seemed to sample the activities demanded of kids in their classrooms), he arrived, with help from his colleagues, at the first important prototype of the modern IQ test.
Of course a great deal of work has gone into the construction of tests since Binet's early efforts, but the underlying logic has remained pretty much the same: sample the kinds of activities demanded by the culture (in the form of problems it requires that its children master in school) and compare children's performance to see how many of these activities they have mastered. Children who have mastered far less than we would expect given a comparable sample of kids their own age are those who will need extra help if they are to reach the level expected by the culture.
This strategy is perfectly reasonable, so long as we stay within the framework that generated the item selection procedures in the first place. However, much to the disapproval of Binet, people found new uses for the tests of school-based knowledge that carried with them the seeds of the current disputes over IQ testing.
Although Binet specifically warned against the procedure, his test and tests like it began to be used a measures of an overall aptitude for solving problems in general, rather than samples of problem-solving ability and knowledge in particular. Those engaged in such extrapolations acknowledged that in principle it is important to make certain that everyone given the test has an equal opportunity to learn the material that the test demands. But in practice there was no way to guarantee this essential prerequisite for making comparative judgments about basic abilities.
These are important issues in thinking about applications of IQ testing, and they are extensively discussed in the psychological literature. However, it is not until we back up and examine the possible significance of Binet's work in the light of anthropological scholarship that we can see just how limited an enterprise IQ testing was at the beginning, and how restricted it remains today.
A Thought Experiment in Test Construction
A good starting point for this reexamination is to think about what sort of activity Binet would have engaged in if he had been a member of a cultural group vastly different from his own. As a sort of "thought experiment" let us suppose that a "West African" Binet has taken an interest in the kinds of knowledge and skills that a child has growing up in his part of the world would need to master as an adult. To make the thought experiment somewhat concrete, I will do my supposing about the tribal groups inhabiting the interior of Liberia, principally the Kpelle people, among whom I have worked and about whom a good deal of relevant information is available.
Following in the footsteps of his French model, our Liberian Binet would want to make a catalogue of the kinds of activities that children are expected to master by their parents and the village elders . People in rural Liberia make their living by growing rice and other crops, which they supplement with meat and fish when these scarce commodities can be obtained. Rice farming is physically difficult work that demands considerable knowledge and planning for its success, but as practiced by the Kpelle, it is not a technologically sophisticated enterprise. It is carried out using simple tools such as a machete to cut the underbrush; fire to burn the dry bush; vines to tie together fence posts in order to keep out animals, and slingshots to harass (Gay, 1973). Other aspects of Kpelle material culture are relatively simple, although in every case the proper use of tools requires a good deal of knowledge about how the tools are supposed to be used. There is division of labor among Kpelle adults (men hunt, women do most of the fishing; men cut the bush on the farms, women plant the seed, children guard the crops), but far more than is true of contemporary American, everyone pretty well knows what there is to know about adult economic activities. There are some specialists (blacksmiths, bonesetters, weavers) whose work is an exception to the generalization, and study of their activities would certainly be important.
Of course, there is more to getting through life as a Kpelle than growing rice or weaving cloth. All descriptions of the social organization of Kpelle life stress that, as in America, knowledge of the social world is essential to adult statue (Bellman, 1975). Kpelle people are linked by a complex set of relations that control how much of the resources available to the society actually get to the individual.
Faced with this situation, how should our West African Binet proceed? Should he sample all the kinds of activities valued by adults? This strategy is almost certainly unrealistic. Even allowing for the possibility that aspects of technology make it reasonable to speak of the Kpelle as a "less complex" society than our own, it is very complex indeed. No anthropologist would claim to have achieved a really thorough description of even one such society. Moreover, like Tylor, he would have to admit the possibility that in some respects Kpelle society provides members with more complex tasks than we are likely to face.
Since it is unreasonable in Liberia, as it is in the United States to think that we can come up with a test that samples all types of Kpelle adult activities, why not follow Binet's example and sample an important subset of those activities? From an anthropological perspective, schools are social institutions for assuring that adult knowledge of highly valued kinds gets transmitted to a society's next generation (it must be transmitted, or there would be no later generations!). While the school is not likely to be a random sample of life's tasks, it is certainly a convenient place to sample activities that adults consider important, activities that are complex enough to make it unlikely that kids would learn what they need to know simply by "hanging around."
So, our Liberian Binet might decide to search for some institutions in his society that correspond roughly with the basic goals of schooling in ours. Not all societies readily manifest such institutions, so that anthropologists are led to speak of "socialization" as the broadest relevant category. Fortunately for discussion, in the case of Liberia, he would undoubtedly discover the existence of institutions called "bush schools" in the Liberian English vernacular.
There are no detailed accounts of the curriculum of the bush school. The three or four years that youngsters spend are organized by town elders who are leaders in the secret societies that control a variety of esoteric information. This material cannot, on pain of death, be communicated to outsiders. However, we know enough about aspects of bush school activities to continue our hypothetical research (Bellman, 1975; Gay, 1973); we know that youngsters learn to farm, construct houses, track animals, shoot birds, and carry out a variety of adult economic activities (children live apart from their home villages in something like a scouting cap during their time in bush school). They are also interested in the important lore of the group. This lore is communicated not only in a variety of ceremonies, but in stories, myths, and riddles. So, let us suppose that our West African Binet decided to use "successful execution of bush school activities" as the abilities he wanted to sample.
Again, like Binet, our researcher would not be able to sample all such activities for his test, nor would he want to. He would not, for example, want to sample activities that all children knew how to accomplish before they got to school, nor would he want to sample activities considered so universally accessible that everyone mastered them well before the end of schooling. This information would not help him pick out those children who needed extra instruction. Instead, he would seek those activities that discriminated among children, activities that some mastered far earlier than others, and perhaps activities that some mastered only in later life. Once these Binet-like restrictions had been placed upon the activities selected for study, our hypothetical researcher could begin selecting tasks on which he could base test items.
In considering what sort of test would emerge, it is useful first to consider what activities would be excluded as well as those included. Cutting brush or sowing rice seed probably would not be the test; everyone knows how to do that before he or she gets to school. Nor would anyone spend time explicitly teaching children common vocabulary. However, there would be explicit instruction in such tasks as constructing houses and identifying leaves that are useful in different kinds of medicine. There would also be some mechanism for insuring that the history of the group and its laws and customs were taught to everyone in the form of stories and dances. Finally, some children would be selected for specialist roles that would require special tests (bonesetter, weaver, midwife, blacksmith, hunter, and so on). These children would receive additional instruction.
Looking at those areas where instruction might be considered important, we can see many candidate activities for testing. We might want to see if children had learned all of the important leaf names for making medicine (Bowen, 1964). Riddles are often important parts of stories and arguments, so we could test to see how many riddles children know and how adept they are at interpreting them (Kulah, 1977). The specialties would be a rich source of test material, especially if we thought that rational testing of ability to perform like adults would improve the quality of our cloth or machetes. In short, it seems possible, in principle, to come up with test items that could perform functions in Kpelle society similar to the way that Binet wanted to use IQ tests.
Could we carry out such a program of research in practice? There is no simple answer to this question, but it is useful to consider the obstacles. For some activities such as naming leaves or remembering riddles, it should be relatively easy to make the relevant observations because the Kpelle have already arranged for them: several researchers have described children's games that embody precisely these activities (Cole, Gay, Glick, and Sharp, 1971; Lancy, 1977). We could also test people's skills at constructing houses, weaving designs, and forging sturdy hoes. However, from a Kpelle point of view, tests of such skills would not be particularly interesting. The real stuff of using one's wits to get along in the world has been excluded.
This point was made very explicitly by a Kpelle anthropological acquaintance of mine who was versed in the more esoteric aspects of Kpelle secret societies and medicine (or magic, according to American stereotypes). We had been talking about what it means to be intelligent in Kpelle society (the most appropriate term is translated as "clever"). "Can you be a clever farmer?" I asked. "No," came the reply. "You can be a hardworking farmer, or you can be a lucky farmer, but we couldn't say that someone is a clever farmer. Everyone knows how to farm. We use 'clever' when we talk about the way someone gets other people to help him. Some people always win arguments. Some people know how to deal with strangers. Some people know powerful medicine. These are the things we talk about as clever."
In this bit of dialogue we see an emphasis on activities that require social interaction as the arena where intelligence is an appropriate concept. (Among the Kpelle and many other nontechnological groups, display of a good memory for use in discussions is often considered an important component of intelligence, Dube, 1977) This usage is quite consistent with Binet's analysis; it is those activities that differentiate among people in terms of the way they manipulate information that the Kpelle, like the French, use to mark intelligence.
However, once we reach this point, we face two important difficulties. First, the situations that we have selected for our study of Kpelle intelligence are exceedingly difficult to describe. Second, these contexts are very difficult to arrange. It is not enough to know riddles, everyone knows riddles. What is important about riddles is how they are used to get one's way with other people. Riddles are a resource to be used in a variety of social interactions where people's status's and rights are at issue.
Consider the first difficulty. Bellman (1978) recounts an occasion when an elder member of a secret society t old a long story about how he came to be a high ranking shaman. He followed this (presumably autobiographical) story with a long riddle, which was also in story form. A novice such as myself would have no way of figuring out what part of the story was true, and I certainly would not have responded to the riddle as if its interpretation depended upon the autobiographical story; the two monologues appear to be about quite different topics. Bellman succeeds in demonstrating, however, that the riddle is closely linked to the autobiography. Not only are there formal, structural similarities (once one understands the basic categories of the relevant Kpelle belief systems). There is a rhetorical link as well. The autobiographical story actually represents a bit of self-aggrandizement by the person who told it. The man is claiming special knowledge and special power in a convert manner. The riddle reinforces the main point of the story (which raises the teller above his fellow shaman), giving the story "logical" as well as "historical" validity. The fact that listeners are constrained to agree with the riddle also gets them to agree, at least in part, with the message of the autobiographical story.
By almost any account, this man's autobiographical account plus riddle is a clever bit of behavior. It is exactly the kind of thing that our West African Binet ought to be sampling. But, at precisely this point, our cross-cultural thought experiment in IQ testing comes apart. As I have already pointed out, in order to construct a test Binet needed to be able to select a large number of items. But the "item" we have just described (very loosely) is not easily constructable. The participants in this scene were doing social work on each other; the shaman, in particular, was attempting to establish his preeminence using an account of his past history that would be difficult to check up on, a riddle whose structure was designed to reinforce his account, and his knowledge of his listener's state of knowledge concerning both the shaman's past and Kpelle social structure. This was one item; it was constructed by the subject, not the "tester." It is very difficult for me to imagine how to insure that a test includes one or more items "of this type." Furthermore, because the example's structure and content depend upon the special circumstances surrounding it, how could I insure that I would be able to present the test to the subject since it was the "subject" who did a lot of the presenting in the example I have described?
Here the contrast with Binet's situation is very strong. Like Binet, we have proceeded by figuring out what sorts of activities differentiate people according to some notion of what it means to behave intelligently. Unlike Binet, the activities we need to sample n West Africa to accomplish this goal lead us into domains that are systematically absent from Binet's tests. These domains involve interactions among people in which flexibly employed social knowledge is of paramount importance. They are not domains of hypothetical knowledge; rather, they always involve some real operations on the world, operations that require a great deal of care simply to describe. We have no good notion of how to make such activities happen in a manner analogous to the way that teachers make vocabulary tests and multiplication problems happen. Furthermore, even if we solved all these problems, we would have no real theory of the psychological processes that our subject engaged in. Such problems have not been studied by cognitive psychologists.
On both practical and theoretical grounds, then, it appears virtually impossible to come up with a way of testing Kpelle intelligence in a manner really equivalent to what we understand to be intelligence tests in our society. So long as we restrict our attention to Kpelle culture, this conclusion should not cause much consternation. After all, the idea of a West African Binet is rather absurd; Kpelle people have managed to pass on their culture for many years without IQ tests to help them select clever children and give extra assistance to the dull.
Some Implications for the Notion of a Culture-Free Test
Our characterization of what one has to do to be clever in Kpelle culture and what it would take to sample such cleverness in a test must be discomforting for anyone who imagines that one can construct a culture-free test of intelligence. Imagine, for example, that by some quirk it was our imaginary Liberian Binet who constructed the first IQ test, and that other West African tribal people had adopted it. Next, imagine that American children were posed items from the West African test. Even items considered too simple for Kpelle eight-year-olds would cause our children severe problems. Learning the names of leaves, for example, has proven too difficult for more than one American Ph.D.14 Our children know some riddles, but little use is made of such knowledge in our society except for riddling, which would put them at a severe disadvantage on more "advanced" items.
If our children were forced to take a test constructed by a West African Binet, we might object that these Kpelle-derived items were unfairly biased toward Kpelle culture. If the eventual incomes of our children depended in any way on their ability to interpret Kpelle riddles, we would be outraged. Nor would we be too happy if their incomes depended upon their use of their own riddles as rhetorical devices. At the very minimum, we would want a culture-free test if real life outcomes depended upon test performance. However, what kind of test is a West African Binet likely to dream up that we would consider culture-free? It would not involve a set of drawings of geometrically precise figures, because Kpelle, a preliterate group, do not engage in much graphic representation and they have no technology for drawing straight lines. It would not be recall of lists of nonsense syllables or even lists of words, because there are no corresponding activities in Kpelle adult life. We might try a memory test like recalling all of one's family, but here the Kpelle, who teach their children genealogies, would have a distinct advantage: what is the name of your grandmother's father on your father's side of the family? In fact, if we run down the list of presumably culture-free items that our mental experiment on Kpelle IQ testing turned up, we would almost certainly find none of the subtests that have been claimed as culture-free tests of intelligence in our society. The reason is very simple; our West African Binet, having scientifically sampled his culture, would have come up with items that reflect valued activities and that differentiate people in his culture, while Binet and all his successors have come up with items that do the same job in their culture. They are different kinds of activities.
Our imagined study of cross-cultural test construction makes it clear that tests of ability are inevitably cultural devices. This conclusion must seem dreary and disappointing to people who have been working to construct valid, culture-free tests. But from the perspective of history and logic, it simply confirms the fact, stated so clearly by Franz Boas half a century ago, that "mind, independent of experience, is inconceivable."
References
Bellman, B.L. (1975). Village of Curers and Assassins: On the Production of Fala Kpelle Cosmological Categories: The Hague: Mouton.
Bellman, B.L. (1978), "Ethnohermeneutics: On the Interpretation of Subjective Meaning," in W.C. McCormack and S. A. Wurm (Eds.), Language and the Mind. The Hague: Mouton and Co.
Boas, F. (1911), The Mind of Primitive Man. New York: Macmillan,
Bowen, E.S. (1964). Return to Laughter. New York: Doubleday, 1964).
Cole, M., Gay, J. Glick, J.A., Sharp, D.W. (1971). The Cultural Context of Learning and Thinking: New York: Basic Books
Dube, E.F. (1977). A Cross-cultural Study of the Relationship between 'Intelligence" Level and Story Recall . Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University.
Gay, J. (1973). Red Dust on the Green Leaves (Thompson, Conn: Inter-Culture Associates, 1973)
Gibbs, J.L., (1965), The Kpelle of Liberia, in J.L. Gibbs (Ed.), Peoples of Africa, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Hernnstein, R.J., & Murray, C. (1994). The bell curve: Intelligence and class structure in American life. New York: Free Press.
Jensen, A. (1980). Bias in mental testing. New York: Free Press.
Kulah, A.A. (1973), The Organization and Learning of Proverbs among the Kpelle of Liberia. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Irvine
Lancy, D. (1977),Studies of Memory in Culture, Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 307, 285-297.
Rivers, W.H.R. (1901). Vision. In A.C. Haddon (Ed.) Report
of the Cambridge anthropological expedition to the Torres Straits,Vol.
2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Spencer, H. (1886). The Principles of Psychology, vol. 5. New York: D. Appleton.
Tylor, E.B. (1958). The Origins of Culture. York: Harper and Row. | http://lchc.ucsd.edu/MCA/Paper/Cole/iq.html |
Historicism (also referred to as Historism) maintains there is an organic succession of inventions, also this local states and peculiarities influence the outcomes at a critical way. It might be contrasted with ad hoc base. Historicism acknowledges the historic nature of human presence, but perspectives historical ago less a incorporated program but as being a spectacle in that which a range of human will state by themselves. It holds that only about all historical advice is clearly in accordance with the perspective of the historian.
From the biggest market of this 19thcentury, the phrase”historismus” (from which Historicism stems ) was more developed in Germany, in which a whole lot of the very first evolution of the doctrine taken set in the 19th and 18th Century. As early as 1797, Friedrich Schlegel (1772 – 1829) mentions Historicism as a”form of philosophy” that puts that the primary stress on the past. Nevertheless, it was primarily utilized as a pejorative term until the 20th Century.
The Austrian British philosopher Karl Popper (1902 – 1994) has whined to Historicism to the causes which it results to a deterministic and inescapable pattern to ago, and so
abrogates
the civic duty of everybody of us to create our own own no cost gifts into the evolution of contemporary culture, and thus contributes to totalitarianism.
Types of Historicism
The term”historicism” is actually used in a Lot of Different areas of review (including philosophy, anthropology, and theology) to indicate lots of frequently differing lines of notion :
Hegelian Historicism is actually the positioning, used by G. W. F. Hegel, which just about all individual societies (and each and every individual pursuits such as science, art or maybe philosophy) are now characterized by the history of theirs, and also that the essence of theirs could be searched solely through understanding that. Based on Hegel, to observe why a person is really the manner he’s, it’s necessary for you to place that each within a culture; as well as to comprehend that society, you’ve got to know the heritage of its own as well as the forces which shaped it.
Aged Hegelians or directly Hegelians took Hegel’s concept of human societies as things better in comparison to the people who constitute them to affect 19th-century romantic nationalism and its particular 20th Century excesses. Even the Young Hegelians, by comparison, took Hegel’s thoughts on societies formed by the forces of social conflict for a philosophy of progress, along with Karl Marx’s theory of”historic inevitabilities” was affected by this special sort of idea.
Deadly Historicism is actually a Protestant theological perception which the satisfaction of biblical prophecy has occurred during history goes on to take place now (rather than various other beliefs that restrict the full time period of prophecy gratification into yesteryear, or even to the future).
Anthropological Historicism is really associated with all the philosophical social sciences and especially with the duty of the German American anthropologist Franz Boas (1858 – 1942). It includes diffusionism (the concept which lots of culture in addition to culture was created just once in older Egypt and then diffused through the majority of the planet throughout colonization and migration) with historical particularism (the concept that a person has to carry out in-depth regional scientific studies of particular states to discover the supply of culture traits, and then to recognize the respective tasks of civilization change at work). | http://buytoradol.us.com/the-french-philosopher-rene-descartes/ |
When building a game we have the traditional divisions of code: graphics, sound, input, AI, physics, gameplay, and the menus. Of these, AI tends to be built later in the product's creation because it either depends on other systems working first or it's unclear how to begin. But does AI need to be its own subsystem at all? Most game AI falls under one of three types of algorithms: the planner, the pathfinder, and combat. If AI is not its own subsystem, then where do these algorithms live?
A character-controlling AI can masquerade as a type of hardware controller. Characters, both PC and NPC, are coded agnostically with respect to what hardware or software "pushes their buttons". AI is then a kind of keyboard or joystick. The AI 'controller' would need gamestate fed to it which the joystick does not. But in a way the joystick controller does receive gamestate as well: through the graphics and sound outputted to the human who in turn outputs to the joystick.
AI can be viewed as a hinting or how-to-play system taking its own advice. If the hint system advises pressing Jump to bypass an approaching chasm or highlights where to stand in relation to a mobile opponent, then it is capable of pressing the buttons itself. The harder part was knowing when or where to act, not the difference between describing or performing the act.
AI can also be viewed as physics. An enemy patrolling back and forth in a platformer moves the same way as a moving platform does, but we'd be tempted to use AI for one and physics for the other. We think of things like gravity and momentum as outside forces acting upon us while dashing and jumping as forces from within because that's how reality works, so of course we tend to code it the same way. But it's all just movement and state changes as far as the code cares.
Many first-time videogame creators tend to save AI for last because it is the least obvious how to go about doing so. Their libraries of code have ready-made functions for graphics, sound, and input, but even if there's a pathfinding function on offer, it's not entirely clear what to do with it. Viewing AI as extensions of other systems is a simple way to demystify it. | https://www.gamedeveloper.com/programming/ai-isn-t-a-subsystem |
The White House Office of Science and Technology Policy has released a “Blueprint for an Artificial Intelligence Bill of Rights,” consisting of five principles to guide the design, use and deployment of automated systems to protect the American public in the age of artificial intelligence. The five principles are intended to: protect Americans from unsafe or ineffective automated systems, ensure algorithms and systems are used and designed in an equitable way, protect Americans from abusive data practices, provide notice to Americans when an automated system is being used and to describe its impacts, and provide an opportunity to opt out of the use of AI systems.
In particular, in its appendix of systems the White House envisions applying these principles to, the OSTP cites “employment-related systems, such as workplace algorithms that inform all aspects of the terms and conditions of employment, including, but not limited to, pay or promotion, hiring or termination algorithms, virtual or augmented reality workplace training programs, and electronic workplace surveillance and management systems.”
The full “Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights” is available here, while the accompanying appendix is available on the White House website here. | https://www.wconline.com/articles/94646-white-house-releases-blueprint-for-an-ai-bill-of-rights-to-guide-development-of-ai-systems |
Coordinated algorithm development, operation, and use are key to sustainable AI operations in organizations. While some algorithms are developed in-house and others procured from vendors, it is important that the organization is aware of the algorithms it is developing, operating, or using.
All organizations using AI systems should operate an Algorithm Repository.
The repository should
1) identify, to the extent possible, all algorithms the organization is developing, operates, uses, or has retired,
2) assign them a unique identifier,
3) contain the relevant documents the organization has produced or received on the algorithm. | https://ai-governance.eu/ai-governance-framework/algorithms/t17/ |
I write a lot about data-driven algorithms, in particular those informed by Machine Learning. I thought it would be nice to give the low-down on machine learning for the uninitiated. Below, I discuss four essential questions. The answers are based, in part, from a recent discussion with Pedro Domingos, author of The Master Algorithm.
1. Should we care about artificial intelligence and machine learning?
Machine learning and AI touch your life every minute of every day, from applications you use at work to how you choose products to buy (Amazon recommendations). Even who you marry or date (Match.com, Tinder recommendations). A third of all marriages start on the internet and the matches are created by algorithms. As a citizen, consumer, and professional, you don’t need the the gory details of how machine learning works, but you do need the big picture.
2. What’s the distinction here between AI and Machine Learning?
AI means getting computers to do all the things that it takes human intelligence to do like reasoning, understanding language and the visual world, navigating, and manipulating objects. Machine learning is a sub-field of AI that deals with the ability to learn. Learning is the one thing that underlies all the others. If you had a robot that was as good as humans at everything, but couldn’t learn, five minutes later it would have fallen behind.
3. Let’s look at the history of AI – how did we get here, and what was the most important turning point?
If we rewind back to the early days of the field, one of the interesting aspects was that the field got named artificial intelligence. The runner up was complex information processing, which of course sounds incredibly boring. Calling it AI made it extremely ambitious which has been partly responsible for a lot of the progress. At the same time, it also created these very inflated expectations which were premature. Intelligence seems like an easier problem than it really is because we are intelligent, and we take it for granted. But evolution spent 500 Million years making us intelligent.
People believed that the way to really build intelligent systems was to have them learn. Initially both the understanding of the problem and the computing resources were not up to the test. Your brain is the best supercomputer on earth and people were trying to do this through the computers that they had back then. They ran a little bit ahead of themselves. In the eighties, there was a shift towards so-called knowledge systems. In these systems, you provide the system as much knowledge as possible. This allowed systems to do seemingly intelligent things like play chess and diagnose diseases. But the moment the system encountered a situation outside the knowledge base, the system failed. In the end, the systems were too brittle. They didn’t learn.
Then, what happened led to the present explosion of AI. People went back and said that learning is actually essential — we’re never going to be able to have intelligence without learning. Within learning, the most recent success is based on algorithms that emulate the brain on tasks like vision and speech recognition (techniques known as neural networks and deep learning).
4. What does a machine learning algorithm “look” like?
There isn’t just one algorithm. We have many algorithms and approaches today – based on statistical approaches (e.g. Bayesian learning), evolutionary techniques (genetic algorithms), logical induction (association rules) and approaches that mimic the brain (neural nets). No one algorithm is good at everything. In practice, one chooses from these. The question is whether there is a master algorithm that can learn an infinite variety of things. That’s a separate topic I’ll discuss in the future and that Pedro discusses in detail in his book.
–Kartik Hosanagar is a Professor of Technology & Digital Business at The Wharton School.Share this post via: | https://semiwiki.com/general/6587-machine-learning-for-dummies/ |
Farmer Peter paints 12 chicken coop. He started painting this day morning. Now he only has 1/4 of the chicken coop left to paint this afternoon. How many chicken coops did farmer Peter paint this morning?
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As much as I love lemons, the thought of placing them atop pizza never would have crossed my mind. Squeezing a wedge of lemon over a slice of white clam pizza — that’s natural; biting into whole slices of lemon, rind and seeds included — that takes some convincing.
But the story and photo of Kesté’s Pizza Sorrentina, a Neapolitan pizza topped with lemon slices, basil and smoked mozzarella, in the WSJ a few weekends ago sent me racing off to the store to find smoked mozzarella. Story goes that this pie was invented in Naples by a great pizza maestro’s daughter who created it for her lemon-adoring mother.
Never would I have imagined this group of ingredients to work so well together, but they do. And it makes sense. Lemon cuts the smokiness of the mozzarella; basil, even after seven minutes in the oven, adds a touch of freshness. The bites with lemon slices are big — tart and tangy and refreshing all at the same time; the bites without beg for one. But the beauty of the pizza lies in the balance: it would be a shame to overdo the lemon, to be flinging pieces aside rather than longing for more.
For lemon lovers, of course, this pie is a winner; but skeptics beware: it’s beguiling enough to win you over, too.
Pizza Sorrentina
- Prep Time: 25 minutes
- Cook Time: 7 minutes
- Total Time: 19 hours 32 minutes
- Yield: 1 pizza
Description
Source: WSJ: Pizza with a Twist
Notes: I used the Jim Lahey pizza-making method with tipo 00 flour, which I wrote about more extensively back here. If you want to use the Kesté dough recipe, find it here. Also, if you don’t have the 18 hours required to make the Lahey dough, this Todd English recipe is fantastic — it was my favorite for many many many years.
Ingredients
Topping for one pizza:
- 6 thin lemon slices (as thin as possible)
- 3 ounces smoked fresh mozzarella, thinly sliced
- 5 large leaves fresh basil
- extra-virgin olive oil for drizzling
Jim Lahey Pizza Dough:
Source: Bon Appetit
- 7 1/2 cups all-purpose flour (1000 grams) plus more for shaping dough
- 4 teaspoons fine sea salt
- 1/2 teaspoon active dry yeast
Instructions
- Whisk flour, salt, and yeast in a medium bowl. While stirring with a wooden spoon, gradually add 3 cups water; stir until well incorporated. Mix dough gently with your hands to bring it together and form into a rough ball. Transfer to a large clean bowl. Cover with plastic wrap and let dough rise at room temperature (about 72°) in a draft-free area until surface is covered with tiny bubbles and dough has more than doubled in size, about 18 hours (time will vary depending on the temperature in the room).
- Transfer dough to a floured work surface. Gently shape into a rough rectangle. Divide into 6 equal portions. Working with 1 portion at a time, gather 4 corners to center to create 4 folds. Turn seam side down and mold gently into a ball. Dust dough with flour; set aside on work surface or a floured baking sheet. Repeat with remaining portions.
- Let dough rest, covered with plastic wrap or a damp kitchen towel, until soft and pliable, about 1 hour. DO AHEAD: Can be made 3 days ahead. Wrap each dough ball separately in plastic wrap and chill. Unwrap and let rest at room temperature on a lightly floured work surface, covered with plastic wrap, for 2–3 hours before shaping.
To Make the Pizzas:
- During the last hour of dough’s resting, prepare oven: If using a pizza stone, arrange a rack in upper third of oven and place stone on rack; preheat oven to its hottest setting, 500°–550°, for 1 hour. If using a baking sheet, arrange a rack in middle of oven and preheat to its hottest setting, 500°–550°. (You do not need to preheat the baking sheet.
- Working with 1 dough ball at a time, dust dough generously with flour and place on a floured work surface. Meanwhile, soak lemon slices in water for 15 minutes, then pat dry.
- Place dough on a rimmed baking sheet and stretch, using your fingers, until it is approximately 8 to 10 inches in diameter. Distribute 3 ounces cheese over the surface, leaving a 1-inch rim. Arrange 6 lemon slices over cheese and tuck in 5 basil leaves, then drizzle everything lightly with oil, including the rim. Place on highest rack in the oven and bake until puffy, about 6 minutes; then turn on the broiler and broil until the crust takes on some color, 30-60 seconds. (Note: I skipped the broiling step.) Remove pizza from oven and serve. Repeat with remaining dough. | https://alexandracooks.com/2012/10/25/pizza-with-lemon-smoked-mozzarella-basil/ |
Two common methods of thawing a frozen turkey are the refrigerator method and the cold water method. To properly and safely thaw a turkey, the refrigerator method is recommended. If time is limited (although the cold water method is not recommended); the cold water method is preferred over the temptation of thawing the turkey at room temperature. Thawing turkey at room temperature or in warm water promotes the rapid growth of bacteria.
Refrigerator Thawing
Placing a frozen turkey in the refrigerator is the best and safest method for thawing. The turkey should be kept in its original wrapper during the thawing process. Thawing the bird in the refrigerator may take a long time, especially if the turkey is a large size, but it is absolutely the safest method for thawing. 24 hours defrosting time for every 5 pounds is needed to properly thaw the turkey. This time may vary because of the individual temperature settings of different refrigerators. Also, thawing a turkey in a refrigerator with glass shelves may require a longer thawing time than a refrigerator with wire shelves.
Refrigerator Thawing Time
8 to 12 pound
frozen turkey 13 to 16 pound
frozen turkey 17 to 20 pound
frozen turkey 21 to 24 pound
frozen turkey
Allow 2 to 3 days Allow 3 to 4 days Allow 4 to 5 days Allow 5 to 6 days
Cold Water Thawing
As with thawing in the refrigerator, keep the bird in its original wrapper and immerse in cold water. Make sure the water is very cold and if the original wrapper has any punctures or tears in it, place the turkey in another plastic bag and seal. Place the turkey breast side down and completely cover with cold water. Change the water every 30 minutes. Allow at least 30 minutes defrosting time per pound when using the cold water method. Turkey that has been thawed by the cold water method must be cooked immediately.
Cold Water Thawing Time
8 to 12 pound
frozen turkey 13 to 16 pound
frozen turkey 17 to 20 pound
frozen turkey 21 to 24 pound
frozen turkey
Allow 4 to 6 hours Allow 6 to 8 hours Allow 8 to 10 hours Allow 10 to 12 hours
Cleaning the Turkey
• After the turkey has thawed, remove the packaging.
• The neck and the giblets are usually found inside the body cavity. These can be removed and discarded if not being used. If they are to be used, wash with cold water and pat dry with paper towels. Refrigerate the giblets until ready to use.
• Thoroughly wash the turkey inside and out with cold water and pat dry.
• Season with salt and pepper and with any herbs and spices that are desired, this is optional.
• If the turkey is to be stuffed, the stuffing should be inserted into the body cavity just before the bird will be placed in the oven. It is a dangerous practice to stuff the turkey in advance with the idea that time will be saved. Stuffing ahead of time may promote the rapid growth of harmful bacteria. The turkey should be cooked immediately after stuffing.
• Do not overstuff the turkey because the stuffing will expand as it cooks.
• The turkey may be coated with oil or butter to help brown the skin.
Safe Handling Practices
Proper food handling practices must be followed during the preparation of the turkey in order to avoid possible problems with food poisoning.
• The raw turkey, giblets, and their juices should not be allowed to come in contact with any other food item.
• After handling the raw turkey, your hands will be contaminated. Do not touch any other food items and as few surfaces as possible before your hands have been thoroughly washed.
• Cutting boards and utensils must be thoroughly washed after preparing the turkey for the oven.
• Do not place cooked food on the same plate that held the raw food.
• Besides using soap and water for cleaning surfaces, bleach or an antibacterial spray may be used to help kill any organisms that the soap and water missed.
• Do not use a microwave to thaw turkey. Microwaves distribute uneven, therefore unsafe heat.
• Turkey should remain in the original packaging when thawing. If the original packaging has punctures or tears, place the turkey in another leakproof plastic bag and seal it tightly. If the wrapping is damaged, bacteria from the surrounding environment will contaminate the turkey.
There are many, many entries on this web site. Be sure to scroll back through to the beginning for all the recipes and tips.
Interactive questions, comments, suggestions, etc. can also be posted on this website. | http://creativecookingbylydia.com/preparing-a-turkey/ |
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I am a planner. I plan my days, plan my outfits, plan our social calendar, plan, plan, plan. It makes me feel more in control and helps me keep my fairly hectic life more manageable. Planning our weekly menu is no exception. In fact, this is one of the most important factors in keeping everything running smoothly. If I know what I am planning on making for dinner each night, I know if any ingredients need to be thawed, how much time (and effort) dinner will require, and it prevents me from resorting to take out just because I can’t make a decision after a long day at work. However, one thing that has repeatedly escaped my planning ability is these rolls. I have had them on my menu several times since last summer. The problem is, they require a pate fermentée which is prepared the night before you actually make the rolls. For some reason, I would never remember that fact until it was far too late. This time I decided to make sure that they finally got made by clearly marking both the starter and the actual dough on my baking schedule. Success!
These came out wonderfully. We ate them with spicy shredded pork, but I think they would also be fantastic with a burger, a grilled chicken sandwich, or just about anything you would want to eat on a bun! They are soft, but definitely sturdy enough to hold up to a heavy duty sandwich :) I topped a few with poppy seeds, a few with sesame seeds and left some plain. We enjoyed them all!
Kaiser Rolls
Ingredients:
For the pate fermentée:
1/2 cup plus 2 tbsp. all-purpose flour
1/2 cup plus 2 tbsp. bread flour
scant 1/2 tsp. salt
1/4 tsp. instant yeast
6 to 7 tbsp. water
For the dough:
1 batch pate fermentée
1 1/4 cups bread flour
3/4 tsp. plus a pinch salt
1 tsp. instant yeast
1 large egg, slightly beaten
1 tsp. molasses
2 tbsp. honey or 3 tbsp. granulated sugar
1 1/2 tbsp. vegetable oil
10 tbsp. to 3/4 cup water
milk, for brushing
poppy or sesame seeds, for topping (optional)
Directions:
To make the pate fermentée, stir together the flours, salt and yeast in the bowl of a stand mixer fitted with the paddle attachment. Add 6 tablespoons of the water, and mix on low speed for 1 minute. Adjust the flour or water according to need, so that the dough is neither too sticky or too stiff. Switch to the dough hook and knead on low speed for 6 minutes, or until the dough is soft and pliable, tacky but not sticky.
Lightly oil a bowl and transfer the dough to the bowl, rolling once to coat with the oil. Cover the bowl with plastic wrap and ferment at room temperature for 1 hour, or until it swells to about 1 1/2 times its original size. Remove the dough from the bowl, knead it slightly to degas, return it to the bowl and cover again with the plastic wrap. Place the bowl in the refrigerator overnight. (This can be refrigerated for up to 3 days or frozen in an airtight bag for up to 3 months.)
Take the pate fermentée out of the refrigerator 1 hour before making the dough. Cut into 10 pieces, cover with a towel and let sit at room temperature to take off the chill.
To make the dough, combine the flour, salt and yeast in the bowl of an electric mixer. Add the pate fermentée, egg, molasses, honey or sugar, vegetable oil, and 10 tablespoons water. Mix on low speed with the paddle attachment until the ingredients form a ball. If there is still some loose flour, add the remaining 2 tablespoons of water. Switch to the dough hook and knead on low speed about 7 minutes, adding flour if needed to make a dough that is soft and supple, tacky but not sticky. Lightly oil a large bowl and transfer the dough to the bowl, turning once to coat. Cover with plastic wrap.
Ferment at room temperature for 2 hours or until the dough doubles in size. If the dough doubles in size before the 2 hour mark, remove it from the bowl, knead lightly to degas, and return to the bowl to continue fermenting until doubled from original size or until the 2 hours have elapsed.
Remove the dough from the bowl and divide it into 6 to 9 equal pieces, depending on the size of roll you would like. Form the dough pieces into balls. Mist lightly with spray oil, cover with a towel or plastic wrap, and let rest for 10 minutes. Meanwhile, line a sheet pan with baking parchment, lightly mist with spray oil and dust with cornmeal or semolina flour.
To shape the individual rolls, roll a ball of dough into a 12-inch strand. Tie a simple knot in the middle of the strand. Loop the loose ends around and into the center of the knot (one over, one under). Place the roll onto the parchment. Repeat with remaining dough balls. Lightly mist shaped rolls with spray oil and cover loosely with plastic wrap.
Proof the rolls for 45 minutes at room temperature, then flip them over so the opposite side is facing up. Recover with plastic wrap, and continue to proof for 30-45 minutes at room temperature, until the rolls are double their original size.
Center a rack in the oven and preheat to 425 degrees F. Uncover the rolls and prepare them for baking. If you want to top the rolls, brush lightly with milk and sprinkle with desired topping. If not topping the rolls, just brush with milk.
Place the pan in the oven, spray the oven walls with water and close the oven door. After 10 minutes rotate the pan for even baking and lower the oven temperature to 400 degrees F. Continue baking until the rolls are a medium golden brown and register approximately 200 degrees F in the center (about 15-20 minutes for larger rolls, less for smaller rolls).
Remove the rolls from the pan and transfer to a wire cooling rack. Allow to cool at least 30 minutes before serving. | http://everydayannie.com/2009/02/20/kaiser-rolls/ |
I own over two hundred cookbooks. I covet two. The author of both is Julia Child.
6 ounces unsalted butter, room temperature and cut into pieces
1/4 cup brewed espresso
4 large eggs, separated
2/3 cup plus 1 tablespoon sugar, divided
1 tablespoon whiskey (I used Jack Daniels®)
1 tablespoon water
pinch of salt
1/2 teaspoon vanilla extract
Freshly whipped cream for garnish (optional)
Fill a large bowl with ice water and set aside.
Place a bowl large enough to nest securely on the bottom pan of the still simmering water of the double boiler. Whisk the yolks of the eggs with 2/3 cup of sugar, whiskey, and water until just barely thick (approximately 3 to 4 minutes).
Remove the whipped egg mixture from heat and place the bowl within the bowl of ice water and beat until cool and thick. Fold the chocolate mixture into the egg yolk mixture.
In a large mixing bowl, whip the egg whites with salt until frothy. Continue to whip until the whites begin to hold their shape. Add in the remaining tablespoon of sugar and continue to whip until thick and shiny, but not stiff. Add the vanilla and whip until combined. Fold the egg whites into the chocolate mixture just until combined (I like to do this with one half of the egg whites at a time). Transfer the mousse to a serving bowl or divide into individual serving dishes. Cover with plastic wrap and refrigerate until firm (approximately 6 hours).
Serve with a dollop of freshly whipped cream.
Serves: 6 to 8
Prep Time: 20 minutes
Cook Time: 10 minutes
Inactive Time: 6 hours
Difficulty: Easy, but takes effort
Recipe Adapted from Mastering the Art of French Cooking (Knopf) by Julia Child
Libbie’s Food Styling Props: Image 1: Wooden table painted chocolate brown and rubbed with pink oil pastels, Vintage white garden pot found at Habersham Antiques Market, Spoon was a Christmas gift from Andrea Goto and hand stamped with the phrase “You Have Been Served”, by Aly Nickerson, Hobnail picture frame borrowed from Amy Zurcher. Image 2: White stoneware platter borrowed from Amy Zurcher, Vintage pink champagne glasses found in Annapolis, Maryland at Blue Crab Antiques, Retro silver spoons from United Airlines first class circa 1960’s and a present from my father-in-law a retired United Captain, French linen purchased from the retail store of Trillium Soaps in Rockland Maine and sewn into napkins by Stitch, Pink English plate found at Habersham Antiques Market, Pink frame borrowed from Amy Zurcher, Gold framed painting from The Paris Market and Brocante. | https://www.libbiesummers.com/recipes/julias-mousse-au-chocolate |
Have you seen a million versions of these (ranging from adorable to mutant) Easter bunny rolls? I first found a recipe for Honey Glazed Bunny Rolls in the original Gourmet Magazine back in the early 90’s when our son was a little tyke. They delighted him so much at the time, that I decided his glee at holding these edible, slightly mutant little bunnies in his pudgy hands made the effort of producing them well worthwile. These bunny rolls take a bit of kneading and rising time, but are actually made from a rosemary focaccia dough so they’re lighter and more savory than the original Gourmet version.
Rosemary Focaccia Bun Buns
Author: Lisa Cassell-Arms
Ingredients
- 1⅓ cups water, tepid
- 1 packet active dry yeast
- 4 tablespoons olive oil
- 2 teaspoon salt
- 1 small garlic clove, crushed
- 1 tablespoon fresh rosemary, chopped
- 1 teaspoon fresh thyme, chopped (save some for garnish)
- 3 - 3½ cups flour
- flaky salt for garnish
Instructions
- In a large bowl, whisk together yeast and tepid water. Let it stand until the yeast begins to bubble, about 5 minutes.
- Add the olive oil, salt, garlic and herbs and whisk together. With a wooden spoon, stir in 3 cups of the flour until the dough comes together into a shaggy mass. Dump the dough onto a floured counter and knead until dough is smooth and elastic, about 10 - 15 minutes, adding a little additional flour as needed to keep the dough from sticking.
- Place dough into a large oiled bowl, turn the dough to get oil onto all sides. Cover with plastic wrap and allow to rise in a warm place until doubled in size, about 2 hours. If you have a proofing setting on your oven, it’s perfect for this.
- Preheat oven to 375
- Punch the dough down and then divide into 12 equal portions. Shape into smooth ovals and place on a large, oiled baking sheet. Cover with plastic wrap and allow to rise again in a warm place for another two hours, or overnight in the refrigerator.
- After rising is complete, allow the buns to come to room temperature. Using a sharp pair of scissors, snip two pointed ears and a tiny tail. Tug a bit on the ears to keep them from sticking to the body and use a skewer to poke two holes as eyes.
- Paint the buns with olive oil and sprinkle with reserved rosemary and flaked salt. Bake for approximately 25-30 minutes, until buns are golden brown and sound hollow when you tap them. | https://seasonsinvermont.com/rosemary-focaccia-bun-buns/ |
The ground can be found in the direction of the floor drain, cement mortar or bean concrete, but the surface should be flat. The slope near the door is small, and the slope near the floor drain is large, and it is mastered according to the specific situation. The ground is not flat, it may be unevenly applied when applying waterproof coating, or the ground may be cracked easily due to unevenness. Even if it is coated with waterproof paint, it will crack along the ground.
2. The root of the pipeline is strengthened and waterproof.
The pipeline penetrates the root of the slab to enhance waterproofing. The tube root building sealant is tightly sealed. After the cement is smoothed and the foot is protected, the waterproof layer of the glass cloth is reinforced with 1~2 layers of the glass cloth reinforcement layer. The same measures are near the floor drain.
3, bathroom waterproof wall treatment
The wall surface is clean and flat, no floating ash, small particles, and the surface of the wall and ground is wiped with a small original angle or a slope angle. When brushing the waterproof coating, stick the reinforced layer of glass cloth to 1~2 layers.
4, polyurethane waterproof coating thickness
The total thickness of the polyurethane waterproof coating film is required to be 1.5 mm or more, which cannot be determined by the number of passes. The root of the tube and the corner reinforcement layer are brushed first. After drying at room temperature for 4 hours, a large area is painted and scraped. There must be no scratching or bubbling. After a large area of painting for 24 hours, the next layer is applied.
5, bathroom waterproof brush
After painting the façade, apply the plane and the direction of the next brush is perpendicular to the previous one. When the film is semi-cured for the last time, the coarse sand is thrown to facilitate the later bonding with the cement mortar.
6, bathroom waterproof floor painting requirements
The ground waterproof layer should be painted 30cm away from the bathroom door, the waterproof floor waterproof layer should be 20cm above the ground, and the bathroom wall waterproof layer with shower should be 180cm above the ground. | http://m.lwconchem.com/news/bathroom-waterproofing-practices-15671900.html |
Suffolk superstar Ed Sheeran has donated one of his original Jackson Pollock-style paintings for a local charity raffle.
The Framlingham singer-songwriter has donated the abstract work, called Splash Planet, to help the Cancer Campaign in Suffolk (CCiS).
His Pollock-inspired work is one of many that he painted following his record-breaking Divide world tour, with his painting "Dab 2" painted at the same time making £40,000 under the hammer at his legacy auction.
Unlike that painting however, "Splash Planet" will be available for the price of a raffle ticket.
The 29-year-old said: "The painting is one of mine, one of the big splashy ones that you saw in the Afterglow cover.
"The way that you enter it is it's going to be a raffle, it's not going to be going for some astronomical price, you pay a small amount, enter a raffle, we pick a winner at random and then one lucky winner gets the painting.
"I hope you enter, it goes to a really fantastic cause and it's going to help a lot of people, so thank you very much and lots of love."
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Following the Divide tour – which ended with homecoming shows at Ipswich's Chantry Park – Sheeran painted every day for 30 days using house paint, flicked onto the canvas in an abstract style.
Karen Hare, chief executive of CCiS, said staff and volunteers are "so excited" to have been supported by the Shape of You singer.
Ms Hare said: "We are a small local charity and are so excited and grateful to Ed for showing his support for our work in making this terrific gift to CCiS.
"Every pound raised helps hugely and will enable us to continue all our projects, give us some security and the opportunity to meet the future needs of those living with cancer."
Entry to the raffle will begin 10am Friday, February 12, and close on March 12, when the winner will be selected at random.
Tickets for the raffle are priced at £20 and are available from the CCiS website now. | https://www.ipswichstar.co.uk/news/ed-sheeran-ccis-painting-charity-raffle-7320712 |
This super easy crockpot meal is full of flavor and comes together fast!
Course
Main Course
Cuisine
Mexican
Keyword
Freezer to Crockpot Chicken Fajitas
Prep Time
10
minutes
Cook Time
6
hours
Total Time
6
hours
10
minutes
Servings
8
people
Ingredients
3-4
lbs
skinless
boneless chicken thighs
1 16
oz.
jar salsa verde
1 4
oz
can green chiles
2
packets chicken fajita seasoning
1/4
cup
lime juice
2
sweet onions
3
green peppers
Following items for cooking day only:
flour tortillas
sour cream
salsa
shredded lettuce
shredded cheese
avocado
Instructions
Chop onion and set aside.
Slice green peppers into strips;set aside.
Cut chicken into strips; set aside.
Mix together salsa verde, lime juice, green chiles, and fajita seasonings.
Divide chicken into 2 gallon size freezer bags (be sure to label bags first.) Divide salsa mixture over top of chicken
Divide onions & green peppers and add to each bag.
Thaw if frozen; cook in crockpot on low for 4-6 hours or high for 2-3 hours, until chicken is cooked.
Serve with tortillas, sour cream, salsa, lettuce, & avocado. | https://www.livingwellspendingless.com/wprm_print/recipe/50616 |
A report direct from the driving team! The Baja made it all the way, with time to spare! Here is the day-by-day report: Day 1 (24/6 departed 02:00 arrival 16:51 o'clock) Started our journey from Tomstundahusid in Reykjavik to Hofn in Hornafjorður. Covered 441,41km. Took 8:55,13 of driving time, 5:55,03 stopping and pit time, total time of 14:50,16 for day 1. The first 200 km took 4:01 hours. Day 2 (25/6 departed 04:27 arrival 21:56) Hofn in Hornafjord to Akureyri. Trip of 516,20km. Driving time 10:16,53 and stopping time 7:42,17. Total of 17:59,10 hours. Drove over 200km of dirt and repair roads, used the original Baja off-road tires for that section. Forgot to change the receiver battery for 5 1/2 hours (due to long dirt roads which needed a lot of attension), it was the only time in the journey that the fail safe kicked in (just after we crossed a bridge). Day 3 (26/6 departed 6:49 arrival 19:30) Akureyri to Reykjavik (Tomstundahusid) Distance 425,43km. Driving time 8:00,19 and stopping time 5:41,10. Total of 13:41,29 hours for day 3. Total driving time for the trip was 27:12:25 hours and stopping time was 19:18:30 (that does not include 10 hours sleeping time for the whole trip). | http://www.hpiracing.com/en/article/view/2007062801 |
Painting vertical stripes can be a confusing, frustrating project if you don't know what you are doing.
But the following DIY instructions will show you how to measure, tape and paint them the right way.
NOTE: This tutorial is for painting basic vertical, 2-color repeat, equal width, 6 inch stripes, but you can easily adjust the instructions for a wider or thinner size (simply change the number "6" to what you want in the calculations below).
Before you begin, see "Tips for Painting Stripes on a Wall" for some neat professional painting tricks and secrets.
1) Mask off the ceiling and baseboards, trim around doors and windows, and other surfaces not to be painted.
Frog tape is best for painting stripes and masking (it creates sharp, clean lines) but you can also use regular blue painters' tape if you press and run the back of a plastic spoon over its edges to seal them better.
Also, cover the floors and any furniture that can't be moved out of the room with some tarps, drop cloths or plastic sheets.
2) Apply the basecoat using the big roller (you may need to do a second coat once the first one is dry to the touch) and let it dry for at least 24 hours - you don't want the tape to strip off the fresh paint finish.
Remember that the paint color you use as the base color will be one of the stripe colors - for example, if you're painting yellow stripes over a white base coat, you'll end up with yellow-and-white striped walls.
3) Determine the width of your stripes, and measure the pattern's repeat. For example, if each paint stripe will be 6 inches, the repeat will be 12 inches.
4) Measure the perimeter of the room in inches (measure the width of each wall in inches, and add them up) and divide it by the width of the repeat. You need a whole number.
For example, if the room's perimeter is 432" (an 8'x10' room) and the width of the pattern's repeat is 12" (2 alternating 6" stripes), we will divide 432 by 12, and get 36.
If your number looks something like 36.17, tweak the width of the stripes until the number is as close to whole as possible (otherwise your last stripe will be a different size than the rest).
5) Mark the walls to lay out the stripes (start in the least-seen corner and move clockwise, from left to right). Using a ruler/measuring tape, mark 6" intervals around the very top of the room, under the ceiling.
Then pin a plumb line to each mark, and once the weight at the end has stopped swinging, pencil lightly along this line every foot all the way down, until you reach the baseboard. Repeat for each mark.
And when working around windows and doors, ignore them exactly as if you were hanging wallpaper.
6) Tape off the stripes - press the tape firmly down along the pencil marks on the outside edge of each stripe that is getting painted.
When you are finished taping, you will have the illusion of two different widths of stripes - this means you've done it right.
The wider stripe is the one you need to paint (not to get confused, you may want to put "X" marks on the working stripes using a piece of chalk - just make sure to rub it off just before painting; never use ink, and even pencil may show through).
7) Paint the stripes using the smaller roller in the second color.
Usually you will want to first cut in along the ceiling and baseboard with a brush (unless you used a really wide tape to mask those surfaces - then you can get in the corners with the mini roller without the risk of getting paint everywhere).
Apply a second coat (if needed) after the first one is dry to the touch.
8) Remove the tape after the finish is dry, and touch up any paint that has seeped under using a small artist's brush or a Q-tip.
Minor spots can be simply rubbed off with a dampened paper towel wrapped around your fingernail (fresh latex paint is easy to remove).
And enjoy the beautiful results of your efforts!
As you can see, when painting vertical stripes, most of the time is spent on measuring, marking and taping, while the actual painting is accomplished quickly - but the results always justify the careful preparation, so don't skip any steps. | http://www.housepaintingtutorials.com/painting-vertical-stripes.html |
METATRON Hunter 4025 system
The researches of the Institute have created an analogue-free investigation system, which allows tracing any conditions in the body through changes in the wave characteristics of tissues of the body. Non-linear analysis systems (NLS) are the most advanced information technologies available in this century and can be considered the most remarkable and advantageous accomplishment of modern natural science. The diagnosis equipment is based on the spectral analysis of the vortex magnetic field of any biological object. It is quite unique and unparalleled in the world today.
The hardware-software system “METATRON Hunter 4025 ” developed at the Institute of Practical Psychophysics enables a production of a preset bioelectrical activity of brain neurons, with this activity as a background it becomes possible to selectively amplify signals hardly detectable against the statistical fluctuations, and then isolate and decode the information they contain.
In a way “METATRON hunter” system takes bearings of this radiation just where it originates in order to then decode and display it on the computer screen where a virtual model of the organ is produced in specific colors.
Computer models also give physicians a three dimension projection of internal organs. Colored marks placed upon the picture make it easier for the doctor to determine the site of pathological process. It is possible to judge the process of disintegration of these biological structures, and to make prognosis, by comparing the range of colors of the marks and their arrangement on the computer model of the organ, using the dynamics of their change over a period of time.
In order to define pathology in an area it is necessary to investigate deeper levels of the organ produced on the screen by the computer until the pathology nidus is localized. | http://www.3dnlsplus.com/news/nls-knowledge/METATRON_Hunter_4025_system.html |
After squeezing and baking beetle wings, or soaking them in mud to let them decay, scientists think they're closer to being able to reconstruct the original brilliant hues of some fossilized insects.
Some insects keep their colors after they become fossils, in some cases for millions of years. But others turn varying shades of brown and black. Scientists interested in the evolution of insect colors – and their role in things like camouflage, mating, and defense – want to better understand how colors change after fossilization.
What really turns a beetle brown, it turns out, is warm temperatures, a team of scientists reported Feb. 20 in Geology. "Temperature is the key to destroying the colors of fossils," said paleontologist Maria McNamara, a study coauthor at the University of Bristol. McNamara and her colleagues based their conclusion on a battery of tests known as maturation experiments, during which scientists watched what happened when they subjected beetle bits to a variety of conditions that mimic those a dead insect might encounter after many millennia buried under dirt and debris.
"This opens potential pathways for recovering the color signature from specimens which have since lost their coloration," said paleoentomologist Michael Engel of the University of Kansas. "In time we may be able to look upon a drawer of fossils rendered black by preservation, but which we know were once colored, and reconstruct their lost hues and patterns."
McNamara has been studying fossil insect colors for years. After identifying some trends in how fossil colors change, she decided to test some of the conditions that could produce color changes after a bug gets buried. To do this, McNamara and her colleagues took advantage of a Yale University lab equipped to do maturation experiments, a facility normally used by geochemists. Here, the high temperatures and pressures that can affect buried sediments are produced by autoclaves, instruments that heat- and pressure- sterilize lab equipment.
Except McNamara removed the forewings from jewel beetles and weevils and put them in the autoclave.
The shiny colors of the beetles' outer cuticles come from microscopic structures. Some beetles, like the green jewel beetle (above left), get their shimmer from multiple layers of reflective compounds. Others, like the weevil (above right), derive their colors from tiny 3-D biophotonic crystals. These crystals, McNamara says, are among the most complex structures known – so complicated that scientists haven’t figured out how to replicate them artificially. Determining when the crystals showed up in the fossil record is a different question, since most fossils show no evidence for the structure.
The jewel beetle’s shiny covering fared well when subjected only to high pressure conditions, McNamara found. But turning up the heat as well as pressure produced a predictable color change, from green, to cyan, to blue, to indigo. And then, brown or black.
“Cook anything long enough and it'll all end up black,” McNamara said.
The weevil's outer layer responded similarly. Placing both types of insect cuticles in dirt and water for 18 months produced no color change, leading the team to conclude that post-burial temperatures are the most important factor in color change. High temperatures alter color-producing structures, shrinking layers and changing chemical compositions, which causes the tissue to bend light differently. "The color they produce is really dependent on how much the structure bends light," McNamara said.
In support of her conclusion, McNamara points to fossils unearthed from various sites – buried at different depths and under different conditions – whose colors conform to the hypothesis.
Not everyone is convinced, though. Some scientists suggest McNamara is generalizing too much, and that color changes vary on a case-by-case basis, depending in part on species and precise post-burial conditions.
McNamara is working on resolving how these factors can influence a fossil's color, and is planning on testing additional species and tissues. For now, she points to a tantalizing piece of evidence that emerged from her studies: Some of the black fossils she studied retain their original color-producing structures, which means that – with more information – scientists could eventually backtrack from those structures and determine what colors may have adorned paleo-insects. | https://www.wired.com/2013/02/fossil-insect-colors/ |
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
http://hdl.handle.net/10397/84885
|Title:||A study of auxetic plied yarns and their resultant auxetic fabrics||Authors:||Ng, Wing Sum||Degree:||M.Phil.||Issue Date:||2018||Abstract:||Poisson's ratio in tensile deformation is one of the fundamental properties of textile materials. Over the past few decades, science and technology have been crossed to alter the positive Poisson's ratio behavior in conventional materials. Innovative auxetic textiles have been developed utilizing the auxetic behavior to create unique mechanical properties for various kinds of specific applications. Recently, auxetic plied yarn structure has been proposed and fabricated. Arranging two groups of yarns with different thickness and stretching properties in a specific configuration, different types of auxetic plied yarn structure can be developed to exhibit negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) behavior. This is a very interesting field of research but remains largely unexplored. Therefore, this project is conducted with the aim to study this novel kind of auxetic plied yarn structure and their resultant auxetic fabrics. A range of 4-ply auxetic yarn samples that vary in material properties and geometry were fabricated and subjected to tensile test to evaluate the effects of different design parameters on the tensile properties and auxetic behavior of the 4-ply auxetic yarn structure. Additional double helix yarn and 6-ply auxetic yarn samples were made for a comparative purpose to investigate the effect of helical structure under monotonic and cyclic tensile loading. The study shows that under proper diameter ratio, 4-ply auxetic yarns exhibit a NPR during extension, and the magnitude is greater with a smaller soft yarn diameter, a larger stiff yarn diameter, a higher tensile modulus of stiff yarn and a lower twist level. By comparing the auxetic behavior of the three helical auxetic yarns (HAYs), the results reveal that 4-ply auxetic yarns have the advantages to produce immediate auxetic effect upon stretching. Under cyclic loading, three HAYs demonstrate a similar elastic recovery behavior regardless of their helical structures and extension levels.
|
Apart from the tensile test, changes in the internal structure of auxetic plied yarns upon stretching were investigated through microscopic examination. The study shows that auxetic behaviors inside the 4-ply and 6-ply structures are generated by the interplay between the soft yarns and the stiff yarns. Stiff yarns with higher tensile modulus clearly demonstrate a higher migration intensity inside the 4-ply auxetic yarn structure. Finally, 4-ply auxetic yarns were further incorporated into a series of woven fabric to evaluate the effect of auxetic plied yarn arrangement, weft type, 4-ply auxetic yarn properties and weave structure on the auxetic behavior and percent open area of the resultant fabrics. Additional DHY and 6-ply auxetic yarn fabric samples were made to compare with the fabric sample made of 4-ply auxetic yarn. The results show that different kinds of auxetic plied yarn arrangement produce similar auxetic effect, while higher stiff yarn modulus results in a higher auxetic behavior but finer soft yarn does not necessarily generate a higher NPR. Weft yarns with low modulus and short float are favorable to produce high auxetic effect. On the other hand, weft cover factor has a great influence on the percent open area of the auxetic fabrics made of 4-ply auxetic yarns. Open pore properties of the fabric samples made of various HAYs are vastly different. However, such differences are not correlated to their auxetic performances.
|Subjects:||Hong Kong Polytechnic University -- Dissertations
|
Textile fabrics
Textile fabrics -- Mechanical properties
|Pages:||xiv, 144 pages : color illustrations|
|Appears in Collections:||Thesis|
Access
View full-text via https://theses.lib.polyu.edu.hk/handle/200/9415
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Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated. | https://ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk//handle/10397/84885 |
The aim of the study was to determine the rheological properties of solutions of two types of sodium alginate in water. Rheological studies were carried out to determine the rheological properties of the spinning solutions. Polymer solutions of different concentrations were obtained. Based on the preliminary research of the concentrations of solutions, the proper n and k parameters were selected in order to obtain fibre by wet spinning from solution method. For selected concentrations of polymer solutions, the calcium alginate fibres were obtained.
Abstract
The results of studies assessing the influence of the addition of carbon nanofillers, such as multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and graphene oxide (GO) that differ in size and structure, on the molecular and supramolecular structure and properties of alginate fibers that might be prospective precursors for carbon fiber (PCF) industry are presented in this article. The investigation was carried out by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), and tension testing. In the frame of the current study, two types of alginate fibers were examined and compared: alginic acid and calcium alginate fibers. Alginic acid fibers were formed by chemical treatment of calcium alginate fibers with hydrochloric acid due to the fact that Ca2+ ions presented in the fibers were expected to adversely affect the prospective carbonization process. This investigation brought important conclusions about the influence of nanofillers on the physical properties of the final material. Understanding the link between the incorporation of carbon nanostructures and a possible influence on the formation of ordered carbon structures in the precursor fibers brings an important opportunity to get insights into the application of alginate fibers as a prospective base material for obtaining cost-efficient carbon fibers.
Abstract
The paper presents the results of research into glycolide/L-lactide copolymer (PGLA) fiber formation by wet spinning from solution. The selected process conditions led to fibers with a specific tensile strength of more than 35 cN/tex. Furthermore, ceramic nanoadditives such as hydroxyapatite (HAp) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) were used to obtain fibers with osteoconductive properties. It was found that the ceramic nanoadditives reduced the specific strength of fibers (to 24 cN/tex for β-TCP and to 27 cN/tex for HAp). The paper also presents wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) evaluation of the supramolecular structure of the fibers as well as their porosity parameters and microscopic structure. The obtained fibers were woven into a textile fabric with potential applications in biomedical engineering. | https://content.sciendo.com/search?f_0=author&q_0=Grzegorz+Szparaga |
A04. Theories and Modeling
To understand the hierarchical structures and dynamics of soft matter, it is important to establish a linkage between different models on different length and time scales. The A04 team, in cooperation with the other 3 teams, provides suitable theories and models for the phenomena on the individual scales as well as constructs unified multi-scale models that range from the microscopic to macroscopic scales.
Research Projects
- Kawakatsu group
- Dynamical Theories on Inhomogeneous Polymer Systems Raging from the Microscopic to Macroscopic Scales
-
-
[ Leader ] [ Collaborator ] [ Collaborator ] Toshihiro Kawakatsu
Tohoku University
Tetsuo Deguchi
Ochanomizu University
Katsuhiko Satoh
Tohoku University
- research subject
- In dense polymeric systems, the important factors that determine the macroscopic flow properties are not only the microscopic chain dynamics (e.g. the stretching and entanglements of the chains, formation of the networks) but also the inhomogeneity in the mesoscopic scales such as the interfaces in the phase separated systems or the surfaces of dispersed particles. In order to understand these complex multi-scale phenomena in polymeric systems, it is important to combine several models and theories on different length and time scales. In our research group, we will develop the density functional theories (e.g. self-consistent field theory and the Ginzburg-Landau theory) to predict the structure and dynamics of the mesoscopic inhomogeneity of the polymeric system based on the microscopic information on the chain architecture. For this purpose, we will combine these density functional theories with microscopic models of the molecular dynamics of the constituent polymer chains or with the models of liquid-crystalline polymers. As practical applications of these theories, we study viscoelastic properties of dense polymeric systems. We also discuss, in cooperation with the experimental groups, structural phase transitions of mesophases of polymers, dynamics of reactive polymers, gelation of liquid-crystalline polymers and so on.
- Doi group
- Rheology of Microfluidics in Polymer Solutions
-
-
[ Leader ] [ Member ] [ Collaborator ] Masao Doi
University of Tokyo
Tohru Okuzono
Nagoya City University
Tetsuo Yamaguchi
University of Tokyo
- research subject
- Flows, adhesion, and drying of polymer solutions on solid substrates are phenomena of great importance in a wide variety of industrial applications, such as coating, printing, manufacturing of electronic devices, etc. However, there is no fundamental research on these interfacial phenomena that involve many physical processes which affect each other, such as solvent evaporation, wetting, network formation (gelation) and deformation, and void formation due to negative pressure. The aim of this research is to construct theoretical models, in various scales, of the governing processes (e.g. motion of contact lines, formation of gel phase, formation of voids, etc) in the flow dynamics of polymer solutions in micro-scale regions. Based on these models, we build a multi-scale simulator which is useful for real applications. Moreover, we carry out experiments with other research group's members to verify our theory and numerical simulations.
- Onuki group
- Studies on Charge-Polarization-Induced New Phases and Shear-Induced Non-Equilibrium Phenomena in Soft Matter
-
-
[ Leader ] [ Member ] [ Member ] [ Member ] Akira Onuki
Kyoto University
Makoto Yao
Kyoto University
Hideki Seto
Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization
Ryoichi Yamamoto
Kyoto University
[ Member ] [ Collaborator ] Toshiji Kanaya
Kyoto University
Takeaki Araki
Kyoto University
- Takimoto group
- Dynamics and Rheology of Chain-Like Structures and Network Structures in Soft Matter
-
-
[ Leader ] [ Member ] [ Member ] Jun-ichi Takimoto
Yamagata University
Tomonori Koda
Yamagata University
Takashi Taniguchi
Kyoto University
- research subject
- In many soft matters of interests, it is common that various kinds of string or network like structures exist and their deformation and dynamics govern the rheology of the matter. The string-like structure may be either permanent (such as polymer chains) or temporary (various string-like aggregates). The network structure may also permanent (chemical gels) or temporary (entanglements among polymer chains, physical gels, etc.). Our aim is to understand, by theory and simulations in meso-scale level, the deformation, breakage and re-formation of these structures under strain and flow, and predict the rheology of the soft matters. We are currently focusing mainly on entangled polymers, disk-like liquid crystals and associating liquid crystals.
Public Participation Research (2009-2010)
- Miyazaki group
- Glass Transition and the Nonlinear Rheology of Colloidal Systems
-
-
[ Leader ] Kunimasa Miyazaki
University of Tsukuba
- research subject
- Our project aims at unveiling mysteries of the glass transition through the studies on various soft condensed matters. Especially we focus on suspensions of spherical colloids and investigate their slow dynamics and anomalous nonlinear rheology that are the hallmarks of the glassy systems. Specific topics are (1) understand the microscopic origin of the fragility, or the non-Arrhenius relaxation near the glass transition point and (2) to unravel the mechanical/dynamical properties of the jamming transition (a glass transition at zero-temperature) and its relation to the transition at finite temperatures.
- Sumi group
- Development of a Liquid State Approach for Multiscale Analysis of Soft Matter and its Applications
-
-
[ Leader ] Tomonari Sumi
Toyohashi University of Technology
- research subject
- In this study, we develop a liquid state approach for soft matters and apply it to both the soft matters and biological systems. For the purpose, we solve theoretical and technical problems in the liquid state approach for both concentrated polymer solutions and block copolymer solutions, and aim to construct a multiscale method for analyzing the relation between the mesoscopic structures and the intra- and inter-molecular structures in the soft matters.
- Koga group
- Theory of First-order and Continuous Wetting Transitions at Soft Interfaces
-
-
[ Leader ] Kenichiro Koga
Okayama University
- research subject
- In a system of three fluid phases in equilibrium, one phase may intrudes at ("wet") the interface of the other two or the three phases meet at a line of common contact. With varying thermodynamic state there may be a transition between these two modes of three-phase equilibrium, which is a wetting transition. The wetting transition may be first-order or continuous, depending on the chemical compositions and the thermodynamic states. A goal of this research project is to understand what makes the wetting transition discontinuous or continuous. We examine mean-field density functional models of first-order and continuous wetting transitions and then study a hybrid model that may exhibit the two kinds of transitions. | http://softmatter.jp/en/member_a04_e.htm |
Keywords: Granular Solids, Granular Systems, Static Sand Piles, Granular Compaction.
Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology
Volume 30 , Issue 3
Abdul Qadir,Zubair Ahmed Memon,Feroz Shah
Abstract
Granular materials are found every where despite they are poorly understood at microscopic level. The main hindrance is how to connect the microscopic properties with the macroscopic behavior and propose a rigorous unified theory. One method is to test the existing theoretical models in various configurations. In this connection we have performed experiments in different configurations of granules in a silo to determine the validity of the Janssen model under such arrangements. Two and four layered structures of different bead diameters are prepared. The effective mass at the bottom of the container in such cases have been measured. Moreover, the investigation of layered structures reveals that such configurations also follow well the Janssen model. An interesting percolation phenomenon was observed when smaller beads were stacked on larger ones, despite the model remained valid. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that Janssen law holds for larger bead diameters. | http://publications.muet.edu.pk/article_detail_abstract.php?p_id=127 |
Today’s Video of the Day from the National Science Foundation describes a study led by UC Berkeley and the Marine Biological Laboratory. The researchers found that Buckeye butterflies and other Junonia species can produce a rainbow of colors by changing the thickness of the bottom layer of the wing scale.
The experts explained that structural color is created by microscopic structures which interact with light to project certain colors and inhibit others.
On the other hand, pigmentary coloration is created by the absorption of specific wavelengths of light. This type of coloration typically produces yellow, orange, and brown.
“It was a surprise to find that the lamina, a thin sheet that looks very simple and plain, is the most important source of structural color in so many butterfly wing scales,” explained study first author Rachel Thayer. | https://www.earth.com/video/how-buckeye-butterflies-produce-wing-color/ |
reversibility range, while faradaic processes of hydrogen chemisorption and its ...
Electrochemical behavior of electrodes on the basis of CH900-20 activated carbon (AC) cloth has been studied in concentrated sulfuric acid solution. Cyclic voltammetric curves have been studied in the reversibility range (from 0.1 to 0.9 V RHE) and in the deep cathodic charging potential range (from –0.8 to 1 V RHE). It has been shown that electric double layer (EDL) charging occurs in the reversibility range, while faradaic processes of hydrogen intercalation into AC carbon take place in the range of negative potentials (←0.1 V). The intercalation process is governed by slow solid-phase hydrogen diffusion. The specific charge value grows at an increase in concentrated sulfuric acid solution. The mechanism of double intercalation of sulfuric acid and hydrogen into the AC material is suggested. On the basis of the reached specific discharge capacitance of 1,560 C/g (or 1,110 F/g) and Faraday's law, it has been concluded that the compound of C6H is formed in the limiting case of deepest cathodic charging. The obtained data have been used in a mathematical charge–discharge model for an AC electrode taking into account the EDL charging and the hydrogen intercalation. The galvanostatic recharge curves have been calculated in the diapason of currents by the developed model.
Investigated the effect of annealing on the optical properties of metallic films obtained by setting the plasma-focus "PF-4" on glass substrates. The transmission spectra of these films before and after annealing in air at about 900 K for about 10 minutes. Shows the effect of carbon on the optical properties and electrical conductivity of the films.
Formation of carbon nanoparticles is an important type of complex non-equilibrium processes that require precise atomistic theoretical understanding. In this work, we consider the process of ultrafast cooling of pure carbon gas that results in nucleation of an onion-like fullerene. The model is based on molecular dynamics simulation with the interaction between carbon atoms described via a reactive ReaxFF model. We study the consecutive stages of fullerene-like nanoparticle formation and identify the corresponding temperature ranges. Analysis of hybridization and graphitization reveals the underlying microscopic mechanisms connected with rearrangements of dihedral angles and density changes.
The method of Rutherford backscattering of He + ions 2 MeV studied profiles of C, Cu and W in the films deposited on the PF-4 LPI. The films were deposited on glass substrates in gases Ar, D2. It is found that the profiles of the elements is significantly dependent on the kinetic energy of the particles and their sizes. At particle velocities ~ 100 km / s, the particles penetrate to a depth of ~ 500 nm. Profiles are inhomogeneous in nature. For each impurity, there are certain depth beneath the surface layers of the glass. A special feature is the location of the films produced impurity layers below the surface of the glass substrate and overlapping. This arrangement sputtered layers is significantly different from the traditionally used methods of film deposition.
The dynamics of a two-component Davydov-Scott (DS) soliton with a small mismatch of the initial location or velocity of the high-frequency (HF) component was investigated within the framework of the Zakharov-type system of two coupled equations for the HF and low-frequency (LF) fields. In this system, the HF field is described by the linear Schrödinger equation with the potential generated by the LF component varying in time and space. The LF component in this system is described by the Korteweg-de Vries equation with a term of quadratic influence of the HF field on the LF field. The frequency of the DS soliton`s component oscillation was found analytically using the balance equation. The perturbed DS soliton was shown to be stable. The analytical results were confirmed by numerical simulations.
Radiation conditions are described for various space regions, radiation-induced effects in spacecraft materials and equipment components are considered and information on theoretical, computational, and experimental methods for studying radiation effects are presented. The peculiarities of radiation effects on nanostructures and some problems related to modeling and radiation testing of such structures are considered. | https://publications.hse.ru/en/articles/144225704 |
The atomic positions of a narrow bridge in nanoporous gold. The colors indicate the coordination numbers (red: five or six; blue: seven; pink: eight; yellow: nine to eleven). The inset shows the same structure from a different perspective.
By mapping the three-dimensional arrangement of gold atoms in gold structures containing nanoscale pores, researchers at AIMR have shown that surface defects play an important role in their catalytic ability1.
Gold nanostructures are widely used to accelerate oxidation reactions. For example, they can catalyze the oxidation of toxic carbon monoxide to benign carbon dioxide. But just how they speed up these reactions has been vigorously debated for many years.
One complicating factor is that gold nanoparticles are often supported on oxide surfaces, which makes it difficult to determine the degree to which substrate effects contribute to catalysis. Ideal systems for studying gold’s intrinsic catalysis are gold structures riddled with tiny pores ― nanoporous gold ― because, unlike nanoparticles, they do not need to be attached to a substrate.
Now, Mingwei Chen and Pan Liu of the AIMR at Tohoku University and co-workers have combined a state-of-the-art electron microscopy technique with tomography to visualize in three dimensions the atomic arrangements of narrow bridges in nanoporous gold (see image). They then compared these three-dimensional maps with measurements of catalysis.
In addition to showing the positions of atoms, the images also reveal their degree of coordination to surrounding atoms. Atoms far from a surface are completely surrounded by atoms and hence have high coordination numbers, whereas those near or on a surface have lower ones. The researchers found qualitative agreement between the electron microscopy characterization and catalytic measurements at active atomic sites and low-coordinated surface atoms. This implies that defects on the surface play a major role in the catalysis of nanoporous gold.
In the future, the team intends to improve the catalytic performance of gold catalysts by fabricating and measuring the catalytic properties of nanoporous gold particles with larger surface areas and more under-coordinated atoms. | https://www.wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp/en/aimresearch/highlight/2016/20160530_000911.html |
Rapidprototypedshoe by Marloes ten Bhömer
Dutch shoe designer Marloes ten Bhömer has created a pair of 3D-printed shoes that can be individually made to fit perfectly.
Currently on show at the Design Museum Holon in Israel, the Rapidprototypedshoe is modelled on a computer and produced using a 3D printer that layers two different materials in microscopic structures.
Certain parts of the shoe can be removed and replaced when they wear out.
The object is on show as part of an exhibition called Mechanical Couture - Fashioning a New Order, which explores the role machines and technology can play in redefining fashion and is on show at the museum until January 2011.
Here's some more information from ten Bhömer:
Rapidprototypedshoe / 2010
Rapidprototypedshoe is built using an additive manufacturing technology in which successive layers of a photopolymer material is UV cured. Rapidprototypedshoe is built in one go, but consist of two different materials.
The concept of the shoe is based on the idea of the absence of assembly work in Rapid Manufacturing, however the shoe is designed in such a way, that it can be dismantled for the purpose of replacing parts. The different material properties within the shoe are created by constructing/layering the material in microscopic structures from two different materials. A myriad of different material properties can be created using this method.
Mechanical Couture; Fashioning a New Order, 14 October 2010 – 8 January 2011, Design Museum Holon, Israel
Curators: Curatorsquared; Ginger Gregg Duggan and Judith Hoos Fox
Other exhibitors; Dai Fujiwara, Shelley Fox, Ying Gao and Simon Thorogood
See also:
. | https://www.dezeen.com/2010/12/13/rapidprototypedshoe-by-marloes-ten-bhomer/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed:+dezeen+(Dezeenfeed)&utm_content=Google+Reader |
The onset of COVID-19 pandemic across the European economies resulted in the crippling of various business including the globally humongous construction and automotive industries. Ironically though, the pandemic hasn’t been able to impact the burgeoning dynamics of the e-learning industry across the continent. In fact, coronavirus pandemic offered a significant boost to the overall e-learning market in Europe, as education institutions and corporate offices switched to online modes of connection, adopting digital learning techniques to ensure smooth business operations while also looking forward to abiding by the social distancing norms.
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Graphical research., predicts that the Europe e-learning market is poised to record a valuation of USD 130 billion by the end of 2026, on the grounds of below mentioned trends:
Government intervention to augment use of e-learning platforms during pandemic times
While countries across the Europe, including Italy, were facing the wrath of COVID-19 infection, paralyzing several businesses and witnessing nationwide lockdown, various state and central governments came up with an idea of shifting corporates and educational institutions on digital platforms. Adding to this, these governments have begun undertaking required measures to proliferate the use of e-learning platforms so that education and corporate sectors observe constant and smooth functioning.
For instance, the Italian government had in early 2020 designed a website to support schools activate vivid forms of online learning during the lockdown period enforced due to pandemic scare. The links of several sections of the page enable users to reach and use the tools and platforms made feasible to educational institutions free of charge, enabled by particular protocols signed by the Ministry of Education.
In line with this, European Union had also generated funds to develop European Data Portal for facilitating e-learning program to provide clear introduction to open data, offer supporting materials, and deliver training on its basics. Such initiatives are likely to offer a positive growth trajectory to the overall e-learning market across Europe.
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Technological breakthrough in e-learning
Europe has been undergoing tremendous technological and digital transformations in the field of e-learning over the past few years. Reports suggest that a strong technology landscape across the region is expected to contribute massively to the regional e-learning market.
The government of Germany has constructed a framework for action with the 5G strategy that was launched in 2017, with the motive of bolstering network expansion and advancement of 5G applications in the country.
Needless to mention that strong connectivity and robust telecom infrastructure across various economies will potentially augment the deployment of e-learning technologies in the region over the forthcoming years.
Increasing penetration of mobile e-learning
Europe boasts of a huge network of mobile phone users, which accounts for the expanding e-learning market scenario across the region. As per various credible sources, smartphone ownership rates are near to six in ten in different developed economies such as Poland, Russia, and Greece. This has enabled the mobile e-learning market to gain massive momentum in the near future. In addition to this, rising penetration of robust internet connectivity in conjugation with escalating smartphone adoption would positively influence the overall market growth.
Amplified picture of e-learning adoption across corporate sector
Across the overall Europe e-learning market, strategically driven by a huge application spectrum, the corporate sector is poised to accrue tremendous gains in the years to come, perhaps due to the incorporation of latest technologies to gain maximum productivity and profitability. Employers have been laying immense focus on adopting training techniques that enable them to reduce the training time during work hours while delivering them required work flexibility.
Apparently, these factors are driving the demand for mobile learning solutions which offers the employees an access to videos on the go. | https://www.fractovia.org/news/4-top-trends-stimulating-europe-e-learning-market-outlook-over-2020-2026/26076 |
About the project
The Irel project encompasses three cases of digital transformation that show different implications for work patterns and industrial relations:
“Irel- Smarter Industrial Relations to Address New Technological Challenges in the World of Work” (March 2019 to February 2021), Co-funded by the European Commission, DG EMPL, under the Budget Heading 04.03.01.08 Improving Expertise in the Field of Industrial Relations.
It pursues three main goals: to analize the way in which industrial relations players and practices are coping with the problems that arise from the transformation of employment patterns prompted by technological innovation; to promote transnational dialogue, exchange of information and benchmarking of best practices; to put forward policy proposals aimed at providing innovative and effective solutions to the problems of collective representation and regulation of employment relations in digitized workplaces.
The “digital transformation” of production processes poses landmark challenges for the organization of the workplace and the related employment patterns. Such challenges call into question the regulatory role of industrial relations and the capacity of social partners to promote fair working conditions along with a smooth adjustment of companies to the new determinants of competitiveness.
Industry 4.0 represents a world in which virtual and physical systems of manufacturing cooperate globally with each other in a flexible way, to offer highly customized products and services, and this has a profound impact on employment relations.
Platform work is a form of employment that uses online platforms to match the supply and demand for labour. The types of work offered through platforms are ever-increasing, giving rise to significant challenges for existing regulatory frameworks.
Smart work is a new model of working adopting information technology to allow work to take place “anytime, anywhere” and to balance personal needs, space, time and responsibility, with a view to improving employee performance and job satisfaction.
News
National Collective Agreement for the discipline of the activity of riders and letter from the Legislative Office of the Ministry of Labour to Assodelivery
15 September 2020 – The association of food delivery platforms Assodelivery and the trade union UGL have signed a “National Collective Agreement for the discipline of the activity of delivery of goods on behalf of third parties carried out by self-employed workers, so called riders”.
On September 17, 2020, the Legislative Office of the Ministry of Labour sent a letter to Assodelivery in which it reported some problematic profiles regarding the agreement, with a particular reference to compliance and compatibility with the provisions of Chapter V-bis of Legislative Decree no. 81/2015.
New Essay on Remote (Agile) Work in Italy
2 September 2020 – I. Senatori, “Il lavoro agile in cerca di identità. Cronaca legislativa di un quadriennio travagliato (2017-2020)”
New Country Reports Out! | https://irel.fmb.unimore.it/page/3/ |
The Ministry of Finance is at GITEX.
The Ministry of Finance is participating in GITEX Technology Week, at the stand representing the Federal Government. The MoF will familiarise the public with its smart services and state-of-the-art technological innovations. This will serve to directly identify customer requirements and acquire feedback, whilst also forging new partnerships in the field of technology.
"The Ministry of Finance is committed to working towards the enhancement of its services and the application of best practices to ensure a seamless and successful digital transformation," said His Excellency Younis Haji Al Khoori, Undersecretary of the Ministry of Finance. "This is an integral part of the ministry's contribution to the implementation of the initiatives established by His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai, on the advancement from e-government to smart government."
"To date, the ministry has significant achievements in this area, such as digital payment solutions, the development of an automated system for the preparation of the federal budget, as well as its adoption of technological initiatives related to financial services," he added.
During the GITEX Technology Week, the Ministry of Finance is also organising specialized workshops to review the business activities and services provided by the ministry to its suppliers. These workshops will enhance the effectiveness of the lines of communication between the ministry and its customers, including monitoring their needs and responding directly to their service-related queries.
During the week-long event, three interactive sessions will be held to discuss imperatives including technological innovations at the Ministry of Finance, global trends in digital transactions, such as blockchain, as well as various Artificial Intelligence (AI) initiatives. There will also be several signings of cooperation agreements and Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) in the technology sector. | http://www.itp.net/618157-mof-highlights-new-innovations-for-2019 |
Technology has entered education quickly. In developed countries children and teachers have access to hundreds of thousands of learning applications and games. However, the digital divide is significant: some parts of the world still lack the basic requirements for participation in the digital revolution, such as electricity. Development of solar power and mobile technology will narrow this gap, rapidly revolutionizing the access to devices for technology-enabled education globally. One such area of advancements in technology is teacher education, where massive open online courses (MOOC) and other Internet sources offer today’s teachers the means to learn about the best pedagogies. Even though there is still a debate about the effectiveness of using educational technologies and the results have been inconclusive, the use of technology-enhanced learning (TEL) in education is increasing inevitably as the technologies get cheaper. At the same time, the rise in controlled intervention studies of TEL to support children and adults with MLD is offering new possibilities to understand the mechanisms of learning mathematics. During the last 10–15 years, the focus has been on different types of interventions to develop the number sense of the children with MLD. Slowly the interest is turning to more comprehensive models taking into account the core features of numerical understanding, the multiple concepts and representations in mathematics, and the cognitive skills needed in numerical processing, as well as the best pedagogical practices of special needs education. | https://rd.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-97148-3_42 |
Scott Morgan is the Vice President for Infor’s Workforce Management product line. He has dedicated 20 years to the Human Resources and Workforce Management field as an academic, practitioner and accomplished leader in business. Scott has both a Masters and Doctorate in Education in Human Resources and Organizational Development from Texas A&M University. In his current role, Scott has led Infor’s WFM cloud sales and digital strategy in North America since 2010. He also served a principal role in the corporate assimilation of Workbrain (WFM) as well as subsequent acquisitions of Enwisen (HRSD), Certpoint (LMS) and Peopleanswers (Talent Science). Under his leadership, Infor's Workforce Xi product line and digital framework has been the fasting growing Cloud destination in the industry. Scott proudly represents the most complete, flexible and industry-specific suite of digital Workforce applications in the industry.
In 2019, companies will look to their workforce to ensure a strong foundation for enterprise-wide modernization. Companies will be required to step beyond the big ideas and enact specific tactics that narrow in on particular technologies, such as leveraging insights gleaned by Business Intelligence (BI) functionalities. Implementing an effective workforce digitization strategy is a necessary first step in this process. By taking advantage of these tools, a company will be able to better manage their resources.
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Companies have been inundated with articles heralding digital transformation and the phenomenal benefits it will bring their company, their industry, and the entire economy. In order to determine which solutions will bring about the greatest return on investment (ROI), enterprises are interested in the evaluation of these applications. While estimated gains can stagger, best practices may be fuzzy, and only vaguely mapped to enterprise management systems. Unfortunately, in efforts to seize quick returns in this heavily-hyped environment, companies often overlook one of the most significant opportunities and the ideal starting place: workforce management.
Four Pillars of a Transformative Workforce Strategy
Creating a modern workforce and managing personnel in this digital era requires new technology. A modern workforce management strategy rests on four pillars. Consider each of these an essential part of the digital foundation.
Cloud Deployment – With plans to implement a workforce digitization strategy, cloud computing is a must needed asset. With a greater need for analytics involving mass volumes of data from multiple sources, only cloud computing offers a practical, affordable way to aggregate and store these large volumes of data. Additionally, cloud implementation – and its automated software updates - helps to eliminate the risk of an outdated system.
Business Intelligence (BI) and Analytics – A company which adopts BI and analytics capabilities will be able to best determine a workforce strategy by analyzing the diverse sets of data brought about by these tools. Furthermore, the process can become even more advanced by incorporating AI and machine learning (ML). Predictive analytics allow companies to forecast staffing requirements according to geographic regions and factors such as weather and seasons. In retail and service industries, this type of insight is crucial to scheduling the right people while keeping in mind seasonal hiring needs, training demands, and compensating for discretionary time off and sick-days and absenteeism. Advancements in BI give managers access to easy-to-use reporting tools, dashboards, and tracking of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). This allows managers to justify investment in hiring and planning for typical fluctuations in need and availability of human resources.
Mobility – Providing personnel with mobile solutions is extremely important for any company looking to attract today’s modern employee. One study showed that 71 percent of people spend over two hours a week accessing company information on a mobile device – and this number is growing. Additionally, another study showed that 59 percent of people think that their company has been too slow in delivering mobile apps for the workforce. Therefore, companies must go above and beyond in offering their employees options that allow them to work efficiently – in a way that compliments their lifestyles.
Likewise, for some roles, such as field technicians, sales personnel, and consultants, remote access to systems is integral to the job. Executives and managers also tend to travel to branch offices and to customer sites, needing remote access to data for decision-making anywhere, anytime. Even employees who are typically in an office may choose to perform discretionary tasks, like completing an expense report or taking a training course, from the comfort of home. Organizations can support such flexibility by offering mobile-friendly solutions. In this era, when the demand for skilled workers is escalating, mobility will help recruit and retain workers, especially Millennials who place a high value on remote access and a flexible workplace.
Social Platforms - Like mobile solutions, social media platforms play an integral role in catering to today’s employee and ultimately an efficient workforce. Social platforms allow for controlled collaboration between personnel – giving way to a better quality of work. However, employees must know the difference between when social platforms are useful and when they are simply distracting. Usage should follow the principle: “Social with a business purpose”. By providing a tool which supports goal-oriented collaboration and idea sharing, personnel will not be tempted to resort to consumer tools for creating work groups and planning team projects or activities.
Adopting an integrated platform to digitize the workforce management process will prove to be extremely beneficial for an organization. A company-wide, integrated digital platform will provide a solution that is not overly complex, fragmented, or prone to gaps in visibility. By using modern workforce management functionality, the origination can make major strides in the use of data for analytics and predictive applications, such as resource scheduling. Real-time access to data will also facilitate better decision-making, providing managers with the insights they need. Alerts can inform managers about critical issues, such as staffing gaps or when regulation or compliance issues may have been breached. These workforce management tools will enhance the overall employee experience while also controlling labor costs and reducing and planning for the amount of resources actually needed. Opportunities for advancement and growth can be identified, giving personnel feedback as well as attainable goals.
Digitizing workforce management can transform the organization and provide a solid foundation for future digital initiatives affecting the entire organization. Focusing on employees first will help successfully drive a larger digital initiative in order to enact change and support process improvement. | https://www.hrtechnologist.com/articles/digital-transformation/transformative-workforce-management-what-to-expect-in-2020/ |
Senior Automation Engineer:
• Experience in test automation of Microservices applications, preferably in Cloud (AWS).
• Hands on experience with building test solutions & frameworks for complex cross-platform applications
• Experience with Messaging queues – SQS, Active MQ, Rabbit MQ and Service Bus
• Experience with relational databases
• Understanding of how restful applications work and interact with each-other in a micro services environment
• Proven test automation ability in CI/CD context for Microservices, Web, n-tier, Mobile (iOS & Android) & Cloud platforms
• Experience working on CI/CD platforms like Jenkins & AWS Codepipeline for automation purpose
• Expert at BDD Tools like Jasmine, JBehave or Cucumber.
• Experience implementing automation frameworks on cloud platforms
• Proficient with agile tools like Jira, GitHub or similar.
• Experience in programming languages: Java, & SQL
• Experience with debugging, profiling, and software analysis on Cloud, web platforms
• Proponent of open-source software licenses
• Implement QE Automation processes, guidelines, and best practices to bring in effectiveness
• Work with other teams/departments to ensure smooth Automation delivery during entire lifecycle
• Participate in Scrum meetings, Automation demos and ensure accurate and timely status updates to application team
Candidates should be flexible / willing to work across this delivery landscape which includes and not limited to Agile Applications Development, Support and Deployment.
Applicants for employment in the US must have valid work authorization that does not now and/or will not in the future require sponsorship of a visa for employment authorization in the US by Capgemini.
Test Consultants are concerned with the independent verification and validation of the products produced by the development process. Testing is carried out in each phase: the requirements are tested by an acceptance test, the system design (analysis and design) by a system and integration test, and the programs by a program and module test.
Required Skills and Experience:
You design and develop more complex tests and non-functional tests. You perform many of the roles required of a software testing project, through which you acquire a full testing lifecycle experience. Typically you perform these roles as a senior member in a wider team. You act as a stream leader with technical delivery ownership within a limited number of technology areas. You contribute to bid or client proposals based on your technological expertise. You have delivery ownership and guide individuals and groups towards desired outcomes. You also actively participate in at least one community.
• Qualification: Minimum 3-7 years (2 years min relevant experience in the role) experience, Bachelor’s Degree.
• Certification: Should have SE level 1 and seeking level 2.
• Should be proficient in Business Analysis, Business Knowledge, Testing, Software Engineering, Architecture Knowledge, Technical Solution Design and Quality Management.
Capgemini is an Equal Opportunity Employer encouraging diversity in the workplace. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, national origin, gender identity/expression, age, religion, disability, sexual orientation, genetics, veteran status, marital status or any other characteristic protected by law.
This is a general description of the Duties, Responsibilities and Qualifications required for this position. Physical, mental, sensory or environmental demands may be referenced in an attempt to communicate the manner in which this position traditionally is performed. Whenever necessary to provide individuals with disabilities an equal employment opportunity, Capgemini will consider reasonable accommodations that might involve varying job requirements and/or changing the way this job is performed, provided that such accommodations do not pose an undue hardship.
Click the following link for more information on your rights as an Applicant – http://www.capgemini.com/resources/equal-employment-opportunity-is-the-law
Capgemini is a global leader in consulting, digital transformation, technology and engineering services. The Group is at the forefront of innovation to address the entire breadth of clients’ opportunities in the evolving world of cloud, digital and platforms. Building on its strong 50-year+ heritage and deep industry-specific expertise, Capgemini enables organizations to realize their business ambitions through an array of services from strategy to operations. Capgemini is driven by the conviction that the business value of technology comes from and through people. Today, it is a multicultural company of 270,000 team members in almost 50 countries. With Altran, the Group reported 2019 combined revenues of €17billion..
Visit us at www.capgemini.com. People matter, results count. | https://www.capgemini.com/jobs/059035-test-analyst-test-lead/ |
The experience of connected medical devices during COVID is similar to many sectors. A pace of technological change that was already fast is now even faster. The ultimate goal is unlocking new treatments for patients through connected devices but the adoption of these new technologies will be driven by the pull of patient demand, the push of clinical staff, and promotion by industry.
For change to happen, the healthcare system needs to make digital platforms ready to scale while adapting new tech into patient lives and clinical workflows. It’s essential to protect patients from cyber risks that could lead to serious events. And it’s critical to examine how clinical trials are currently run and when digital platforms and agile processes may offer a more effective approach than interactions that are in-person and on-site.
Speakers
Dana Fashina, Verily Life Sciences, Software Quality
Tyrone Heggins, BD, Regional Product Security Officer, N. America
Greg Tracy, Propeller Health, CTO & Co-founder
Dana has over a decade of experience in early and late stage product development engineering across Digital Healthcare, Medical Device, Combination Products & Robotics Assisted Surgery. She has led Design Feasibility to Product Commercialization programs, and has particularly focused on SaMD, System Architecture & Configuration Management, and Digital Health in Mobile Applications.
Tyrone is the Regional Product Security Officer for N. America at BD, a leading multinational developer, manufacturer and marketer of innovative, life enhancing medical technology. Tyrone spearheads BD’s Cybersecurity Framework and policy across business units and functions and ensures compliance with new and emerging cybersecurity laws, regs and product security requirements. He facilitates strategic threat intelligence to guide regional business decisions and partners with global regulators and law enforcement.
Greg is the Co-founder of two startups and early employee of a third. He has developed an expertise in building innovative software, scaling teams and processes, and creating brand new markets. As a technical leader, he is responsible for establishing high-growth strategies, while at the same time building and executing the innovative product roadmaps to support those strategies.
Moderator
Moderator: Thomas F. Busby, Outcome Capital, LLC, Vice President
Thomas Busby is a Vice President at Outcome Capital, a highly specialized life science and technologyadvisory and investment banking group. In his capacity, Thom advises middle-market life science companies in their M&A, private equity and venture capital fundraising efforts. With significant strategic and transactional experience spanning medical device, biopharma, diagnostics and life science services, Thom is passionate about enhancing patient care and reducing associated costs by leveraging novel digital technologies. | https://healthtechbuild.com/2020/08/20/the-accelerated-evolution-of-connected-devices/ |
The tragic Boston Marathon bombing and hair-raising manhunt that ensued was a sobering event. It also served as a reminder that emerging “civic technologies” – platforms and applications that enable citizens to connect and collaborate with each other and with government – are more important today than ever before. As commentators have noted, local police and federal agents utilized a range of technological platforms to tap the “wisdom of the crowd,” relying on thousands of private citizens to develop a “hive mind” that identified two suspects within a record period of time.
In the immediate wake of the devastating attack on April 15th, investigators had few leads. But within twenty-four hours, senior FBI officials, determined to seek “assistance from the public,” called on everyone with information to submit all media, tips, and leads related to the Boston Marathon attack. This unusual request for help yielded thousands of images and videos from local Bostonians, tourists, and private companies through technological channels ranging from telephone calls and emails to Flickr posts and Twitter messages. In mere hours, investigators were able to “crowd-source” a tremendous amount of data – including thousands of images from personal cameras, amateur videos from smart phones, and cell-tower information from private carriers. Combing through data from this massive network of “eyes and ears,” law enforcement officials were quickly able to generate images of two lead suspects – enabling a “modern manhunt” to commence immediately.
Technological innovations have transformed our commercial, political, and social realities. These advances include new approaches to how we generate knowledge, access information, and interact with one another, as well as new pathways for building social movements and catalyzing political change. While a significant body of academic research has focused on the role of technology in transforming electoral politics and social movements, less attention has been paid to how technological innovation can improve the process of governance itself.
A growing number of platforms and applications lie at this intersection of technology and governance, in what might be termed the “civic technology” sector. Broadly speaking, this sector involves the application of new information and communication technologies – ranging from robust social media platforms to state-of-the-art big data analysis systems – to address public policy problems. Civic technologies encompass enterprises that “bring web technologies directly to government, build services on top of government data for citizens, and change the way citizens ask, get, or need services from government.” These technologies have the potential to transform governance by promoting greater transparency in policy-making, increasing government efficiency, and enhancing citizens’ participation in public sector decision-making. | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2313208 |
An array of new applications related to artificial intelligence and machine learning are materializing at a rapid pace in the healthcare industry.
The role of AI in supply chain
The term artificial intelligence and machine learning has been airing in the technical world in recent times. It has revolutionized every industry.
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A high trust workplace culture & employee engagement are key to a great place to work. Here are 5 reasons that make HashedIn a phenomenal place to work.
What is Digital Transformation?
Digital transformation involves using digital technologies to remake a process to become more efficient. It is has become a must in the present era. | https://hashedin.com/blog/page/3/ |
The concept of alexithymia was first identified by Sifneos , who described a set of characteristics observed in psychosomatic patients that included difficulties identifying feelings and differentiating between feelings and bodily sensations, difficulties communicating feelings, lack of fantasy, and a concrete cognitive style focused on the external environment.
The majority of studies focusing on eating disorders have found higher levels of alexithymia in individuals with eating disorders and disturbed eating compared to healthy controls [2-8]. When the individual characteristics of alexithymia are examined, individuals with eating disorders have specific deficits in identifying and communicating their feelings.
A number of theories have been proposed regarding the underlying role of emotions in eating disorders. It has been suggested that patients use maladaptive eating behaviors (e.g., bingeing, purging, dietary restriction) and excessive exercise as a way to avoid or cope with their emotions [9-11]. Specifically, an early childhood environment in which emotions are viewed as unacceptable or frightening leads to the development of the belief that emotions are bad and should not be experienced or expressed. These beliefs become activated each time that an emotion is experienced, which then leads to a secondary emotion (i.e., an emotion in response to another emotion) such as shame, guilt, or disgust about experiencing an emotion. These secondary emotions increase the patient's distress and decrease his/her coping abilities, thus leading to engagement in eating disorder behaviors in an attempt to avoid or cope with the emotion .
Although a robust body of literature illustrates that alexithymia levels, especially difficulties identifying and communicating feelings, are elevated in individuals with eating disorders, there remains much debate surrounding a number of issues, including: 1) whether alexithymia levels vary across eating disorder diagnoses; 2) whether alexithymia is a trait or state variable; and 3) whether current treatments for eating disorders effectively target alexithymia. To date, no review paper has synthesized the research on alexithymia in eating disorders. The purpose of the current paper is to synthesize the research addressing the aforementioned questions in order to increase theoretical knowledge of alexithymia and eating disorders and enhance clinical interventions. | https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-534835953/alexithymia-and-eating-disorders-a-critical-review |
A Multidimensional Life-Span Approach to Psychopathology
Suppose two people, one young and one old, came into your clinic, each complaining about a lack of sleep, changes in appetite, a lack of energy, and feeling down. What would you say to them?
If you evaluate them in identical ways, you might be headed for trouble. Just as we have seen in other chapters that older and younger adults may think differently or view themselves differently, the meaning of their symptoms and complaints may also differ, even though they appear to be the same. This point is not always incorporated into views of psychopathology. For example, some approaches assume that the same underlying cause is responsible for abnormal or maladaptive behavior regardless of age and that the symptoms of the mental disease are fairly constant across age. Although such
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Disorders
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50
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| 18-29 years I | 30-44 years
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40
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Щ 45-59 years Q 60 years and up
Source: Kessler, Ronald C., Berglund, Patricia, Demler, Olga, Jin, Robert, Merakangas, Kathleen, & Walters, Ellen. (2005). Arch Gen Psychiatry, 62, 593-602. Copyright © 2005 by American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
models often are used in clinical diagnosis, they are inadequate for understanding psychopathology in old age. Viewing adults’ behavior from a life-span developmental forces perspective makes a big difference in how we approach psychopathology. Let’s see why.
Biological Forces. Various chronic diseases, functional limitations, and other ailments can change behavior. Because health problems increase with age (see Chapters 3 and 4), we must be more sensitive to them when dealing with older adults. In addition, genetic factors often underlie important problems in old age. For example, the evidence is growing that Alzheimer’s disease has a genetic component.
Physical problems may provide clues about underlying psychological difficulties; for example, marked changes in appetite may be a symptom of depression. Moreover, some physical problems may present themselves as psychological ones. For example, extreme irritability can be caused by thyroid problems, and memory loss can result from certain vitamin deficiencies. In any case, physical health
and genetic factors are very important dimensions to take into account in diagnosing psychopathology in adults and should be among the first avenues explored.
Psychological Forces. Psychological forces across adulthood are key for understanding psychopathology. As we saw in Chapters 6, 7, and 8, several important changes in attention, memory, and intellectual performance must be considered carefully in interpreting behavior. Normative changes with age in these abilities can mimic certain mental disorders; likewise, these changes can make it more difficult to tell when an older adult has a given type of psychopathology.
In addition, the nature of a person’s relationships with other people, especially family members and friends, is a key dimension in understanding how psychopathology is manifested in adults of different ages. Important developmental differences occur in the interpersonal realm; for example, younger adults are more likely to be expanding their network of friends, whereas older adults are more likely to be experiencing losses. Chapter 11
summarizes developmental changes in key relationships that may influence adults’ interpretation of symptoms.
Sociocultural Forces. The social norms and cultural factors we all experience also play a key role in helping define psychopathology. They influence people’s behaviors and affect our interpretation of them. For example, an older woman who lives alone in a high-crime area may be highly suspicious of other people. To label her behavior “paranoid” may be inappropriate because her well-being may depend on maintaining a certain level of suspicion of others’ motives toward her. Because customs differ across cultures, behaviors that may be normative in one culture may be viewed as indicating problems in another. In short, we must ask whether the behavior we see is appropriate for a person in a particular setting.
Life-Cycle Factors. How one behaves at any point in adulthood is strongly affected by one’s past experiences and the issues one is facing. These life-cycle factors must be taken into account in evaluating adults’ behaviors. For example, a middle-aged woman who wants to go back to school may not have an adjustment disorder; she may simply want to develop a new aspect of herself. Some might interpret her behavior as an inability to cope with her current life situation when that is not the case at all; rather, she has a rational evaluation of her life and realizes, for example, that she needs a degree to advance in her profession. Likewise, an older man who provides vague answers to personal questions may not be resistant; he may simply be reflecting his generation’s reluctance to disclose one’s inner self to a stranger. Most important, the meaning of particular symptoms may change with age. For example, problems with early morning awakenings may indicate depression in a young adult but may simply be a result of normal aging in an older adult (see Chapter 3). | http://copyrightland.net/adult-development-and-aging/a-multidimensional-life-span-approach-to-psychopathology.htm |
What are the defining features of a psychological disorder?
A psychological disorder is, broadly, a condition characterized by distressing, impairing, and/or atypical thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Psychopathology is the study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, etiology (i.e., their causes), and treatment.
What are the four characteristics of a psychological disorder?
The “Four D’s” consisting of deviance, dysfunction, distress, and danger can be a valuable tool to all practitioners when assessing reported traits, symptoms, or conditions in order to illuminate the point of at which these factors might represent a DSM IV-TR disorder.
What are the three components of a psychological disorder?
Mental health can be broken down further into three major components: cognitive health, emotional health, and behavioral health. Each of these components interacts with and influences the others, and they are all imperative to overall wellbeing.
Which of the following is the best definition of a psychological disorder *?
Psychologists define a psychological disorder broadly as psychological dysfunction in an individual that is associated with distress or impairment and a reaction that is not culturally expected.
How do psychologists define what kind of behavior is diagnosed as a psychological disorder?
Behaviors that are considered maladaptive and cause significant personal distress and interrupt daily functioning are more likely to be labeled as disorders. Today, many mental health professionals agree that psychological disorders are characterized by both personal distress and impairment in multiple areas of life.
How is a disorder defined?
Disorder – An illness that disrupts normal physical or mental functions. Oxford English Dictionary. A disorder could be defined as a set of problems, which result in causing significant difficulty, distress, impairment and/or suffering in a person’s daily life.
What is the main criteria psychologists and psychiatrists use to define psychological disorders?
Criteria for defining psychological disorders depend on whether cultural norms are violated, whether behavior is maladaptive or harmful, and whether there is distress. The medical model describes and explains psychological disorders as if they are diseases. | https://learncognitivetherapy.com/illness/what-are-the-defining-features-of-a-psychological-disorder-quizlet.html |
Visitors who wish to stay beyond the time indicated on their Form I-94 can apply for an Extension of Stay to the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services office. A letter must be attached with the application stating the reason for the extension and the date until the extension is required. The letter can also include the list of all the supporting documents attached with the application justifying the request.
[Invitee's Name]
[Address]
[phone number]
[passport number]
[Date]
USCIS
[Insert Address]
[Insert City, State, Zip]
Re: B2 Visitors Visa Extension Request for [insert name]
Date of Visa Expiration: [expiration date]
To Whom It May Concern
I am requesting an extension of stay on behalf of my [insert visitor/s]. Unfortunately, due to my employment obligations, the [age, health, disability] of [insert visitor] we have not been able visit all of the tourist attractions intended in the allotted time frame previously granted. According to the approved Form I-94, [insert visitor] are/is currently authorized to stay until [insert date]. However, [insert visitor/s] seeks to extend [their/his/her] stay in the United States until [insert date]. Per USCIS recommendations this request is being submitted 45 days prior to the authorized stay expires. Enclosed herewith are the following supporting documents:
In the event an extension of stay is approved, [insert visitor/s] will continue to reside at my home located at [insert address]. Furthermore, financial support will be continually provided for [insert visitor/s] by me. Please take into further consideration that [insert visitor/s] has/have strong verifiable ties to [insert country]. Which include a business, property, and other family in [insert country]. In light of these ties, [insert visitor/s] have/has no intentions to stay permanently in the United States, as well as guarantee [they/he/she ] will promptly return to these ties in [insert country] before the expiration of an authorized extension of stay.
I kindly request you to approve an extended I-94 for [insert visitor/s]. Should any questions or concerns arise regarding this application, please feel free to contact me at [insert address].
Thank you,
[Invitee’s signature above]
The sample documents provided here are for informational purposes only and to be utilized at the user’s discretion. These act as a guide only and the content within these are to be customized as per requirement. While Lawbench covers general guidelines, it does not guarantee access to visas or ensure entry into the United States of America or assure any other form of privileges. Lawbench and its affiliates are not responsible for any losses or damages that may arise from having used these sample documents. | https://www.lawbench.com/sample-documents/letter-for-extension-of-stay |
The State of California requires annual ET Application Renewal for all Electrician Trainees until you have the required work experience hours (4,800 hours for Residential electricians and 8,000 hours for General electricians) and have applied for and passed the State Electrical Certification Exam. The annual ET renewal does NOT require a fee.
To check the expiration date of your State ET registration, look up your expiration date on the State DAS website (link available in ET Forms and Resources: State of CA) by entering your State electrician trainee registration/tracking ("T") number on the DAS website. If you do not know your T-number, scroll down on the DAS page for instructions on how to look up your T-number.
1. Current Proof of enrollment.
2. Unofficial transcript or verification from school of listed courses taken in the past year.
Within 90 days of receipt of a renewal application, the State DAS shall inform the applicant in writing whether the registration has been renewed or the application is deficient, or that the applicant has submitted insufficient proof of further classwork or experience, in which case, the DAS shall inform the applicant of the information or documentation still required and the reason for the request.
There is NO fee to renew your registration, but you must complete and return the State ET Registration Renewal form before the anniversary of your initial State ET Registration in order to remain legal to work. The anniversary date is the expiration date shown on your State ET letter that contains your T-Number. Visit WECA's ET Forms and Resources: State of CA section to download a copy of the "State Application for Renewal of Registration of Electrician Trainee" form.
If you are already enrolled with WECA as an Electrician Trainee, you do NOT need to renew your enrollment with us unless you have been cancelled from the program.
WECA will provide you with a current proof of enrollment letter and transcript to submit with your renewal registration application; contact us at (877) 444-9322 or [email protected] to request these documents. You can also log in to view and download your transcript.
If you have not completed any WECA courses within the past three months, visit the Course Catalog and sign up for a class today. | https://www.goweca.com/ElectricianTrainees/ETRegistrationRenewal.aspx |
Electrician Trainees»ET Registration Renewal
The State of California requires annual ET Application Renewal for all Electrician Trainees until you have the required work experience hours (4,800 hours for Residential electricians and 8,000 hours for General electricians) and have applied for and passed the State Electrical Certification Exam. The annual ET renewal does NOT require a fee.
To check the expiration date of your State ET registration, look up your expiration date on the State DAS website (link available in ET Forms and Resources: State of CA) by entering your State electrician trainee registration/tracking ("T") number on the DAS website. If you do not know your T-number, scroll down on the DAS page for instructions on how to look up your T-number.
The following information is required to accompany the State Application for ET Renewal:
1. Current Proof of enrollment.
2. Unofficial transcript or verification from school of listed courses taken in the past year.
(source: http://www.dir.ca.gov/dlse/ECU/ECU_FAQ.htm#5)
There is NO fee to renew your registration, but you must complete and return the State ET Registration Renewal form before the anniversary of your initial State ET Registration in order to remain legal to work. The anniversary date is the expiration date shown on your State ET letter that contains your T-Number. Visit WECA's ET Forms and Resources: State of CA section to download a copy of the "State Application for Renewal of Registration of Electrician Trainee" form.
If you are already enrolled with WECA as an Electrician Trainee, you do NOT need to renew your enrollment with us unless you have been cancelled from the program.
WECA will provide you with a current proof of enrollment letter and transcript to submit with your renewal registration application; contact us at (877) 444-9322 or [email protected] to request these documents. You can also log in to view and download your transcript.
If you have not completed any WECA courses within the past three months, visit the Course Catalog and sign up for a class today.
Copyright 2019, Western Electrical Contractors Association Inc. | http://www.goweca.com/ElectricianTrainees/ETRegistrationRenewal.aspx |
- You are relaying a compliment and an invitation or request at the same time, thus, the tone of your letter should be cheerful and complimentary. Be straightforward. Do not use too much flattery.
- Relay the invitation, include the name of the event with the date, time, and place where it will be held. Also, discuss the goal of the event and the persons who will be speaking and or performing.
- Highlight the events that will consist the program, for example, the speakers and performers, the topics to be discussed, possible audience participation and time constraints, Include what you can provide regarding physical facilities, equipment and materials.
- Inform the reader what you can give regarding honorarium, payment of travel and lodging expenses and or opportunities to meet other professionals.
- Encourage the reader to reply within the time frame you provided.
- Express your genuine hope that he or she will accept your invitation.
SAMPLE LETTER
[Address line]
[State, ZIP Code]
[Letter Date]
[Address line]
[State, ZIP Code]
[Subject: Normally bold, summarizes the intention of the letter] -Optional-
Dear [Recipients Name],
Every year we at Joe Corporation, we hold a retreat for all employees so that they may analyze and re-evaluate all their programs and planning for the upcoming fall season sales. As you are an expert in this division, we wish to invite you to present a lecture at our workshop to all our managers. The workshop is being held in the month of July. We are aware of your busy schedule and hope our invitation can be accommodated.
The meeting will be held in the main hall of the Joe Hotel in Tampa. You will be the solo presenter. We also wish to invite you to a question-answer session in the afternoon, but we will totally understand if you are unable to do so.
We will cover all your travel expenses and also give you $2,000 as an honorarium. I am confident you will enjoy the retreat.
We look forward to your response on February 1. We hope you will join us.
Sincerely,
[Senders Name]
[Senders Title] -Optional-
[Enclosures: number] - Optional -
cc: [Name of copy recipient] - Optional -
Invitation letter sample to speak at an employee workshop.
Further things to consider when writing invitation letters to speakers, performers
Invitation Letters
Invitation letters are letters you write to request people to meetings, formal occasions, or events. As the name suggests, the first and primary purpose of invitation letters is to request the presence of the recipient and the second is to confirm that the recipient will be present. Although invitation letters are mostly used to invite people to social events, they can also be used when applying for visas. Depending on the event, these letters can be formal or informal. Regardless, all invitation letters must be sent in advance to give the recipient enough time to respond or plan ahead.
Great invitation letters are brief and easy to understand. Start by introducing yourself and write a sentence or two about the host. Provide the necessary information regarding the event such as the date and time of the event, venue, dress code, how to accept or decline the invitation, etc. Mention some of the activities that would be taking place during the event and which ones the recipient would be taking part in if any. Provide your contact details in case the recipient needs further information. End by expressing anticipation of the recipient's attendance to the event.
Letters to Speakers, Performers
Letters to speakers and performers are letters written to people who give speeches at public events and those who entertain audiences. Whether you are organizing a special event, business conference, or graduation ceremony, the speakers and performers you invite will be among the primary attractions. They can give valuable insights and add prestige to your organization. Whatever the theme of your event, the speakers and performers must be suitable for the event as well as the audience. The best speakers and performers are usually booked months in advance. Therefore you should ideally send your invites six to twelve months prior to your event.
Well-drafted letters to speakers and performers will ensure that the parties involved understand all the details of the event. Begin with the right address and salutation. Introduce yourself and mention the objective of your letter. Be specific about what you expect from the recipient. Include relevant information such as date, time, and venue of the event. If applicable, mention any financial arrangements regarding any travel expenses, the fee for the recipient, or honorarium. Include the date for a response and your contact details. Close the letter on a positive note. You may attach the event's program. | https://www.letterspro.com/letters/to-speakers-performers/12428-invitation-letter-sample-to-speak-at-an-employee-workshop |
Do you have any powdered milk in your pantry? If so, do you know how long it will last?
Powdered milk is a great way to stock up on dairy products when prices are high or when there is a shortage of fresh milk. But how long will it last on your shelf? In this blog post, we will discuss the expiration date and shelf life of powdered milk. We will also provide tips for keeping your powdered milk fresh.
Powdered Milk Shelf Life & Storage
So, how long does powdered milk last? Powdered milk has a shelf life of one to two years. However, it can last even longer if it is stored properly. The key to storing powdered milk is to keep it dry and cool. Powdered milk should be stored in an airtight container in a cool, dark place. If you store your powdered milk correctly, it will last for two to three years.
When it comes to the expiration date, you can usually find it on the bottom of the milk powder container. However, if there is no expiration date, you can assume that the milk powder will last for one year. If you open the container and find that the milk powder has clumped together, it is still safe to use. However, the milk powder will not last as long if it is not stored properly.
Thanks for reading! We hope this blog post was helpful.
How long is powdered milk good for after mixing with water?
Powdered milk is still good to drink after the expiration date, but it may not be as fresh tasting. The milk will last longer if it is stored in a cool, dark place. Once you mix the powder with water, you should consume it within 24 hours. If you do not plan on drinking all of the milk within that time frame, you can store it in the fridge for up to one week.
Thanks for reading! We hope this blog post was helpful. | https://filesph.com/how-long-does-powdered-milk-last/ |
Complaint is a claim, that will be made when one party is dissatisfied aided by the quality, volume, variety of items received, distribution dates, etc. The letter of claim contains claims to your party which has violated its obligations beneath the contract and claims for damages: about changing a defective product, eliminating defects, reducing prices, and so forth.
A grievance page is advisable when you look at the cases that are following
- if the quality of this goods will not correspond towards the regards to the contract, state requirements, technical conditions;
- in the event that number of goods doesn’t match to the terms of the contract;
- if the cost modification is inconsistent.
When you look at the agreement of sale and get, there needs to be a section in the execution of deals with the process for presentation and means of managing claims.
Simple tips to write a claim page
The claim page should contain the data that are following
- date and amount of the outgoing document;
- Name of the ongoing celebration to who the claim is made (name of this company);
- the name of this document (A complaint), quantity;
- the foundation – the number and date regarding the document: the contract, the page of guarantee, which governs the partnership involving the parties, the invoice which is why the products were granted, bills, and so forth;
- title of item;
- amount of item;
- cause of making claims (which will be specifically violated);
- evidence of damage;
- claims for damages;
- proof documents – accessories towards the letter: an act of acceptance of products, a work of reclamation, a commodity bill of lading and so forth.
In the event of a refusal to fulfill claims or perhaps the expiration of that time restriction for consideration of a claim (a month), it’s important to file an action with all the arbitration court relative to the established procedure (the overall limitation duration is 36 months).
The issue is normally eliteessaywriters made on 1,5-2 sheets of A4 format.
Sort of letter: covering page
The compilation of a resume cover letter is manufactured in accordance with the structure that is general of company letter. This document is comprised of:
- an entry that could come with a letter heading, an address towards the recipient, the objective of the letter;
- the primary component, the writing of that should mirror the primary essence regarding the employment cover letter;
- a conclusion which contains the sender’s signature (name, place, signature).
The writing with this document is created within an form that is arbitrary. The primary task regarding the cover letter is always to cause the employer’s curiosity about the candidacy, is instance regarding the commercial proposition – to interest the buyer that is potential. Addressing letters to your contract along with other documents have an inventory associated with the documents sent and guidelines for the receiver.
Variety of page: letter of recommendation
A page of suggestion is really a document that is overview of the applicant by his previous supervisor or worker from an expert perspective.
The letter of suggestion includes a brief description for the expert abilities, achievements of an individual, their primary successes during his studies or work. By using suggestions, the manager can easily see a better picture of the prospect’s professional activity, find out about him as a member of staff from the individuals who worked or studied with him. Not absolutely all employers demand a page of suggestion, nevertheless when to locate a job that is new it is better to deal with its access and, just like the employment cover letter, attach it to the resume – this can provide greater solidity to your applicant’s candidacy.
Simple tips to compose a page of recommendation
The page of suggestion is created based on the basic framework associated with company letter. First, the title associated with document is indicated.
From then on, you are able to specify an appeal, in cases where a page of recommendation was created to a specific company.
Then follows the info about where so when the worked that is applicantstudied). Also, mention in regards to the jobs, the functional duties, professional abilities, achievements and successes, the personal characteristics for the applicant.
The employee can also indicate the reason for leaving the previous company in the letter of recommendation.
Within the next area of the page, the adviser gift suggestions their recommendations (a typical example of the writing regarding the recommendation letter: “The professionalism of Mr. Komarov we can suggest him for further work in exactly the same place. I really hope that the obtained knowledge and abilities of work with our company shall enable Mr. Komarov to be in need because of the worker. If only him successes that are further success’).
By the end, the signature associated with the adviser is suggested, his place, name, contact phone number in addition to date of this document. | https://www.azroofing.ca/kinds-of-letters-a-complaint-page-of-claim-a-3/ |
As part of the organizer’s communications to each prospective overseas participant, we encourage you to stress the importance of reviewing any existing U.S. visa the participant may have and to apply early for any new visa required. Please visit http://travel.state.gov for more information.
As soon as travel to the U.S. is considered, foreign travellers should identify whether a visa is needed.
If the traveller already has a U.S. visa appropriate for this travel, check the expiration date on the visa to make sure it will not expire before the planned travel date.
Each applicant should contact the U.S. Embassy or Consulate Consular Section in his or her country of residence to determine any additional visa procedures, including the time frame required to schedule an appointment for the interview. An interview is required for most visa applicants.
A visa invitation letter may now only be requested as part of your registration process. Upon completion of your registration, you will be asked if you require a visa invitation letter. Once you submit the required information it will be available to print immediately. | https://www.biofach-america.com/en/visitors/travel/visa-visitor |
Dear Desk Officer:
The undersigned trade associations appreciate this additional opportunity to comment on
FEMA’s submission of its proposed information collection prepared for the OMB that would revise the Standard Flood Hazard Determination Form (the “Form”). These comments are supplemental to those provided in a February 9, 2015 joint trade letter and are in direct response to the revised version of the Form made available by the Director of the Records Management Division upon request for copies of the information collection.
On March 5, 2015, FEMA issued a notice announcing submission for OMB review of a revised version of the Form which incorporated certain changes requested by commenters during the initial comment period following FEMA’s December 11, 2014 notice. Among other changes, FEMA made these changes to its draft of the Form: (i) moved the Paperwork Burden Disclosure
Notice, OMB form number, and expiration date to the top of the Instructions page; (ii) moved the Instructions to precede the Form itself; (iii) moved the “Comments” section to the Form itself; (iv) added the parenthetical reference “(continuation)” to the Form’s header; and (v) made clarifying changes to parts of the Instructions. We appreciate that FEMA made changes recommended by the stakeholders, and would request that these additional recommendations be given consideration in advance of final OMB approval.
Remove Ambiguity as to the Form’s Length—Form Should Remain a Single-Page Form
The Form facilitates the collection of important information necessary for lenders and servicers to comply with federal flood laws and regulations. For more than 20 years, this Form has been a single page with accompanying official instructions to guide the preparer and user in completion and use of the Form. Lenders and servicers must complete or receive, store, and retain the Form for the life of a mortgage loan; therefore, expanding the Form multiplies the burden on these federally regulated institutions. The revised version of the Form appears to be a multi-page document inclusive of instructions and a final data collection page. We strongly urge FEMA and the OMB to revise the document as described below to be consistent with the Form’s format for 20 years.
By moving the OMB number and expiration date off of the Form itself, by maintaining page numbers inclusive of the Form itself, and by adding “(continuation)” to the Form itself, FEMA appears to be expanding the Form to a 3-page form. As a result, lenders and servicers will interpret the document to be a 3-page document inclusive of the instructions, and will be required to make system and process changes to receive, store, and retain each page for each loan. This will significantly increase burden, yet provides no commensurate increase in benefit in terms of performance or compliance, and should be avoided.
We strongly recommend that FEMA make the following simple changes to remove ambiguity as to the length of the Form itself—
- Ensure the Form’s OMB number and expiration date appear on the Form itself, Remove page numbers from the lower right-hand corner, and
- Remove the word “(continuation)” from the Form’s header.
Implementation Time is Required
Any revision to the Form requires implementation time for preparers, lenders, and servicers to update electronic forms, processes, and systems. Therefore, we request that the final notice related to the issuance of the revised version of the Form specifically mention that the currently effective version of FEMA Form 086-0-32 continues to remain effective and valid for 6 months from May 30, 2015.
Format Should Remain Flexible
Historically, preparers and users of the Form were given flexibility with regard to the nonmaterial format of the Form, provided the required data was being collected. We request that the final notice related to the issuance of the Form expressly permit such flexibility. An example of a format choice is the “Yes/No” field in the Letter of Map Change field (Section II.B, Box 3).
The Instructions state that the “field can remain blank if no Letter of Map Change … applies to the subject property[,]” therefore, a preparer may choose to not include the “Yes/No” field within the Form that it completes for its customers as the field contains no material information to the Form. This is non-substantive and reduces paperwork burden, and should be permissible.
Miscellaneous Corrections and Recommendations
The revised draft of the Form contains two typographical errors which need to be corrected.
First, the current draft omits the word “Home” from the title of Section II.B which should state
“National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Data Affecting Building/Mobile Home[.]”
Secondly, for non-participating communities, the draft incorrectly states “community participates in the NFIP” in Section II.C, Box 2, which should state “Federal Flood Insurance is not available (community does not participate in the NFIP)”.
Regarding the dates associated with the Form, both the effective date (current draft displays “03/15”) and the expiration date (current draft displays “April 30, 2015”) need to be updated appropriately.
With respect to LOMC case numbers, given that case numbers were not always recorded on early LOMC determination documents, we request that the Instructions acknowledge that a LOMC case number may not be available to report on the Form, perhaps with a simple reference such as adding the phrase “if available.”
Conclusion
The trade associations signed on to this letter represent the interests of the primary preparer and user groups of the Form. Therefore, we appreciate the continued focus of FEMA and the OMB on ensuring the regulatory burden is appropriate for this important data collection. We urge FEMA to consider our suggestions to ensure the Form remains a single page, and to allow at least six months to implement the revised version of the Form.
Sincerely,
American Bankers Association
Consumer Bankers Association
Consumer Mortgage Coalition
Credit Union National Association
Independent Community Bankers of America
Mortgage Bankers Association
National Association of Federal Credit Unions
National Flood Determination Association
Historically, the Standard Flood Hazard Determination Form has been made available from FEMA as a singlepage form which references attached instructions which were titled as “Standard Flood Hazard Determination Form Instructions”. For purposes of this letter, references to the “Form” are specific to the single-page data collection page, and references to “Instructions” are specific to the two-page accompanying instructions. | https://www.consumerbankers.com/cba-issues/comment-letters/joint-comment-letter-omb-oira-and-dhs-fema-re-flood-hazard-form |
Staff Reporter:
Speaker Dr Shirin Sharmin Chaudhury on Tuesday said she is yet to receive any letter from MP-elect BNP Secretary General Mirza Fakhrul Islam seeking time extension for taking oath.
She, however, said his letter would be accepted had reached the Parliament Secretariat by April 29 (Monday), the last date for taking oath.
The Speaker made the remarks while talking to reporters at her Parliament’s office.
“But, steps will be taken over his constituency as per the Constitution if Fakhrul Islam failed to send any letter by April 29, “ Dr Shirin said.
According to Article 67 of the Constitution, a Member of Parliament shall vacate his seat if he or she fails to take oath or affirm to do so within the 90 days from the date of the first meeting of Parliament after his election.
“Provided that the Speaker may, before the expiration of that period, for good cause extend it,” said the same Article of the Constitution
The 11th parliament formed through the December-30 general election went into its maiden session on January 30, 2019.
Earlier in the day, Mirza Fakhrul Islam Alamgir told a programme in the city that he is not going to take oath as an MP as part of their party’s strategy.
“Some TV channels and newspapers are running news that I’ve sought time (from Speaker) for taking oath which is a blatant lie. I’ve neither sent any letter nor sought any time,” Fakhrul said.
In the last general election, the BNP-led Jatiya Oikyafront secured eight seats out of 300. Of those, BNP got six, while its ally Gonoforum bagged two. | https://reportersbd.com/no-letter-yet-from-fakhrul-says-speaker-about-his-oath-taking/ |
When you are injured in an accident or collision, it is natural to think that you should heal fully before pursuing any legal action against the at-fault party. After all, the more it costs for you to fully heal, the larger your recovery may be. Additionally, any treatment you receive for your injuries after a settlement is reached may not be recoverable. However, there is a principle of law called the Statute of Limitations that everyone should understand in case they are injured at some point.
The Statute of Limitations is an Illinois law that sets a time limit on how long you have to file a claim against another party.
The Statute varies for different types of claims. For example, in most cases, medical malpractice and motor vehicle collision claims must be brought within two (2) years from the date the wrongdoing occurred. Any claims brought after this two (2) year period will not be allowed to be heard within a court of law and no defendant is likely to settle following this period of time. This means it is critically important to get a complaint on file prior to the expiration of the applicable statute of limitations.
There are a few exceptions which may allow the time frame to be expanded.
An expansion of the time frame of the statute of limitations is called “tolling.” A statute of limitations may only be tolled for very specific reasons that are defined by Illinois law. The most common reason to expand the time frame in which a suit may be filed is when the claimant (the person filing the lawsuit) does not immediately discover the cause of the injury. For example, in some medical malpractice suits, the injury is not discovered until a later diagnosis is made. However, even in such circumstances, there is an outer time frame known as the statute of repose, in which no claim will be allowed no matter when it is discovered.
A failure to file a complaint within the statute of limitations will forever bar and prevent any recovery for any injury you may have suffered, which is why it is important contact an attorney as soon as you believe you may have a possible claim against another individual.
The sooner a claim is brought to the attention of an attorney; the sooner they can evaluate when the proper time to file a complaint will be. If you have been injured, contact one of our qualified and compassionate attorneys today at (217) 394-5885. | https://www.tapellalaw.com/blog/2015/november/statutes-of-limitation-why-it-pays-to-act-fast/ |
A U.S. citizen or a lawful permanent resident may write a Letter of Invitation for a friend or a relative who is willing to come to the U.S. as a tourist for a short period of time. It is not a mandatory document. However, it can help smoothen the visa application. The letter must be addressed to the U.S. Consulate and should provide the reason for the visit.
[Date]
United States Consulate General
[Address of the Consulate]
Dear Honorable Consulor,
[Visitor’s Name] – PASSPORT NO XXXXXXXX – Born on [Visitor’s Date of Birth]
My name is [Host’s Name], residing at [Host’s Address] and I am a United States Citizen / lawful permanent resident alien.
I am requesting that you issue a tourist (B-2) visa to [Visitor’s Name] who resides at [Visitor’s Address]. This is to allow him to visit me in the United State for tourism purposes only. We have known and been friends for the past 3 years and I would like him to visit me this summer.
[Visitor’s Name] will be visiting me from [Date of Entry] to [Date of Exit]. This will be a great time because we will both be off work at this time. During his / her stay in the United States, he/she will stay with me at my home at the address stated above.
I will (or they will) be responsible for his / her accommodation expenses while he / she is visiting the United States. Upon the expiration of [insert name], he/she will promptly return to [insert country].
Please be advised [Visitor’s Name] will be presenting a copy of this letter to you, in combination with other evidence to verify his close ties with [Visitor’s Home Country]. Furthermore, these documents will serve as assurance and that he / she will return prior to the expiration of his / her approved stay in the United States.
Enclosed please find the following supporting documents:
Should you need anything further from me, please contact me at [insert address]. Your kind consideration of this request will be highly appreciated.
Thank you kindly,
[Host’s Name]
[Host’s Address]
[Host’ Phone Number]
The sample documents provided here are for informational purposes only and to be utilized at the user’s discretion. These act as a guide only and the content within these are to be customized as per requirement. While Lawbench covers general guidelines, it does not guarantee access to visas or ensure entry into the United States of America or assure any other form of privileges. Lawbench and its affiliates are not responsible for any losses or damages that may arise from having used these sample documents. | https://www.lawbench.com/sample-documents/letter-of-invitation-b2-visitors-visa |
- Introduce yourself and the field you teach.
- Give a brief background about yourself which include qualifications, experience and any other skill for the job.
- Request for a meeting.
SAMPLE LETTER
[Address line]
[State, ZIP Code]
[Letter Date]
[Address line]
[State, ZIP Code]
[Subject: Normally bold, summarizes the intention of the letter] -Optional-
Dear [Recipients Name],
My name is Susan Santoni, and I am a teacher by profession, attending to students of grade six and seven.
You would be pleased to know that I have won the award for the Best Teacher in 2015. I have an M.Phil degree and belong to the Teachers Fraternity of Massachusetts. I make studying straightforward and exciting never succumbing students to the pressure of study.
Do let me know if you would like to schedule a meeting. Thankyou.
Sincerely,
[Senders Name]
[Senders Title] -Optional-
[Enclosures: number] - Optional -
cc: [Name of copy recipient] - Optional -
Teacher's introduction letter.
Further things to consider when writing introduction letters to parents
Introduction Letters
Introduction letters are letters written to establish contact, outline new products or services or request information. Such letters are used in business communications. They can be to introduce a connection to people you already know or to people you have never met. The primary objective of introduction letters is to introduce yourself, your business, or another person to another party. In any scenario, introduction letters should be readable, concise, and effective in delivering the information you want. Introduction letters are a great networking tool and an effective way to get what you want from people you have not met physically.
One of the most important tips to remember when writing introduction letters is to keep them brief and to the point. First, state who you are and your role, and where necessary, mention how you got the recipient's name. Then, briefly explain the purpose of your letter and what you hope to accomplish - be as clear as you can. Include any other details that you think could be helpful. Establish a personal connection and an appropriate tone of the letter. Conclude with a brief description of how the recipient can get in touch with you.
Letters to Parents
Letters to parents are the letters you write to your mother, father, or guardian. A one-on-one conversation with a parent is not always the best way to communicate because sometimes it all happens so fast, it can get emotional, or sometimes you both may not have enough time for a conversation. Writing a letter could be helpful because it gives you enough time to organize your thoughts. You can also rewrite the entire letter if you want, but in a conversation, once a word is out, you just can't take it back. In addition, writing a letter will give the recipient time to read, digest, and respond thoughtfully.
Before writing letters to parents, roughly make a list of the things you want to say. Divide the list into paragraphs and organize the paragraphs to maintain a smooth flow. Frame your sentences properly so that they bring out your thoughts clearly. Use an approachable tone and mention exactly what you need from your parents. Close the letter on a positive tone and propose different ways of continuing the conversation. Reread the letter and look for areas where you could be more respectful or more confident and revise it accordingly. | https://www.letterspro.com/letters/to-parents/13148-teacher-s-introduction-letter |
It seems that expiration dates on products are one of the areas that keep sellers confused and in the dark. Many sellers choose to just avoid products that have expiration dates all together just because they don’t know what to do with them. Today, I would like to share some of my tips on making the best of items with expirations. First, let’s go over the rules that Amazon has set in place for selling items with expirations.
- A product that has an expiration date may be listed with FBA as long as the unit is lot-controlled and the remaining shelf life is greater than 90 days from the time of receipt by Amazon.
- Units that are within 50 days of the expiration date will be removed for disposal by Amazon.
- Units that are disposed of will not be available for return.
This means that when you are sending products into Amazon fulfillment centers, they have to be checked in and still have more than 90 days left on the shelf life. If you are cutting it close, you will want to account for time for the item to ship to Amazon as well as time for it to be fully checked in. The items must sell before there is less than 50 days left on the shelf life. Once there is less than 50 days left, Amazon will dispose of the products and you can not get them back after that point. When I am scouting for items, I keep a 4 month time frame in mind. That way I have enough time to get the items shipped out to Amazon as well as plenty of time for them to sell before being removed. Since it is July now, I am looking for products that expire later than November (even though technically mid October would work). You just never know if you will get the shipment right out, or if there will be delays when it hits the warehouse. So, better safe than sorry. Products that can expire must have the expiration date printed on the master carton in 36+ pt font AND on individual/retail display unit.
- Expiration dates must be displayed in the format MM-DD-YYYY. If the expiration date is printed in a different format, a sticker with the correct format must be applied, covering the original expiration date. Lot numbers alone are insufficient.
- Note: Products that are printed with a “manufactured date” must have this date covered and labeled with an Expiration date in the above format. Failure to cover the manufactured date on a product may cause delays in receiving your products, or may cause your products to be received as “Expired.”
The first line of this rule is actually a little confusing when you read it. The word AND makes it seem like the individual products need 36pt font expiration dates. BUT, if you watch the video Amazon has provided, it clearly states that only the master carton needs 36pt font and the individual items need to be “human readable”. This is 36 point font, not too feasible for small items right? The next point is very important. They want all of the dates to be in the format of MM-DD-YYYY. So, if the product you are sending in, does not have that format, you would need to add a new label to it so it matches the format above. If an item has a lot code, or manufacturer date, you need to do a little bit of homework! You need to call the manufacturer or check their website to find out what the actual expiration date is for the item in question and then add it to the product. If you don’t feel up to figuring out the dates, it is best to just skip products without a clearly labeled expiration date.
Here is the last section of the rules for expiration dates:
Products that expire and are contained in packaging that requires additional prep, such as glass jars or bottles, must be prepped to ensure that the expiration date is accessible for Amazon associates during the receive process.
- You are required to include the expiration date on the outside of the prepped product. The expiration date must be printed on a label in a human-readable font, in the required format, MM-DD-YYYY. For example, if the product is bubble wrapped and the barcode is obscured and no longer scannable, a label with the expiration date must be placed on the outside of the bubble wrap along with the product label.
- Units that are labeled with the incorrect expiration date may lead to increased customer returns for your units, or negative customer reviews.
- Failure to include the expiration date on the outside of the prepped unit may cause the unit to be relabeled at your cost. | https://thesellingfamily.com/what-you-need-to-know-about-selling-products-with-expiration-dates-on-amazon-fba/ |
Every working professional looks forward to finding new opportunities that can provide them a platform for skill development and equip them with the competencies required for growth. A relieving letter is one such document that is required to take a step ahead to achieving your goals. Be it for switching companies or for persuing overseas education, a resignation letter is required to relieve your self from the roles and responsibilities as specified by the company. Through this blog, we will discuss the relieving letter format and what details it must entail. But before delving into the salient features, let us first understand what exactly this letter is.
This Blog Includes:
What is a Relieving Letter?
When an employee is leaving the organization and has completed the notice period, they are issued an official document which states that the employee is relieved from all the duties and responsibilities and this is what is known as a relieving letter. Containing all the necessary employment details, an ideal relieving letter format states the joining date, annual CTC, designation, last working details, etc. Often termed as an experience letter, it is one of the most essential documents when the employee wants to proceed to the next organization where this letter is used as a background check.
Is a Relieving Letter Important?
Before diving into the details of the relieving letter format, let us first understand its significance. Once you submit a resignation letter for higher studies or for any other purpose, you have to serve a notice period as set by the company. During this period, all the pending work or additional responsibilities as given by the organization have to be completed. Only when you are through with all your work, you are issued a relieving letter. Since it acts as a proof to show that the employee has completed the assigned duties in a specific role and time, a relieving letter is thus an important document.
Relieving Letter Format
Knowing what exactly a relieving letter should constitute is quite a task and also necessary for an employer. Not only should one add all the requisite information pertaining to the candidate but it should be included in a systematic and concise way. So, if you are wondering that how does a relieving letter look then, here is a step by step guide into how a relieving letter format should look like:
- Date of Issuance of the letter
The first section in the relieving letter format should consist of the date of issuance of the letter so as to avoid any dispute.
- Employee’s Details
Following the date, the personal details of the resigning employee which includes their full name, employee ID, designation, department and the name of the organization has to be mentioned.
- Reference or Subject
This part would briefly describe what the letter is all about, in just one line. Else, in the subject line, you could just write ‘Relieving Letter’.
- Employee’s Resignation Details
The second step of the relieving letter format is to inform the employee in the very first paragraph after the salutation about the acceptance of resignation. It broadly includes the designation and the date from which the employee will be relieved from their duties.
- A Statement of Appreciation
The second paragraph of the relieving letter format should assure the employee that they would receive the full and final settlement within a stipulated period of time. Following the assurance, a statement of appreciation should be mentioned for the contributions the employee has made to the organization and wish them luck for their future endeavours.
- Signature
After completing the main body, the end of the relieving letter format should conclude with ‘sincerely’ and sign the letter along with the name of the employer, designation, and the date of issue.
Samples of Relieving Letter from Employee
Now that you are familiar with the basics of relieving letter format, here are some samples which can give you an idea of what an ideal letter should actually look like:
Sample 1
Sample 2
Important Points to Consider
As discussed, Relieving letter is a formal communication to an employee who’s resignation has been accepted and has been relieved from all the duties. However, if you are writing this letter, there are some points you should consider:
- It should be issued on the letterhead.
- “To Whomsoever It May Concern” is the ideal salutation for a Relieving letter. However, if the employee has given a specific name, then you can use it.
- Apart from mentioning the acceptance of resignation, you should also write the recent designation of the employee.
- Mention joining and resignation dates.
- Acknowledge the work done by the employee.
- The tone should be formal and simple.
How to Request a Relieving Letter After Resignation?
Requesting a relieving letter from your previous organisation after resignation can be a complicated task. The best way to do this is by drafting a professional email to the HR manager and diligently ask them to send you the relieving letter. Here are some useful tips which can help you draft a good relieving letter after resignation:
- Mention your tenure and reporting manager in your e-mail to the HR manager.
- Ask about any pending formalities from your side regarding the conclusion of your employment and if there are any, make sure to complete them within time to get your relieving letter.
- If you don’t get any reply, then connect with the HR through call or visit the office.
- Always save the copies of your payslips and other documents that you might need to provide alongside your relieving letter to the prospective company you are applying for.
Request for Relieving Letter
Here is the request letter format for relieving letter you can refer to for requesting the HR manager for the relieving letter:
Resignation Acceptance Letter
If you are an HR Manager receiving relieving letter, here is a resignation acceptance letter template:
Resignation Acceptance Letter
Resignation Acceptance Letter Sample
Thus, a relieving letter format with all the necessary information is important for both the employee and the employer. Be it for pursuing higher education from study abroad destinations or for switching jobs, a resume plays a pivotal role in defining the applicant’s potential. Take the assistance of Leverage Edu’s experts who will guide in not only writing an impeccable resume but also an SOP that will help you land a job or a university you had been aiming for! | https://leverageedu.com/blog/relieving-letter-format/ |
International Agreements : Paris Convention, PCT, Stockholm Text and Strasbourg Agreement.
Patent Types : Therapeutic treatment of the human body is not patentable. However, medication and diagnostic methods for humans are patentable.
New varieties of plants or animals are not patentable, except for microbiological organisms, which are not derived from nature.
Novelty Requirements : Yes – Universal Novelty is required.
Claiming priority : Yes – within 12 months.
Time frame for registration : 3-5 Years
Protection Term : 20 Years
Examination : Yes
Publication : Yes
Opposition : Yes – within 3 months as of publication date.
Annuity Payments : Renewal fees for years 1-6 from the date of the application is payable within three months of the date of grant of the patent. Subsequent renewal fees are paid before the expiration of the sixth, tenth, fourteenth and eighteenth year, counting from the date of the application. Where the prosecution of the application continues for more than six years, e.g. in consequence of an opposition, or for any other reason, the renewal fees become payable only upon grant of the patent.
Grace period for Annuity payments : 6 Months
Filing Requirements
Patent Filing Requirements
- Power of Attorney simply signed.
- Details of the Applicant, Title of Invention & Drawings.
- Certified copy of Priority document (if claimed). | https://www.simonianip.com/patents/israel-patents.php |
Last update: February 21 2019
You can use META tags for more than promoting your site on search engines.
META tags can be used for adding:
All these tags are placed within the HEAD element. Some of these will be of help to you as a web developer, but even as a web designer it’s useful to know these.
Credits
With META tags, you can identify yourself as the author of the document. The tag for this is very straight forward:
<meta name="author" content="Nora Tol" />
You can also let people know you own the copyright of the page. You do so, by using this:
<meta name="copyright" content="Nora Tol" />
Caching
Whenever you visit a website, files are temporarily stored in your browser. The next time you visit, some of these files are loaded from the browsers memories instead of the server. This is called caching. It’s to speed up the loading time of websites.
However, it sometimes causes problems.
For instance, what if there’s a new version of your website and you want to see your changes? Sometimes, caching can prevent you from seeing them. Well, the following META tag allows you to set an expiration date for the caching of your website:
<meta http-equiv="expires" content="Mon, 25 Feb 2019 08:21:57 GMT" />
When the expiration date is reached, the browser will look for the latest version on the server. So when you make sure the date is somewhere in the past, it will always look for the latest version.
You could also completely disable caching:
<meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache" />
Fixed Window Target
You can also set a window-target. This could come in handy when you are using a pop up window or lightbox (a pop up window that covers the rest of the site with a darker overlay). In this sample, the target is set to always overwrite the parent window with whichever link.
<meta http-equiv="window-target" content="_parent" />
Other values you can use with the CONTENT-attribute are: _top, _ self or a frame / windows name.
Redirect To Different Page
Pages get moved. It’s a hassle, but it is what it is. You can direct people to a new location using this code:
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="3;url=https://www.noratol.com" />
This will refresh the location 3 seconds after the page was opened. It will redirect to the URL https://www.noratol.com. The delay in redirection will provide you time to explain to people why they are being redirected. Keep in mind though, that search engines don’t like redirects….. I’m just saying. | https://www.noratol.com/internet/html/step-19-more-meta-tags/ |
Fees associated with filing trademark applications in Azerbaijan, as well as other trademark fees, are available in the fee calculator.
Multiple-class trademark applications are possible in Azerbaijan.
The official language of proceedings before the Azerbaijani Trademark Office is Azerbaijani. In case all the remaining documents are filed in any other language the translation thereof should be submitted within 2 months as of the filing date.
To obtain a filing date, an applicant should provide the Trademark Office with the following:
- a request for registration of a trademark;
- applicant’s name and address;
- a representation of a trademark;
- a list of goods and/or services.
A certified copy of the Priority Document together with its Azerbaijani translation should be filed within 3 months from the filing date.
A sealed/stamped Power of Attorney should be submitted within 2 months from the filing date. In case the stamp is not available, the Power of Attorney must be notarised. The Azerbaijani translation of the document submitted in other languages should be provided within 2 months after the date of document submission.
The Azerbaijani trademark application undergoes both formal examination and substantive examination. The opposition period is not stipulated for a trademark application in Azerbaijan. Non-official observations (informing letter to the Trademark Office) against an Azerbaijani trademark application may be filed for national applications within the examination stage.
The official fee for trademark registration in Azerbaijan should be paid within 4 months from issuance of the decision to register a trademark. The trademark in Azerbaijan is valid for ten years from the filing date. A trademark may be renewed for successive periods of 10 years within 12 months before the expiration date. It is possible to renew a trademark within a grace period of six months after the expiration date on condition that a surcharge is paid. Reinstatement of a lapsed trademark after grace period expiration is not possible.
In case the prosecution process goes smoothly, it takes 8-12 months to obtain a trademark registration in Azerbaijan.
The non-use grace period in Azerbaijan is 5 continuous years from registration. After its expiry, any interested party may initiate the cancellation action based on non-use to the Board of Appeal of Azerbaijan.
Foreign applicants residing outside Azerbaijan must perform a trademark prosecution in Azerbaijan through an agent, registered Azerbaijani trademark attorney.
1. Online Search Database for International Trademarks.
2. Response to the provisional refusal of international trademark registration must be filed within 3 months from the date of its receipt by the holder. This term can be restored within 6 months after its expiration. The language of the response is Azerbaijani. It is necessary to appoint a local representative for filing the response and/or requesting a restoration. Final refusal may be appealed in the court within 3 months from the date of its receipt. | https://www.ip-coster.com/IPGuides/trademark-azerbaijan |
On Mar 29, 2022, the FDA granted a three-month shelf-life extension for the iHealth COVID-19 Antigen Rapid Test, which extended the shelf-life of all iHealth tests with expiration dates on or before 2022-09-29 (YYYY-MM-DD) from 6 months to 9 months. For example, if the expiration date printed on your box says 2022-07-21 (YYYY-MM-DD), the updated expiration date is 2022-10-20 (YYYY-MM-DD). We will continue to apply to FDA for shelf-life extensions every three months based on our stability studies, and the new shelf-lives for our tests will apply to tests already produced as well as future production.
- View the FDA letter
- Look up the new expiration date by lot number:
Lot number is on the back of the test kit. | https://ihealthlabs.com/pages/news |
If you are unable to complete your degree requirements by the completion date indicated on your DS-2019 (item #3), you must apply for a program extension. You should apply for a program extension at least 45 days before the completion date indicated on the DS-2019. You may fall out of lawful J-1 status and lose J-1 benefits if:
The expiration date of Form DS-2019 is tied to confirmed funding sources. In order to extend your DS-2019, you must come to the Office of International Services within 45 days of the expiration of your DS-2019, and provide evidence of continued financial ability. In addition, you must provide a letter of support from an academic advisor verifying that you are still in good academic standing and making satisfactory progress toward meeting your degree requirements. Specifically, you must provide:
Upon receiving the above documents, the OIS will review your eligibility for a program extension. If your request is approved, an extension one year (or more, if appropriate) will be granted. The OIS will update your J-1 records and provide you with a new DS-2019 with an updated expiration date. Separate DS-2019s will also be issued for any J-2 dependents.
In certain cases the OIS may not be able to grant a program extension, or may request additional information before proceeding: | https://www.tc.columbia.edu/international/current-students/visa--immigration/j-1-student-status/j-1-program-extension/ |
1. Membership is open to all Malaysian citizens aged 25 years old and above regardless of gender, race, religion and nation in Malaysia.
2. Type Membership is as follows:
a) Individuals who are working at least Managerial level in any Hotel’s industry in Engineering, Maintenance, Project and Construction or
b) Individuals who qualified as an Electrical Chargeman (any category) in under the Electricity Supply Act or
c) Individuals who have a certificate of competency in any Engineering discipline or Maintenance academic qualifications or any Graduate Engineers from the Institution of Engineers/ Board of Engineers, Malaysia. Individuals who possess competency certificate under the Factories and Machinery Act or such other similar qualification or
d) Individuals who have a recognized certificate/ diploma in the field of engineering in any local or private institution with at least 10 years of working experience.
3. Every application for membership shall complete the prescribed form and submit to the Secretary of the Association for approval within 14 days.
4. The Committee may in its discretion refuse any application without giving any reason.
5. Every applicant whose application has been approved as aforesaid shall pay the registration and annual fee.
6. Any university or college students are not allowed to be a member of the Association unless it has exceeded the requirements age and been authorized in writing by University’s Vice Chancellor.
Registration & Annual Fees
1. The registration fee and the annual fee to be paid as follows:
a) Registration fees: RM 100 (Ringgit Malaysia of One Hundred only).
b) Annual fee: RM 80 (Ringgit Malaysia eighty only) and RM20 (Ringgit Malaysia twenty only) for membership card.
c) Life Time members fee for age 65 years old and above: RM 300 (Ringgit Malaysia Three Hundred only) One time pay off + RM 100 (Ringgit Malaysia of One Hundred only) registration fee plus RM20 (Ringgit Malaysia twenty only) for membership card.
2. The annual fee shall be paid to the Treasurer within seven (7) days in advance from the beginning of every year. Members who allows his arrears for more than 2 days after the expiration date will receive a reminder letter signed by the secretary or deputy secretary and will lose its privileges as a member until the debt has been settled.
3. Members who have not paid their fees will receive a reminder letter signed by Secretary or deputy secretary, and its privileges as a member until his outstanding fees have been explained.
4. Members who leave the debt by more than the amount of the fee for three (3) weeks can be acted upon by the Committee thereafter will be cease to be a member of organization and his/ her position may order that legal action be taken against him, provided they are satisfied that it has received a statement of his debts.
5. The Committee has the authority to revise the annual fees for re-entry for those who allow their membership to lapse.
6. Special subscriptions or levies from members of the certain things can be collected on approval of the Annual General Meeting of members. If there are member fails to pay the fee within the stipulated time frame, then the money will be considered as in arrears.
7. Any Member who fails to comply with the Constitution of the Organization or act in a way that would defame the organization can be expelled or suspended its membership for a period of time deemed reasonable by the Committee. Before the Committee dismiss or suspend the membership of the Member, the Member shall be informed of the reasons for dismissal or suspension in writing. The Member shall also be given the opportunity to explain and defend himself. Termination or suspension shall be implemented unless the general meeting to defer or cancel the decision on appeal by the said member. | http://mhea.org.my/membership-requirements/ |
This piece by Jane Wales, President and CEO of the World Affairs Council and the Global Philanthropy Forum, first appeared in The Huffington Post. Follow Jane Wales on Twitter for more insights into strategic philanthropy.
According to the World Bank Group, Over a billion people of working age [ages 15-64], most of them women, are not participating in the labor force. Among those who do participate, around 200 million are unemployed, including 75 million youth (under the age of 25). An additional 600 million jobs are needed globally over the next decade to keep employment rates stable and to keep up with population growth.
Like the crises described in my previous post, a challenge of this magnitude requires coherent strategies and action across public, private and social sectors and a collective focus on advancing broad-based economic growth and inclusive development.
Progress is being made. Through their strategic grantmaking, impact investing and individual actions, philanthropists and business leaders around the world are advancing these goals through a number of strategies, including:
- Promoting the accessibility, quality and relevance of elementary, secondary and tertiary education that includes training in both cognitive and non-cognitive skills;
- Supporting programs that identify and nurture ethical leaders and provide them with the skills and values-based networks they need to succeed;
- Assuring access to capital, mentorship and training needed to start, sustain and grow commercial enterprises;
- Leading inclusive businesses that deliver social benefit as part of their value chain, sometimes foregoing early profit in order to assure long-term social gain;
- Enhancing the status of women and girls by providing them the tools they need to succeed;
- Advancing human rights, including labor rights and the rights of children and minority populations; and
- Improving public health by strengthening systems to prevent or treat communicable and non-communicable diseases.
Over the past few years, the Global Philanthropy Forum (GPF) has worked to highlight mechanisms for equipping current and future generations with the skills needed to enter the global workforce. And we are seeing many of the aforementioned strategies come to life through the actions of GPF community members and those they support. For example, Ashish Thakkar, founder of Mara Group and Mara Foundation, launched an African multi-lingual web and mobile platform Mara Mentor that links ambitious African entrepreneurs with successful and established African business leaders for advice and mentorship. And we all admire the work of Arif Naqvi and Frederic Sicre, who, through The Abraaj Group, support young business leaders and early-stage companies and work with NGOs to improve education and create jobs.
To make certain women and girls are not excluded from the workforce, Peter and Jennifer Buffett of the Novo Foundation invest directly in empowering girls by providing opportunities to cultivate the social and emotional skills needed to transition effectively from school to work. Nalini Gangadharan, founder and executive chair of the CAP Foundation and the CAP Workforce Development Institute, links learning and livelihood for disadvantaged youth and women in India and sub-Saharan Africa. Janet Longmore, founder and CEO of Digital Opportunity Trust (DOT), empowers people living in communities that are developing, in transition or under stress with the confidence to use technology for entrepreneurial, community, educational and personal development. And to ensure the safety and wellbeing of the global workforce, Kohl Gill, founder and CEO of LaborVoices, is providing real-time worker feedback to supply-chain managers.
But despite these impressive examples of progress, among many others, much more work is needed to adequately address the worldwide jobs challenge. How can we change societal expectations and thinking about education so that there is more of a focus on the skills needed to enter the workforce from digital literacy and critical thinking to confidence, communication and leadership development? And what is the role of philanthropy, government and the private sector in increasing opportunities for market-driven approaches to create more jobs and prepare the next labor force? These are questions we hope to address during the next Global Philanthropy Forum conference and continue to see addressed through strategic, cross-sector collaboration around the world. | https://philanthropyforum.org/empowering-the-future-workforce/ |
Fulham Cross Girls’ School is an outstanding school, in the top two percent nationally for the progress that our students make. However, if you ask any member of the school community they will tell you that it is so much more than that. It is a truly exceptional school that changes girls’ lives through our commitment to Empowering Tomorrow’s Women.
Fulham Cross is a school of great heart where diversity is celebrated and girls take care of each other so that they can flourish in a supportive environment and achieve their full potential. Our families share our commitment to ensuring that the girls are independent and make choices with integrity and intelligence whilst our staff believe that our students deserve the best. We demand this of everyone who joins our school community.
We believe that every young woman should be empowered to be bold, brave and ready to overcome the challenges that girls and women face to succeed in today’s society. We are passionate about providing a route into a successful, rich and interesting future through education.
Our core Empower Values support students in becoming positive role models and successful women in the future.
A relentless focus on quality of teaching and learning across the school, in every lesson.
The use of robust assessment systems to track progress and to intervene in a timely and effective manner.
An expectation that all staff and students will meet consistently applied, high standards for education and behaviour/professionalism.
Challenging, inspirational leadership at all levels and an investment in developing the skills and expertise of all staff. | https://fulhamcross.squarespace.com/ |
President Uhuru Kenyatta has said women should be given equal opportunities of authority as men as they are able to deliver in equal measure.
The President acknowledged the need for the society to create an enabling environment for women to exercise authority and enable them exploit their skills and talents in providing services to the communities they live in.
“We need to make the society understand that women are as capable as men. We have to create an enabling environment and the opportunity for them to serve,” said President Kenyatta during a high level panel discussion at the ongoing Women Deliver 2019 Conference in Vancouver, Canada.
He noted that cultural and religious barriers as well as stereotypes have continued to be an impediment to women in realizing their potential in leadership and in achieving their dreams of a better society.
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President Kenyatta, who is attending the conference at the invitation of Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, said during his first term in office he made history by appointing six women in key cabinet positions thereby empowering them to impact the Kenyan society. Two of them were subsequently elected to governor posts during the last elections.
“At the executive we have appointed women in key Cabinet positions of Defence, Foreign Affairs, Public Service and Health,” said the President.
The President who is representing the African continent at the conference said he will not relent in pushing for more women to be included in leadership positions and pledged to use his influence to push for the passage of the two third gender law in the Kenyan parliament.
“My government is keen on the involvement of women in leadership roles. We have not accomplished the implementation of the 2/3 gender rule in parliament; we will not relent we will keep pushing ,” said the President.
The President said there is no way a country can make meaningful progress by excluding the largest segment of its population.
Kenya has managed to succeed in ensuring gender equality at the executive, judiciary and the devolved units, but has not made considerable progress at the legislature.
“As a democracy we are working with opposition parties, in making this a reality, we are not yet there but the debate is ongoing,” said the President.
The Women Delivery Conference was officially opened today in Vancouver, Canada, by the country’s Prime Minister Justin Trudeau with a call to redefine power at every level.
The conference focus is on gender equality, the health rights and well being of girls and women across the globe under the theme: ‘power, progress, change’, through which it seeks to inspire women to take up their position in bringing positive change in their societies.
During the opening ceremony, indigenous Squamish, Tsleil-Waututh and Musqueam communities led leaders in a colorful entrance procession and prayers.
President Kenyatta outlined his administration’s action plan in ensuring gender equality in Kenya is realized through the introduction of compulsory free education policy for all from primary to secondary school.
He said through this policy, which also provides basic necessities such as sanitary towels, the Government aims at ensuring that girls access quality education thereby enabling them to be as competitive as their male counterparts.
“In order to keep our girls in school, the government is also providing sanitary towels for free and this has ensured that no girl suffers stigma,” President Kenyatta said.
He further said the government is going to enact a law to make it punishable for parents who fail to take their children to school.
Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said his country will continue championing gender equality and ensuring that rights of all citizens are respected and protected.
“We are not powerless, it’s up to us to fight back. All of us. Women, men, gender diverse people, neighbours and allies across communities. All of us together, all of us standing strong,” said the Canadian PM.
A Zambian young leader Natasha Mwansa challenged political leaders to walk the talk by involving the youth in decision-making as concerns their welfare. She cautioned governments against enacting policies and programmes concerning the youth without their input.
“It’s about time that governments involve young people in the making of decisions not making us beneficiaries of what they feel we need as young ladies. We need action, words don’t work anymore,” the young leader said.
President Sahle-Work Zewde said her appointment to the highest public office in her country is part of the reform agenda being implemented in Ethiopia and pledged to use her influence to create more opportunities for women.
“When you are a pioneer in something, it is your duty to ensure the door remains open for others to come through,” said President Zewde.
Ghanaian President Nana Akufo Addo challenged women to actively participate in all electoral systems so as to elect more women in political leadership and governance.
“There must be enough dynamism and activism, women must keenly participate in political party processes of empowering women to be in decision making positions,” President Addo advised.
The President and CEO of Women Deliver Katja Iversen said her organization has a strong global force which needs to utilize its power to bring lasting positive impact as concerns the welfare of women and girls.
Over 8,000 delegates including world leaders, governments representatives, policy makers, influencers, advocates, academics and activists are attending this year’s conference whose agenda is to come up with programmes to accelerate progress for girls and women globally. | https://www.kenyantribune.com/give-women-equal-opportunities-as-men-says-president-kenyatta/ |
The mission of WINGS is to equip at-risk kids with the skills they need to succeed in school, stay in school, and thrive in life.
Wings of Eagles Ranch is a "Center for Hope" giving families with special needs children and adults, along with our youth at risk community, the opportunity to "Soar on Wings like Eagles." We are providing fun activities for participants to gain strength, balance and most importantly self esteem and self confidence through Equine Assisted Therapy while adapting those activities to allow success for every participant.
The Winston-Salem Girls Chorus offers a joyful and empowering experience for girls and young women through vocal music education and artistic excellence in choral music performance.
To ensure the availability of funds for the benefit of persons in the communities of Western North Carolina who require post acute health care, primarily those persons served by Care Partners Health Services agencies and other closely allied agencies.
WVSS will provide a beacon of hope to women veterans in crisis, and that through our services at the Women Veterans Crisis and Support Center (WVCSC) in Durham, together with our education and advocacy efforts, these women and their families will have their dignity restored, and will be empowered to take positive steps to move forward in their lives.
We will address the unique needs and specialized care for women veterans with or without children requiring emergency shelter due to homelessness or domestic violence, providing the following services:
To obtain help with immediate needs, such as shelter, food, and clothing, and transition aid through existing networks and resources
To help women veterans receive the benefits to which they and their families are entitled also connect them to community support
To navigate the often-complex process of benefits application
To ease the stress for women veterans who file claims for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and help them through the process.
To establish the only women veteran facilities to accept children in the Triangle area.
To maximize women's leadership in philanthropy by engaging and educating our members, increasing charitable contributions and strengthening communities through the impact of collective giving.
To build and bridge social capital among women of diverse cultures, foster cross-cultural awareness and develop the infrastructure fo rcommunit dialog, engagement and programming.
The Women's Resource Center in Hickory, NC empowers women through workforce development, advocacy, enrichment programs and community partnerships.
To improve and enrich the personal and professional lives of women and their families through education, support services, networking and community resources. | https://www.ncnonprofits.org/connect/directory?page=107 |
This year’s theme: “Empowering adolescent girls – Ending the cycle of violence”.
"To end the cycle of violence against adolescent girls we must go beyond raising awareness and take action to equip girls with knowledge, skills, resources and power to determine their own path in life. We must provide them with safe transport, and access to sources of energy and water, quality health services and supportive environments that will allow them to thrive.On this International Day of the Girl Child, I call on all governments to take action to end all forms of violence against girls in all parts of the world. Together, we must create a world where violence against women and girls is never tolerated and girls are always empowered to reach their full potential." Ban Ki-Moon said in his message for the International Day of the Girl Child.
Points to consider:
Upholding the rights of the girl child has received international support through the nearly global adoption of the Rights of the Child and the UN’s Millennium Development Goals.
Equal numbers of boys and girls have access to primary education globally but this is far from the truth regarding other levels of education.
While there are positive indications regarding child mortality reductions girls are often abandoned when cultural groups prefer male children and in some cultures are subjected to genital mutilation and female infanticide.
Women and girls suffer violence in war zones, in camp compounds and as refugees.
INVESTING IN GIRLS IS THE RIGHT AND SMART THING TO DO
We pray that governments, citizens, organizations and families will be more alert and act courageously so that all forms of violence, discrimination and abuse suffered by adolescent girls around the globe may cease. We pray that they be empowered to use their energies and rich personal gifts and skills for the benefit of all people and our planet. Amen. | https://brigidine.org.au/international-day-of-the-girl-child-2/ |
Room to Read is a leading non-profit organisation that focuses on girls’ education and children’s literacy in Asia and Africa. They envision a world in which all children can pursue a quality education that enables them to reach their full potential and contribute to their communities and the world. Room to Read seek to transform the lives of millions of children in low-income communities by focusing on literacy and gender equality in education. Working in collaboration with local communities, partner organizations and governments, they develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills to succeed in education and beyond.
Girls Education Program
Together, we support girls to overcome social and economic barriers by equipping them with the essential life skills to succeed in school and beyond. Since 2015, through the Girls Education Programme, we have supported 960 girls across India and Vietnam and in 2020, we are supporting 153 girls in Vietnam.
Key Activities of Room to Read's Girls Education Programme:
- Life Skills Classes: these develop the competencies to help them thrive —like empathy, critical thinking and self-efficacy. When girls learn these skills and how to apply them in their daily lives, they are better equipped to handle the challenges they may face, from finding time to study to gender bias.
- Female Mentoring: provides girls with strong female role models from the local community called social mobilisers and these women lead group and individual mentoring sessions to address any issues the girls may be facing in their lives. | https://www.swarovskifoundation.org/partners/room-to-read |
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