Datasets:

Query-of-CC
/

Knowledge_Pile

Dataset card Data Studio Files Files and versions Community

Split (1)

train · 1.07M rows

content stringlengths 71 484k	url stringlengths 13 5.97k
1,910,736 people have helped raise more than $5,121,555 for 249 projects Here is where you'll find the real stories about how these projects that have truly changed lives for people living in extreme poverty across the globe. Footprints has funded 20 projects, and is currently funding 6 projects. With your help, this project will build a new inclusive sanitation block and renovate others in urban Bangladesh. Providing thousands of people with access to safe toilet facilities. Raised from 6,057 people This project will strengthen livelihoods and improve income and food security of rural communities in Timor Leste through agriculture technique training and empowering rural men and women to influence local and national decision making. Raised from 5,823 people This project focuses on reducing deaths from cervical cancer, currently a leading cause of female mortality in the remote Solomon Islands. SurfAid will work to increase women's access to cervical cancer screening by training peer educators and producing creative media to support health-seeking practices. Raised from 5,644 people This project will work with members of an indigenous community on the Atlantic coast of Panama to support the development of sustainable ecotourism as a way to save sea turtles by reducing pressure to hunt sea turtles for a living. Raised from 6,793 people This project will engage the public and visitors in Belize’s first citizen science project to change perceptions, document populations, and support conservation efforts for sharks and rays. Raised from 10,242 people This project will reduce trash and litter generated by trekkers along the major trails of the Everest region through constructing waste collection bins to help keep trails, forests, fields and waterways clean. Raised from 12,653 people The project aims to ensure that young adolescents, especially ethnic girls, build resilience and are better protected from harmful practices such as early marriage and early motherhood as they grow up in safer communities. Raised from 5,894 people This project will reduce the impacts of climate change on sea turtles and promote eco-tourism as a way to build sustainable conservation programs that provide revenue for local communities. Raised from 11,032 people This project will provide communities with clean water, build toilets and taps in schools, reduce the risk of disease outbreak, educate people about hygiene, and help women and girls spend less time collecting water. Raised from 7,298 people This project will focus on training teachers in the remote Solukhumbu district of Nepal, with the goal of ensuring children have better opportunities in life through an inclusive, high quality education. Raised from 4,442 people This project will increase the skills of community health workers to independently run community health posts, which are the only support structure for pregnant women, mothers and children in remote areas. Raised from 9,727 people This will improve food security in remote villages by increasing incomes through small enterprises and providing on-going business and health coaching. Raised from 11,171 people This project will improve access to primary school education in the remote, disadvantaged communities and increase the enrolment and retention of girls in primary schools by training teachers, building classrooms ad providing literacy tools and learning materials. Raised from 7,305 people This project is part of the The Fred Hollows Foundation's work to eliminate trachoma from Ethiopia by 2020 and will reach the most remote communities by upskilling the existing health workforce and deploying small surgical teams across the country to screen for trachoma and conduct surgery. Raised from 5,849 people This project will help protect the Serengeti’s wildlife through the provision of training and equipment necessary for the immobilization and release of wildlife found trapped in snares set by bushmeat hunters. Raised from 4,079 people This project will support women farmers in Iringa District, Tanzania to improve their crop yields, learn how to improve their families’ nutrition and increase their income by producing and marketing soy products. Raised from 6,119 people This project will protect threatened coral reefs in Indonesia by uniting governments, NGOs and the diving and snorkelling industry to establish international environmental standards for marine tourism. Raised from 3,148 people This project will offer training opportunities for young women, school leavers and disadvantaged youth to improve their skills, confidence and networks, helping them to gain employment or start an enterprise. Raised from 9,502 people This project will train teachers in the remote Solukhumbu district of Nepal with the goal to ensure that children have better opportunities in life through an inclusive, high quality education. Raised from 9,446 people This project will help improve the farming skills of relocated fisher folk through creating and running a demonstration banana farm and educating communities through agri-business training. Raised from 8,420 people Page #: 1 \| next Footprints Fundraising Inc. (NSW) #INC9884228. Level 21, 680 George St, Sydney 2000 Australia, © 2005 - 2021 All rights reserved.	https://www.footprintsnetwork.org/completedprojects.aspx?x1=0
My Sierra Leonean women are very strong and resilient. I call them “Women of substance”. As a republic, we have gone through a lot, but our women have always stood strong. As a human resource, women are under-utilised in Sierra Leone. Women can contribute so much more . To this end, we have to develop our girl child now and education is key. Educating the girl child makes them better suited to contribute more as adults. Education is one of the most important means of empowering women with the knowledge, skills and self-confidence necessary to participate fully in the development process. Building Sierra Leone requires everyone working at optimum. My Office will fight against factors that will sabotage our girl child from having quality education. We refuse to shy away from the existing social issues, we are dealing with these issues head-on. Teenage pregnancy must be reduced, and child marriage eliminated. We have to raise the standard and expectations required from our girl child. It is also important we take care of teenage mothers to make sure they are not “lost” in the system. As we celebrate the International Day of the girl child, our girls should be assured, they will be well equipped , to take their rightful position, as they build a great Sierra Leone. First Lady of the Republic of Sierra Leone.	https://firstlady.gov.sl/international-day-of-the-girl-child/
We eat a lot of pizza in our house! In fact, it is a weekly tradition for us. The kids look forward to it, and I love having one meal each week already planned for me. A couple of years ago I decided to try my hand at making homemade pizza. I had been a little intimidated by the thought. Wouldn’t it take a long time? What if it was a total flop? But, I decided to give it a try. I am so glad that I did! I wanted to share with you my completely fool-proof, go-to homemade pizza recipe. Enjoy! Best Ever Pizza Crust 1 cup warm water 1 tablespoon yeast 1 tablespoon sugar 1 teaspoon salt 2 tablespoons oil 2 ½ cups flour Bake w/ toppings at 450 degrees for 12-15 minutes Total time: 15 minutes prep, 15 minutes bake Directions: Fill a liquid measuring cup with warm water–making sure the water is not too hot. Add the yeast, sugar, salt, and oil. Let sit together while you measure the flour into a bowl. Add liquid to flour. Stir together. Knead mixture for 3-5 minutes. Roll into a circle and place on a pizza pan. Tips: - I buy yeast in jar form instead of the packets of 3. This saves quite a bit of money. You can put the yeast into the fridge after you’ve opened it, making it last for months. - If you are intimidated by the word “knead,” don’t be! Just use your hands to squeeze the dough. I work the dough until there are no wet patches, adding flour to portions that are too wet. This eventually forms a nice soft dough. - You can use spaghetti sauce instead of pizza sauce. We typically have a bit of sauce left over when we cook pasta. I simply put that sauce in the fridge and use it again on pizza night. We don’t like a lot of sauce, so I only use less than one sixth of a jar. - Use whatever toppings you have on hand. We always have chicken breasts and a few veggies, so our favorite pizza is chicken with green peppers and onions. We also like sausage (using leftover breakfast sausage) and peppers. Make pizza night a “clean out the refrigerator” night! Freeze It You can also make a double batch and freeze the dough. Just roll into a ball, wrap with cling wrap, and place in a Ziploc bag. The dough will keep for six months in the freezer. Bring the crust out to thaw the day before, and you’ve made pizza night even easier! Cost Comparison I always like to do a cost comparison to see if I save any money by cooking from scratch. Cost of delivery pizza: $10-$20 Cost of frozen pizza: $5-10 Cost of homemade pizza: $5.75-6.75 Crust–$.50 (assuming you keep baking staples on hand) Sauce–$.25 (using leftovers of spaghetti sauce) Cheese–$2.50-$3.00 Toppings–$2.50-$3.00 So, for roughly the cost of a frozen pizza, you can have a much tastier, healthier alternative! What are your favorite pizza toppings?	http://www.orthodoxmotherhood.com/best-ever-homemade-pizza/
S'Mores Pizza with tons of gooey marshmallows, creamy HERSHEY'S Milk Chocolate with a marshmallow cheesecake sauce, a chocolate drizzle, and a sprinkle of graham crackers, all on top of a cinnamon-sugar crust. Prep Time 15 minutes Cook Time 15 minutes Total Time 30 minutes Servings 12 -16 Calories Author The Gracious Wife Ingredients 1 package refrigerated pizza crust 2 tablespoons butter melted 3 tablespoons sugar 1 tablespoon cinnamon For the marshmallow sauce 1 8 ounce package cream cheese, softened ¼ cup powdered sugar 1 7 ounce jar marshmallow fluff 1 teaspoon vanilla For the toppings 3-6 HERSHEY'S Milk Chocolate Bars I used 5, and thought it was the perfect amount of chocolate 3 cups mini marshmallows 2 graham crackers crumbled Instructions Preheat oven to 400° Roll out pizza crust onto a large pizza pan or baking sheet. With a pastry brush, brush melted butter onto crust. In a small bowl, combine 3 tablespoons sugar and 1 tablespoon cinnamon. Sprinkle cinnamon-sugar to cover buttery pizza crust. Bake crust in preheated oven for about 5-7 minutes. The crust doesn't need to be cooked all the way While crust is cooking, combine softened cream cheese, powdered sugar, vanilla, and marshmallow fluff in a large mixing bowl. Whisk until smooth. Spread cream cheese mixture onto pizza crust. Add toppings on top of sauce. Add HERSHEY'S Milk Chocolate Bars (broken into pieces) and marshmallows liberally. Bake for an additional 10 minutes until cooked and heated through. If you want to make your marshmallows look toasted, turn on the broiler for the last minute. Watch carefully so that you marshmallows don't burn too quickly. Remove from oven. In a small bowl, melt the last bar of HERSHEY'S Milk Chocolate. Place in a plastic baggy. Cut a small corner off the bag, and drizzle melted chocolate on top of the S'Mores pizza. Sprinkle crushed graham crackers on top. Let set for about 10 minutes before cutting and serving. Serve warm so the marshmallows and chocolate stay gooey! Enjoy!	https://www.thegraciouswife.com/wprm_print/recipe/19349
Looking for a delicious low-carb comfort food recipe? This hearty Keto Pizza Casserole is ready in under an hour and is so easy to throw together with your favorite toppings! Course Main Course Cuisine American Keyword keto casserole recipe, keto pizza casserole, Low carb casserole Prep Time 15 minutes Cook Time 45 minutes Total Time 1 hour Servings 4 servings Calories 275 kcal Author Christel Oerum Ingredients For the base 5 cups raw cauliflower rice 1 cup mozzarella cheese (grated) 1 tbsp. dried Italian herbs (you can use a mix of thyme, basil and oregano) 1/2 tsp. salt 1 tsp. pepper Assembly 1/4 cup low-carb marinara sauce 1 cup mozzarella cheese (grated) 2 oz. pepperoni slices other desired toppings US Customary - Metric Instructions Preheat your oven to 400F (200°C). Cook the cauliflower rice in a pot of boiling water for 10 minutes until soft. Drain and wring out as much excess liquid as possible. Add all of the ingredients for the cauliflower base to a medium mixing bowl. Stir until well-combined. Transfer the base to a casserole dish or large cast-iron skillet. Smooth over the surface and press down the base gently. Bake the base for 20 minutes until lightly browned on the top and edges, then remove from the oven. Spread the marinara sauce over the baked cauliflower base. Add more mozzarella cheese and your desired toppings. Bake the pizza casserole for 15 minutes, then turn the oven to broil for a few more minutes until toppings are crispy and cheese is golden. Remove from oven and serve immediately. Notes This recipe is for 4 servings of low carb pizza casserole. To prep this dish in advance, bake the cauliflower base and add your toppings. Then, cover and refrigerate until you're ready to bake. Leftovers can be stored in an airtight container in the refrigerator for 3-4 days. This recipe is higher in sodium if you use regular mozzarella and pepperoni. You can use low-sodium cheese and other toppings if you are trying to limit your sodium intake. Nutrition Calories: 275 kcal \| Carbohydrates: 15.1 g \| Protein: 25.1 g \| Fat: 16.5 g \| Saturated Fat: 8.7 g \| Polyunsaturated Fat: 0.3 g \| Monounsaturated Fat: 0.3 g \| Trans Fat: 0 g \| Cholesterol: 73.5 mg \| Sodium: 1189 mg \| Potassium: 516.2 mg \| Fiber: 6.9 g \| Sugar: 3.2 g \| Net carbs:	https://diabetesstrong.com/wprm_print/16380
This zippy, bright-green mint and arugula pesto sauce is a great base for all sorts of pizza toppings, from simple mozzarella and fresh tomatoes to cured meats, chicken, and thinly sliced potatoes. Prep Time 15 mins Total Time 15 mins Course: Appetizer, Main Course, Salad, Snack Cuisine: American, Italian, Mediterranean Keyword: almonds, arugula, mint, pesto, pesto pizza Makes: 2 cups Cost: $5 Equipment Cutting board and knife Citrus juicer Food processor Ingredients ⅓ cup raw unsalted almonds 1½ cups packed baby arugula ½ cup packed fresh mint leaves 1 large garlic clove, quartered ½ cup finely shredded Parmesan cheese ½ teaspoon fine sea salt 2 teaspoons freshly squeezed lemon juice ¼ cup extra-virgin olive oil Instructions In a dry skillet over medium heat, toast the almonds until they begin to brown in spots, 2 to 3 minutes. Remove the skillet from the heat and let cool. In a food processor, combine the arugula, mint, toasted almonds, garlic, Parmesan, salt, and lemon juice. Pulse until the mixture is very finely chopped, then turn the processor to high and slowly stream in the oil. Process until the pesto is smooth and bright green in color. Store the pesto in an airtight container for up to 1 week or in the freezer for up to 6 months.	https://www.thursdaynightpizza.com/wprm_print/recipe/4602
Keto Low-Carb Bacon Chicken Spinach Alfredo Fathead Pizza is a quick and easy gluten-free, healthy recipe with almond flour and spinach. This recipe will show you how to make the base, dough, crust, and sauce for pizza that is perfect for the keto diet ketosis. The dish is practically carb-free and no carb! Course dinnner, lunch Cuisine American, Italian Keyword fat head pizza, fathead pizza, keto fathead pizza, keto pizza, low carb pizza Prep Time 20 minutes Cook Time 16 minutes Total Time 36 minutes Servings 8 Calories 397 kcal Author Brandi Crawford Ingredients Keto Low-Carb Fathead Pizza Crust 1 cup + 2 tablespoons almond flour 1 1/2 oz cream cheese 2 1/4 cups shredded mozzarella 1 egg 1-2 teaspoons Italian Seasoning I used 1 1/2 teaspoons 1 teaspoon butter melted (optional) Pizza White Alfredo Sauce 3 oz cream cheese 1/3 cup heavy cream 2 tablespoons butter 1/2 cup Parmesan reggiano cheese, shredded 1/4 teaspoon crushed red pepper flakes optional salt and pepper to taste Pizza Toppings 3 slices bacon cooked and crumbled 3/4 pound skinless chicken breasts cut into 1 inch cubes McCormick's Grill Mates Chicken Seasoning, salt, and pepper to taste 1/4 cup fresh spinach 1/2 cup mozzarella cheese, shredded 1/3 cup Parmesan reggiano cheese, shredded parsley to garnish optional Helpful tools parchment paper pizza pan pizza slicer cooking spray Instructions Fathead Pizza Crust Preheat oven to 425 degrees. Add the mozzarella and cream cheese to a large bowl. Place in the microwave for 60 seconds. Remove the mixture from the microwave. Add the Italian Seasoning and stir. Stir in the almond flour. The mixture may become really thick and difficult to stir. If so, place the bowl back in the microwave for another 30 seconds. Remove from the microwave and stir. Add in the egg. Stir until the mixture forms crust. Place a sheet of parchment paper over the pizza pan. Spoon the dough onto the parchment paper. Place another sheet of parchment paper over the dough to help roll out and flatten the dough. For extra flavor spread the melted butter over the crust using a cooking brush. (optional) Using a fork, poke holes throughout the pizza dough. This will allow the crust to rise. Bake for 8 minutes. Pizza Toppings While the crust bakes, spray a skillet with cooking spray on medium-high heat. Add the chicken cubes to the skillet. Season with chicken seasoning. Cook for 3-4 minutes until the chicken is no longer pink on the inside. Remove the chicken from the skillet and set aside. Pizza Alfredo Sauce Add the butter to the skillet on medium heat. Allow the butter to partially melt and then add the chunks of cream cheese, Parmesan reggiano, heavy cream, red pepper flakes, and salt and pepper to taste. Stir continuously until the cheese has melted. The cream cheese may take some time to dissolve. Assemble the Pizza and Bake Spread the alfredo sauce over the pizza crust. Add the fresh spinach. Toss the cooked bacon and chicken throughout. Sprinkle the mozzarella and Parmesan Reggiano cheese on the top. Bake for an additional 8-10 minutes until the cheese has melted. Mine was ready at 8 minutes. Cool before serving. Video Notes Fathead Pizza Recipe Tips The dough will be really sticky to roll out. Use parchment paper to bake. You can either use really clean hands or a second sheet of parchment paper to roll out the dough. If you roll the dough with your hands, wet them first. This will keep the dough from sticking to your hands and fingers as you roll it out. If the batter becomes too thick and hard to stir, microwave for another 15 seconds. This will allow the almond flour to moisten some with the cream cheese and mozzarella. Parmesan reggiano cheese costs a little more than most standard cheese. IT IS WORTH IT! I highly recommend you purchase the cheese for this recipe. It works wonders in the alfredo sauce. Applying melted butter to the pizza crust is awesome, and trust me it tastes amazing. For a thinner crust pizza use 3/4 cup almond flour, one egg, and 1 tablespoon of cream cheese as a modification. Nutrition Serving: 1 slice \| Calories: 397 kcal \| Carbohydrates: 3 g \| Protein: 27 g \| Fat:	https://www.staysnatched.com/wprm_print/9103
A quick and easy recipe for homemade pizza! Why buy if you can make it yourself! Prep Time 20 mins Cook Time 15 mins Rising Time 1 hr Total Time 1 hr 35 mins Course: Main Course Cuisine: American Servings: 2 people Ingredients 1 pkg Rapid Rise Yeast 1 cup warm water 1/2 tsp salt 2 tsp olive oil 2 1/2-3 1/2 cups bread flour corn meal 8 oz tomato sauce 1 tsp Italian seasoning 5-6 oz mozzarella cheese 2-3 oz fresh grated parmesan cheese 1-3 oz sliced pepperoni 1-3 oz sliced mushrooms various toppings Instructions FROM THE KITCHEN AID RECIPE BOOKLET Dissolve yeast in warm water. Add salt and olive oil while the mixer is on. Then add 2 1/2 cups of flour slowly while continuing to mix. Mix thoroughly on slowest setting. Remove formed dough to floured surface and knead by hand for 3-4 minutes to incorporate more flour. Return dough to oiled mixing bowl and turn once to coat all the surfaces. Cover with clean dish towel. Let rise until at least doubled, approx. one hour. Punch dough down and divide in half. Option to freeze half of the dough. Roll dough out on 13" pizza stone sprinkled with corn meal. Cut small slits in dough to prevent bubbling up. Bake at 450* for 5 minutes MY SAUCE AND TOPPINGS Add Italian seasoning to the tomato sauce then pour into a small pan. Cook on low until sauce is reduced and thickened. Shred cheeses. Prep pepperoni, mushrooms and any other toppings by thinly slicing. Spread the sauce, add the cheese and the toppings. Bake an additional 8-12 minutes until cheese is melted and bubbly. Cut into 8 slices and enjoy!	https://www.reinventeddelaware.com/wprm_print/recipe/2879
Missing the Mexican Pizza from Taco Bell? Well I have good news for you! I have made a version that is VERY close to the original. I had a few die-hard Tbell fans try it to make sure I got it right. Their verdict? 9/10 to the original – the only criticism was on the tortillas. They were just a bit more crispy than the original, but the flavor was ON POINT! So if you’re looking for a replica to satisfy that craving, this will definitely hit the spot! Unfortunately, Taco Bell has no current plans to bring back the Mexican Pizza, so this will have to do in the meantime… but honestly, I think this one is better than the original, but I am biased. - 1/2 Yellow Onion, Diced - 1 Tbsp Oil - 1lb 90/10 Ground Beef - 1 Package Taco Seasoning - 2 Tbsp Minced Garlic - 2 Cans Refried Pinto Beans - 1 Tbsp Cumin - 1 Tsp Salt - 1/2 Tsp Pepper - 4 Roma Tomatoes, Diced - 1 Cup Pizza Sauce - 2 Cups Mexican Blend Shredded Cheese - 8 Tostadas - Optional Toppings: Sour Cream, Avocado, Taco Bell Sauce, Lettuce, Diced Onions - Makes: 4 Pizzas - Prep Time: 10 Minutes - Cook Time: 25 Minutes - Total Time: 35 Minutes To Make: - Heat a large pot over low heat and add both cans of the beans. - Add in the cumin, salt and pepper and stir until well mixed. - Cover and keep on low heat, stirring occasionally until ready to serve. - Heat a large pan over medium heat and add in the oil. - Once hot, add in the diced onions and cook for 5 minutes until they become translucent and softened. - Add in the garlic and stir until fragrant – about 2 minutes. - Add in the ground beef and cook through – about 8-10 minutes. - Once the beef is fully cooked through, drain any excess fat. - Add in the taco seasoning and stir until well combined. - Time to assemble! - Take one tostada and add beans on top – about 1/2 cup – and spread evenly on the surface. - On top of the beans, add the ground beef. - Next, top the beef with another tostada. - Add 1/4 cup pizza sauce to the tostada and spread evenly. - On top of the pizza sauce, add 1/2 cup of cheese. - Place in the microwave for 1 minute, until the cheese is melty. - Lastly, add a handful of diced tomatoes on top! - Repeat steps 11-17 until all the pizzas have been made. - Top with your favorite toppings and enjoy! STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 4 STEP 5 STEP 6 STEP 7 STEP 9 STEP 10 STEP 11 STEP 12 STEP 13 STEP 14 STEP 15 STEP 16 STEP 17 ENJOY!	https://alyeatsfood.com/2021/01/31/mexican-pizza/
This is a new take on a stuffed pepper–using ground turkey and whatever pizza toppings you like. I’ve noted what we typically do, including using better-tasting organic meat. Serve with a big vegetable salad for a real Italian dinner feel–one that’s way healthier! Serves 8 Ingredients 4 large red bell peppers, cut in half and seeds removed 1 package cremini mushrooms, loosely chopped into large chunks Lots of fresh garlic (~ 6-10 medium cloves), minced 16 oz organic ground turkey 2 tsp garlic powder 3/4 cup low-sugar marinara or pizza sauce 1 cup organic or light shredded mozzarella cheese Pizza toppings: sliced shiitake or oyster mushrooms, sliced Kalamon olives, or whatever you like Directions - Preheat oven to 425 degrees F. Lightly grease a microwaveable large glass baking dish. Arrange pepper halves, skin-side up. Put a few tablespoons of water in the dish, cover, and microwave 7-10 minutes, until peppers are slightly soft. Drain excess liquid. - Separately microwave the cremini mushrooms (and any mushrooms for topping–use 2 separate bowls) 2 minutes, until soft and mostly cooked. Drain and squeeze dry. - Brown ground turkey and fresh garlic with just a tiny bit of olive oil in a large skillet over medium-high heat. Drain. - Add garlic powder, pizza sauce, and cremini mushrooms to the meat mixture, and stir to combine. - Divide the meat mixture evenly between all 8 pepper halves. - Top each pepper with mozzarella cheese, shiitake or oyster mushrooms, and olive slices. - Bake in 425 degree oven for 15 minutes. Bump heat up to broil for an additional few minutes if you like your cheese browned.	https://truceinc.com/pizza-stuffed-peppers/
Of all the foods I missed when I adopted a gluten-free lifestyle, pizza was at the top of the list. In fact, pizza is the food I want when I’m stranded on that proverbial desert island. I didn’t eat my first pizza until I was 16 years old. Odd, isn’t it! And, frankly, I didn’t particularly care for it. But once I was in college, I became a pizza lover. When wheat left my life in 1988, one of the first recipes I converted was pizza. The recipe below has gone through a few iterations since then and I have served it to many guests (even non-GF guests)—each devouring it with joy, not even caring that it was gluten-free because it was so good. I have also included a recipe for pizza sauce, but you can use store-bought brands instead. And, I’m a big fan of making the dough ahead of time (maybe the night before?), which improves flavor and makes it easier to handle. Instructions are below. Enjoy! PEPPERONI PIZZA Reprinted with permission from Gluten-Free 101: The Essential Beginner’s Guide to Easy Gluten-Free Cooking (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt) This pizza crust is so fabulous that it has received national acclaim and my family likes it better than store-bought pizza. You can hold it in your hand and it won’t crumble! The dough adheres to the pan better when it is greased with shortening rather than cooking spray. You can use store-bought pizza sauce, but mine is thicker so it won’t make the crust soggy. Pizza Sauce (Makes 1 cup, enough for a 12-inch pizza) 1 can (8 ounces) tomato sauce 1 1/2 teaspoons Italian seasoning 1/2 teaspoon fennel seeds (optional) 1/4 teaspoon garlic powder or 1 minced garlic clove 1 teaspoon sugar 1/4 teaspoon salt Crust (Makes a 12-inch pizza) 1 tablespoon active dry yeast 3/4 cup warm (110°F) milk of choice 1 teaspoon sugar 2/3 cup brown rice flour, plus more for sprinkling 1/4 cup potato starch 1/4 cup tapioca flour 1 1/2 teaspoons xanthan gum 1 teaspoon Italian seasoning 1/2 teaspoon salt 2 teaspoons olive oil 2 teaspoons cider vinegar Topping 12 gluten-free pepperoni slices 1 1/2 cups (6 ounces) shredded Mozzarella cheese or cheese alternative Pizza Sauce In a small, heavy saucepan combine all of the sauce ingredients and simmer, uncovered and stirring occasionally, for 15 minutes. Set aside. Crust Place oven racks in the bottom and middle positions of the oven. Preheat the oven to 400ºF. Dissolve the yeast and sugar in the warm milk for 5 minutes. In a food processor, blend all of the crust ingredients, including the yeast mixture, until the dough forms a ball. The dough will be very, very soft. (Or, blend in a medium bowl, using an electric mixer on low speed until well blended.) Place the pizza dough in the center of a greased 12-inch nonstick (gray, not black) pizza pan. Liberally sprinkle the rice flour onto the dough; then press the dough into the pan with your hands, continuing to dust the dough with flour to prevent sticking. Make the edges thicker to contain the toppings, taking care to make the dough as smooth and even as possible for the prettiest crust. At first, it will seem as though there is not enough dough to cover the pan but don’t worry―it is just the right amount. Bake the pizza crust for 10 minutes on the bottom rack. Remove from the oven and brush the top with the pizza sauce. Arrange the pepperoni slices on top and sprinkle with the cheese. Return the pizza to the oven and bake on the middle rack until nicely browned, about 15 to 20 minutes. Remove the pizza from the oven and cool it on a wire rack for 5 minutes. At this point, you may brush the crust edges with a little olive oil (optional) or proceed to cutting it into 6 slices. Serve warm. Makes a 12-inch pizza, 6 slice Per slice: 295 calories; 12 grams protein; 13 grams total fat; 2 grams fiber; 32 grams carbohydrates; 35 mgs cholesterol; 856 mgs sodium How to Shape Pizza Crust Dough See a step-by-step guide to making gluten-free pizza at www.GlutenFree101.com. Click on Tutorials, then on Pizza 101. Make-Ahead Pizza Crust Dough Wouldn’t it be nice to have a pizzeria in your own kitchen? Well, that may be asking a bit much. But you can have pizza often and with little effort, with a little advance preparation. Make the pizza crust dough ahead of time and freeze it, tightly covered, for up to a month. Thaw the dough overnight, tightly covered, in the refrigerator before shaping the dough on the pizza pan following Step 2 above. Or, make the dough on weekends, refrigerate tightly covered, and bake it up to 3 days later. The only change required for make-ahead dough is to use cold, rather than warm milk so the yeast won’t activate until the pizza goes in the oven. While the chilled dough is easier to shape, it may take longer to rise because it is cold so let the shaped crust sit on the countertop for 10 minutes to warm up a bit before baking. The sauce can also be made ahead and refrigerated for up to a week. Bake-Ahead Pizza Crust Remember when we could buy a pizza crust at the grocery store… the ones that are already baked and just need toppings and a warm-up in the oven? Well, you can make your own. Prepare the pizza crust dough and shape it following Step 2 above. Then, proceed to Step 3 and bake on the bottom rack of a preheated oven for 10 minutes but then―instead of adding the toppings―shift the pizza pan to the middle rack and bake just until the crust is a light golden brown and firm to the touch, about 10 to 15 minutes. (The goal is to bake it just long enough to cook the dough but not brown it so much that it burns during the final baking.) Remove the pizza crust from the oven and cool it completely on a wire rack. Then wrap it tightly in foil and freeze for up to a month. When you’re ready to bake the pizza, remove the foil and place the pizza on a lightly greased 12-inch pizza pan. Let the crust thaw while you prepare the toppings, about 10 minutes. Add the toppings and bake on the middle rack in a preheated oven just until the cheese is melted and lightly browned, about 15 to 20 minutes (depending on toppings). Serve immediately.	http://www.carolfenstercooks.com/index.php/2018/04/homemade-glutenfree-pepperoni-pizza/
My blog just turned six months old! So this month I will be posting 4 very special recipes. The first recipe is a no-yeast basic pizza. Its a really simple recipe. With just a few ingredients you can make a delicious pizza at home. In this recipe, instead of adding yeast I have used baking powder and baking soda. Both of these ingredients are important for the pizza base to rise. To give the base a beautiful light brown colour and flavour, I have applied garlic butter. Its such an easy step but adds so much flavour to the pizza. Now coming to the sauce, I have made a homemade pizza sauce with fresh tomato puree, onion, garlic and dried Italian seasoning. The procedure is pretty simple. All the steps are mentioned below. But you can also use a store bought sauce if you want. For the toppings, I have used slices of sausages, chopped bell peppers, baby corn and lots of cheese. You can change the toppings as per your wish. I hope you’ll find the recipe helpful. If so, do let me know in the comments section below. And don’t forget to check my blog for the next 3 special recipes. Happy six months n Happy Cooking!! Prep time: 20 minutes Cook time: 25 minutes Total time: 45 minutes Yield: Serves 2-3 Ingredients For the dough - 2 cup all-purpose flour - 1 tsp salt - 2 tsp baking powder - 1 tsp baking soda - 2/3 cup yoghurt - 1 tbsp butter - 1/3 warm water - 1/2 cup cornmeal or maize flour (makke ka atta) For the pizza sauce - 10-12 garlic cloves, finely chopped - 1 medium-sized onion, finely chopped - 5 medium-sized tomatoes, pureed - 2 tsp paprika powder - 1 tsp red chilli powder - 2 tsp Italian seasoning - 2 tsp black pepper powder - 1 tsp sugar - 3 tbsp oil - Salt to taste Toppings - 4-5 chicken sausage - 1 cup red and green bell peppers, chopped - 4-5 baby corns, sliced in half - 1-2 cubes processed cheese - 1 cup mozzarella cheese For garlic butter - 1/2 cup butter, softened - 1/2 tbsp garlic paste Cooking Directions - Preheat oven to 180-degree Celsius. - To make the pizza dough, in a large bowl add flour, salt, baking powder, baking soda. Give it a nice mix. - Add yoghurt and mix again. Then start kneading the dough with warm water. Knead the dough for around 10-15 minutes. Try to form a smooth and soft dough. Then add butter and knead again. Make sure the butter is nicely absorbed into the dough. - Place the dough in a well-oiled bowl and apply a little on the dough ball as well. Cover with a damp cloth and let the dough rest for at least 30 minutes in a warm place. - To make the pizza sauce, heat oil in a non-stick pan over medium flame. Add garlic, saute for a minute. Then add chopped onion and cook for about 2 minutes. - Pour the tomato puree and add paprika powder, red chilli powder, Italian or pizza seasoning, black pepper powder, sugar and salt. Mix well and bring the sauce to a boil. - Simmer for about 5 minutes or till the sauce thickens up. Then turn the heat off and keep the sauce aside. - In a separate bowl add sliced sausages, bell peppers and baby corns. Pour 1 tsp oil and sprinkle salt and pepper. Mix everything nicely. - Remove the dough ball from the bowl and dust it with cornmeal. - Roll it out with the help of a rolling pin. You can also use your fingers to flatten the dough. Make sure the edges are slightly raised. Dust the pizza tray with cornmeal and place the pizza on it. Prick holes on the pizza base with the help of a fork. Bake for 10 minutes at 180-degree Celsius. - Combine butter and garlic in a bowl, mix until smooth. - Then take the pizza base out of the oven and apply garlic butter all over the crust. - Spread the pizza sauce all over the base and add a layer of toppings. - Grate processed and mozzarella cheese over it. Add another layer of sausage and bell peppers. Place the sliced baby corns and apply a little garlic butter over them. - Bake for another 10 minutes at 250-degrees Celcius. - Garnish with oregano and red chilli flakes. Recipe Notes: - You can make this pizza in the microwave, OTG or even on a gas stove. To make a stovetop pizza, take a skillet/kadhai and add a layer of salt. Place a wire rack or small metal bowl at the centre. Cover it with a lid and keep the flame high. Preheat for 10 to 15 minutes. Then place the pizza tray on the wire rack/bowl and put the lid back on. Lower the flame and bake the pizza base for 10 minutes. After that add the toppings and bake for 10 more minutes at high flame. - The pizza dough should be soft and knead it with lukewarm water. - Keep the dough in a well-oiled bowl. It would prevent the dough from sticking to the sides. - If you don’t have cornmeal, then you can also use flour for dusting.	http://www.temptingtreat.com/2018/09/no-yeast-homemade-pizza-with-sausage-bell-peppers-and-baby-corns/
A quick and easy lunch option the whole family can enjoy. Tortilla Wraps topped with sauce, cheese and toppings of choice then baked until bubbly and crispy. Course Lunch, Snack Cuisine Fusion Keyword Tortilla Pizza Prep Time 5 minutes Cook Time 10 minutes Total Time 15 minutes Servings 1 Calories 216 kcal Author Amy Whiteford Ingredients 1 Tortilla Wrap 60ml (1/4 cup) Pizza Sauce * SEE NOTES FOR ALTERNATIVES 35g (1/3 cup) Cheese, grated Toppings * SEE NOTES FOR SUGGESTIONS Instructions Preheat oven to 200C / 400F Place the tortilla wrap in a pizza tray, baking sheet or large cast-iron skillet. Spread the sauce evenly across the tortilla, leaving 1cm around the edges. Sprinkle with the cheese and add toppings. Bake until the cheese is bubbly and golden and the base is crisp, around 10 mins. Cut into triangle and allow to cool slightly before serving Notes TORTILLA WRAP - You can use a wrap of choice, the smaller wraps are ideal for young kids. SAUCE - I used Pizza Sauce but you can use a sauce of choice. Some suggestions include tomato paste, pesto, white pizza sauce, hummus, olive oil & garlic CHEESE - I used mozzarella but you can use cheese of choice TOPPINGS - Some suggestions include cherry tomatoes (halved or sliced), Roasted vegetables (pepper/capsicum, asparagus, onion, snow peas, sweet potato), Olives (sliced), Mushrooms (sauteed), Spinach (wilted), Zucchini (ribboned), Pineapple (chunks), Cooked and sliced meat (chicken etc) Nutritional information is a rough guide only, calculated using an online nutrition calculator. Results will vary depending on what wrap, sauce, cheese and topping you use. Nutrition Calories: 216 kcal \| Carbohydrates: 19 g \| Protein: 11 g \| Fat: 10 g \| Saturated Fat: 5 g \| Cholesterol: 29 mg \| Sodium: 758 mg \| Potassium: 249 mg \| Fiber: 2 g \| Sugar: 4 g \| Vitamin A: 515 IU \| Vitamin C: 4 mg \| Calcium: 218 mg \| Iron:	https://www.healthylittlefoodies.com/wprm_print/recipe/9890
My favorite pizza crust topped with barbecue sauce, pineapple, ham, bacon and lots of cheese. This unique and flavorful Hawaiian-style bbq pizza is always a hit with our family! Prep Time 15 mins Cook Time 15 mins Total Time 30 mins Course: Main Dishes Cuisine: American Servings: 8 servings Calories: 294 kcal Ingredients For the Dough 1 ball pizza dough Click the link to try our Life Made Simple Recipe! 1 tbsp olive oil For the Toppings 1/4 cup BBQ sauce 8 oz mozzarella cheese grated, divided 2/3 cup ham cubed 5 slices cooked bacon chopped 1/2 cup pineapple tidbits red onion thinly sliced 1 tbsp cilantro chopped 1/8 tsp red pepper flakes Instructions Make dough according to the recipe's directions (or use store-bought dough); set aside. Preheat oven to 450 degrees. On a lightly floured surface, roll out the pizza dough into a 14-inch circle. Transfer to a parchment-lined pizza pan. Fold over the extra inch of dough to form the crust, pressing to seal. Brush with olive oil. Dock the center of the pizza with a fork to prevent large bubbles from forming. Place in the oven and bake for 5-7 minutes, remove and set aside. Spread the BBQ sauce over top, then half of the mozzarella cheese. Add the ham, bacon and pineapple tidbits, then top with remaining mozzarella and the sliced red onion (however much you prefer) Place in the oven and bake for 7-10 minutes or until the crust is golden brown and the cheese is melted. Remove from the oven and allow to cool for 5 minutes, then sprinkle with chopped cilantro and red pepper flakes. Allow to cool for 2-3 additional minutes, then cut and serve. Notes -Add seasoned chicken for even more protein! Click this link to use our pizza dough recipe . Nutrition Serving: 8 serving \| Calories: 294 kcal \| Carbohydrates: 29 g \| Protein: 15 g \| Fat: 13 g \| Saturated Fat: 6 g \| Cholesterol: 35 mg \| Sodium: 896 mg \| Potassium: 98 mg \| Fiber: 1 g \| Sugar: 7 g \| Vitamin A: 208 IU \| Vitamin C: 1 mg \| Calcium: 146 mg \| Iron:	https://lifemadesimplebakes.com/wprm_print/recipe/35540
Pizza crust is not a hopeless cause for those who are gluten free, but it can be a bit frustrating. In some ways, though, I prefer it. I was never very good at stretching out a pizza dough and spreading it onto a pizza pan, but with this recipe, you don’t do any stretching; the dough is spread over the pizza pan with a spatula, because the texture and consistency is more like batter than dough. Ingredients - 1 cup warm water - 2 teaspoons yeast - a squirt of molasses - 2 tablespoons oil - 1 egg - 1 tablespoon vinegar - 2/3 cup potato starch (NOT potato flour) - 1/3 cup tapioca starch (may be called tapioca flour) - 3/3 cup sorghum flour - 1 teaspoon xanthan gum - 1 teaspoon salt - 1/8 teaspoon baking powder Directions Preheat the oven to 375 degrees. 1. Combine the water and yeast and allow the yeast to dissolve. Add all the other liquid ingredients and mix thoroughly (I use an electric hand mixer). 2. Combine all the dry ingredients and then blend into the liquid ingredients with the mixer. Continue mixing until the batter is smooth. 3. Spray a 15×14 cookie sheet (that’s a little over 200 square inches, in case you need to find alternatives to a 15×14). Dump the batter onto the middle of the sheet and use a sprayed spatula to spread it evenly around. Spread it right to the very edges of the sheet. 4. Place the crust into the oven and cook for 30 minutes, without toppings. While the dough is cooking, prepare veggies, meat, sauce and cheese you will be using to top your pizza. After 30 minutes, take the crust out, raise the oven temperature to 425, and add toppings to the crust. Your sauce and toppings can go pretty much to the edge of the pizza; be aware that the edges will probably be quite crispy, so it’ll be nice to have some toppings there! 5. Put the pizza back in the oven and cook for 10 to 15 minutes, depending on how brown you like your cheese to be! And that’s it! The pizza in the picture is a chicken pizza with white sauce, mushrooms, onions, and red peppers.	http://dougandlauratwitchell.com/2013/09/
With reviews like “I have been making pizza for twelve years and…am considering replacing all of them with this one” and “this was the easiest pizza dough I’ve ever made,” the Super Quick Pizza Dough Recipe from Serious Eats is an easy sell. A few features: There’s no making the dough in the morning to prepare for dinner. You don’t have to knead the dough, let it rise and knead the dough again. The recipe calls for a total four ingredients, and you might already have them in your pantry. On top of that, of its 77 posted reviews, this is a pizza crust that gets an average of 4.5 stars–despite minimal instructions that don’t tell you how long or at what temperature it should be baked. In other words, it could be the definition of foolproof. I stumble upon this pizza dough a few weeks ago. It’s a weeknight. I think pizza sounds good, but we’re out of the frozen crusts from Trader Joe’s. It’s probably too late to make a homemade pizza dough, but I Google around just in case, and I find this. Why not, I say to myself, pulling flour out of the freezer and sliding a stone in the oven. Then, because homemade crust needs homemade sauce, I fudge together a red sauce so simple, so sweet, so tomato-y that it’s all I can do to stop sipping it with a spoon. A week later, I do it again. Then, today, on Nashville’s second snow day, I do it one more time. Here’s the sauce: Garlic, oregano and salt sautéed in olive oil until fragrant and hot. A can of chopped tomatoes. Honey to sweeten. Extra Pecorino or leftover pesto if you like. Like when Julia Child said roast chicken is best when it tastes “chickeny,” this sauce stands out for its simplicity. Making it is meditative. As the tomatoes bubble and reduce, the mixture darkens and thickens, almost like a jam. The crust is just as basic: Sprinkle yeast over warm water. Add flour and oil. Work into a ball of dough and let it rest for 15 minutes while your oven preheats and/or your sauce cooks. Roll it out, top it and bake it. Because of how quickly the yeast proofs, the crust isn’t soft and doughy, but rather crisp and firm. Think the bottom of a deep-dish pizza pie. It holds hefty toppings, from a layer of greens to chicken, onions, mozzarella and herbs. If you’re stuck indoors hibernating this winter–or even if you’re not–treat yourself to the laziest homemade pizza night you’ll want to keep having over and over again. I’ve kept all of the original recipe’s ingredient proportions, but, after making it three times, have added my recommendations for method and baking instructions. Also, as many commenters noted online, this makes a great base recipe for tweaking to your taste. Salt the crust, add herbs, add a little sweetener, etc. Place warm water in a large bowl and sprinkle yeast on top. Stir together until the yeast is dissolved. Add flour and olive oil, and stir together until it’s too thick to keep using the spoon. Then, use your hands to work the dough into a ball. Cover with a kitchen towel and set on top of the oven. Put a pizza stone in the oven and preheat it to 500F. Let dough rest for about 15 minutes, or until the oven preheats. Stretch and roll out dough (using a rolling pin is quickest here) into one or two pizza crusts that fit the size of your pizza stone. One crust will make a thicker, sturdy, crisp crust, almost like the bottom of a deep-dish pizza; two will make thinner cracker crusts that still hold toppings beautifully. Top crust(s) as you like and bake until cooked through, with toppings golden, about 12 to 15 minutes. What’s great about a basic tomato sauce like this one is you get all the benefits of cooking–wafting aromas, creative enjoyment–without the headaches of complicated steps and techniques. Taste as you go and adjust as you like; it’s hard to go wrong. Update, August 2018: As of the last few months, I’ve stopped adding honey to this sauce. Why? When the tomatoes reduce, they naturally thicken and sweeten and, honestly, may be even better without it. In a large skillet over medium heat, warm olive oil until hot. Add garlic, with hefty dashes salt and oregano, and let cook until garlic is fragrant and not quite browned. Add in tomatoes and honey. If desired, add in a few tablespoons of leftover pesto, grated cheese and/or herbs. Let the mixture reduce for about 20 minutes, until thick, chunky and sweet. Taste and adjust salt or sweetness as desired.	https://goeatyourbreadwithjoy.com/fast-homemade-pizza-and-sauce/
2021. Flood modelling and hazard assessment for extreme events in Riverine Basin. PhD Thesis, Cardiff University. \| Item availability restricted. \| \| Preview \| PDF (Final Thesis Copy) - Accepted Post-Print Version \| Download (86MB) \| Preview \| PDF (Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Form) \| Restricted to Repository staff only Download (750kB) Abstract Throughout the history of mankind, floods have caused destruction and negatively impacted communities. Recently, effects of climate change and the increasing rate of anthropic activities in flood-prone areas are aggravating the dangers posed by floods to people. Hence, it is crucial to have a better understanding of flood hazard aspects, particularly when considering pedestrians. Indeed, one of the main reasons for fatality during flood events is walking through floodwaters. Although authorities strongly advise against wading in floodwaters, people continue this dangerous behaviour. Alternatively, evacuations or the accessing of flooded areas by emergency services might be necessary. The scope of this research work is to contribute to improving flood hazard assessment and to the design of flood evacuation plans from a pedestrian perspective. To enhance flood hazard assessment a mechanics-based method has been improved by considering effects of terrain slope and updating values of human body characteristics, as well considering body mass index to identify the critical pedestrian category. Different criteria to assess flood hazard have been considered, including the revised mechanics-based approach reported herein. Results from the application of the different criteria to two different case studies, namely Boscastle and Borth, showed that methods based on a full physical analysis, and which also consider human characteristics, give more insight and reliability in assessing flood hazard, especially when considering pedestrians. Results in terms of flood hazard assessments can be used to: i) design evacuation plans; ii) identify hotspots in the study area which will help with prioritisation of the adaption measures; iii) improve resilience of sites prone to flooding and plan more resilient future developments. In this regard this research work proposes a novel approach to increasing flood resilience by retrofitting existing infrastructures to enhance evacuation and access routes by reducing flood hazard rate. Results of the application of this novel methodology to the aforementioned case studies highlighted that retrofitting small portions of the existing roads can enhance iii people’s safety during the evacuation, and hence provide a cost-effective solution to improve the resilience of the existing environment.	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/146291/
Project 1, Epidemiology & Environment, will leverage existing resources from two large epidemiologic studies to address the potential contribution from several common household exposures to risk for an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), separately and in combination with certain genomic or epigenetic profiles. The two existing investigations are: the population-based case-control CHARGE (CWildhood Autism Risk from Genetics and Environment) Study, and MARBLES (Markers of Autism Risk in Babies?Learning Early Signs), a cohort study following pregnant women who previously delivered a child that developed autism to understand what influences the outcome of the younger sibling and to identify early markers of ASD. Chemical classes of interest for Project 1 are: polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs, used as flame retardants), their hydroxylated metabolites, perfluorinated compounds (PFCs, used as coatings on non-stick cookware, textiles, food packaging, etc.), and pyrethroid insecticides (used in sprays and foggers to control ants, cockroaches, flies and mosquitos, and on pets to control fleas). Chemical determinations made in Core C in various media (plasma, urine, breastmilk) will be supplemented by toxicokinetic modeling and exposures assessed by questionnaire and other data sources. These will be examined in relation to child's developmental status, i.e., ASD, developmental delay (DD), specific speech /language delay, and other trajectories, and for associations with markers of immune function generated in Project 3, and epigenetic markers from Project 2. Differential impact of the PBDEs, PFCs, and pyrethroids will be evaluated based on relevant genetic polymorphisms, CNVs, or measures of global DNA methylation, considering mechanistic pathways that link to these compounds. Finally, with the bio-informatics team at Pennsylvania State Univ, we will explore, in discovery-oriented mode, a wide array of exposures from biologic specimens, interviews, and medical records, along with the genetic and epigenetic data. This project squarely addresses the critical question: 'What causes autism?' As rates of ASD (autism spectrum disorder) continue to climb, the burden on our communities becomes a major public health concern. By identifying modifiable risk factors, this project lays the groundwork for the development of prevention strategies, and by identifying early markers, it also provides the foundation for effective interventions.	http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/P01-ES011269-14-7871
respond to the following questions in a well-developed paragraph of 150 – 200 words. - What is the significance of your essay? - What specific events will you “slow down” using narrative techniques in your essay? - What allusions to historical situations or popular culture might be relevant to the ideas you are narrating? - What specific dialogue can you include to help show how you or other people found meaning in the events you are narrating? Note: you do not have to answer each of these questions in a separate paragraph, but your response overall should show that you are considering all of the questions above. As the authors of your textbook explain, an interesting narrative or story isn’t interesting alone: it needs to connect to the lived experiences and values of other people in order to have significance. To enhance the significance and context of your writing for this unit’s assignment, you can use rhetorical tools such as narration, dialogue, and allusion.	https://www.essaybishop.com/using-narration-dialogue-and-allusion/
INTPs are independent, logical thinkers with a strong penchant for abstraction. Their dominant mental process is Introverted Thinking while their auxiliary cognitive function is Extraverted Intuition. This combination makes them incredibly abstract-minded individuals who gravitate more toward theoretical concepts and ideas than anything else that’s tangible or present in the moment. The INTP is someone who has a passion for gaining knowledge and understanding. They often prefer to observe from afar rather than take an active role in the world around them, making decisions based on objectivity while seeking out potential solutions. After they have considered the problem, however, they tend to leave it up to others to act upon their findings (James). INTP Traits - Love theory and abstract ideas - Truth Seekers – they want to understand things by analyzing underlying principles and structures - Value knowledge and competence above all else - Have very high standards for performance, which they apply to themselves - Independent and original, possibly eccentric - Work best alone, and value autonomy - Have no desire to lead or follow - Dislike mundane detail - Not particularly interested in the practical application of their work - Creative and insightful - Future-oriented - Usually brilliant and ingenious - Trust their own insights and opinions above others - Live primarily inside their own minds, and may appear to be detached and uninvolved with other people INTP Strengths & Weakness INTPs usually have a holistic perspective, and are more devoted to evaluating the changes that occur in their surroundings than any other factors. As such, anything stationary or irrelevant will usually vanish from their thoughts (James). INTP individuals prioritize autonomy for themselves and others; they normally strive to become competent rather than proficient in an area of knowledge, expecting perfection from those around them all the same. Strenghts Logical and objective Abstract thinker Independent Loyal and affectionate with loved ones Weakness Difficult to get to know Can be insensitive Prone to self-doubt Struggles to follow rules Has trouble expressing feelings INTP Career Paths INTPs thrive in science-related disciplines because of their love for theoretical and abstract concepts. Their logical thinking capabilities, paired with the ability to think creatively, make them an ideal candidate for a range of scientific occupations. - Scientist - Photographer - Mathematician - Teacher / Professor - Computer Programmer - Engineer - Lawyer / Judge - Forensic Research - Technical Writer - Park Ranger - Strategic Planner Dealing With INTP's Friendships: When it comes to connecting with an INTP, having mutual interests is a surefire way of cultivating a strong friendship. The slow pace in which they form relationships can be seen as disadvantageous, yet the bonds that are built tend to be incredibly close. Although your INTP friends may not always understand emotional issues, their appreciation for thoughtful conversations and shared passions lets you two bond deeply over time. Parenting: INTP children often respond to logic and reason rather than emotive appeals. As such, nurture your child’s intellectual pursuits while also providing them the opportunity to make social connections with other kids that share similar interests. This may be difficult for some children – but when in contact with others of like minds, it can prove immensely beneficial! Relationships: INTPs often keep to themselves, so it can be difficult for someone to get close to them. In relationships in particular, they usually wait until the other person has shown that they are deserving of their trust and innermost thoughts before opening up. Working with INTP's - INTPs value logic above all else, so maintain logical arguments. - Do not insult an INTP or dismiss their values: they will get extremely defensive. - INTPs act like mirrors to those they are around: they reciprocate emotions. - Plans and schedules do not suit an INTP: give them freedom of action. - Be honest with an INTP. Famous people with INTP Famous INTPs include - Albert Einstein - Thomas Jefferson - Kristen Stewart - Rene Descartes - Charles Darwin - Marie Curie - Socrates - Abraham Lincoln.	https://mantracare.org/personality-types/intp/
Imposter syndrome is described as the internal experience of thinking that one is not as competent as others and that one’s success is due to luck rather than qualifications. Some of the signs of imposter syndrome include self-doubt, attributing one’s success to external factors, criticizing one’s performance and fear of not living up to expectations. This psychological phenomenon affects many individuals, including psychology students in college and graduate school. Moreover, imposter syndrome can have adverse effects on mental health, such as feelings of inadequacy, low self-esteem and high levels of stress and anxiety. For psychology trainees and students, imposter syndrome can become an obstacle for seeking out academic opportunities and leadership roles. For example, oftentimes, students do not believe they are qualified to present research at symposiums and conferences. Psychology students may avoid writing and publishing articles or manuscripts because they assume their work will be dismissed because of their status as students. Even though these students are receiving formal education and clinical training, they may think they do not yet possess the credentials required for research and publication. Similarly, they may avoid participating in organizations and assuming leadership roles out of fear of rejection or a prevailing belief of inadequacy. One of the most significant contributors to imposter syndrome is perfectionism. Psychology students may think that there is a perfect way to perform research, write an article and serve in a leadership position. These intrusive feelings and thoughts can prevent students from performing these activities as they strive to meet an impossible ideal and unrealistically high standards. Ultimately, imposter syndrome can result in students focusing on their weaknesses rather than their strengths, exacerbating feelings of inadequacy that prevent them from pursuing experiences conducive to personal and professional development. The following are some strategies that can help psychology students move past these feelings and cope with imposter syndrome. Acknowledge your feelings and recognize your abilities Identify the emotions you are experiencing, but also make sure to note your skills, accomplishments and talents. Make a realistic assessment of the things you have accomplished while also validating your emotions. Avoid comparing yourself to others Remember that there is no “one size fits all” approach to college and graduate school. Everyone has different skills, talents and life circumstances making degree completion trajectories different for each person. Seek guidance from mentors Share your feelings and ambitions with a trusted mentor or advisor. The chances are that these individuals also experienced imposter syndrome and may have advice on how they coped with it. Also, sharing your goals with mentors can help you find opportunities related to these plans. Psychology students need to remember that their status as students is not degrading, nor does it mean they are unworthy of these academic experiences. Everyone is a student at one point in their life; no one is born with knowledge and we are all constantly learning. Try not to let perfectionism become an obstacle in the pursuit of your goals. Seek out opportunities that are conducive to both personal and professional growth. Do not undermine your potential. As a student, you have so much to give and accomplish!	https://nationalpsychologist.com/2021/04/imposter-syndrome-can-limit-experiences/108551.html
The Psychodynamic Perspective As mentioned previously, there has historically been a tendency to lump together schizoid and avoidant patterns, based on the tendency of both to withdraw. This may be traced to the historic psychodynamic tradition, where anyone whose personality was best described as withdrawn was classified simply as schizoid. Avoidants and schizoids were thus grouped together, as if their development and functioning were essentially the same. Even today, many analysts regard the avoidant simply as a nonpsychotic portion of the "schizoid spectrum," defined by withdrawal into imagination as the characteristic defense, something that Allison has been engaged in since childhood. Psychodynamicists, however, did separate the constructs for study on several occasions and described character types akin to what we would now term the avoidant personality. Menninger (1930) described "isolated" individuals who demonstrated the capacity for normal emotional expression but who had "been artificially withheld from human contacts to the point of developing curious deficiencies, mannerisms, attitudes, odd behaviors, which serve to preclude their absorption or amalgamation into the group" and who "suffer constantly and sometimes acutely with feelings of inadequacy, diffidence, self-dissatisfaction and a pervading discouragement because of such feelings" (pp. 64, 71). Fenichel (1945), in line with the psychoanalytic school's long-term interests with inhibition, fear, and avoidance of our most basic drives, formulated a conception reflecting a phobic character but did not emphasize its social dimension. Other classical analytic investigators have also focused on phobia as a characterologic feature, as is seen in Rado's "phobic avoidance mechanism" (1969, p. 182), which he describes as a progressive reinforcer of more and more psychic safeguards in patients with "over-reactive disorders," and in the "phobic character traits" described by MacKinnon and Michels (1971), which imply a generalized disposition to phobia where avoidance becomes the key feature. Ego analysts, another faction of analytic thought, moved away from personality conceived through the conflict between basic drives and social forces and began to emphasize the interpersonal and reality-oriented nature of the ego, which was not driven by the battle between internal and external forces but instead operated synthetically to bind together and assimilate them (Greenberg & Mitchell, 1983), thus becoming capable of adding its own unique stamp to human behavior. Anticipating modern formulations, Horney (1937, p. 99) developed the concept of the detached type, individuals who believe, "If I withdraw, nothing can hurt me." Far from making themselves invulnerable, however, Horney believed that such individuals develop a sense of self-hatred and self-contempt and in turn are led to the conclusion that others regard them exactly as they regard themselves. As a result, they feel strained when relating to others, distance themselves from social encounters, and seek to never become attached to anyone. These theorists submit that a central goal of the avoidant personality is to deny anxiety and discomfort by denying all emotional feeling, actively derailing their painful preoccupations and tensions by introducing irrelevant thoughts or distorting the meaning of their thoughts, and effectively escaping the pain and anguish of simply being themselves by blunting and diffusing their internal perceptions and emotions. Additionally, ego analysts describe avoidants as markedly indulgent in fantasy and imagination, both as a means of replacing anxiety-arousing cognitions of inadequacy and low self-worth and as a means of gratifying needs that cannot be met due to social withdrawal but may be explored in an isolated fashion. Because feelings of being unwanted are always close to the surface, they may imagine that they are deeply loved and involved in a whirlwind, fairytale romance. Allison, as you may recall, does not say what she fantasizes about, but the odds are strong, especially with her admission that she "has dreams" of unconditional acceptance, that the fantasy world version of herself is not just adequate but immensely talented and highly admired, complete with a "romantic someone" who fervently seeks to know everything about her. This is just the reverse of what she believes in real life—that others are not only disinterested in her but regard her as defective and shameful. Other avoidants, especially those who have co-morbid paranoid or negativistic traits, may see themselves dispatching their enemies with a swift, confident fury. Inevitably, however, such fantasies serve only to highlight just how impoverished their lives tend to be. Rather than employing a flexible and well-rounded array of defense mechanisms as would a healthy personality, the avoidant personality relies virtually exclusively on escape and fantasy. If these defenses are not possible or are highly impractical, they may quickly be overwhelmed or simply repress emotions of every kind, leaving only a flat, bland, unemotional exterior that belies a painful inner turmoil. This is one of the principal reasons avoidant personalities are often mistaken for schizoids, even by therapists. You can easily imagine Allison, if forced into a social encounter, choosing not to share anything of herself at all. In that case, she would appear to be completely without emotion or motivation, cardinal characteristics of the schizoid personality. The experience of anxiety in the avoidant personality is complicated and fueled by several defining conflicts. First is the struggle of affection versus mistrust or, as Allison might say, having a boyfriend or getting dumped. As noted, avoidants wish for intimacy with others but cannot shake the belief that these desires inevitably end in pain and disillusionment. This characteristic provides one of the key distinctions between the avoidant and the dependent, who trusts readily and easily approaches others in time of emotional need. Second, avoidants deeply want to actualize their potentials but have strong doubts about their own competence and abilities. In particular, the idea of venturing into society and competing against others who are much more self-confident is especially frightening to them. You can imagine how Allison might feel knowing that professors are fond of students who raise their hands in class and contribute to the discussion. You can probably imagine a professor's puzzlement with such a bright girl who sits in the corner, out of sight, saying nothing. For avoidants, then, virtually all roads to happiness seem blocked: Not only are they unable to act effectively on their own behalf, but their pervasive sense of inadequacy and mistrust prevents them from relying on others. Both roads lead to pain and discomfort. Avoidants are trapped in the worst of both worlds, seeking to avoid both the distress of moving forward socially and the emptiness within them that accrues from neglecting their own self-actualization. For some, like Allison, the conflict eventually becomes so acute that they present for therapy and begin working to resolve the dilemma. Finally, though a later section covers broad, contextual developmental aspects of the avoidant personality, it is important to understand this pattern's early experience through the lens of object relations. This imperative branch of psychoanalytic thought is concerned with the influence of early memories and images of caretakers formed during infant development, no longer accessible to consciousness, which exert an ongoing influence on adult behavior. One of the basic tenets of psychoanalytic theory holds that children internalize the standards of important others, such as parents, teachers, and other role models, in the superego, which has two parts. First, the ideal self, or ego ideal, consists of wished-for characteristics, standards of behavior, accomplishments, and other things the individual would like to become. Because a highly developed ego ideal leads to effort to realize that ideal, this part of the superego can be connected to individual differences in levels of aspiration and self-actualization, the desire to fulfill your own unique potentialities as a living being. The conscience is the second part of the superego, containing all manner of prohibitions, rules, and commandments that detail behaviors that are off limits. Manifestations of the mature superego are felt in adult life through pangs of guilt or the voice of conscience. The avoidant personality typically has a highly developed ego ideal complete with high aspirations and desires for self-actualization, but it is paired with an intensely condemning superego that constantly faults and disapproves of every behavior. In effect, they have internalized parental standards of high achievement and social success, combined with blame and shunning for the smallest mistakes. Allison states that during her childhood, her parents were very successful and had equally high expectations for her. Unfortunately, they also criticized her excessively for every small mistake. Allison carries both internalized voices, one demanding achievement and the other so critical that she is convinced of her inadequacies as a social leper. In effect, the distance between her ego ideal and her perceived actual self, who she believes herself to be, is so great that she is humiliated before her own judgment and panics when she thinks others might regard her in the same way. The strong emphasis on standards of behavior sometimes leads to the development of traits that are characteristic of the compulsive personality, as well. In particular, the desire to avoid the small faults that elicited surges of parental dismay may frequently lead to the preoccupation with detail characteristic of the compulsive. Whereas the compulsive seeks to perform flawlessly, however, the avoidant usually refuses to perform at all; the risk is too great. Anxiety and Panic Attacks Suffering from Anxiety or Panic Attacks? Discover The Secrets to Stop Attacks in Their Tracks! Your heart is racing so fast and you don’t know why, at least not at first. Then your chest tightens and you feel like you are having a heart attack. All of a sudden, you start sweating and getting jittery.	https://www.alpfmedical.info/personality-disorders-2/the-psychodynamic-perspective-1.html
People go to therapy for help with all sorts of different problems & difficulties. These may include: \| \| Mood Disorders such as: Depression Bipolar Affective Disorder Anxiety Disorders such as: Generalised anxiety & worry Panic Phobias including Social Phobia Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Stress, Adjustment & Trauma Disorders such as: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Situational Crises Eating Disorders such as: Bulimia Nervosa Anorexia Nervosa \| \| Family & relationship problems arising from: Separation & divorce Step & blended families Parenting issues Negative communication patterns Poor conflict resolution skills Unrealistic/incompatible expectations Infidelity Sexual dysfunction Problems with intimacy Dealing with major life transitions such as: Death Pregnancy (Post Natal Depression) Illness, accident or injuries Separation & divorce Redundancy, redeployment or retirement Getting older \| \| Low self-esteem Poor self-concept Feelings of worthlessness Poor confidence Self-doubt Problems in adolescence: Bullying & teasing Exam stress Test anxiety Low self-esteem School refusal Deliberate self-harm Poor anger management Parental conflict Grief & Loss Drug & Alcohol misuse Seeking help is not a sign of weakness. It is an indication you are acknowledging you have a problem & have the desire to do something about it.	http://www.gasperandassociates.com/what-sorts-of-problems-do-people-go-to-therapy-for.html
I am a compassionate psychotherapist experienced with evidence-based psychosocial interventions for couples and individuals struggling with relationship issues, post-traumatic stress, substance abuse and mental health problems. I have supported clients from diverse backgrounds in various ways - from improving interpersonal interactions, alleviating everyday stress and anxiety to managing mood, behavior and personality disorders. I am trained in the use of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Developmental Model of Couples Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Adlerian Psychotherapy, Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy, Logotherapy, Trauma-Informed Therapy, Solution-Focused Therapy. I am competent in the areas of conflict resolution and crisis intervention. In order to meet the clients' individual needs, I use an integrative approach, drawing from therapeutic models such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Psychodynamic Therapies, Transactional Analysis, Dialectical Behavioural Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, First and Second Stage Trauma Treatment Methods. My Perspective Our views of self, others and the world are impacted by the effects of our environment and experiences. This interaction can, sometimes, lead us to perceive ourselves, others (in our lives) and the world in a negative way, which could determine our interactions and behaviors. Overtime, our negative assumptions become so automatic that they start to guide our emotions and behavior without even being noticed. Automatic thoughts like "I am not good enough ...,bad things always happen to me, nobody loves me, the world is a hostile place...", quickly evoke sadness, helplessness, anxiety and guide our behavior in direction of confrontation, avoidance, or self-injurious behaviors. Increased threat perception, unbalanced view of self and unrealistic fears are characteristic for most mental health problems; they create barriers to daily life and "rob" the individual of joy, opportunities and optimal functioning. In my view, identifying, challenging and replacing these distorted thoughts and core beliefs about oneself, others and the world can help improve emotion regulation and restore balance in the individual's daily interactions, relationships and overall well-being.	https://www.lakeridgecounselling.ca/about-us
I am an experienced and qualified integrative psychotherapist and counsellor with years of experience working with a wide variety of difficulties including post-traumatic stress disorder, social anxiety, anger, personality disorders, narcissism, autism, dissociative disorder, abuse, violence, parenting and motherhood, depression, early childhood trauma, anxiety, anger, loneliness, guilt, loss and bereavement, development delay, social, behavioural and emotional difficulties and relationship difficulties. I value a collaborative relationship with my clients and draw from a variety of therapeutic techniques, along with various modalities including psychodynamic, existential, transpersonal, gestalt and humanistic practices. An integrative approach recognises the importance of the whole person, valuing an awareness of the body, feelings, spirit, and intellect. My approach takes into consideration the emotional, mental, physical, spiritual, social and cultural aspects of the individual. This way of working is respectful of diversity and difference and ensures acute attention is paid to the unique character of the individual. My aim as a psychotherapist is to create a safe space that you can work from, to investigate and understand thoughts and feelings which may seem overwhelming I offer both short and long term work depending on your reasons for seeking therapy. I provide psychotherapy and counselling for individuals from consulting rooms in West London, as well as distance therapy on the phone and Skype for both local and internationally-based clients. I do however prefer that we have met face-to-face for several sessions prior to commencing distance therapy. Training, qualifications & experience Registered member of the British Association for Counselling & Psychotherapy (BACP) and therefore bound by their ethical framework. Registration number: 381484 Member of the United Kingdom Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP) – Working Towards Accreditation - Advanced Diploma in Integrative Psychotherapy and Counselling - WIP – Regents University London - Postgraduate Diploma in Integrative Psychotherapy and Counselling – Regents University London - Foundation Certificate in Psychotherapy and Counselling – Regents University London - Masters Degree – University College London - Certificate in Trauma, the Brain & Recovery – CPD - Certificate in Time-Limited Psychodynamic Psychotherapy with Adults, Children, Parents – CPD - Certificate in Narcissistic disorders – CPD - Certificate in Existential theory – CPD - Certificate in Suicide Awareness & Response Training – CPD - Certificate in Improving Access to Psychological Therapies – CPD - Certificate in Safeguarding Children and Adults – West London NHS Trust - Training in Parenting Skills and Engagement I have full professional indemnity insurance and an enhanced DBS certificate Member organisations British Association for Counselling & Psychotherapy BACP is one of the UK’s largest professional bodies for counselling and psychotherapy. Therapists registered with the Association fall into a number of different membership categories such as Individual Member, Registered Member MBACP and Registered Member MBACP (Accred), each standing for different levels of training and experience. MBACP (Accred) and MBACP (Snr Accred) members have achieved a substantial level of training and experience approved by the Association. Registered members can be found on the BACP Register, which was the first register to achieve Accredited Voluntary Register status issued by the Professional Standards Authority. Individual Members will have completed an appropriate counselling and/or psychotherapy course and started to practise, but will not appear on the BACP Register until they've progressed to Registered Member MBACP status. All members are bound by a Code of Ethics & Practice and a Complaints Procedure. Accredited by the Professional Standards Authority. Accredited register membership Accredited Register Scheme The Accredited Register Scheme was set up in 2013 by the Department of Health (DoH) as a way to recognise organisations that hold voluntary registers which meet certain standards. These standards are set by the Professional Standards Authority (PSA). This therapist has indicated that they belong to an Accredited Register. Areas of counselling I deal with Other areas of counselling I deal with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Loss of purpose in life Identity issues Abuse Motherhood and parenting difficulties Difficulties in pregnancy Work issues Stress or Discrimination Early childhood trauma Emotional, Social, Behavioural and Developmental difficulties Guilt Work-related stress Relationship difficulties Therapies offered Fees £85.00 per session Free initial telephone or online session Concessions offered for Additional information The initial appointment is used to share your concerns and reasons for seeking therapy as well as finding out about my approach and recommendations. Within the initial consultation, we would discuss your needs and whether time-limited therapy or longer-term therapy would be helpful. Therapy sessions are 50 minutes long and take place once a week on the same day and at the same time. It is an important part of the therapeutic process that the sessions are consistent and regular, as it allows the work to unfold on a deeper level with the possibility of longer-lasting change. I am open to offering more frequent sessions, if necessary. How much does it cost? 50-minute initial consultation: £55 50-minute sessions: £85 For self-funding students, job seekers and individuals on a low income, I am open to discussing a lower fee. This can be discussed in the initial consultation. Availability Available Further information Over many years I have seen the impact of difficulties on the lives of those affected and on their families and have equally seen how therapy can significantly improve the lives of oneself and loved ones. I have been witness to people in my life exploring their psychological worlds and seeking greater self-awareness. Being exposed to a wide range of personal issues and emotional difficulties myself and the impact that it has had on me, has made me want to help enable others to lead a more peaceful and balanced life. At the heart of my practice however, I believe that the strength of individual therapy relies on the quality of the therapeutic relationship. I encourage open curiosity, exploration and to reflect on the meaning attributed to feelings, thoughts and experience and how this impacts one’s relationship with themselves, others and the world they inhabit. Through self-awareness and exploration in the “here and now” of the therapeutic relationship, the person can find or become aware of different ways of relating, allowing them to be confident in their choices and decision making.	https://www.counselling-directory.org.uk/counsellors/noorien-halari
The physiological changes associated with disease and injury or the physiology of the abnormal state of the human body causes by disease or injury is called pathophysiology. The patient in the case study Mr. Leigh Mark Richards, has a pathophysiology because the accident he was caught in. The accident resulted in injury and he was brought in by a trauma team of first responders. He has been diagnosed with a left pneumothorax. Pneumothorax is when air or gas enters the pleural cavity leading to problem in breathing. This presence of air or gas, results in impaired oxygen supply to the patient. The lung might be affected on either sides and in Mr. Leigh case the left lung has been affected (School of Nursing & Midwifery December, 2014). The clinical results and symptoms will manifest based on the degree of collapse of the lung. In the more severe cases, where the pneumothorax is very severe, then it could lead to a state where the mediastinum might shift inside. The hemodynamic stability of lungs is compromised because of such a shift. This condition leads to air passage in the intra-pleural space either resulting in the chest wall trauma or the lunch parenchyma. In a normal condition, a negative intrapleural pressure will exist between the pleural walls (Sideras, 2011).There are different types of pneumothorax and based on the type the symptoms would vary, some of the types are more life threatening than others (Sideras, 2011). In the case of spontaneous pneumothorax, there are no clinical symptoms to indicate the onset until a bleb ruptures and there is acute shortness of breath. In the case of iatrogenic pneumothorax, the symptoms would vary based on patient’s age and Catamenial pneumothorax is observed in women and is a right sided pneumothorax (Daley, 2015). In the case of Pneumomediastinum, in addition to the shortness of breath scenario, the patient will also have symptoms of nausea and vomiting. Tension pneumothorax is one that is caused by hypotension, chest pain and dyspnea. The pneumothorax caused in the patient is because of a trauma to the chest (Cheatham, & Safcsak, 1999).	https://www.advancedthesis.net/ke-cheng-dai-xie-bing-li-yan-jiu/
What is a chest tube? A chest tube is a common therapeutic procedure, often performed by Interventional Radiology. The purpose of a chest tube is to evacuate an abnormal collection of air or fluid from the pleural space. The pleural space is located in between the lungs and the chest wall (outside of the lung) The procedure is also used for diagnostic purposes if a sample of collected fluid is sent for analysis to determine the cause of the fluid accumulation. What is a chest tube for? Common conditions that require chest tube placement are: - Pneumothorax – an abnormal collection of air in the pleural space causing collapse of the lung - Hemothorax- an abnormal collection of blood in the pleural space, that decreases oxygenation - Empyema –a collection of pus (infected fluid) between the 2 layers of tissue that line the lungs - Drainage of recurrent pleural effusion –excess fluid that builds around the lung What happens if a chest tube is placed? The overall goal of chest-tube therapy is to promote lung re-expansion, restore adequate oxygenation and prevent complications. After the chest tube is placed it will be connected to suction tubing or to a Heimlich valve. A Heimlich valve is attached to the end of the chest tube and prevents fluid or air from going back into your chest. You can walk around more freely and go home with a chest tube and Heimlich valve. If your chest tube is connected to suction tubing you will have to stay at the hospital. The tubing will connect to a drainage system that will be monitored by the nursing staff. Most effusions are treated this way and when the drainage from the tube is less than 150ml per 24 hours (usually 3-4 days after insertion) the chest tube can be removed. Chest x-rays will be taken as needed, to help monitor your lungs progress while the chest tube is in place. This will help evacuate the pleural space of air or fluid and allow the lung to return to normal. The chest tube insertion site will be covered with a gauze dressing that serves as protection to your skin from bacteria and also helps keep the tube from accidentally being pulled out. If the tube is accidentally removed you should place an occlusive dressing over the site and tell your nurse or call your doctor. How is a chest tube placed? The procedure is performed at El Camino Hospital in the radiology department. An entire team will be taking care of you during the procedure including a radiology nurse, a radiology technologist and the physician. In the Interventional Radiology procedure room, the nurse will help you lay on an exam table. You will be connected to heart, blood pressure and oxygen monitors. Medicine may be given to relax you through your IV called moderate, also known as “twilight,” sedation. Your procedure area will be prepped and sterilized. A numbing medicine will be injected into the area (local anesthetic). Using imaging guidance, the pleural space will be visualized a small puncture will be made through the skin, between the ribs and into the pleural space. A guidewire will then replace the needle and a small catheter (tube) will replace the guide wire. The tube exiting your skin will be temporarily sutured and/or tapped in place and then will be connected to a drainage container. Sometimes the tube will be connected to continuous suction. The procedure time usually takes about 15-20 minutes. Throughout the procedure, medication is given through your IV to keep you comfortable. Your oxygen saturation, blood pressure and pulse are checked closely during and after the procedure. How long does the chest tube need to stay? It really depends on the purpose. For air (pneumothorax) – until the air leak stops, which usually takes 1-3 days. For fluid (pleural effusion) – usually we wait until the fluid drainage is less than 200mL/24hour. But it can vary from case to case. What are the risks? Having a chest tube placed is a relatively low risk procedure, but with any procedure there is always a small risk of bleeding and infection. Thankfully these risks are low and with the use of image guidances (CT and/or ultrasound) injury to adjacent structures is also very low. What can I expect with the chest tube? If you had respiratory symptoms such as chest pain with breathing, difficulty breathing or shortness of breath, having a chest tube may improve these symptoms almost immediately. Some patients have some discomfort and pain where the chest tube is placed, which is to be expected, but usually tolerable. How is the tube removed? When the effusion or pneumothorax has resolved and the tube is no longer needed it is easy to remove. The bandage will be removed from your skin and the holding suture will be cut. The tube can easily be removed and gently slides out from the skin. An occlusive dressing is left in place and can be removed 24 hours later. The skin should heal normally with minimal scarring. Watch for any signs of infection such as redness, drainage, swelling, shortness of breath, cough, increased heart rate or difficulty breathing. Should any of these symptoms develop, please call your doctor or go directly to the nearest Emergency room. What happens if the air leak or fluid does not stop? In cases of pneumothorax that do not resolve in more than 4-5 days, “clipping” of the leaking hole may be necessary. This is usually done with a minimally invasive surgery, where cameras are introduced in the pleural cavity to guide the small instruments. This would be done by a cardiothoracic surgeon. In cases of pleural effusion that continue to have a lot fluid daily fluid drainage, the chest tube may be considered to be changed to a chest tube that you can go home with and drain at home called a tunneled PleurX catheter. This would be done by your interventional radiologist. The PleurX catheter can always be removed at any time, usually when fluid stops re-accumulating. Is the fluid or air going to accumulate again? Depending on the cause of the fluid, it may or may not reaccumulate. You will likely have follow-up imaging to assess in a few weeks to make sure. Most pneumothoraces are low risk for recurring, but you may also have follow-up imaging and close monitoring of your respiratory symptoms in the following weeks. What can be done to prevent the fluid / air to re-accumulate ? The most obvious way to prevent reaccumulation is to treat the underlying cause. For example, if the fluid is from an infection then antibiotics are usually necessary. Your fluid is likely going to be tested if there is not a known reason for its cause.	https://www.irpamf.org/chesttubeplacement
(See also Introduction to Chest Injuries.) Pneumothorax may result when blunt force (such as a motor vehicle crash or fall) or a penetrating injury (such as a stab or gunshot wound) damages the lungs and/or airways. The damage allows air to leave the lung and collect between the lung and the wall of the chest. Air from the pneumothorax may also leak into the skin of the chest or neck. Many people also have blood in the pleural space (hemopneumothorax). Pneumothorax of both lungs is very dangerous. However, most often only one lung is affected. A pneumothorax that affects only one lung is rarely dangerous unless people have a chronic lung disorder (such as asthma or COPD [chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]) or unless the pneumothorax is a tension pneumothorax or an open pneumothorax (a pneumothorax that connects to an open wound in the chest wall). Symptoms People have chest pain. Most of the pain is due to the injury that caused the pneumothorax. They may feel short of breath or breathe rapidly and feel that their heart is racing, particularly if the amount of air is large. If air accumulates under the skin, the skin feels crackly and makes a crackling sound when touched. Diagnosis Doctors usually diagnose a pneumothorax based on a chest x-ray. Sometimes pneumothorax is diagnosed when CT or ultrasonography is done to diagnose other chest or abdominal injuries. Treatment The goal of treatment is to remove the air from the pleural space and allow the lung to reinflate. Usually, a tube (thoracostomy or chest tube) is inserted into the chest between two ribs. The tube is attached to a suction device to remove the air and to allow the lung to reinflate. This procedure can be done using only a local anesthetic. However, if the amount of air is small and causes no symptoms, doctors may not remove the air at all, because a small pneumothorax often goes away on its own. Or doctors may insert a small catheter (drain) to remove the air. Whatever the treatment, doctors typically keep the person in the hospital for observation to make sure the pneumothorax does not worsen.	https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-pr/home/injuries-and-poisoning/chest-injuries/traumatic-pneumothorax
Many pleural effusions cause no symptoms but are discovered during physical examination or detected on chest X-rays; X-ray is the most convenient way to confirm the diagnosis. Pleural effusion can be caused by heart and kidney failure , hypoalbuminemia (low levels of albumin in the blood), infections, pulmonary embolism , and malignancies Chest x-ray and ultrasound are usually performed as first-line tests to diagnose pleural effusion, but chest CT is sometimes required (e.g., for very small effusions). Thoracentesis with pleural fluid analysis is required to establish the underlying diagnosis in most pleural effusions and can also serve a therapeutic role Pleural effusion, a common observation with a variety of causes, is a very nonspecific finding that requires a careful search for associated findings and clinical correlation. Congestive heart failure is one of the most common causes of pleural effusion that is diagnosed by combining the patterns of cardiac enlargement with increased size of. Chest X-ray. Your doctor might need to perform a chest x-ray for images to clarify the extent of pleural effusion. The x-ray pictures help diagnose the condition further. CT-Scan (Computed Tomography Scan). CT-scan is another imaging diagnosis process. It is a more sensitive process than an x-ray in detecting pleural effusion. Thoracentesis (c) Left sided pleural effusion, subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum. Chest x-ray is abnormal in 90% of cases of esophageal perforation but can be normal if taken early (3). Pneumomediastinum may be seen as demonstrated above by the radiolucent streaks of free air surrounding the trachea Pleural fluid may be bloody (hemorrhagic), chylous (thick and white), rich in cholesterol, or purulent. Signs and symptoms (Small effusions may not present with symptoms and may only be found via chest X-ray. Larger effusions can cause symptoms such as:) Decreased lung expansion Dyspnea Dry, non-productive cough; Tactile fremitus; Orthopne Mobiliy / location: Pleural effusion is fluid that accumulates in pleural lining around lungs and is usually mobile. Pulmonary edema is fluid that accumulates in interstitial or alveolar spaces of the lungs proper.Pleural fluid will change configuration or move in the pleural space from. by changing patient position. Edema in lung proper not very mobile.Pleural fluid is easily seen by. A pleural effusion is collection of fluid abnormally present in the pleural space, usually resulting from excess fluid production and/or decreased lymphatic absorption. It is the most common manifestation of pleural disease, and its etiologies range in spectrum from cardiopulmonary disorders and/or systemic inflammatory conditions to malignancy Results. Hemothorax had significantly higher attenuation values and P/A ratios than did pleural effusion or empyema (P < 0.001, respectively). In differentiating hemothorax from pleural effusion, excellent accuracies were obtained with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.964 (95% CI: 0.931∼0.998) for HU values and 0.951 (95% CI: 0.914∼0.988) for P/A ratios • Pleural effusion diminishes costophrenic angles and is visible as a crescent shape at lower lung fields in the chest X-ray. In pulmonary edema, alveolar edema, Kurly B lines, cardiomegaly, dilatation of the upper lobe arterioles, and effusion may be seen in chest X-ray Pleural effusion refers to a buildup of fluid in the space between the lungs and the chest cavity. It can result from pneumonia and many other conditions. It can also be life threatening. Pleural. There is no detailed information about benign asbestos pleural effusion (BAPE). The aim of the study was to clarify the clinical features of BAPE. The criteria of enrolled patients were as follows: (1) history of asbestos exposure; (2) presence of pleural effusion determined by chest X-ray, CT, and Pleural Effusion; Chest X-ray Patterns in the Differential Diagnosis of Lung Disorders; Parapneumonic effusion and empyema. View in Context: Parapneumonic Effusion and Empyema in Children; Parapneumonic Effusion and Empyema in Adults; Chest X-ray Patterns in the Differential Diagnosis of Lung Disorders; About DynaMed X-ray. An effusion of less than 500ml is unlikely to cause anything other than blunting of the costophrenic recess. >500ml will cause a clear fluid level; An effusion of less than 300ml may not be seen on x-ray; Remember to look for the meniscus - it is likely to be a very long curve, perhaps rising all the way to the axilla . Atelectasis - a collapsed or airless state of the lung - may be acute or chronic, and may involve all or part. Chest X-ray, CT scan and Ultrasound of the chest, and pleural fluid analysis are the common tests and methods to diagnose pleural effusion. Is bilateral pleural effusion serious? That depends on the seriousness of the condition and the cause of the pleural effusion. Infection and inflammation arising from pneumonia or normal viral condition can. Pleural effusion. With pleural effusion, fluid often builds up in the costophrenic angle (due to gravity). This can push the lung upwards, resulting in blunting of the costophrenic angle. The posterior angle is the deepest. Obtuse angulation is sign of disease. Chest x-ray is the first test done to confirm the presence of pleural fluid 1,089 pleural effusion stock photos, vectors, and illustrations are available royalty-free. See pleural effusion stock video clips. of 11. pleura of the lung cough anatomy pleural lung cell pleura cavity cancer metastasis chest drainage lung abscesses xray lung cancer pleural cancer The typical method for diagnosing pleural effusion is by examining the patient with a stethoscope during a physical exam and then requesting a chest X-ray. Listening with a stethoscope provides some clues, and in order for X-ray changes to show, there has to be a significant volume of fluid. This can lead to a chest X-ray underestimating the. A pleural rub is also usually present, which is a grating sound heard in the chest. If a pleural effusion is suspected, an individual may have to undergo a CT scan for confirmation. Tests which confirm a diagnosis of a pleural effusion include a chest x-ray, a computed tomography (CT) scan or an ultrasound of the chest. Occasionally, one of the. Pleural effusion is the most common pleural disease affecting a significant bulk of population in India. It can be a result of pleural, lung parenchymal, and systemic disease. The pleural effusion may be benign or malignant. (5) The pleural fluid is characterized into transudate an Chest x-ray study showed a large right pneumothorax with associated effusion. A thoracostomy tube was placed with return of > 1 L turbid fluid with polymicrobial culture and elevated pleural fluid amylase level. Chest computed tomography (CT) scan demonstrated overt leakage of oral contrast into the right pleural space Chest x-ray of a 7 year-old girl presenting with worsening shortness of breath, productive cough, and subjective fevers, found to have a large right-sided pleural effusion. Figure 2. Still image of a point-of-care ultrasound performed on a 7 year-old girl with a large right-sided pleural effusion, showing a loculated pleural effusion Pleural effusion of extra-vascular origin (PEEVO) undergoing PD who develop a right-sided pleural effusion that is transudative and has a high glucose level (eg, pleural fluid to serum glucose ratio >1; sweet pleural effusion ). Treatment involves stopping PD . ›. Approach to the neonate with pleural effusions. View in Chinese . What is it? & Symptoms - Pleural effusion occurs when there is an abnormal build up of fluid in the pleural space. If the pleural tissues are already inflamed then the fluid will help alleviate the pain associated with the tissues rubbing against each other. A chest X-ray will be taken to follow up on any abnormal sounds.	https://ademastittade.com/2021/08/10/malignant-pleural-effusion-treatment-market-report-on-recent-adoption-2025/lge2486kx---
Thoracentesis is usually considered a minimally invasive surgery, which means it does not involve any major surgical cuts or incisions and is typically performed under local anesthesia. It is a procedure to remove fluid from the space between the lungs and chest wall or pleural space. - The doctor will inject a local anesthetic (numbing medicine) into the area. - When the area is numb, the doctor will put a needle in the space between the backside of the ribs. - The patient may feel some pressure where the needle goes in. The doctor will slowly withdraw the fluid into the needle. - The doctor will ask the patient to hold still, breathe out deeply, or hold their breath at certain times during the procedure. - In thoracentesis, the doctor inserts a needle camera (and sometimes a plastic catheter) through the chest wall. - The doctor often uses ultrasound pictures to help them guide the placement of the needle. - Once the doctor removes the fluid from the pleural space, they may send it to a lab to determine what is causing the fluid buildup in the pleural space. - If the doctor performs thoracentesis as a diagnostic procedure, then they may remove 20-100 mL of the fluid. - For therapeutic purposes, removing 400-500 mL of the pleural fluid is often sufficient to reduce shortness of breath. - The usual recommended limit is 1,000-1,500 mL in a single thoracentesis procedure. - Depending on the volume of fluid in the pleural space, this procedure generally takes 10-15 minutes to complete. In rare cases, the procedure may last more than 30 minutes. Through lab (histopathological) examination of the collected fluid, the doctor may try to pinpoint the cause of the pleural buildup such as mesothelioma (a type of cancer), lung infection, congestive heart failure, or kidney/liver disease. Knowing the cause of the fluid buildup can help doctor provide definitive treatment to the patient. Why do I require thoracentesis? A patient may require thoracentesis to remove the excess fluid from the space between their lungs and chest wall (pleural space). This provides relief from the associated symptoms such as shortness of breath and chest discomfort. Thoracentesis is a procedure to remove fluid or air from around the lungs. The patient may be having excess fluid or air in the chest cavity. When this occurs, it’s harder to breathe because their lungs can’t inflate fully. This can cause shortness of breath and pain. These symptoms may worsen with physical activity. Thoracentesis can also help diagnose health problems such as: - Pleural effusion (excess fluid in the chest cavity) - Congestive heart failure (CHF) (a condition of the heart muscle when it cannot pump sufficient blood for the functioning of the body) - Viral, fungal, or bacterial infections - Cancer - Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune diseases - Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas) - Pulmonary embolism (a blood clot in the lungs) - Empyema (collection of pus in the pleural space) - Liver failure - Tuberculosis (TB) - Pneumonia - Reactions to medicines What are the possible risks of thoracentesis? Thoracentesis is usually very safe, offering more benefits than risks. In general, some potential risks include the following: - Complete or partial collapse of the lung can occur if the lung is accidentally punctured by the needle during treatment - Pulmonary edema (excess fluid in the lungs) occurs most commonly if too much fluid is removed from the pleural space - Damage to the liver or spleen if the needle isn’t properly placed (rare) - Bleeding (if the needle punctures one of the arteries or veins that run along the ribs) - Side effects of anesthesia such as allergy - Postoperative pain - Postoperative infection Patients with a history of a lung surgery face higher risks, as do patients with severe, irreversible lung disease such as asthma or emphysema. Patients with any condition that affects normal blood clotting may also face a higher risk of bleeding.	https://www.rxlist.com/is_thoracentesis_a_major_surgery/article.htm
Living with cancer can present many physical and emotional challenges to both patients and their families. One challenge that you may not have anticipated, though, is the sense of isolation you experience at various points during your cancer journey. Cancer treatment can affect you in many ways, and the side effects can be intense and long-lasting. While some, like hair loss, may be readily apparent to the people around you, others might be less obvious, such as your feelings of general discomfort or fatigue. Oftentimes, this may include a lack of energy – or even a desire – to be social. Of course, you need to respect your feelings and stay true to yourself, but be careful not to allow this to interfere with your receipt of highly beneficial support from your family members and friends. Many studies of cancer survivors show that social isolation can lead to anxiety, stress, emotional distress and even depression. Therefore, it’s important to stay connected with others during your treatment. There are many ways that you can maintain your social connections, and some are possible even at times when you find it physically or emotionally difficult to be around other people. Here are a just few ideas: - Be selective — Focus on the people and activities that can potentially bring you the most happiness, and don’t feel guilty about turning down other invitations that you simply don’t feel up to accepting. - Take advantage of technology – You might enjoy connecting with others virtually through social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Also, consider blogging or staying in touch via Skype. - Keep it simple – Instead of attending large and potentially stressful social gatherings, consider reaching out to one or two close friends at a time to create intimate experiences that you will feel more comfortable with. - Keep it brief – If you don’t think you can handle being out for an entire evening, offer to join some friends for a quick chat over coffee in the afternoon or dessert after dinner. Additionally, you might consider participating in a professionally led support group, which can foster a safe and affirming environment in which you can learn new ways to cope with your cancer and its treatment, as well as reduce your feelings of isolation. You may also find it helpful to connect with others who are going through similar experiences, and therefore are able to empathize with you in ways that even your close and well-meaning family members and friends cannot. At Moffitt Cancer Center, we offer a full range of supportive care services and support groups, which are available to our patients throughout cancer treatment and beyond. To learn more, call 1-888-663-3488 or complete our new patient registration form online. We do not require referrals.	http://webumbadmindev.moffitt.org/taking-care-of-your-health/taking-care-of-your-health-story-archive/tips-on-how-to-avoid-social-isolation-during-cancer-treatment/
You may think that once you’re out of high school, you’re finished growing up. Physically, you may be the tallest you’ll ever get, whereas mentally as a young adult, you’re not fully grown and are still in that brain development phase. Adolescence is a unique and formative time. Normally a teenager will act differently, will be moody and tired from time to time, which is considered to be a part of those years but, there is a fine line between “normal” teenage behavior and mental illness. Physical, emotional and social changes, including exposure to poverty, abuse, or violence, can make adolescents vulnerable to mental health problems. Children in those ages are given a lot of responsibilities in a short period of time. Keeping balance of the grades, the parties everyone goes to and probably the job which is necessary for the upcoming college days, is not going to be easy on a child. In high school not everyone is a person of their own, not everyone knows themselves because they’re still undergoing that character development, not knowing what is right or wrong. Media influence and gender norms can exacerbate the disparity between an adolescent’s lived reality and their perceptions or aspirations for the future. Falling into different friend groups with different perspectives can be confusing and may lead them into doing and thinking things that shouldn’t. Whether one heads off to college or makes their own way in the world, likely gaining a great deal of independence at that point in life, moving away from their parents and beginning to take care of themselves, it’s important for them to know that there is still a lot to learn and the development process is not over. The changes that take place in the brain during our early twenties affect how new experiences and new pieces of information are synthesized. This brain growth tends to coincide with a loosening of parental controls and possibly the freedom of attending college. The types of experiences, both good and bad, a young adult encounters can significantly shape brain development in this new stage of life, which comes with intense emotions and feelings, often increasing the risk for mental health concerns. Additionally in this time of life, the desire we biologically have to be more independent, makes it a critical time for you, as a parent, to understand what they are going through and how it may be affecting their mental health. When your child appears to be showing signs of a mental health disorder, it is hard to know what to do at that very moment. While you may feel that it is your duty to protect them, your child’s needs may be more than you can handle on your own. Trying to have a conversation and understanding the problems they might be having should always be your first step. Before being a parent, you must be a friend in situations like these, to make your children feel safe and welcomed so they can open up. After you have tried creating a comfortable home environment and eliminating unnecessary stress in their lives, that is when you should seek professional help, especially if your child could be a danger to themselves or others, is abusing alcohol or other substances, or appears to have a break from reality. The characteristics of an assessment by healthcare professionals can affect suicide risk identification and response, with a compassionate approach by far the most useful and potentially life saving, as patients are more likely to disclose their suicidal thoughts. Receiving a mental health diagnosis is difficult, but it doesn’t mean to give up on your dreams or plans for your future. Most young adults with a mental illness, through the right treatment and support can learn to successfully manage their symptoms, finish college, enter the workforce and last but not least improve their relationships with their parents, siblings, and friends so they can enjoy healthy, happy futures.	https://www.delialifestyle.com/post/mental-illness-and-young-adults_how-parents-can-help
Shame is the lie someone told you about yourself. Anaïs Nin Marginalisation and shame Audre Lorde’s powerful words: ‘Caring for myself is not self-indulgence, it is self-preservation, and that is an act of political warfare’ remain revolutionary. Her call for self-care could not be more relevant today. Not only does Audre Lorde give women particularly, marginalised women, permission to care for themselves, she makes it a political imperative. Audre Lorde brilliantly highlights the socio-political context of our lived experience as marginalised women by locating our survival and welfare within the struggle for liberation. To me her statement reads as her holding two fingers up at the status quo which continues to devalue marginalised lives and bodies and, shames us into doing the same. Shame can be a painful emotion which breeds feelings of worthlessness. It is that imposed worthlessness which lays deep inside us, often silent and unacknowledged, that Audre Lorde hits directly at. This is why I believe her words resonate so deeply for so many of us. Shame is strongly correlated with emotional distress, a range of psychological problems including depressive, anxiety, eating and personality difficulties. It can cause people to loathe themselves and question their value as a human beings. Further, because shame shames people into hiding their feelings of shame, it is isolating. For marginalised people experiencing shame is often an everyday experience. Quite distinctively though, they often experience shame over things that define their identity. In other words, marginalised individuals feel shame because of their otherness. Marginalised shame is a by-product of power structures and social hierarchies, which place oppressed groups last in the pecking order. Thus, it is a form of ‘social shame’. Howard (1995) suggests that as a result of being systematically dishonoured and degraded, women and racial minorities must adapt to fit into a white, male dominated society and consequently learn to become ashamed of themselves. This is the crux, I would argue, of marginalised shame which may be defined as feelings of inadequacy people from marginalised groups experience because they differ from the dominant group. The individualisation of shame Initially, Freud saw shame rather than anxiety as the central hidden feeling leading to the formation and maintenance of psychopathology, according to him, shame led to repression and hysteria. Unsurprisingly, many of us have come to believe that experiencing shame excessively, is a manifestation of some sort of psychological flaw. There is a long history within psychology of looking at the effect(s) of early experiences on the psychological, and social development of people and/or of focusing on cognitive or other intra-psychic deficiencies, in therapy. For example, cognitive behavioural therapy for shame-based difficulties will aim to highlight the ‘dysfunctional’ beliefs clients hold about the world and themselves and which are thought to be maintained by faulty reasoning such as unduly sinister predictions, self-doubt about coping skills and/or rigid rules for living. Thus, a CBT shame-based intervention may aim to help clients see their thoughts as mental events which may be objectively evaluated and replaced with more ‘accurate’ cognitions. Compassion Focussed Therapy (CFT), (Gilbert, 2005) is based on the premise that people who experience high levels of shame and self-criticism, tend to have difficulty experiencing reassurance and safeness because the neural system that activates such feelings – referred to as the soothing system in CFT – is underdeveloped. This is believed to be due to early exposure to threatening or risky environments/events. CFT interventions therefore focus on increasing clients’ compassionate skills and attributes and on decreasing their self-criticalness and shame, emotions that are believed to have come to be used to manage psychological pain for such individuals. Clinically thus, shame has largely been formulated as an individual process. Needless to say, its formulations have remained apolitical and removed from the lived experience of marginalised groups. Even when social influences have been included, some form of individual pathology is usually posited. Additionally, the intersubjective aspects of shame and their function in the social world are rarely examined. However, more than simply being an individual pathology, shame is a powerful tool of social control which serves the interests of dominant groups. Indeed, it is not coincidental that all marginalised groups typically experience more feelings of shame. Feeling inadequate reinforces the dominant group’s norms and ideas of beauty, ability, sexual orientation, wellbeing… and the subjugation of those who do not or cannot adhere to them. Shame and intersubjectivity Social shame is probably as effective as material deprivation, social dislocation or civil disempowerment in keeping marginalised people in their place. It makes the latter hesitate and/or refrain from claiming their rights to dignity, equal treatment and full humanity. Essentially, it makes marginalised people do the ‘master‘s work’ by becoming subservient and thus inadvertently complicit in systems of devaluation and degradation. For example, rather than calling out those who show little or no effort in pronouncing (some) ‘foreign’ names, we change ours or become ashamed of them. Instead of calling out white supremacy for the benefit it affords to those with lighter skin, many of us resort to whitening ours or replicate the degradation of people who are darker. Intersubjectivity has been missing from most shame conceptualisations. This is an important oversight. Intersubjectivity invites us to consider all actions and interactions contexually and relationally. In that sense, the mental life of marginalised groups cannot be considered separately from the mental life of socially privileged groups. Rather, mental events and experiences are co-created and continually mutually influenced by each group’s processes. Social shame cannot thus be formulated as a distinct, separate or isolated experience ‘belonging’ to the psyche of those who are oppressed/marginalised. A shematic representation of social shame Figure a. above provides a basic working model of a socially grounded interesujective formulation of (social) shame. It addresses both privileged and oppressed groups’ subjectivity and contributions not only to social shame but also to their respective behaviours and potential psychological structures. The model aims to shift from conceptualisations of shame as an individual psychopathology to a more socially located and relational formulation which may be more relevant to the social realities of marginalised groups. The diagram which sits on the social context, is based upon two (implicit) axes represented by two triangles. The triangles symbolise marginalised and privileged group’s belief-behaviour patterns sanctioned by the social context. Both axes feed into social shame and get into intersubjective contact. The model posits that it is this intersubjectivity which maintains social shame and gives it potency. For the privileged, social shame results in the internalisation of a sense of contempt and superiority over the marginalised upon which oppressive acts are based. It is important to note that oppressive acts may be carried out implicitly and outside the conscious awareness of those with social power. Further, the model proposes, on the marginalised axe, that oppressive behaviours cement feelings of inadequacy and inferiority in the oppressed which in turn lead to subserving behaviours. Again such behaviours may be enacted subconsciously. In a vicious cycle, subserving behaviours, reinforce dominant groups sense of contempt and superiority. As the latter remain unchallenged, their privilege is strengthened thus, oppressive behaviours become further legitimised/justified. Some may argue that clinically, the use of the current model may lack utility as it may not directly lead to specific clinical interventions. However, formulation can be a powerful form of intervention and is indeed all that some people need. This may be particularly so for those who have historically been silenced or whose reality has been erased. Furthermore, it is important to note that this model is just a starting point to consider intersubjective factors in the formation and maintenance of marginalised shame. It is hoped that the model will generate additional thinking particularly in terms of the interaction between individual and systemic factors in relation to people’s propensity to internalise and enact or indeed resist, socially sanctioned contempt/superiority and inadequacy/inferiority. Thank you for reading. If you have found this article useful or interesting please spread the word. All work published on Race Reflections is the intellectual property of its writers. Please do not reproduce, republish or repost any content from this site without express written permission from Race Reflections. If you wish to repost this article, please see the contact section for further details.	https://racereflections.co.uk/2015/10/
Festivities this year may feel quite different from previous seasonal celebrations and stress at Christmas is likely unavoidable. However, many of us will still want to mark this time of year with our loved ones. Whatever else may be going on in our lives, it’s important for our mental health to set aside time for ourselves. Indulging in the festivities the winter season has to offer is just one way to take care of our emotional needs. But how do we do that when we are met with unexpected challenges? Let’s look at how we can manage expectations as they contradict reality and find ways to care for our own mental health. A Different Christmas As we all know, this Christmas is going to be a bit different from others. As such, we’re all trying to do our best to make it as special as any other. Maybe even more special to make up for whatever we feel we may be lacking. If we take the time to list all the expectations we put on ourselves at this time of year, it’s no wonder we are feeling the strain…Family difficulties, pressures to provide the perfect Christmas for our children, financial strains, topped off with unhelpful social comparisons… However, life is just too complex to ever guarantee the idealistic ‘perfect’ Christmas. Yet, somehow we still seem to expect it. Let’s look at some of these stress factors a little more closely, beginning with family difficulties. Christmas traditionally focuses on families, but not all of us are part of an ideal family. Even if we are provided with support and involvement from our family, this in itself can prove to be a cause of stress. There may be clashes of opinions, which can result in tense atmospheres or even arguments at the dinner table. Trying to manage these family disputes during what we would prefer to be a peaceful time can be a diplomatic feat. Even if there’s no obvious source of disagreement, a prolonged period in close quarters (rule of 6 inclusive) with family can still be stressful. The lack of privacy compounds the situation. We may even be having arguments in our own head over these competing perspectives with our family. Our “responsible adult” thinking vs our “subservient child” leading to confusion and stress as we swing from keeping the peace and wanting to assert ourselves. Let’s not forget those of us with splintered families and those who have no family to celebrate with at all. Loneliness can be so hard to bear at this time of year with such a bright spotlight on families. It’s unsurprising feelings of loss and grief are heightened. Financial Strains So, if family difficulties aren’t challenging enough, throw financial worries into the mix and we are really starting to feel the strain. We can’t seem to avoid the expectation to spend more money at this time of year…and what if we already have financial worries? The extra pressure may keep us awake at night, unable to switch our brains off from obsessing over budgeting plans and nightmare scenarios. When you want the best for your nearest and dearest, it really is a struggle to keep up with the expectations of buying the best gifts. Societal Pressures Unless you have your head under a pillow, it’s impossible to escape the societal pressures all around us. Messages telling us we need to do more, be more, give more…Be perfect! But what exactly is perfect? Christmas media, is just one example of the social expectations thrust upon us, to have the BEST XMAS EVER whilst looking amazing and feeling fabulous, surrounded by perfectly behaved children and happy family members. Society’s illustration of the ‘perfect’ Christmas is suddenly in our front rooms, with songs blasting through the speakers ‘wishing it could be Christmas every day’ and sometimes it can all feel, well…just a bit too much really. It’s especially too much if you’re feeling the opposite of Holly Jolly this year. You may have noticed that any expression of that can sometimes lead to unsympathetic accusations of being the Christmas Grinch interspersed with phrases like “Bah Humbug”. This can lead to us feeling misunderstood and isolated when we need more support than ever. Traumatic Anniversaries and Bereavement It’s also possible that this time of year could bring up painful feelings for those of us who have lost loved ones or suffered some form of trauma around this season. Traumatic memories may replay due to the constant context triggers which come with this time of year. It may feel as though there is no escape. Depression All these added pressures can lead to us to struggle with feelings of anxiety and depression. For those who already suffer with mental illness, Christmas can be an extremely challenging time. Feeling down at this time of year can be quite a surreal experience when we are surrounded by such seemingly happy individuals. However, even without a diagnosis, feeling low at this time of year is actually more common than we are led to believe. It can be a difficult emotion to admit to…possibly due to the pressures we feel to be happy. However there is always a legitimate reason for feeling this way and we don’t need to suffer alone. It’s possible this season magnifies what you feel is missing from your life (particularly in terms of relationships at a time when the focus is on family and relationships). The stark contrast can bring a real jolt to our hearts. Winter Blues A possible biological reason behind some depression may be due to Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). This is a common biological imbalance which can occur as the nights draw in and we have less exposure to daylight. It can be remedied through a Vitamin D supplement and regular exposure to a sun lamp. (However, it’s always best to check with your GP before taking any supplement.) Any of these instances can lead to feelings of overwhelming disappointment that Christmas is not meeting our expectations or our perception of the expectations of others… If that’s not too confusing?! Unhelpful Coping Mechanisms We may find ourselves attempting to control our stress in unhelpful ways such as over-eating and drinking. As Christmas is a time when people are encouraged to ‘eat, drink and be merry’ we can end up consuming more alcohol than is healthy. Sometimes we have that extra glass of wine or slice of cake in an attempt to numb the stress, but we all know the negative side-effects… feeling bloated and run down and possibly even guilty if we’re trying to be healthy and we end up overdoing it. Over consumption has the opposite effect of pacifying our emotions. Alcohol actually turns up the volume on how we’re feeling and can lead to depression. Of course, a drink or two in moderation is perfectly acceptable as part of enjoying the festivities! However, using drugs, alcohol or other external things as a crutch to deal with difficult feelings usually only adds to the discomfort and self-hatred. The ‘solution’ often becomes the problem. (If you feel you may have an issue with alcohol or any other type of self-medication, taking the brave step of reaching out for support can be the key to rediscovering your well-being. See the end of this article for lists of professional organisations who may be able to help.) Over-efforting As another way of trying to cope with increased anxiety levels, we may end up over-efforting all over the place. Even if we are usually a happy introvert, the calendar flips to December and with it comes a sudden expectation from others (as well as ourselves) to socialise. While it is important to spend time nurturing family connections and friendships, it doesn’t mean we need to spread ourselves so thin with social engagements we risk tearing the fabric of our social selves. We can’t underestimate the amount of effort involved in pulling off a first class Christmas…decorating, cooking and gift buying (much of which is expensive at a time when money is tight). The two week school break may be termed the ‘Christmas holidays’, but the demands of maintaining the household don’t suddenly go on holiday. In fact there is additional cleaning and cooking involved. This is piled on top of our already busy lives due to everyone being at home (some with selective memories for how to clear up after themselves)! Over-giving Another way we may attempt to control stress, particularly any possible feelings of inadequacy, is through over-giving…of things and of ourselves. Many of us may struggle with over-giving in our lives at the best of times, but this time of year may send us into overcompensation overdrive. Parental Pressure I’m sure we all remember watching in horror as Arnold Schwarzenegger charges around the malls in a desperate attempt to source that illusive toy for his son in the classic Christmas film, Jingle All The Way…The mere memory of the scenario would bring a wrench to any parent’s gut and serves to prove the sheer pressure on parents to provide not only the perfect present, but the perfect Christmas for their children. Ok, our Christmas shopping experience may not be as chaotic and calamity-ridden as a Hollywood Blockbuster plot line, but it’s true that whoever ends up bearing the brunt of the great Christmas preparations is bound to be at greater risk of stress. If we take a moment to stop… breathe… and think…when we look at these super-human/ Santa Clause level efforts, we’re potentially over-giving and forgetting to leave anything for ourselves… As well as cooking up the Christmas pud, we may also be cooking up a recipe for burnout. However, it is possible to still give, but in a more balanced and mindful way. Healthy Coping Strategies So we’ve explored some of the less healthy methods we may be using to cope. Let’s now take a look at the more mindful ways of coping. Becoming more self-aware through self-reflection is a good place to start, as sometimes we can unconsciously repeat unhealthy patterns of behaviour which further impact our stress levels. The Gift of Presence It’s important to tune in and listen to our bodies. Even if we’re not admitting to others how we’re feeling (or even ourselves) our body will certainly be telling us when something’s wrong. Headaches, stomach cramps, insomnia…Sometimes the most helpful thing to do is to accept these feelings instead of beating ourselves up for having them. Being nasty to ourselves is NOT going to make us feel better. Through paying attention to our own needs and practicing some self-love we can begin to start experiencing a more stress-free existence. By consciously working on making this season easier for us and more fun we are able to be more present instead of focusing on what we have to do. Watching out for the words ‘should’ and ‘must’ when we talk about our to-do list will tell us if we are doing things from a place of inner need or outer pressure. Becoming more tuned into ourselves and present means we can begin to appreciate the simple blessings this time of year has to offer. The simple things we may miss if we’re running around like proverbial headless turkeys. Journaling If the pressure is becoming unbearable, how about making some time for a five minute brain dump? Journaling can be such a powerful release for pent up emotions and can bring unexpected clarity to a chaotic situation. Once our thoughts are out from our head and down on paper it can really lift that burden from our shoulders. Boundaries Setting healthy boundaries can be a transformative way to support ourselves. As we have discussed, it can be all too easy to over-commit at this time of year. Rather like a reliable steam engine chugging up the hill, we may feel we have to just press on regardless, doing what we’ve always done every year, but the truth is, we DON’T have to – it’s absolutely acceptable to be discerning about what invitations and commitments to accept. Even if others (and ourselves) are used to expecting more from us. If we keep doing what we’ve always done expecting a different result…well we all know the definition of that line of thinking! How about delegating a few tasks to share the load. This combined effort can create more of a friendly team effort feel. It also empowers others with some responsibility who may be keen to help out anyway. Sometimes having a ‘script’ can be helpful. Something to acknowledge the other person’s point of view, but clearly stating our own preference. For example: ‘That does sound like fun, but I’m quite tired/not feeling 100% and need to get an early night.’ Learning to recognise our limits allows us to give less and to take more care of our own needs. This is an empowering decision in line with self-care. If we are honest and open about our needs and have a proactive boundary plan to communicate these with our VIP’s, we begin to create healthy boundaries which harnesses healthy relationships and supports our mental well-being. Honouring Anniversaries It’s also important to be mindful of any possible traumatic anniversaries around this time of year and to remember to be kind to ourselves. Allowing ourselves that time and space to honour those emotions can be so healing. Therapy can be useful for this. This is an opportunity for people to gather (in person or remotely) to acknowledge the Christmas season without that forced sense of happiness (which can be so difficult to be around when feeling lost and alone). Through acknowledging these feelings of loss with others who have also experienced loss, we feel a sense of belonging. We may even move towards a place of gratitude for the memories and moments spent together with our loved ones who are no longer with us. It can be terrifying to reach out but the support can be transformative. Family Fixes What about difficult family situations? They don’t just magically disappear. We have to deal with them. Let’s have a think about the level of expectation. High expectations (even if the intention is coming from a good place) can pile on the pressure, particularly on relationships which are already strained. Adopting a more realistic view about what we are likely to expect from our time together will help avoid disappointment and arguments. It may even help to heal pre-existing family rifts. Realistic expectations will help decrease our stress levels. Volunteering However, while the rest of the world is focused on managing family demands, conversely, it may be loneliness which strikes at this time of year. It can be tempting to hibernate away from the painful feelings of loneliness and wait until the season passes. However, it has been psychologically proven that participating in your local community (in a Covid safe way) can help reduce loneliness and give a sense of purpose. It’s also a brilliant way to raise self-esteem and boost our mood. Donating our time to those less fortunate is such a rewarding experience. Helping and being kind to others can add true value to the lives of others who are struggling at this time of year. We then begin to tap into the true meaning of this season (whatever our faith may be). Plus, modelling the spreading of love and compassion as a parent is especially good for teaching kids empathy. Budgeting In the case of financial pressures, setting ourselves a budget and sticking to it as best we can before Christmas shopping is a good way to stay in control. The creatively inclined among us may benefit from indulging in making gifts. These admittedly do take time and effort but the act of creating is so therapeutic. Not only does it provide a cheaper alternative for gifting, the act in itself reduces stress levels. However, this is not for everyone. Reminding ourselves of that well-worn saying ‘the best things in life are free’ is so beneficial. As corny as the expression may be, it’s true that the most precious gift we can ever give our loved ones is our time and undivided attention. Spending time together playing a board game or watching a film can be just as meaningful and will help create happy memories. These gifts cost nothing but mean the world. Let Go of Comparisons It may not be possible to completely switch off from social pressures, but it is possible to choose what we consume. Taking a break from social media platforms can reduce our FOMO (fear of missing out) and the unhelpful social comparisons we may make in response to the picture perfect posts from friends and followers. Press Pause Allowing ourselves a ‘time out’ if we find our stress levels rising can be a circuit breaker for stress. If there is enough time, taking up a well-being class such as yoga (either online or in person) can provide mental and physical health benefits. This can be hard to achieve if we have responsibilities such as work, caring for a loved one or looking after children or even feeling obligated to entertain visitors. If it’s possible to make arrangements with a partner, friend or family member to take over for an hour or so to give us a break, that would provide some much needed support at a busy time. If this is not possible, then simply opening a window, listening to music, or sitting in the garden for some fresh air can blow away those cobwebs. Evidence increasingly indicates that outdoor activity provides additional benefits to health and well-being. So, let’s remind ourselves that we are not alone in experiencing this annual stress and try not to be so hard on ourselves. Let’s pledge to do things differently this year. If we honour our feelings and intuition and make time for ourselves we can begin to move towards a more healthy mindset conducive with coping. Who knows we may even end up enjoying the Christmas festivities after all! Helpful Organisations The Samaritans: 116 123 https://www.samaritans.org/how-we-can-help/contact-samaritan/ The Henry Centre 01702 814044 The Old Station House, Westcliff-on-Sea, SS0 7SB More From Our Blog From Break Down to Break Through Read our therapist blog on moving from break down to break through turning difficult times into oppertunites for growth. I Am Enough Read our blog on I Am Enough, one of our clients accounts on how they found their confidence… Connection in Times of Isolation Read our blog on finding connections in a time of social distancing… Anxiety Responses to COVID-19 OUR BLOG ONAnxiety Responses To COVID-19 Our Anxiety responses to COVID-19, as in any other response are informed by our internal world. It seems that people are pulled in one direction or the other and it can be challenging to find that balance between neurotic and... The Henry Centre Launch Event OUR BLOG ONThe Launch of The Henry Centre This Wednesday saw the launch of our new Henry Centre with a triumphant open event. With food, wine and a superb attendance the launch was a great success. The feedback from our lovely clients was that the centre felt so warm... What's on your mind?	https://thehenrycentre.co.uk/stress-at-christmas/
In fact the term is applied far more widely than this, depending on context, from reference to severe mental disorder, ranging through many informal social interpretations typically referring to elitism and arrogance, and at the opposite end of the scale, to a healthy interest in one's own mind and wellbeing, related to feelings of high emotional security - the opposite of insecurity and inadequacy. As for narcissistic leadership, the dictionary definition of narcissism is a good starting point, but as we shall see, the narcissistic leadership style is very difficult to define precisely, and is arguably better viewed as a flexible scale, or a sort of continuum. Narcissistic leadership is a style that began to capture public attention from 2000 onwards following a flurry of articles and books by Michael Maccoby, Kets de Vries and others. In essence, narcissistic leadership refers to leadership by a narcissist and the co-dependent relationship it involves between the leader and his closest circle of followers. Narcissism - in a negative psychological and leadership sense - stems from an unconscious active behavioural response to deep, unrecognized feelings of inadequacy. This means that the person is unconsciously driven by hidden feelings of inadequacy, to behave in a controlling and energetic way, which enables dominance and initiative. The passive response to a narcissistic condition does not produce a leadership intent, instead commonly people: - feel deeply inadequate - believe failure comes from trying new or bold things, and so - decide that it's better not to take a risk - (basically people think that risk = failure = humiliation, so avoid risk and then for sure feel inadequate, or justify avoidance by saying the risky opportunity was of no value or misguided) However, conventionally described narcissists respond to their feelings of inadequacy in the opposite way and are more extraverted and outward in their behaviours. They tend to strive to succeed in public, to be better than others, to have more than others, to feel superior, and to win respect, admiration, and acclaim from others. The main feature of the narcissist in a leadership context is a drive to succeed, motivated by a (usually) hidden sense of inferiority and inadequacy. However, as already explained, narcissism varies in intensity from very mild (basically inconsequential) to pathological conditions (referring to sickness/disease/illness). At the pathological end is severe narcissistic personality disorder. It is tempting to suggest that some of today's biggest corporations, and some countries, are led by people possessing such extreme tendencies, although this might be a slight exaggeration; hopefully you see the point. Narcissism, perhaps especially in extreme forms, can enable and sustain leaders in significant leadership roles, for a significant time. The situation will probably be very unhealthy for their followers and for lots more people connected to the group, but the leader, given extreme narcissism will not be troubled by this at all. Charisma Conversely there are various forms and interpretations of positive healthy narcissism. For each possible negative narcissistic characteristic there exists a positive alternative: An interesting paper, 'The long-term organizational impact of destructively narcissistic managers' (Roy Lubit, 2002) published by the Academy of Management in 2002, highlighted examples of this positive/negative aspect of narcissism by contrasting the positive/negative effects of certain narcissistic impulses, the main examples summarised here: - confidence - is potentially helpful or unrealistic; - power/admiration-seeking - is potentially a healthy energy or reckless; - relationships - potentially entail concern for others, or 'spin' and remorseless exploitation of others - consistency/direction - potentially has values or lacks values The variable interpretation of narcissism inevitably hinders specific definition of 'narcissistic leadership'. Aside from deciding whether the narcissism contains healthy elements or not, assumptions are required as to extent of negativity. Simply - how serious is the leader's narcissistic behaviour? Logically then we can think of narcissistic leadership as being a flexible concept or continuum. A very basic presentation of a 'narcissistic leadership continuum' is offered below. The continuum is expressed with a strong bias towards the negative extreme because in practice this is more typical in groups where a narcissistic leader is in charge. Also, the narcissistic leadership style would be relatively unremarkable if the majority of narcissistic leaders were positive healthy personalities. In reality, narcissistic leadership succeeds (with limited and qualified and sometimes disastrous effects) because of a leader's negative narcissistic tendencies. These may combine constantly or occasionally with a few positive aspects, but broadly the effects of narcissistic leadership are negative. \|<--------- Narcissistic Leadership Continuum --------------------------------------------------------->\| \|Healthy/Positive\|\|Grey area\|\|Unhealthy/Destructive/Negative\| Visionary. Fun. Attracts followers. Acts boldly. Initiates. Driven. Energetic. Vulnerable. Positive and negative aspects merge here. Positive aspects may be or occasionally become prominent and enabling towards aims, which helps to sustain the style and the leader, and the followers. Leader does not have good self-image. Gathers people who bolster leader's self-esteem. Co-dependence between leader and followers if they also suffer hidden feelings of inadequacy. Without realising it, followers cluster around the narcissistic leader to feel better about themselves by association. Followers work with the 'impressive, important leader so we too must share these qualities to some degree' - or so they believe. There is emotional and potentially material and reputational benefit for leader and followers. The sense of inadequacy that drives a narcissistic leader is also the source of the common problems of narcissistic leadership. This is because narcissistic leaders are often: - Prone to grandiose, unrealistic visions and over-estimating their wisdom and judgement - so they may take foolish risks. - Unusually sensitive to criticism and liable to fly into a rage - which makes it hard and risky to disagree with them or tell them bad news. It can also make them slow to learn. - Lacking in empathy - and because narcissistic leaders are often very 'street-wise', followers may be exploited with no care for consequences. This is unethical and potentially unlawful too (given the rightly toughening of employment laws), and eventually causes followers to desert or mutiny if exploitation is too great and rewards are too scant. - Likely to gather a bunch of 'yes-men' around them, which can lead to poor decisions. - Distrustful and so keen to win that they can create an atmosphere of infighting, suspicion and intense internal competition, making teamwork harder. Note that narcissistic leadership and charismatic leadership can overlap because narcissists are often charismatic. There are other similar characteristics between the styles - potentially many, given the vagueness of the two styles. However, not all charismatic leaders are acting from a deep unrecognised sense of inadequacy and narcissism. Again we see that a leadership style offers lots of useful insights as to what makes leadership effective and ineffective, but also demonstration that a leadership style is not a suitable theoretical concept by which to teach, learn, apply and adapt effective leadership.	https://www.businessballs.com/leadership-styles/narcissistic-leadership/
Room 3710 West Bldg. [email protected] imaging, inflammation, pathogenesis, mathematical modeling, multi-photon microscopy Lymphoid tissue dynamics and antigen-presentation during infection, cancer and autoimmunity My group is using multi-photon microscopy (MPM) in combination with histological and genetic approaches to study the immune response to bacterial infection in the spleen. The spleen plays a crucial role in host defense by trapping and destroying blood-borne pathogens and triggering the adaptive immune response. However, few details are known regarding how early host-pathogen interactions lead to antigen presentation and immunity. Preliminary results from my lab indicate that bacterial challenge in mice induces the rapid redistribution of splenic macrophages and dendritic cells in a bacteria-specific fashion. Our hypothesis is that tissue remodeling serves an “antigen transport” function that delivers pathogen-derived antigens to distinct microenvironments for presentation. Because both the antigen presenting cell type and the local environment impact the immune response, this could provide a mechanism to tailor immune responses to a wide-range of pathogens. We are focusing our investigations on three key stages of infection: 1) the initial capture and fate of bacteria in marginal zone macrophages and dendritic cells, 2) the migration of these cells in response to infection, and 3) bacterial-antigen presentation in tissue microenvironments and its influence on the subsequent adaptive immune response. Moreover, the multi-dimensional cell tracking data from these studies is being used to create in silico models of infection and immunity in the hope of providing fresh mechanistic insight into microbial pathogenesis and guide vaccine development. Last Updated: 8/4/2011 11:01:06 AM Follow us:	https://dbbs.wustl.edu/faculty/Pages/faculty_bio.aspx?SID=5962
The Lymphatic system is a system of vessels spread all over our body. This system works in close coordination with blood especially with white blood cells. It is responsible for collecting surplus fluid, called Lymph fluid, from our body alongwith other foreign particles and chemical waste. Like the arteries and veins, the Lymph vessels too branch out in the end to form lymph capillaries, these capillaries collect excess fluid and waste from the walls of body tissues. Lymph vessels are not found in the nervous system, cartilage, teeth and bones. All over the body lymph vessels join up with each other to form small knots, these are called ‘Lymph Nodes’. Like other systems in the body, this system too has organs which include Tonsils, Thymus and the Spleen. Of these the spleen is the largest, its main function is to act as a blood filter and to make antibodies. It is located just under the diaphragm on the top left hand side of the abdomen. The spleen removes all old and worn out cells along with any foreign cells or bacteria from our blood. Besides this the spleen makes antibodies, proteins circulating in the blood, which immobilise all foreign proteins if they are present in the blood. Another important function of the spleen is the manufacture of most of the blood in the body of a child before it is born. The Thymus is another important organ of the lymphatic system. It is located in the rib cage and is very big in size in a child. This organ helps in developing the immune system of the body, as a child grows older and the body’s immune system become stronger and the thymus shrinks m size gradually. The other organs of this system are the Tonsils which are located at the beginning of the food and air passages inside our mouth. They too help in maintaining the body’s defence against disease though their exact function is not known.	https://evirtualguru.com/paragraph-on-the-lymphatic-system-complete-paragraph-for-class-9-class-10-class-11-and-class-12/
Cannabinoids and Autoimmune Diseases The immune system (IS) is one of the most complex systems in the human body. It is composed of different biological processes and sets of blood cells such as leukocytes (white blood cells), immunoglobulins, lymphocytes (lymphatic cells), macrophages, neutrophils, and many others. This system is responsible for protecting the body from pathogens and cancerous agents. When our IS fails or acts too slowly, pathogens can easily evolve and adapt and stay in our bodies, infecting and destroying our cells. Autoimmune diseases can affect any part of our body and when this happens, the immune system attacks the healthy cells and infects or destroys them, directly affecting our bodies. The causes that can lead to the development of an autoimmune disease are unknown but is believed to be a product of genetics or other changes that confuse or disrupt the immune system (bacteria, viruses or drugs). Effects of cannabinoids - Modulates macrophage activity - Modulates lymphocyte function Summary For cannabinoids to be present in the immune system, macrophages and lymphocytes allow the activities to exist. Effects of cannabinoids on autoimmune diseases Cannabinoids have demonstrated their presence in almost every single part of our bodies thanks to cannabinoid receptors (CB 1 and CB 2). CB 1 receptors have been found in the brain, the lungs, the muscles, the reproductive organs, the hypothalamus, the cerebellum, the hippocampus, the tonsils, the spinal cord, the intestinal gastronomic tract and the vascular system, among others. CB 2 receptors were found in the spleen, the bones, the skin and the glial cells. Furthermore, we found that both CB 1 and CB 2 receptors are present in the immune system, and in the liver, the cerebral bone marrow, the pancreas and the brain stem. The influence of cannabinoids on the immunological system, has been widely discussed in the last 25 years. Several experimental models have been used (using subjects who abused drugs, were exposed to smoking marijuana or injecting cannabinoids) with experimental animal models and in vitro using cultures of immune cells treated with various cannabinoids. For the most part, these studies suggest that cannabinoids modulate the function of T and B lymphocytes and NK cells and macrophages. Besides the studies which measure the effects of cannabinoids on immune cells, other reports showed that these substances help to modulate the resistance of the immune system in the face of infectious diseases, particularly in front of diverse infectious agents (the Herpes, the retrovirus, Staphylococci, the Listeria Treponema and Legionella). Finally, the third link important between the immune system of the host and the cannabinoids is that it can have effects on the network of cytokines. The in vivo and in vitro use, determine that cannabinoids modulate the production and the function of cytokines, thus having an influence on the activity of cell for macrophages and lymphocytes T, Th1 and Th2. Yoonkyung Do, (2016) used Dexanabinol (HU-211), a synthetic psychotropic cannabinoid, for treatment of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and found a significant reduction of clinical symptoms of the disease in addition to inflammation associated. He found clinical evidence suggesting that THC treatment may benefit patients with multiple sclerosis through its ability to induce apoptosis in dendritic cells that are actively involved in the presentation of autoantigen initiating autoimmunity. These results are interesting and show that, under certain conditions, cannabinoids may be immunomodulatory, improving signs of disease. Bibliography for Autoimmune Diseases and Cannabinoids Klein TW, Friedman H, Specter S. 1998. Marijuana, immunity and infection. J Neuroimmunol. Mar 15;83(1-2):102-15. Klein TW, Friedman H, Specter S. 1998. Marijuana, immunity and infection. J Neuroimmunol. Mar 15;83(1-2):102-15.	https://www.kalapa-clinic.com/en/autoimmune-diseases-medical-marijuana/
Researchers at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) have shown that throughout the symptomless stage of HIV infection, when little HIV is detectable in a person's bloodstream, the virus is sequestered in the lymph nodes and related organs, replicating and accumulating in large quantities. The new findings demonstrate that significant viral activity occurs even during the prolonged period of apparent disease quiescence when patients feel well and damage to the immune system is not yet severe," says Anthony S. Fauci, M.D., NIAID director and chief of NIAID's Laboratory of Immunoregulation. "This information may prompt a rethinking of the optimal time to initiate treatment of HIV-infected patients." Dr. Fauci and his colleagues report their findings in the March 25 "Nature." The study results help explain a central enigma in AIDS research: why patients with HIV infection progressively lose crucial immune cells, even when the amount of virus and level of viral replication in the bloodstream is low. We must rethink the concept of clinical latency," says Dr. Fauci. "Our findings clearly demonstrate that a true state of microbiological latency does not exist even during the early stages of HIV disease." It has been known for years that HIV can be found in lymphoid tissue. However, Dr. Fauci and his group compared blood and lymphoid tissue samples taken simultaneously from the same patient. For each of 12 patients in various stages of HIV infection, the investigators analyzed the samples to determine the relative numbers of HIV-infected cells and levels of HIV replication in the blood and the lymphoid tissue. The investigators used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), electron microscopy and a probe for viral activity called in situ hybridization in their study. In patients in the so-called clinically latent stage of HIV infection, we found low viral burden and replication in the bloodstream, but higher levels of virus and replication in the lymphoid tissues," says lead author Giuseppe Pantaleo, M.D., visiting scientist in the Laboratory of Immunoregulation. "Our studies suggest that the lymphoid organs, and not the bloodstream, are the critical sites of the immune destruction seen in HIV disease." The uniqueness of this study is that it simultaneously compares HIV replication in the bloodstream and lymphoid tissue from the same individuals, and demonstrates a striking dichotomy between blood and lymphoid tissue in viral burden and replication," says Dr. Fauci. "In addition, this study provides insight into the potential mechanisms of this dichotomy. This advance in our understanding of HIV pathogenesis provides a sound rationale for studies of early treatment strategies, especially with combinations of non-toxic drugs." Currently, antiretroviral therapy is initiated when a patient's count of the crucial immune system cells called CD4+ T cells falls below 500 per cubic millimeter (mm3) of blood, or when signs or symptoms of HIV infection are evident. Lymphoid tissues include the lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, adenoids and other organs. Immune activity is concentrated in regions called germinal centers within these tissues, where thread-like tentacles of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) form networks that trap invaders and present them to immune cells that congregate there. CD4+ T cells are progressively depleted during HIV infection. A healthy, uninfected person usually has 800 to 1200 cells/mm3. When a person's CD4+ T cell count falls below 200/mm3, he or she becomes particularly vulnerable to opportunistic infections and cancers. The Course of HIV Infection Once it enters the body, HIV replicates rapidly, and disseminates. During this stage, called the acute or primary stage of infection, large numbers of viral particles spread throughout the body, seeding themselves in various organs, particularly the lymphoid tissues. Three to six weeks after exposure to the virus, up to 50 to 70 percent of HIV-infected persons suffer flu-like symptoms related to acute infection, such as fever, malaise, headaches and swollen lymph nodes. A week to a month later, the patient's immune system fights back and the patient generally goes into a symptomless stage of infection lasting an average of 10 years. Large amounts of virus become trapped in the FDC networks in the germinal centers, even early in infection. Surrounding the germinal centers are paracortical areas rich in CD4+ T cells. These cells become infected in increasingly large numbers, and viral particles accumulate. Many of the CD4+ T cells are activated by chemical signals called cytokines, allowing them to be more easily infected, the researchers speculate. For years, even when little virus is present in the blood, significant amounts of HIV accumulate in the germinal centers, both in infected cells and as free virus. "At least 10 times more virus per any given number of CD4+ T cells may be present in the lymph nodes than is present in the bloodstream," says Dr. Fauci. "Paradoxically, the "filtering system" in the lymphoid organs, so effective at trapping pathogens and initiating an immune response, may be an important reason why HIV is so effective at destroying the immune system. A steady stream of CD4+ T cells become vulnerable to HIV infection as they traffic to the lymphoid tissue in response to infections." Using techniques such as electron microscopy, the NIAID team has shown that the germinal centers eventually are overwhelmed by HIV. The FDC networks break down in late-stage disease and virus trapping is impaired, allowing spillover of large quantities of virus into the bloodstream. "During this burned-out stage the follicular dendritic cells can no longer effectively filter and trap the virus," Dr. Fauci explains. "The breakdown of lymph node structure seen late in HIV disease may preclude a successful immune response against any pathogen." Drs. Pantaleo and Fauci's co-authors include Cecilia Graziosi, Ph.D. and James F. Demarest, B.S., also of the Laboratory of Immunoregulation; Luca Butini, M.D. and Maria Montroni, M.D., of the University of Ancona, Italy; Cecil H. Fox, Ph.D., of Yale University School of Medicine; Jan M. Orenstein, M.D., of George Washington University; and Donald P. Kotler, M.D., of St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York. NIAID, a component of the National Institutes of Health, supports research on allergy, immunology and infectious diseases. NIH is an agency of the U.S. Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services. Reference: Pantaleo, G., C. Graziosi, J.F. Demarest, L. Butini, M. Montroni, C.H. Fox, J.M. Orenstein, D.P. Kotler, and A.S. Fauci. HIV INFECTION IS ACTIVE AND PROGRESSIVE IN LYMPHOID TISSUE DURING THE CLINICALLY LATENT STAGE OF THE DISEASE. Nature 362: 355-358 (1993). Further Reading: Drs. Pantaleo, Graziosi, and Fauci review the HIV disease process in THE IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION. New England Journal of Medicine 328: 327-335 (1993).	https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/news/4/hiv-disease-is-active-and-progressive-in-lymphoid-organs-during-clinical-latency--niaid-researchers-report
How did feminism of the antebellum period challenge traditional gender beliefs and social structures? - print Print - list Cite Expert Answers pohnpei397 \| Certified Educator calendarEducator since 2009 write35,413 answers starTop subjects are History, Literature, and Social Sciences The feminism of the antebellum period was very much a protofeminism. It was not anywhere near to being as assertive as feminism is today. However, for its time, it did represent a challenge to traditional beliefs about gender roles and social structures. In the antebellum period, there was a widespread belief that women and men should operate in separate spheres. Women were believed to be better suited... (The entire section contains 224 words.) Related Questions - How did the Depression challenge the traditional belief of Hoover and other Americans in... - 1 Educator Answer - How did the Great Depression impact American race relations, women, feminism, and family... - 3 Educator Answers - Explain the proslavery and abolitionist arguments of the Antebellum period. - 1 Educator Answer - According to Chapter 13 of Out of Many, what motivated the social reformers of the antebellum... - 1 Educator Answer - How did feminism contribute to the countercultural movement?	https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/how-did-feminism-this-period-challenge-traditional-426606?en_action=hh-question_click&en_label=hh-sidebar&en_category=internal_campaign
IT WAS excellent timing that during Women’s History Month, well-respected US academic Dr Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw visited the UK. A law professor by trade, Crenshaw’s work has been instrumental in advancing the understanding of critical race theory – the study of how race impacts society’s power structures. Crenshaw explains: “We focus on racial structures; we focus on institutions, as well as individual forms of racial discrimination. Our focus is less on the idea of prejudice and bias, because that suggests that racism is simply a matter of prejudice against people of a particular colour. That’s a very narrow definition of racism. We look instead at racial power.” Her input has influenced thinking about equality in global moments of importance, including the United Nations World Conference on Racism, and drafting the equality clause in the 1996 South African Constitution. The professor is a pioneer of intersectionality – analysing how different inequalities interact with one another, such as race and gender. Yet, feminist politics is too often overlooked within black communities. Crenshaw responds: “Race equality is gender equality…I can’t abide by or accept a version of anti-racism that says ‘we will handle the race problem and we’ll get around to the gender problem afterwards’. “Racism has always been a problem of gender and vice versa. Feminism, to me, is a quite basic idea around gender equity, in the context of family, community, nation, and the world. Fighting for racial equality while leaving gender hierarchies in place is basically just fighting for half a community.” For those who dedicate their lives to challenging social injustice, the moment of recognition occurs at a very young age. For Crenshaw, who was born in 1959 in the midst of the civil rights movement, she was aged 5. “I was in the car with my parents,” she reminisces. “My mother was very fair-skinned; my father and my brother were my complexion, a little darker. We were sitting at a red light, and there was a white family in the next car, and they kept staring. “My brother was very nationalist. He was like, ‘what are they looking at? What are they looking at?’ Then my father said ‘oh, they just think your mother’s white’. I said: ‘Mum is white!’ They were like ‘what’? They all turned around at the same time to school me on the fact that just because my mother was light-skinned, doesn’t mean that she was white…That was my first recognition that there was something in this racial structure.” Crenshaw went on to attend America’s prestigious Cornell University and Harvard Law School, before joining UCLA’s School of Law as a professor from 1986 to present day. She also lectures at Columbia Law School. BACKGROUND It is her background in law that Crenshaw attributes to her work in critical race theory – “an offshoot of the first generation of students who integrated into law schools after the civil rights movement”. She recalls: “Those were the days of the student protests, the days of people marching in the streets demanding justice. Then we [the second generation] were the ones who came in, looked around and saw that the furniture needed to be changed around, maybe the whole architecture of the institution needed to be rethought, and that we’d have to start from the ground up.” Since then, much has improved in the way of equality of civil rights, but Crenshaw believes that it is dangerous – not to mention premature – to celebrate the dawn of a post-racial era, specifically in the US, just because there is a black man in the White House. “Some people say, ‘…I’m not going to acknowledge my race or your race. And I’m not going to listen to or engage in any race talk,” Crenshaw continues. “It’s this idea that to eliminate race, you have to eliminate all discourse, including efforts to acknowledge racial structures and hierarchies and address them,’ she says. “It’s those cosmopolitan-thinking, 21st Century, ‘not trying to carry the burdens of the past and you shouldn’t either’ [people]. “Along with them are people who consider themselves left, progressive and very critical, who in some ways join up with the post-racial liberals and colour-blind conservatives to say, ‘if we really want to get beyond race, we have to stop talking race’.” Crenshaw says there remains a challenge in showing why discussions on racism is still important – or being “racially attentive”, as she puts it – in order to dismantle a power structure based on race. “It is not a useful use of social construction to say, ‘well, since we built it, we can take it apart by just not ignoring it’,” Crenshaw argues. “It’s not the acknowledgement of race that created white supremacy. It’s what people did with that acknowledgement.” She also believes we have gone backwards when it comes to applying feminism to discussions on race equality. “I think there have been some times in history where we’ve done better than we’re doing now,” Crenshaw explains. “Classically, for us in the United States, slavery was a system in which there were gender-specific obstacles to it, and we fought not just to end it for one gender. “We recognised across the board that it created particular kinds of harms that were both the same for men and women and some that were different by men and women. “That recognition of a commonality struggle, even though there might be gender specific manifestations…abided well when we stuck to it.	https://www.voice-online.co.uk/print/24336?quicktabs_nodesblock=2
Giving small loans to people for small household purchases or to invest in businesses has been an integral part of Australian, American and other aid programs for decades. This is called “microfinance”, and the aim is not only to alleviate poverty, but to empower women. But simply improving a woman’s economic situation does not necessarily result in greater equality. Increasing women’s economic engagement often increases their work burden on top of all the unpaid labour they do. It can also challenge established gender roles and power hierarchies, causing conflict in the home and even domestic violence. Empowering women needs to be about more than economics and requires changing the power dynamics and other cultural factors that repress women. So that they can make decisions about their life and mobility, control their money and have access to information, transport, tools and land. Several studies have shown a link between women’s increased access to credit and increased domestic violence. Development agencies have been forced to develop “do no harm” procedures to try to prevent this. Santi Rozario from Cardiff University found that after 25 years of microfinance programs in Bangladesh, “ingrained gender values are still essentially unchanged”. And on top of all this, some microfinance programs only have a minimal impact on development outcomes like health and education. Not tackling the problem Microfinance programs do nothing to challenge or transform the structural conditions that create poverty in the first place. It is like putting a band-aid over a deep wound. Indeed, microfinance shifts responsibility for poverty alleviation onto the poor and marginalised. This is particularly concerning in places such as Cambodia and Myanmar, where vulnerable post-conflict populations can become easily trapped in debt cycles, using one loan to repay another. Read more: Challenge 11: How improving women's status helps us all Empowerment requires addressing women’s lack of control over their own lives. Professor Naila Kabeer defines empowerment, as “the ability to exercise choice” where previously people could not. This kind of empowerment requires structural change within both families and societies. This includes greater access to and control of resources, as well as new norms for women both individually and within families and society. If development programs don’t challenge the structural causes of gender inequality, at best, microfinance will just continue to reinforce poverty and inequality. A more considered approach We shouldn’t write off microfinance entirely. It can work if returned to its grassroots, and run for the benefit of participants rather than to create profit. There has been a trend toward profit-making microfinance institutions that charge higher interest rates, extracting the little surplus poor people are able to raise from their meagre livelihoods. Microfinance must be culturally sensitive and driven by the community. If nothing else, we know that there is no such thing as a one-size-fits-all model, and results in one region don’t necessarily transfer across regions or cultures. Read more: A healthy world starts with a healthy mother There are some microfinance variations that appear to work better than others, such as Oxfam’s Saving for Change. This program operates in rural villages throughout 13 countries, with 680,000 members. This model focuses on supporting small groups of women who save money together and then extend credit amongst themselves and then their communities. But these alternatives to mainstream microfinance models require further investigation and support as to the impact on women’s empowerment. In the meantime the development sector needs to be more self-critical about the impact of their programs.	https://www.businessdailymedia.com/business-news/714-why-microfinance-as-aid-isn-t-enough-to-empower-women
Since the formation and evolution of humans into a sedentary lifestyle organized into clusters of families, lineages, compounds, and later, nations and nationalities, culture and religion have played integral features as the custodians of human civilizations. This is not to imply that the so-called early humans of the hunter-gatherer stage of human evolution lacked culture or were oblivious of some cosmological and metaphysical thought systems that governed their daily life experiences, encounters, and relationships. Instead, it speaks to humans’ inability to institutionalize or weaponize these structures to distribute roles and social stratification at this stage. In simple terms, culture and religion became institutions, instruments, and agencies of creating and justifying Otherness as human society evolved into state formation in the face of increasing population incommensurate with (material) resources on a spiral decline. Fast forward to the nineteenth century when gender discourse began to take center stage, especially in the United States and Europe. This history and her story put gender roles at the table of culture, religion, and political economy. Of course, as all-encompassing bodies that define the functionality and roles of other superstructures of the state, including those on the economic scene, the political-economic factor cannot be divorced from the influence of religion and culture. Since the time of the likes of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, a leading figure in the campaign against gender structure in America in the nineteenth century, to the Beijing Conference of 1995, and others at various levels and dynamics, feminists and gender rights campaigners could be seen striving to disabuse the extant organizing philosophy and principle of the human society. Again, culture and religion act as the artists of these ideas. In a way, this tells on the differences and nuances with which women’s and gender issues have been discussed, treated, and understood by scholars, gender advocates, and the general public in time and space. Put this discussion in another paradigm, this time in the area of human psychology, a crystal ball could be seen mirroring the inherent nature and propensity of humans to find a weakness in the Other to justify the domination of this entity. Otherness in this regard could refer to sex, color, height, culture, state, religion, and many more human compositions that differ from the experience of the person making the classification. Otherness, therefore, comes in the standard form of, at least as it is known in the Western universal epistemology, race, ethnicity, religion, age, class, dis/ability, and gender. Social class differences further compound this situation that perpetually comes with some set of prejudice. For instance, there is a biblically derived description of women as the weaker vessel in this same context. The problem with such conceptualization of the woman’s body and being is that it fundamentally leaves no room for the known complexity of homo sapiens. Interestingly, women tend to maintain some sort of ambivalent relations with this type of conceptual frame of their person. For example, the idea that women should be prioritized when it comes to resource distribution or interest contestation, regardless of the circumstance, is ostensibly due to their fragile nature, which should be appealed to. In most cases, a “gentleman” is expected to open the door for his woman-counterpart, carry her bag and make other concessions based on the construction of the fragility factor. While all of these are constructed as noble acts, patronizing in some ways, they are premised on the frail nature of women rather than on but mutual compassion and empathy. And on an instructive note, the dynamics of gender relations between the two sexes can be seen playing out in either scenario. In the days we live in where, among other things, the socioeconomic climate of the modern state leaks faster and precariously so than the ozone layer, it is not uncommon for traditional gender roles to be reversed, to find men in the conventional conceptual frame of women, and vice versa. This is understandable to the extent to which the society has changed, been organized, and the magnitude of cases of violence against women and the girl-child. But then, owing to the trajectory of the gender debate, gender discourse has been dominated by feminism and feminist notions. Talking about societal morphology and the nuances of gender discourse, it goes without saying here that given the ontology of African peoples and cultures, the epistemic interpretation of women and the concomitant structural space they occupy in these civilizations exhibit some sense of decorum and order sometimes absent in western civilizations. Without the intention of arousing the intellectual anger of Africanist scholars, one should quickly add that this dichotomy is never permanent with either of these races but a function of their histories/herstories and trajectories to the nation-state. Again, coming to play in this respect is religion, culture, and the political economy that they jointly produced. In the traditional African setting, as in other parts of the world before the dominance of Judeo-Christian and Islamic rites, women played integral and leading roles in the society. The contrary could not have been the case since the cosmologies of these cultures accommodated female gods, female priests, and in many cases, female rulers. The relevance of women had nothing to do with their ability to wear crowns but in controlling the crown. They were respected to the tune in which they constituted the pillar of the state, community, and family. As queens, priestesses, regents, warriors, mothers or wives, no “strong man” could wave aside their inputs in governance and administration without “eating his breakfast at night for it” when trouble came knocking. In most cases, the stake was so high that they served as the support and the final voice the “strong man” needed to hear to make a strenuous decision. Consequently, when gender discourse became a paradigm for contesting a system shift in Europe and America, African women were with their husbands farming, trading, and fortifying the home. Although their public roles were sometimes indirect, they had almost unrestricted access to the socio-economic fronts. Considering the cultural factor in gender designation and the measure of the biodiversity of the African population, gender practices and roles are percolated with many contours within and across these differing cultures. To this extent, a generic pronouncement needs to be taken with caution. Nevertheless, no intellectual police would apprehend one for adducing the changing dynamics of gender relations in Africa to colonial impact. Added to the influencing factors mentioned above, upsetting conversation on women’s biological makeup came further to the fore of gender structure in the emerging states in Africa. Traditionally, this has been in consideration in gender roles. However, the political economy and social milieu of the colonial state exacerbated this as the economics of opportunity cost was enthroned. The self-sufficiency of the pre-colonial days was on a gradual decline, the population was on the rise, and new opportunities were in the offing, all recalibrating the societal morphology and landscape. Disparities emerged in the privileges, opportunities, and earning power of both men and women. Bringing with them their cultural traits considered universal, agents of colonial domination prioritized men in their negotiations and power distribution. Whereas Islam had already made a clear-cut role for both men and women in many of these polities, with the effect of reducing women to a sort of museum not accessible to the general public but with filial currency, the baptism of the society in Judeo-Christian traditions brought other nuances to this emerging trend. Part of the earliest success of the decolonization process in Africa thus was the “remembering” (apologies to Wa Thiong’o) of African women in leadership roles in African churches. With the colonial economy and enthronement of western education, which is tightly linked to the former, parents had to choose which child to send to school and the extent of investment on each child. Already, the economy had ensured that the family size was cut to moderate size of an average of a husband and a wife with four children; additional ration had to be taken for all to survive. Herein lies the dilemma of the girl-child in obtaining the only tool with which she could navigate the developing society. Since the beginning of time, social mobility has been predicated on relevant knowledge and applying this in different situations and circumstances. The changing structure and system of acquiring this knowledge have put many girl-child at a disadvantage of moving up the social ladder. The male counterparts fare better because when priority is to be taken, it often goes to them. Among other factors noted above, this is primarily adduced to the fact that the girl-child would grow to marry and take up the identity of her husband, with limited gains for the family; whereas, the male child would continue with the traditions, multiplying their investments. Patriarchy has been deadly. Women are meant to be passive, and all they could achieve is thought to be in the kitchen and labor room. Hence, the clamor against Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C), illiteracy, limited avenues for social mobility, sexual harassment, rape, independence, domestic violence, political marginalization, and other aspects in which they have been marginalized. More than half a century since Nigeria became a sovereign nation-state, several treaties and agreements have been signed and ratified with the view of curbing this situation that has become a menace. But as with other issues, the problem is not so much the absence of framework and principles to follow as it is the lack of the political will for implementation. This in itself is culturally laden. Hence, the protection of the child’s rights, as espoused in the United Nations Charter and recently reinforced by the African Union and other regional and international conventions, is delayed. In Northern Nigeria, where Sharia is practiced, the situation is far worse, both legally and practically. However, postcolonial Nigeria has seen the rise of rights advocates on virtually every aspect of life as it affects the population. Thanks to the dark days under military rule, the civil society organizations in Nigeria have been fortified and their relevance reinforced with global network building and structures. Though still a muscled space heavily barricaded by state power, the Nigerian civic space has witnessed a robust engagement in recent times. And in addressing the existential threat to women, it is only plausible that these voices are heard. Structurally, these voices have been featured on radio and TV programs, social media and conferences, workshops and seminars, book publications and journals, as well as in tracts and pamphlets. In the Toyin Falola Interviews, these voices are made louder since the only way to reorder and enhance the current positions of women, as in other vulnerable and marginalized members of the society, remains in relentless public advocacy and orientation. In this view, five prominent activists have been selected for an in-depth discussion on women’s social and political positions and power in contemporary Nigeria. Chiedo Nwankwor, Ayisha Osori, Ireti Bakare-Yusuf, Nseabasi Ufot, and Ibijoke Faborode will be the guests at the Toyin Falola Interviews slated to hold on the 11th of this month. Not many will argue that the ultimate citadel of learning resides in our infinite social space. True, knowledge resides in books, but it does not take its home only within the four walls of any citadel of learning as we know it today. Experience, as witnessed personally and deduced from others during life, when merged with the wisdom of the past and the knowledge of the four walls of the tertiary institution, is as admirable as it is insurmountable. In all its ramifications, these great women exhibit a stellar constellation of voices representing the voiceless and those living at the margins of society. Owing to their modus operandi, it would amount to an innocuous distortion to address them merely as gender advocates or feminists. This limited description might blur their roles in other aspects of the civil space still relevant to gender discourse. Besides this point is their realization of the promotion of gender balance through equity discourse. At various times, in multiple fora, and through their platforms, they have engaged with democracy, development, and health issues. In most cases, within these frameworks, they have been the vuvuzela of both accomplished and marginalized women in Nigeria and other parts of the world, reaching the Atlantic capitals and cities. That they are the epitome of power and hope for the current generation of female leaders in the society is stating the obvious. Chiedo Nwankwor holds a Ph.D. in Political Science and International Relations, teaches at the African Studies Program at John Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), and is a Fellow of its Foreign Policy Institute, while infusing immense knowledge in the areas of Gender Justice and Development, Identities and Politics, Women Participation and Leadership, and Legislature into public advocacy for the emancipation of women and development of Africa. Ireti Bakare-Yusuf comes as a media person par excellence. Her radio and TV programs are blockbusters on the airwaves as they attract hundreds of thousands of audiences. As the Principal Partner of Nottinghill Management and Media and the founder of NoMore234ng, Ireti spends her days in Marketing Media and Project Management and promoting advocacy movements against Sexual and Gender-Based Violence (SGBV) and women empowerment in Nigeria. This multi-disciplined professional has held senior executive leadership roles and led transformation projects for blue-chip organizations across the globe. As a result of her impressive CV, she was headhunted from the UK by Celtel Nigeria to head the company’s project management team in 2008. In addition, Ireti Bakare-Yusuf coordinates almost a dozen TV and Radio programs, with documentaries that have been nominated for prestigious awards such as the African International Film Festival (AFRIFF). She is pretty active on social media. Her #NoMore app was awarded second place in the West African regional finals of the Innovating Justice competition organized by The Hague Institute for Innovation of Law, which had over 400 applicants. On their part, Nseabasi Ufot and Ibijoke Faborode are fully involved in activism through their established platforms like the New Georgia Project and ElectHER, respectively. Both of these women are preoccupied with the challenge of drawing public awareness to democratic practices through voters’ education. Nseabasi was named one of 2021 Time’s 100 Next, acknowledging her activism, including the registration of about 7,000 Georgians to vote in the 2020 United States Presidential election and the 2021 run-off election through her New Georgia Project. In her effort, she is recognized as a leadership council member of the Democracy and Culture Foundation, a 2019 One Young World Dutch MFA scholar, and a 2019 Public Service Nominee for The Future Awards Africa. In the same vein, Ibijoke’s ElectHER supports and encourages women to contest for elective public offices through several means, including the provision of funds for which her organization recently launched a $10 million fund to empower 1000 women and directly fund 35 women in 2023 elections. The profiles of these great women attest to what is to be expected during the Toyin Falola Interviews. Undoubtedly, they will bring diverse experiences as scholars, entrepreneurs, media experts, and public advocates. Join us on Sunday, July 11, 2021, at 5 PM Nigerian time, to be part of an exciting and illuminating conversation. Register and Watch: https://www.tfinterviews.com/post/the-women-speak Join via Zoom: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/83593109980 Watch on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/tfinterviews/live Watch on YouTube:	https://www.chronicle.gm/gender-matter-prominent-activists-to-speak-on-women-and-nigerian-politics/
Opponents of a newly enacted Massachusetts law that prohibits anti-trans discrimination in public accommodations have obtained enough signatures to place the measure on the ballot in 2018, Secretary of the Commonwealth William Francis Galvin certified Tuesday. Brian McNaff, a Galvin spokesperson, affirmed for the Washington Blade Wednesday opponents of the law submitted 34,231 qualified signatures to reverse the measure, which is slightly more than the 32,375 names needed. “They filed a sufficient number of signatures last week, which puts the referendum on the ballot in November of 2018,” McNaff said. The title of the ballot asks voters whether they approve of the transgender non-discrimination law and then provides a summary of the measure as reflected in the statute. For the referendum to succeed in reversing the law, a majority of voters have to vote “no” at the ballot. Massachusetts Gov. Charlie Baker, a Republican, signed the law in July after it was approved by the Democratic-controlled legislature. Although Baker initially hesitated to support the law, he came around and later signed the measure, which went into effect Oct. 1. The Washington Blade has placed a call to Baker’s office seeking comment on the referendum. The referendum only applies to anti-trans discrimination in public accommodations. In 2011, former Massachusetts Gov. Deval Patrick, a Democrat, signed into law a separate measure barring anti-trans discrimination in the state in housing, employment, credit and post-secondary education. The referendum won’t affect that law. Kasey Suffredini, chief program officer of the pro-LGBT Freedom for All Americans and co-chair of Freedom Massachusetts, predicted in a statement voters would uphold the measure at the ballot in 2018. “Legislators updated our Commonwealth’s civil rights law this year to legally protect transgender people from discrimination with the overwhelming support of thousands of businesses, faith leaders, women’s advocacy and anti-violence groups and fair-minded residents across the state,” Suffredini said. “It takes less than 1 percent of the Commonwealth’s population to force this commonsense update of our state law to the ballot in 2018. The people of the Commonwealth have a deep and long history of promoting fairness and inclusion. When presented with the question of whether to continue to treat transgender people as equal members of the Commonwealth in 2018, they will vote yes.” Deborah Shields, executive director of MassEquality, also said in a statement voters in Massachusetts will reject efforts to overturn the law. “The people of Massachusetts have a deep and long history of promoting fairness and inclusion,” Shields said. “If the question of whether to continue to treat transgender people as equal members of our society ends up before Massachusetts voters in 2018, we are confident they will vote to retain the law and affirm the values of justice and equality that are the hallmarks of our Commonwealth.” The state certified the referendum will be on the 2018 ballot on the same day the anti-LGBT legal group Alliance Defending Freedom filed a lawsuit in federal court on behalf of four Massachusetts churches and their pastors seeking to overturn the measure. The lawsuit observes churches are subject to the law because they’re considered public accommodations if they host a secular event open to the public. The lawsuit also states the law forces pastors to “self-censor their speech” on anti-transgender views because the public accommodations law prohibits covered entities from making statements intended to discriminate or incite others to do so. As such, the complaint contends the law violates the right to free speech, freedom of association freedom of religion and due process under the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The lawsuit also calls for the court to suspend enforcement of the law as the litigation proceeds. The named plaintiffs in the lawsuit are George Small, a pastor at Horizon Christian Fellowship; David Aucoin, a pastor at Swansea Abundant Life Assembly of God; Esteban Carrasco, a pastor at House of Destiny Ministries; Marlene Yeo, a pastor at Faith Christian Fellowship of Haverhill; as well as the non-profit religious corporations themselves. Steve O’Ban, senior counsel for Alliance Defending Freedom, said in a statement the lawsuit is needed because the transgender non-discrimination law constitutes government overreach. “The government shouldn’t encroach on the internal, religious practices of a church,” O’Ban said. “Neither the commission nor the attorney general has the constitutional authority to dictate how any church uses its facility or what public statements a church can make concerning a deeply held religious belief, such as on human sexuality.” The named defendants in the lawsuit are Jamie Williamson, Sunila George and Charlotte Richie, each in their capacity as a commissioner on the Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination as well as Massachusetts Attorney General Maura Healey, an out lesbian. A Healey official said her office is reviewing the lawsuit. Jillian Fennimore, a Healey spokesperson, affirmed the importance of the transgender law in response to a request for comment on the lawsuit. “We are pleased that we finally have a law in place that protects transgender people from discrimination in public places,” Fennimore said. “This law is about civil rights and is critical for people who were without full protection and equality under the law for too long.” Sen. Ed Markey (D-Mass.) denounced initiatives aimed at undermining transgender rights in Massachusetts in a statement to the Washington Blade. “Efforts to turn back the clock on progress for our transgender community in Massachusetts remind us of the work still left to be done,” Markey said. “We must continue to fight for full equality for all people, regardless of who they love. Our support for transgender equality should be unwavering.” - Let me see if I understand…religious groups, with constitutionally protected first amendment rights and against whom is it illegal to discriminate, feels they are being discriminated against because they, as specially protected groups, do not have the ability to discriminate against another group of their choosing. Does that sum it up? - Basically yes. Hollywood couldn’t make this crap up.	https://www.washingtonblade.com/2016/10/12/ballot-measure-seeking-to-overturn-mass-trans-law-certified-for-2018/
So on Sunday, Moricz gave the speech without saying the word — but still managed to speak directly about who he is and why he advocates for the LGBTQ community. He used his curly hair as a metaphor. “I used to hate my curls,” he said, after removing his graduation cap and running his hands through his hair. “I spent morning and night embarrassed of them trying to straighten this part of who I am, but the daily damage of trying to fix myself became too much to endure,” he said. “So while having curly hair in Florida is difficulty due to the humidity, I decided to be proud of who I was and started coming to school as my authentic self.” Pine View Principal Steve Covert did not respond to The Washington Post’s efforts to contact him. Kelsey Whealy, a spokeswoman for Sarasota County Schools, said in a May 10 email that Pine View’s principal “did meet with Zander Moricz to remind him of the ceremony expectations” but did not say he had been told not to say “gay.” The Parental Rights in Education bill — which critics have labeled the “don’t say gay” bill — was signed March 28 by Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis (R). The law prevents teachers in kindergarten through third grade from discussing gender and sexual orientation in class and restricts what teachers can say in upper grades to what is developmentally appropriate, without saying what that is. The law goes into effect July 1. The plaintiffs in the lawsuit allege that the law harms LGBTQ students and families and violates their First Amendment right to freedom of speech, as well as their constitutional right to equal protection under the law. You can watch Moricz’s speech here:	https://www.overpassesforamerica.com/told-not-to-say-gay-in-graduation-speech-he-made-his-point-anyway/
A federal judge on Wednesday blocked portions of a new Indiana law that would make it tougher for girls under age 18 to get an abortion without their parents' knowledge. U.S. District Judge Sarah Evans Barker wrote in approving a temporary injunction that "when it comes to our children, while parents or others entrusted with their care and wellbeing have the lawful and moral obligation always to act in their best interests, children are not bereft of separate identities, interests, and legal standing." Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky and the American Civil Liberties Union of Indiana sued the state on May 18, seeking to prevent three provisions from taking effect on July 1 and arguing that they create "an unconstitutional undue burden on unemancipated minors." Barker approved injunctions blocking all three. One provision of the law would require a judge in most cases to allow parents to be informed that their daughter is seeking an abortion. Barker, who was nominated to the federal court by President Ronald Reagan in 1984, had expressed skepticism about some of the law's provisions during June 13 arguments on the injunction. Their lawsuit contends those portions violate the U.S. Constitution's due process and equal protection provisions, and the First Amendment. Attorneys for the state argued in their brief opposing the injunction that each provision the suit challenges is constitutionally permissible. They also argued that they in part further the state's interest "in protecting pregnant minors" and encouraging parental involvement in their minor children's decision to have an abortion. Gov. Eric Holcomb, who signed the law April 25, has called the measure a "parental rights issue." The plaintiffs argued that one of the new law's provisions revises Indiana's parental consent process in a way that violates minor girls' due process rights. Under existing Indiana law, girls younger than 18 must either get their parents' consent to have an abortion or seek permission from a judge through the so-called "judicial bypass" process. The girl's parents are not notified of her bid for an abortion, regardless of whether that judge approves or denies her request, under current law. But the new law would require the judge considering that request to also weigh whether the girl's parents should receive notification of her pregnancy and her efforts to obtain an abortion, regardless of the decision on the abortion itself. It requires that the parents be notified unless the judge determines it would not be in the minor's best interest for the parents to know—even if the court finds the minor is mature enough to make a decision independently on whether to have an abortion. Betty Cockrum, the CEO and president of Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, said when the lawsuit was filed in May that portions of the new law "will have a chilling effect on teenagers already dealing with a difficult situation." The suit also challenges a new provision that adds a procedure physicians must follow to verify the "identity and relationship" between the minor seeking an abortion and parent or adult providing consent. The suit calls that a vague requirement which subjects physicians to criminal liability and violates the Constitution's equal protection and due process clauses. It also challenges a new provision that prevents anyone from aiding an unemancipated minor who is seeking an abortion. The suit says that violates the First Amendment because it will prohibit Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky from advising those minors "that they can travel to other states to obtain their abortions." The suit contends the new law "fails to comply with requirements necessary for a parental involvement statute to pass constitutional muster." During 2015, 25 girls from the ages of 10 to 14 received abortions in Indiana, and another 219 girls from 15 to 17 also ended their pregnancies, according to a report from the Indiana State Department of Health. Officials with Planned Parenthood declined to comment on Barker's ruling Wednesday, saying a joint news conference with the ACLU was scheduled for Thursday.	https://www.ibj.com/articles/64402-federal-judge-blocks-parts-of-indianas-new-abortion-law
The web Browser you are currently using is unsupported, and some features of this site may not work as intended. Please update to a modern browser such as Chrome, Firefox or Edge to experience all features Michigan.gov has to offer. Whitmer Files Lawsuit and Uses Executive Authority to Protect Legal Abortion in Michigan April 07, 2022 FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE April 7, 2022 Contact: [email protected] Gov. Whitmer Files Lawsuit, Uses Executive Authority to Protect Legal Abortion in Michigan As U.S. Supreme Court weighs overturning Roe v. Wade and triggering Michigan’s 1931 ban on abortion, Governor Whitmer takes action to protect abortion access LANSING, Mich. — Today, Governor Gretchen Whitmer filed a lawsuit and used her executive authority to ask the Michigan Supreme Court to immediately resolve whether Michigan’s Constitution protects the right to abortion. Amidst an ongoing, nationwide assault on abortion, including in some states that have enacted laws banning abortion at conception, without exceptions for rape or incest, Governor Whitmer is stepping up to protect Michigan women and the constitutional right to an abortion established 49 years ago in Roe v. Wade. “In the coming weeks, we will learn if the U.S. Supreme Court decides to overturn Roe v. Wade,” said Governor Whitmer. “If Roe is overturned, abortion could become illegal in Michigan in nearly any circumstance—including in cases of rape and incest— and deprive Michigan women of the ability to make critical health care decisions for themselves. This is no longer theoretical: it is reality. That’s why I am filing a lawsuit and using my executive authority to urge the Michigan Supreme Court to immediately resolve whether Michigan’s state constitution protects the right to abortion. “However we personally feel about abortion, a woman’s health, not politics, should drive important medical decisions. A woman must be able to make her own medical decisions with the advice of a healthcare professional she trusts – politicians shouldn’t make that decision for her,” Whitmer continued. “Overturning Roe will criminalize abortion and impact nearly 2.2 million Michigan women. If a woman is forced to continue a pregnancy against her will, it can have devastating consequences, including keeping families in poverty and making it harder for women and families to make ends meet. A near total abortion ban would rob women of their reproductive freedom and the ability to decide whether and when to have a child. It also would rob women of their economic freedom and their right to decide whether to become a parent: the biggest economic decision a woman will make in her lifetime. No matter what happens to Roe, I am going to fight like hell and use all the tools I have as governor to ensure reproductive freedom is a right for all women in Michigan. If the U.S. Supreme Court refuses to protect the constitutional right to an abortion, the Michigan Supreme Court should step in. We must trust women—our family, neighbors, and friends—to make decisions that are best for them about their bodies and lives.” Michigan’s Pre-Roe Ban The current version of Michigan’s law criminalizing abortion without exceptions for rape or incest was enacted in 1931. In 1973, the passage of Roe v. Wade rendered Michigan’s 1931 ban unconstitutional and abortion became legal in the state of Michigan. This year, Roe could be overturned in the Dobbs v. Jackson case, triggering Michigan’s 1931 abortion ban. Governor Whitmer’s Lawsuit The governor’s action today represents the first time a governor has filed a lawsuit to protect a woman's right to abortion since the U.S. Supreme Court signaled its recent willingness to consider overturning or circumscribing the federal right to an abortion. The lawsuit asks the court to recognize a constitutional right to an abortion under the Due Process Clause of the Michigan Constitution. It also asks the court to stop enforcement of the 1931 Michigan abortion ban. The abortion ban violates Michigan’s due process clause, which provides a right to privacy and bodily autonomy that is violated by the state’s near-total criminal ban of abortion. It also violates Michigan’s Equal Protection Clause due to the way the ban denies women equal rights because the law was adopted to reinforce antiquated notions of the proper role for women in society. Michiganders on Abortion For Michiganders, this issue is beyond settled. According to a poll from January 2022, 67.3% of Michiganders support Roe and 65.7% support repealing Michigan’s 1931 trigger ban on abortion. Over 77%, believe abortion should be a woman’s decision. A sizeable majority of Michiganders agree that abortion is a decision to for a woman to make in consultation with a medical professional she trusts.	https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/news/press-releases/2022/04/07/whitmer-files-lawsuit-and-uses-executive-authority-to-protect-legal-abortion-in-michigan?utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery
AUSTIN—Today, the Texas Public Policy Foundation filed a federal civil rights lawsuit on behalf of ESI/Employee Solutions, LP and Hagan Law Group LLC against the City of Dallas in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas. The TPPF lawsuit alleges that the City’s Ordinance violates Plaintiffs’ constitutional rights of First Amendment freedom of association, Fourteenth Amendment equal protection, and Fourth Amendment protection from unreasonable search and seizure. TPPF’s lawsuit also asserts the state law preemption claim that prevailed over the Austin Ordinance. Although the plaintiffs in the case are headquartered in Collin County, Texas, the Paid Sick Leave Ordinance injures the plaintiffs because both have employees that work in Dallas enough to earn leave but who also work outside of Dallas. Because the Paid Sick Leave Ordinance requires employers to allow employees to use earned leave at any other “facility, location, division, or job position with the same employer,” Dallas’ ordinance extends regulatory power outside of its city limits to violate Plaintiffs’ constitutional rights. “Today’s lawsuit should not have been necessary. Texas courts have already found municipal ordinances mandating paid sick leave unconstitutional,” said Robert Henneke, general counsel and litigation director at the Texas Public Policy Foundation. “The Dallas Ordinance discriminates against Plaintiffs for being at-will employers, and threatens Plaintiffs with unconstitutional warrantless searches. Given the constitutional defects of such mandates, the leadership of San Antonio did the right thing and agreed to pause the implementation of its own paid sick leave ordinance. If only Dallas had the foresight to work with the business community, we wouldn’t be in court today. But the numerous constitutional problems with Dallas’ ordinance demand a remedy – we aim to help provide it.” The Texas Public Policy Foundation is seeking a preliminary injunction to halt the ordinance’s operation until a ruling on the merits of the case, a declaratory judgement that the ordinance is unconstitutional, and a permanent injunction. On August 22, TPPF sent Dallas a letter requesting that the City delay its Ordinance until December, as was recently agreed by San Antonio. Dallas declined this request.	https://www.texaspolicy.com/press/tppf-files-federal-civil-rights-lawsuit-against-city-of-dallas
I'm no lawyer, but reading this "analysis" makes my head hurt. As Jackson Lee imagines it, repealing Obamacare (which may actually be unconstitutional) would deprive citizens of "due process" and "equal protection" under the law. Just in case she hadn't made her point crystal clear, she went on: Rep. Shelia Jackson Lee, a Democrat from Texas, said on Tuesday afternoon that repealing the national health care law would violate the Constitution. Arguing that the Commerce Clause provides the constitutional basis for ObamaCare, Jackson Lee said repealing the law by passing Republicans' H.R. 2 violates both the Fifth Amendment's right to due process and the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause. “The Fifth Amendment speaks specifically to denying someone their life and liberty without due process," she said in a speech on the House floor moments ago. "That is what H.R. 2 does and I rise in opposition to it. And I rise in opposition because it is important that we preserve lives and we recognize that 40 million-plus are uninsured.She continued, "Can you tell me what’s more unconstitutional than taking away from the people of America their Fifth Amendment rights, their Fourteenth Amendment rights, and the right to equal protection under the law?” "I’m prepared to stand, extend a hand of friendship, standing on the Constitution to enable us to provide for all the citizens of this country. This bill has been vetted. This bill is constitutional and it protects the Constitutional rights of those who ask the question: ‘Must I die? Must my child die, because I am now disallowed from getting insurance?'" It hurts. An unconstitutional bipartisan vote to repeal Obamacare is expected to pass the House later today.	https://townhall.com/tipsheet/guybenson/2011/01/19/sheila-jackson-lee-obamacare-is-a-consitutional-right-n666195
Two groups filed supporting briefs last week at the 8th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in St. Louis on behalf of nonprofit organizations whose federal lawsuit challenging Arkansas' "ag-gag law" was dismissed in February. The plaintiffs, who appealed the dismissal in March, are the Animal Legal Defense Fund, Animal Equality, the Center for Biological Diversity and the Food Chain Workers Alliance. The groups who filed amicus, or friend-of-the-court, briefs on their behalf consist of deans, law professors and legal scholars, and separately, 23 media organizations led by the Reporter's Committee for Freedom of the Press. The plaintiffs contend that a 2017 state law, codified as Arkansas Code 16-118-113, was intended to block undercover investigations of industrial agricultural facilities and is an unconstitutional suppression of their First Amendment and equal protection rights. The defendants -- state Rep. DeAnn Vaught, R-Horatio and husband, Jonathan Vaught, who operate a pig farm in Horatio called Prayer Creek Farm, and Peco Foods Inc., an Alabama-based poultry farm that has facilities in Arkansas -- say the law merely creates a way for farmers or merchants to sue someone who intrudes on nonpublic areas of commercial property and takes pictures or steals data. The law creates an avenue for civil litigation against anyone who releases documents or recordings from a nonpublic area of commercial property with the intent of causing harm to the owner of the business or farm. It allows for civil penalties of up to $5,000 a day. In throwing out the lawsuit in February, U.S. District Judge James Moody Jr. said the plaintiffs alleged in their "pre-enforcement challenge" that the law injures them by causing them to self-censor their protected speech to avoid liability. But he said they didn't present any specific "actual or imminent" harm they faced as a result of the law. Moody also noted that the plaintiffs didn't allege that the Vaughts, whose Arkansas facilities include slaughter and processing plants and hatcheries in Pocahontas and Batesville, had actually engaged in the types of practices the plaintiffs say they would like to "expose." He said the plaintiffs merely suspect improper practices based on the number of pigs at the pig farm, the design of the facility and DeAnn Vaught's role as a sponsor of the legislation. The brief submitted by constitutional law specialists says the lawsuit's main objective is the concern that if the plaintiffs violate the law, they face liability for engaging in constitutionally protected conduct. The legal experts say that if Moody's ruling is left intact, it "would drastically limit the ability of federal courts to protect rights guaranteed by the First Amendment." The legal group called Moody's reason for dismissing the lawsuit "deeply flawed," saying the 8th Circuit must decide whether state-facilitated suppression of speech creates a "reasonable fear" of state-sanctioned liability. If the appellate judges believe it does, they must decide, "can the right to challenge the statute before risking the penalties inherent in violating it be foreclosed by finding that there is no standing to contest the constitutionality of the law?" "Under the district court's logic," the brief argues, "Plaintiffs were required to knowingly violate the statute and risk all the penalties" before they could be considered to have legal standing --a vested interest in the outcome of the case -- to enable them to pursue the issue. "Waiting for the actionable conduct to occur before the law can be challenged in court only perpetuates the chilling effect of the law, because the fear of penalties chills protected speech," the legal group argued. They described the plaintiffs as "organizations dedicated to exposing illegal and unethical conduct in public and private industries, including organizations that engage in undercover investigations to expose animal cruelty," who want to continue to engage in practices protected by the First Amendment in the future. They noted that other courts have found that permitting pre-enforcement First Amendment challenges to go forward is important for reasons of public concern. The brief filed by news organizations asks the 8th Circuit to consider its input, noting, "As members and representatives of the news media, amici have a strong interest in the resolution of this appeal. For more than a century, investigative reporting on the agriculture industry has helped keep our food supply safe and prevented the mistreatment and abuse of workers, as well as livestock and other animals." It notes that journalists who cover the agriculture industry rely on sources, such as the plaintiffs, to inform them of dangerous, illegal or unethical activities and provide documentation. The brief argues that the media members "have a strong interest in ensuring that their news-gathering and reporting are not impeded by unconstitutional restraints on sources." The Arkansas Ag-Gag Statute, they said, chills the ability of sources to speak to reporters, "and, in turn, restricts the flow of newsworthy information" and stifles debate on matters of public concern. "The chilling effect is an injury sufficient to support [the plaintiffs'] standing," they wrote. The 8th Circuit has directed the defendants to file a brief by the end of this month. No additional deadlines or hearings have been set.	https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2020/jun/08/2-groups-join-ag-gag-law-appeal/?news
The House committee has sought Trump's federal returns to shed light on his business dealings President Donald Trump on Tuesday sued to block a US House of Representatives committee from obtaining his New York state tax returns, with his lawyer accusing the Democratic-controlled panel of "presidential harassment." In a filing in the US District Court for the District of Columbia, Trump's lawyers argued that a law passed by New York state earlier this month that would give the House Ways and Means Committee access to the president's state tax returns violates his constitutional rights. New York's law "was enacted to retaliate against the President because of his policy positions, his political beliefs, and his protected speech, including the positions he took during the 2016 campaign," the filing said. It cited a media report that the House panel's chairman, Democratic Representative Richard Neal, is mulling making a request under the law, which New York could nearly instantaneously fulfill. "President Trump was thus forced to bring this lawsuit to safeguard his legal rights," his lawyers wrote. Trump sues House Oversight Committee, NY officials to block release of state tax returns @CristinaAlesci reports https://t.co/9P4wErPX5f pic.twitter.com/miZMyODrtW— The Lead CNN (@TheLeadCNN) July 23, 2019 A spokeswoman for the committee did not respond to a request for comment. New York Attorney General Letitia James said in a statement she was confident the state's law was legal. "We will vigorously defend it against any court challenge," she said. A lawyer for Trump, Jay Sekulow, called the effort to obtain Trump's state tax returns "presidential harassment" and accused the House committee and New York state officials of seeking "political retribution" against Trump. Traditionally, US presidential candidates have released their federal tax returns on the campaign trail. But Trump has repeatedly refused to do so, citing audits. Trump has sued to block a New York law that would allow Congress to obtain his state tax return. https://t.co/zGf8k54gT6— Kyle Griffin (@kylegriffin1) July 23, 2019 The House committee has sought Trump's federal returns to shed light on his business dealings. The Treasury Department has denied the committee's request, despite a federal law that says the department "shall furnish" such records to the panel if requested. The Treasury Department said the committee had no legitimate purpose for reviewing Trump's returns. The committee filed a lawsuit earlier this month seeking to compel the department to hand over six years of Trump's individual and business federal tax returns. Neal has expressed caution about using the New York law to obtain Trump's state returns, saying it could harm efforts to get the president's federal returns through the lawsuit.	https://archive.dhakatribune.com/world/north-america/2019/07/24/trump-sues-to-block-us-house-panel-from-getting-his-state-tax-returns
On Monday September 14, 2020 a Federal Judge, appointed by President Trump, in Pennsylvania, ruled that Governor Tom Wolf and his Health Secretary’s coronavirus orders which “shut down the state” intended to prevent the spread of COVID-19 and protect the Citizens of Pennsylvania, was unconstitutional. U.S. District Judge William Stickman IV, said that the orders violated the First Amendment right to freedom of assembly and due process and equal protection clauses of the 14th Amendment. There have been a number of legal challenges to COVID-19 emergency orders based on “denying individual rights” such as restricting right to movement or to pursue a business or occupation, or restricts the right to engage in certain activities such as worship, speedy trial or political advocacy. Other challenges have included a separation of powers argument that the legislature delegated too much authority to the governor or health officials. The Pennsylvania lawsuit, filed in May during the state’s “red phase” of coronavirus measures, was brought by 4 Pennsylvania Counties, Representative Mike Kelly, 3 state representatives and 7 businesses and their owners, challenging the ordered measures. The basis of the challenges was that the emergency order’s limitations on gatherings violates the First Amendment and that the closures and stay home orders violate both the Due process and Equal Protection Clauses of the 14th Amendment. There had been various prior unsuccessful legal challenges to Governor Wolf’s restrictions as well as similar others around the country. Judge Stickman initially noted that while the shut down and limitation efforts were undertaken with the good intention of addressing a public health emergency…the authority of government is not unfettered. While he noted that the country is facing and will face many types of emergencies, the solution to a national crisis can never be permitted to supersede the commitment to individual liberty…he then went on to analyze the level of review under which to analyze the constitutional claims. Simply put-when the constitutionality of a law/policy/order (COVID-19 emergency orders in this case) is challenged; both state and federal courts will commonly apply one of three levels of judicial scrutiny in analyzing the challenge. The three levels of scrutiny: 1- strict scrutiny where the government must prove there is a compelling state interest behind the challenged policy/law/order and that the policy/law/order is narrowly tailored to achieve its result. The Supreme Court has determined that only legislation or government actions that discriminate on the basis of race, national origin, religion, and alienage should be analyzed on this basis. 2- intermediate scrutiny is less demanding than strict scrutiny; the law/action/order must serve an important government objective and be substantially related to achieving the objective. The Supreme Court has ruled that this level of scrutiny should be used whenever a law discriminates based on gender or sex, and sometimes extended to sexual orientation. 3- rational basis review is the lowest level of scrutiny applied to challenged laws, historically this has required very little for the law to be deemed constitutional. The person challenging the law/order must prove either that the government has no legitimate interest in the law/policy/order or that there is no reasonable, rational link between the government’s interest and the law/policy/order. This test is highly deferential to the law/policy/order and is used for In this case, The Court first had to determine what type of scrutiny to apply to the constitutional claims, deciding that “ordinary canons of scrutiny are appropriate, rather than the lesser emergency regimen.” Judge Stickman went on to say that The Court will apply regular constitutional scrutiny to the issues in this case. Two considerations inform this decision—the ongoing and open-ended nature of the restrictions and the need for an independent judiciary to serve as a check on the exercise of emergency governmental power. Important to note that Judge Stickman relied heavily on the dissent by Justice Alito in Calvary Chapel Dayton Valley v. Steve Sisolak, Governor of Nevada, et al. (Full Opinion link in Sources) where the Supreme Court declined to lift a 50-person limit on religious services in Nevada. Here, Judge Stickman was concerned with the open-ended time frame of the restrictions and broad power used by the government which required a little more analysis or “check” by the judiciary, all mentioned in the dissent by Justice Alito. Further, Judge Stickman said that good intentions toward a laudable end are not alone enough to uphold governmental action against a constitutional challenge. Further he said that liberties, once relinquished, are hard to recoup and that restrictions—while expedient in the face of an emergency situation may persist long after immediate danger has passed. Thus…the job of courts is made more difficult by the delicate balancing they must undertake. Generally, the First Amendment does not prohibit all laws that impair religious freedom. Judge Stickman decided that the applicable legal test is a rational basis review, the lowest level of scrutiny applied to challenged laws, highly deferential to the government or the law/policy. As explained above, intermediate and strict scrutiny are harder and more demanding burdens to prove. In summation, Judge Stickman ruled that the gathering limits fail intermediate scrutiny because they weren’t narrowly tailored to manage the pandemic’s effect. He noted that the order has no end date and includes a broad limitation on events, applying to any gathering of individuals on public or private property for any purpose—including social gatherings. In terms of the stay at home order, Judge Stickman said they fail under both strict and intermediate scrutiny since Broad population-wide lockdowns are such a dramatic inversion of the concept of liberty in a free society as to be nearly presumptively unconstitutional. In terms of the business closure order, Judge Stickman said it is unprecedented and runs afoul of established Due Process principles. It violates the equal protection clause because it lacks a rational basis in choosing which businesses could remain open. Judge Stickman noted that in choosing what businesses would remain open, they had an obligation to do so based on objective definitions and measurable criteria. He found no such criteria. This case is one of hundreds of cases filed in federal and state courts across the U.S. challenging local coronavirus restrictions, some going all the way to the Supreme Court. In May, they declined to lift a 50-person limit on religious services in Nevada (Calvary Chapel, mentioned above) and rejected challenges to curbs on religious services in California and Illinois. And, In Wisconsin, the State Supreme Court struck down a statewide stay at home order. In Illinois, there are several challenges to the Governor's orders on the basis that he overstepped his authority in ordering them. In Pennsylvania, as a response to Judge Stickman’s ruling, Lyndsay Kensinger, a spokesperson for the governor's office, said the administration was "disappointed" by the ruling and will file an appeal. Kensinger further noted that The actions taken by the administration were mirrored by governors across the country and saved, and continue to save lives in the absence of federal action. This decision is especially worrying as Pennsylvania and the rest of the country are likely to face a challenging time with the possible resurgence of COVID-19 and the flu in the fall and winter. She also clarified that the ruling was only related to the business closure order, the stay at home orders and the indoor and outdoor gathering limitations, not on some of the others orders, particularly the mandatory mask order. As we continue on this COVID-19 journey in unprecedented times, we urge everyone to do their part to help keep each other safe. We wear our masks and socially distance to protect you. Susan Susan Ramsey is both an attorney and an RN. Ms. Ramsey’s professional experience began as a Registered Nurse in the Intensive Care Unit at Yale New Haven Hospital. While pursuing her Bachelor’s Degree, she was a counselor with the New Haven Rape Crisis Program. During her time with the Program, Ms. Ramsey counseled sexual assault survivors and performed seminars for local police departments, universities, and high schools. During her time working as a registered nurse, Ms. Ramsey decided to attend law school. Ms. Ramsey graduated from CUNY Law School, and has practiced law in several different State and Federal Courts. She is a Florida Heath Care Risk Manager and a member of the Palm Beach County Sober Home Task Force. Ms. Ramsey actively litigates cases involving catastrophic injuries and wrongful death on behalf of survivors, cases include injuries suffered by victims of professional negligence, product liability and medical negligence. Amie Amie Goldberg is both an attorney and a certified APRN. After completing a Bachelor of Arts Degree at Whittier College, Ms. Goldberg attended nursing school at Emory University. Ms. Goldberg’s professional experience started as a Registered Nurse at Egleston Children’s Hospital taking care of children with congenital heart disease. After a few years, she continued working in all areas of the hospital while attending Kennesaw State University on weekends in order to get her Master’s Degree in Nursing with a specialty of Primary Care Nurse Practitioner/Family Nurse Practitioner. During her time as an APRN, Ms. Goldberg decided to attend law school at St. Thomas University in Miami, Florida. Since graduating, she has mainly practiced in the areas of personal injury and worker’s compensation, fighting for the rights of injured people. Since joining the Romano Law Group, Ms. Goldberg has been the Director of the Opioid Litigation Project. Ms. Goldberg also practices in the area of medical malpractice and nursing home negligence, bringing an inside perspective and knowledge to help get justice for our clients. Stay Safe, Susan Amie Sources:	https://www.romanolawgroup.com/blog/romano-law-nurse-corner-covid-19-28-federal-judge-rules-pennsylvanias-coronavirus-orders-are
By Tyler Arnold \| Watchdog.org In what could be the largest labor-related case since Janus v. AFSCME, policy groups from around the country are expressing support for a lawsuit that would prohibit forced representation from public sector unions. The lawsuit, litigated by the Ohio-based, free-market Buckeye Institute, received support from 21 different policy groups who filed a joint amicus brief with the U.S. Supreme Court urging the court to hear the case. If the lawsuit is successful, it would allow publicly employed individuals to negotiate their own contracts instead of having their contracts negotiated by a union against their will. Although current law now forbids unions from taking money from non-union members, the unions still have the ability to require representation from the union. The Buckeye Institute is arguing that forced representation violates the First Amendment rights of the workers based on precedent set in Janus. In the prior case, the Supreme Court ruled that forced public-sector union dues were unconstitutional based on the First Amendment right of freedom of association. The Buckeye Institute argues that the precedent should apply not just to fees, but to any form of association with a public sector union. The institute is representing Kathy Uradnik, a political science professor at St. Cloud University in Minnesota. She said that she does not want to be represented by the union because – as a non-member – the union negotiates contracts that go against her interest. “The support Dr. Uradnik’s case has received from other renowned organizations demonstrates a strong concern for public employees’ First Amendment rights to choose who speaks on their behalf,” said Daniel J. Dew, a legal fellow at the The Buckeye Institute. “This is certainly an issue that the Supreme Court will have to decide, and we believe that this case is the perfect vehicle.” Patrick Wright, vice president for legal affairs at the Mackinac Center for Public Policy, said his organization signed onto the amicus brief because the lawsuit could impact seven million public-sector workers. “The Supreme Court in Janus already recognized that forced association is a significant impingement on First Amendment freedoms,” Wright said. “This case questions whether there is a state interest that is sufficient to overcome these constitutional concerns (sometimes matters that impinge constitutional concerns can be overcome if the state can show a good enough reason). Given what the Supreme Court stated in Janus, it seems natural that this question should arise next.” Other prominent groups that filed amicus briefs included The National Right to Work Legal Foundation, Americans for Tax Reform, Liberty Justice Center and the Americans for Lawful Unionism. National Right to Work and the Liberty Justice Center are two non-profits that helped bring the Janus case. The U.S. Supreme Court is scheduled to discuss the case on Feb. 15 and at some later date, the court will announce whether it has decided to take up the case.	http://truenorthreports.com/21-policy-groups-back-lawsuit-to-end-forced-union-representation
A crew of the usual suspects – including representatives of Texas Alliance for Life, Texas Right to Life, and the Liberty Institute – joined lawyers and reporters for a hearing July 6 in U.S. District Judge Sam Sparks' courtroom to hear a lawyer for a group of Texas doctors argue that the state should be restrained from implementing the new ultrasound-before-abortion law while a suit challenging its constitutionality is pending. Bebe Anderson, senior counsel for the Center for Reproductive Rights, which is representing the doctors, argued that if the law were to take effect this fall (it is effective Sept. 1, but will be enforced beginning Oct. 1), it would pose a threat of irreparable harm to both Texas doctors and women seeking safe and legal abortion care. Put bluntly, she told Sparks, the law "threatens" the constitutional rights of doctors and of all Texas women. Among Gov. Rick Perry's "emergency" items for this year's legislative session was the ultrasound bill, which had failed to pass in sessions previous. The resulting law (passed in mid-May) requires women seeking abortion to first undergo an ultrasound 24 hours before termination and be given the option to view an image of the fetus and to hear the fetal heartbeat. The law also requires women to hear a description of fetal development – although a woman who avers that she is a victim of rape or incest (and has reported that to police) or whose fetus suffers from a gross abnormality (and can prove a doctor has diagnosed as such) may opt out of hearing that description. According to the state, the law is merely about ensuring informed consent to abortion, adding another layer to information already provided to women prior to terminating a pregnancy, including information about risks associated with abortion (and about fetal development, making the new law redundant in this area) that the state mandated with the passage in 2003 of the Woman's Right To Know Act. But the new law is flawed, Anderson argued in court. It is vague, making it difficult for medical providers to understand exactly what is required to comply with its provisions, and a failure to comply can result in the loss of a doctor's medical license or even a criminal penalty. For example, the law requires a doctor to make the fetal heartbeat audible "in a quality consistent with current medical practice," but there is actually no medical practice that defines how that should be done. "That really is standardless," said Anderson. "There is no guidance about what that means." The law also violates the First Amendment's free speech provision by compelling doctors to deliver a government script and forcing a captive audience of women to be subjected to that speech – and because of the vagueness, doctors will likely have to deliver the speech, display the images, and play the heartbeat to women who would prefer to opt out, a situation that would violate clearly the most basic medical ethics, she argued. The law also violates the equal protection rights of women, reads the lawsuit, in part because it discriminates based on sex – simply put, men seeking reproductive health services are not subjected to government intrusion in their private medical decisions, and the law suggests that a woman's "primary and proper role is that of mother." For the purposes of the injunction hearing, Anderson focused on the vagueness and the free speech issues as compelling and urgent reasons to enjoin the law. But Erika Kane, appearing for the state on behalf of the law, argued that the state does have the authority to mandate speech that is necessary to ensure informed consent, which is a compelling interest for the state. And since the plaintiff doctors have not raised a so-called "undue burden" claim, they cannot demonstrate that they're likely to win their larger lawsuit, which means they should not be granted an injunction. Indeed, Sparks peppered Anderson with several questions about the decision not to claim that the law placed an undue burden on women seeking abortion – which has been the basis on which courts have invalidated some laws seeking to more strictly regulate access to abortion. Sparks told Anderson that although he thought he understood the lawsuit prior to the July 6 hearing, absent an undue burden argument, "I'm not sure what I think." But Anderson told the Chronicle that the Center for Reproductive Rights does not raise an undue burden claim in every lawsuit it brings, and in this case, she said, the constitutional violations permitted by the Texas law are grave and pressing. "Most abortion cases are related to this right to privacy" and undue burden placed on that right, she said, and in deciding these cases, the courts have not moved past those problems in order to reach additional arguments over equal protection and other constitutional claims. In this case, however, the CRR and plaintiff doctors believe that it is particularly appropriate to proceed on alternate grounds because there are "such serious constitutional problems." Indeed, although Sparks appeared to question that approach, he was also clearly concerned about the vagueness of numerous sections in the law. For example, he asked Kane, what does "the phrase 'understandable to a layperson' mean" in the context of how the doctor is supposed to explain the fetal image, development, and heartbeat? That, Kane responded, is a "self-evident phrase." "And if [a doctor] violates that [section]" and can lose his or her license for it, "you just say, 'Well, everybody knows that'?" Sparks replied. "Let's try another one." How about the phrase "current medical practice" – the language that Anderson had earlier raised as confusing – "what does that mean?" he asked. "There's no separate definition" for that within the law, Kane answered, and the state is "not prescribing" a certain way that it should be done. But isn't that exactly what it says in the statute, Sparks asked. Put another way, he asked Kane, if making the heartbeat audible is not something provided for in current medical practice, does that mean the doctor doesn't have to comply with that portion of the statute? "No," Kane replied. "I didn't think so," said Sparks. When Kane said that she would have to get answers to some of Sparks' questions about what certain terms in the statute meant and would add those to a supplement filed later with the court, Sparks responded with a measure of incredulity: "How many supplements is it going to take for me to understand the statute – and are you going to send [that] out to all of the doctors" affected by the statute? In the end, said Kane, the law is really about providing a woman with as much information as possible to ensure she is making an informed choice about terminating her pregnancy. "It's a matter of education then ... that's the state's position," responded Sparks. "But isn't it real obvious what the real purpose of this [statute] is?" Sparks has given the lawyers 15 days to file supplemental briefs with the court and said he will enter a ruling on the injunction before the law is scheduled to take effect this fall. For more, check out our War on Women's Health page.	https://www.austinchronicle.com/news/2011-07-15/sparks-grills-lawyers-in-ultrasound-case/
- Part 3 of Indian Constitution consists of the fundamental Rights of citizens of India. - Articles in Part 3: Article 12 to 35 - Fundamental Rights are Justiciable in court of Law - They are Article 12: It defines the “State” which will Provide you fundamental Rights: - Union Government - State Government - Local Government: Panchayati Raj and Municipal Corporation - Public Sector Units Article 13: This article provides “Judicial Review” - Any law made that violates the Fundamental Rights will be made Null and Void - Supreme Court has the power to interpret the law and make it null and void if it feel it violates the Fundamental Rights Fundamental Rights are mentioned in Articles: Article 14 to 32 There are a total of 6 fundamental Rights of India: - Right to equality: Article 14 to 18 - Article 14: Equality before Law: granted to all humans - Article 15: Prohibition of discrimination by religion, caste, creed etc - Article 16: Equality of opportunity ( This gave rise to Caste based Reservation) - Article 17: Abolition of untouchability - Article 18: Abolition of Titles except military and educational - Right to freedom: Articles 19 to 22 - Article 19: - It remains suspended during National Emergency - It gives multiple Rights: - Freedom of Speech - Freedom of association - Freedom to assemble peacefully - Freedom to roam anywhere - Freedom to settle anywhere - Freedom to do business anywhere - Article 20: Right to Protection with respect to conviction - No ex post facto: No conviction except for violation of law - No double Jeopardy No two punishments for same crime - Article 21 Right to Life - In Meneka Gandhi vs Union Case Supreme Court also provided some indirect Rights - Right to live with dignity - Right to Privacy - Right to livelihood - Right to proper health, shelter - Article 21 A (Right to Education ): This was added by 86th amendment 2002. It says that all children between 6 to 14 have right to education - Article 22 - Protection against Arbitrary arrest - A person arrested by any authority must be presented in court of law within 24 hours - Lawyer must be allowed - Right Against Exploitation: - Article 23: Human Trafficking and Forced labor are prohibited - Article 24: Child Labor is prohibited (Children less than 14 years of age) - Right to freedom of Religion: - Article 25: Freedom of Conscience and Practice and Propagation of any Religion - Article 26 Freedom to manage Religious Affairs - Article 27 Prohibitions of taxes on religious grounds - Article 28 Freedom to attend Religious Ceremonies at educational institutes - Cultural and Educational Rights: - Article 29: Protection of interests of minorities - Article 30: Rights to minorities to manage educational institutes - Right to Constitutional Remedies: - Article 32: You can move to court of Law ( Directly to Supreme Court or High Court ) if you feel your Fundamental Rights are violated - It is also known as the “Heart and Soul of Constitution” by Dr. B.R Ambedkar - Courts may issue Writs to make sure Fundamental rights are not violated - There also used to be 7th fundamental Right that was Article 31 : Right to Property but now it’s not a fundamental right. Hence there are a total of 6 fundamental rights. To Go to next Chapter: CLICK HERE To Go to Indian Polity all chapters Index Page : CLICK HERE To Go to History Notes: CLICK HERE To download notes in PDF format Click below Thank You for reading the Article. Good Luck for your upcoming Exams.	http://www.thevedicacademy.com/part-3-constitution-fundamental-rights-citizen-india/
When can the government prevent me from assembling, anyway? By: Lisa Hoover The most recent wrinkle in the news coverage of COVID-19 pandemic, at least in my social media bubble, has been the protests against stay-at-home orders. For example, The Hill reported protests in Frankfort, Kentucky seeking the reopening of businesses after more than 500,000 people filed for unemployment in Kentucky in March. Kentucky also recently saw a lawsuit by the pastor of the Maryville Baptist Church regarding the stay-at-home order on Easter, arguing that it violates the right to religious freedom. Similar protests have occurred in Wisconsin, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee, USA Today reports. One of the common arguments against the stay-at-home orders I have been seeing is that they violate constitutional rights; one I’ve seen mentioned fairly frequently is the right to assemble. See examples here and here. Both the freedom of religion and freedom of assembly are covered by the First Amendment: “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.” The thing people tend to forget is that, just like other constitutional rights, the First Amendment is not unlimited; it can be subject to reasonable restrictions. Most relevant to the discussion here, speech and assembly can be subject to reasonable time, place and manner restrictions as long as they are content neutral. Middle Tennessee State University has a great summary of this area of law. Time/place/manner restrictions can include limits on noise level, caps on the number of protestors, timing (evening, morning), and restricting the size of signs, for example. For time/place/manner restrictions to be constitutional, they usually have to meet three requirements: they must be content neutral, narrowly tailored to satisfy a significant governmental interest, and there must be alternative channels for speech. (See Ward v. Rock Against Racism and Cox v. New Hampshire) The stay-at-home orders, I would argue, are clearly content neutral. In fact, they’re not directed at speech at all. No specific viewpoint or type of content is being restricted here; it applies to everyone, across the board, no matter their political party, religious affiliation, etc. For the second prong, I think it’s fairly clear there’s a significant governmental interest here; keeping citizens healthy and safe is a fairly fundamental role of government. The question therefore is really whether the stay-at-home orders are “narrowly tailored.” This, of course, depends on your specific state and how the orders are written. However, most of the orders are for a limited time and are being extended for short durations as needed. For example, New York recently extended their stay at home order through May 15. Most allow gatherings of a limited number (for example, Nebraska limited gatherings to 10 or fewer people), and often have significant exceptions for essential employees and businesses (see Massachusette’s list here). Many have also attempted to allow flexibility where possible, such as allowing curbside pickup for some businesses, like restaurants and libraries. Obviously this is one of those areas of law that is open to argument and interpretation, but in light of the importance of the governmental interest here, I think a court would likely see most of these orders as being narrowly tailored. And there are, of course, many alternative ways to engage in speech and assembly. Social media has been a popular one. Many businesses and organizations are using virtual meeting software like Zoom. You can write your representative or a letter to your local newspaper. And people are still engaging in virtual “assembly-like” activities through petitions; I’ve seen one related to allowing hairdressers to work going around, for example. Incidentally, I don’t think the argument that violates the right to freedom of religion is particularly persuasive either. In Lemon v. Kurtzman, the court set out a three prong test as to whether a statute violates freedom of religion: 1) the statute must have a secular legislative purpose, 2) its primary effect can neither promote nor inhibit religion, and 3) it must not foster excessive government entanglement with religion. The statute here clearly has a secular purpose – public health. Its primary effect, I would argue, is not to promote or inhibit religion, as it applies to many other organizations and businesses – religious meetings are likely only a small portion of those affected. And, lastly, the “entanglement” between the government and religion is likely minimal – perhaps some ticketing for violations. I’d also point out that while not explicitly part of the Lemon test, courts often consider whether or not a statute is content neutral (see Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. City of Hialeah). As addressed above, these stay-at-home orders clearly are. Ultimately, while there may be arguments about the wisdom of these stay-at-home orders, and perhaps other constitutional arguments to be made, but I don’t think the argument that they violate the right to assembly or the right to religion is particularly persuasive. Let’s cross our fingers that these social distancing measures work, and we can all go back to “normal” soon, making this debate a distant memory. For other analyses on this issue, check these out: - Religious Freedom Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic, ABA - Are Church Shutdowns Legal Or Gross Infringements On Religious Freedom?, The Federalist - Conservative activist family behind ‘grassroots’ anti-quarantine Facebook events, NBC News Bibliography: - Fritze, J., Garrison, J. and Jackson, D. (2020) “We’re Winging this.” Coronavirus protests tout independence as national groups eye election. USA Today. Retrieved April 27, 2020. - Joseph, E. and Levenson, E. (2020) New York Gov. Cuomo extends stay-at-home order until at least May 15. CNN. Retrieved April 27, 2020 - Kelley, A. (2020) Kentucky sees highest spike in coronavirus cases after protests against lockdown. The Hill. Retrieved April 27, 2020. - KPTM Staff. (2020) Gathering in Nebraska officially limited to 10 or fewer people. Fox42. Retrieved April 27, 2020. - Massachusetts’s Government. (2020) COVID-19 Essential Services. Retrieved April 27, 2020. - O’Neill, K. F. (n.d.) Time, Place and Manner Restrictions. The First Amendment Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 27, 2020 Lisa Hoover is a Public Services Librarian at Clarkson University and an Adjunct Professor in criminal justice at SUNY Canton. In addition to her MLS, Lisa holds a JD and an MA in political science. She began her career as an editor and then manager for a local news organization, adjunct teaching in her “spare time.” She teaches courses in criminal procedure, criminal law and constitutional law. She is passionate about 1st Amendment issues. She recently began her career as a librarian, starting at Clarkson University in June 2017 teaching information literacy sessions and offering reference services. Lisa and her husband Lee live in Norwood, New York with their cats Hercules, Pandora and Nyx and pug-mix Alexstrasza (Alex). Find her on Twitter @LisaHoover01. One thought on “When can the government prevent me from assembling, anyway?” - Hi Lisa. Penny for your thoughts. Any plans to revisit your thinking in this article? 1) Social media, which you point to as a place for free speech and free assembly, has been widely censoring specific content and outright banning participants. 2) Do lockdowns, repeatedly extended, continue to meet your ‘limited time’ definition? 3) Please elaborate more on ‘content neutral’ lockdowns in light of the ‘new public square’ (my construct), social media, banning content and participants from platforms, when they wish to protest the very basis of lockdowns, specifically that they do more harm than good. Actions against protesting Canadian trucker and the current lockdowns in Shanghai come to mind as examples I would not like to see repeated in the US, hoping the 1st Amendment would restrict our government from enacting similar orders. Two years later, how are we doing?	https://www.oif.ala.org/when-can-the-government-prevent-me-from-assembling-anyway/
Psychopathy is a personality disorder characterized by antisocial behavior and affective and interpersonal detachment (Benning, Patrick, Blonigen, Hicks, & Iacono, 2005). Diagnosis is generally based on the assessment of two main dimensions: emotional detachment and antisocial behavior. Eleonora Poli – OPEN SCHOOL Cognitive Psychotherapy and Research, Venice Mestre The first dimension of psychopathy includes personality traits such as a sense of grandiosity and self-centeredness, affective superficiality, lack of empathylack of remorse or feelings of guilt, superficial charm, tendency to lie and manipulate others. The antisocial component is manifested instead with impulsive behaviors and violent, conduct problems at an early age, juvenile delinquency, predisposition to get bored easily and consequent search for extreme experiences, poor ability to organize and plan one’s future actions, irresponsibility. The disorder affects approximately 1% of the general population and 15-20% of convicted criminals (Hare, 1991). Psychopathy: what is it The current conceptualization of psychopathy it was influenced by the studies of Cleckley (The Mask of Sanity, 1976), who listed 16 diagnostic criteria that could be used to identify people with the disorder. Particular emphasis was placed on the poor affective and interpersonal skills of the psychopath (superficiality, inability to to lovelack of remorse, pathological lying) and his antisocial behavior (poor impulse control, lack of planning, inability to learn from past experiences, delinquency, parasitic lifestyle). This notion of psychopathy it was then operationalized in the following years with the development of the Psychopathy Checklist (Hare, 1991), which includes 20 items designed to measure these two dimensions of the disorder. The psychopaths they show no concern about the effects their bad deeds may have on others, or even on themselves. They often commit impulsive and unplanned crimes, even when the likelihood of being caught and punished is high. Underlying such behaviors would appear to be an inability to learn information associated with punishments and to respond appropriately to them. For example, deficits have been found in aversive conditioning tasks (Flor, Birbaumer, Hermann, Ziegler, & Patrick, 2002) and in passive avoidance learning tasks (Blair et al., 2004; Newman & Kosson, 1986), a reduced ability to recognize negative facial expressions (Blair et al., 2004) and impaired electrodermal response in response to negative vocal expressions (Verona, Patrick, Curtin, Bradley, & Lang, 2004). Being unable to learn from punishments, the people with psychopathy they often exhibit impulsive behavior, perseverance and a substantial inability to inhibit the choice of previously successful options when a change in the situation makes them disadvantageous (Whiteside & Lynam, 2001). The tasks of decision making they are generally used to investigate the individual’s ability to select the optimal choice among a variety of possible options, to predict positive or negative events and to learn to regulate one’s behavior based on the receipt of rewards and punishments. These processes are influenced by cognitive reasoning, which requires an assessment of the risks and benefits associated with a certain choice, but also by emotional processing, which evaluates affective activation in response to different possibilities and can guide our decisions in a more or less aware (Seguin, Arseneault, & Tremblay, 2007). From these premises it can be deduced that a task of decision making may prove to be a useful tool for investigating maladaptive or perseverative responses in psychopaths. Psychopathy and decision making There are several tests built with the purpose of investigating the capabilities of decision making of individuals. A valid and quite widespread tool is theIowa Gambling Taskspecifically designed to examine sensitivity to rewards and punishments in everyday life and focused on the emotional aspects of economic decision making (Bechara, Damasio, Damasio, & Anderson, 1994). During the task the individual is asked to draw playing cards from two possible decks: one deck of cards leads to earning large sums of money, but even higher losses (disadvantageous deck), while a second deck allows to win small sums of money, but even smaller losses. In the long run it therefore becomes evident that it is convenient to draw from the deck which leads to the accumulation of small sums of money. Van Honk, Hermans, Putnam, Montagne, and Schutter (2002) examined participants with high and low psychopathy, the performances at the Iowa Gambling Task. The results demonstrated how participants with high psychopathy did not learn from the negative feedback (loss of money) they received during the task and therefore exhibited maladaptive behaviors, compared with non-psychopaths. Newman, Patterson and Kosson (1987) asked psychopaths and incarcerated non-psychopaths to perform a very analogous monetary task in Iowa with the aim of examining their perseverative responses. Again the psychopaths they made unprofitable choices and lost larger sums of money in the process. Blair, Morton, Leonard & Blair (2006) investigated the ability to decision making in people with psychopathy using the Differential Reward/Punishment learning task, in which participants had to choose between two objects that were associated with different levels of reward or punishment. The data, also in this case, revealed a significant difficulty, in the psychopaths, in choosing between objects with different levels of reward or punishment. Psychopathy and inability to postpone reward Advertisement Koenigs, Kruepke and Newman (2010) administered the Ultimatum Game and the Dictator Game to a group of psychopaths and to a control group. In the Ultimatum Game, a first player decides how to divide a sum of money between himself and a second player, while the latter can decide whether or not to accept the proposed division. In case he refuses the offer, both players will not receive the amount of money. In the Dictator Game, on the other hand, the first player decides how to divide the sum of money, while the second player simply receives the part of the money decided by the first. The results showed how the psychopaths accepted to a lesser extent the offers evaluated as unfair and unfair in these two games, effectively obtaining at the end of the game a smaller sum of money than the non-psychopaths. Mahmut, Homewood, and Stevenson (2008) analyzed the performance at the Iowa Gambling Task in male college students with high traits of psychopathy (compared to students with low traits) and they also observed how the psychopaths performed significantly worse on the task. In an older study Blanchard, Bassett and Koshland (1977) investigated the sensitivity to prizes and rewards in a group of psychopaths incarcerated, compared to a control group, who were asked to make a choice between receiving an immediate reward, albeit small, or receiving a three times greater reward but with a delay of a few hours or a few days. The psychopaths they showed less ability to delay gratification than the control group. The data found in these various studies allow us to draw some observations and reflections on such a complex and multifaceted disorder. The impulsive, irresponsible, unplanned behaviors could be partly explained by the substantial inability of the psychopath to curb the need to reward and immediate gratification, to resist the temptation to try emotions and strong experiences, and by its insensitivity in the face of negative feedback or punishments, as could be seen in the various studies with tasks of decision making. The negative consequences, in the short and long term, that the implementation of these behaviors can bring have a significant impact not only on the life of the psychopath, but also of the people around him and in the society in which he lives. Recommended by the editors Bibliography - Bechara, A., Damasio, AR, Damasio, H., & Anderson, SW (1994). Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition, 50(1), 7-15. - Benning, SD, Patrick, CJ, Blonigen, DM, Hicks, BM, & Iacono, WG (2005). Estimating Facets of Psychopathy From Normal Personality Traits A Step Toward Community Epidemiological Investigations. Assessment, 12(1), 3-18. - Blair, RJR, Mitchell, DGV, Peschardt, KS, Colledge, E., Leonard, RA, Shine, JH, … & Perrett, DI (2004). Reduced sensitivity to others’ fearful expressions in psychopathic individuals. Personality and Individual Differences, 37(6), 1111-1122. - Blair, KS, Morton, J., Leonard, A., & Blair, RJR (2006). Impaired decision-making on the basis of both reward and punishment information in individuals with psychopathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 41(1), 155-165. - Blanchard, EB, Bassett, JE, & Koshland, E. (1977). Psychopathy and delay of gratification. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 4(3), 265-271. - Cleckley, H. (1976). The Mask of Sanity, Mosby, St. Louis, MO. - Flor, H., Birbaumer, N., Hermann, C., Ziegler, S., & Patrick, CJ (2002). Aversive Pavlovian conditioning in psychopaths: Peripheral and central correlates. Psychophysiology, 39(4), 505-518. - Hare, R.D. (1991). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R). Toronto. ON: Multi-Health Systems. - Koenigs, M., Kruepke, M., & Newman, JP (2010). Economic decision-making in psychopathy: a comparison with ventromedial prefrontal lesion patients. Neuropsychology, 48(7), 2198-2204. - Mahmut, MK, Homewood, J., & Stevenson, RJ (2008). The characteristics of non-criminals with high psychopathy traits: Are they similar to criminal psychopaths?. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(3), 679-692. - Newman, JP, & Kosson, D.S. (1986). Passive avoidance learning in psychopathic and nonpsychopathic offenders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95(3), 252. - Newman, JP, Patterson, CM, & Kosson, DS (1987). Response perseveration in psychopaths. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 96(2), 145. - Séguin, JR, Arseneault, L., & Tremblay, RE (2007). The contribution of “cool” and “hot” components of decision-making in adolescence: Implications for developmental psychopathology. cognitive development, 22(4), 530-543. - van Honk, J., Hermans, EJ, Putman, P., Montagne, B., & Schutter, DJ (2002). Defective somatic markers in subclinical psychopathy. Neuroreport, 13(8), 1025-1027. - Verona, E., Patrick, CJ, Curtin, JJ, Bradley, MM, & Lang, PJ (2004). Psychopathy and physiological response to emotionally evocative sounds. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113(1), 99.Whiteside, SP, & Lynam, DR (2001). The five factor model and impulsivity: Using a structural model of personality to understand impulsivity. Personality and individual differences, 30(4), 669-689.	https://psychotv.one/news/psychopathy-and-decision-making-the-need-for-instant-gratification/
Are you ever amazed by the strength and resilience of others and wonder if you would be able to withstand the hardships you see others face? I think most of us have that person in our lives that we see get dealt blow after blow and seem to handle it with relative ease and grace. We’re sure if we were ever faced with half the difficulties they have, we would most certainly crumble. Resilience is something researchers have been trying to figure out for years. What makes some people able to push through difficulty and come out the other side stronger, while others seem unable to face adversity at all? Although there are some aspects of resilience that may stem from personality traits or aspects of us that we’re born with, there are also things we can learn to become more resilient and face hardships without allowing them to break us. I believe we are stronger than we think and are able to walk through difficulties that we may have thought weren’t possible until we had to. The ability to delay gratification: waiting for “what’s right” instead of acting on what we want right now allows us to be mindful of our actions and make choices based on long term goals. This ability helps us to see the bigger picture and not just focus on what isn’t going right in the moment. Be uncomfortable: Allowing ourselves to sit with discomfort and not panic helps us to make decisions that aren’t based solely on emotion. Recognizing that some discomfort is inevitable and ok can lead us to feeling calmer when difficulties arise. Practice acceptance: Accepting a situation or person is not the same as agreeing with it or saying it’s ok. Accepting is simply acknowledging the reality of a situation and not fighting this reality. I can accept the reality of a situation, but also take steps to change it if possible. If someone wronged me, fighting with the fact that it happened only creates suffering. When we’re able to accept it, we can take steps to change things so it doesn’t happen again. Acknowledge you may not have all the answers right now: Sometimes, when we’re faced with hardship, we go around and around in our minds about what we should do, what is the right answer, etc. This only creates anxiety and fear. Often, we don’t have the right answers right away-and that’s ok. The ability to be still and know the answers will come helps us not tire ourselves out with needless worry. Trusting yourself, that you’ll recognize the right thing to do-enables us to not make decisions out of desperation or fear. These practices take time and aren’t necessarily our first instinct when a crisis occurs. Sometimes we need help from another person to get us through and to guide us through these practices. A licensed mental health therapist can help. Please call Life Enhancement Counseling Services today at 407-443-8862 to schedule an appointment with one of our experienced counselors.	https://lifeenhancementcs.com/blog/resilience/
At a mother’s request, I observed a two-and-a-half-year-old girl in her preschool group. The mother wanted to make sure that her daughter’s functioning was on a par for her age. Thinking about nursery school ahead, she wondered if the child was ready for separation and had reached the appropriate level of skills for her age. In exploring the mother’s own picture of her child, her questions seemed related to behavior rather than to skills. Although she was inquiring about her daughter’s level of competence what emerged was a description of personality and temperament. When mothers ask me about a child’s behavior that concerns them, the question that often comes up is whether the behavior is “normal.” What they are really asking is whether the behavior is “abnormal,” meaning, “Does this mean there is something wrong with my child?” The question may arise when a child’s behavior doesn’t fit a mother’s picture of what is appropriate, or creates a problem for a parent. What does “normal” really mean? Sometimes parents mean, “Is this typical of all children?” Another meaning can be, “Is it natural for a child to do this?” The implication is that if it is “typical” or “natural,” the behavior is OK. If not, then something is wrong with the behavior and possibly with the child who is behaving this way. In fact, normal does not mean good or bad. It means in the nature of things. It may be in the nature of a young child to want his own way, to get angry about things expected of him, even to have a tantrum when frustrated. But that doesn’t mean the behavior is acceptable, and is something the child may need help mastering. At the same time, behavior simply may reflect a child’s personality that is different in ways from other children or from a parent’s expectation. Children are born with certain distinctive temperaments or behavior styles which emerge in various ways early in life. These innate characteristics develop over time into distinctive individual personalities. Children are partners in this development. Their native endowments elicit from parents and others certain responses. The interaction between parent and child is possibly more significant than either of their personalities individually; yet their individual personalities have a big impact on the way they interact with each other. At times there can be a mismatch of personality or behavioral styles between a parent and child. Parents talk about children pushing their buttons. This may refer to children carrying things too far, provoking their parents. But it may instead reflect an aspect of a child’s behavior that is particularly intolerable to his parent yet not affect someone else the same way. Or an outgoing parent may have a slow to warm up child who becomes clingy in social situations. For such a parent it might be particularly difficult to accept a child’s different personal style. An attempt to modify the behavior may actually reinforce the behavior that upsets them as children become aware of failing to meet a parent’s expectation. In the instance of the mother described above, she identified elements of the child’s behavior with aspects of her own personality of which she was critical. Yet the differences between them were significant and were not affecting the child’s interactions in the ways that concerned the mother. It is useful to understand how differences in style or temperament between our child and ourselves may cause conflict. If we can accept the differences between us we can play an important role in helping a child be successful within her own style of behavior.	https://www.hdnews.net/opinion/20181030/dr-elaine-heffner-personality-differences
Whereas the contents of the personal unconscious are acquired during the individual’s lifetime, the contents of the collective unconscious are invariably archetypes that were present from the beginning. Their relation to the instincts has been discussed elsewhere. The archetypes most clearly characterized from the empirical point of view are those which have the most frequent and the most disturbing influence on the ego. These are the shadow, the anima and the animus. The most accessible of these, and the easiest to experience, is the shadow, for its nature can in large measure be inferred from the contents of the personal unconscious. The only exceptions to this rule are those rather rare cases where the positive qualities of the personality are repressed, and the ego in consequence plays an essentially negative or unfavorable role. The shadow is a moral problem that challenges the whole ego-personality, for no one can become conscious of the shadow without considerable moral effort. To become conscious of it involves recognizing the dark aspects of the personality as present and real. This act is the essential condition for any kind of self-knowledge, and it therefore, as a rule, meets with considerable resistance. Indeed, self-knowledge as a psychotherapeutic measure frequently requires much painstaking work extending over a long period. Closer examination of the dark characteristics – that is, the inferiorities constituting the shadow – reveals that they have an emotional nature, a kind of autonomy, and accordingly an obsessive, or, better, possessive quality. Emotion, incidentally, is not an activity of the individual but something that happens to him. Affects occur usually where adaptation is weakest, and at the same time they reveal the reason for its weakness, namely a certain degree of inferiority and the existence of a lower level of personality. On this lower level with its uncontrolled or scarcely controlled emotions one behaves more or less like a primitive, who is not only the passive victim of his affects, but also singularly incapable of moral judgment. Although, with insight and good will, the shadow can to some extent be assimilated into the conscious personality, experience shows that there are certain features which offer the most obstinate resistance to oral control and prove almost impossible to influence. These resistances are usually bound up with projections, which are not recognized as such, and their recognition if a moral achievement beyond the ordinary. While some traits peculiar to the shadow can be recognized without too much difficulty as one’s own personal qualities, in this case both insight and good will are unavailing because the cause of the emotion appears to lie, beyond all possibility of doubt, in the other person. No matter how obvious it may be to the neutral observer that it is a matter of projection, there is little hope that the subject will perceive this himself. He must be convinced that he throws a very long shadow before he is willing to withdraw his emotionally-toned projections from their object. Let us suppose that a certain individual shows no inclination whatever to recognize his projections. The projection-making factor then has a free hand and can realize its object – if it has one – or bring about some other situation characteristic of its power. As we know, it is not the conscious subject but the unconscious which does the projecting. Hence one meets with projections, one does not make them. The effect of projection is to isolate the subject from his environment, since instead of a real relation to it there is now only an illusory one. Projections change the world into the replica of one’s own unknown face. In the last analysis, therefore, they lead to an autoerotic or autistic condition in which one dreams a world whose reality remains forever unattainable. The resultant sentiment d’incompletude and the still worse feelings of sterility are in their turn explained by projection as the malevolence of the environment, and by means of this vicious circle the isolation is intensified. The more projections are thrust in between the subject and the environment, the harder it is for the ego to see through its illusions. A forty-five year old patient who had suffered from a compulsion neurosis since he was twenty and had become completely cut off from the world once said to me: “But I can never admit to myself that I’ve wasted the best twenty-five years of my life!” It is often tragic to see how blatantly a man bungles his own life and the lives of others yet remains totally incapable of seeing how much the whole tragedy originates in himself, and how he continually feeds it and keeps it going. Not consciously, of course – for consciously he is engaged in bewailing and cursing a faithless world that recedes further and further into the distance. Rather, it is an unconscious factor which spins the illusions that veil his world. And what is being spun is a cocoon, which in the end will completely envelop him. One might assume that projections like these, which are so very difficult if not impossible to dissolve, would belong to the realm of the shadow – that is, to the negative side of the personality. This assumption becomes untenable after a certain point, because the symbols that then appear no longer refer to the same but to the opposite sex, in a man’s case to a woman and vice versa. The source of projections is no longer the shadow – which is always of the same sex as the subject – but a contrasexual figure. Here we meet the animus of a woman and the anima of a man, two corresponding archetypes whose autonomy and unconsciousness explain the stubbornness of their projections. Though the shadow is a motif as well known to mythology as anima and animus, it represents first and foremost the personal unconscious, and its content can therefore be made conscious without too much difficulty. In this it differs from anima and animus, for whereas the shadow can be seen through and recognized fairly easily, the anima and animus are much further away from consciousness and in normal circumstances are seldom if ever realized. With a little self-criticism, one can see through the shadow – so far as its nature is personal.	https://carljungdepthpsychologysite.blog/2019/11/23/carl-jung-on-the-shadow-2/
Do you constantly feel like you are stuck in a certain situation or your life is not progressing as you wish? If you do, then it is time you do something about it in a quest for a more fulfilling life. For that to happen, you have to identify the various barriers that may affect you from attaining satisfaction or even derailing your self-improvement efforts. Here are some factors could give your life more meaning. Everything starts with a plan before making the initial and all-important first step. As such, if you already know the kind of life that you would want to live, the only thing that is left is making clear-cut goals. Failure to focus on what is truly important to you can become a serious obstacle to your self-improvement efforts. Remember your mind is a goal-seeking system; it will help you achieve what you set out to do so long as you keep your eyes on the prize. From time to time it is normal to feel like other people have a better life compared to ourselves. Sometime we look at the exterior and notice they have money, a promising career, a loving family or healthy relationship amongst other things. Although such observations may be true according to you, don’t make yourself ill and become mentally, emotionally and physically unhealthy. Pick your head up because there’s work to be done. What you do is use their success as fuel and motivation for you to start identifying your strengths, work on them and become the person your strengths lead you into becoming. In the process you will begin to appreciate yourself more. Be proud of your achievements and say “I did it !” Celebrate your steps moving forward because your success is a result of your efforts moving towards becoming the best of who you are. Remember comparing yourself to others is unhealthy. Being surrounded by people with a glass half empty point of view as opposed to those who see it as half full, can contribute to a less satisfying life. Their opinions often cause you to think or see things from their perspective, which can interfere with your goals, whether short or long term. As a result, you may end up living a life full of negativity, which will affect your thoughts and emotions. To break away from this situation, start associating yourself with uplifting, encouraging positive-minded individuals. Practice thinking more positive and happy thoughts as well as trying to find a way to make things happen instead of finding excuses or complaining. If you keep pushing your plans or deadlines to the last minute, then you must be aware of the mental and emotional stress that comes with such behaviour. In the back of your mind, the thoughts about your unfinished business will continue to haunt you. Unfortunately, this situation will limit you from moving forward with other endeavours until you are done with the previous tasks. Hence, the best way to get out of this hole is to do what you plan to do at the set time to help you progress and avoid last-minute pressures. Awareness of one’s mistakes is a fundamental step towards self-improvement because life is all about ups and downs. If you tried out something that did not go as expected such as opening a business or a failed relationship, avoid dwelling on the matter. Doing so only robs you of your precious time. Your valuable time is supposed to be focused on practicing and using the tools you have learned from prior teachings and experiences. In fact, the moment you start feeling the weight of your mistakes, consider making a self-proclaimed commitment to yourself and say to yourself such phrases “At least I know what not to do going forward” or “Looking ahead I refuse to be to allow myself to get into that type of situation again. The more you practice focusing on next steps, the more you prepare yourself to become the person you desire to be. Continue to be aware of some of those habits that hinder your personal development. In addition, recognize working towards self-improvement is a continuous journey.	https://www.practice-u.com/5-factors-may-affect-self-improvement-efforts/
Personal growth: Many small actions result in big success March 16, 2017Posted by Dennis Mellersh in Personal Development Potential. Tags: achieving goals, life, personal growth, philosophy, self-improvement, Success, thoughts trackback By Dennis Mellersh Achieving success with personal improvement and development programs is like completing any worthwhile, complex, long-term, large-scale project. The best results are usually achieved incrementally by working on bite-size portions as often as possible. Instead we often dismiss that approach and instead opt for doing something more substantial and significant when we “have more time.” And predictably, “having more time,” happens infrequently, sometimes not at all. If we wait for great swathes of free time, our book will never get written. But if we write a hundred words a day, it will materialize reasonably quickly. If we wait until we develop a grand plan for helping others it may never happen. But if we put some clothing in a collection box today, we have already started on an outward- looking path of service to others. And we have all learned from experience that if we want to learn something like a new language, “cramming` is the least effective way to do it. Our goals of achieving our full potential in personal development will respond best to frequent, and ideally daily, action-oriented reinforcement. Comments» No comments yet — be the first.	https://personaldevelopmentideas.com/2017/03/16/personal-growth-many-small-actions-result-in-big-success/
Last Updated on Have you ever found yourself at a crossroads or facing a difficult situation? Have you ever felt so down and stressed out because of everything that’s been going on in your life? What you have to remember is this: you are not alone! Every single one of us has experienced this phenomenon. In every individual’s life, there comes a time when challenges and difficulties arise—ones that are not as easily solved as those we have faced before. It is, in fact, most common among the present generation, what with all the confusion and knowledge we have at the tip of our fingers. These are the moments when the situation calls for personal growth and holistic maturity in a person. Others may be wary to make changes in their lives and leave their comfort zones, but these are essential requisites in order to grow. In times like these, people desire to learn about other people’s experiences with the same journey and even stories or books that may help them cope with the situation. On Growth Growth, in the technical sense of the word, is defined by the Oxford dictionary as the process of developing oneself mentally, physically, and spiritually. It is a never-ending process that immediately begins when a person is first welcomed into the world. As babies, growth is easily measured through their physical capabilities. The baby’s first time to open their eyes, their grip, their ability to pin their gaze on certain movements—these are all signs of growth. And then comes the mental capabilities of the child such as comprehension, communication, and learning abilities. Growth can be measured in many different aspects and it never stops. Most adults, however, find themselves needing to focus on personal growth in order to face new challenges and overcome difficulties, be it with their careers, relationships, or themselves. Personal Growth In this helpful article about personal growth, Forbes.com defines the term as the result of one’s continuous effort to improve himself morally, physically, and intellectually. Personal growth can be manifested through one’s efforts for self-improvement, self-awareness, a consciousness of one’s actions, and their overall mental health and well-being. The most basic way to attain personal growth is to evaluate yourself and determine whether you are becoming the person you want to be or having room for improvement. There are also many other methods in accelerating one’s personal growth such as the following: - Regular meditation and physical activities. - Developing and maintaining a positive mindset. - Affirming oneself and developing self-confidence. - Visualization of personal goals. - Seeking professional help from experts such as life coaches, psychiatrists, etc. With the advent of technology and social media, personal growth has taken on a modern approach and many inspirations and motivations can be found online. There are videos like these about personal growth and development that can be easily accessed online and others of the same genre made by influencers and motivational speakers that promote the benefits of personal growth. There are many social media accounts focused on mental health, awareness, and growth that provide the different ways one can approach or begin their journey towards self-improvement. On the other hand, there are also more traditional options for those who prefer to read about the different ways to attain personal growth and why it is important. Some people find it helpful to listen to motivational songs that boost their willingness to go out of their comfort zones and explore their potentials. Meanwhile, some collect articles and quotes on personal growth to remind them of their goals and to provide motivation for them when times get rough. Personal Growth If you are one of those who find motivation in the written word, you are in the right place. We have compiled the best quotes on personal growth in this article to help you with your journey. Please feel free to browse through all of them and pick out the best ones that most relate to your experience. These heartfelt quotes will surely inspire, motivate, and encourage you to be the best you can be and to reach your maximum potential. Read through them and let these words fuel your spirit! Growth Quotes “And the day came when the risk to remain tight in a bud was more painful than the risk it took to blossom.” – Anais Nin “Why do you go away? So that you can come back. So that you can see the place you came from with new eyes and extra colors. And the people there see you differently, too. Coming back to where you started is not the same as never leaving.” – Terry Pratchett, A Hat Full of Sky “It’s only after you’ve stepped outside your comfort zone that you begin to change, grow, and transform.” – Roy T. Bennett “Suffering has been stronger than all other teaching, and has taught me to understand what your heart used to be. I have been bent and broken, but – I hope – into a better shape.” – Charles Dickens, Great Expectations “The only way that we can live, is if we grow. The only way that we can grow is if we change. The only way that we can change is if we learn. The only way we can learn is if we are exposed. And the only way that we can become exposed is if we throw ourselves out into the open.” – C. JoyBell C.	https://inspirationfeed.com/growth-quotes/
April 18 – April 24, 2021 ARIES (March 21-April 19): Control your emotions on the 18th and 19th, and you will avoid getting into a no-win situation with a friend or relative. Work alone, and you'll accomplish far more than you will if you collaborate with others. Keep an open mind, but refuse to let anyone interfere with your routine or your plans. You may not like the changes going on around you on the 20th, 21st and 22nd, but if you bide your time and work with what's available, you will come out on top in the end. Discipline and hard work will lead to success. Stick to the facts on the 23rd and 24th, and you'll avoid taking the heat for sharing false information. Be prepared to take care of damage control. TAURUS (April 20-May 20): Check in with people you haven't talked to in a while, and you will receive interesting information. How you use the input someone shares with you on the 18th and 19th will influence how you earn your living. Gather your thoughts on the 20th, 21st and 22nd before you make a move. Having a strategy in place and your facts straight will be essential if you plan to excel. Letting emotions take over or stubbornness set in will be your downfall. Focus on what's realistic, and put your plans in motion. Push hard on the 23rd and 24th, and you will reap the rewards. Share your feelings with someone you love, and it will improve your relationship. Romance is favored. GEMINI (May 21-June 20): Concentrate on what you can do to get ahead on the 18th and 19th. Update your resume, check out online job postings and give yourself a professional look that will help you fit the job description. An innovative approach will provide you with a competitive edge. Make adjustments at home on the 20th, 21st and 22nd that will help you be more productive. A chance to do something different will lift your spirits. Channel your energy into achieving your goals, not dreaming about them. An emotional issue will surface on the 23rd, 24th and 25th if you or someone else withholds feelings. Be upfront and find out where you stand; it will ease tension and help you move forward. Honesty is the best policy. CANCER (June 21-July 22): Reach out to people you enjoy collaborating with on the 18th and 19th. The information you receive will help you decide what you want to do next based on your qualifications. Taking a course that points you in a new direction looks promising. You'll have a hurdle to climb on the 20th, 21st and 22nd if you overspend or let someone take advantage of you emotionally or financially. Protect against health risks or taking on responsibilities that don't belong to you. Look for an opportunity to regain something you lost. Make personal changes at home on the 23rd and 24th that will improve a meaningful relationship. Romance is in the stars. A commitment will lead to a better relationship and an improved lifestyle. LEO (July 23-Aug. 22): Look, see and follow through on the 18th and 19th. He who hesitates loses. It's important to stay alert, get the facts and take action. Stay aware of what others do, but when it comes time to make a move, do what's best for you. Emotions will be difficult to control on the 20th, 21st and 22nd. Be careful how you handle your professional responsibilities and the people you work alongside. Be direct to ensure you don't give anyone the wrong impression. Your future depends on accuracy and productivity. Stay focused on what's important to you on the 23rd and 24th. Chip away at your responsibilities until you complete what you set out to do. Leave nothing to chance. VIRGO (Aug. 23-Sept. 22): Choose to do things differently on the 18th and 19th. Be creative and use your skills and knowledge to bring about a lifestyle change. Aim for personal growth and better relationships with friends, peers and family. Romance is in the stars. Someone will misinterpret what you say on the 20th, 21st and 22nd if you aren't explicit. If you exaggerate, you will be questioned and blamed for stretching the truth. Stick to the script and stay out of trouble. Concentrate on self-improvement, not trying to change others. Explore possibilities on the 23rd and 24th. Up your game, expand your mind and hone skills that can help you excel. A lifestyle change looks inviting. Romance is encouraged. LIBRA (Sept. 23-Oct. 22): Put in the time, do the best job possible and keep your life simple on the 18th and 19th. There is no point getting into an argument over something you cannot change. Focus on self-improvement, personal growth and staying healthy. Take on a challenge on the 20th, 21st and 22nd that will make a difference. The connections you make when you pitch in and help a cause or someone in need will result in opportunities to expand your mind, friendships and your skills. Cut your costs and ease your stress. Put your time and effort where they bring the highest returns. Keep an open mind on the 23rd and 24th, but don't get involved in a joint venture or situation that requires shared expenses. SCORPIO (Oct. 23-Nov. 21): Put an end to the situations and things that are holding you back on the 18th and 19th. Step outside your comfort zone and be candid regarding how you feel, what you expect and the changes you want to happen. Expect to face some opposition on the 20th, 21st and 22nd. Take heed of what others have to say without overreacting, and integrate whatever feels right into your plans. Make a personal or professional change for the right reason, not because you are bored or upset. You'll make headway on the 23rd and 24th if you make an adjustment at home that encourages you to rid yourself of the things you no longer use or need. Self-improvement and romance are encouraged. SAGITTARIUS (Nov. 22-Dec. 21): Stick to a budget on the 18th and 19th. Emotional spending will not make you feel better. Spend time honing skills, looking over your options and finding opportunities to excel. Gravitate toward people who share your interests, and embrace a healthy lifestyle. Walk away from temptation and indulgence. Invest time and effort in your future on the 20th, 21st and 22nd. How you present yourself and your ideas will have an impact on how successful you are. Strive to surpass your expectations, and you will. Be suspicious of anyone using emotional tactics on the 23rd and 24th. Set boundaries and make it clear what you will and won't do. It's up to you to maintain control and follow through with your plans. CAPRICORN (Dec. 22-Jan. 19): Use your power of persuasion on the 18th and 19th when dealing with a challenging friend, relative or colleague. Refuse to get into a dispute or give in to emotional bribery. Focus on self-improvement and being the best you can be. Take care of your responsibilities first on the 20th, 21st and 22nd to avoid added stress and criticism. Pay attention to what others do or say, and be ready to make adjustments if someone isn't discreet or loyal. A problem at work or concerning how you earn your living will surface due to false information. The help you offer a friend or relative on the 23rd and 24th will lead to an unexpected reward. Romance is in the stars. AQUARIUS (Jan. 20-Feb. 18): Rethink how you handle money or earn your living on the 18th and 19th. Say no to a situation that has a potential health risk. Use your intelligence, and you'll find a way to get around any problem that comes your way. Emotions will take over on the 20th, 21st and 22nd when dealing with a friend, colleague or relative. Try your best to listen, assess the situation and walk away if you can't find common ground. Don't say something you'll regret. Put more time and effort into your domestic life. Nurture meaningful relationships, and make changes that are conducive to comfort and convenience. Spend more time on creative endeavors and personal growth, and you will achieve peace of mind. PISCES (Feb. 19-March 20): Pay more attention to the way you look and feel on the 18th and 19th, and it will boost your confidence and lift your spirits. Refuse to let trivial matters bother you or allow someone to goad you into an argument. Focus on what's important to you, and do your own thing. You'll have too many options on the 20th, 21st and 22nd. Don't act in haste or let your emotions lead you in the wrong direction. Weigh the pros and cons, consider the consequences and do what's best for you. A chance to get ahead personally or professionally is apparent. Let go of the past on the 23rd and 24th and head into the future with optimism. An opportunity looks bountiful.	https://www.uexpress.com/astrology/astro-advice-weekly/2021/04/18
Hello, I’m Brian, Tracy. And today I want to share a few secrets which you can use to improve your personal growth. If you wish to accomplish anything worthwhile in your personal and career life, you must become a worthwhile person in your own self development. Now, every individual in the world is on their own special journey and a enormous aspect of this journey is your own personal growth. Like most everything in life, though, personal growth is something which has to be worked for in this video. We’ll cover what you can do to ensure that your personal growth never stagnates. Before we begin, let’s discuss what exactly personal growth is and why it is so important. And I know one is born perfect and perfection is truly never achieved. No matter how hard you try it with commitment and a focus on personal development, though, you can ensure that you’re constantly drawing ever closer to your ideal self personal growth is defined as a method of enhancing your consciousness and developing your ideal identity, maximizing your abilities and your potential and making the necessary adjustments to your life and mindset that can enable you to achieve your most important goals and live a life that is as enjoyable and fulfilling as possible. Personal growth is essential because it’s one of the most important key used to reaching your maximum potential and living the life you have always desired. If you think of your own mind and body, as the only tools you have available for reaching your objectives, then consider of personal development as the process of honing and sharpening those tools so that they’re as best suited as possible for the job. There are many ways to go about continuing and accelerating your personal development, but here are four strategies that you can implement today. First, be certain that you’re stepping outside of your comfort zone. It’s difficult to grow as an individual. Another way you can improve your own personal growth is to draw inspiration from others. Knowing just how much value that other individuals have to provide is a big part of personal growth in and of itself. If you are looking to broaden your knowledge and your mindset, drawing inspiration from other people and learning in the life they have lived is definitely a wonderful place to start drawing inspiration from others may mean spending time learning from family and friends in your circle, or it may mean researching the lives of prominent figures throughout history in order to learn from their successes. In either case there’s tons of value to be gleaned by staying open to the wisdom and lessons that other individuals have to offer. Perhaps my favorite tip is to always find ways to continue learning constant learning and personal growth go together like peanut butter and jelly. In the end, it is nearly impossible to grow as a person. If you are not always learning new things. Should you adopt a lifestyle of constant learning though, it’s almost impossible not to grow and grow and grow today, we are living in a world, knowledge and information are more accessible than they’ve ever been before. A person could spend a hundred lifetimes and still not even start to scratch the surface of all that’s available for them to learn. So the opportunities are truly endless. The more that you commit to learning as much as possible over your lifetime, however, the more you can count on growing to become the perfect version of yourself. We all get busy, so it can be easy to get caught up on your day to day activities and push your personal growth to someday. If you would like to grow as an individual, you’ll want to set aside time in your program where personal growth is your primary focus. This could be time spent reading and learning new things. Time spent conversing with someone you admire and respect time spent trying some new and difficult action and much more determined by what your goals are. This could be 30 minutes at the end of every day, or if your program allows even an entire day committed to learning a new skill, the purpose is to create a time management system for personal growth, and then commit yourself to it. Now let’s say you start implementing a few of these strategies and I hope you do, but how will you track the improvements that you make monitoring your progress is a vital part of reaching any target with that said, though, knowing how to measure personal growth can sometimes be a challenge. Luckily, there are methods which you can use to monitor your own personal growth and see exactly how much your life has changed since the beginning of your self-improvement journey. In order to help people around the world, begin their personal growth journey and keep track of their results. I’ve developed a comprehensive, personal development plan which you can use to help you through each step of the procedure. Be sure to download your free copy in the description below today and get started striving toward the life that you have always wanted. Now, I really like to hear from you. So my question today is that, what are some of your personal growth targets that you are currently working on? Leave a comment below, and I will be sure to follow up with you. And remember if you want it, change your future. Take action and take action. Now, in case you enjoyed this video and believe it was valuable in teaching you about how to increase your personal growth, subscribe to my station like this video and share this movie with friends and family. Don’t forget to click the button on the screen free gift. Thanks again for watching.	https://www.nybiennaleart.org/dying-to-be-me-by-anita-moorjani-in-hindi/
Hello, I’m Brian, Tracy. And today I want to share a few secrets which you can use to improve your personal growth. If you wish to achieve anything worthwhile in your personal and career life, you must become a worthwhile person in your own self development. Now, every individual on the planet is on their own special journey and a huge element of this journey is your personal growth. Like most everything in life, however, personal growth is something which needs to be worked for in this movie. We’ll cover what you can do to ensure your personal growth never stagnates. Before we begin, let’s discuss what exactly personal growth is and why it’s so important. And I understand one is born perfect and perfection is truly never achieved. No matter how hard you try it with commitment and a focus on personal growth, though, you can ensure that you’re always drawing ever closer to your ideal self personal growth is defined as a process of improving your awareness and developing your ideal identity, maximizing your abilities and your potential and making the necessary changes to your life and mindset that will enable you to achieve your most important goals and live a life that is as enjoyable and fulfilling as possible. Personal growth is essential because it’s one of the most important key used to reaching your maximum potential and living the life you’ve always desired. If you think of your own mind and body, as the only tools you have available for reaching your objectives, then consider of personal development as the process of honing and sharpening those tools so that they are as best suited as possible for the job. There are a number of ways to go about continuing and accelerating your personal development, but here are four approaches that you can implement today. First, make certain that you are stepping out of your comfort zone. It’s difficult to grow as an individual. If you never challenge yourself or stray too far out of your comfort zone. Ultimately the majority of personal growth comes from pushing your boundaries and trying new things and expanding your horizons. Another way you can enhance your own personal growth is to draw inspiration from other people. Realizing just how much value that other individuals have to offer is a huge part of personal growth in and of itself. If you are looking to broaden your knowledge and your mindset, drawing inspiration from others and learning from the life they have lived is definitely a great place to begin drawing inspiration from other people may mean spending time learning from friends and family in your circle, or it may indicate exploring the lives of prominent figures throughout history in order to learn from their successes. In either case there’s plenty of value to be gleaned by staying open to the wisdom and lessons that other people have to offer. In the end, it is almost impossible to grow as an individual. If you are not always learning new things. If you do adopt a lifestyle of constant learning, however, it is almost impossible not to grow and grow and grow now, we live in a world, knowledge and information are more accessible than they have ever been before. A person could spend a hundred lifetimes and still not even begin to scratch the surface of all that’s available for them to learn. So the opportunities are really endless. The more that you commit to learning as much as possible over your life, however, the more you can count on growing to become the ideal version of yourself. And my final tip for personal growth is to schedule time for self improvement. If you want to grow as a person, you’ll want to set aside time in your program where personal growth is your primary focus. This could be time spent reading and learning new things. Time spent conversing with someone you respect and admire time spent trying some new and difficult action and a great deal more determined by what your objectives are. This could be 30 minutes at the end of each day, or if your program allows even an entire day committed to learning a new skill, the purpose is to create a time management system for individual development, and then commit yourself to it. Now let’s say you begin implementing a few of these tips and I hope you do, but how are you going to track the improvements that you make tracking your progress is an essential part of reaching any goal with that said, however, understanding how to measure personal growth can sometimes be a challenge. Thankfully, there are methods which you can use to monitor your personal growth and see just how much your life has changed since the beginning of your self-improvement journey. So as to help people around the world, begin their personal growth journey and keep track of their results. I have developed a comprehensive, personal development plan which you can use to help you through each step of the procedure. Now, I love to hear from you. So my question now is that, what are some of your personal growth goals which you are currently working on? Leave a comment below, and I’ll be sure to follow up with you. And remember if you would like it, change your future. Take action and do it. Now, in case you enjoyed this video and feel it was valuable in educating you about how to increase your personal growth, subscribe to my channel like this movie and share this movie with friends and family. Do not forget to click on the button on the display free gift. Thank you for watching.	https://www.bobbyjonesband.com/planet-money-bangladesh-factory-collapse-aftermath/
Hello, I’m Brian, Tracy. And today I want to share a few secrets which you can use to enhance your personal growth. Now, every individual on the planet is on their own special journey and a enormous aspect of this journey is your personal growth. Like most everything in life, though, personal growth is something which needs to be worked for in this movie. We’ll cover what you can do to ensure your personal growth never stagnates. Before we start, let’s discuss what exactly personal growth is and why it is so important. And I know one is born perfect and perfection is truly never achieved. However hard you try it with commitment and a focus on personal development, however, you can ensure that you’re always drawing ever closer to your ideal self personal growth is defined as a method of improving your consciousness and developing your perfect identity, maximizing your abilities and your potential and making the necessary changes to your own life and mindset that will help you to achieve your most important goals and live a life that’s as enjoyable and fulfilling as possible. Personal growth is essential because it’s among the most important key used to reaching your maximum potential and living the life you have always desired. There are many ways to go about continuing and accelerating your personal development, but here are four strategies that you can implement now. First, be certain that you’re stepping out of your comfort zone. It’s hard to grow as an individual. If you never challenge yourself or stray too far out of your comfort zone. Ultimately nearly all personal growth comes from pushing your boundaries and trying new things and expanding your horizons. Another way you can enhance your own personal growth is to draw inspiration from others. Knowing just how much value that other people have to provide is a huge part of personal growth in and of itself. If you’re looking to broaden your knowledge and your mindset, drawing inspiration from others and learning from the life they’ve lived is certainly a great place to start drawing inspiration from others may mean spending some time learning from friends and family in your circle, or it might indicate researching the lives of prominent figures throughout history so as to learn from their successes. In either case there is tons of value to be gleaned by staying open to the wisdom and lessons that other individuals have to offer. Perhaps my favorite tip is to always find ways to continue learning constant learning and personal growth go together like peanut butter and jelly. In the end, it’s nearly impossible to grow as an individual. If you aren’t always learning new things. If you do adopt a lifestyle of continuous learning though, it is almost impossible not to grow and grow and grow now, we live in a world, knowledge and information are more accessible than they’ve ever been before. A person could spend a hundred lifetimes and not even start to scratch the surface of all that is available for them to learn. So the opportunities are truly endless. The more that you dedicate to learning as much as possible over your lifetime, though, the more you can trust growing to become the perfect version of yourself. And my final tip for personal growth is to schedule time for self improvement. All of us get busy, so it can be easy to get caught up on your day to day activities and push your personal growth to someday. If you would like to grow as an individual, you will want to set aside time in your schedule where personal growth is your primary focus. This could be time spent reading and learning new things. Time spent conversing with someone who you respect and admire time spent trying some new and challenging activity and much more dependent on what your goals are. This could be 30 minutes at the end of each day, or if your schedule allows even an whole day committed to learning a new skill, the point is to create a time management system for personal development, and then commit yourself to it. Now let’s say you start implementing a few of these tips and I hope you do, but how will you monitor the improvements that you make tracking your progress is a vital part of reaching any goal with that said, though, understanding how to measure personal growth can sometimes be a challenge. Luckily, there are methods which you can use to monitor your personal growth and see just how much your life has changed since the start of your self-improvement journey. So as to help people around the world, begin their personal growth journey and keep track of the results. I’ve developed a comprehensive, personal development plan that you can use to help you through each step of this process. Make certain to download your free copy in the description below now and get started striving toward the life that you’ve always wanted. Now, I love to hear from you. So my question now is that, what are some of your personal growth goals that you’re currently working on? Leave a comment below, and I will make certain to follow up with you. Thanks for watching. And remember if you want it, change your future. Take action and take action. Now, if you enjoyed this video and feel it was valuable in educating you about how to improve your personal growth, subscribe to my station like this video and share this movie with friends and family. Do not forget to click the button on the screen free gift. Thanks again for watching.	https://www.bobbyjonesband.com/planet-money-episode-500/
Hello, I Am Brian, Tracy. And today I would like to share a few secrets which you can use to enhance your personal growth. If you would like to accomplish anything worthwhile in your personal and career life, you must become a worthwhile person in your own self development. Now, every person in the world is on their own unique journey and a huge element of this journey is your personal growth. Like most everything in life, though, personal growth is something which needs to be worked for in this video. We’ll cover everything you can do to make certain that your personal growth never stagnates. Before we begin, let’s discuss what exactly personal growth is and why it is so important. And I understand one is born perfect and perfection is really never achieved. No matter how hard you try it with commitment and a focus on personal development, however, you can ensure that you’re always drawing ever closer to your ideal self personal growth is defined as a method of improving your consciousness and developing your perfect identity, maximizing your abilities and your potential and making the necessary adjustments to your life and mindset that will help you to achieve your most important goals and live a life that’s as enjoyable and fulfilling as possible. Personal growth is vital because it’s one of the most significant key used to reaching your highest potential and living the life you’ve always wanted. There are a number of ways to go about continuing and accelerating your personal development, but here are four strategies which you can implement today. First, be certain that you are stepping out of your comfort zone. It’s hard to grow as a person. Ultimately the majority of personal growth comes from pushing your boundaries and trying new things and expanding your horizons. Another way you can enhance your own personal growth is to draw inspiration from other people. Knowing just how much value that other individuals have to provide is a huge part of personal growth in and of itself. If you’re looking to broaden your expertise and your mindset, drawing inspiration from other people and learning from the life they have lived is certainly a wonderful place to begin drawing inspiration from others may mean spending some time learning from family and friends in your circle, or it might indicate exploring the lives of prominent figures throughout history so as to learn from their successes. In either case there is plenty of value to be gleaned by staying open to the wisdom and lessons that other individuals have to offer. Perhaps my favorite idea is to always find ways to keep on learning constant learning and personal growth go together like peanut butter and jelly. In the long run, it’s almost impossible to grow as an individual. If you are not constantly learning new things. Should you adopt a lifestyle of constant learning, however, it’s almost impossible not to grow and grow and grow today, we are living in a world, knowledge and information are more accessible than they’ve ever been before. Someone could spend a hundred lifetimes and not even begin to scratch the surface of all that is available for them to learn. So the opportunities are truly endless. The more that you commit to learning as much as possible over your life, though, the more you can trust growing to become the perfect version of yourself. If you would like to grow as a person, you’ll need to set aside time in your program where personal growth is your main focus. This may be time spent reading and learning new things. Time spent conversing with a person who you admire and respect time spent trying some new and difficult action and a great deal more determined by what your objectives are. This may be 30 minutes at the end of every day, or if your program allows even an whole day dedicated to learning a new skill, the point is to create a time management system for personal growth, and then commit yourself to it. Now let’s say you start implementing a few of these tips and I hope you do, but how will you monitor the improvements that you make tracking your progress is an essential part of reaching any goal with that said, though, knowing how to measure personal growth can sometimes be a challenge. Thankfully, there are methods which you can use to monitor your own personal growth and see just how much your life has changed since the beginning of your self-improvement journey. In order to help people all over the world, begin their personal growth journey and keep track of their results. I’ve developed a comprehensive, personal development plan which you can use to help you through every step of this procedure. Make certain to download your free copy in the description below now and get started striving toward the life that you’ve always wanted. Now, I love to hear from you. So my question today is that, what are some of your personal growth targets which you are currently working on? Leave a comment below, and I’ll make certain to follow up with you. And remember if you would like it, alter your future. Take action and take action. Now, in case you enjoyed this video and feel it was valuable in teaching you about how to improve your personal growth, subscribe to my channel like this movie and share this movie with your friends. Don’t forget to click on the button on the screen free gift. Thank you for watching.	https://www.nybiennaleart.org/oprah-winfrey-golden-globes-2018/
Embracing change sparks growth, and the adaptation to working from home is no different. As we all continue another year of working remotely, it’s important to take advantage of the situation to push ourselves in different ways than we could in an office. Although it may not feel like it, working outside of the office asks that we rethink the way we produce work, connect and collaborate with others, and how we compartmentalize our time. Because we no longer physically work side-by-side, one of the most valuable skills to develop when it comes to being a strong leader is your individual leadership. By having a dedicated sense of individual leadership in your approach to life, you not only push yourself to achieve greater personal success, but become a more positive and impactful leader of others. Individual leadership Rather than traditional outward leadership that involves communicating with a team, juggling different personalities, and aligning stakeholders around common goals, individual leadership is an inward activity and therefore presents unique challenges. Individual leadership starts, as you can imagine, with you, and involves many areas to focus on and master. Ambition and self-improvement are critical skills to asses to begin growing your control of individual leadership. You have to have the desire and commitment to improve yourself and your habits to get the most out of individual leadership. Self-awareness is another important skill to master on your leadership journey. Are you aware of your strengths and weaknesses and how they impact your abilities? Being honest and focused with yourself will help you come to grips with areas you are lacking in. Acknowledging these shortcomings is the first step to improving them! Self-reflection is arguably the jewel in the crown of individual leadership and allows you to calmly contemplate your life, bother personal and professional, productively. As individual leadership is such an intimate, personal experience, growing and improving it dovetails nicely with working remotely. With so much more time alone, or working independently, it becomes almost imperative to improve your leadership of yourself, and working remotely gives you the opportunity to build a routine conducive to growing individual leadership through self-improvement, self-awareness, and self-reflection. The start of your journey To begin your journey towards mastering individual leadership, give yourself the time and space to thoughtfully reflect on your work, life, relationships, desires, and environment. Individual leadership is the engine powering you toward your goals, and reflection is the fuel: without asking yourself questions about what and how you want to be (and why you want to be that), you won’t be able to develop actionable goals. This is by no means an easy task, and that’s ok! Your future is yours, so you owe it to yourself to envision and manifest something incredible. Working remotely may present opportunities to save money by cutting travel costs and helping you fulfill dreams of becoming a homeowner or paying off your debt. Remote work may also present more chances to learn new skills in valuable software suites like Adobe or Microsoft: ask around for resources or dig into what you have available and add to your repertoire. Once you are familiar with your goals, write them down and read them frequently. This repetition will increase your commitment and interest levels, and put your individual leadership journey at the center of everything you do. Actions are louder than words Armed with your goals and ambitions from your self-reflection, you can now work toward incrementally changing your habits and routines to best align with and achieve your goals. Working remotely presents some otherwise unavailable opportunities, as your schedule is likely more flexible and there is less time spent commuting. Take back your morning routine by filling your commute time with something beneficial and important to you, like reading a book, doing yoga, or just enjoying a quiet cup of coffee. By writing down and committing to your goals, you are already on your way to improving your individual leadership skills. These goals and commitments show you have the ambition to improve yourself, but as always, actions speak louder than words, and following through on your wants is the true key to unlocking a better . Leaders together Individual leadership may be a personal commitment, but that doesn’t mean you can’t get help from those close to you! The inward nature of this skill makes it hard to stay positive if things aren’t going well. Including a close friend or confidant in your commitment to individual leadership will help ease the critic in your head and can provide insight or a new perspective you may have missed to help you follow through on your wants. At Siegfried, we call these people angels. This confidant may also help you stick to your goals and highlight areas that you’re falling short. While that may sound like just another performance review, it’s important to open yourself up to honest feedback from a well-intentioned place. This is your confidant after all, and leaning into what they have to say will improve your awareness and provide further opportunity for productive, calm reflection. Be kind to yourself Individual leadership is no easy skill to master. It takes time, dedication, and consistency to grow and change. Be kind and supportive to yourself throughout the process, and your positivity will continue to drive incremental progress. Lean into the journey, make it your own, and see where it takes you!	https://blog.siegfriedgroup.com/how-to-grow-your-individual-leadership/
In this essay, we attempt a review of few works, which deal with the effectiveness of introduction of student oriented rubric assessment into a 5th grade writing class. Diverse strategies and methods are available to assess the various categories of students – both high achievers and low achievers. One objective of rubric assessment is to enhance the performance of students who obtain low grades. Analysis A rubric is defined as “a series of narrative statements describing the levels of quality of a product or performance”. Rubric is an assessment tool to assess the level reached by students. The use of divergent techniques of the students’ assessment indicates the quality of the performance of the students. The author uses the multiple intelligence theory which states that students possess multiple categories of intelligence and hence there is need to evolve assessment techniques to know whether the students possess all these types of intelligence such as linguistic, music, inter personal, intra personal, and so on. Rubric assessment should reflect the set of knowledge that a student is expected to possess in his studies. The author advocates the use of ‘project centered assessment’ which clearly demonstrates the performance of students in a particular subject. The author suggests that students should be clearly told, through few examples, the ways to obtain grades such as “Excellent”, “Good”, “Fair”, and “Needs Improvement”. Rubrics should be designed in such a way that they should encourage students to participate in assessment process to demonstrate the level of skills achieved by them. This work also comprises guidelines for constructing a ‘mathematical mobile’ which describes the method to achieve different grades by the students. Mathematic mobile provides guidelines for assessing student skills such as naturalistic, musical, and linguistic, kinesthetic and so on. For example, in naturalistic skill assessment, those students who produced 4, 3, 2 and 1 examples obtained “Excellent”, “Good”, “Fair” and “Needs Improvement” respectively. The work refers to five grading scales A, B, C, D, and E which represent scores 22-24, 20-21, 17-19, 15-16, and 0-14 respectively. Another study refers to various rubrics such as writing, critical thinking, reasoning, communication, community and leadership, etc. This study has stressed the fact that the process of learning comprises all round development of personality of students. This work refers to rubrics such as writing, critical thinking, cultural perspectives, communication, community and leadership and so on. The students are given the opportunity to self-assess their achievements and the achievements of their colleagues. The assessment comprises various grades such as “Exemplary”, “Very Good”, “Minimally Proficient”, “Substandard”, and “Unacceptable”. The method of securing these grades is explained with the use of examples. Similarly, skills in each rubric is graded by the use of the terms such as “Synthesizes and Evaluates”, “Analyzes”, “Applies”, “Knows and Comprehends”, and “Has Little Knowledge”. (Hegler, 2003). Kevin Crehan (1998) attempted a comparative study of different scoring strategies of assessment of the student performance. The objective of this study is to improve the efficiency of these assessment strategies. The study is based on data obtained from some students who were subjected to different scoring strategies. Two hundred responses were obtained which were divided into five groups of 40 responses each. Twenty senior students served as raters. In this study, two raters from each scoring group scored the same forty papers so that it is possible to compare the results obtained by these ratings. Crehan explained the method of obtaining different grades like score 0, score 1, score 2 score 3 and score 4. Average scoring time of both scoring methods are 58 and 62 minutes respectively. This study made the comparison between the effectiveness of assessment patterns discerned in these different scoring strategies. However, the author did not find any difference between these scoring methods. This may be due the nature of data obtained and used by the author in this exercise. (Crehan) Another study has analysed the strategies employed to assess the quality of student performance through writing assignments. It is found that few students did not appreciate connection between reading and writing. This rubric assessment is based on writing assignments and journal writing scales. It is suggested that one solution to this problem is to encourage interaction and discussion between the students. Effect of intervention was analysed based on written student responses and interviews. Before the intervention, three-fourths of the students did not enjoy writing and they were not confident of journal writing. The study found that after interventions, there was modest improvement in quality of performance of the students in their writing exercises, particularly journal writing lessons. Conclusion The above review of literature resulted in identification of various problems among the students and few solutions are suggested to overcome these problems. The solutions suggested by the authors include strategies of learning and strategies of assessment which will go a long way in improving the quality of student performance. The above studies demonstrate the effectiveness of rubric assessment techniques when they are introduced in the 5th grade with the objective to improve the writing and other skills of the students.	https://iwritemyessay.com/rubric-assessment-1262
This Daily Warm-Up allows me to review the content that was taught the previous lesson. As students respond, I ask secondary questions that require them to elaborate and give me more detail about the content that was taught. For example, after a student answers the first question, I ask, “Which variable would you plot on the x-axis, and which on the y-axis?” I then conduct a brief review of the content, using inquiry questioning of the whole group as the method of review. After a student answers, I ask a second or even third student, “Do you agree or disagree with what was just said?” The student has to provide an explanation for their agreement or disagreement. This allows them to practice academic discourse and build verbal skills. Students will conduct a lab on the scientific method to give them an opportunity to practice science skills. Introduce the lab, Thumb Wrestle. Provide a verbal brief summary of the lab purpose, supplies, and procedure. I also remind students of the time that is allotted for the lab and remind them that they should make sure that they remain productive during the activity, which is student-driven. To help students remain on task, I project a visual timer on the LCD projector so that they are able to self-monitor. I also periodically call out the remaining time for those who will benefit from this type of verbal reminder. Because this lab involves measurements, it's beneficial to introduce Scientific Measurement, specifically precision and accuracy, so that students will know how they differ and how bias plays a role in measurement. I find it helpful to briefly review how to use and read a tape measure. Don't assume that high school students know how to correctly use measurement tools like tape measures or rulers. Because of the differing skill levels in a typical class of students, demonstrate the procedure for correctly measuring thumb length. Also,demonstrate the process of thumb war play. Every lab that involves measurement offers an opportunity to review measurement concepts and what tool is used for what type of measurement. Model the use of a tape measure and give them a chance to practice measuring their wrists before they are released to work independently. This type of proactive approach saves a lot of questions and/or inaccurate measurements during the actual lab type. Also model how to use and add results to a bracket pool play sheet. You can download a version that you like from the internet. Instruct students work independently to conduct the Thumb Wrestle lab. Instruct them to add their individual data measurements an a classroom computer that has the data collection thumb measurement spreadsheet on it. This makes it easier and faster for students to collect and record measurements. Students add their own results and copy other students’ results directly from the computer screen. I walk around the room to look for correct technique in measuring, completion of the data table, and display of data findings. Instruct students to conduct an analysis of the data and respond to a set of lab questions. Also, instruct students will to create a graph of the data for their specific gender group, using the data collected on the computer. Student work provides great information for the teacher. When I review students' work, I look for consistent themes and areas where I can say "yes,students met the learning target" or "no, most students did not meet the learning target so more instruction is needed." In this activity, a review of the student work found In summary, based on a review of the students work, I identify a need to review controls and controlled experiments. I will also need to create more opportunities for students to explain the "why" of their answers and provide more instruction around data analysis and graphing. Ask students, “Based on the results of this lab, what variable(s) appear to have greater causal effect for winning thumb wars?” Students share and defend their opinions with the group using academic discourse sentence prompts. Look for students to identify the variables of the experiment. To extend the discussion, query them to identify the strengths or weaknesses of the experiment design and ask them to defend their point of view. Instruct students to compare and contrast accuracy and precision in paragraph form or drawing.	https://betterlesson.com/lesson/622637/1-2-3-4-i-declare-war?from=breadcrumb_lesson
1st lesson belanja! I prefer to conduct individual classes compare to group classes because different students will have different ways to approach. My teaching methods base on the student's learning behavior. I don't really focus on the school syllabus as I strongly believe that students should have extra knowledge apart from subject matter. I have been teaching Tamil to kindergarten and primary school students since 2018. I have taught around 20 students from different levels of Tamil proficiency. I scored A* for my Tamil paper in IGCSE O Levels examination. I am from Tamil school background, so I can assure a good use of language. Pelabuhan Klang My teaching method is students centred, teacher will be the facilitator where else students will discuss among themselves... Shah Alam I approach and discuss each chapter with students. Moreover, will discuss past year questions and explain students on how to... Shah Alam My teaching method is very simple. I love to communicate with the student, I will find out the students preference of... Puchong My major subject is computer science so I can teach C, C++, Java, Database and mathematics. My mother tongue is Tamil so I... Chaah My teaching method will be interesting as I will use more activities, games and puzzles. I will approach topics according to... Mentakab Is Tamil all about writing? Not really. It is more than writing and learning! It is all about love and excitements. They are... Batu Caves All the subjects are easy if taught in a proper manner and way. Everything require a particular technique to teach & to make... Port Klang The first impression starts before the first session has even begun. Ensure that you have a good on-boarding system in place... My teaching method is based on current syllabus and learning skills. I will always be aware of exam questions that might... Ipoh My teaching method is giving notes and exercise for each students and I will go through every topic that depends on their... Kluang My teaching method will be based on my learners.Fisrt I’ll observe every each person then I’ll approach my lessons to... Batang Melaka Teaching through virtual is also a learning process for me. I’ll teach my students with my slides and also mind mappings... Gelang Patah My teaching method is using creative flash cards to make my students more clear about what iam teaching.I also use power... Kulim I approach the student kindly.my method teaching is i will teach the student very patiently and they can undertand. If the... Petaling Jaya I always provide my notes and study pattern for easy understanding and memory. And will assure the students will be happy... Ampang My teaching method is based on physical class and depends on students capability i would think about having individual or... Jitra my teaching method will be mostly online and the time will be according to the convenience of both parties and will be more... Shah Alam My teaching method is easy to the next level based on each individual person. I will plan my lessons according to the... I am a university 1st year student.My technique of teaching classes will be more effective since as a student i can... Chemor Since I am a fresh graduate in bachelor of education, i have alot of creative ideas to teach the students. My techniques... The techniques I use are simple to follow. In an hour of class, 30 minutes would be the concept and the remaining time would...	https://www.superprof.com.my/psychology-student-offering-tamil-lessons-for-young-children-from-years-old.html
(2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.21954/ou.ro.000114ac Abstract This study investigates the engagement and retention of higher education students in the Middle East. It focuses on a group of students who have been identified as ‘at-risk’ of leaving before completing their course in a government-funded tertiary education institution, one of a group of 17 male and female colleges spread across one country in the Middle East. The study reflects growing concern over the need to improve students’ retention and success levels in this part of the world and contributes theoretically and practically to the field. More specifically, it addresses two research questions: 1) What are the main reasons for poor student engagement and retention in this context? and 2) How can faculty through their formal and informal interaction with students contribute to the retention and engagement of at-risk students? An interpretive method of inquiry was adopted and conducted through a qualitative case study focusing on a single institution. The empirical data were collected through focus groups with students and staff. The focus groups were conducted in Arabic with students, and English with teachers, reflecting the linguistic preferences of the participants. The qualitative focus group data were analysed thematically and then considered in relation to existing institutional quantitative data. This process helped triangulate and extend the qualitative data findings to enhance the validity of this investigation. The study was informed by existing literature on student persistence regarding course completion. To develop a theoretical framework, Tinto's model of departure (1975) was utilised initially, as it recognises the importance of both social and academic integration, and the contribution of the attributes that students bring with them to the institution, such as prior education and personal circumstances. The second phase of the empirical work homed in on the role of academic staff in contributing to the engagement and success of students. Findings from the case study research reaffirmed the consensus in the literature that retention is a multidimensional issue; students leave for a range of reasons (Sanders et al., 2016). The thematic analysis of the empirical data identified additional issues that contribute to early departure, which are specific to the cultural and geographical context of the Middle East. Following on from this, a new conceptual model for students’ engagement and retention in the Middle East, which identifies practical ways to improve the outcomes of students in this part of the world, is presented.	http://oro.open.ac.uk/70828/
Home / Language-and-Literature / EFFECT OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING ON STUDENTS ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN IKA NORTH EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF DELTA STATE. EFFECT OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING ON STUDENTS ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN IKA NORTH EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF DELTA STATE. This study examine the Effect of Cooperative Learning on Students Academic Achievement In Ika North East Local Government Area of Delta State. The study employed the quasi-experimental research design. The sample for the study comprise of 240 JSS 1 Student randomly selected from 6 public schools in Ika North East Local Government Area of Delta State. The instrument used is mathematics achievement test (MAT) designed by the research. The mean and standard deviation were used as the descriptive statistics while the one way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data collected. Three hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The result revealed that: there is a significant difference between the academic achievement of student taught using cooperative learning and those taught using lecture method, there is a significant difference between the academic achievement of male student taught using cooperative learning and those taught using lecture method, there is a significant difference between the academic achievement of female student taught using cooperative learning and those taught using lecture method. Considering the importance of cooperative learning, it was recommended among others: Mathematics Teachers should be able to apply learning in teaching mathematics since the method enhance achievement, stimulate and develop critical thinking in the students. Curriculum planners should be able to plan the curriculum so as to accommodate the use of cooperative learning in the teaching and learning of mathematics. Keyword: Effect, Cooperative learning, Mathematics achievement, Science, Junior Secondary. Mathematics is the science of number which deals with rules, principles and processes involving numbers and quantitative procedures. It is a way of thinking and reasoning which enhances the education of thinking. The importance of mathematics to modem culture of science and technology has been well recognized and accepted World Wide (Ezeilo 1975). Since Nigeria got her independence in 1960 mathematics education has received and continues to receive special emphasis and attention. According to Ukeje (1997), the increasing importance and attention given to mathematics stem from the fact that without mathematics there is no science and without science there is no modern technology and society. According to Bajah (2000), no nation can make any meaningful progress in this information technology age, particularly in economic development without technology whose foundation are science and mathematics. Despite the importance of mathematics stated earlier, many problems seems to beset mathematics education in Nigeria which have resulted in the consistent poor performance in junior secondaiy school in the subject (NERDC 1992: Salau 1994). This catalogue of problems do not create conducive environment for mathematics education in the country. (AAAS 1990) noted that the collaborative nature of scientific and technological work should be strongly reinforced by frequent group activity in the classroom. Vygostsky (1978) cited in reveles cordova theory posits the interwoven nature of learning and development within and among student as they engage in concerted activities in a classroom community. Learning often takes place best when students takes action and interact with others to construct the contextual knowledge of the classroom. Mathematics being faced with many problems and difficulty needs to be understood better by student through co-operative learning. Johnson and Johnson (1993), sees co-operative learning as the constructing of small groups so that students work together to maximize their own and each other learning. Co-operative learning is important in helping learners acquire from the curriculum the basic co-operative attitude and values they need to think independently inside and outside the classroom. Academic achievement of students have been found to be enhanced by the use of co-operative learning (Lampe Tallent-Runnels, Rooze (1998), Bramlett (1994), Megnin (1995) and Webb, Trooper and fall (1995) in their contribution noted that co-operative learning activity engages the student in the learning process and seeks to improve the critical thinking, reasoning and problem solving skills of the learners. Therefore from the researchers’ studies earlier it has been seen that co-operative learning procedures gain across all content areas, all grade levels and among all types of students including special needs, higher achieving, gifted, urban-rural and all ethnic and racial groups. In terms of consistency of positive outcomes cooperative learning remains the strongest reserved educational innovation ever with regards to producing achievement gains (Kagan 1999). Thus this study seeks to investigate the effect of cooperative learning of Students academic performance in Ika North East Local Government Area of Delta State. Mathematics is widely recognize as vital subject, yet it as a subject that most students dread so much that they could never offer it if they had their way. Complaints have been by parent on the performance of students in junior secondary school. Much emphasis is always on mathematics hence the problem which this study seeks to unveil is to see how the use or adoption of co-operative learning among student can improve their academic achievement in mathematics. Therefore the problem of this study is to ascertain the level of students’ achievement in mathematics when thought using lecture method and those taught using co-operative learning, the students’ achievement between the male and the female students when taught with lecture method and those taught with co-operative learning respectively. RQ1: Is there any difference between the achievement of students group taught using cooperative learning and those taught using lecture method? RQ2: Is there any difference between the achievement of male students taught using cooperative learning and those taught using lecture method? RQ3: Is there any difference between the achievement of female students taught using cooperative learning and those taught using lecture method? The following null hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance to guide the study. Ho1: There is no significant difference between the achievement of student groups taught using co-operative learning and those taught using lecture method. H02: There is no significant difference between the achievement of male students taught using co-operative learning and those taught using lecture method. H03: There is no significant difference between the achievement of female students taught using co-operative learning and those taught using lecture method. The research design is a quasi-experimental. The primary aim for which this design was selected is for obtaining of relevant facts which presents a general picture about the subject of investigation. The major advantage of this quasi-experimental technique is that it has proven to be a fundamental basis for a proper analysis and evaluation of representative information about the research. The study population was the junior secondary school (JSS l) in Ika North East Local Government Area of Delta State. The population is 2278 in number while the total number of students sampled from the six (6) Selected schools is 240. The actual sample of this study consist of 240 Jss1 students in Ika North East Local Government Area of Delta State. The sample size consists of six randomly selected classes of 40 students respectively from each of the schools visited. The instrument used in this study is a mathematical achievement test. This was used to collect information from student it contains 10 items, 4 options, multiple choice objective test developed by the researcher. Students were made to select the correct answer from the four options. The instrument for the study was designed and given to two experts in Curriculum and Integrated Science, Delta State University, Abraka to ensure its face validity and also to another lecturer in mathematics to ensure it content validity. After necessary corrections the researcher took note of their suggestion in producing the final instrument. Therefore the instrument was found valid both in face and in content. The experiment was conducted during the normal school period, the researcher in this study employed a research assistant who is the subject teacher in each of the schools to help teach the selected topic for the research after which the researcher personally went to the schools for the experiment. The Mathematical Achievement Test (MAT) was administered, marked and recorded by the researcher. The experiment lasted for two weeks (2 weeks) with the help of the classroom teacher. Research Question 1: Is there any difference between the achievement of student group taught using co-operative learning and those taught lecture method. Table 6 reveals that the f-calculated value is 576.9912 with degree of freedom 1 and 118 at 0.05 level of significance. Since the value of the f-calculated value (576.9912) is greater than the F-critical value (4.0012) at 0.05 level of significance, the null hypothesis is rejected implying that there is a significant difference between achievement of female students taught using co-operative learning and those taught using lecture method. Based on the analysis of the data collected the following are the research findings. There is a significant difference between the academic achievement of students taught using co-operative learning and those taught using lecture method. There is significant difference between the academic achievement of male students taught using co-operative learning and those taught using lecture method. There is significant difference between the academic achievement of female students taught using co-operative learning and those taught using lecture method. The use of co-operative learning produces favourable result than the use of lecture method. Mathematics teachers should endeavour to apply co-operative learning in the teaching of mathematics since the method enhance achievement, stimulate and develops critical thinking, in the students. The teacher should in the process of applying co-operative learning in teaching discourage unhealthy rivalry among student. School authorities with the help of ministries of education and teaching service board should on regular basis organize workshops so as to sensitize the teachers on the importance of co-operative learning in the teaching and learning process. Curriculum planners should be able to plan the curriculum so as to accommodate the use of co-operative learning in the teaching and learning of mathematics. (AAS)(1990): Effective Learning and Teaching in Science for all Americans. New York Oxford University Press. Bajah, S. T. (2000) Emerging global issues in Education. A lead paper presented at the National Conference on Curriculum innovation in the 21st Century held in Abuja. Bramlett, R. (1994). Implementing cooperative learning: A field study evaluating issues of school-based consulted. Journal of school psychology, 32(1), 67-84. Dallas K and Foeman A (2005) Gender Difference in Science www36, homepage. Villanova. Edu/kamberly. Dallas/Document Gendei%20Difference, Retrevied Sept 2012. Ezeilo, J. O. C. (1975), Presidential address to 11th annual conference of the Mathematical Association Nigeria (MAN). Greenwood C.R (2005): Clean wide Co-Operative Learning. Behavior and Social Issues 7ci, 53-57. Johnson D.W and Johnson R.T (1998): Implementing CoOperative Education Digest, 5862-66. Kagan’s (1999): co-Operative Learning Seventeen Pros and Seventeen Cons Plus Ten Tips for Success Online Magazine Retrieved April 2, 2007 from ;http/ /WWW .kaganonline.com kagan club free Articles .html. Kolawole E.B (2007) Effective of Competitive and coOperative Learning Strategies on Academic Performance of Nigerian Students in Mathematics Education Research Review 3(1). Koura L. (2007): Improving the Reading Skills of Urban Elementary Students Through Total Class co-operative Learning. Remedial and Special Education 28(2), 95-107. Lampe, J.R Rooze, G.E and Tavent-Runnels p(1998): Effects of co-Operative Learning Among Hispanoc Students in Elementary Social Studies. In Macmilliam, J.H and Wergin. If (eds) Understanding and Evaluating Educational research. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 77-87. Megnin, J. (1995): Combining memory and creativity on teaching mathematics. Teaching Prek 8, 25(6), 48-49. NERDC (1992). A survey of performance in public examination research report No. 3, Abuja. Slavin, R (1990): co-Operative Learning Theory, Research and Practice Eaglewood eliffs nt: Prentice hall. Suoberman (Eds) Mind in Society. The Development of Higher Psychological Processes, Cambridge, M. A. Hareald University press. Ukeje, B. O. (1997). The challenges of mathematics in Nigeria’s Economic goals of vision 2010: Implications for secondary school mathematics. A lead paper presented at the 34th Annual National Conference of the Mathematical Association of Nigeria. Webb, N., Tropper, J., & Fall, R. (1995): Constructive activity and learning in collaborative small groups. Journal of educational psychology, 87 (34), 406 – 423. Vygotsky L. S. (1978): In M. Cole, V. John-Steiner, S. Scriber and E.	https://www.pen2print.org/2017/01/effect-of-cooperative-learning-on.html
Da Vinci spent the last years of his istituto tecnico statale leonardo da vinci firenze life working for King Francis I of France. He was a strong and handsomem man.Other times he started the work, but he negver finished.Know much about his father.For example, he was one fo the first people to dissect human bodies.Artists Volume 2 Thompson Publishing.He spent several years there practicing a variety of things such as drafting engineering, architecture, and building, but most of all he studied painting and drawing.Not only was he very smart, but we all know that he had wonderful hands that painted like none of us could ever dream of doing.For example, he drew a flying machine 400 years before the airplane was invented.The rest of The Last Supper was almost destroyed when foreign soldiers sky online offerta 1 euro threw stones.Leonardo was known as many things.As da Vinci grew older, he stayed alone more and more.Throughout his life, he had some incredible ideas in metodo per vincere alle scommesse sul calcio the area of science.But this painting never even got past the stage.It was a huge project that required complicated mathematical calculations and casting techniques.People came to see it even before it was done.He wrote backwards in his notebooks so nobody could read what he wrote.In 1493, Leonardo began to paint one of his most famous work, The Last Supper in a convent located just outside of Milian.His work had a strong influence on artists throughout Europe, and his scientific ideas were centuries ahead of their time. Most people know that Leonardo da Vinci was a great painter.	https://agilpro.eu/leonardo-da-vinci-and-his-work-with.html
This post on Leonardo da Vinci’s Last Supper is an excerpt from the book “Milan” by Enrico Massetti. – The independent, unbiased, and accurate guide to the city. History of Leonardo da Vinci’s Last Supper painting. This Leonardo da Vinci’s Last Supper painting, commenced in 1495 and completed in 1497, is considered one of the most significant art creations worldwide. The picture shows Jesus announcing to his twelve Apostles that one of them was going to betray him. Da Vinci painted his masterpiece using strong tempera on drywall instead of a wet one; this is the reason why it has begun to fade soon after its completion. In time, the fresco has undergone many restoration interventions, of which the most recent was started in 1978 and finished in 1999. The work has made original pictorial excerpts re-emerge and has shown more of Da Vinci’s sense of color and drawing techniques. After the restoration, a sophisticated air filtering system was installed to impede the entry of dust, damp, vapor, and polluting substances. Where is placed Leonardo da Vinci’s Last Supper? The Refectory at Santa Maria delle Grazie is the location for one of the greatest masterpieces of Italian art: Leonardo da Vinci’s Last Supper. The place of this work is the Refectory, the hall in which the monks gathered to eat, is not coincidental. You should remember that the Refectory is very close to the church, where the monks listened to the Scriptures and took their spiritual nourishment in the form of the Eucharist. This work, amidst the daily rituals of lunch and dinner, was a constant reminder to the monks, showing that the life of the religious community was an extension of the life of Christ and his apostles. Here, a religious theme intertwines with art and history. The Last Supper was commissioned from Leonardo by Ludovico Sforza, who was then Duke of Milan, as part of a plan to refurbish the monastery and church of Santa Maria delle Grazie. This project was of great importance for Ludovico Sforza because it was in this church that the Duke planned to install his tomb. How to make reservations for Leonardo da Vinci’s Last Supper. Reservation is indispensable to see “The Last Supper.” You can reserve online at the official Milan Tourist office vivaticket.it up to three months in advance. The visit lasts 15 minutes, and you must be at the ticket counter 20 minutes in advance to pick up your ticket, so in little more than half an hour, you complete the visit of the most famous piece of art in Milan. You will find a lot of information on the website www.cenacolovinciano.org. A Google search for “Da Vinci Cenacolo Milan tickets” gives you more than half a million results. Most of the top-rated ones are paid sponsored advertising, be careful at what you read and what you buy, you could end up with something that is not exactly what you were expecting, and searching! Santa Maria delle Grazie. While waiting your turn, or after your visit is over, you should visit the Basilica of Santa Maria delle Grazie, adjacent to the Cenacolo, with its delicious Cloister. The Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie is an outstanding work of architecture and an emblem within the Catholic tradition. The Church is one of Renaissance art’s most important testimonies and a shining symbol of creative human genius – thus, it became a UNESCO World Heritage List in 1980. The perfect and sophisticated architecture of the church, attributed to Bramante, along with Da Vinci’s The Last Supper, are symbols of Renaissance Milan, as well as of a new era in European art history. On the sides of the Church are seven square chapels dedicated to the Virgin of Graces – all except the last one on the left (that realized by Solari). Check their opening hours and timetable on their website legraziemilano.it. End of the excerpt, you can buy the full content of the book “Milan” without advertising. Where to stay in Milan There are hotels, apartments, B&Bs, and guesthouses available, check it out and make a reservation here.	https://tangoitalia.com/lombardia/leonardo-da-vincis-last-supper/
Leonardo da Vinci lived in Milan for 22 years. The first time he stayed in the Duchy of Milan from 1482 to 1499 and returned from 1508 to 1513. He worked a lot in this city and, through the years, became one of its most precious symbols. However, little remains of the Renaissance master in Milan. After the Napoleonic raids, it survived only what the French troops couldn’t steal, like the popular fresco “The Last Supper”, the painting made by Da Vinci under the rule of Ludovico il Moro, which depicts the last moments between Jesus and his disciples, on the walls of what was once the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria Delle Grazie, on Corso Magenta. The recently rediscovered mural decoration of the Sala Delle Asse inside the Sforza Castle has been saved, as well as a vast collection of writings and drawings, the Codex Atlanticus, now in the Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana. The Milanese institution also houses the unfinished portrait of a young man, or musician, widely attributed to Da Vinci. The painting, probably influenced by Antonello da Messina’s introduction of the Early Netherlandish style of portrait painting to Italy, constitutes a substantial departure from the profile portraiture that predominated in 15th-century Milan. It has many similarities with other paintings Leonardo completed here, such as the Louvre “Virgin of the Rocks” and the “Lady with an Ermine”, but the “Portrait of a Musician” is his only panel painting that has remained in the city since at least 1672. With an intimate inauguration ceremony on Wednesday, the art gallery unveiled the new room that has been reserved for this masterpiece. To ensure the best possible conservation and protection of Leonardo’s work, a new large case has been built around the panel. The painting has been enclosed in a climaframe display, equipped with electronic devices that allow continuous measurement of temperature and humidity. The initiative was carried out thanks to the support of the Intesa Sanpaolo bank and Fondazione UBI Banca Popolare Commercio & Industria. “The musician has been placed in a display, new in concept and technology, in the room that was once the Oratory of Santa Corona, that the master probably visited many times” said Monsignor Alberto Rocca, director of the Pinacoteca Ambrosiana. The history of this room dates back to 1497, when the Congregazione di Santa Corona was founded, a pious association of Milanese nobles, whose aim was to help the poor by distributing bread and wine. Leonardo da Vinci, to whom we owe the drawings of the plans of the lower and upper churches of San Sepolcro, right across the street, might have visited this very place several times. Between 1521 and 1522, Bernardino Luini, with the assistance of collaborators, painted the fresco that still dominates the room today. From the end of the 16th century, the chamber became an oratory reserved for the celebrations of the adjacent church of San Sepolcro, until the beginning of the 19th century, when it was purchased by the Ambrosiana and, since then, took on different names –Coronation Hall, Sala del Cinquecento, Sala Luini –until 2009 when it was renamed Aula Leonardi. In the same room, visitors can now see two works by the 17th-century painter Andrea Bianchi known as ‘il Vespino’: a copy of Da Vinci’s “The Last Supper” that was commissioned in 1609 to maintain a trace given the deterioration of the painting, which began practically upon completion, and a copy of the “Virgin of the Rocks,” extremely faithful to the version that is now in London at the National Gallery. In front of “Portrait of a Musician,” the recently renovated room now houses “Saint John the Baptist” by Gian Giacomo Caprotti, known as ‘Salaino’, a student of Leonardo. On the opposite wall, there’s another painting attributed to Caprotti: “Head of Christ the Redeemer,” a faithful copy, probably made at the same time as the famous Salvator Mundi. At last, these masterpieces of the Pinacoteca Ambrosiana have a dedicated space worthy of their value. Until the opening of this room, many were concerned about the state of the delicate painting, located near the exit door and exposed to the high humidity levels, typical of this region. With the renovation of the final room of the museum, the Ambrosiana continues to establish itself as one of the most important collections, and museums in town. In pure Milan style, it maintains a long tradition of private collectors and philanthropists at the very center of the cultural life of the city. A long line of visionary people, to whom we owe the preservation of the most important masterpieces that can be seen in the city today.	https://milanoartguide.com/news/da-vincis-portrait-of-a-musician-gets-its-own-room-at-the-ambrosiana/
Leonardo's "Last Supper," which he worked on from 1492 to 1498 by most accounts, was painted on the dining room wall of the of the Santa Maria delle Grazie monastery in Milan. The last supper painting is still a important picture to some religious people today. His diversified interests, including scientific law and nature, often sidetracked him. In the early 1490s, da Vinci began chronicling his thoughts about painting, architecture, mechanics and human anatomy. These notebooks contained wide-ranging ideas, including plans for a flying machine How did the society change Many of his ideas were unpractical, many were just brilliantly aplied, many had to wait hundreds of years before they could be aplied. Also his connection with the masonry is widely known and speculations have always been made. Stay tuned for a list of Leonardo’s more poetic ideas, and speculations that suround his unbelievable life.	https://www.smore.com/pdpp6
If you have a question about this talk, please contact Louise White. Social cognitive impairments are often described as a specific cognitive problem for individuals with autism. In our own work we have found evidence for social cognitive and social attention impairments in autism, but our studies also show general non-social cognitive impairments in representational understanding, attention allocation and sensory processing suggesting different explanations. In this talk, I consider the case for the specificity of the social cognitive impairment and discuss the developmental implications of a non-domain-specific impairment. Sue Leekam has been at Cardiff University since 2009 as Chair in Autism and Director of the Wales Autism Research Centre. She was previously Professor of Developmental Psychology at Durham University. She completed a DPhil in Experimental Psychology at Sussex University followed by postdoctoral, lecturer and senior lecturer appointments at La Trobe University, Australia and at the University of Kent. This talk is part of the Zangwill Club series. This talk is included in these lists: Note that ex-directory lists are not shown.	http://www.talks.cam.ac.uk/talk/index/41873
Selenite is a type of mineral that is often used in crystal healing and is believed to have various healing properties. It is said to be a powerful stone for promoting clarity, purity, and spiritual growth and is often used to enhance meditation and connection with the higher self. Some people believe that selenite can help to reduce stress and anxiety, promote feelings of calm and peace, and encourage a positive outlook. It is also thought to have physical healing properties and may be used to support the immune system, promote healthy circulation, and support the reproductive system. In addition, selenite is said to have balancing and harmonizing effects and may be helpful in the treatment of insomnia and other sleep disorders. It is also believed to have pain-relieving properties and may be helpful in the treatment of headaches and muscle cramps. It is important to note that the healing properties of crystals are not scientifically proven and should not be used as a replacement for medical treatment. If you are experiencing health issues, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional.	https://akesostones.ca/product/test-selenite/
Guided Meditations for Deep Relaxation & Stress Relief is a focused meditation course, concentrating on relieving one of the greatest challenges we all face ion the 21st Century…stress. The following meditation is a full-on healing session, designed to alleviate stress and promote a state of peace and well being. Healing energy is transmitted in this meditation and intent student involvement is required to gain the maximum benefits. Students will come away feeling better, with a profound sense of inner awareness, and meditation tools they can use for the rest of their lives. The course will include: - A lecture discussing the different types of stress. - A guided meditation technique to go from a state of Stressed to Relaxed. - Bonus material to stay connected and inspired. Through course lectures, students will come away with a clear understanding of how to implement guided meditation in regard to their topic of specific interest. In addition, the meditation will provide profound experiences to engage in healing, aligning them with the very person they are meant to be. What students are saying about Joseph’s courses:	https://www.skillshare.com/classes/Guided-Meditations-for-Deep-Relaxation-Stress-Relief/1516937332?via=browse-rating-yoga-layout-grid
I love working to help people clear blocks and difficulties and live a happier, more fulfilled life as a result. I work with people with all kinds of different issues, such as anxiety, stress, repeating negative patterns and limiting beliefs as well as physical problems. As these clear you can gain more clarity and move forward in a more harmonious way. I have been working in the healing realm for over 18 years. I use EFT ( Emotional Freedom Technique) Tapping and Optimal EFT to help you move forward with your life. I have a strong connection to my intuition or my inner guide and that adds a deeper dimension to what transpires when I work with people. My deep innate desire to help others first led me to qualify as a Nurse and subsequently a Midwife. As time passed and I was on my own journey of healing and self-discovery I was fascinated by and strongly pulled towards alternative and holistic modalities. This led to me qualifying as a Homeopath (ISHom) in 2005 and as a Reiki Master in 2006. I then discovered EFT and qualified as an EFT practitioner in 2010. Initially I experienced the profound healing effects of EFT personally when a chronic anxiety issue that had been present for over 25 years disappeared after a few sessions with an EFT practitioner. Time and again I have seen deep and profound healing in people who I have the honour to work with. I truly believe that we are all perfect, whole and complete, even if it doesn’t always feel like that. Joy, peace, love, abundance, happiness and flow are utterly possible. I believe that ANYTHING IS POSSIBLE and would be honoured to work with you to clear whatever prevents you from being the best you can be. You may be new to healing and self-discovery and perhaps something current or from your past has pushed you to seek help. I will walk with you and be your guide as we gently unwrap whatever is causing a sense of stress, anxiety or unease in your life. On the other hand perhaps you have many years of self-help and various healing techniques under your belt. I have worked with numerous people who have already done deep transformative work. Despite all your work you can still have an inner sense that there is more to be done or that life could be better – flow better, have more fulfilling relationships, greater abundance or simply feel more at home on this planet. I have been privileged to work with many therapist and dedicated self-help students and if you are drawn to do some deeper work with me it will be my honour to accompany you on that journey. Thanks to the wonders of technology I work with people from all parts of the world using Skype, Zoom and Messanger as well as in person in County Kildare, Ireland. EFT Tapping and Optimal EFT I work with people experiencing stress or anxiety either due to something currently going on or something that happened in the past and help to bring more peace and happiness to their lives. Ultimately if something is holding you back I want to help you so that can change. The result is that you will feel freer to move forward in your life. In the work I use EFT tapping or Optimal EFT and sometimes a combination of both. EFT or Emotional Freedom Techniques, often called tapping, is a simple and profoundly effective set of techniques. It combines the knowledge and wisdom of traditional Chinese medicine with modern psychology and is effective in addressing physical illness, emotional issues, stress, anxiety, fears and phobias. It can be used to release beliefs we hold about ourselves which hold us back. These include deep core beliefs such as “I’m not good enough”, “I don’t deserve….” or “I am not loveable”. EFT operates on the understanding that no matter what part of your life needs healing there are underlying emotional issues. Even when an issue is physical in nature, emotional stress held in your body can impede the body’s natural healing ability. The more you heal and resolve emotional issues the more peace and flow can enter your life. EFT addresses the root causes of your issues thus opening the door for long lasting results and change. It is a gentle, simple and deeply profound way of healing at a very deep level. Optimal EFT and the Unseen Therapist In recent years a new expansion in EFT has been developed by the original EFT founder, Gary Craig. It is called Optimal EFT and rather than tapping on points it invites in a spiritual presence referred to as The Unseen Therapist (unconditional LOVE) to bring peace to your system. Connecting to the Unseen Therapist allows insights and healing for your issues whether they are stress, anxiety, overwhelm, grief, trauma from past events or low self-esteem. Our bodies, minds and emotions are fully capable of completely healing themselves and the more we eliminate stress from our system and allow peace, the greater our body’s capacity to completely heal.	https://elizawhitebuffalo.com/anne-ryan-eft-practitioner/
Description: A Yoga wellness day for beginners and practising yogis. A day to simply find your breath, creating self-awareness, mindfulness and a calm, quiet mind. Designed to also improve posture and mobility. Additionally, to aid relaxation and stress relief there will be a session with sound. The therapeutic healing properties of sound have been known and practiced for thousands of years. During this session you will be bathed in sounds produced by instruments such as Himalayan, Nepalese and Crystal Singing Bowls, Gong and Percussion. These powerful tools can help you feel a sense of inner peace and offer the opportunity for self-reflection. A vegan lunch, refreshments and a wellness pack are included.	https://www.tuppennybarn.co.uk/event/yoga-wellness-day-with-get-loose-yoga-2/?event_date=2019-05-12
Ylang ylang is a popular oil in aromatherapy due to its peace promoting property and fresh sweet scent. It was traditionally used to decorate the bed of a newly married couple. The oil is used to alleviate stress, relieve pain, reduce inflammation, improve mood, and enhance libido. In addition, Ylang Ylang essential oil is said to act as a natural insect repellent, promote wound healing, and diminish the appearance of scars when applied to the skin. Properties; Antimicrobial, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antiseptic, antispasmodic, sedative. Directions For Use Aromatically; Add a few drops into your diffuser. Add several drops to your hot bath. Add to household cleaning agent. Add a few drops in hot water or hot towel and inhale. Topically Mix with carrier oils and apply on hair or skin. Rub a few drops between your palms. Add to your moisturizer for toning and rejuvenation of the skin. Add a few drops to a damp towel and apply directly to inflamed areas. Rub on your wrists for a lovely perfume scent. Other Burn in an oil burner.	https://www.healthyu.co.ke/product/aroma-essentials-ylang-ylang-oil-15ml-agar/
Silence is nurturing, peaceful, nourishing and can be profoundly life-changing, and yet when I began to develop Story-Well’s Wellbeing Retreats in the heart of Exmoor’s beautiful landscape, silence was not a deliberate feature of the day. That however soon changed for on the very first retreat I was compelled to invite silence into people’s experience and specifically during the walk and solo time in Nature. I remember there was one particular young woman. It was during her introduction that she’d expressed her familiarity with anxiety and depression. By the time we came to close the circle, she shared how despite her anxiety at the start of the day and before the silent walk she’d experienced a profound inner peace and calm. I remember her radiant smile as she announced there was no longer a reason to fear silence or stillness. She explained how inspired she was now she could practice what she’d experienced in her own life. Another participant Magdalena said, “The day was perfect and just what I needed: a warmly and lovingly held sacred space for silence, nature, open-heartedness and peace.” Many people aren’t aware that silence is the natural antidote to the chaos of a noisy world. It rejuvenates our creativity, strengthens connection to our inner being – to Life itself and nurtures our resilience. Even Science is now showing that silence may be just what we need to regenerate our exhausted brains and bodies. A study that was published in 2002 in Psychological Science (Vol. 13, No. 9) examined the effects of that the relocation of Munich’s airport had on children’s health and cognition. Gary W. Evans, a professor of human ecology at Cornell University noted that “children who are exposed to noise develop a stress response that causes them to ignore the noise.” Something that may be of particular interest to parents and educators is that these children not only ignored harmful stimuli they also ignored stimuli that they should be paying attention to such as speech! “This study is among the strongest, probably the most definitive proof is that noise – even at levels that do not produce any hearing damage causes stress and is harmful to humans.” While noise creates stress, silence relieves it. Noise makes us lose our concentration while silence replenishes and nourishes our cognitive resources. People often seem surprised when I talk about the healing power of silence. Working with healing sound seems to suggest there is no space for silence and yet silence is in itself healing sound and I love the effect silence has within my Practice. For example during a storytelling session it is deeply satisfying not only because it invites the magical presence of story and our ancestors into the space but more importantly for the listener – it allows the space to meaningfully experience and imagine the story on a profoundly personal level. Equally, when I work with the Gongs, it is the ‘shunyata’ (Sanskrit for ‘sacred space’) at the end of a gongbath that is perhaps the most satisfying, compelling and nurturing period of the one hour experience. Physician Luciano Bernadi explains why. It was in 2006 when his research demonstrated that when the subjects of his study were exposed to random stretches of silence in between noise and music, they experienced a powerful effect. The two minute pauses were far more relaxing to the brain than the relaxing music or even the longer silence that was in place before the experiment began. One of Bernadi’s random key findings was that silence is in fact heightened by contrasts. Silence is nurturing, peaceful, nourishing and can be profoundly life-changing. The ancient spiritual masters have known this all along. Silence heals, silence takes us deeply into ourselves, it balances body and mind. It nurtures spirit. “Silence is an empty space. Space is the home of the awakened mind.” Buddha The value of silence is probably felt by everyone at some point in their life but for me it came earlier this year when I spent a week in the Kalahari Desert. “Each moment of every day in the Kalahari was a blessing and perhaps the bush walks most of all. This was when cameras were left behind and we walked in a silent line deeper and deeper within. Internal and external – the two worlds met. With a growing sense of inner peace and a quietening mind I discovered a profound resonance and connection not only with the Kalahari’s desert wind, red rolling dunes, immense sky and wild ones but also within my own relationship to Silence.” The healing benefits of nature and stillness are well documented, but now is the time we can add silence in our quest for health and wellbeing. The simple yet ancient experience of silence can be the healing balm that many may be looking for in order to experience a sense of peace and calm.	https://story-well.co.uk/silence/the-healing-power-of-silence
Vertigo, a condition that makes people feel a spinning sensation and disrupts one’s balance, is form of dizziness that people experience. The dizzy feeling can come and go, while you’re standing or sitting down. People can experience different types of Vertigo. Objective Vertigo gives people the impression that their surroundings are moving even though they are not. Subjective Vertigo is the exact opposite, in the sense that people feel like they’re moving around. Anyone of any age can experience Vertigo. Causes Vertigo has been linked to existing conditions like Meniere’s Disease, or it can pertain to an incident that caused damage, e.g. a car accident. Most of the causes for Vertigo have been linked to an issue within the inner ear. Central Vertigo is the only type where the cause is associated with an injury to the brain or spinal cord. The inner ear contains sensory organs for hearing and balance. If and when it’s affected, it can cause issues that range from mild to severe. Research has shown that small calcium particles can clump and cause an issue within the inner ear. Vertigo can be identified, but it has been narrowed down to several factors. - Fluid imbalance - Improper fluid drainage due to a blockage or - Rupture in the membrane of the Inner Ear - Endolymph Bursts (Endolymph is the fluid in the inner ear, the burst causes the fluid to move into other areas of the ear causing damage) - Composition of the fluid in the Inner Ear - Irregular Immune Response - Autoimmune disorders - Upper Respiratory Tract Infection - Head Trauma - Severe migraines - Allergies - Genetics - Virus within the body - Brain or spinal cord injury - Certain Medications - Stroke or tumor on brain - Diabetes Symptoms The symptoms people experience with Vertigo can last anywhere from a few minutes to a few hours. The signs can often be associated with other conditions like motion sickness or being lightheaded. When the symptoms progress or are quite persistent, it’s easier to asses whether or not you’re experiencing Vertigo. It’s common for two or more of the symptoms to occur at a time. - Spinning or dizziness sensation - Feeling like the room is moving - Balance issues - Disorientation - Nausea - Vomiting - Lightheaded feeling - Motion sickness - Sense of weakness - Sweating - Impaired vision or abnormal eye movement - Migraines or sever headaches - Falling or fainting - Difficulty walking - Hearing loss or Tinnitus (abnormal loud buzzing or roaring noises in the ear) Healing From Vertigo Naturally There are several things you can do to help when the symptoms of Vertigo present themselves. If you’re in motion, it’s best to slow your movement down to try and get a handle on the dizziness. Avoid looking up or down, focus on a distant object, and keeping your head parallel to the ground. Repetitive movements don’t help when dizziness occurs so laying down and performing particular movements can help. The Vertigo Alleviating Movements consist of exercises that require you to do head tilts at 45 degree angels, relaxation methods for the neck and shoulders, and holding certain positions. Sleeping with your head elevated or keeping one ear lower than the other has also been been known to help. Some people also use the magnet method, where you lay down on top of it for 30 minutes helping to move the calcium crystals trapped in the inner ear. Adjusting your diet and consuming foods that provide benefits to the body is always best. Because Vertigo is related to the balance of the fluid, you want to eliminate things like salt, caffeine, alcohol, processed foods, and foods that contain MSG from your diet. All of these things are found in a lot of everyday foods and contribute to fluid retention that affect the blood vessels’ functions. By eliminating these things from your diet, it can help balance out the fluid in the inner ear. Staying hydrated by consuming half your body weight in ounces of water is vital. Foods like almonds, bananas, grapes, peaches, walnuts, and cashews help prevent dizziness and provide the body with key nutrients. Foods high in magnesium can also help aid with the condition of Vertigo. Magnesium helps with biochemical reactions in the body, which are responsible for all body processes. Because this mineral helps body aches, nerve function, and muscle relaxation, it can help with Vertigo. Certain foods have super benefits that can further help with the condition of Vertigo. You should consume natural foods that have anti-inflammatory properties and eat fruits and vegetables that promote circulation and fluid retention within the body. Some foods can also be used as medicine. Garlic, for one, helps improve circulation and can also be used as an extract to help with inner ear issues. Decreasing the amount of stress in your life is a great natural remedy for any health issues you may be experiencing. The body always responds to stress and it can pose a threat on your health both physically and mentally. Reducing the amount of stress in your life can also help eliminate the anxiety one usually experiences with having the Vertigo. People usually have anxiety because of the symptoms that are associated with Vertigo. When you reduce your stress levels, the symptoms Vertigo presents aren’t as severe. If you’re a person who smokes, quitting can help improve the condition of Vertigo. Smoking can stress the body and trigger the symptoms of feeling unbalanced. Ensuring that you get the proper rest at night can help. Sleeping helps to heal the body and makes repairs when the body is resting. The fluid in the body affects your blood vessels. When a person gets the proper rest at night it helps improve his/her brain function and blood vessels, specifically helping to aid with the conditions of Vertigo.	https://www.dherbs.com/articles/vertigo/
This ombre inspired gemstone bracelet combines the healing properties of 2 types of beautiful gemstones. Jade- Believed to promote wisdom, balance, and peace. It enhances our receptiveness to new meanings and ideas, and lights the path to wisdom and understanding. It is a talisman of the search for knowledge and enlightenment. Howlite- Peaceful and nurturing, relieves stress and anxiety. Calms an overactive mind and assists with meditation and spiritual connection. Eases sleep patterns. Increases understanding and patience. Boosts motivation and ambition. Assists goal realization. Wrist Size: Quantity:	https://www.miamiaadesigns.com/hats/multi-gemstone-bracelet-1
(Natural News) The Arctic root is a plant in the Crassulaceae family that thrives in cold regions. In traditional medicine, it is known as Rhodiola rosea. Rhodiola is used in many natural treatments thanks to its abundance in natural compounds that exhibit medicinal properties. Researchers from China reported that rhodiola has neuroprotective activity after investigating one its most active ingredients, salidroside. Their study, which gives evidence to this, was published in The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. One of the key factors in the development of neurodegenerative diseases is the increased production of pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokines, which can be triggered by microglial activation. Only a few drugs target microglial activation. Recent studies show that the chemical compound salidroside (Sal) has anti-inflammatory effects, which may help regulate the production of pro-inflammatory substances. The current study aimed to explore the effect of Sal on microglia activation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 cells. The researchers found that Sal significantly inhibited the excessive production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. They also found that Sal treatment suppressed the mRNA and protein expressions of inflammatory enzymes, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The researchers believe that these mechanisms may be involved in the inhibition of the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Based on these results, the researchers concluded that salidroside inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial activation by inhibiting the NF-kB pathway and endoplasmic reticulum stress. They believe that this activity makes salidroside a promising therapeutic agent for human neurodegenerative diseases. (Related: A member of the forget-me-not flower family found to prevent neurodegenerative disorders.) Salidroside is a major contributor to the potent health benefits of Arctic root In traditional healing practices in Russia and Scandinavian countries, Arctic root (R. rosea) is used to treat anxiety, fatigue and depression. Today, it is widely used as a dietary supplement. Salidroside is the most potent active ingredient of R. rosea alongside rosavin. Below are some of the health benefits associated with taking rhodiola supplements. (h/t to Healthline.com) - It reduces stress — Rhodiola is an adaptogen, meaning it can help your body cope with stress better. A 2015 study showed that rhodiola extracts can improve cognition as well as anxiety, stress and other mood symptoms. - It relieves fatigue — Prolonged stress and anxiety can lead to fatigue. Fatigue causes extreme physical and mental tiredness. A recent study highlighted the adaptogenic effects of rhodiola and proved that it can alleviate chronic fatigue symptoms in one week. - It has antidepressant effects — Studies show that rhodiola extracts possess antidepressant properties. One such study reported that rhodiola can effectively alleviate the symptoms of mild to moderate depression. - It boosts brain function — Supplementing with rhodiola is found to strengthen mental fortitude and increase motivation, especially for people who work night shifts or are subject to highly stressful environments, such as students and people in the military. - It improves endurance during exercise — Rhodiola is a promising supplement for bolstering exercise performance. A 2013 study showed that rhodiola supplementation improves endurance and decreases perceived exertion or how hard people feel their bodies are working. - It may help manage diabetes — Rhodiola is said to have anti-hyperglycemic properties based on studies that show its effects on the blood sugar levels of diabetic rats. So far, these effects have only been seen in animal models. However, these findings may encourage researchers to investigate the effects of rhodiola on human blood sugar levels. Did you know that rhodiola may also have anticancer properties? Visit AlternativeMedicine.news to learn more. Sources include:	https://www.naturalnews.com/2019-09-03-how-salidroside-protects-the-brain-from-neurogenerative-diseases.html
Breathwork is one of the most effective modalities for healing – and it can be done anywhere and anytime you need it. Learning how to breathe consciously and with intention will allow you to build self awareness, help clear anxiety and stress, and experience life changing healing and transformation. During this session I will take you through a couple of strong breathing techniques that will help to clean out your energetic and emotional systems – giving the body a chance to reset your nervous system. Inner peace, love, and kindness exist within all of us – peel back layers of stress and trauma using breathwork to get back to your true self. Service Requirements Please complete and submit at least 48 hours prior to our initial session: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeu6PZHjEq-J0hfmFpN8o20HWDhJIigNFzj3y2h9UtU_xoBcw/viewform?usp=sf_link FAQs Q: What is Your Cancellation Policy?	https://sofiahealth.com/service/view/cultivate-calmness-through-breathwork/
Agate Gemstone Necklace Agate Healing Properties: Agate crystals vibrate on a lower, gentler frequency. There are many types of agate that provide different healing properties depending on their variety. This “airy” stone radiates a soft strength to ground the spirit with a sense of stability. They are thought to bring harmony to all aspects of the being, physical, spiritual and emotional. Using agate during times of unbalance, can reintroduce equilibrium to your tempered soul. Believed to help with insomnia, restlessness, and neutralizing dysfunctional energies.	https://www.naturalflowtohealth.com/product-page/agate-necklace
Welcome to the Richard McMillan Library With our user-friendly interface, we aim to provide easy navigation and access to the variety of information resources in our collection. It is the Library’s aim to meet the information needs and provide services to facilitate academic and research work. To this end, our collection has been carefully selected to reflect all the programmes the Institute offers. The Library is also aligned with the Institute’s vision to be the preferred communications training institute in Africa, upholding high academic standards and producing world-class professionals for the transformation of society. Hence, we go out of our way to ensure the availability of relevant and up-to-date information materials to our patrons. Modern libraries are increasingly being redefined as places to get unrestricted access to information in many formats and from many sources. They are extending services beyond the physical walls of a building, by providing electronic means, and by providing the assistance of librarians in navigating and analyzing very large amounts of information with digital tools. Kindly reach out to any of our affable staff with your feedback. Thank you for coming and I wish you an enjoying and rewarding patronage Signed. Mrs. Lydia Nyantakyi-Baah (Ag. University Librarian) Update Me on the Latest News & Events Update Me on the Latest News & Events Explore Our Services We offer quality digitization services using high definition industry scanners. Our Learning Commons provide you with modern computers connected with High speed internet for your research works. Citing and referencing for a piece of academic work is made easy with our help, we enable others to verify facts more easily. Learn about the library rules and find out how to effectively find, borrow and renew literature. Comfortable working space is highly important for students and staff, which we are happy to offer! We offer reprographic services that include printing, photocopying and scanning. At your disposal are copy machines, scanners, and photocopiers that always work impeccably. Off-Campus Access Tutorial Visitor Information The Richard McMillan libraries offer various features and pleasant benefits for all the readers. Learn more about how effectively you can use them to your best advantage and visit us for a tour. - Students ID card shall be required in all forms of borrowing - Borrowed books that are due must be returned to the Circulation Desk, irrespective of which campus the books were borrowed from. - Borrowed books may be renewed again and again if no reader requests for that book. All patrons can enjoy the free 24/7 wireless internet access available at both library locations. There are no data usage or time limits on the Wi-Fi.	https://library.gij.edu.gh/?page_id=253
Using blogs in education for 21st Century learners is a desirable option for both teachers and students. This approach becomes much more relevant during the pandemic where virtually everyone in countries affected by COVID-19 access the Internet for educational purposes. As a professor, I narrate how I developed a research-oriented blog as a hobby that eventually became a good source of material for research and education in general. I developed SimplyEducate.me, a research-oriented blog, way back in 2012 to facilitate student learning taking advantage of easy online access to educational articles that I carefully created. At the same time, I studied Search Engine Optimization (SEO) techniques to enable search engines to find articles using keywords as hooks. Knowledge in SEO is vital as Google became a popular search engine anchored on relevant keywords that bring back relevant articles to the user. After six years, the blog metamorphosed into a legitimate reference material that served students and teachers alike in many educational institutions worldwide. I organized the articles I wrote into e-books that helped generate funds for website maintenance and make it a sustainable source of income. More than 3,000 unique visitors browse Simplyeducate.me site using keywords related to research and other education-related materials. Some of the articles even found their way in dissertations and refereed scientific publications listed in Google Scholar. The article I wrote about how to develop a conceptual framework got 71 citations. And the eBook I wrote about it regularly sold copies since its publication in 2015. Key Points on Why Using Blogs in Education Matter Who Writes Blogs? Using blogs in education appears to be underrated among teachers unless they recognize its importance in educating their students. Please note that many of those who write articles are hobbyists or writers trying to make a living by writing about topics that may not be within their expertise. As a result, bloggers tend to rely on previously published articles that may be of questionable validity. Teachers need to fill this gap and populate the Internet with much more relevant content. Blogs as Sources of Reliable and Accurate Information The age of information revolutionized the way students learn. Learning takes place not only within the confines of the four corners of the classroom but in a virtual world without boundaries. It is common knowledge that whenever students are faced with assignments to work on, chances are, students will surf the Internet (Rhoades et al., 2008) to get the information they want from over 1.8 billion websites in the world (Fowler, 2017). However, not all of the materials published on the internet are reliable reference materials. The article or write-up that the student finds in the first ten links may be presenting misleading information. An opinion given by the writer may be construed as fact by the reader (Graham and Metaxas, 2003). Blogs may not always be reliable as many of these are strongly opinionated and can lack professionalism. Writing blogs as reference material for students presents its challenges as well as opportunities. And the kind of writing needed is not just the way it’s done when preparing class lessons. Using blogs in education has its requisites for better article exposure. A popular article published in a blog may not necessarily provide factual information. But psychologists found that people may not go to lengths to verify the information they have just read, even lies. A landmark study by Hovland and Weiss (1951) noted that people tend to disassociate the content and the source in time. A once “untrustworthy” material taken initially with skepticism is accepted. Lies are easily remembered than truths. Thus, internet-savvy educators need to institute safeguards to wean their students from “untrustworthy” information sources. Modern, information technology-oriented educators can enhance the learning quality of 21st-century learners by providing tips on how to discern factual from false information (Regoniel, 2017). Further, in response to the increasing popularity of the world wide web as a source of reliable information worthy of being cited as reference material, the educators themselves can produce well-written educational materials that their students can rely on. Search Engine Optimization Requirements If you are a teacher who wants to respond to the need for more accurate, relevant, and valid information in the Internet, you need to be aware of the importance of writing with the search engines in mind. Without this knowledge, your articles will remain buried in the long list or articles on a particular subject matter. Knowledge of SEO is critical, as current search technology employed by search engines like Google, Bing, Mozilla, among others, defines how articles should be structured for users to find them. It’s a different sort of writing bound by the need for automation. Teachers need to write accurately by having correct spelling and grammatical construction in their write-ups and being knowledgeable about the proper use of keywords. If you are not aware of SEO and would like to engage in online writing soon, it is time to start studying it now. Learn the ropes. Why Blogging Can Enhance Your Career I am convinced that using blogs in education can help enhance the students’ learning experience. I took this path and created my blog for students in my university and other places across the globe. I wrote short articles, averaging 400 to 600 words (now Google favors comprehensive articles of at least 600 words), based on a tedious synthesis of curated material found online. Guest authors, mainly academics, also joined and published similar articles. The blog that I started as a hobby in October 2012 evolved into a legitimate reference material source. Published articles got cited in international scientific journals, book chapters, books, and e-books published by Springer, Proquest, and ERIC. A short article titled “Conceptual framework: a step by step guide on how to make one” published in 2015, garnered 71 citations as of this writing. The internet-enabled people to access information at their fingertips. Science-related information that educates students and professionals no longer needs to spend a fortune answering one question that persists in their brains. Blogs can supply ready answers to hungry minds. Using blogs in education is a venture that benefits both teachers and students. References Fowler, D. (2017). How many websites are there in the world? Retrieved on January 18, 2019 from https://tekeye.uk/computing/how-many-websites-are-there. Graham, L. and Metaxas, P. T. (2003). Of course it’s true; I saw it on the Internet!: critical thinking in the Internet era. Communications of the ACM, 46(5):70–75. Hovland, C. I. and Weiss, W. (1951). The influence of source credibility on communication effectiveness. Public Opinion Quarterly, 15(4):635–650. Rhoades, E. B., Irani, T., Telg, R., and Myers, B. E. (2008). Internet as an information source: Attitudes and usage of students enrolled in a college of agriculture course. Journal of Agricultural Education, 49(2):108–117.	https://simplyeducate.me/2019/09/26/using-blogs-in-education/
How does internet work? -IP and DNS In A Nutshell- Internet. The milestone of our generations. The turning point to the digital revolution. It has transformed everything has touched. How do we interact with our environment, our understanding of the world, the way we communicate with each other, how do we access information, and so on. All the vast amounts of information to which we have access are stored in data bases. Physical, data bases. This means huge computers processing and storing millions of data. The information travels between these computers to our smart devices through fiber-optic cable. The information we seek in our devices reach us thanks to our Internt Protocol (IP). The IP of any device it is a unique set of numbers which identify it on the net. The domains to which we access there are no other thing that a substitution of that numbers for an easy name to remember, thanks to which is easy to gain access to the domain we seek (i.e. 123334554445=YouTube). The Domain Name System (DNS) plays a fundamental role in this process. It works as a telephonic book, so far as it engages the seek name whit the precise domain number we are looking for. The process is as follows: When we enter a domain into our search engine, this send the data to the DNS in order to identify the searched domain, which connect our IP with the data storage center. The data is transferred in digital format via the fibre cables. These reach our router, which converts this energy into electrical energy and in turn the device converts it into data. When we access the Internet via the wireless network connection, the signal comes to us from an antenna. The antenna distributes the information in the form of magnetic waves to our IP identifier.	https://www.iussofia.com/how-does-internet-work-in-a-nutshell/
I recently attended a program at the Connecticut Forum entitled “Disruption! Innovators in business, media and culture,” and was reminded that disruption is happening in all industries in diverse ways. Suggested in the preface to the forum is the idea that the disruption that we have heard about is connected to “disruptive innovation,” a term coined by Clayton M. Christensen to mean “when a small company with fewer resources can successfully challenge incumbent businesses.” Facebook, Netflix and Amazon were cited as examples. Basically, it is a new idea that prompts a shift in an industry, giving us a new way to operate. Konica Minolta just rolled out an ambitious new global initiative in Berlin that promises to transform the way we work. Dubbed by Konica “the world’s most connected intelligent edge platform for the workplace of the future,” Workplace Hub promises an environment of seamless collaboration in a mobile, “always-on” world. - by BJ Johnson - Scenario one: The contract was signed using DocuSign and automatically routed to an electronic document management system (EDMS) that interfaces with Salesforce, making it easy for members of sales and customer care to access key information. By extracting the contract expiration date, the EDMS will send advance reminders of the contract renewal date, additional data extracted allows the EDMS to manage the retention and disposition of the document. Contracts are signed faster, customer service becomes more efficient, and contract renewal dates aren’t missed. Mailing, copying and filing costs are eliminated, sales and customer care become more efficient, and customer retention improves. Over the last two decades, outsourcing has revolutionized the way enterprises approach a range of functions, from document scanning to human resources to IT services. Today, 97 percent of Global 2000 companies have a significant outsourcing relationship, according to HfS Research.[i] Outsourcing has become the new way of doing business. - by Amy Weiss - A couple of weeks ago I attended the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS) 2017 annual conference. A couple of days ago I finally regained feeling in my feet. I’m no stranger to trade shows or the Orange County Convention Center, but I’m not sure I’ve ever walked so much of the more than 1 million square feet that makes up the OCCC’s West Concourse. HIMSS, with more than 1,200 exhibitors, 300 sessions and 42,000 attendees, is a monster. A benevolent monster, of course, because it’s all about making healthcare smarter and easier and better, and who can argue that’s a good thing? Workflow is pleased to be a sponsor of the inaugural CapServe conference, April 5-7 in Washington, D.C. We caught up with Bob Zagami, IMAGAZ by ZAGAMI, and Harvey Spencer, HSA, Inc. to find out a little more about this event. For years, companies have been hard at work analyzing vast amounts of big data trying to uncover insights and trends that help them deliver better business results. But for the most part, they’re only analyzing structured data, the kind that analytics tools can deal with. By making it easier to search for, access, analyze and consume all types of information, including unstructured content from a variety of applications, companies can include more types of data under the big data umbrella – and extract far more value from it. I recently saw the announcement for Amazon Chime – their new collaboration tool a la Skype. They referenced a Synergy Research Group study about players in the Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) and Platform-as-a-Service (Paas) markets – talking about digital workplace products. - by Scott Brandt - Most of the jobs we do require discrete steps, accomplished incrementally over a period, veering from time to time based on input, changes in the environment, and the whims of human nature. (I hate when that human nature thing kicks in.) Rapid technological advancements are driving big changes in how people work within enterprises of all sizes, across every industry, all around the world. The human resource function isn’t exempt from this change and, in fact, must lead in addressing the impact of workforce challenges and shaping employee experience. To keep pace, HR is being revolutionized by an onslaught of evolving technologies, including cloud, mobile and the Internet of Things – all transforming how HR services are delivered and experienced. While these technologies have been integrated over the last few years, a groundbreaking capability, cognitive computing, is gaining rapid adoption to improve HR decision-making, augment expertise and shape the organization’s culture.	http://workflowotg.com/blogs?start=90
Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at http://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/665, first published Sep 19, 1999. Introduction: Education in medicine is being revolutionized by recent achievements in information technology. New research findings for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases are increasing considerably the amount of information required in by medical courses. The use of information technologies has modified access and integration of this diversity of information minimizing the overload of the medical curriculum. Goals: Our goal is to develop a web-based environment, INTRAMED, to address the new teaching and learning procedures in the medical school of the Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE). Methodology and Equipment: The project will provide a new way for the medical students to deal with the excess of information using recent information technologies in the health field both as an educational and informative tool. This includes the development of individual tools (integrating complex objects such as audio, fix images, video, and Internet access) for each discipline in the medical course. These tools will be stored in an SQL database server using a Microsoft NT environment. Each student or teacher will have their own personal login and password to access their data. The Internet access will be offered through the medical course homepage. This project involves the mutual co-operation of the Technology, Information and health group (TIS) and the teachers responsible for the disciplines. It will be developed at the LIKA laboratories. The system will be available for the users on the Computer Laboratory of the Medical Course composed by 60 microcomputers connected to the Internet. Results: Provide access to information on all disciplines included in the course, students' scores, activities schedule, a fast way of communicating to teachers, students and course co-ordinators. The use of a Web environment to support teaching and learning activities will provide the necessary speed and flexibility to accomplish the next step in supporting our medical school activities.	https://www.jmir.org/1999/suppl1/e7/
The landscape of college students today is vastly different from that of yesteryears. So much so that it’s often said that today’s scholars have it much more manageable. Here, learn about some of the positive impacts the internet has accorded college students today. 1. Communication and Collaboration The internet has made communication much more accessible to all and sundry, not just college students. Back in the day, students would need to wait at the professor’s office to be attended to. Today, a quick email or a chat on the student portal gets the job done. This extends to student relations as well. Group work once had to be done physically. This meant students were required to commute if there was group work to be completed during the holidays. Again, this is no longer the case. Today, a group of students can conduct a joint start to finish using the internet for collaboration and meeting new study partners has never been easier thanks to social media. Visit The Site: paglamovies 2. Increased Support Even the brightest of students need some help from time to time. This is no longer the treacherous process it used to be. As a college student going through school in the information age, you have all resources and information you need at your fingertips. Students often thought, “I wish there were a way to find someone to “do all my homework.” Well, the internet has made this possible as well. Finding tutors is today as easy as the click of a button. 3. Research The internet’s contribution to education cannot be discussed without research being mentioned. Think about it, just a few short decades ago; scholars would need to sit in a library and scour through piles and piles of books looking for one concept or topic. This was not only tedious; it could get quite frustrating as well. Fast forward to years following the arrival of the internet. Now, it only takes a few minutes and a good internet connection to virtually find any information under the sun. For students with classes, assignments, and papers to write, their convenience is unparalleled. This is one of the biggest of the internet to college students. 4. Online Learning Online learning has wholly revolutionized the education sector. The idea of students learning from anywhere instead of sitting in a classroom was once unheard of. Today, it’s a reality. Online learning has numerous benefits, including: - Training is significantly cheaper - Students can attend any school and from anywhere in the world - Students can study and hold a job at the same time - It supports different learning styles These are just a few benefits current and future students can expect to enjoy. 5. Work Opportunities For bright students with time to spare, the internet has provides some plum work opportunities. Tutoring is one. If a student is excellent at a specific course, they can not only use the internet for advertising their services, but they can also use the internet as a training platform. They can send notes back and forth; the tutor can send assignments, the student can send back the completed projects and quizzes. Person-to-person tutoring can also happen through a myriad of video conferencing platforms is available today. 6. It Supports Self-Study While you can learn alone from textbooks, it might not be as effective. The internet, on the other hand, allows students numerous other resources that support more effective learning. These include topical blogs and vlogs, simulations, and so on. Read More About: sattamataka143 Some of these are great not only for teaching new topics but for discussion and demonstrating concept applications. This is important in ensuring students engage more deeply with the concepts learned in school.	https://pagalsongs.in/positive-impacts-of-the-internet-to-college-students/
Editor's Note (The View From Here) “It’s never enough.” Most of us have thought this, and even voiced it in frustration at some point when we were feeling overwhelmed. But once in a while it is simply a fact. In mid-September, the EducationSuperHighway, a national non-profit focused on upgrading the Internet access in every public-school classroom in the U.S., released its “2017 State of the States” report. Since they began publishing annual reports in 2014, the number of U.S. students in K-12 public schools who have access to high-speed Internet at school has increased by 5.1 million — to more than 39 million. They also report that 94 percent of school districts nationwide now meet the minimum 100-kilobits-per-second (kbps)-per-student goal set by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 2014. So, overall, 39.2 million students, 2.6 million teachers, and 74,000 schools are now achieving the minimum connectivity goal that gives students equal access to digital learning opportunities. That sounds pretty good, right? But, the fact is, it is not enough. Around 6.5 million students are still without access to high-speed Internet — a divide that is particularly wide in the 1,587 rural K-12 schools that don’t yet have the infrastructure necessary to provide this high-speed access, which in other parts of the country has revolutionized the way teachers teach and students learn. According to Evan Marwell, CEO of EducationSuperHighway, the governors and state leaders across the country have played a crucial role in bringing high-speed learning opportunities to every classroom. In fact, he says that 46 governors have committed to upgrading access in their state’s public schools. Many have taken advantage of nearly $200 million in state matching funds for special construction that can help connect the hardest-to-reach-schools. As of this report, eight states have successfully connected 100 percent of their schools to high-speed learning opportunities, opening a new chapter for each and every student. So, in this case, “It’s never enough” may better serve as a mission statement. If we are to accomplish the goal of providing all students in the U.S. with high-speed Internet access by 2020, it is going to take a concerted effort. That is certainly a worthwhile cause. (You can read the full report at stateofthestates.educationsuperhighway.org.) This article originally appeared in the issue of .	https://spaces4learning.com/articles/2017/10/01/never-enough.aspx
For some reason I was more impressed with the denver public schools of science and technology. I was so impressed with the way it was structured that I went to several of the science labs and was able to appreciate why they went out of their way to make these kinds of learning environments the best for them. This all seems like a lot of work for something that is likely to teach a bunch of people about a topic that they are interested in, but I’m willing to bet that the learning experience the students had is much more effective than what they will learn elsewhere. It’s hard to say exactly how, but the denver schools of science and technology are a good example of what can happen if you just get it right. This isn’t exactly a science and technology course, but it does look like the way most of the world is learning about the Internet and the web has affected the way people learn, and maybe some other aspects of their lives as well. For example, in my school we take an introductory course to the web because there is so much information available to us and we want to learn more about it. I also take a class in coding because there are so many different ways to build websites. The biggest problem with web development is that there is so much information that is out there and as I said before, its easy for us to get lost in that amount of information. And if we don’t use the information we have, we end up wasting time by making bad websites or building websites we will never use. And that is exactly how I feel about school. It is so easy to get lost in all that information. There is so much information out there that it would be easy to just create your own website around it. But that is not how the world actually works. The world is built on information. We have hundreds of different types of information that can only be accessed through computers. We don’t have the technology to easily access the information. The reason why schools are so bad is because education is the process of learning how to learn. Information is the only way to learn. There are thousands of different types of information that you can only get from the internet. We dont have that information, so instead of the school providing you the information, they are giving you the information. It’s like sending students on a scavenger hunt so they can get the information they need when they need it. And this is why schools are so terrible. Every year they are going to fail a bunch of students, and there will be a big push to get people to attend them. But it’s the teachers who are going to be the victims. They are the ones who are always going to be there to give the information that you don’t have. So just because we don’t have the internet, doesn’t mean that we are incapable of learning. In fact, we are. Even though we dont have the internet, we can still learn. And learning is important for the future of humanity. And because we dont have the internet, we can learn from our mistakes. And because we cant learn, we can learn better. Because we are not just some computer program we just blindly sit and do our best to learn. We are human. And the better we are at learning, the better we will be at being human. It could be argued that science and technology has become our most important tool for discovering and preparing for the future. And that is no mean feat. The technology we use to discover and prepare for the future has changed our world in profound ways. And one of those ways is our education system. In fact, we as a society are pretty good at learning from our mistakes. And if we don’t, well, then we could always go back and re-learn. The first thing I learned when I moved to Colorado was the importance of learning from the mistakes we make. When I moved, I had no money, no job, and zero education. So, yeah, I learned a lot about learning. In fact, the state of Colorado has a lot of interesting things like a college-level physics course and a couple math courses.	https://febraf.org/denver-schools-of-science-and-technology/
Some people say that the Internet provides people with a lot of valuable information. Others think access to much information creates problems. Which view do you agree with? In recent decades, The World Wide Web is often praised for providing easy and sometimes unrestricted access for students and educators to enter the world of different information and people from every imaginable source. Nowadays, information available for everybody regardless of their age and position has become a contradictory issue so that some feel that it would be preferable to restrict data on the internet in order to prevent different problems before they occur. While many are still in the belief that all information on the internet is valuable and applicable which I would support through the most cogent reasons in what follows. At first glance, the vast majority of online users hold a high opinion of the Internet as a place to conduct mundane tasks and activities and pursue the everyday pleasures of life including checking the weather, doing their banking, googling, communicating with friends and family, and playing games, to name but a few. Widespread information in different domains helps people to deal with the challenges they face better than before as well. In the past, people could gather required information by a means of phone, letters, face-to-face meetings, instant messages, published books and handbooks. A question that arises here is how can it be imaginable to search for a chemical or physical property through a 900-page book? My professor’s experience is compelling evidence of this. They had to carry a professional handbook of about 2 pounds every when they attended the relevant classes as well as open-book exams. I have always thought that if he had lived in today’s ever-changing world, he would have changed the knowledge boundaries. Therefore the more we access valuable information and facilities on the internet, the more we can conquer the world’s challenges and problems. Moreover, although many people are concerned about difficulties arising from the internet according to their perspective, being online can keep you up-to-date all the time throughout the world. Today’s globe around us confronts sudden events and catastrophic failures. In other words, myriads of viewpoints which are germane to the topic of the problems caused by the internet can bring us a debatable question of how we can become up-to-date as soon as a catastrophic event happened. As a simplified example, Within the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic, more than millions of cases were reported worldwide. Many people tried to avoid being admitted to the hospital and they were in a desperate need to handle their disease procedure by medical treatments tips on the internet. This illustrates how the internet improves society’s health in critical conditions. So since the internet updates millions of information, professional tips, and news every second, it has got more convenient and popular than other ways and means. In a nutshell, it is undeniable that knowledge is power in today's world, and browsing the internet is the most efficacious way to get valuable materials because it has been recognized as a place to carry out everyday responsibilities and activities and to become up-to-date with no trouble. Of course, it can be recommended to foster the required culture regarding the use of the Internet in order to resolve the worries in this matter.	https://check-essay.com/toefl/6304e56d0ba5fb001a476fcd-some-people-say-that-the-internet-provides-people-with-a
15 Aug How School Libraries Can Stay Relevant in 2016 Our relationship with technology is increasing by the day. From our desktops and laptops, to GPS systems, to the phones we carry that can conduct an inconceivable amount of errands for us. Current generations of young students are growing up with technology as a regular part of their daily lives. While having the world’s answers at their fingertips seems like the easy way out, students still need skills that allow them to actively engage with their education. For older generations, libraries were the only resource available to research a topic or write a term paper. Today, school libraries are starting to look a little obsolete to some. With classrooms filled with students carrying smartphones in their bags, how do libraries stay relevant and helpful in 2016 and onward? Check out these suggestions for ways to keep your school’s library up to date and filled with busy learners. Reimagine the role of the library The Center for Digital Education reminds those that work in libraries, that while it may feel futile to keep up with the amount of information available on the internet (hint: it can’t be done), libraries can instead help people understand how to use and process this enormous amount of information. Maybe card catalogues aren’t the way of the future (or the present), but teaching students how to sift through endless search results to choose the correct information is teaching students a lifelong skill. The internet is a wonderful resource, but it is also filled with “information” that isn’t accurate. Even if students are reading a lot of their resource materials online, it can be the job of the library to help them know what is good information, what isn’t, and how to tell the difference. This can also engage students with physical texts. One great way to verify that the information your find on the internet is correct is by fact checking it with written texts available in the library. It is important that students learn the value of backing up internet info. Even if they are turning to online search engines more frequently, this doesn’t mean that students (especially younger ones) can’t fall victim to satirical journalism or mistake personal blogging for peer-reviewed data. Combine the old with the new Tech advancements and libraries don’t have to be mutually exclusive. School Library Journal offers a neat list of shark themed books to go along with the Discovery Channel’s wildly popular “Shark Week” features. In this way, a library can excite readers to learn more about a topic that they are already engaged with via technology. Rather than pretend that the library exists in a vacuum, libraries can engage students by creating events that pair with popular culture and technology. Is Apple introducing a new and advanced product soon? Host an event that gets young readers in to learn more about the development of the first computers. Keep the library multifunctional Even if students are going to get most of their research done on the internet, that doesn’t mean they don’t need the space to do it. For one, not all students have computers at home. The library can be the best place for some students to learn how to use the internet. An article on the National Association of Independent Schools about digital times and school libraries says, “A forward-looking library will include multifunctional spaces that facilitate studying, researching, meeting, creating, collaborating, and sharing of final student projects. The library continues to evolve with the needs of teacher and student researchers, making flexibility of space key. It should offer a physical and virtual access point to all formats of information, whether through the existing collection of print books or the growing collection of ebooks and other digital resources, including online subscription databases and the Internet itself.” There’s so much more to do in a library than just read! Make sure your library has study spaces and other interactive learning tools. As long as students have a reason to keep coming to the library, they will. Upload library resources to “the cloud.” The Center for Digital Education offers a great suggestion for how to free up some space in your library for all those multifunctional uses. Track what resources are being used the most and which ones are touched less. Anything that is being used less regularly can be digitized and stored in “the cloud” — a vast and secure internet space that library goers can access from a computer. With older and underused texts taking up invisible space on the internet, physical space will become available for new and exciting activities and events. Promote your functions eSchool News says, “Make yourself visible to the school and work with teachers to provide the best resources possible. Be as transparent as possible and work as a team, then you’ll be invaluable.” After you make some changes to update and adapt your school’s library to keep in step with the times, make sure everyone knows! Work with teachers to offer specific interactive resources based on their curricula. Give presentations to classrooms letting students know about all they can accomplish in the library. Encourage teachers to schedule tours of the library with their classes so that students can become familiar with the functions of the library. If students have computers they may think they don’t need traditional library features. And maybe they don’t. But, a contemporary and relevant school library will offer so much more. Students just need to have their options laid out for them.	https://logosatwork.com/school-libraries-can-stay-relevant-2016/

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.