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A recent study from Washington University explores ways in which parasites will respond to climate change, and offer new insights into disease transmission.
The researchers had previously had doubts about the spread of parasites and diseases due to the increasing events of warming in size and intensity, threatening many ecosystems around the world.
The study, published in Trends in Ecology and Evolution on May 18, is adopting previous research by adding nearly two decades of new evidence to building a framework that clarifies the relationship between the parasite and the host under the influence of climate fluctuations.
Extreme climate and its impact
Traditionally, climate-related research is carried out over long periods of time, but this unique approach examines how extreme and frequent warming events change the parasitic transmission.
"A lot of what is known about how living organisms and ecosystems respond to climate change has focused on gradual warming," says lead researcher, postdoctoral researcher at Washington University College in Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Daniel Clare.
However, climate change not only causes gradual warming that occurs over time, but also increases the frequency and magnitude of extreme events, such as heat waves.
Klar explained that both gradual and extreme warming can have an impact on ecosystems, but they affect them in different ways.
Living organisms may be able to adapt and cope with gradual warming, but acute warming can have sudden and profound effects.
Extreme warming and the starfish
Between 2013 and 2015, the Northeast Pacific witnessed an unprecedented period of abnormal warm water, referred to as the "Warm-Water Blob", and described as the largest recorded marine heat wave.
It is one of the extreme and extreme warming events that have been linked to the elimination of a huge number of "starfish" along the Pacific coast of the United States and Canada.
Many starfish species, including the large sunflower starfish, have been eradicated by the epidemic of Sudden Wasting.
The researchers believe that the abnormal warm water associated with the "warm water bubble" caused the spread of the starfish Densovirus virus, which is believed to be the cause of the disease.
Various responses
Not all extreme warming events will result in the same response. What may benefit a specific parasite or a host in one system can be harmful in another system.
The warming can alter the life cycle of the parasite, limit the range of suitable host species, or even weaken the host's immune response.
Some flatworms that target wildlife and humans cannot survive in warm water, which reduces their ability to infect the host.
"The relationships between the hosts, the parasites and the communities in which they live are complex and dependent on many factors, which makes it difficult to predict the results," says Klar. Researchers must make predictions for each individual case.
"It is important that we be able to understand and predict how parasites and disease respond to climate change, so that we can prepare for and mitigate potential impacts on human and wildlife health." | https://www.tellerreport.com/news/2020-06-02-a-growing-wave-of-marine-diseases-----this-is-how-parasites-respond-to-climate-change.Ske4NT1N2L.html |
Call for abstracts
Submission deadline:
October 25th 2022
Response to applicants:
December 5th 2022
The call for abstracts closed on 25th October 2022.
/ ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN THE OCEAN:
The environmental crisis and climate change affect all global ecosystems, but marine and coastal systems are particularly vulnerable because of intensive human activities in and around those areas. According to the AR6 IPCC report, the impacts of climate change on ocean and coastal ecosystems and their services threaten the achievement of the UN SDGs by 2030, particularly in the marine environment.
The ocean can contribute substantially to the attainment of mitigation targets, aimed at limiting global warming. But in order to assess this potential, we need to know how marine ecosystems have changed over time, establish the relationships between human activities and impacts, understand past environmental changes in order to predict future outcomes, and assess ocean-atmosphere-land interactions, all supported by adequate technology, data and infrastructure.
This session, thaerefore, welcomes contributions on:
• Environmental changes in key ecosystems and their effects on key marine species.
• Environmental monitoring of ecosystems and exploration of previously inaccessible ecosystems using new technologies.
• Paleoenvironmental reconstructions of key ecosystems, processes governing changes in population and range dynamics of key coastal and marine species, and the resilience of ecosystems and resistance of species to past and current changes.
• Marine and coastal geomorphological processes, biogeochemical cycles and modeling ocean-atmosphere-land interactions.
• Backward modeling to validate models and forward modeling to predict future changes under different global change scenarios.
• Climate change and natural hazard adaptation strategies.
In particular, we encourage interdisciplinary presentations, combining earth and life sciences.
/ PROMOTING THE SUSTAINABLE USE AND PROTECTION OF MARINE RESOURCES
When addressing the rational or fair use of marine resources and sustainability, it is inevitable to recognize the importance of the biological knowledge of diversity and the environment, and the actions that are being taken from science in order to use those resources. For instance, nature-based solutions (NbS), which, when effectively implemented and managed, contribute to the achievement of the SDGs by preserving biodiversity, benefiting most ocean and coastal ecosystem services and increasing marine fisheries and aquaculture sustainability. Additionally, the inclusion of vulnerable and coastal communities in management strategies and spatial management tools, allows the development of new uses for marine resources, including renewable energy development.
This session will cover issues related to:
• Sustainable fisheries and innovative aquaculture production, novel lines of aquaculture focusing on ornamental species, and species of pharmaceutical and biomedical importance.
• Developing and implementing renewable marine energy technologies, environmental impact studies on marine energy technologies, economic assessment of sustainable marine energy production and integrated solutions for sustainable energy, drinking water, and food production on small islands, isolated coastal villages and in vulnerable ecosystems.
• Scientific and economic potential of organisms from unexplored marine ecosystems, novel food and feed products, and ingredients with improved nutritional properties, sustainable biotechnological approaches, and novel compounds for industrial applications (e.g., paints, enzymes, biopolymers, biomaterials, cosmetics and cosmeceuticals).
• Good practice approaches for the management of natural marine resources and the engagement of local communities.
This session, therefore, welcomes contributions on:
• Sustainable fisheries and aquaculture
• Marine Bioprospecting
• Marine energy production
• Circular economy around the oceans
• Blue Carbon
/ Understanding the interactions between ocean and society
The oceans cover 70% of the planet’s surface, providing food, regulating climate and generating most of the oxygen we breathe. However, increased coastal development and recreational use of beaches impact coastal zones and waters, putting marine life, migratory species and coastal communities at risk.
Around 40% of the world’s population lives within 100 kilometers of the coast and, in general, the world’s coastal population is increasing faster than in other places. At the same time, vulnerable coastal communities worldwide are the most exposed to the effects of climate variability and climate change events.
A deep understanding of the impacts of the interactions between society and the ocean will allow us to develop new venues of prevention and action for the future. In this way, public policies can be proposed, and education generated in the communities, aligned with the SDGs, in order to face the effects of climate change. Raising awareness on the protection of life and coastal ecosystems allows a healthy coexistence between society and the coasts, seas and oceans.
This session, therefore, welcomes contributions on:
• Socioeconomic processes affecting the management of marine resources, impacts on coastal communities brought by regional conflicts and peacebuilding processes, as well as sharing knowledge and intersectoral dialogues related to the use of marine resources.
• Ecosystem services in a regional and territorial context, economic assessment of ecosystem services and ecosystem services-based sustainable management of marine and coastal systems.
• Policies, standards, incentives, and agreements for the sustainable use of marine resources, as well as risk assessment of natural and anthropogenic threats.
• Factors conditioning the food security of marine and coastal communities, ecosystem use and the food sovereignty of marine and coastal communities.
• Preservation of the traditional and cultural practices of local communities regarding food diversity, production and processing, social appropriation of knowledge, dialogues between traditional knowledge and interdisciplinary knowledge.
• Participatory approaches and multi-stakeholder approaches to the management of marine and coastal systems or resources. | https://marinescience.co/call-for-abstracts/ |
Which ecosystem is more resilient?
Ecosystems that are more complex are more resilient, or better able to tolerate and recover from disturbances, than ecosystems that are less complex. To help illustrate why this is, imagine a complex ecosystem with many components and many interactions between those components.
What ecosystem is most affected by climate change?
Mountain and arctic ecosystems and species are particularly sensitive to climate change. Projected warming could greatly increase the rate of species extinctions, especially in sensitive regions.
What makes a species more resilient to climate change?
For example, a species ‘ sensitivity to environmental change, its rate of population increase, its genetic variability and its phenotypic plasticity (i.e. the ability of a species to adjust its characteristics in response to its environment) are properties that underpin resilience (these are described in more detail in …
What is resilience in climate change?
Climate resilience is the ability to anticipate, prepare for, and respond to hazardous events, trends, or disturbances related to climate. Improving climate resilience involves assessing how climate change will create new, or alter current, climate-related risks, and taking steps to better cope with these risks.
What makes a resilient ecosystem?
An ecosystem can display resilience in at least two ways: in the ability to resist an environmental perturbation and not switch to another state, and in how quickly it recovers after the disturbance (1).
Which ecosystem is more resistance and resilient to natural calamities?
Ecosystems such as wetlands, forests, and coastal systems can provide cost-effective natural buffers against natural events and the impacts of climate change. 3. Healthy and diverse ecosystems are more resilient to extreme weather events. 4.
Can ecosystems survive climate change?
Consequently, it is likely that many ecosystems will not be able to adapt to the additional stress of climate change without losing some of the species they contain or the services they provide, such as supplying sufficient clean water to drink, food to eat, suitable soils in which to grow crops, and wood to use as …
How does ecosystem affect climate change?
Impacts of climate change on ecosystems reduce their ability to improve water quality and regulate water flows. Rapid changes to ecosystems may cause the displacement or loss of many species. Timing of critical biological events is shifting, affecting species and habitats.
Which species are most vulnerable to climate change? | https://savethebeaches.net/waste-management/which-ecosystem-is-more-resilient-to-climate-change.html |
Sharing a love of lichens. “As a biodiversity scientist, I think there are three main themes that must be a part of my focus: diversity, conservation and people….
Ensuring the long-term survival of highly threatened species, in Scotland and around the globe. “What gets me out of bed in the morning is the feeling that I…
Using evidence-based conservation to inform policy. Nature is everywhere While many think of Scotland as a land of mountains, glens and lochs, in fact most of us live…
Building the complexity of species interactions into conservation policy and practice. Professor Xavier Lambin’s research uses population ecology to solve pressing applied issues in wildlife management and conservation…
Understanding the interconnected impacts of climate change and land-use change. Dr Alessandro Gimona is an ecologist and a geographer working at a range of scales, from regional to…
Multidisciplinary research to understand and protect vital marine ecosystems. “I am a marine biologist investigating the photosynthesis and biogeochemistry of coastal marine ecosystems, with the aim of better…
Co-creating cultural narratives for sustainable rural development. Ecologist Dr Rosalind Bryce is Director of the Centre for Mountain Studies at the University of the Highlands and Islands, and…
Research supporting the health of UK forests and biodiversity. Professor Chris Quine is Chief Scientist of Forest Research, the research agency of the Forestry Commission and the UK’s…
Bringing the underground into the limelight. Dr Andrea Britton is a plant and soil ecologist specialising in alpine ecosystems and the impacts of nitrogen deposition and climate change….
Learning by doing. Professor Chris Spray is a self-confessed nature enthusiast, never happier than when his feet are in a wetland, his binoculars round his neck and with…
Combining genetics and ecology to save species from extinction. Dr Aline Finger is a conservation geneticist at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE). Her work focuses on generating…
Fostering resilience through genetic diversity and co-development. With global environmental change accelerating, resilience is crucial. And genetic diversity is central to species’ resilience. Jeanette Hall pioneers the use…
Capturing complexity in measures of biodiversity. “My introduction to measuring biodiversity came during my PhD research at the University of Ulster, when I set out to compare ancient…
Advancing understanding of deep water habitats to support long-term management and conservation. Professor Murray Roberts is a marine biologist studying the biology and ecology of deep-sea (cold-water) corals…. | https://stories.rbge.info/archives/category/scotland-conservation-science |
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As the origin of three major basins that drain the Columbia, Missouri, and Saskatchewan rivers, Montana is the hydrologic apex for North America. The Northern Rocky Mountain region is home to some of the last remaining interconnected habitats for many native fishes, including the threatened bull trout and native westslope cutthroat trout. The Northern Rockies are also experiencing rapidly changing climate conditions, with temperatures rising at twice the global average. These changes are having a range of impacts on aquatic ecosystems, including warming stream temperatures and changing streamflow regimes. This region is also experiencing a rise in the expansion of alien invasive fish species, which further threaten ecologically and economically valuable cold-water fish like trout and char.
The expansion of invasive species directly threatens regional economies, including Montana’s recreational fishing industry, which brings an estimated $1 billion to the state’s economy each year. Despite the implications of these shifts in fish communities, our understanding of how changes in climate might be facilitating the expansion of invasive species is limited, thereby restricting proactive resource management. So far, such expansion has led to observable differences in the productivity and biodiversity of fisheries across the Northern Rocky Mountains. Fisheries managers are increasingly aware of this problem and are faced with the difficult task of weighing trade-offs between preserving cold-water fisheries, and thereby aiding the conservation of native species, or shifting to recreational or warm-water fisheries, which are often comprised of non-native fish that can harm surrounding ecosystems but may also maintain the region’s prized fishing industry.
The ultimate goal of this project is to assess the impacts of climate change on native and invasive fishes, fish communities, and user groups to help managers, anglers, and local governments anticipate the ecological and economic consequences of observable climatic changes in the Northern Rocky Mountains. Researchers will use long-term Montana fisheries data in conjunction with occupancy models to describe the geographic and seasonal expansion of invasive fishes throughout the region. This ability to use long-term data is a major strength of the project and was supported by collaborative, decades-old partnerships between the U.S. Geological Survey, Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, National Park Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Forest Service, the University of Montana, and Trout Unlimited. Researchers will engage with these and other stakeholders throughout the study to enhance fisheries conservation and management in the region. | https://www.usgs.gov/programs/climate-adaptation-science-centers/science/understanding-climate-impacts-native-and?qt-science_center_objects=0 |
The fossil record reveals large changes in marine plankton ecosystems linked with both environmental and ecological change across the Cenozoic. An understanding of the drivers of these changes is key to understanding the marine carbon cycle. The response of plankton ecosystems in past warm climates also provides a key analogue for current climate change. While models are employed to quantify interactions between the environment and the biota, current Earth System models strongly encode our understanding of modern marine ecosystems. By contrast, trait‐based models aim to describe the marine plankton ecosystem in terms of fundamental ecological and physiological rules that are less likely to change through time. This provides a unique opportunity to assess the interactions between marine ecosystem and paleoclimate. For the first time, we apply a size‐structured trait‐based plankton ecosystem model embedded in the Earth system model of intermediate complexity, cGENIE, to model plankton communities for the warm climate of the early Eocene. Compared to modern, we find the warm climate is associated with an increase in the mean cell size of plankton communities and export production, particularly in the Southern high latitudes, along with lower total phytoplankton biomass. Paleogeography has an important role in regulating the effect of ecosystem structure via changes in ocean circulation and nutrient cycling. Warmer temperatures also drive changes due to enhanced zooplankton grazing. An integration of the fossil record with plankton ecosystem models will provide a powerful tool to assess the impacts of warm climates on marine systems. | https://research-information.bristol.ac.uk/en/publications/linking-marine-plankton-ecosystems-and-climate(ae37f32f-58ed-43a9-86c2-2bcef37133ca).html |
By Mohammad Humayun Kabir and Amamah Ahmad
The littoral surrounding the Bay of Bengal (BoB) is arguably one of the most complex regions in the world, comprising of a diverse range of economic, political and social cultures that has created a mix of idiosyncratic opportunities and risks in each state. The relations that these nations maintain with each other affect their development – or lack thereof – at a time when interdependencies are increasing in the region and beyond (Cordesman & Toukan 2014).
Much like Central Asia, a multi-vector “Great Game” in the South Asian region includes numerous processes such as the US’ re-balancing, China’s assertiveness, Russia’s re-entry as a global power, Japan’s quest for economic revival, India’s Look East policy, politics of energy security, and so on. With the evolution and intensification of these processes, the regional security in the BoB and the socioeconomic conditions are being profoundly transformed.
As the U.S., China and India adopt a macro approach, littoral nations seek ways to pursue their own development, essentially through infrastructure development, decreasing small nation dependencies, and creating new partnerships. Additionally, the existence of a competitive environment is a determining factor in promoting regional integration. As we can see for the littoral nations, beside the three major powers involved in the Bay, other nations like Japan and Russia are also taking advantage of this competition to make their way into the BoB through the littorals. Bangladesh and Myanmar are crucial entry points to non-littoral states in the BoB such as India’s Seven Sisters, China, and Japan. These countries need the Bay for their internal development, their connectivity to the rest of the region and for strategic purposes. In this regard, Bangladesh and Myanmar are headed to become bridges between South and Southeast Asia. These new strategic opportunities are pushing these nations to modernize their infrastructure, increase connectivity and bank on their strategic geographic location.
Following are some of the important investment and strategic partnerships that reflect the nature of the relationships between the littorals and the major powers in the BoB region.
The Importance of Sri Lanka
Delhi and Colombo enjoy a strong trade and investment relationship; the latter is India’s largest trading partner in South Asia and India is Sri Lanka’s largest trading partner globally. In addition, Colombo is one of the largest recipients of development credit by the Indian Government, which mostly comes in the form of disaster-relief and infrastructure building.
The two neighbours are also enhancing their defence relationship through extensive training (Government of India 2014).
Sri Lanka also shares robust ties with China; the latter is its largest source of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). China has also provided development loans for projects such as the new Colombo Port Terminal, Hambantota Port, and a four-lane expressway among others. These investments have played a pivotal role in accelerating Sri Lanka’s development in the region.
In return, the country recently agreed to join China’s ambitious Maritime Silk Route project, which reflects a strategic partnership both will benefit from. For China, access to Hambantota is essential for its new strategic, connectivity and economic aspirations; for Sri Lanka, this can be an opportunity to become an important player in the development of BoB trading ports (Goodman 2014).
Image Source: Global Security
After the end of civil war in 2009, Sri Lanka has emerged as a willing and capable partner in effectively combating violent extremism, trafficking and piracy, thereby helping to ensure the maritime security of the region. In this regard the US’ anti-extremism approach has opened up avenues for cooperation. As both China and India will continue to engage extensively with Colombo, Washington has interest in having closer security ties, as in the other littoral nations.
The Importance Of Myanmar
If we look at Myanmar, the new government has been approving projects that had been sitting idle for years (Economist 2014). This dynamic regional context has allowed Nay Pyi Taw to deal with a plethora of new partners competing to enter its resource-rich market. The country has been leapfrogging since its recent reforms and experiencing unprecedented FDI growth since 2009.
For India, Myanmar is of great strategic importance - the country can become India’s link to Southeast Asia as it is a part of ASEAN, vital for India’s “Look East” policy. Many Indian companies have largely invested in trade and infrastructure, for example the Kaladan project which would connect the Kolkata Port to Sittwe Port. Another project that would improve India’s connectivity is the upgrading of the Kalewa-Yargyi road to a highway (Ramaswamy & Maini 2014). Also Read - GEOINT | A Comprehensive Status Report on India's Integrated Check Posts
Nay Pyi Taw holds great strategic importance for China due to its energy endowments. The pipelines through Myanmar have the potential to help China reduce its heavy dependence on the Strait of Malacca for the transportation of energy. This, of course, has strategic implications against the backdrop of the United States’ rebalancing in Asia and the on-going maritime disputes in the SCS. The successful building of the pipelines through Myanmar could reduce China’s dependence on the Strait of Malacca by 30% (Melkulangara 2013).
Image Attribute: Sino-Myanmar Energy Pipeline Map
Japan is similarly showing interest in Myanmar. During a recent visit, the Japanese Premier agreed to cancel the $1.74 billion debt owed by the country to Japan, but also pledged to lend Myanmar more than half a billion dollars for infrastructure and power projects in the country (Song 2013). Japan is also developing the Thilawa Special Economic Zone in Thanhlyn-Kyauktan area of suburban Yangon. The multi-million project includes building a seaport, roads and other infrastructural development programmes (Asia News Network 2013).
In terms of security, both India and China have been strengthening their military cooperation with Myanmar. Over the years, Myanmar has gotten military equipment supplies from China and received training for officers from both India and China. The country is trying to balance its dependence on China by exploring its other strategic partnership options (Yhome 2014).
Russia is another player asserting its presence in Myanmar. Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov, in his visit to Myanmar, called for the complete dismantling of sanctions against the country. It would not be surprising to see Russia making offers to build a nuclear power plant in Myanmar or engaging in weapons trade (Melkulangara 2013).
The Importance of Bangladesh
For India, Bangladesh’s significance for the access to its Seven Sister’s cannot be underestimated. Access through the country can be a key to the development of the Northeast of India as it could access the sea to connect to larger markets for its products.
Economically, both countries share a strong and significant trade relationship despite a considerable trade deficit in favor of India. India has also provided the country with lines of credit for large infrastructure projects. However, the arrival of China as a competing power in the region has also given Bangladesh some leeway and has had a balancing effect in terms of the country’s protracted dependency on India.
As for China, the same strategy it uses in Sri Lanka applies to Bangladesh. Strategically, access to ports in Bangladesh can facilitate Beijing’s oversight of its SLOCs and be a key geographical location for its envisaged Maritime Silk Route. For the past four decades, China’s contribution to Bangladesh’s development in the form of economic aid, military assistance and infrastructure development has been significant. More recently the emphasis is being put on infrastructural development, which is largely benefiting Bangladesh and China for strategic purposes such as greater connectivity to China’s Yunnan province.
Like China, Japan has also been trying to make its way into the BoB through Bangladesh. Economically and strategically, Japan has been increasing its influence in the littoral nations and showing greater interest in the region. Tokyo’s new strategy may have been adopted due to the country’s economic issues and the security environment in East Asia (the China factor), making the nation turn toward South Asia (Bangladesh and Myanmar). This move could also allow Japan to find alternative markets for goods and investment and alternative locations for production.
Among other projects, the Bay of Bengal Industrial Growth Belt (BIG-B) plan is a strategic initiative proposed by the Japanese Prime Minister, Shinzo Abe, which aims to promote industrial agglomeration along the Dhaka-Chittagong-Cox’s Bazaar belt, and enhance economic ties stretching from the Pacific to the Indian Ocean (Daily Star 2014). The initiative would comprise three pillars. The first pillar is industry and trade; this would mainly consist of constructing the long-awaited deep-sea port on Matarbari Island, which would offer Bangladesh an important trade gateway to the rest of Asia and beyond.
Image Attribute: Matarbari Island Project
The second pillar is energy, the Matarbari Island has the potential to be developed into a massive supply base of primary energy such as coal, LNG, and oil. The electricity harnessed from those sources could catalyse development in industry and trade. The final pillar is transportation, which would enable greater industry, trade and energy production between Japan and Bangladesh. The initiative, approved in August 2014, will also allow Bangladesh to provide a gateway to the BoB, boost regional economics, and play a central role in strengthening the nexus between Southeast Asia and South Asia (Bhatnagar 2013).
The US and Bangladesh established a bilateral security dialogue in April 2012, through which the US is providing assistance to the Bangladesh Navy in counter-terrorism and maritime interdictions. This US-Bangladesh bilateral defence relationship is currently one of the most robust in South Asia.
Moscow is set to be a strong competitor to Washington in its aspiration of getting a foothold on Bangladesh’s energy reserves. The focus of the recent visit of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina to Moscow (which was the first visit by a Bangladeshi Prime Minister in 40 years) was on energy and arms purchase. Russia is investing heavily to finance its arms exports, as well as to build the first nuclear reactor in Bangladesh (Bhadrakumar 2013).
China is arguably exerting the most influence on the littoral nations. The strategy of “China finances and builds transportation routes leading to its hinterland and connects them to the upstream projects in neighbouring regions” has become very familiar to Asian nations. China’s financial strategy includes FDI, aid, assistance and loans. Littoral nations invest in cooperation and partnerships as they are all trying to balance out their dependencies on one single power and diversify their partnerships.
Conclusion:
Amid the strategic competition between the major powers, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Sri Lanka appear to have adopted an equidistant approach in managing their relationships with these actors. At the same time, the littorals are attempting to leverage their geo-strategic location in the BoB by using the competition to their advantage and giving equal priority to their engagements with the major powers (Sakhuja 2010). In this context, the perceived spectre of India-China or China-US rivalry does not loom large. What gives the smaller littorals a bargaining chip is their significance and role in the realization of the major powers’ larger strategic ambitions. To a certain extent, all the littorals can either facilitate connectivity and contribute to energy security or provide larger markets for trade to the major regional players. In return, these nations are benefiting from infrastructure development, financial assistance, integration, military modernization, etc. So far, the partnership between major powers and smaller littorals based on soft power has added stability to the security environment of the BoB.
About The Authors:
Mohammad Humayun Kabir is Senior Research Director at the Bangladesh Enterprise Institute in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and head of its Foreign Policy and Security Studies Division. He studied International Law in Kiev State University, Ukraine, and International Relations at Oxford University, UK.
Amamah Ahmad is a Research Associate at the Bangladesh Enterprise Institute in Dhaka, Bangladesh. She graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Social Science and a Master of Arts in Political Science from the University of Lausanne in Switzerland. She has research interests in Geopolitics, International Security and Trans-boundary issues.
Publication Details
Citation Information: Croatian International Relations Review. Volume 21, Issue 72, Pages 199–238, ISSN (Online) 1848-5782, DOI: 10.1515/cirr-2015-0007, March 2015. | https://www.indrastra.com/2016/01/OPINION-Importance-of-Smaller-Littoral-Nations-in-BoB-002-01-2016-0002.html |
Most discussions about China’s massive Belt & Road Initiative (BRI) tend to focus on infrastructural projects that must be completed in order to connect an economically vibrant East Asia and developed Europe by land and sea and, in the process, bring growth and development to tens of countries along the modern Silk Road. Our research has shown, however, that equally important are improvements in the soft infrastructure needed to ensure that trade routes operate seamlessly across the various corridors.
The BRI has been compared to America’s post World War II Marshall Plan whose objectives were to “re-build war-devastated regions, remove trade barriers, modernise industry, make Europe prosperous again, and prevent the spread of communism”. According to China’s National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), the objectives of the BRI are to “improve the region's infrastructure, and put in place a secure and efficient network of land, sea and air passages, lifting their connectivity to a higher level; further enhance trade and investment facilitation, establish a network of free trade areas that meet high standards, maintain closer economic ties, and deepen political trust; enhance cultural exchanges; encourage different civilisations to learn from each other and flourish together; and promote mutual understanding, peace and friendship among people of all countries”.
Thus, both plans share two similar objectives for the affected countries: improvements in infrastructure and a reduction in trade barriers. The second objective, reduced trade barriers, is less discussed in the media. But it is important – especially given the limited success that international organisations (such as the WTO and IMF) have had in the economic growth of developing countries, particularly those in Central and South Asia. Well aware of the challenges, the Vision and Actions document, which outlines BRI strategy, points to two approaches to reducing trade barriers: improving trade facilitation (by getting rid of bottlenecks)) and promoting free trade areas. These are the soft infrastructure needed to complement the BRI’s harder side which involves the building and upgrading of physical infrastructure and digital connectivity.
Our research has shown that 21 countries, not including China, would have direct involvement in the BRI. They are: Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Pakistan, Mongolia, Russian Federation, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Iran and Turkey. Nearly all six economic corridors that make up the BRI’s five land and seas routes have significant links with China and the EU, to which many of these countries are connected – in many cases one more than the other. There are significant trade links between these countries with China and the EU, as well as other countries along the corridor; and trade data suggest that the BRI can make a significant impact on the economic relationships of countries along the various corridors.
Both the hard and soft sides of the BRI are expected to have an impact on trade, and both are integral to the project’s success. They are mutually supportive in that infrastructure development and free trade agreements make trade facilitation more meaningful, and vice versa. However the hard side of infrastructure development (roads, bridges and ICT) is financially expensive and risky. It involves more than one trillion US dollars raised in other countries, especially China, and spent in countries that are known to be politically risky. On the other hand, if the objective of BRI member countries is to enhance their trade – particularly exports – then improving the efficiency of border administration seems the most effective way. These measures not only improve exports unilaterally, but also enhance the effectiveness of the hard infrastructures as well. Compared to China, most of the other countries involved in the BRI are small, with parts and components trade featuring prominently in their trade relations. Thus, improving the soft infrastructures should be considered a priority of the BRI. However, these improvements are within the policy space of individual countries. Reducing barriers to trade, whether removing redundant documents, or controlling unsolicited payment by customs officials, or even promoting paperless systems in customs clearance, requires the political will of individual governments. If these measures are introduced, physical connectivity further enhances trade.
Thus, if the BRI is to meet its objective of increasing economic relationship among countries in the region, China will need to require countries along the corridors to make significant improvements in their border administration, as a pre-condition to investing in the hard infrastructure. The Chinese government could nudge the improvements in the soft infrastructure of individual countries, for instance, by promoting regional trade agreements (RTAs) along the various corridors as these agreements could include trade facilitation clauses. Indeed, more recently concluded RTAs have various features of the soft infrastructure, ranging from the exchange of customs-related information among member countries to a single window to facilitate paperless approval systems. As long as the features of the trade facilitation measures do not discriminate against non-members, the RTAs could also facilitate greater trade both within and among the corridors of the BRI. China’s membership in RTAs – particularly with the China-Central Asia-West Asia, Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar, China-Mongolia-Russia and Eurasia corridors – could be a further impetus towards more vibrant RTAs in the region. In this regard, the China-ASEAN FTA is a good model to emulate.
Despite the need for greater investment in hard infrastructure in Asia, which the Asian Development Bank estimated at USD1.5 trillion a year for the next 30 years, and the emphasis placed by the BRI on building edifices that enhance physical connectivity, important as they may be, China and other BRI countries should place equal attention on the soft infrastructure, if the objective of facilitating greater trade is to be achieved. | http://www.ceibs.edu/alumni-magazine/belt-road%E2%80%99s-softer-side-just-important |
Dr. Mehmood Ul Hassan Khan
Sustainable peace in Afghanistan has regional as well as international ramifications which will definitely further enhance regional connectivity, trade activities and economy and commerce too. Regional countries especially, Uzbekistan and Pakistan have played tremendous role to bring peace in Afghanistan through negotiations, track-II diplomacy, dialogue and development.
Uzbekistan first president Islam Karimov proposed “6+3 Contact Group” to resolve the issue of Afghanistan. It was initiated during NATO/EAPC Summit in Bucharest in April 2008. Islam Karimov proposed five vital of stabilization of the situation in Afghanistan.
A trilateral summit was held in Istanbul and Turkey, Pakistan and Afghanistan actively participated in the summit. The government of Pakistan initiated the new formula i.e. six plus two formula in the summit. Pakistan, Iran, China, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, all immediate neighbours of Afghanistan had to be consulted to bring peace in Afghanistan. Russia and the US would also be part of six plus two formula. Foreign Minister Shah Mehmood Qureshi said that Afghanistan’s six immediate neighbours, as well as China and Russia.
Right from the beginning, Uzbekistan has desired to find a “workable” formula to win hearts and souls of people of Afghanistan through “intensive” “economic cooperation” at least with the northern regions of Afghanistan, successful implementation of transport and logistics projects, and the expansion of educational programs.
Tashkent was succeeded to achieve bilateral cooperation with Kabul through the implementation of various befitting economic propositions and meaningful logistics projects to further enhance regional connectivity.
President of the Republic of Uzbekistan adapted new “holistic” approach towards resolution of Afghanistan issue and introduced new “innovative” and result oriented strategies to bring peace in Afghanistan.
Tashkent has been cooperating with international main stakeholders and offers various projects in different sectors i.e. economic, logistics, education, etc., and even considers prospects for organizing negotiations between the government of Afghanistan and the Taliban on its soil.
Tashkent has been trying to act in all directions of the foreign policy on Afghan issue by covering the maximum number of spheres i.e. in terms of bilateral relations, there has been rigorous sincere efforts of initiating ambitious and large-scale projects, reformation/redesigning of national priority towards Afghanistan, rebuilding the dialogue with the international community and systematic efforts to further enhance soft power image projection and separation of its regional Central Asian agenda from the Afghan one.
By all means Pakistan has had been important to bring peace in Afghanistan. Singing of latest peace deal between the US and Taliban at Doha “reconfirmed” positive and “participatory” role of government of Pakistan in the peace process of Afghanistan.
The government of Pakistan and armed forces are doing their levels best to support the West and especially the US to curb the terrorist incidents. The successful military operations in the tribal areas by Pakistan’s armed forces spoke louder than words and showed our commitment to fight against terrorism.
President Mirziyoyev followed a holistic approach towards Afghanistan and strongly “discarded” a “military solution”. He facilitated peace talks between all parties of the conflict, and implemented economic projects. In 2017, the position of President’s Special Representative on Afghanistan was introduced. This step aimed at promoting Afghan vector into a separate sphere of Uzbek foreign policy.
Economic cooperation with Afghanistan focused on a number of aspects: infrastructure construction, energy, and trade. Uzbekistan opened customs point in Termez to ensure the delivery of humanitarian aid, restored 11 bridges between Mazar-i-Sharif and Kabul. With the support of ADB, the Hairatan-Mazar-i-Sharif railway was constructed.
Uzbekistan also showed keen interest in the construction of the “Mazar-i-Sharif-Herat” railway in the framework of the Trans-Afghan Transport Corridor project. In addition, Uzbekistan has become a leading electricity supplier to Afghanistan. In 2009, the “Guzar-Surkhan” transmission line was initiated, which increased the supply to 300 MW. As a result, its electricity supplies reached to 1.5 billion kW / h of electricity to Afghanistan by 2016.
Uzbekistan held a conference on Afghanistan in Tashkent during March 2018 which subsequently emerged a useful platform to restart stalemate talks and prompted track-II diplomacy. It pioneered the Kabul process, the Moscow format, the SCO-Afghanistan Contact Group, etc. However, the high turnout from the international community allowed Uzbekistan to emerge from the shadow.
The activities of Uzbekistan over the past 3 years suggest that the Afghan strategy is based mainly on a combination of economic and soft power image projection. Stability in Afghanistan and at least in the northern regions is important for promoting its economic expansion.
Uzbekistan is interested in playing a greater economic role in Afghanistan. The Surkhan-Puli Khumri energy project aimed at increasing the delivery of electricity from Uzbekistan to Afghanistan, and a transportation project to extend the existing Hairatan-Mazar-i-Sharif railroad to Herat. The latter project has a long-term implication for Tashkent, because once realized the railroad will become the shortest route for the country’s goods to reach a sea port.
Uzbekistan-Pakistan bilateral relations has been further strengthened during recent times because of the better political understanding, improvement in bilateral trade, phenomenal rise to tourism and the last but not the least joint efforts to bring peace and harmony in the region.
Uzbekistan Foreign Minister H.E. Abdulaziz Kamilov visited Pakistan and met with his counterpart Shah Mehmood Qureshi and Prime Minister Imran Khan. During his stay he thoroughly discussed means and ways to non-military solution in Afghanistan, increase in trade and commerce and enhance bilateral cooperation in diversified sectors of economy.
Both foreign ministers conducted a purposeful joint press conference which showed high level of political understanding, strong commitments to achieve desired goals of socio-economic prosperity and connectivity through peace and harmony in the region, connecting through rail corridor, investments in diverse sectors of economy, tourism and other befitting propositions between the two countries. It also showed Uzbekistan sincere efforts to bring peace in Afghanistan through regional resolve, dialogue and development.
Speaking at a joint news conference Uzbek Foreign Minister Abdulaziz Kamilov and his counterpart Shah Mehmood Qureshi said both the countries shared views on Afghanistan. They expressed the resolve to further enhance bilateral cooperation to promote peace and stability in the region.
Qureshi said both countries shared common views on Afghanistan as they feel that there was no military solution to the Afghan problem. He added: “We are prepared to facilitate and support the dialogue process in Afghanistan.” Both Pakistan and Uzbekistan want peace in Afghanistan and were willing to support the efforts he added. Pakistan is ready to promote connectivity in the region for the benefit of our people, he said.
The Foreign Office says that the visit strengthened meaningful deliberations in all areas of bilateral cooperation including political, security & defence cooperation, peace process in Afghanistan as well as trade and investment promotion. Areas of mutual interest for future collaboration were also identified, including agriculture, tourism and cultural cooperation.
On his part, Uzbek FM Abdulaziz Kamilov said Pakistan, as a regional power, can play role in guaranteeing regional peace and stability. The minister said: “Pakistan and Uzbekistan have common views on regional security, especially peace and stability in Afghanistan.”
Uzbek FM Kamilov acknowledged Pakistan’s vital role in the fight against terrorism and its efforts to bring peace and stability to the region. He said the two countries have a common approach to encouraging the peace process in Afghanistan, combating terrorism and facing other challenges.
Uzbekistan Foreign Minister H.E. Abdulaziz Kamilov also called on Prime Minister of Pakistan Imran Khan at Prime Minister’s Office. Prime Minister Imran Khan expressed his strong desire to see rapid increase in economic cooperation with Uzbekistan.
Suggestions
- Being prominent regional expert of Uzbekistan & CIS, I humbly suggest that President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev should pay official visit to Pakistan so that regional equation of power may be in favour of both the sides. Pakistan is the only easy and shortest gate-way to Central Asia and base of “CPEC and One Road One Belt” which should not be ignored.
- There should be a closed mechanism at the highest level for political consultations on the issue and emerging trends in Afghanistan so that both countries should play positive and contributory role to bring peace.
- Pakistan also provides immense opportunities of greater regional connectivity which government of Uzbekistan should be tapped for a win-win situation for both sides. Gwadar seaport has been activated and in this connection first cargo consignment of Afghanistan transit trade reached from Afghanistan. Uzbekistan may consider utilizing its seaport for its greater sustainable connectivity with South East Asia.
- Uzbekistan shows great interest to build Hairatan-Mazar-i-Sharif railway and Pakistan under the framework of the CPEC has approved US$6.5 billion Railway M1 mega project. Both countries should explore befitting propositions to extend cooperation in the fields of construction and railways.
- Energy sector would create win-win propositions for both the countries so both countries should also explored chances of joint ventures in the mix of energy power generation in the days to come.
- Close liaison in the field of agro economy is the need of the hour. Both countries have comparative advantages in the production of cotton which must be clubbed to initiate a joint venture in textile and garments. Uzbekistan blesses with colored cotton which should be shared with Pakistan.
- President Mirziyoyev has initiated the “Strategy for the Further Development of Uzbekistan 2017-2021”. It is indeed a blue print of its socio-economic development in the next five years. It highlighted five principles i.e. improvement of state construction, economic liberalization, development of the social sphere and implementation of active foreign policy. Due to which now Uzbekistan is on the right path to achieve the desired goals of socio-economic prosperity, further politicization, democratization, greater attraction of FDIs, and the last but not the least people and business friendly bureaucracy in the country.
- Government of Uzbekistan should consider joining CPEC which will bring immense socio-economic, geopolitical and geo-strategic dividends to macro-economy of it.
- Center for Global & Strategic Studies has the capacity and expertise to create bridges of better understanding among all the main stakeholders to expedite desired socio-economic integration in the sectors of construction, energy, agricultural, industries, tourism and above all people-to-people contact. CGSS is the prime institute of policy and public diplomacy too for which both countries should take advantage. Moreover, its proven specialty in the Euro-Asian Region would be value-addition to disseminate falsified propaganda of the west and make a trustworthy and heart-to-heart connection, vital for achieving all desired goals of greater regional connectivity, greater socio-economic prosperity, tourism and above all business development. | https://centreline.com.pk/2020/08/13/uzbekistan-pakistan-afghanistan-triangle-of-peace/ |
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Sino-African relations are a vibrant, two-way dynamic in which both sides adjust to policy initiatives and popular perceptions emanating from the other. RAND researchers have assessed Chinese and African goals, African perceptions of China, how China has adjusted its policies to address local reactions, whether the United States and China compete in the region, and how Washington and Beijing might actually cooperate to their mutual benefit.
China's role in Africa defies conventional stereotypes and punchy news headlines. China is both a long-established diplomatic partner and a new investor in Africa. Chinese interests on the continent encompass not only natural resources but also issues of trade, security, diplomacy, and soft power. China is a major aid donor, but the scope, scale, and mode of Chinese aid practices are poorly understood and often misquoted in the press.
Most analyses of Chinese engagement with African nations focus on what China gets out of these partnerships — primarily natural resources and export markets. Some studies have described the impacts, positive and negative, that China's aid and investment policies have had on African countries. However, few analyses have approached Sino-African relations as a vibrant, two-way dynamic in which both sides adjust to policy initiatives and popular perceptions emanating from the other.
In an effort to characterize the dynamic nature of Chinese-African relations, RAND researchers took a comprehensive look at Chinese and African objectives in the political and economic spheres and the means by which they work to achieve their goals. They examined the reactions of African governments and populations to Chinese engagement and assessed the ways in which China adjusted its policies to accommodate these often-hostile responses. RAND also considered whether the United States and China are competing for influence, access, and resources in Africa and whether there might be opportunities for the two powers to cooperate in ways that advance their mutual interests, as well as those of their African partners.
Photo: Rebecca Blackwell, File
China has four overarching strategic interests in Africa. First, it wants access to natural resources, particularly oil and gas. It is estimated that, by 2020, China will import more oil worldwide than the United States. To guarantee future supply, China is heavily investing in the oil sectors in countries such as Sudan, Angola, and Nigeria. Second, investments in Africa, a huge market for Chinese exported goods, might facilitate China's efforts to restructure its own economy away from labor-intensive industries, especially as labor costs in China increase.
Third, China wants political legitimacy. The Chinese government believes that strengthening Sino-African relations helps raise China's own international influence. Most African governments express support for Beijing's "One China" policy, a prerequisite for attracting Chinese aid and investment. Finally, China has sought a more constructive role as contributor to stability in the region, partly to mitigate security-related threats to China's economic interests.
Photo: AP Photo/Rebecca Blackwell
African governments look to China to provide political recognition and legitimacy and to contribute to their economic development through aid, investment, infrastructure development, and trade. To some degree, many African leaders hope that China will interact with them in ways that the United States and other Western governments do not — by engaging economically without condescendingly preaching about good governance, for example, or by investing in high-risk projects or in remote regions that are not appealing to Western governments or companies. Some Africans aspire to replicate China's rapid economic development and believe that their nations can benefit from China's recent experience in lifting itself out of poverty.
African officials overwhelmingly view China's role in Africa positively, welcoming China's heavy emphasis on government-to-government contracts with few, if any, strings attached. Many African leaders believe that as a fellow developing country, China has more altruistic motives than Western governments and corporations do. African leaders praise China's contributions to their nations' infrastructure, highlighting visible improvements that contribute to expanded economic activity, job creation for local workers, and tangible improvements to roads, rails, bridges, and other transportation networks — all things that benefit ordinary citizens, if indirectly.
Some in Africa, however, are critical of Chinese engagement. Labor unions, civil society groups, and other segments of African societies criticize Chinese enterprises for poor labor conditions, unsustainable environmental practices, and job displacement. Good-governance watchdogs warn that China negotiates unfair deals that take advantage of African governments' relative weaknesses and that foster corruption and wasteful decisionmaking. In their view, China perpetuates a neo-colonial relationship in which Africa exports raw materials to China in exchange for manufactured goods. In some countries, resentment at Chinese business practices has led to popular protests and violence against Chinese businessmen and migrants.
Photo: Tong jiang – Imaginechina
Photo: AP Photo/Schalk van Zuydam
Photo: Reuters/Gary Cameron
Beijing has adjusted its policies to assuage Africans' concerns and put the Sino-African relationship on a more balanced footing. These modifications include a greater emphasis on "sustainability" in the economic and trade relationship; the promotion of Chinese soft power, culture, and people-to-people exchanges; and proactive engagement in the security and stability of conflict-prone areas in Africa. Such adjustments represent an understanding among Chinese elites that China's increasing presence on the continent is producing negative consequences that must be addressed. Beijing's adjustments have the potential to benefit both China and its African partners. Closer cultural ties and aggressive outreach will likely foster broader public support for China; the resulting favorable climate will enable Chinese investments to continue securing natural resources and generating profits while also contributing increasingly to local job creation and economic development.
Chinese engagement in Africa is primarily concerned with natural resource extraction, infrastructure development, and manufacturing. U.S. engagement, in contrast, concentrates on higher-technology trade and services, as well as on aid policies aimed at promoting democracy, good governance, and human development. While China's "no strings attached" approach may foster inefficient decisionmaking and official corruption, Chinese engagement does not fundamentally undermine U.S. economic and political goals on the continent. On the contrary, Chinese-built infrastructure helps reduce businesses' operating costs and expand the size of regional markets, increasing opportunities for profitable ventures by indigenous and U.S. investors. U.S. and Chinese approaches and interests do not inherently contradict each other, and U.S. officials, including Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama, have denied that Washington and Beijing are engaged in a "zero sum" competition for influence and access in Africa. In short, China is not necessarily a strategic "threat" to U.S. interests in Africa.
While the United States and China may not be strategic rivals in Africa, the two countries could increasingly compete commercially if American businesses become more engaged in African markets — something that President Obama clearly hopes to foster though the multiple trade- and infrastructure-related initiatives he announced during his summer 2013 trip to Senegal, South Africa, and Tanzania. Such business competition would benefit African countries and advance U.S. interests. African governments might be able to negotiate more favorable commercial terms if they are not beholden to Chinese financing. African communities would benefit, as American companies are more likely than their Chinese counterparts to hire local laborers for skilled and unskilled positions, transfer industrial technologies to local partners, require humane working conditions, and contribute to initiatives that promote the health and welfare of their workforce. Such business practices would likely encourage Chinese enterprises to do the same so as to secure deals, compete in local labor and consumer markets, and enhance China's image in Africa.
This report is part of the RAND Corporation Research brief series. RAND research briefs present policy-oriented summaries of individual published, peer-reviewed documents or of a body of published work.
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The private sector plays a significant role in development
The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim at eradicating extreme poverty from the world and at securing wellbeing in an environmentally sustainable way. This can only be done when the public and private sectors work together.
The UN has estimated that developing countries should invest approximately USD 3,300–4,500 billion per year to be able to reach the SDGs by 2030. Here companies play a central role as partners and as funders.
At the same time, development cooperation is needed as it strengthens the structures that provide an enabling environment for business activities. A well-functioning administration and an independent judiciary ensure stable conditions for business activities. An efficient public sector also serves the interests of the private sector. Education, in turn, ensures that competent workforce is available for companies. The public sector is also responsible for the planning and construction of an infrastructure that makes market entry easier. It is essential that companies promote the principles of responsible business conduct.
A growing private sector is an important employer also in developing countries. Africa is the youngest continent in the world. According to the African Development Bank and the UN’s Development Programme (UNDP), the labour markets in Africa will grow by 12 million people every year.
Aid for Trade strengthens developing countries’ ability to trade
The private sector in developing countries will be creating the majority of future jobs and economic growth. Aid for Trade (AfT) is an international initiative aimed at improving the capacities of developing countries to participate in global trade and benefit from it.
Support is directed, for instance, to building productive capacity, strengthening internal and foreign trade, improving the operating environment for entrepreneurship and businesses, and building trade-related infrastructure.
Several forms of funding are available for companies’ development cooperation
Developing countries offer vast opportunities for Finnish companies. The Ministry for Foreign Affairs allocates development cooperation appropriations to support Finnish companies’ partnerships and business opportunities in developing countries. The activities must always be aimed at promoting the economic, social or environmental development in the target countries. Companies are always expected to adhere to the principles of responsible business conduct.
Development cooperation appropriations are directed also to development cooperation projects, for which competitive tendering is organised. The majority of open calls for tender are announced in the Hilma service for public procurement. Guidelines for procurements related to development cooperation projects.
A number of direct forms of funding for companies are available. The most important ones are Finnfund, Finnpartnership and the Public Sector Investment Facility (PIF). Additionally, Developing Markets Platform (DevPlat), which is a joint platform developed by Business Finland and the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, offers funding for development innovations that are in line with the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
Read more:
Finland supports sustainable business activities in developing countries (PDF, 2 pages, 87kb). | https://um.fi/private-sector |
A shift in the global powerhouses of international aid and development is opening the door for city governments in Africa, Asia and Latin America to pick their own partners with an eye toward south-south cooperation.
Does who you work with affect how well you perform or how well you learn?
The answer is seemingly obvious — yes, of course.
Learning on the job depends heavily on the nature of working partnerships, which in turn are shaped by the experiences partners carry and the power relations between them. Yet city governments in parts of Africa, Asia and Latin America do not often choose whom they work with on urban development projects supported by international aid or technical assistance. But they can and they should.
The rise of regional political and economic powers such as China, India, Brazil and South Africa on the world stage is shifting the center of technical expertise, international aid and development work. It is also providing those development stakeholders fighting for human wellbeing in their local communities with an opportunity to choose whom they wish to work with.
Much ado has been made about the value of this international development work led by countries in the global south, as opposed to traditional development partnerships with countries or organizations such as the World Bank or those based in the global north. Several international organizations such as the United Nations and the new Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, as well as regional leaders themselves, herald partnerships between “developing” countries — or “south-south cooperation” — as a distinctly valuable way of promoting national development and learning among southern countries because of similarities in histories and the challenges they face.
For African cities in particular, this approach to tackling development problems is fostering what might be described as a buyer’s market for international cooperation. In other words, now that regional leaders like China, India or Brazil have become more significant providers of aid or assistance, the West is no longer the only partner in town.
Municipal authorities, particularly in capital cities where so much of the international development industry is based, actually have a choice about whom to work with on international cooperation projects. Almost a decade ago, India, Brazil and South Africa established a memorandum of understanding to foster cooperation between cities in the three countries, centered on sharing urban policy and technical assistance for challenges in creating affordable housing and other related urban development needs. In 2012, Brazil launched its own program to support south-south partnerships for development through technical cooperation projects at the subnational level, with a particular focus on projects between Brazilian municipalities and African partners in cities across the continent.
Of course, China is also heavily involved in promoting southern partnerships. Its Export-Import Bank (EXIM) and construction companies are investing significant funds throughout the continent, targeting the transformation of urban landscapes through special economic zones in and around cities such as Lusaka, Zambia and Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; infrastructure projects such as the Catembe-Maputo bridge in Mozambique (what will be the longest suspension bridge in Africa); and even whole cities, such as Kilamba — just outside the Angolan capital of Luanda.
Yet critics question whether south-south cooperation is just another wolf in sheep’s clothing — a dangerously familiar and extractive means for new regional leaders to secure market depth and political support from less powerful countries. Whether positive or negative, big claims about international cooperation partnerships typically overshadow the local contexts in which aid is delivered and the importance of strong working relationships on the ground. In a forthcoming book, Disrupting Development, I argue that municipalities should more aggressively choose which development projects and partners to work with based on characteristics that include, but importantly also move beyond, simple geographies such as whether an international partner is from the global south or north.
These subtler characteristics of development cooperation give local authorities a sort of road map for anticipating which development partners will be best for different urban development projects — and for strategic learning.
While geography still matters, who you best work with is not a static concept. A shared geography or history alone is insufficient in helping authorities think about what really matters when working with an international cooperation partner on the ground. Luckily for cities, such peers can evolve, and unlike geography or history, can change over time. This means cities can learn about whom they best learn from and work with for effective urban development cooperation. While the learning curve is steep, the time is ripe to act.
Gabriella is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Urban Studies and Planning at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where her teaching and research centre on municipal fiscal reforms and urban infrastructure development in parts of South America and Sub-Saharan Africa. Previously, she worked as the Senior Associate to the UN Millennium Project Task Force on Improving the Lives of Slum Dwellers, a consultant to the Rockefeller Foundation, and a former co-chair of the Global Planning Educators' Interest Group. | http://www.helsinkitimes.fi/columns/columns/viewpoint/15012-love-thy-neighbours.html |
China portrays itself as a “Third World” country that pursues an “independent” foreign policy of peace. And by the Third World, it means that China is a developing country and not part of any power bloc such as that around the United States or the socialist bloc formerly associated with the Soviet Union. “Independence” here implies that China does not align itself with any other major power. The people of China assert that their country seeks peace so that it can concentrate on development. China also affirms that its decisions on foreign policy questions derive from the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence: mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other’s internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence. The Chinese leadership originally counted these principles in 1954 when China, with a communist government, was trying to reach out to the non-communist countries of Asia.
Diplomatically, the Five Principles still serve a useful purpose for China to date. They offer an alternative to the American conception of a new kind of world order the one in which international regimes and institutions (often reflecting U.S. interests and values) limit the rights of sovereign states to develop and sell weapons of mass destruction, repress opposition and violate human rights, pursue mercantilist economic policies that interfere with free trade, and damage the environment. As opposed to the Western design, China’s alternative design for the world stresses the equal, uninfringeable sovereignty of all states whether large or small, Western and non-Western, rich and poor, democratic and authoritarian, each to run its own system as it sees fit, whether its methods suit Western standards or not. This is a system which the Chinese also refer to as “multipolarity.”
The Five Principles draw attention to and explains why the west should avoid imposing its values on weaker nations. Thus the core idea behind the Five Principles as interpreted by China today is sovereignty – which one state has no right to interfere in the internal affairs of another state. China places emphasis on explaining that it never seeks hegemony. In the 1960s hegemony was a code word for Soviet expansionism. Today, Chinese officials use the term to refer to what they see as a one-sided American effort to enforce America’s will on other countries in such matters as trade practices, weapons proliferation, and human rights. By saying it will not seek hegemony, China tells its smaller neighbors that China’s economic development and growing military might, will not turn the country into a regional bully. By doing so, China endeavors to win the trust and support of other countries against the hegemonic eminence of the West.
China takes a firm position that most disputes around the world should be solved by peaceful negotiations. At the United Nations, China often abstains or refrains from voting on resolutions that mandate sanctions or interventions to reverse invasions, end civil wars, or stop terrorism. As a permanent Security Council member, China’s negative vote would constitute a veto, angering countries who favor intervention. By not voting or casting an abstention, China has allowed several interventions to go ahead without reversing its commitment to non-intervention. Again, in doing so, China succeeds in retaining a good image over the west especially if it (the west) was in favor of such interventions.
Of course, these articulated ethical principles do not entail that Chinese foreign policy is not realistic or strategic. In most cases, the principles that are pronounced actually fit the needs of Chinese strategy. In places relatively far from China (such as the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America) a few simple principles actually reflect Chinese interests most of the time. To oppose great-power intervention and defend sovereignty and equality among states is not only high-minded but it also represents China’s national interest in regions where China cannot intervene itself.
Socio-economically, China gains some advantage over the west in terms of the provision of aid to the developing countries. Conditionality and selectivity have created a dilemma for the Western approach to aid that cannot be solved owing to the central nature of development and good governance. Chinese aid, however, does not face this dilemma, as China does not impose such conditions on aid donations. Instead, the Chinese approach involves infrastructure building together with Chinese finance, technology, engineers and workers. Although this approach may seem rather old-fashioned in Western eyes and though it may create less direct employment in the recipient countries, the indirect positive externalities associated with Chinese aid projects can have a huge impact on kick-starting and energizing local economies. It is widely accepted that infrastructure plays a crucial role in economic development and lack of physical infrastructure has been allied to the main reasons leading to slow economic growth in much of Africa. It then implies that by minimizing transportation costs (roads) and transaction costs (communication networks) and enabling domestic and international trade (through increased specialization) – China’s major investments in infrastructure in Africa are helping to generate economic growth and thereby creating more indirect employment than is possible following the West’s approach. Some argue that the recent economic development in Africa is, at least in part, a result of its increased trade with and infrastructure building by China.
It is further argued that the Chinese approach is capable of dealing with the hardcore circle of underdevelopment in Africa, which the West’s approach to aid is unable to address. Moreover, China’s approach is effective mainly due to its own comparative advantage in manufacturing and the compatibility of its resource donations (in particular, abundant labor) with African nations, which makes it impossible for the West to imitate. Africa was colonized and its markets were monopolized by the West, but now China has stepped in and competition for aid and investment in Africa is increasing. Donors are also competing with each other to provide aid to African countries, perhaps with the expectation that their aid will lead to increased trade and improved access to African markets especially in terms of natural resources. It may only be hoped, however, that by improving its efficiency and effectiveness, this increased competition in aid between China and the West will ultimately be for the benefit of Africa.
Socio-politically, the American political system does not seem to inspire as many people in Africa as it used to do. Africans have realized that Washington does not have much further to offer them in terms of socio-political capital, with very few socio-political lessons to emulate. According to Adams Bodom, Africans are unenthusiastic about talking against Washington because they are uncomfortable with their hard power, and live in fear of the deadly drones, and the callous imposition of sanctions through the United States Africa Command (Africom). On the other hand, he emphasized that China is having positive socio-political influences on Africa, African leaders, and ideologically literate Africans on the African streets. Many Africans now view the Chinese way of handling their political economy as being far better than that of the American and western governments in general. China and other prudent Asian economies even bailed the world out of the banking disaster induced by some greedy western leaders and businessmen that caused untold hardships on Africans since 2008.
Socio-culturally, the United States soft power is waning in Africa whereas China’s soft power is increasing. Adams Bodom further purports that the use of English in Africa is barely anymore an example of American soft power as it used to be, but the increasing learning of Chinese is an instance of growing Chinese soft power. Young people in Africa seldom think well of America and Britain as a land of milk and honey when they open their mouths to speak English, but young people in Africa learning Chinese do think of China as a land of opportunity with which they hope to trade or engage in other ways after successfully learning the language at the fifty (50) or more Confucius Institutes springing up everywhere in Africa great symbols of Chinese soft power in Africa. Moreover, Asian soft power in the entertainment industry is rising faster in Africa than American in addition to the Chinese cultures and herbal medicines, particularly herbal tea in the middle-class African living room, which is fast becoming a popular Chinese cultural consumption item in Africa by the middle class.
In conclusion, the west used to have a strong soft power influence in Africa, but it is waning while China is beginning to register a rising soft power. As such, there are a number of aspects that the west can learn from the Chinese soft power strategies especially in areas of engagement and cooperation. There are also some characteristics of soft power from the west that has been underutilized in recent years. As such, it would be a great opportunity for the United States and others to engage China on areas of common interest, to strengthen African capacities to manage the intensifying competition that China and others bring to the continent, and to preemptively work to mitigate potential areas of disagreement. The United States can do more to engage in collaborative efforts with China to engage African governments, regional organizations, and civil society more systematically with the goal of mitigating potential tensions and conflicting interests. It is evident that both China and the United States have expressed willingness to engage in collaborative projects in Africa, but although there will almost certainly be long-term benefits to such collaboration, it will take a stronger upfront investment of political will and attention to launching these efforts. Health, agriculture, and peacekeeping capacity are areas of potential collaboration in Africa, and more global issues of climate change, food security, and clean and efficient energy use (areas that the Chinese leadership has emphasized in recent international forums) could be taken up in the African context. Likewise, in areas of tension and disagreement arms sales, transparency approaches to conflict resolution, environmental safeguards the United States should ensure systematic, senior-level engagement with Chinese and African leadership to find common ground and mitigate conflict.
The author is a Doctoral Fellow (Ph.D.) in the school of Political Science and Public Administration at Shandong University China, Majoring in International Politics. He worked as a Research assistant at Jilin University China; He Achieved Master’s degree in International Relations from Jilin University China, and correspondingly graduated with honors from Cavendish University Uganda with bachelor degree in international relations and diplomatic studies. | https://www.jubamonitor.com/gains-of-chinas-soft-power-in-africa-over-the-west/ |
When the Belt and Road (B&R) initiative was first announced by President Xi of China in late 2013, few could have envisaged the grandeur and ambition that it would entail. It has since generated considerable discussion and speculation about its specifics, such as what constitutes a B&R project, if there are commercial opportunities present and what the chances of success are.
Kept broad and inclusive by the Chinese government, the B&R strategy has transcended many of its initial impressions and has proven to be much more. For example, there is a focus on developing bankable infrastructure projects supported by large international agencies, which infers that the B&R goes beyond just geopolitics and embraces the promotion of commercial interests, trade, culture and integration.
Even though the B&R’s initial objective was to rebuild the ancient land network that connects China to Europe via Central Asia, it has subsequently gone beyond that to include building highways, railways, ports, airports and now even establishing a maritime route that cuts through from China to South-East Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and eastern Africa. These activities are mainly focused along six economic corridors, which cuts across over 65 developing countries and is expected to be a catalyst for infrastructure development that will have an impact on a population of about 4.4 billion and one third of the global economy.
The Belt and Road also encompasses the development of an infrastructure ecosystem ranging from power generation and utilities infrastructure, oil and gas pipelines, to telecommunications transmission cables in a massive global connectivity plan. Even as its current focus is on outbound infrastructure development and trade enhancement, there are expected further activities in subsequent phases, which embrace social infrastructure such as education and healthcare, media, software and innovation as well as more focus on cultural and people-to-people exchanges, some of which are already underway. B&R also focuses on industrial and resource cooperation to drive trade and with this in mind, 70 cooperative zones have already been established.
The objectives of the B&R initiative includes other strategic goals such as establishing global recognition in developing complex transnational infrastructure projects. The B&R is also clearly an important part of China’s ongoing national reform agenda, building on the “Go Out” policy launched in the 1990’s, and complements the current 13th Five-Year plan and the Made in China 2025 strategy. These outbound investments also further support the internationalization of China’s renminbi currency, which helps diversify currency risks.
Since its announcement in 2013, there have been a number of key milestone achievements, including the first China-UK transnational freight train, which completed its 12,450km journey (through seven other countries in just 18 days) earlier in January this year. Also, the Jakarta-Bandung high speed rail project, for which the construction contract was signed in April 2017, is another flagship B&R project which fully adopts Chinese railway technological standards.
The B&R initiative is such a massive undertaking that even China with all its resources, people and financing has sought partnerships with foreign companies. These partnerships can prove to be beneficial for China and foreign companies in many ways.
Gaining knowledge through foreign partnerships can help Chinese enterprises further develop expertise, and enable them to enhance global credibility in the infrastructure sector. For foreign companies, a collaboration with Chinese companies in infrastructure projects in third party countries can help open up access to its large domestic market. Furthermore, foreign companies can partake as a private investor in projects that are risk-guaranteed by Chinese institutions, with an improved risk-return ratio.
Successful partnership examples already exist, wherein foreign multinationals have become established equipment suppliers to Chinese engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) companies and have thereby benefited from a boost in orders both in third party markets as well as in China.
Many of these foreign companies also possess previous experience in large scale projects in developing countries that are more complex. This is typical to B&R projects, with foreign companies able to contribute by establishing connections with local stakeholders, as well as having prior knowledge of managing an infrastructure project in developing countries. This can help to decrease operational risks which may be otherwise further enhanced especially when operating in less familiar terrain and business environments.
While the opportunities are numerous, foreign companies may find some project risks accentuated in B&R projects, particularly from a geopolitical, funding and operational perspective.
Geopolitical risk takes on an additional facet in B&R projects that often span across many territories, due to the exposure to changes in political regimes and bilateral relations. Furthermore, companies should be cognizant of the funding risk in B&R projects. Aside to financing sources from China, companies also need to be aware of the other sources of funding available. This takes into consideration that many growth markets along the B&R routes have a varied ability to pay back the loans they need. In addition to geopolitical and financing considerations, interested companies ought to remain vigilant in operational planning, even as State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) from both China and the host countries are starting to gain international experience. Operational risks include gaps in experience of stakeholders and the increased complexity of B&R transnational projects which result in delays or costs overruns. It is true that the B&R initiative holds rich promise, but the risks are sometimes accentuated and unique.
In addition to the evaluation of B&R specific project risks, potential investors should make a strategic evaluation as to which B&R projects to be involved in. This can be achieved with a commercial viability assessment, review of the maturity of the supporting ecosystem, and the confirmation that the project complements the company’s other similar projects.
Commercial viability assessment: Companies ought to develop a robust business case, which establishes a credible market supply and demand. It should also address to what extent companies are reliant on incentives provided.
Review maturity of the infrastructure ecosystem: In addition to this, companies also need to evaluate the maturity and future plans of the surrounding infrastructure. This includes whether there is a strong strategic partnership for policy development, multi-modal linkages and supporting facilities.
Establish a portfolio fit: While companies consider their experience in selecting which projects to bid, they also need to balance the valuation of their experience against the exposure to too much of the same risk in the company’s internal portfolio. For example, for a company that already has a project in operation in Kazakhstan, might re-valuate whether it makes sense to add another at this time. Despite their experience, the additional commercial, social and geopolitical risk exposes the company’s entire portfolio.
Having identified which projects to be involved in, and evaluated the risk, companies can enhance their chances of success by taking some critical steps.
Contingency strategies: With B&R projects which typically attract geopolitical attention and straddle multiple territories across a long period of time, it is critical for companies to plan for disruptions in advance. In the course of contract negotiations, any potential unresolved issues should be accounted for in contingency clauses and a clear exit strategy laid out at the outset.
Risk sharing: Lastly, risk allocation is an important consideration in B&R projects where there could be more stakeholders, who exercise larger influence on the occurrence of the risk. Adopting a risk-sharing approach will build trust amoung stakeholders, ultimately lowering cost for all stakeholders. Companies can consider ways to share risk, such as waiving the need for performance bond, carrying the cost of some equipment on their books or developing a revenue-sharing mechanism.
Therefore with the development of contingency strategies, alignment with governments, trusted partnerships and a risk-sharing approach, companies can be well positioned to tap into the B&R opportunities.
Besides adopting a risk-sharing approach, contingency strategies, and strengthening capabilities with key partnerships and government relations, foreign companies can leverage existing international platforms, such as in Hong Kong and Singapore, to further position themselves for success.
In this regard, knowledge portals on the B&R initiative have been set up by government entities in Hong Kong and Singapore, which provides information on the Belt and Road and its activities. These entities also organize events to provide a networking platform for foreign companies, local companies as well as Chinese enterprises seeking collaboration opportunities.
These different platforms are each positioned with unique strengths. With greater proximity to mainland China, Hong Kong is strategically positioned to help foreign companies establish connections with Chinese stakeholders and gain more insight to better navigate working relationships with Chinese companies. Whereas, Singapore, on the other hand, is well placed between China and Southeast Asia, with strong connections to the rest of the Southeast Asian countries, and can support foreign companies who are interested to tap into opportunities in the region.
Whilst these platforms exist, there is still a need for more platforms to be created in support of the B&R initiative, especially to provide more European and American companies with information about the B&R initiative and how they can get involved profitably.
The B&R initiative is of an unprecedented scale that will drive massive global infrastructure spending and create numerous opportunities that warrant foreign companies’ involvement. There have already been many success stories of Sino-foreign partnerships that has resulted in mutual benefits, leading to increasing demand for foreign capabilities and contributions to B&R projects, which reaffirms that there are commercial opportunities across the infrastructure value chain.
However companies need to fully understand the potential risks of infrastructure projects especially those unique to B&R in order to prepare for success. Acknowledging that B&R projects are different, companies can enhance their chances of success by taking some proactive actions such as establishing contingency plans to manage short term disruptions and plan for lengthy project lifespans, while also building strong and respected relationships with local authorities in order to effectively navigate the political and local bureaucratic scene.
The B&R initiative is a vast and ambitious undertaking, which foreign companies ought to not ignore as a purely Asian affair, but instead embrace. It is possibly the largest transcontinental infrastructure programme the world has ever known. And it is only just beginning. | https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/05/repaving-the-ancient-silk-routes-realising-opportunities-along-the-belt-and-road/ |
Australian Aid in the Pacific Islands
Australian aid is at its lowest level since the 1970s, but geostrategic interests mean Australia remains the largest donor in the Pacific region. How is Australia’s aid achieving its objective of increasing economic growth at the same time as reducing poverty, and whose national interest is being served?
The global aid landscape is influenced by two main trends: (1) the United Nations recommendation that developed states give 0.7 per cent of their gross national income (GNI) as aid; and (2) the Aid for Trade agenda. Here, we examine these trends with respect to Australian aid toward Pacific island countries (PICs), emphasising the neoliberal logic that has shaped aid delivery since the 1980s.
The declining Australian aid budget
Several European states—the UK, the Netherlands, Denmark, Luxembourg, Norway and Sweden—are funding overseas development aid at or above the UN suggested level of 0.7 per cent GNI. Both Sweden and Norway give over 1 per cent of their GNI as aid. In contrast, Australian aid as a percentage of GNI is now at its lowest level since the 1970s. Australian aid is around 0.22 per cent of GNI, making Australia the equal-nineteenth most generous donor of the 35 OECD member states (on 2015 figures), and the twelfth most generous in real terms. This is largely due to the $1 billion cut from the aid budget in 2014-15, and smaller subsequent cuts. The 2016-17 budget allocated $3.8 billion to foreign aid, down $191 million (6 per cent) from the 2015-16 budget.
The aid budget has a bilateral component of direct country funding, along with a figure that represents the individual country’s share of regional cross-cutting development objectives including, empowering women and girls; economic growth and private sector development; promotion of healthy and resilient communities; fisheries assistance; education; and effective regional institutions.
The Indo-Pacific region remains the focus of the Australian aid program. In 2016-17, the Pacific region will receive $910 million, Southeast Asia $657 million, South and West Asia $217 million, and Africa $52 million. Aid funding to Papua New Guinea is around half of all aid to the Pacific region, while aid figures for other PICs are unchanged from the previous year with the exception of Fiji, which received humanitarian support following cyclone Winston in February 2016. Pacific regional programs will receive $149.8 million.
|Countries||Bilateral funding (AUD $mn)||Total country funding (AUD $mn)|
|PAPUA NEW GUINEA||477.3||554|
|SOLOMON ISLANDS||92.7||162|
|VANUATU||41.9||62.5|
|FIJI||51||76.9|
|NAURU||21.2||37.8|
|KIRIBATI||20.2||28.7|
|TONGA||17.6||29.6|
|TUVALU||6.6||9.2|
|COOK ISLANDS||1.9||3.4|
Australia’s national interests in the Pacific are principally geostrategic rather than trade based: maintain stability in the “Arc of Responsibility”; minimise Chinese influence through strategic denial; and keep offshore detention centres open. Australia remains the principal aid donor to the Pacific, well ahead of both the United States and China. Between 2006 and 2013, Australia provided around $6.8 billion to PICs, the US $1.7 billion, and China around $1.5 billion.
Since the $5.7 billion Australian aid budget of 2012-13, the largest cuts have been to Southeast Asia, down 51.9 per cent, while cuts to the Pacific have been more modest, down around 25 per cent. While the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI) will be concluding in 2017, the Australian Federal Police is likely to continue providing policing support although in a bilateral mission.
Aid for trade
Australian aid policy has adopted neoliberal economic principles of market-led development. As part of the efficiency push in the aid sector in the 1980s, budgetary aid (block grants) gave way to tied aid, while the 1990s saw the contracting out of aid service delivery to the private sector and NGOs. By the early 2000s, Australian companies received between 80-90 per cent of the aid budget, a phenomenon known in the Pacific as “boomerang aid”. By the late 2000s, Australian aid was linked to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which enabled tighter control of bilateral aid spending as tranche payments were released only on the achievement of key performance indicators.
Under the Aid for Trade agenda initiated by the World Trade Organization in 2005, aid recipient states are encouraged to balance their budgets, reduce public sector spending, and exploit their comparative advantage in the global marketplace to seize export opportunities. Australia has embraced Aid for Trade and Minister for Foreign Affairs Julie Bishop has stated that by 2020 one-fifth of Australia’s aid budget will be “aid for trade investments to support developing countries to improve their regulatory environments, enhance their economic infrastructure and build their private sector capacity.” Australia aspires to global leadership in promoting and supporting aid for trade investments.
The private sector is regarded as integral to fostering growth and development in PICs, so regional free trade agreements such as the Pacific Agreement on Close Economic Relations (PACER)—negotiations for which commenced in 2009 and are known as PACER Plus—are viewed as a key mechanism to enable economic growth. The role of aid donors is to facilitate private investment by promoting public sector accountability and good governance in PICs, as well as providing key infrastructure projects such as wharves, jetties, roads and market houses to eliminate bottlenecks in production. Funding for regional and cross-cutting programs promotes the involvement of the women in the market, upskilling in financial literacy and technological transfer from the private sector to PICs.
Serving whose national interests?
Cuts to the aid budget raise the issue of how a decline in Australian aid spending will achieve the objectives of increasing economic growth and reducing poverty in the region. While this may appear counter-intuitive, current policy aligns with the UN Sustainable Development Goals, particularly goal 17, which sees development partnerships, not traditional donor aid, as the mechanism to achieve economic growth and raise people from poverty. Government, business and civil society will together “drive sustainable growth and reduce poverty in our region”. PICs also want development, but questions remain as to whose national interests are best served by the Aid for Trade approach.
Dr Nichole Georgeou is a senior lecturer in Humanitarian and Development Studies at the Western Sydney University. Dr Charles Hawksley is senior lecturer in Politics and discipline leader, Politics and International Studies at the University of Wollongong, New South Wales. This article is published under a Creative Commons Licence and may be republished with attribution. | https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/australian-aid-in-the-pacific-islands/ |
Senators Cardin, Flake, Coons and Isakson Introduce Legislation to Increase the Reach and Impact of the Millennium Challenge Corporation
WASHINGTON – U.S. Senator Ben Cardin (D-MD), Ranking Member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, U.S. Senator Jeff Flake (R-AZ), Chairman of the Subcommittee on Africa and Global Health Policy, Senate Foreign Relations Committee members U.S. Senator Chris Coons (D-Del.) and U.S. Senator Johnny Isakson (R-GA) have introduced the Millennium Compacts for Regional Economic Integration Act (The M-CORE Act), legislation that enables the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) to address regional development challenges and enhance trans-border economic growth opportunities in the developing world.
The bill, S.1605, allows for the establishment of concurrent compacts in eligible developing countries, providing MCC with the flexibility it needs to promote economic growth and cross-border engagement between and among nations.
“Never before has United States faced such a complex set of global challenges – from global food insecurity and mounting humanitarian crises, pandemics to the rise of extremism, crippling poverty to the consequences of climate change. This legislation will strengthen MCC’s ability to build upon an already impressive track record of cost-effective, long-term economic solutions in developing countries,” Senator Cardin said. “Compacts that span borders, expand markets, and strengthen regional growth demand U.S. support and this bill best positions MCC to achieve this necessary goal while also promoting efficient and effective development assistance.”
“We should be doing everything we can do to help facilitate cross-border trade among the countries of sub-Saharan Africa," said Senator Flake.
“Granting this authority to the Millennium Challenge Corporation will kick start economic growth in Africa, Asia, and Latin America,” said Senator Coons. “In this interconnected world, economies are no longer isolated, and regional integration can overcome binding constraints to growth. This bill recognizes that addressing trans-border economic issues like infrastructure is fundamental to getting growth right in the developing world. I am excited to co-sponsor this bill, and I look forward to working with my colleagues to pass this into law.”
“The Millennium Challenge Corporation gives the United States the opportunity to make strategic investments in developing countries that are not only focused on growth, but are also focused on critical political and economic reforms,” said Senator Isakson. “Allowing Millennium Challenge to work regionally will strengthen the efforts these countries are making themselves, and will bolster regional growth, reduce threats to our national security and foster economic opportunity.”
"In a global economy, people, goods and services move across borders. MCC’s investments should follow suit. This legislation will allow MCC to help countries collaborate to build and grow regional markets, capture more economies of scale and facilitate increased trade and investment. That's good for the countries we work with and for U.S. companies doing business abroad," MCC CEO Dana J. Hyde said.
Over the last fifty years, economies around the world have experienced significant and sustained growth that has been fueled by support to regional infrastructure and integrated trade agreements. Developing nations, international organizations and regional economic bodies, have increasingly realized that key drivers to economic growth must involve greater cross-border collaboration and regional economic integration. Through greater regional economic collaboration countries can address deficiencies in communications, transport, and energy networks and have a targeted impact on infrastructure deficiencies, unemployment, and poverty reduction.
The Millennium Challenge Corporation is an independent U.S. foreign aid agency leading the fight against global poverty and was established by the U.S. Congress in 2004. MCC forms partnerships with developing countries committed to good governance, economic freedom, and investments in their citizens. | https://www.foreign.senate.gov/press/ranking/release/senators-cardin-flake-coons-and-isakson-introduce-legislation-to-increase-the-reach-and-impact-of-the-millennium-challenge-corporation |
The India-Japan Free Trade Agreement (FTA) is a bilateral trade agreement between two countries aimed at promoting trade and economic cooperation. The agreement was signed in 2011 and has been in place since then, with significant benefits for both countries. The FTA has been successful in increasing her bilateral trade, with Japanese exports to India increasing by nearly 19% in her first year after signing the agreement (Source: Ministry of Commerce and Industry, India government).
One of the major areas of cooperation under the India-Japan FTA is in the area of trade and investment. The level of trade between the two countries has improved significantly in recent years and Japan has emerged as one of India’s major trading partners. According to Ministry of Commerce and Industry data, total bilateral trade between India and Japan reached US$ 20.57 billion in fiscal year 2021-22. In FY2021-22, India’s exports to Japan amounted to USD 6.18 billion and imports to Japan amounted to USD 14.39.
Another area of cooperation under an FTA is that of infrastructure development. Japan is a key partner in India’s infrastructure modernization and expansion efforts, providing financial and technical support for projects such as the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor, Chennai-Bengaluru Industrial Corridor and the Dedicated Freight Corridor.
Big gains for Maharashtra from FTA
The range of Maharashtra industries involved in the India-Japan FTA is significant. Maharashtra is India’s largest state in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), with GDP surpassing her US$400 billion in 2019-20. It is home to several major industries, including manufacturing, automotive, and pharmaceuticals. FTAs provide opportunities for these industries to expand their operations and enter the Japanese market.
The state has seen a significant increase in Japanese investment in recent years, with Japanese companies setting up operations in various sectors such as automotive, engineering, electronics and chemicals. According to Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC) data, Japanese investment in Maharashtra was US$1.25 billion in 2019-20, up 13% year-on-year.
Major Japanese companies that have invested in Maharashtra include automotive giants, engineering firms and electronics companies. These companies have established manufacturing facilities in the state, created job opportunities, and contributed to the growth of the local economy.
Maharashtra’s automotive industry is well positioned to benefit from an India-Japan FTA. Japan is a global leader in automotive technology and his FTA will allow Indian companies to access this technology and improve the quality of their products. In 2019-2020, Maharashtra’s automotive industry contributed more than his $40 billion to the state’s economy. In turn, Japanese companies can take advantage of his FTA to set up operations in Maharashtra and benefit from the state’s strong automotive industry.
Maharashtra’s pharmaceutical industry is also poised to benefit from an India-Japan FTA. Japan is a major player in the global pharmaceutical market and the FTA will provide opportunities for Indian pharmaceutical companies to access the Japanese market and establish partnerships with Japanese companies. In 2019-2020, Maharashtra’s pharmaceutical industry contributed more than his $15 billion to the state’s economy. This will enable Indian companies to expand their operations and become more competitive in the global market.
In addition to the manufacturing and automotive industries, the services sector in Maharashtra can also benefit from an India-Japan FTA. The service sector is a major contributor to Maharashtra’s economy, accounting for over 60% of the state’s GDP in 2019-2020. The FTA will provide an opportunity for Indian companies to enter the Japanese market and provide services to Japanese companies.
When to Start a Business in Maharashtra
Maharashtra start-ups may benefit from an India-Japan FTA by accessing the Japanese market and exporting products and services to Japan. The FTA will also make it easier for Maharashtra start-ups to import goods and services from Japan, helping them grow and expand their business.
Maharashtra start-ups could also benefit from the Japanese Fund of Funds, a government-backed fund that provides funding and support to venture capital firms investing in start-ups. The fund will help Maharashtra start-ups secure the necessary funding for business development and growth.
The India-Japan FTA has also promoted cooperation in other areas such as technology transfer, skills development and environmental protection. For example, the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) provides technical assistance and training to Indian companies in Maharashtra to help improve their technical capabilities and enhance their competitiveness.
Overall, the India-Japan FTA has brought significant benefits to both countries and has helped strengthen economic ties between the two countries. Maharashtra, in particular, is a major beneficiary of this agreement, attracting significant investment from Japanese companies and benefiting from technology transfer and skills development initiatives. It will be interesting to see how Maharashtra industries expand their operations and take advantage of the opportunity to enter the Japanese market.
Disclaimer: The views expressed in the article above are those of the author and do not necessarily represent or reflect the views of this publisher. Unless otherwise noted, the author is writing in his personal capacity. They are not intended and should not be considered to represent the official thoughts, attitudes or policies of any agency or institution. | https://paydayloansallonline.com/maharashtras-emerging-auto-pharma-sector-receives-booster-shots-from-india-japan-fta-anand-mahdia/ |
According to the reports of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Economic Development (OECD), Sub-Saharan African countries top the list of foreign aid recipients. Every year trillions of capital flow to these countries from the developed donor states and international organizations. As surprising as it sounds, this aid often failed to serve its purpose. It did not cause the development that it should have, rather a rise of corruption, debt and downfall has been noticed in most of the Sub-Saharan African states in the receiving ends. This paper discusses the relation of foreign aid with rising corruption in these states and intends to disclose how such large disbursements have kept nearly no contribution to development.
INTRODUCTION
Sub-Saharan Africa contains 49 of Africa’s 54 states, every one of them aside from the five Arab states on the Mediterranean. In 2010 sub-Saharan Africa was home to around 853 million individuals and the populace extended a lot more before the finish of end of the 21st century. In the course of the most recent 50 years, foreign aid moves to governments in Sub-Saharan Africa added up to a surprising $1 trillion.
The point of this aid or donation is roused by altruistic motives, colonialism, and personal responsibility to construct political and financial partnerships, improve life and lift individuals out of poor living conditions in Africa.
Foreign aid corresponding to administration has for quite a while been at the focal point of poverty debates concerning Sub-Saharan Africa. States which have indicated better administration have throughout the long term get more foreign aid than the ones who have failed to do as such. Assistance from World Bank has additionally been attached to enhancements and fortifying of institutions of global governance. While the positive effect of aid with respect to poverty decrease needs not to be overemphasized, in many states aid has not been successful to accomplish its planned reason for aiding the least advantaged in reducing poverty and advancing financial development (Geofrey and Kungu, 2019).
What is Foreign Aid?
Foreign aid is the international transfer of economic, military, and humanitarian assistance from the donor to the recipient state. The donor can also be an international organization working to ensure the benefit of the state at the receiving end. Foreign aid is generally given to the developing states by the core states. It is often considered as one of the most important determinants of development outcomes in developing states (Williams, 2020).
Foreign aid can be in form of both loans and grants. The loan given by the donor can again be branched into two sections. They are the hard loan and the soft loan. If the donor state or organization demands the repayment in foreign currency, it is recognized as a hard loan. Again, if the loan is asked to be repaid in the own currency of the receiving state, it is considered a soft loan (Agarwal, 2019).
5 types of Foreign aids exist. They are Bilateral aid, Multilateral aid, Tied aid, Project aid, Military aid, and Voluntary aid. The need of the foreign aid that is to be transferred varies from state to state basing on the requirements and policies.
Official Development Assistance (ODA) is the most common type of foreign aid which is provided to ensure development and eradicate poverty (Williams, 2020). Most of the developing states lack the financial condition to promote development and they are often tangled in the curse of poverty. In such cases, ODA is highly relied on by the receiving states.
The Rationale for Foreign Aid
The altruistic process can be either philanthropic or developmental. The humanitarian intention underlies philanthropic aid under emergency circumstances (for instance, aid related to food in crisis situation). The developmental rationale is driven by worldwide poverty-aversion or respect for supposed “global public goods”, for example, security, reasonable global exchange rules, control of transmittable infections, monetary stability, biodiversity, and climate (Kanbur, Sandler and Morrison, 1999).
It is not wise to say that the rationale behind providing assistance or aid to the receiving states is entirely altruistic. Besides promoting development there remain several rationales behind providing aid. The non-altruistic rationale is mostly related to foreign policy and commercial motives (Gunatilake, Fabella, and Lagman-Martin). Foreign aid had notable influence in building diplomatic relations, economic ties, cultural manipulation, and also intentions that bind all these motives. It is rather hard to identify the sole reason of providing foreign aid.
Read More: Importance of Global Health Diplomacy in COVID-19 Situation
Impacts of Foreign Aid in Sub Saharan Africa
Foreign aid can without a doubt debilitate national organizations and compound the issue of destitution and bad governance. This doesn’t imply that aid has no sure effect on society. Much of the time, the intervention of the donor in social administrations, particularly in the general health sector, has been tremendously helpful to the recipient. Foreign aid that is effectively conveyed can improve a portion of the cruel impacts of poverty. However, through different mechanisms, contributor projects can likewise deliver a negative approach to national institutions (Kalu, 2018).
Aid reinforces corruption in nations where it is already existing to a great extent. Shockingly this is the situation for a significant number of the nations that make up Sub-Saharan Africa. The biggest beneficiaries of foreign aid are in Sub-Saharan Africa, which turns out to be the place where the world’s most minimal positioned nations in numerous regions of governance are, particularly regarding corruption, as indicated by Transparency International. This shows that foreign aid essentially fortifies the measure of assets accessible to the already corrupted elite groups. There is a definite correlation with between the foreign aid and increasing corruption in the Sub-Saharan Africa.
The capital received from the donor countries isn’t disbursed equally among the populace or used to elevate development and to help poor people yet is rather utilized on military equipment, dishonest procurement, white elephant projects and so on. It is additionally utilized by leaders who do not have enough time with policies and need to accomplish them rapidly, for example: expanding the size of the government with government workers (who don’t really contribute much else to the development) to chop down the rate of unemployment.
Another repercussion that is faced by the Sub Saharan African states is aid dependence. These nations have gotten used to accepting such huge amounts of cash that they don’t advance nearby business since they have “free” cash available to them instead. This forestalls any type of progress as far as human turn of events and per capita pay. This aid dependence has made them negligent about own development, rather they are only interested in receiving aid.
Initiatives to be taken for building Prosperity in Sub Saharan Africa
To turn the curse of foreign aid into a blessing, the states in the Sub Saharan Africa can consider taking the following steps:
- Creating Job Opportunities: Africa has over 200 million of young population ageing between 15 to 24. According to the African Development Bank, this number will double within 2045 creating a shortage of 74 million employment that needs to be built within 2020.
Governments need to make arrangements and proper implementation designs that will take into account a more serious private sector that favors business development, work creation, and the incitement of African economies, for example, sound financial and money related strategies; great administration, and stronger legal executive systems; an improved investment atmosphere, and diminished corruption.
The governments should be investing more on these sectors so that they can create employment for the people of their states. This will further decrease their dependency on foreign assistance.
- Regional Integration: The African states should be focusing more on building intra-African trade relations rather than solely depending on the western assistance. This will encourage long- term prosperity in the entire continent.
Africa is an extremely resourceful state but it is an unfortunate event that African governments have failed to make proper utilization of this resource. A regional integration among all the 54 states of Africa will create a mutual relation. Due to regional integration good governance, intra-Africa trade, political stability, poverty reduction, etc good impacts will be noticed.
- Aid Transparency and Access to information: In spite of the fact that aid is the transfer of tax to the disadvantaged from the citizens that are not, data at each stage is restricted to the respective public administration and staffs of the aid agency. In beneficiary states, absence of public data on aid allocations ruins residents from being accomplices in the avoidance and identification of defilement.
The absence of transparency in tasks financed by multilateral and bilateral organizations, has successfully subverted the role of authority in accountability and anti-corruption endeavors. Thus the African states should be more concerned about building aid transparency and hold accountability. This will help the foreign aid from disbursing into the hands of specific opportunist elite group.
CONCLUSION
Sub-Saharan Africa, in spite of getting the most amount of foreign aid, has experienced nearly no economic or financial development. Foreign aid has barely helped the people in need. Rather, the bars of corruption have been raised to a great extent. According to multiple scholars and researches based on the disbursement of capital flowing from the developed states, the Sub-Saharan African states have not seen development. Most of the states are sinking in debts and tied with corrupted governments. These states should be concerned about building sustainable opportunities instead of depending on aid.
WRITER Mubassira Tabassum Hossain Bangladesh University of Professionals
Reference
Williams, V. (2020) “Foreign aid,” Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/topic/foreign-aid (Accessed: December 2, 2020).
Agarwal, P. (2019) Foreign aid, Intelligenteconomist.com. Available at: https://www.intelligenteconomist.com/foreign-aid/ (Accessed: November 19, 2020).
Kanbur, R., Sandler, T. and Morrison, K. (1999) “The Future of Development Assistance: Common Pools and international public goods.” Available at: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:isu:genres:1629 (Accessed: December 3, 2020).
Gunatilake, H., Fabella, R. V. and Lagman-Martin, A. (eds.) (2011) Foreign Aid, Aid Effectiveness and the New Aid Paradigm: A Review. Available at: http://file:///C:/Users/HOSSAI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/Foreign_Aid_Aid_Effectiveness_and_the_New_Aid_Para.pdf (Accessed: December 9, 2020).
Geofrey, T. and Kungu, J. N. (2019) Foreign Aid in Sub-Saharan Africa Countries: Does Foreign Aid Make a Difference in Development?
Kalu, K. (2018) Foreign Aid to Africa: How Far and How Well? | https://internationalaffairsbd.com/foreign-aid-curse-blessing-sub-saharan-africa/ |
Continued support is needed to improve connectivity, lower trading costs and increase women’s participation in trade, particularly in developing and least developed countries (LDCs), speakers at the opening plenary session of the Aid for Trade Global Review 2017 said on 11 June. Providing this support will ensure trade contributes further to alleviating poverty and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the speakers said.
“Many factors inhibit connectivity and inclusiveness – whether it’s poor infrastructure, high trading costs, or gender discrimination. And they all act as major constraints on sustainable development. Work to bring down these barriers can go a long way to connect more people and improve more lives,” WTO Director-General Roberto Azevêdo said at the opening of the three-day event.
The biennial Global Review provides a platform for high-level discussions on the Aid-for-Trade initiative, which aims to build the trading capacity of developing countries and LDCs. This year’s Global Review is dedicated to the theme of “Promoting Trade, Inclusiveness and Connectivity for Sustainable Development”.
According to DG Azevêdo, the right infrastructure must be in place to activate trade’s ability to deliver sustainable development. This includes the physical infrastructure of essential roads and ports, the soft infrastructure of rules, institutions and skills that help players take part in trade, and the digital infrastructure to connect people to the global marketplace at lower costs. The Trade Facilitation Agreement, he added, is also a tool that helps cut trade costs, with developing countries and LDCs to benefit most.
“We need to make a difference in all of these areas – and this is why Aid for Trade is so important,” DG Azevêdo said.
Since the Aid for Trade initiative was launched, almost $300 billion has been disbursed for Aid-for-Trade support in 146 developing countries and LDCs, DG Azevêdo said, pointing to data in the WTO-OECD publication titled “Aid for Trade at a Glance 2017”, which was launched at the opening session. A huge body of research, including some 500 case stories, illustrate further the difference Aid for Trade has made, DG Azevêdo added. More on case studies here.
“We should seek to build on these success stories – and many others like them because, clearly, although we have made good progress up the mountain, we are still a long, long way from the summit,” DG Azevêdo said. Read the full speech here.
Connectivity for developing countries, LDCs and women
Gambia’s Vice President and Minister of Women’s Affairs, Aja Fatoumatta Jallow Tambajang, emphasized the need to do more to take advantage of the benefits of trade.
“We believe in trade as an engine for growth and we would like to ensure that the gains from trade are inclusive,” she said in her keynote speech.
“However, we are yet to fully optimize the huge trade potentials that the system has to offer,” she said. “Connectivity is crucial in helping us realize our objectives.”
This is why, she explained, her government is attaching great importance to promoting connectivity, and enhancing the regulatory climate for information and communication technology infrastructure. The Gambia, she added, is also depositing its instrument of ratification of the Trade Facilitation Agreement.
Mukhisa Kituyi, UN Conference on Trade and Development Secretary-General, similarly highlighted the constraints faced by developing countries and LDCs in participating in trade, particularly online.
“At a time when global commerce is going electronic, if you are not visible, you are not existent. You cannot trade out of poverty if you are not in the trading community,” Mr Kituyi said.
In recognition of the importance of electronic commerce, the trade community, he added, is responsible for coordinating efforts and building competencies in poorer countries.
Aside from digital connectivity, physical connectivity remains an important factor for trade, Angel Gurría, Secretary-General of the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), said.
“Trade facilitation and the offline infrastructure for trade – roads, ports, and bridges – are ever more important in the digital world,” he said.
Trade’s benefits and efforts to enhance connectivity must also reach women, International Trade Centre (ITC) Executive Director Arancha González said.
“Despite the proliferation of mobile phones there are still far too many, especially women, who are unconnected to the information grid,” she said. “ITC’s research for the ‘At a Glance’ publication shows that women-led enterprises are 12% less likely to use email than men-managed firms which is an important proxy for internet usage.”
A trade agenda which explicitly recognizes and acts on women’s economic empowerment can be a strong force for inclusive growth, she said.
Importance of Aid for Trade
Aid for Trade is critical in addressing connectivity concerns, the speakers said.
“Aid for Trade is central in ensuring benefits from cross-border trade reach women, small firms, entrepreneurs, farmers, everyone everywhere,” Anabel Gonzalez, Senior Director of the World Bank Trade and Competitiveness Global Practice, said.
Moreover, Aid-for-Trade initiatives work best when they are done in a coordinated manner in partnership with all stakeholders, she said.
Speakers from financing institutions likewise highlighted the importance of such partnerships. Officials from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, African Development Bank, Asian Development Bank, Inter-American Development Bank, Islamic Development Bank Group, International Finance Corporation, Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development of Germany, and TradeUp Capital Fund spoke of their respective initiatives for connectivity infrastructure and trade capacity building.
“This week is an opportunity to examine precisely where more efforts are needed, and how we can better channel the necessary aid and investment,” DG Azevêdo said.
Download the full text or individual chapters of the Aid for Trade at a Glance 2017 report here. | https://www.tralac.org/news/article/11868-connectivity-and-inclusiveness-highlighted-at-opening-of-aid-for-trade-global-review.html |
Economic relations between nations refer to the economic interactions that occur between them. These interactions can include the exchange of goods and services, the flow of capital and investment, and the sharing of technological knowledge and expertise. Economic relations between nations can provide numerous benefits, such as increased efficiency and productivity, access to a wider range of goods and services, and greater economic stability. Additionally, countries that engage in economic relations with other nations are typically better equipped to withstand economic downturns and other challenges. In contrast, nations that are economically isolated often suffer from stagnation and instability.
Trade
Trade is the flow of goods and services over borders. For example, an American streaming media service that operates in dozens of countries.
Financial Markets
Markets for currencies, securities and other financial instruments that operate over borders. For example, the ability of American investors to buy Canadian stocks and vice versa.
Foreign Direct Investment
Investments by foreign firms in businesses that they control within your borders. For example, a Japanese car manufacturer that builds a factory in Mexico.
Soft Power
Soft power is ability for one nation to influence another without threat of force. For example, a nation that educates the future leaders of many nations in its great universities.
Foreign Aid
Assistance that is provided by one nation to another. This is often done for ethical reasons such as helping to prevent a humanitarian crisis. Foreign aid is often in a nation’s best interests as it may build soft power or help to stabilize a region.
International Institutions
Organizations that are formed by multiple governments to facilitate diplomacy and cooperation in areas such as peace, economic markets, infrastructure, health and security.
Labor Markets
The flow of workers over borders. For example, the competition for talented knowledge workers that exists between developed nations.
Global Economy
Due to trade and markets, the economy of most nations are interlinked to a great extent. This is known as the global economy. For example, an economic crisis in one nation can influence economic growth and stability on a global basis.
Financial System
The institutions that make up the markets and infrastructure of financial exchange such as banks and stock markets. These often operate over borders or have interconnections with a large number of international counterparties.
Monetary Policy
Monetary policy is the control of money and lending by governments. In a global economy, the monetary policy of one nation can influence the economy of all nations. This can result in cooperation, competition and disputes between nations. For example, a competitive devaluation whereby countries compete to make their currencies lower to boost exports.
Economic Cooperation
Institutions and agreements for working together on shared economic goals such as global economic growth and stability. For example, a project to build transportation infrastructure that spans multiple nations.
Economic Bads
Agreements and cooperation between nations to reduce economic bads. For example, two nations that border the same lake that agree to limit dumping of industrial waste into that lake that would greatly harm both sides.
Bilateral Relations
Agreements and cooperation between two nations. For example, two nations that reduce trade barriers to benefit from comparative advantage.
Multilateral Relations
Agreements and cooperation between multiple nations. For example, an entire region that agrees to a ban on child labor with an international agreement.
Globalization
Globalization is a long running process whereby nations are becoming increasing interconnected. This is inherently turbulent and contentious as this can change culture, cause economic disruption and limit the powers of local and national electorates as they become bound by international agreements.
Golden Arches Theory
The Golden Arches Theory is a capitalist peace theory that states “No two countries that both had McDonald’s had fought a war against each other since each got its McDonald’s.” This was put forth, as a humorous analogy, by political commentator and three-time Pulitzer Prize winner Thomas Friedman. Counterexamples for this theory do exist but its underlying idea may be valid — that global economic interconnections give nations incentives to resolve disputes peacefully. | https://www.jonathanpoland.com/economic-relations/ |
Q&A: Chair of Export-Import Bank of China Talks Belt and Road Financing
Editor’s Note:
China has continued to push forward the Belt and Road Initiative, which aims to enhance trade links across Asia and Europe, despite allegations some of its investments have created a “debt trap” situation in some nations. In response to these concerns, the government says it has been reexamining its strategy and paying greater attention to sustainability in its cooperation with other nations. The Export-Import Bank of China is a state-owned policy bank that has played a significant part in the initiative so far. Chairwoman Hu Xiaolian spoke with Caixin recently about the bank’s shifting role and how China’ s financial institutions can work with international commercial banks to improve the financing of the initiative’s projects.
Caixin: The Belt and Road Initiative is supposed to be open and inclusive, not a Chinese solo mission. What measures do you think should be taken to promote openness and inclusiveness?
Hu: President Xi Jinping once brought up the principles of “extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits” in pushing forward the Belt and Road Initiative. The Belt and Road Initiative is a platform for China’s participation in global cooperation aimed at a shared future. So we need to be more open and inclusive. For example, previously, the projects funded by the Export-Import Bank were handled by Chinese enterprises. In the future, we can also consider opening up the projects to international bidders, in order to improve the quality of the projects.
We believe that maturing Chinese enterprises have the ability and strength needed to participate in open competitions to win bids and build high-quality projects. The Pelješac Bridge project in Croatia is a successful example of Chinese enterprises participating in EU-funded projects through fair competition.
China’s Government Work Report this year talked about “expanding third-party market cooperation” in the Belt and Road Initiative. Which aspects do you think China can start with?
Both China’s financial institutions and enterprises should join hands with international partners with corresponding advantages in certain areas. The Export-Import Bank of China actively co-finances with major international financial organizations. For example, we cooperated with Credit Suisse to provide loan support for MTN Nigeria’s telecommunications projects. We cooperated with the Export-Import Bank of Korea, the Italian export credit agency SACE, the French trade insurance firm Coface and other companies to provide syndicated loans for a Mozambique liquid natural gas project. Through this kind of international cooperation, we have not only expanded the supply of funds, but also shared information and experience with international partners, while learning from their advanced management practices.
President Xi Jinping said at the second Belt and Road Forum in April that China needs to help participating countries build affordable, durable and high-quality infrastructure projects to promote greater interconnection. This actually puts higher demands on Chinese companies and financial institutions. How can these goals be achieved?
President Xi once pointed out that the Silk Road must first have a road in order to facilitate the flow of people and goods. Infrastructure interconnection is the basis for BRI cooperation. At present, nearly 50% of the Export-Import Bank’s BRI-related loans go to interconnection projects, mainly in the areas of railway, electric power, and highways.
While Chinese companies are actively joining the initiative to go out, we also need to avoid short-sighted behavior such investing blindly without accurate risk assessment, and competing without following rules.
To avoid such behavior, better plans for projects’ full cycles are needed, making sure projects match the economic realities of those countries. At the project evaluation stage, financial institutions can play a bigger role in independent evaluation in order to realize the commercial sustainability of the projects. At the design and implementation phase, the projects should operate according to high standards. It is also necessary to mobilize the participation of social capital.
We learned that some projects have been completed, but problems followed in operating these projects. How to ensure that these projects are built well, run well, and create sustainable benefits?
I believe that the “investment, construction and operation” integration model is a good solution. In the past, enterprises went out to build projects and then handed them over to local owners to operate and manage. However, if local owners had no experience in project operation, problems may occur.
The Chinese enterprises can participate in a part of the investment, and get involved in the long-term benefits of the project. The Chinese enterprises must not only complete the construction, but also participate in the operation and maintenance of the projects to generate stable cash flow. The new model can not only reduce project owners’ debt pressure, but also bring long-term economic benefits to the construction enterprises, project owners and host countries.
Some foreign media reported that the Belt and Road Initiative has caused “debt traps” for the countries along the trade routes. How do you view this issue?
China and related countries’ joint efforts in Belt and Road projects have been promoting global economic growth and improving people’s livelihood, rather than creating so-called “debt traps.”
Many of the participants in the Belt and Road are developing countries with poor infrastructure and huge funding gaps, which seriously restrict their economic and social development. We actively meet these countries’ needs by investing in infrastructure construction, including electricity, transportation and communications. These investments will break the economic bottlenecks and improve people’s lives in the long term. Local people have been welcoming these investments.
The Grochma Bridge in Cambodia funded by the Export-Import Bank of China, for example, is a dream bridge for locals, despite its length of only 1,131 meters (3,710 feet). For them, the bridge means they can save a ferry fare every time they cross the river. It also means a shorter travel time and higher living standards.
The Sihanoukville Special Economic Zone in Cambodia was once a wasteland with no fresh water, no electricity, no roads and no people. With the support of Chinese banks, the park has been developed, and more than 100 enterprises have come, creating over 20,000 jobs for local people. It has become an industrial park with complete production and living facilities in Cambodia. The industrial development in the park will drive local economic growth and enhance their debt solvency capability.
We believe that sustainable economic development is the fundamental way to ensure debt sustainability. We negotiate with the host countries to jointly select projects with good economic returns and long-term effects on the economic development of that country. Through these projects, we can drive employment, promote exports, increase tax revenues, and achieve economic and debt sustainability.
For general commercial projects, financial institutions should independently evaluate the risks and benefits according to market principles. They should rely mainly on the benefits generated from the project to provide repayment guarantees, and reduce the dependence on official loans and guarantees. | https://www.caixinglobal.com/2019-06-27/qa-chair-of-export-import-bank-of-china-talks-belt-and-road-financing-101438461.html |
Chapter 2 Specific Initiatives of Japan's Development Cooperation
This chapter presents the specific development cooperation measures that Japan is implementing around the world. Here, the term “development cooperation” refers to “international cooperation activities conducted by the government and its affiliated agencies for the main purpose of development in developing regions,” including ODA and other cooperation conducted in collaboration with public-private financing and activities.
Section 1 Measures for Each Priority Issue
This section introduces Japan's recent efforts related to the three priority issues: “1. ‘Quality growth' and poverty eradication through such growth”; “2. Sharing universal values and realizing a peaceful and secure society”; and “3. Building a sustainable and resilient international community through efforts to address global challenges.”
1. “Quality Growth” and Poverty Eradication through Such Growth
Across the world, there is still a large number of people suffering poverty. Eradicating poverty in the world is the most fundamental development challenge. In particular, it is essential to achieve economic growth through self-reliant development of developing countries in order to resolve the poverty issue in a sustainable manner.
Such growth is not simply quantitative economic growth. It must be “quality growth” that is: “inclusive” in that the fruits of growth are shared within society as a whole, leaving no one behind; “sustainable” in that growth can be sustained in harmony with society and the environment; and “resilient” against economic crises, natural disasters and other shocks.
These are some of the challenges Japan tackled in its postwar history. Japan takes advantage of its own experience, expertise and technology as well as lessons learned in order to provide assistance to realize “quality growth” and poverty eradication through such growth.
1-1 Assistance Necessary to Secure the Foundations and the Driving Force for Economic Growth
(1) Development of Industrial Infrastructure and Industries, and Economy Policy
To achieve “quality growth,” it is important to improve the socio-economic infrastructure that serves as the foundation for the development of developing countries. In addition, it is key that the private sector plays a central role. In particular, it is essential to boost private sector activities, such as the development of industries and the expansion of trade and investment.
In developing countries beset by a variety of challenges, it can sometimes be difficult to develop capacities or set in place an environment for promoting trade and attracting private investment. Therefore, support from the international community is required.
•Malawi
The Project for Expansion of the Terminal Building at Kamuzu International Airport
Grant aid (November 2015 - )
In Malawi, a landlocked country in Africa, air transport plays a highly important role in direct trade with foreign countries. Since supporting the construction of Kamuzu International Airport in the capital city of Lilongwe through an ODA loan, etc. in 1983, Japan has been steadily implementing grant aid to update aging facilities and equipment, provide technical cooperation concerning air traffic control (ATC) duties, and establish solar power generation in order to respond to power shortages. In particular, as a result of the grant aid that Japan provided in 2012 for improving ATC equipment such as an instrument landing system, ATC safety improved, enabling aircraft to land and take off at night and in bad weather. This led to a significant expansion in the number of the airport's takeoffs and landings, from approximately 3,700 flights in 2011 to 7,000 in 2012, and in passenger numbers, from approximately 112,000 people to 195,000 in 2012.
However, more than 30 years have passed since the passenger terminal building was constructed. The structure of the building has deteriorated as a result of aging degradation, and the facilities inside the airport are deteriorating as well. The number of travelers using the airport is expected to reach 360,000 in 2025, and the airport needs to be upgraded in order to cope with this growth in user numbers. Furthermore, a new aircraft monitoring system also needs to be introduced to ensure the safety of aircraft operation.
Against this backdrop, Japan decided to provide support for departure and arrival wing expansions at the international passenger terminal at Kamuzu International Airport, as well as for the construction of a new domestic passenger terminal, improvements to the existing passenger terminals and the establishment of an aircraft monitoring system. The construction work began in March 2017 and is scheduled to be completed in 2019. Additionally, by ensuring the safety of aircraft operation, the project will aim to contribute to promoting greater use of the airport by airlines and travelers, thereby encouraging the movement of people across borders. Simultaneously, a technical cooperation project is also being carried out in parallel in order to develop human resources such as air traffic controllers and engineers to oversee the ongoing operation and maintenance of the aircraft monitoring system that will be introduced with this project. This can therefore be described as a highly effective project that combines financial cooperation with technical cooperation.
Kamuzu International Airport is the result of Japan's ongoing and comprehensive cooperation. It is a symbol of the history of cooperation between Japan and Malawi.
<Japan's Efforts>
•Quality Infrastructure
Japan develops quality infrastructure that leads to quality growth in developing countries and regions, in line with their economic and development strategies, and trains human resources to manage and operate this infrastructure. Japan's strength lies in developing infrastructure that is truly contributory to “quality growth” in developing countries, which includes technology transfer and job creation in partner countries.
The “G7 Ise-Shima Principles for Promoting Quality Infrastructure Investment,” which was agreed at the G7 Ise-Shima Summit in 2016, is positioned as the first step towards sharing the recognition on the basic elements of “quality infrastructure investment,” or investment on the development of infrastructure that contributes to “quality growth.” The concrete elements set forth in the Principles - namely: (i) economic efficiency in view of life-cycle cost, safety and resilience against natural disaster; (ii) job creation, capacity building, and transfer of expertise and know-how; (iii) addressing social and environmental impacts; (iv) ensuring alignment with economic and development strategies; and (v) enhancing effective resource mobilization - were shared at subsequent meetings such as the G20 Hangzhou Summit, the TICAD VI, the East Asia Summit, and the APEC Leaders' Meeting.
Furthermore, as Japan's contribution to infrastructure investment in line with the G7 Ise-Shima Principles for Promoting Quality Infrastructure Investment, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe explained to the G7 leaders the Expanded Partnership for Quality Infrastructure, under which Japan would provide financing of approximately $200 billion as the target for the next five years to infrastructure projects across the world. Moreover, at TICAD VI held in Kenya in August 2016, Prime Minister Abe announced that Japan would provide approximately $10 billion of quality infrastructure investment in Africa for the three years from 2016 to 2018.
In addition, Japan is also working with organizations such as the OECD and EU in order to promote the international standardization of quality infrastructure. In April 2017, Japan co-hosted the First International Economic Forum on Asia in Tokyo together with the OECD Development Centre and Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA), during which participants engaged in lively discussions about quality infrastructure. During the high-level week of the UN General Assembly in September, Japan co-hosted a side event on the promotion of quality infrastructure with the EU and the UN with the attendance of Foreign Minister Kono, leading international discussions on quality infrastructure. Moving forward, Japan aims to continue promoting initiatives towards the international standardization of quality infrastructure.
•Improving the Trade and Investment Climate
Japan utilizes ODA and Other Official Flows (OOF)* to support development of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), transfer of Japan's industrial technology, and formulation of economic policies in developing countries. In addition, Japan supports the development of the trade and investment climate and economic infrastructures in order to enhance the export capabilities and competitiveness of developing countries.
More than two-thirds of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Members are developing countries and the WTO emphasizes the significance of promoting their development through participation in the multilateral free trading system. Japan has contributed to the trust fund set up within the WTO with an aim to improve the capacity of developing countries to engage in trade negotiations and participate in the global market, thereby gaining the ability to implement the WTO agreements.
Regarding access to the Japanese market, Japan has implemented the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) for developing countries, which applies lower tariff rates to products from developing countries, and duty-free quota-free access* for the Least Developed Countries (LDCs)*. These schemes are intended to encourage Japan's import of products from developing countries including the LDCs. In addition, Japan also actively promotes Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs)* and tries to create an environment for economic growth in developing countries through liberalization of trade and investment.
In recent years, active discussions regarding Aid for Trade (AfT)* have taken place at various international organizations, including the WTO and the OECD, as a means of further promoting support by developed countries, including Japan. Japan provides assistance for the development of transportation networks vital to trade, including ports, roads, and bridges, as well as for projects to construct facilities such as power plants and power grids. Japan has also provided technical cooperation in trade-related areas, including training of customs' officials and intellectual property rights experts.
Furthermore, Japan provides assistance to small-scale production groups and small companies in developing countries for the One Village, One Product Campaign.* In addition, Japan supports developing countries in attracting private sector investment by identifying issues unique to those countries and recommending measures to promote private investment.
The Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA)* entered into force in February 2017. The implementation of the TFA is expected to improve challenging situations Japanese companies frequently face at export destinations, such as lack of transparency in trade procedures and arbitrary operations, and to support trade and other economic activities by Japanese companies, which not only export finished goods, but also develop supply chains on a global scale. In addition, its implementation is expected to help developing countries to promote trade and investment by reducing the trade transaction costs, to prevent illegal imports and to improve the collection of customs duties.
The theme of the Sixth “Aid for Trade” Global Review, co-organized by the WTO and the OECD and held in July 2017, was based on the theme of “Promoting Trade, Inclusiveness and Connectivity for Sustainable Development.” As a major donor country of Aid for Trade, Japan gave a presentation introducing the TICAD process and the assistance that it provides to Africa as well as initiatives such as the “Partnership for Quality Infrastructure.” It also explained that Aid for Trade is a necessary resource for the achievement of all targets set out under the SDGs, and Japan emphasized the importance of providing development support with a focus on the ownership of recipient countries.
•Assistance for Domestic Resource Mobilization
For developing countries to take ownership of their quality growth by resolving various development issues, it is critical that developing countries ensure the necessary development funds in the form of tax revenue collection or others through their own efforts. This is known as “domestic resource mobilization.” Its importance has been noted at the discussion fora of the UN, OECD, G7, G20, International Monetary Fund (IMF), and Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs). This issue was also taken up in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2030 Agenda), which was adopted at the UN Sustainable Development Summit in September 2015 and represents the new international development goals from 2016 through 2030.
Japan, together with the international organizations and other entities concerned, contributes to discussions regarding domestic resource mobilization and provides relevant support to developing countries. For example, Japan proactively provides technical cooperation to developing countries for improving their tax administration. In 2017, Japan dispatched National Tax Agency personnel as trainers on topics including international taxation, tax collection, and taxpayer services, to Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Viet Nam.
As regards programs implemented with international organizations, Japan, for example, has provided assistance to the OECD Global Relations Programme for more than 20 years. This programme dispatches OECD experts in the relevant fields to developing countries to conduct seminars and lectures to deepen the countries' understanding of taxation systems and tax enforcement, including tax treaties(Note 1) and investigation of the taxes of multinational enterprises. In addition, Japan provides cooperation on the human resources, expertise, and financing fronts for IMF's an environment in which developing countries in Asia can strengthen their capacities in the tax field more effectively. In addition, Japan provides cooperation on the human resources, expertise, and financing fronts for technical assistance provided by the IMF and Asian Development Bank (ADB) in the field of taxation, including domestic resource mobilization, thereby contributing to strengthening capabilities in the field of taxation in developing countries including Asia.
In recent years, public opinion in the international society has taken an increasingly critical view towards the involvement of the wealthy class and multinational enterprises in tax avoidance. Regarding this point, the World Bank and ADB, for example, have introduced systems for examining projects that use regions recognized as lacking in tax transparency (lacking effective tax information exchanges, etc.) as intermediate investment regions when formulating private sector investment projects, including stopping the formation of such projects. Investment through MDBs is one of the important tools for the growth of developing countries, and the importance of support to improve the transparency of taxes in developing countries is increasing from the perspective of the provision of development funds as well.
Finally, it should be pointed out that the outcomes of the OECD/G20 BEPS project* are also important for the sustained development of developing countries. Cooperation among countries to implement the outcomes of this project will improve the transparency of companies and appropriate taxation in places where economic activities actually take place. Developing countries will be able to respond to the tax avoidance of multinational enterprises appropriately and impose and collect tax properly in their own countries; their tax systems and tax administration will be in line with international standards, and a stable, highly predictable, and attractive investment environment will be created for companies and investors.
•Finance
A sound and stable financial system, coupled with smooth financial and capital markets, forms an essential foundation for the sustained economic development of developing countries. As financial globalization advances, it is pivotal that financial systems in emerging countries are properly established and that assistance is provided for the development of sound financial markets.
In March, August and October 2017, the Financial Services Agency (FSA) invited officials in banking, securities, and insurance regulatory authorities from developing countries in Asia to attend a training program conducted by FSA officials and others. The training program covered areas such as the initiatives as well as regulatory and supervision systems in Japan's banking, securities, and insurance sectors respectively.
- *Other Official Flows (OOF)
- OOF refers to flows of funds to developing countries from governments which are not considered to be ODA because the main purpose is not development. Examples include export credit, direct investment by governmental financial institutions, and financing to international organizations.
- *Duty-free quota-free access
- Duty-free quota-free access generally means measures implemented to make products imported from LDCs tariff free and without any import quotas. Japan has expanded the number of applicable products under these measures, and approximately 98% of products exported from LDCs to Japan can be imported under such conditions.
- *Least Developed Countries (LDCs)
- LDCs are countries classified by the United Nations to be particularly lagging in development even when compared to other developing countries, based on their income levels. LDCs meet certain criteria, including per capita gross national income (GNI) of $1,035 or less between 2011 and 2013. As of November 2017, there are 48 countries that have been so designated: 7 in Asia; 2 in the Middle East and North Africa; 34 in Sub-Saharan Africa; 1 in Latin America; and 4 in Oceania (see Chart IV-37).
- *Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA)
- EPAs are comprehensive economic agreements with specific countries (or regions) that include such areas as movement of people, investment, government procurement, and bilateral cooperation intended to enhance broad economic ties in addition to free trade agreements (FTAs) that stipulate the liberalization of trade in goods and services such as the reduction/elimination of tariffs. These agreements are expected to further vitalize trade and investment between countries and contribute to economic growth.
- *Aid for Trade (AfT)
- AfT is assistance provided to developing countries to improve trade-related capabilities and to develop infrastructure for the purpose of assisting them in achieving economic growth through trade in the multilateral trading system under the WTO.
- *One Village, One Product Campaign
-
- The One Village, One Product Campaign is an initiative launched in Oita Prefecture, Japan, in 1979 and is also utilized abroad. The aim is to create jobs and revitalize the local community by developing unique local products through the utilization of local resources and traditional techniques. Efforts are made to focus on handicrafts, textiles, toys, and other attractive products that display the unique ethnic characteristics of developing countries in regions such as Asia and Africa, and reach out to a wider range of people, thereby aiding in the expansion of exports of products from developing countries.
- *Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA)
- The Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) provides for the simplification and enhanced transparency of customs procedures aimed at trade promotion. The Protocol to make the TFA a part of the WTO Agreement in February 2017 was adopted at a special meeting of the WTO General Council in November 2014. It entered into force upon its acceptance by 110 WTO Members, which corresponds to two-thirds of the WTO members. Japan accepted the Protocol in 2016. The TFA is the first newly-created multilateral agreement that has gained the participation of all WTO Members since its founding in 1995. According to the WTO, full implementation of the TFA could reduce the trade costs of members by an average of 14.3%, and increase global export of goods by over $1 trillion annually.
- *OECD/G20 BEPS Project
- Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) refers to the issue of multinational enterprises' aggressive tax planning measures that exploit gaps and loopholes in international tax systems, including tax treaties, in order to intentionally reduce the tax burden for economic activities that should have been taxed. To address this issue, the OECD's Committee on Fiscal Affairs, led by a Japanese Chair until the end of 2016, launched the BEPS Project in 2012. The BEPS Action Plan was presented in 2013, and the BEPS Final Reports were released in 2015. In 2016 the “First Meeting of the Inclusive Framework on BEPS” was held in Kyoto to kick-off the BEPS implementation phase (“post-BEPS”), and Japan led the discussions in cooperation with the OECD, developing countries, and relevant international organizations to ensure that the outcomes of the BEPS Project are shared widely in the international community. More than 110 countries and regions now participate in the Inclusive Framework on BEPS. Japan has also actively participated in negotiations for a Multilateral Convention to efficiently realize measures to tackle BEPS, and the Convention was opened for signatures at the end of 2016. A signing ceremony for the Convention was held in June 2017, which was signed by Japan as well. As of October 2017, 70 countries and regions have signed the Convention. | https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/white/2017/html/honbun/b3/s2_1_1_1-1_01.html |
Because the area of home ownership is so central to the wealth accumulation process, the most current data will be analyzed in a later section of this paper. Pildes and Karlan agree on a lot of particular reforms, and share an underlying commitment to equality of individual suffrage rights and equity among group rights. Marx also described two other classes, the petite and the. Actual receipt of inheritances is an interesting complement to these beliefs and expectations. Examples of American racial stratification: Wage, health and violence differentials examined Abstract This study of race stratification was undertaken in three articles concerning three distinct outcomes: wage differentials, area- and population-specific homicide rate differentials, and physiological distress and cardiovascular disease.
Racial stratification has become institutionalized in law, criminal justice, education, the economy, healthcare, politics, and even where we may choose to live. Morgan spoke of a situation in which people living in the same community pooled their efforts and shared the rewards of those efforts fairly equally. They include jobs, decent schooling, health care, decent housing, physical safety. The key components of such systems are: a processes that define certain types of goods as valuable and desirable, b the of allocation that distribute goods and resources across various positions in the e. Yet, neighborhood associations, restrictive covenants, racial zoning and urban planning, and municipal ordinances examples of de jure discrimination all played a role in the early 1900s of establishing the segregation that we see today.
Physical Health Institutional discrimination creates barriers to health care access. Models and the black experience : The origin of slavery: Models of racial stratification ; The development of chattel slavery ; Slavery : The choice to maximize profits -- 7. As more data are collected and examined by researchers and policy makers, the information and knowledge base improves, thus measures and methodologies for change can also improve. In societies, such rights and privileges are granted to men over women; in societies, the opposite holds true. Both overt and covert racism can take the form of in a society in which. The categorization of people by social strata occurs in all societies, ranging from the complex, or societies to and societies, which are based upon socio-economic relations among classes of and classes of.
Society benefits from an increased focus on the foundations of socioeconomic inequities and efforts to reduce the deep gaps in socioeconomic status in the United States and abroad. Young black adults were more likely than older ones to agree Pew Research Center for the People and the Press 2007. Many societies and countries have been based on slavery. Or one could interpret these new items to mean that the sense of racial solidarity so essential to protect against persistent racism Shelby 2005 is being lost in the vain pursuit of acceptance by Wall Street brokerages or elite country clubs. Challenging the Social Construct Immigration and the diversification of the U. Nine states, including three from the old Confederate south, switched from Republican in 2004 to Democratic in 2008, due to a combination of some white support, very strong black and Hispanic support, and changing proportions in the voting public. Such classifications are often intentionally exclusive or limiting in nature and lead to imbalances in opportunity and advantages.
Caste discrimination affects an estimated 260 million people worldwide, the vast majority living in. In American society, there is a belief that class differences do not matter and that social mobility is such that the sort of social stratification that was and is prevalent in Europe has been eliminated in the egalitarian United States. Racial stratification : The assimilation model: Oscar Handlin ; Nathan Glazer and Daniel P. It is noted that segregation levels were lower in 1900 then than they are now. More , such as that which many scholars posit is practiced in more contemporary societies, is socially hidden and less easily detectable. Third, American Indians pose a different set of challenges for understanding wealth accumulation because the Indian community has significant wealth in terms of land and assets, but those assets are under federal government control. A summary that captures some major data points should guide any interpretation.
Today we have the means to gather and analyze data from economies across the globe. The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology. The issue is no longer how to think about closing the gap from 0. As shown in , the Black-White income gap increases for the two younger age cohorts and decreases for the two older ones. Several faculty conduct research on race and ethnicity, including research on religion African-American religious institutions and practice , marriage patterns trends in inter-ethnic and inter-racial marriage , racial disparities in crime and violence, and the historic subordination of Native Americans. Only about 25 percent of the difference in net financial assets is explained.
Black Americans and the nation-class. Several Federal Reserve Board studies, based on the outcome of all loan applications the release of which is mandated by federal legislation , show that even when applicants are equally qualified—i. These health disparities reflect the inequalities that exist in our society. Semiperipheral nations are midway between the core and periphery. At stake here is a test of two contending claims— 1 wealth inequality fundamentally derives from income inequality versus 2 wealth inequality derives from accumulations within historically and racially structured contexts. Drawing attention first to income comparisons, the household income ratio of Blacks, compared to Whites, is 0.
Fourth, social stratification involves not just quantitative but qualitative beliefs and attitudes about social status. James ; The reserve army or subproletariat concept ; William K. American Journal of Public Health, 100 S1 , S186-S196. Minority members in such a society are often subjected to discriminatory actions resulting from majority policies, including , , , , and. . African-American men working full-time earn only 72 percent of the average earnings of comparable Caucasian men and 85 percent of the earnings of Caucasian women Rodgers, 2008.
Note that the amount is larger than the median net financial assets of American families see. The ending of the international slave trade ; Slavery without the slave trade ; Class composition in the South ; Free blacks during slavery ; Control and resistance -- 8. All of that almost certainly requires governmental intervention in the society and economy. So-called , such as , point to the inaccessibility of resources and lack of found in stratified societies. In my view they are, and I would urge survey researchers to develop new forms of evidence to test that claim. Racial stratification and social stratification -- 2. In Post-Keynesian Economics , K. | http://www.biactivpharma.com/racial-stratification-in-america.html |
Existing research has shown that inequalities of health and well-being have deep roots in social stratification structures, and a large body of literature has shown that an individual's social class position has a positive association with their health status and level of well-being. However, most previous studies have adopted a static perspective, focusing mainly on the impact of an individual's current social class position in the current social context. Yet very little is known about whether individual-level changes in social class position and societal-level changes in resource disparities between different social classes may affect people's health and well-being. This research has comprehensively examined how changes in social class position, i.e. social mobility, may affect people's health and well-being in inter- and intra-generational mobility trajectories, how the impact may differ across institutional sectors, and how the individual-level findings may vary in a changing social context, especially in a dynamic social stratification structure. The empirical analysis is based on contemporary China, which has experienced rapid social changes on a monumental scale in the past few decades, and has witnessed a high social mobility rate at the individual level along with observable changes in the social stratification structure. By using data from both cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys in China, and by employing various statistical models in empirical analysis, the research shows that the impact of social position and mobility depends on at least three factors. First, it depends on mobility trajectories -- while upward social mobility is beneficial in general, the influence of downward mobility is rather different in inter- and intra-generational mobility contexts; second, it depends on institutional sectors -- even upward mobility does not bring much benefit to people without local citizenship; third, it depends on resource disparities in the social stratification structure -- the individual-level association needs to be embedded within a dynamic social context, as the relationship between social positions per se may also change over time. Theoretically, this thesis contributes to the existing literature by employing a dynamic perspective on both the individual level and the societal level in examining how an individual's social position may affect their health and well-being. Methodologically, this study employs diagonal reference models to meet the challenge of the multicollinearity problem of position effect and mobility effect, uses propensity score matching to reduce potential bias in group comparisons, and uses a repeated longitudinal design to deal with the age, period, and cohort conundrum. Empirically, this research focuses on the case of China, a society that has been experiencing decades of rapid social change, which sheds light on both academic research in the field and on future public policy in China. | https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/social-stratification-of-health-and-wellbeing-in-a-transitional-society--evidence-from-contemporary-china(7822e55f-4dc7-4446-b358-cedb75aca7e8).html |
I think that social stratification is a natural consequence of civilization. Even before agriculture came about, monuments show that there was social and political order. For example, those that built Gobekli Tepe relied on food that was hunted and gathered to have the strength to build the large monuments. The sizeable labor force needed to produce the large stones and the detail necessary to complete the task shows the social and political complexity during that time. With the rise of agriculture, as the population increased, came the modification of a social and political structure established in the home, among family, to a more complex arrangement.
As population increases, there becomes issues of food supply, disagreements among the people, and overall chaos in the civilizations. A social and political structure had to be created to control these and other issues that came about. For a civilization to be efficient and have order, social stratification was put into place. Social stratification put people in a civilization into social levels. This caused a social order that defined one’s status in life in which there were now rich and poor. With this shift came a government, that implemented the social classes, in which the kings and pharaohs had power over those below them and could enforce laws in their favor. Also, with this complexity came craftsmen that worked for the upper class, a system of records to monitor the food supply and labor, and more monuments were created.
For any civilization to thrive, there must be social and political organization. Social stratification naturally came about, both before and after the development of agriculture, because there was a need in the civilizations for order. It would not be possible to have a civilization without stratification if they want to prosper.
Is social stratification a natural consequence of civilization, or would it be possible to have a civilization without stratification? Explain.
Social stratification is a natural consequence of civilization in which exists in todays world. Social stratification was not a natural consequence of civilization though when it came to the start of humanity as we know it. Social stratification is defined as “in a complex civilization is a division of society into levels, or strata, that one does not achieve but into which one is born” (Feder 2013). With evolution creating homo sapiens, over a period of time people of power began to come into play. All people I believe were considered equal until it came to the agriculture period where some sort of wealth was beginning to come into play when it came to having power. Once that power is received, that power will most of the time always be in that family for a greater period of time after them. A natural consequence led to those people having this power, the first to have this power though weren’t just given this power. In order to become Pharaohs, emperors, and kings these persons had to been created by a group of people who looked up to these powerful people in order for them to create that title. There is no telling if a civilization would be possible without social stratification because we have not lived in a time where this did not exist. It possibly could have existed before wealth was a factor and working to survive was just a way of life.
What can we learn about social stratification from the past that can shed light on the problems of the present?
We can learn a few things about social stratification from the past that can shed light on the problems that exist today. Understanding that it is harder for a normal person that isn’t born into royalty or wealth to get to that point is a perfect understanding of how social stratification works. There are different societies in today’s world that is achieved mostly through social stratification. Although it may not apply to everybody, but most of the people who are born into a rich family are most likely to become rich as well. Like I said this does not apply to everybody because there are families always turning the ways of what we can call poverty into riches. We can learn that during the past that those who had more power were able to be in a higher society which can be related to how todays society also lives. | https://essaywriters4life.com/civilization-and-rising-inequality-follow-the-guided-below/ |
This is not as unusual as it may seem at first glance for over time there is a great deal of continuity in the social, economic, and political structures of developing nations. The primary mechanism of this continuity is the desire of those more fortunate segments of society to insure that their offspring also enjoy privileged positions. Given this phenomenon, it is not surprising to find that today's present political systems have their roots in feudalism. It is the purpose of this chapter to describe the ecological and other factors accounting for the differences in feudal systems.
The king had total control over all the assets and he used to decide as how much quantity of land to provide on lease to the barons. The barons had to swear an oath before taking up the granted land on lease, so as to remain faithful to the king at all the times.
In case any of the barons exhibited poor performance, the king had the power to withdraw the granted land and give it on lease to any other person belonging to the baron class.
All the judicial power was in the hands of the king. They were called as the Lord of the Manor. They established their own legal systems, designed their own currency and set their own tax regulation schemes.
In return of the land that they have taken on lease from the King, the Barons had to perform the following functions for them: They had to serve the royal council. They had to provide the King with Knights to tackle with any form of war. They had to provide food and lodging facilities to the king, when they traveled to different locations.
They had to pay the applicable rents and taxes. They also had to protect the Baron and his family. They used to keep a part of the land provided to them by the Barons and distribute the rest of the lands to the Villeins.
They also used to set their own taxation and rent guidelines for the Villeins.
Their main job role was to give protection to the king and therefore they were paid quite well. They had to provide food and service to their superior classes on demand. They were not allowed to leave the Manor without prior permission. They had no rights and they were also not allowed to marry without the permission of their Lords.
They used to be the poorest class in the feudal system social hierarchy.Feudal System The Feudal System was sustained by the rights and privileges given to the Upper Classes and in most cases enacted by laws.
Everything was a source of privilege for the nobles. Caste is another prominent example, in which ta religious framework is used to metaphysically posit a hierarchy of occupations, conflating into a whole system governed by the principle of purity.
Gender is also seen, by a large academic population, as a stratification that entails dangerous power-relations.
A caste system is a social system based on ascribed statuses, which are traits or characteristics that people possess as a result of their birth. Ascribed statuses can . Feudalism is also responsible for the creation of a strict caste system.
In particular the Tokugawa rule promoted “the strict separation of classes, or rather the freezing of classes; the binding of peasants to the soil through the prohibition of the right of free movement” (Norman 57).
If we wish to compare the Catholic Church hierarchy to thehierarchy of the secular feudal system, then the bishops and abbotscertainly fitted in as the equivalent of the feudal lords.
The Caste system was based on the religion of Hinduism, whilst in the Feudal system the Roman Catholic Church and in it's beliefs were followed.
The highest class for the Feudal system was the King; but in the Caste system it was the Brahmins (Priests), although the . | https://bebesesahequged.leslutinsduphoenix.com/comparing-feudal-system-caste-system-46687aj.html |
Social stratification is a sociological phenomenon in which people in the society are placed in different ranks with reference to same economic conditions. Normally, there are those of a high standard and others of a low standard. Social stratification borrows classification from earth sciences and thus it refers to its classes as strata.
Social stratification lies at the core of society and of the discipline of sociology. Social inequality is a fundamental aspect of virtually all social processes, and a person's position in the stratification system is the most consistent predictor of his or her behavior, attitudes, and life chances.
Introduction A social stratification is a system that a society uses to categorize several aspects of social issues that concern the community’s needs and activities. Stratifying concepts and activities that represent individuals, groups, or organization is important for the society. The reason behind is to create a systematic way of creating an identity that creates a symbol for a certain.
Social class is historically the newest form of stratification, one essentially derived from capitalist industrialization. Under a class system, ascribed status is still a major determinant of one’s social position, but it is possible to experience social mobility and change position based on merit and effort.
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Stimulating sociology essay topics. In case you are in need of a splendid subject for your sociology essay, all you need to do is state your opinion regarding any of the citations listed below. “Americans may have no identity, but they do have wonderful teeth.” -Jean Baudrillard.
In sociology, social stratification is the hierarchical arrangement of social classes, castes and strata within a society. Anthony Giddens has defined social stratification as “the existence of structured inequalities between groups in society, in terms of their access to material or symbolic rewards”.
Social stratification is still very much present in today’s society. Research proves that social inequalities can cause problems in society which include increases in: homicide, infant death, obesity, teenage pregnancies, depression, anxiety, teen suicide, and an increase in incarceration rates (Clark, 2009). With this being said, I will discuss three areas that have been plaguing the United.
Social Stratification is the method by which various groups of people in the society are placed. People are often grouped according to status, wealth and income, social class, ethnicity, gender, political status and even religion.Social Stratification can be linked with Karl Marx, Marxism theory which deals with the human society and its superstructure which describes a structure by which.
Social Stratification Research Papers Social Stratification research papers are custom written on sociology topics such as race, class and ethnicity. Social stratification research papers are written for sociology courses and discuss the concept thoroughly. Have the writers custom write your project today.
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Sociology - Sociology - Social stratification: Since social stratification is the most binding and central concern of sociology, changes in the study of social stratification reflect trends in the entire discipline. The founders of sociology—including Weber—thought that the United States, unlike Europe, was a classless society with a high degree of upward mobility.
Sociology is the study of human social behaviour and its origin, organisations, developments and institutions. The subject matter on sociology can vary from family to the state, crime to religion, shared beliefs to common culture, division of race and social class or even stability to radical changes in the society and much more.
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Deviance and Social stratification Insert Insert The weaknesses are similar to the strengths. Based on the law enforcement psych versus Joe public, this implies that Joe public’s behavior is the same as Joe criminal: In that case, all the participants are subjects to punishment.Read Example Of Social Stratification Essays and other exceptional papers on every subject and topic college can throw at you. We can custom-write anything as well!Stratification is a factor that reaches around the world. Social stratification exists in America because the wealth and power belongs to a small portion of the population (McGrath, 2009). Social stratification involves not only socio-economic inequality, but the belief system held by people in America. | http://baraka.changeip.us/rouse/Social-Stratification-Sociology-Essays-Topics.html |
Abstract Religion can be perceived as a system of beliefs that adds meaning to our existence. In simpler terms, religion is a cultural system consisting of moral beliefs, values, myths, and rituals that are present in every society in one form or another. Understanding religion is quite challenging in contemporary times due to its diverse nature and significance in different communities. Nevertheless, it is crucial to study religion and its multi-dimensional character since it continues to play a pivotal role in almost every aspect of society. This article foregrounds the sociological understanding of religion and underlines the contribution of classical sociological theorists in intensifying the study of religion.
Consensus Understanding of Religion
Religion can be defined in many ways varying from person to person. For some, it is something personal since it is deeply rooted in an individual’s conscience. Whereas for others, it can be an instrument of governing an individual’s actions. In simpler terms, religion is something that is practiced in the form of festivals, rituals, art, music, or any other cultural aspect.
Interestingly, religion is influenced by culture and location, thus it holds different interpretations. However, religion is a universal network present in every society with a prominent role of acting as a mechanism of social control and order.
Sociological Understanding of Religion
In the discipline of sociology, religion can be comprehended as something that is superficial or powerful beyond human explanation. The primary concern of social scientists has been to examine the interconnection between religion and society. Evidently, religion has a multitude of implications on every other institution of society whether it is kinship, marriage, or education. From a sociological perspective, it is essential to trace the origin of religion in primitive societies in order to draw a comparative analysis.
Plenty of theories and arguments have been established on religion, however, the sociological approach to religion is strongly influenced by the ideas of three classical theorists of sociology – Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, and Karl Marx.
Durkheim and religion:
Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) was a French sociologist who developed the Functionalist school of thought. He strongly supported the idea of collective functioning and solidarity in society. According to the functionalist school of thought, society functions as a whole. Each part of society has a specific role that ultimately contributes to the better functioning of society. Functionalism defines religion as an institution that serves as a mechanism of solidarity and social control. Durkheim did a great deal of work on religion concentrating particularly on primitive societies. In his book “The Elementary Forms of Religious Life”(1912) he defined religion in terms of sacred and profane. He explained that society practices religion by regarding certain things as sacred and others as profane. Furthermore, he stated that ‘Totemism’ represents the simplest form of religion that is found in the Australian aboriginal society. ‘Totem’ is a plant or an animal that represents a symbolic significance. According to Durkheim, religion is not just confined to the system of beliefs. It includes rites, rituals, and ceremonies where a specific religious community unites and performs religious activities together. Thus, religion as a social institution plays a significant role in binding people together and strengthening the sense of solidarity amongst them.
Weber and religion:
Max Weber (1864-1920) was a German sociologist whose primary concern was to study the origin of rationalization and how religion impacts the economy of any society. He was interested in studying the reasons behind the rapid growth of western societies in terms of rationality and the barriers preventing the same in the rest of the world. According to Weber, religion was the main reason behind the rise of the capitalist spirit in western societies. Unlike Durkheim who focused on studying religion in primitive society, Weber embarked on his study of religion all over the world. He studied various religions including Taoism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and ancient Judaism. Weber strongly emphasizes the fact that religion acted as the foundation of social change, especially in western societies.
In his book “The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism”(1905) he described the role played by the Protestant institutions in the economic transformation and growth of their society. He illustrated that protestant work ethics and values led to the emerging spirit of capitalism in western societies. According to Weber, in protestant societies, the pursuit of hard work for the accumulation of material wealth is considered as God’s will rather than considering it as a sin. On the contrary, in the eastern societies, material wealth is reflected as a mere product of capitalism, and spiritual existence is considered as the highest value. Weber claimed religion in eastern societies as the ‘irrational religious systems’ because they acted as barriers to achieving rationality.
Marx and religion:
Karl Marx (1818-1883) was a German philosopher and a socialist. He was primarily concerned with the economic aspect of society and conflict arising within it. Marx did not do a detailed study on religion. His ideas on religion are derived from the writings of Ludwig Feuerbach(1804-1872) who wrote: “The Essence of Christianity”(1841). He considered religion as a system of social stratification and inequality that prohibits social change and promotes the perpetual state of injustice and conflict in society.
Marx defines religion as the “opium of the people” (1844). Religion assures people the attainment of happiness and salvation in the afterlife, thus making them accept their fate. According to him, religion makes people ignorant of the existing inequality in society and promotes the suffering of the deprived and underprivileged class.
Conclusion
In simpler terms, religion is a rigid system of moral beliefs and norms that exist in various forms in every society. Whereas in the sociological context, the role of religion can be comprehended through various perspectives as all of them provide significant assertions. For Durkheim, who was a functionalist, religion acts as a binding force that governs an individual’s moral conduct. For Weber, religion is something that has a massive influence on every society and it may cause social change. On the contrary, for Marx, “religion is the opium of the masses”(1844). It is a system of stratification that further strengthens the existing disparity in society.
However, all of them believed that religion might lose its rigidity and it will fade away from its traditional form in the advanced, modern, and capitalist world.
References
- Emile Durkheim.1995. “The Elementary Forms of Religious Life”. Translated by Karen. E. Fields. New York: The Free Press. Book one and Conclusion, pp. 21-39, 418-440.
- George Ritzer, “Modern Sociological Theory” (seventh edition). McGraw Hill Education Private Limited. (Edition 2016) pp. 19-24, 32-35. | https://www.sociologygroup.com/sociological-theories-of-religion-durkheim-weber-and-marx/ |
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Our offerings are rooted in the belief that all life shares an intimate and complex connection, that we are each working elements to a much greater Whole, and that each of our actions ripples into the Universe to affect all else. Our hope and intention for each of our products and offerings is to help bring the people into deeper listening and connection with Self and Source, and into more loving, harmonious relationship with one another and the Earth. While we have formal and experiential training in a variety of different indigenous & Earth-based practices and belief systems, as well as our collective lived experiences to draw from, each of our offerings is inclusive, non-dogmatic, non-religious, and has been specifically and mindfully crafted to complement and benefit a diverse range of peoples. When sharing practices or tools specific to a person, group of peoples, or lineage, we will always give credit to our sources.
Is shamanism a religion, and can I integrate it alongside my current religious/spiritual practices or beliefs?
In short, no - shamanism is not a religion, and so long as your own beliefs allow space for openminded, openhearted exploration of the human experience, you may implement "shamanic" wisdom into your life while still upholding other practices and beliefs you align with.
Shamanism and other Earth-based practices in general have been honored and utilized across nearly every continent and culture throughout the world, with varying traditions and teachings specific to the respective regions and people who birthed them. Because shamanism looks different depending on where in the world you are and whom you are referencing, by definition, it is not religious, though embracing Earth-conscious traditions and nurturing a deeper connection to one's Self, one's environment, and Source energy often provides the same spiritual fulfillment one might find during moments of passionate religious conviction or experience.
Many of our students find the shamanic principles we share help them to clarify, expand upon, and supplement the other spiritual or religious systems they stand by, and those who do not actively uphold any sort of spiritual practice typically find these teachings provide a missing link they've been searching for in regard to their own personal healing and evolution.
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Our GCSE covers two religions and four contemporary ethical themes, ensuring students have a diverse choice of intriguing concepts to explore. Students will be challenged with questions about beliefs, values, meaning, purpose and truth, enabling them to develop their own attitudes towards religious and ethical issues. Students will also gain an appreciation of how religion, philosophy and ethics form the basis of our culture.
Students will develop analytical, evaluative and critical thinking skills, the ability to work with abstract ideas, leadership and research skills. All these skills will help prepare them for further study. This course began after Christmas of year 9.
You will learn through a variety of tasks including a mixture of group discussion and written work. Discussion is an important part of the lessons, as it is vital that students learn to form their own opinions about which argument is the strongest after careful consideration of the various viewpoints from religious and non-religious backgrounds. You will also have the opportunity to form an evaluative approach to all discussions during the GCSE course.
You will develop skills in research, gathering and collating information, explaining and justifying beliefs, evaluating opinions and arguments and in presenting information and views clearly and confidently in both oral and written form. You will also develop your own opinions about the world around you.
GCSE Religious Studies complements many subjects, such as Geography, History and Sociology.
You are assessed through two written examinations; both are 1 hour and 45 minutes in duration. You will sit these exams at the end of year 11.
Paper One (The Study of Religions: Beliefs, Teachings and Practices) is worth 50% of the GCSE and will consist of Christianity and Islam.
You will study the beliefs and teachings of Islam looking at the nature of God, Prophethood, life after death and holy books. You will also study the Practices of Islam looking at the Five Pillars, the Ten Obligatory Acts and Festivals. You will refer to scripture and/or sacred texts and study the influence of the beliefs, teachings and practices studied on individuals, communities and societies.
In Christianity, you will examine the key beliefs about the nature of God, creation, the afterlife, the life of Jesus, and sin and salvation. You will also study Christian practices looking at different forms of worship, prayer and sacraments. Also you will look at the role of Church in the local community and also helping people worldwide. Students will study the influence of the beliefs, teachings and practices studied on individuals, communities and societies.
Paper Two (Thematic Studies) is worth 50% of the GCSE and will cover the following topics:
This unit will examine abortion, euthanasia and animal experimentation, origins of the universe and the value of human life.
Students will study special revelation such as visions and miracles, and general revelation. Students will also look at the Design Argument and First Cause Argument, and the challenge of science, and evil and suffering.
This unit will examine causes of war, and different religious beliefs about violence, war and pacifism. Students will also study nuclear weapons and arguments for and against them.
A study of different punishments (such as capital punishment, corporal punishment, prison and community service), different aims of punishment and forgiveness. This will include the looking at different religious viewpoints about each of these topics.
Religious Studies equips pupils with a wide range of skills demanded in the work place. A huge variety of careers see it as a desirable examination subject including Law, Health Service, Social Work, Civil Service, and Teaching. This is because these are careers which involve meeting and understanding people of all cultures and faiths. For these careers you also need to have a good understanding of social and personal issues, which this course provides you with.
Religious Studies is a vibrant, relevant and interesting subject and is open to everyone, whether of a religious persuasion or not. One thing that is essential is an open and questioning mind!
Any Questions? Speak to MISS E Whittock or the Religious Studies Department. | https://heart-england.co.uk/academic/subjects-r-s/religious-studies/ |
BOSCAGLIA, N., CLARKE, D. M., JOBLING, T. W., & QUINN, M. A. (2005). The contribution of spirituality and spiritual coping to anxiety and depression in women with a recent diagnosis of gynecological cancer. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, 15(5), 755-761.
The objective of this study was to work out whether or not, once accounting for religious involvement and beliefs, and positive and negative religious header may account for any of the variations in anxiety and depression among ladies among one year’s diagnosing of medical specialty cancer. The author concludes that spirituality and spiritual coping are important to women with cancer and that health professionals in the area should consider these issues.
Koenig, H. G. (2009). Research on Religion, Spirituality, and Mental Health: A Review. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 54(5), 283–291.
This article talk about the religious and religious factors are more and more being examined in medical specialty analysis. Non secular beliefs and practices have long been joined to hysteria, neurosis, and psychotic delusions. However, recent studies have known another facet of faith that will function a psychological and social resource for dealing with stress. When process the terms faith and spirituality, this paper reviews analysis on the relation between faith and (or) spirituality, and psychological state, that specialize in depression, suicide, anxiety, psychosis, and misuse. The results of Associate in nursing earlier systematic review are mentioned, and newer studies within us, Canada, Europe, and alternative countries are delineated. Whereas non secular beliefs and practices will represent powerful sources of comfort, hope, and which means, they’re typically elaborately entangled with neurotic and psychotic disorders, typically creating it tough to work out whether or not they are a resource or a liability.
Moreira-Almeida, A., Lotufo Neto, F., & Koenig, H. G. (2006). Religiousness and mental health: a review. Revista brasileira de psiquiatria, 28(3), 242-250.
This paper reviews the scientific proof offered for the connection between faith and mental state. Conjointly the authors gift the most studies and conclusions of a bigger systematic review of 850 studies on the religion-mental health relationship printed throughout the twentieth Century known through many databases. This paper conjointly includes associate update on the papers printed since 2000, together with researches performed in Brazil and a short historical and method background. And Theoretical pathways of the religiousness-mental health association and clinical implications of those findings are mentioned.
Ross, C. E. (1990). Religion and psychological distress. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 236-245.
The author did this paper by employing a sample of Illinois residents (and dominant for sociodemographics and disposition to specific feelings). And he found that the stronger an individual’s faith, the lower the extent of psychological distress. This supports the concept that faith reduces demoralization and provides hope and that means. However, the author found that persons with no faith likewise had low levels of distress. Thus, there was a curving impact of nonsecular belief on distress. Additionally, the author found that Protestants had very cheap distress levels, followed by Catholics, Jews, and others. Variations in belief systems, however, particularly a belief within the Yankee Protestant ethic, didn’t make a case for variations in distress among nonsecular teams. The strength of nonsecular beliefs seems to be a lot of vital than content in explaining the impact of faith on psychological distress.
Williams, D. R., Larson, D. B., Buckler, R. E., Heckmann, R. C., & Pyle, C. M. (1991). Religion and psychological distress in a community sample. Social Science & Medicine, 32(11), 1257-1262.
This paper examines the result of nonsecular group action and affiliation on psychological distress in a very longitudinal community study of 720 adults. nonsecular affiliation is unrelated to mental state standing. In distinction, though nonsecular group action doesn’t directly scale back psychological distress, it buffers the hurtful effects of stress on mental state. That is, within the face of nerve-racking events and physical health issues, nonsecular group action reduces the adverse consequences of those stressors on psychological well-being.
Do you need an Original High Quality Academic Custom Essay? | https://www.essaytyping.com/relationship-of-religious-beliefs-with-anxiety-and-depression/ |
The actual division occurs during the S phase bur the G phases are mainly for the purpose of growing. Starting with the G1 phase the cell grows in preparation for certain intracellular components and DNA replication. This phase makes sure the cell is prepared for the process of DNA replication. It reviews the size and environment to ensure that is it ready to go, and cannot leave the G1 until it is complete. But what happens to a cell when it is not complete and cannot exit out of the phase?
This helps to create genetic diversity. Anaphase 1 is where the bivalents separate and the homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell. Telophase 1 is where the nuclear envelope reforms after disintegrating in prophase 1. Then cytokinesis is where the cell divides to create two new cells which are haploid (GENIE, 2010). The next main stage is meiosis 2 and this is where each chromosome is split into 2 sister chromatids.
To replicate, the cell goes through cell division. That is also known as mitosis. That is when one parent cell produces two daughter cells. Imagine, what would Earth be without DNA?
Reece, J.B., Urry, L.A., Cain, M.L., Wasserman, S.A., Minorsky, P.V., & Jackson, R.B. (2011). Campbell biology (9th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education , Inc. Sharp, D. J., Rogers, G.C., & Scholey, J. M. (2000). Microtubule motors in mitosis.
The G1, G2, and S phase together is known as interphase. Interphase takes place between one mitotic phase and the next. In M phase, the cell divides its copied dna and cytoplasm to make two new cells. It involves two distinct division related processes. Mitosis and cytokinesis.
When development is complete cell division continues as it is essential to survival. In order for cell division to be productive the genetic material and the nucleus must be twinned accurately and one copy must be distributed to each daughter cell. The copying of the cells genetic information is called DNA replication, nuclear division is called mitosis. Throughout the mitotic(M) phase the cell must undergo mitosis, a process that separates the duplicated chromosomes of a cell into two identical nuclei. It then divides to form two new respective cells during cytokinesis.
Nature Education 1(1) Accessed: 02/11/2013 www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/regulation-of-transcription-and-gene-expression-in-1086 Hartl Daniel L. 2009 Genetics Analysis of Genes and Genomes Added to Library: 18 Nov 2013Last Updated: 18 Nov 2013 View group membership for this record View file attachments View figure attachment Russel Peter J. 2010 iGenetics A molecular approach
c. The creation of genetic variety by crossing over between homologous chromosomes During prophase 1 of meiosis, equal portions of homologous chromosomes may be swapped. In this way new genetic combinations are made and linked genes separated. The variety which meiosis brings vital for to the process of evolution. By providing a varied stock of individuals it allows the natural selection of those best suited to the existing conditions and makes sure that species constantly change and adapt when these conditions change. This is the main biological significance of meiosis.
AG Scientific. AG Scientific. [Online]. ; 2014 [cited 2014 April 19. Available from: www.agscientific.com/molecular-biology/molecular-biology.html.
The last phase of mitosis is telophase. In this final stage, the cells begin to separate and prepare for cytokinesis. The chromosomes return to their original stringy form that they were in interphase and the beginning of prophase and the daughter cells begin to form. Another thing that happens is that two nuclei form on each side of the cell and the chromosomes begin to uncoil.The last step of the cell cycle is cytokinesis. This process is very similar to what happens in telophase. | https://www.123helpme.com/essay/Various-Phases-that-Make-Up-the-Cell-267336 |
1 Cells multiply by dividing. The process known as cell division allows living things to grow bigger. Cell division also helps living things replace old or injured cells. When one cell divides, it splits into two new cells. The two new cells are called daughter cells.
2 A human body cell contains 46 (that's two sets) chromosomes. This is called the diploid number of chromosomes. One set of 23 chromosomes came originally from your father while the other set came from your mother. These 46 chromosomes contain all the genetic information to make you, you. As you grow or your body needs repairing, your cells divide. If you think of chromosomes as a way of packaging DNA, then mitosis is a way of making sure that the chromosomes and the DNA they contain are split equally when a cell divides.
3 Before a eukaryotic cell (that's a cell with a true nucleus) divides, the genetic material in the nucleus of the cell copies itself. When the cell divides, the genetic material divides in half so that each daughter cell gets genetic material that is the same as the parent cell's genetic material. The dividing of the nuclear material is known as mitosis. In the last stage of cell division, the cytoplasm divides as well. That is known as cytokinesis. There are now two complete cells where there used to be one. | https://www.edhelper.com/ReadingComprehension_37_229.html |
The centrosome is a specialized component of animal cells that participates in a variety of essential cellular processes. It does so through its ability to nucleate and organize microtubules, filamentous polymers that play a central role in the movement of cells and cellular constituents. Our lab wants to understand how cells control centrosome number and size, parameters that are critical for proper centrosome function. To address these questions, we use a much-studied worm called C. elegans as a model system.
In order for a cell to properly segregate its genetic material and divide, it needs to assemble a bipolar mitotic spindle, a macromolecular machine composed principally of microtubules. The spindle has two basic functions. It ensures that each of the two daughter cells inherits one full set of genetic information and it specifies the place where the mother cell will divide. Disruption of the mechanisms that regulate centrosome number and size can result in aberrant spindles and the mis-segregation of genetic material, a common property of cancer cells. We wish to understand how these mechanisms normally function and how disease may result when they are disrupted. | https://www.niddk.nih.gov/about-niddk/staff-directory/intramural/kevin-oconnell/Pages/research-plain-language.aspx |
As it turns out, there are many more potential gamete types than just the four shown in the diagram, even for a simple cell with with only four chromosomes. This diversity of possible gametes reflects two factors: crossing over and the random orientation of homologue pairs during metaphase of meiosis I. Crossing over.
What are two ways that meiosis creates genetic diversity?
Genetic variation is increased by meiosis
Because of recombination and independent assortment in meiosis, each gamete contains a different set of DNA.
What are the 3 events in meiosis that contribute to genetic variation?
Three mechanisms that contribute to genetic variation include the independent assortment of chromosomes, crossing over, and random fertilization. In the independent assortment of chromosomes, homologous chromosomes orient randomly at metaphase 1 of meiosis.
Why does the process that creates gametes also create genetic diversity?
Fertilization of gametes from parents happens when the gametes from two parents fuse with each other and form an embryo. This embryo then becomes a new individual. Due to the fact that genetic material comes from two different individuals, this process adds to the genetic variation in the offspring.
How do meiosis and union of gametes produce genetically variable offspring?
How do meiosis and union of gametes produce genetically variable offspring? When cells divide during meiosis, homologous chromosomes are randomly distributed to daughter cells, and different chromosomes segregate independently of each other. … It results in gametes that have unique combinations of chromosomes.
How does meiosis create genetic diversity quizlet?
During prophase of meiosis I, the double-chromatid homologous pairs of chromosomes cross over with each other and often exchange chromosome segments. This recombination creates genetic diversity by allowing genes from each parent to intermix, resulting in chromosomes with a different genetic complement.
How does meiosis affect the genetic makeup of an organism?
Specifically, meiosis creates new combinations of genetic material in each of the four daughter cells. These new combinations result from the exchange of DNA between paired chromosomes. Such exchange means that the gametes produced through meiosis exhibit an amazing range of genetic variation. | https://undiagnosedbutokay.com/genetic-diseases/what-are-two-ways-that-meiosis-generates-genetic-diversity-in-the-gametes.html |
Infectious disease can be passed from person to person. AIDS is both infectious and an auto-immune disease.
Tay-sachs disease differs from an infectious disease because it is a hereditary disease, so it can only be passed from parents to their offspring.
genetic diseases are associated with birth via the DNA chain (as is cystic fibrosis) ; infectious diseases are those types of pathologies like malaria, for instance, which is transported by a specific mosquito which implants the malaria germ into your blood stream. it is more complicated then that when some diseases are fundamentally genetic but are associated with many infectious traits.
how does the genetic makeup of a fraternal and identical differ
A gene is just the DNA that stores genetic information, a genome is all the genetic material in an organism.
The genetic variation of a population is a measure of how much individuals in a population differ genetically.
False. Prions and viroids are the smallest infectious agents. Prions are infectious protein particles, and viroids are infectious strands of RNA. Viroids differ from viruses in that they are ONLY a strand of RNA. Viruses have a protein coat protecting the nucleic acid molecule and some even have a lipid layer over that.
chimpanzees and humans
Chimpanzees and humans.
the genetic conditions
A symptom is an indicator of a condition or disease. Symptoms differ depending on the condition or disease.
The genetic make up of the daughter cells formed by mitosis will be identical to the genetic make up of the parent cell.
well for one lymph capillaries depend on skeletal muscles to move and cardiovascular capillaries have there own smooth muscle. also lymph muscles carry lymph which cleans the body while cardiovascular capillaries provide nutrients and oxygen for the body
The amino acids of humans and apes differ by 1 percent
Viroids have no protein coat (capsid); they only have genetic material which is RNA.
it creates different genes that differ form the parent cells.
viruses are genetic elements that contain DNA or RNA as their genetic material,and have an extracellular form. Plasmids do not have an extracellular form. Plasmids only have DNA.
Eukaryotes sexually reproduce, prokaryotes do not.
I'm sorry but there is no real prevention for Parkinson's disease. it is a progressive, neurological disease whose signs and symptoms differ in character and severity from person to person.
Because bacteria have only DNA as genetic material but viruses have RNA or DNA as genetic material. viruses are harmful but most of the bacteria are useful.
Species diversity is the amount of different species occupying the same area whatever it may be...genetic diversity is the how the genes in a species differ in that area
I'm afraid not, since there is no recorded variability among the severity of the symptoms in the patients who have this disease. The genetic theory lies behind the fact that its based on a partial chromosomal deletion, and the symptoms do not differ, no matter how much was deleted from the chromosome
They differ because in asexual reproduction offspring show much genetic variation .
Seed production is a form of sexual reproduction, with all the genetic variation that sexual reproduction brings with it, where as vegetative reproduction is asexual and does not bring about any genetic variation.
The genetic makeup of the cells that result from mitosis is not different from the parent cell's. The two daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell.
A hospital has more security considerations than a factory. Also, a hospital has to consider the possibility of the spread of infectious diseases.
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Copyright © 2020 Multiply Media, LLC. All Rights Reserved. The material on this site can not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with prior written permission of Multiply. | https://www.answers.com/Q/How_does_infectious_disease_differ_from_other_types_of_disease_such_as_genetic_disease_cardiovascular_disease_auto_immune_disease_etc |
New key mechanism in cell division discovered
Researchers from the Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) have identified the mechanism by which protein Zds1 regulates a key function in mitosis, the process that occurs immediately before cell division. The result has been achieved in the online edition of the Journal of Cell Science and opens the door to developing targeted and direct therapies against cancer.
In every organism, cells grow and divide into two daughter cells through an orderly succession of events called "cell cycle". Cells have to complete four main processes during the cell cycle: growth (G1 and G2 phases), doubling the DNA (S phase), segregation of chromosomes (M phase, mitosis) and division (cytokinesis). In the S phase or DNA replication, the genetic material is duplicated and then during the M phase or mitosis, cells separate the duplicated chromosomes between two daughter cells. This will ensure correct inheritance of genetic information from one cell generation to the next.
Chromosomal stability
The transmission of genetic information (DNA) from parent to child (or equivalently, from cell to cell) is a fundamental question in biology. Aneuploidy, ie lack or excess of chromosomes, is a feature present in almost all human cancers and promotes tumour development. Regulation of mitosis is particularly important for maintaining chromosomal stability. For example, tumour cells are aneuploid due to defects in the segregation of chromosomes, which originate cells with more or less genetic material than usual.
However, in spite of its importance, very little is known about the output regulation of mitosis. In the article published in the Journal of Cell Science, the Cell Cycle research group at IDIBELL led by Ethel Queralt, discovers a new mechanism of regulation of mitotic exit.
Separase protein is a key component for proper chromosome segregation and the regulation of mitosis. In previous work, the group of Dr. Queralt described for the first time the involvement of Zds1 protein in mitosis. This protein cooperates with the separase to ensure correct genetic inheritance from cell to cell.
The study delves into the molecular mechanism by which this protein Zds1 regulates mitosis and contributes to the right segregation of chromosomes. In this paper there have been used the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism.
Yeast is one of the most widely used model organisms to study basic processes in the cell, allowing to identify complex molecular mechanisms as the study of cell cycle in higher organisms. The application of such basic knowledge will help to develop more specific and direct treatments against various cancers.
Dr. Queralt points out that "the mechanisms of regulation of mitosis are very complex and well-known fact opens the door to specific drugs that inhibit or enable to correct this process in various diseases, especially cancer." She explains that most anticancer drugs are being implemented without knowing exactly how they work, "these are compounds that often we do not know how are working, but they do. If we follow a reverse process, ie if we start to know the activity of a protein or part of the protein, we could design specific drugs to minimize side effects." Dr. Queralt's researching is an important step in developing therapies that prevent tumour cells from replicating.
More information: Zds1 regulates PP2ACdc55 activity and Cdc14 activation during mitotic exit via its Zds_C motif. Calabria I, Baro B, Rodriguez-Rodriguez JA, Russiñol N, Queralt E. Journal of Cell Science. 2012 PMID: 22427694 [Epub ahead of print]. | https://phys.org/news/2012-05-key-mechanism-cell-division.html |
Every time a cell divides, its DNA – which is organised into chromosomes – is duplicated and distributed into the two daughter cells. This process ensures the reliable transmission of genetic information to offspring. Responsible for compacting DNA into chromosomes are so-called molecular machines such as condensin complexes. Condensin creates large loops in strands of DNA and thereby structures chromosomes in such a way that they don’t break or get tangled up during cell division. This process is essential to life, yet how the condensin machinery generates these DNA loops has been a mystery until now.
The Haering group, in collaboration with the Hennig group, has now reconstructed the events that take place at the condensin core during DNA compaction at near-atomic resolution. The binding of ATP – the molecule that provides energy to cells – results in a stepwise engagement and disengagement cycle of different proteins of the condensin complex, consequently leading to the opening of its ring structure. These large-scale transitions show the mechanistic path for extruding DNA helices into large loop structures.
Errors in this process result in the accumulation of cells with the wrong number of chromosomes or broken chromosomes. Both are hallmarks of most cancer cells and are also the leading cause of clinically recognised miscarriages in humans. Understanding the functions of the molecular machines that fold chromosomes may be the first step towards controlling their activities and preventing the onset of these conditions. | https://www.embl.org/news/science/dna-compaction/ |
SEGREGATION in biology (late lat. segregatio department) — allocation (vyshchepleniye) of any new base units of living matter (biocenoses, types, subspecies, populations, cells, kernels, chromosomes, genes, etc.) in the course of its development. S.'s processes are the cornerstone of organic evolution and proceed for a long time. In process ontogenesis (see) there is cytoplasmatic S. leading to emergence of distinctions in chemical structure and properties of different sites of cytoplasm of an oosperm, various groups of cells of an embryo, cells of the growing and growing old organism that is a basis of a cellular differentiation and a morphogenesis at germ (see), and also development organism (see) in the postembryonal period.
In to genetics (see) and molecular biology (see) S. it is accepted to call process of distribution (discrepancy) of elements of genetic material (chromatids, homologous chromosomes, genes, molecules DNA) in daughter cells. As a result of mitotic division of somatic cells of metaphytes (see. Mitosis ) there is S. controlled genetically of chromatids of each of chromosomes, i.e. so-called somatic S., edges leads to exact distribution in daughter cells of two copies of genetic material of maternal chromosomes (see). At hybridization of somatic cells there is a gradual loss of a part of chromosomes that received the name of a segregation of genomes. Formation of sex cells (gametes) is connected with S. of homologous (pair) chromosomes of a diploid mother cell in process meiosis (see). Accidental association of genetic material of haploid gametes at fertilization (see) leads to independent S. of genes of parent organisms and S. of the corresponding signs at posterity (see. Mendel laws ).
At prokariot (e.g., at bacteria) mechanisms C. of genetic material significantly differ from typical mechanisms of a mitosis and meiosis of the higher organisms. Process of replication of a bacterial chromosome (see Replication) is connected probably with its attachment to a certain site of a cellular membrane. Assume that S. of replicated chains of DNA of a chromosome occurs due to growth of the site of a cellular membrane, it is attached to Krom that leads to «drawing apart» two copies of genetic material and their hit in daughter cells. In the course of exchange of genetic material at bacteria partially diploid zygotes usually form (see. Conjugation at bacteria ). The subsequent recombination of endogenous and exogenous sites of genetic material (see. Recombination ) in such zygotes is followed by S. of these sites leading to formation of haploid recombinants (segregant). The page of genetic material of bacteria plays also important role in the mechanism of manifestation of recessive mutations (see. Mutation ). Because each bacterial cell in a phase of exponential growth (see. Bacteria ) usually contains several identical nucleoids (homologous chromosomes), recessive mutation in a gene of one of such chromosomes cannot receive immediate phenotypical manifestation (fig). However as a result of two subsequent cellular divisions S. of the chromosomal copies bringing dominant and recessive alleles of this gene to various daughter cells that leads to S. of a recessive character and a possibility of its phenotypical manifestation is possible.
Clarification of mechanisms C. of various taxonomical groups of live organisms (populations, subspecies, types, etc.) is important for understanding of common problems of organic evolution (see. Theory of evolution ) and for the solution of a number of practical problems of biology and medicine (questions of environmental control, a problem of evolution of activators infectious and parasitic diseases, etc.). Data on specific genetic mechanisms of cytoplasmatic S. in the course of ontogenesis of the person and the reasons of their disturbance are extremely important for the correct understanding of essence of various anomalies of development, malignant growth, a senilism and other phenomena connected with disturbance of normal processes of a differentiation, proliferation, migration, integration and death of cells and also during the planning to lay down. actions for correction of such disturbances. Various factors leading to disturbance of homologous chromosomes by normal S. at a gametogenesis are an origin chromosomal diseases (see) the person. The page of genes is the cornerstone of S. patol. the signs which are inherited among generations of a certain family. The analysis of family trees is based on S.'s studying genes (see. Genealogical method ) at hereditary diseases (see), their diagnosis and medicogenetic consultation (see. Medicogenetic consultation ). S.'s phenomenon of genomes in posterity of intergeneric hybrids of somatic cells is widely used during the mapping of genes of the person. Data on mechanisms C. of genetic material in cases of genetic exchange and a mutagenesis at bacteria are of interest in the analysis of ways of distribution of genes and plasmids (see), controlling medicinal stability of microorganisms (see), their virulent and other properties in populations of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic bacteriums, in the analysis of formation of atypical forms of these organisms, etc.
Bibliography: N. P. Genetik's tanks of the person, M., 1978; Davidson E. Action of genes in a prematurity, the lane with English, M., 1972; Zussman M. Developmental biology, the lane with English, M., 1977; Mayr E. Populations, types and evolution, the lane with English, M., 1974; Physiological genetics, under the editorship of M. E. Lobashev and S. G. Inga-Vechtomov, D., 1976; X e y from U. Genetik of bacteria and bacteriophages, the lane with English, M., 1965.
V. P. Shchipkov. | http://bigmed.info/index.php/SEGREGATION |
The type of cell division in which number of chromosomes remains constant in the daughter cells as in the parent cells is called mitosis. Mitosis can take place in haploid and in diploid cells in all parts of the body. Mitosis is a continuous process It is divided into two phases i.e., karyokinesis, cytokinesis.
Karyokinesis
The division of nucleus is called karyokinesis. The first step of the karyokinesis is the formation of mitotic apparatus.
Mitotic apparatus
The specialized microtubule structure including aster and spindle is called mitotic apparatus. Following steps takes place during mitotic apparatus formation.
I. The centrioles are duplicated during interphase. But both centrioles are present in the same centrosome. The partition of these centrioles takes place in the beginning of karyokinesis. Two pair of centrioles separate and migrate to opposite sides of the nucleus. They establish bipolarity of the dividing cells.
2. Sets of microtubules (fibers) originate from each pair of centrioles. These microtubules are composed of a protein tubulin and traces of RNA.
(a) Astral microtubules: They radiates outward form aster.
(b) Spindle microtubules: The other two sets of microtubules form the spindle. The two spindle microtubules are:
(i) Kinetochore microtubules: These microtubules attach to chromosomes at kinetochores.
(ii) Polar microtubules: They do not interact with the chromosomes. Polar microtubules are arranged from. the opposite pole.
Function of mitotic apparatus: The spindles of the mitotic apparatus are larger than the nucleus. These microtubules are used to attach and capture chromosomes. So they align the chromosome and finally separating them in such a way that equal distribution of chromosomes take place.
Subdivisions of Karyokinesis
Karyokinesis can further be divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
- Prophase: (pro-first, phase-stage: first stage)
The chromosomes are not visible even with electron .microscope during interphase (non-dividing) of the cell cycle. Thus the DNA is stained with histologic stain. These stained chromosomes appear as a network of very fine threads. This network is called as chromatin. Following changes take place in chromatin during prophase:
(a) The chromatin material is condensed by folding. Thus the chromosomes appear as thin threads (0.25 tm — 50 i.tin in length) at the beginning of prophase.
(b)Chromosomes become thicker by folding. Ultimately,
chromosomes become visible. Each chromosome has two sister chromatids. These chromatids are attached at centromere.
(c) The nuclear envelope disappears at the end of prophase and nuclear material is released in the cytoplasm.
(d) Nucleoli disappear.
(e) Mitotic apparatus is organized.
(f) Cytoplasm becomes more viscous.
- Metaphase: (meta- middle: attachment of chromosome in
the middle)
Each metaphase chromosome has duplicated structure. It consists of two sister chromatids. The chromatids are attached at a point called centromere or primary constriction. The centromere has special area called Kinetochore. Kinetochore has specific base arrangement and special proteins. The kinetochore fibers of mitotic apparatus attach at these kinetochore of the chromosome.
The kinetochore fibers of spindle attach at the kinetochore of the chromosome. These fibers arrange the chromosome at the equator of the spindle. Thus they form equatorial plate or metaphase plate in
the equator. Each kinetochore is attached with two fibers each from opposite poles.
- Anaphase: (upward movement)
It is the most critical phase of the mitosis. It ensures equal distribution of chromatids in the daughter cells. The kinetochore fibers of spindle contract towards their respective poles. They exert force on the centromere and sister chromatids are separated from centromere. As a result, half of the sister chromatids travel towards each pole. At the same time polar microtubule elongates.
- Telophase: (Tail — last)
The anaphase ends with the reaching of the chromosomes at opposite poles and telophase starts. The chromosomes unfold and decondense. They ultimately disappear as chromatin. Mitotic apparatus disorganize. The nuclear membrane and nucleoli reorganize. Thus two nuclei are formed at two poles of the cell.
Cytokinesis
The division of the whole cell is called cytokinesis. The animals and plants have different forms of cytokinesis:
(a) Cytokinesis in animal cells: The astral microtubules send signals to equatorial region of the cell during late telophase. It
activates the actin and myosin. The actin and myosin form contractile ring. Their contraction forms cleavage furrow. The furrow deepens towards the center of the cells. It finally divides the parent cell into two daughter cells.
(b) Cytokinesis in plant cells: Plants do not form contractile ring during Cytokinesis. Membranous vesicles are collected in the centre. Membrane structure phragmoplast is formed from vesicles. These vesicles are originated from Golgi complex during metaphase. The vesicles line up in the center of the dividing cell. They finally fuse to form phragmoplast at the end of telophase. The membrane of vesicles becomes the plasma membrane of daughter cells. These vesicles also contain materials for future cell wall. These materials are in form of precursors of cellulose and pectin.
Difference between the mitosis of animal and plant cells
|Animal cells||Plant cells|
|1. Centrioles are present in plant cells. So microtubules are arised from the centrioles.||1. They lack centrioles. So they
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have analogous region.The
|2. The shape of the cell change greatly during mitosis.||
|
do not changegreatlyduring
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||phragmoplast formation.|
Significance of mitosis
The organisms require managed controlled and properly organized process of mitosis. Otherwise mitosis my result in malfunction. It may cause unwanted tumors and lethal diseases like cancer. There is following importance of mitosis.
- The heredity material is equally distributed in the daughter cell
during mitosis. The crossing over or recombination does not take place during mitosis. Thus the genetic information remains unchanged generation after generation. It ensures the continuity of similar information from pareht to daughter cell.
- Asexual reproduction in some organisms takes place by mitosis.
- Regeneration, healing of wounds and replacement of older cells also take place by mitosis.
- The development and growth of multicellular organisms depends on the orderly controlled mitosis.
- Tissue culture and cloning also require mitosis.
Similar Articles: | https://biologyboom.com/mitosis-2/ |
When cells divide during meiosis, homologous chromosomes are randomly distributed during anaphase I, separating and segregating independently of each other. This is called independent assortment.
What problems could occur during mitosis if the chromosomes had a long thin shape?
If they did not line up correctly, there would not be an equal amount of chromosomes in each daughter cell. There would either be too little or too many chromosomes in each cell, which could lead to non-functioning daughter cells.
What problems can occur during mitosis?
Mistakes during mitosis lead to the production of daughter cells with too many or too few chromosomes, a feature known as aneuploidy. Nearly all aneuploidies that arise due to mistakes in meiosis or during early embryonic development are lethal, with the notable exception of trisomy 21 in humans.
Why is it important for the chromosomes to condense during mitosis?
Chromosomes condense before mitosis to allow them the ability to move smoothly, without becoming entangled and breaking. (So, they are conveniently packaged for cell division, in which the chromosomes must move to both poles of the cell.)
When chromosomes appear as a long thin thread What are they called?
At the leptotene stage the chromosomes appear as long, thin threads.
How do cells grow and repair themselves?
As cells grow old, they wear off. Sometimes they suffer injury and bruises, but they are able to repair themselves by growing new cells in a process called Mitosis. As living things grow, they undergo a process called aging (age). Chromosomes make sure DNA is separated evenly during cell division.
What would happen if sister chromatids did not line up correctly?
If the sister chromatids did not line up at the equator, then there will not be an equal amount of chromosomes in each daughter cells. Colchicine is a poison that acts to inhibit the development of spindle fibers. … Only one of the DNA needs to be copied then they move to both sides of the cell and cytokinesis occurs.
What happens if mitosis does not occur?
If there is no mitosis, there would be no cell growth and cell reproduction. Most importantly, genetic information cannot be passed on. All cell functions would be hugely affected.
What are two reasons mitosis is important for organisms?
Mitosis is a way of making more cells that are genetically the same as the parent cell. It plays an important part in the development of embryos, and it is important for the growth and development of our bodies as well. Mitosis produces new cells, and replaces cells that are old, lost or damaged.
Why do chromosomes form during mitosis?
They form after DNA replicates and are the form in which the genetic material goes through cell division. Chromosomes contain genes, which code for proteins. Cell division in eukaryotic cells includes mitosis, in which the nucleus divides, and cytokinesis, in which the cytoplasm divides and daughter cells form.
What happens if chromosomes dont condense?
If they do not align correctly, they cannot move individually to opposite poles in the later phases of mitosis, and the result will be one cell with extra chromosomes and a daughter cell with missing chromosomes. These mutations can lead to harmful results such as cell death, organic disease or cancer.
Which of the phases of mitosis has the shortest duration?
In anaphase, the shortest stage of mitosis, the sister chromatids break apart, and the chromosomes begin moving to opposite ends of the cell. By the end of anaphase, the 2 halves of the cell have an equivalent collection of chromosomes. | https://autismpluggedin.com/hereditary-diseases/what-problems-could-occur-if-the-chromosomes-has-a-very-long-thin-shape-during-mitosis.html |
I did my undergraduate degree at the University of York, completing the 4-year Integrated Masters programme in Biology. I decided that I wished to continue my education by studying for a PhD, and was fortunate to be able to remain in York to do so in the lab of Dr Daniela Barillà. The Barillà group studies the mechanisms underpinning DNA segregation in prokaryotes, using plasmids as model systems. This research project appealed to me primarily due to my interest in the Domain Archaea, a ubiquitous group of organisms that until only four decades ago were classified as bacteria. Archaea often inhabit extreme environments, and so make interesting organisms to study due to their adaptions to these conditions. Understanding fundamental biological processes at the molecular level, here, how DNA is accurately distributed to future cellular generations, is also a interest of mine, and little is known about how this occurs in archaea.
The accurate segregation of newly-replicated genetic material to daughter cells is a fundamental process that occurs across the three domains of life. Plasmids, small circular DNA molecules that replicate independently of the main chromosome, are used as models to study genome segregation mechanisms in prokaryotes. Plasmids that are required to be inherited by daughter cells encode genes for their own segregation or partition cassettes, allowing them to be correctly transported to each cell pole prior to division, and ensuring that correct ploidy is maintained in subsequent cellular generations.
I am using the low copy-number plasmid pNOB8, from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus (strain NOB8H2) as a model to investigate archaeal segregation systems. The genetic organisation of the partition cassette has previously been described. Briefly, the partition system comprises three proteins and a specific DNA motif immediately upstream of the cassette. One of the proteins is AspA, a site-specific DNA-binding protein that binds to the motif, and can also spread along the DNA, forming an extended complex. A second DNA sequence motif has previously been identified on plasmid pNOB8. My project has so far focussed on characterisation of the interactions between the AspA protein and this second binding site. I initially attempted ChIP-Seq (Chromatin Immunoprecipitation and Sequencing) experiments to map AspA:DNA interactions in vivo, however this has proved challenging, particularly as subsequent MinION sequencing of the host Sulfolobus strain genome showed a mosaic of multiple insertions of pNOB8 fragments in the chromosome.
I am currently using in vitro techniques to characterise AspA interactions with the second DNA motif, such as AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy), EMSA (Electromobility-Shift Assay), and a further short term aim is to switch to an in vitro variation of ChIP, IDAP-Seq, to map Asp binding to the pNOB8 plasmid. | https://www.whiterose-mechanisticbiology-dtp.ac.uk/phdproject/borrowing-building-blocks-from-bacteria-and-eukaryotes-a-three-component-dna-segregation-machinery-in-archaea/ |
OMRF has received a five-year, $1.7 million grant to look at how DNA replicates itself. The results could lead to new information about how cancer and birth defects develop.
The grant, awarded by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, will allow OMRF researcher Chris Sansam, Ph.D., to better understand what goes wrong in cells during the development of cancer and birth defects by applying what is learned in a normal setting in the genes.
DNA replication is the process by which genes duplicate. Every human begins as one cell, but the body is comprised of billions, meaning countless cell divisions occur during a lifetime.
“Every time a cell divides, the entire genome has to be replicated accurately, but the mechanisms responsible for that are still largely unknown,” said Sansam. “If we can understand how things are supposed to operate under normal circumstances, then we can identify what happens when things go wrong.”
DNA replication occurs constantly in the body, said Sansam, starting from a single cell that contains all the genetic material inherited from each parent. As cells divide, a full complement of genetic material has to be copied and put into each new cell produced, so it is not surprising that things can go awry if mistakes occur in the process.
“If the genetic material isn’t copied accurately, that leads to cancer. If it happens during embryonic development, it causes birth defects,” said Sansam, who is an assistant member in OMRF’s Cell Cycle & Cancer Biology Research Program.
Sansam’s grant aims to understand exactly how this process functions by identifying the genes, molecules and mechanisms that are needed to correctly replicate our DNA.
To accomplish this, Sansam uses zebrafish, semi-transparent, aquatic creatures that grow to no more than an inch in length. The tiny fish, which are common in home aquariums, are especially good scientific subjects because they share 70 percent of humans’ genetic code.
“The zebrafish is an incredible model to study, because virtually all basic cellular processes are the same in fish as they are in humans,” said Sansam. “We can learn a lot about how things work in humans by first studying an accessible, low-cost organism like zebrafish.”
Sansam joined OMRF in 2010 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Mass.
“It is unusual for a young investigator to be successful in a first try at getting a grant of this magnitude funded,” said Gary Gorbsky, Ph.D., who heads the Cell Cycle & Cancer Biology Research Program at OMRF. “However, the research that Dr. Sansam proposed has so much novelty and importance that the grant review panel found it very exciting. We’re proud of the work that Dr. Sansam and his laboratory members are doing, and we anticipate many fantastic discoveries in the future.”
The grant, number 1R01 GM121703-01, is from the NIGMS, part of the National Institutes of Health. | https://omrf.org/2017/03/16/omrf-scientist-receives-1-7-million-grant-to-study-triggers-of-cancer-birth-defects/ |
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Surveys of the genomic terrain of cancer have turned up a curious phenomenon in some tumor cells: a massive rearrangement of DNA in one or a few chromosomes, thought to be produced during a single cell cycle. In a new study, scientists at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute demonstrate how this sudden, isolated shuffling of genetic material — known as chromothripsis — can occur.
The discovery was made using live video images of single cells and technology for sequencing the genomes of those cells — a combination researchers dubbed Look-Seq (pronounced “look-seek”). The technique makes it possible for scientists to see how changes in specific genes or chromosomes affect cell behavior — critical information for understanding how genes function.
“Only three to five percent of cancer cells show signs of chromothripsis, but the mechanism by which it occurs has been a puzzle,” said David Pellman, MD, of Dana-Farber, the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the senior author of the new paper, published in Nature. “The cells have two distinctive features: a broad disarray in the genetic material of a single chromosome or a few chromosomes, as if the DNA was shredded and haphazardly stitched together; and an odd ‘notched’ pattern of the amount of DNA in the affected chromosome – where sections containing a full complement of DNA alternate with sections where DNA copies have been lost.
"The question has been whether this could happen in a Darwinian way, with a slow acquisition of changes over a number of cell divisions,” Pellman continued. “The evidence, however, points to an all-at-once event.”
In the study Pellman and his colleagues trace chromothripsis to a glitch in cell division that can cause one of the newly formed daughter cells to be short one chromosome, while the other daughter cell inherits an extra one. The surplus chromosome doesn’t always join the other chromosomes in the cell nucleus; often, it’s stranded elsewhere in the cell and acquires its own tiny membrane, forming a “micronucleus.” After cell division, the micronucleus can rupture, potentially exposing the chromosome inside to damage. The chromosome is then absorbed into the nucleus, knitting its imperfect DNA into the cell’s genetic programming.
In theory, a micronucleus would make a perfect setting for the process of chromothripsis to unfold. The release of a single chromosome from a shattered micronucleus could cause that chromosome – and only that chromosome – to undergo DNA damage. The chromosome might lose some bits of DNA, while the remaining bits are stitched together haphazardly. Such random reassembly could account for the unusual fluctuation in the number of copies of DNA in a single chromosome in the affected cell.
The formation and breakdown of a micronucleus would seem to satisfy all the conditions by which chromothripsis could occur,” Pellman said. To see if it in fact explains what happens in cancer cells, he and his colleagues set out to recreate chromothripsis in the lab.
The researchers treated cells with a drug that can spur the formation of micronuclei. They collected the ones that actually developed a micronucleus and viewed live images of them under a microscope — the “Look” part of Look-Seq. This enabled them to identify cells where the micronucleus ruptured at a key stage of the cell life cycle.
After these cells had divided one time, researchers sorted through the pairs of daughter cells to find ones that didn’t have a micronucleus. In such cells, the chromosome that had once been quarantined within the micronucleus had presumably escaped as the micronucleus burst, and rejoined its fellow chromosomes in the cell nucleus. The micronucleus-less cells were then genetically sequenced – their strings of DNA read letter by letter. This constitutes the “Seq” part of Look-Seq, which was developed in collaboration with Matthew Meyerson, MD, PhD, of Dana-Farber and the Broad Institute.
If chromothripsis does arise as a result of the formation and destruction of a micronucleus, as researchers theorized, it should occur in only one of a cell’s two daughters — the one that inherits a chromosome formerly wrapped in a micronucleus. The affected daughter cell, therefore, would have more copies of certain DNA sections than its sister cell does.
When Pellman’s team genetically sequenced pairs of daughter cells from nine cells with micronuclei, they found precisely this imbalance: one member of each pair had at least one chromosome with extra copies of DNA at some locations, while the other member did not.
The researchers then tested their prediction that DNA rearrangements would be confined to the chromosome that was once AWOL and had later reunited with its mates. They found that, in eight of the nine pairs of daughter cells whose DNA had been sequenced, such rearrangements were indeed concentrated in that particular chromosome.
“By forcing cells to develop micronuclei, we derived daughter cells that recapitulate all the features seen in chromothripsis,” said Pellman. “This is compelling evidence that this process is a major mechanism by which chromothripsis occurs in some cancers.
“The findings support our lab’s earlier research showing that the incorrect segregation of intact chromosomes prior to cell division can produce rearrangements of DNA that result in genetic mutations – potentially playing a role in cancer development,” he continued. “We also show that the Look-Seq technique is a powerful way of exploring the connection between genetic and molecular change and cell behavior.”
The co-lead authors of the study are Cheng-Zhong Zhang and Joshua M. Francis of Dana-Farber and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, and Alexander Spektor, MD, PhD, and Hauke Cornils of Dana-Farber. Co-authors are Emily K. Jackson of Dana-Farber and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute; and Shiwei Liu of Dana-Farber.
Financial support for the research was provided by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (GM083299-18), the Bridge Project of Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Koch Institute of MIT, the Claudia Adams Barr Program in Innovative Cancer Research, the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Posted on May 27, 2015
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The Media Team cannot respond to patient inquiries. For more information, please see Contact Us. | https://www.dana-farber.org/newsroom/news-releases/2015/researchers-identify-origin-of-chromosomal-oddity-in-some-cancer-cells/ |
Each cell in the human body contains 46 different chromosomes, large units of DNA that encode instructions for that cell to grow, divide, and carry out its specialized functions. During mitosis, when a cell divides, each of these chromosomes must be accurately distributed to the two new daughter cells. If this process occurs incorrectly for even a single chromosome, the resulting daughter cells will lose or gain thousands of genes and the instructions that they contain. This type of error in chromosome segregation can result in the death of the cell and is thought to contribute to tumorigenesis. Indeed, more than 70% of tumors are observed to have abnormal numbers of chromosomes. In addition to errors that alter whole chromosome numbers, in cases where the cellular machinery makes inappropriate attachments to the chromosomes, this can result in chromosome fragmentation during cell division. These errors have been shown to cause chromosomal rearrangements, which also have the potential to result in cellular transformation and tumorigenesis. To facilitate the segregation of DNA during mitosis, chromosomes must generate physical attachments to rod-like polymers termed microtubules that provide the structure and forces to move the chromosomes. A key player in chromosome segregation is a large proteinaceous structure termed the kinetochore that forms the interface between chromosomes and microtubules. Inhibition of kinetochore activities is predicted to target cancer cells while avoiding the dose-limiting neuronal toxicity associated with microtubule-binding chemotherapeutics. Determining the molecular basis for kinetochore function is crucial to understand the defective processes that can give rise to tumor cells, and to evaluate the best targets for the diagnosis and treatment of disease. The proposed work will analyze the mechanisms by which kinetochores interact with spindle microtubule polymers in human cells. We will take parallel cellular and biochemical approaches to analyze the key proteins that bind to microtubules at kinetochores. A key focus of this work will be not only to analyze the functions and activities of the individual proteins, but also to test how the multiple different proteins that are present at kinetochores act together in a integrated manner to form robust interactions with microtubules.
Defects in mitosis that result in errors in chromosome numbers can cause the death of a cell and are thought to contribute to tumor progression. Understanding the means by which these units of DNA, and the genetic information that they contain, are evenly distributed to new cells is critical for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. This proposed work will determine the mechanisms that direct and control chromosome segregation in human cells by analyzing the connections between chromosomes and the rod-like microtubule polymers that provide the structure and force to segregate the DNA. | https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-GM088313-06 |
The broad aim of this unit is to introduce the importance, objectives, methods, analyses, and interpretation of social science based research with particular regard to applications in international management.
The specific objective of the unit is to facilitate successful preparation and execution of the independent MSc research dissertation in terms of overall project development and planning, research design and implementation, data analyses, and the interpretation of evidence.
Learning Outcomes:
Successful completion of the unit will help enable students to:
* Conduct reviews of the theoretical and empirical literature;
* Identify and develop feasible research questions and hypotheses;
* Appraise the appropriateness of different research methods;
* Design and implement qualitative and/or quantitative data collection;
* Undertake data analyses;
* Interpret findings;
* Draw research conclusions.
Skills:
Research skills
Interpretation of data (T, A)
Critical writing (F, A)
Application of theories from international business, economics, law, political science and sociology to real world cases (T, A)
Ability to use internet resources (F).
Content:
The unit will give an overview of conceptual issues in research methods and the critical evaluation of evidence with particular emphasis on topics and issues in international management. The unit will explore the key steps in preparing MSc dissertation research, including the review and synthesis of existing social science literature, identifying research questions/hypotheses with an international dimension, and conceptualizing a research design. A selection of specific research methods will be introduced, including both quantitative methods and a range of qualitative methods (including case studies, interview techniques, comparative methods and cross-cultural analysis). Students will be sensitized to a range of relevant secondary data sources and approaches to primary data collection. Finally, the module will also examine the presenting research findings and conclusions. | https://www.bath.ac.uk/catalogues/2011-2012/mn/MN50453.htm |
(c)Question(s) asked to operationalise your research problem. What questions your study aimed to answer?
(d)The research objectives should follow the research problem and questions. It should clearly and succinctly state the focus and intentions of the management project.
(e) How your study contribute to the area of knowledge, profession, practice. The section should contain a description of the contributions that the study makes to the knowledge base and a narrative about the importance of the study to a specific area and/or population
5. Literature Review & Hypotheses should include:
(a)Provide literature review on the theory involved
(b) Provide literature review on constructs of all your variables, dependent and independent.
(c)Based on the literature review above, form your theoretical framework showing the relationships between all your variables (a diagram is of good help in demonstrating your framework )
(d)Hypotheses are hypothetical answers to your questions. Your study shall find evidence to confirm the answers. A good literature review usually provides you some hints.
(e)Model or equation which uses to demonstrates the relationship among your variables for testing. Define your variables.
(f)Not only on previous research but should include recent research in the literature review too.
6. Research Methodology should include:
(a)Describe the scope of your research and all of your research methods. Start by describing the process you went through in selecting particular methods of research.
(b)State the data to be collected, sources and collection methods
(c)Explain how you want to analyze your data, the statistical tests involved and how you want to test your hypotheses
7. Empirical Findings should include:
(a)Should have descriptive statistics
(b)Should include Pearson Correlation coefficient
8. Results should include: | https://essaydevelopers.com/aexplain-the-purpose-of-your-paper-and-introduce-the-research-issue-knowledge-gap-or-real-life-issue-to-your-intended-area-of-study-with-support-f/ |
International Construction ( 5, 000 words). Title: The Impacts of Risk and Risk Management Process in an International Construction Company. Case Study: – SKANSKA Multinational Construction and Development Company – United State. Aim: The aim of the coursework is to enable students to develop an understanding of the business and/or operational aspects of construction in an international context Method: The coursework consists of three compulsory parts: Part A – Students should undertake an in-depth literature review about the topic in question. Please base your review on peer reviewed journals, conference proceedings, books and other relevant and applicable sources. Part B – One interview analysed using one qualitative methodology technique e.g. Nvivo (QSR International), Cognitive Mapping (Baxia – Decision Explorer) or System Dynamics Modelling (Ventana Systems Inc. – Vensim Software). Part C – A critical discussion of the topic in the context of International Construction. A comparison should be made between the outcome of the qualitative methodology and practices that applies in international construction about the topic based on the findings of the literature and that of the interviewee questioned. This comparative discussion should be a critical debate looking at pros and cons and not just a narrative or descriptive discussion. Structure and Marking Scheme 1. Title and Abstract (The abstract should contain main aim, objective, methodology, key findings, implication for practice, originality and value. Maximum 250 words) – 5 Marks 2. Table of Contents 3. List of Figures 4. List of Tables 5. Introduction – 10 Marks – Background to the study – Justification of study – Research aim, objectives and hypotheses – Research methodology – Research contribution to both academic and industry – Scope and Limitations of Study 6. Literature Review – Use diagrams to convey your message wherever possible and cite references as much as you can. (Beware of Plagiarism) – 25 Marks 7. Research Methodology – What methodology have you used and more importantly, justification for the selection of the various methodologies highlighted – 15 Marks 8. Qualitative Methodology – 25 Marks Detailed qualitative analysis of your interview 9. Discussion – 10 Marks – Critical Factors: This should be discussion based on your literature review and qualitative analysis. – Implication for Practice: Overall implication of the critical factors and your analysis for people interested in investing in your business venture 10. Conclusion – 5 Marks This should be purpose of the study, methodology, key outcomes of literature review along with the overall findings, paying particular attention to implication for practice. 11. References/Structure/Presentation – 5 Marks Note :- All referencing must follow Harvard referencing.
Our essay writers will gladly help you with: | https://essayworldwide.com/international-construction/ |
RESEARCH PROJECT GUIDELINESThe objective of the research paper is to demonstrate that the student can master theresearch process.
The paper will have a maximum extension of 10 pages double space(font size 12) including references and graphs. The paper must follow the outlinesuggested.
The paper must include at minimum 10 references.
I. Introduction: What your topic is about, research question, hypothesis, theimportance, and how the report is being organized. Objectives of yourresearch, etc. (1 pages)
II. Literature review: The relevance of the topic based on your review of theliterature and theory. (3 pages)
III. Description of your research strategy: (1 pages)• The population and time frame of the study• Research design follow• Data gathering and strategy
IV. Research findings (Data analysis) (3 pages)• Communicating your results based on the following: A narrative supported byfacts such as:o Graphicso Frequencieso Descriptive statisticso Relationshipso Cross-tabulations
V. Conclusions (1 page)• How do your findings fit in the broader picture of the subject?• Did your findings support or reject some hypotheses or approaches that youidentified during the literature review?
VI. References (1 page)• Follow some standard format (APA format)• Organized in alphabetical order
"Place your order now for a similar assignment and have exceptional work written by our team of experts, guaranteeing you A results." | https://researchpaperwriters.org/norwich-mental-illness-in-american-and-effects-on-homelessness-research-paper/ |
This study was based on evaluation of the implementation of continuous assessment programs in the upper education level. Four research questions and hypotheses were raised to guide the study. Questionnaire was the main instrument used for data collection. The instrument used for data collection was structured questionnaire. The data collected were analyzed using simple percentage and chi-Square statistical tools. The questionnaire was administered to 100 respondents in the selected schools in Owerri Education Zone 1. The data collected were analyzed using simple percentage analysis. The result of the study showed that lack of good instructional materials, Truancy of teachers, and inability of teachers to cover their scheme of work are the factors that are responsible for the misuse of continuous assessment in upper education level in Owerri Education Zone 1. The result of the study also showed the strategies that Government has employed to improve continuous assessment in primary schools such as; implementation of other systems of assessment rather than summative system, development of a committee manages and oversee the implementations of continuous assessment and provision of assessment training opportunity for teachers. Based on the findings, the researcher recommended that; teachers should use varieties of assessment practices in order to elicit information on the various attributes possessed by students.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgment
Abstract
Table of content
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Research Hypothesis
1.6 Significance of the Study
1.7 Scope/Limitations of the Study
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Introduction
2.1 Conceptual Framework
2.1.1 Concept of Implementation
2.1.2 Concept of Assessment
2.1.3 Concept of Continuous Assessment
2.2 Characteristics of Continuous Assessment
2.2.1 The Importance of Continuous Assessment
2.2.2 Objectives of Continuous Assessment
2.3 Continuous Assessment in Nigeria
2.4 Factors Militating Against Effective Implementation of Continuous Assessment
2.5 Theoretical Framework
2.5.1 Metacognitive Theory of Learning
2.6 Empirical Literature Review
2.7 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Area of Study
3.3 Population of the study
3.4 Sample size determination
3.5 Sample Size Selection Technique and Procedure
3.6 Research Instrument and Administration
3.7 Method of Data Collection
3.8 Method of Data Analysis
3.9 Validity and Reliability of the Study
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION ANALYSIS INTERPRETATION OF DATA
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Data Analysis
4.3 Testing Of Hypotheses
CHAPTER FIVE
FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Findings
5.2 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
References
Appendix
USE THIS MATERIALS AS A GUIDE FOR YOUR PERSONAL RESEARCH WORK (IF PROPERLY CITED)
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WE ASSIST OUR CLIENTS BY PROVIDING QUALITY RESEARCH MATERIALS FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES.
THIS MATERIAL IS FOR RESEARCH PURPOSES ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED AS GUIDELINE. | https://projectsolutionz.com.ng/evaluation-of-the-implementation-of-continuous-assessment-programs/ |
|Leerdoelen|| Students acquire the skills:
|
- to review existing literature,
- to generate novel ideas and hypotheses in a limited period of time using literature data as a starting point,
- to formulate a research question and design an appropriate research plan,
- to formulate a rebuttal.
- Students will become familiar with the principles of peer-review.
|Omschrijving|| The overall aim of this course is to train students in the writing and evaluation of a research proposal. The course contains four main assignments: ‘trends review’, ‘rebuttal’, ‘proposal and presentation’ and ‘ oral defense’.
|
The students generate new hypotheses based on the reviewed literature and prepare a research project proposal that is orally presented and defended in front of the teachers and fellow students. The proposal must include a clear problem definition, research objectives, and a plan of investigation that includes a description of the methodology and method validation. Furthermore, during the course, the students become familiar with the principles of peer-review.
|Uren per week|
|Onderwijsvorm||
interactief werkcollege, opdrachten
|
(Group discussion and self-study)
|Toetsvorm||
verslag en presentatie
|
(Report and presentation)
|Vaksoort||Master|
|Coördinator||dr. J. Moser|
|Docent(en)||A.M. Dolga, PhD. ,dr. ir. H.J.M. Harmsen ,prof. dr. P. Heeringa ,dr. I.H. Jonkers ,dr. S. Withoff|
|Verplichte literatuur||
|
|Entreevoorwaarden|| Completed: | https://www.rug.nl/ocasys/rug/vak/show?code=GKTDIT4 |
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Published byEvangeline Cole Modified over 4 years ago
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“Knowing Revisited” And that’s how we can move toward really knowing something: Richard Feynman on the Scientific Method
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Scientific Broadly Defined Science is an objective, logical, and systematic method of analyzing and explaining phenomena, devised to permit the accumulation of reliable knowledge. The product of science is knowledge
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Scientific Broadly Defined Premises of science are –empiricism –objectivity –falsifiability –control What this means: –rationality and skepticism are how we learn about the universe and shape new principles –If the arguments and experiments are sound, if the theory can withstand skeptical scrutiny, if the work was undertaken within the framework of past research and provides a basis for further discovery, then it is science
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The Process of Science The process of science begins with speculation, observation, and growing understanding of some idea or phenomenon. This understanding is used to shape research questions, which in turn are used to develop hypotheses that can be tested by proof or experimentation. The results are described in a paper, which is then submitted for independent review before (hopefully) being published; or the results are described in a thesis that us then submitted for examination. --Justin Zobel
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Elements of Good Scientific Research? Problem clearly specified and hypotheses formulated based on observations Objectives clearly defined - scope, limitations are fully specified Process detailed - can be repeated and except when secrecy is imposed reveal the sources of data and means by which they were obtained Design thoroughly planned - make as objective as possible
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Elements of Good Scientific Research? High ethical standards applied Limitations frankly revealed - there are very few perfect designs adequate analysis - data classified to clearly reveal findings, probability of error should be estimated Threats to validity (external, internal, construct) clearly identified and addressed findings presented unambiguously conclusions justified
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Research Project Phases An individual research project (such as a Ph.D. dissertation) follows a specific life cycle: –Choose research question/problem; formulate hypotheses –Determine current state of knowledge –Apply appropriate methods to produce research results To verify the hypotheses To evaluate the proposed solutions –Write up research results Research is not complete until it is written up (and published) – Peer Review is critical!
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A Research Project Checklist (I) Are ideas clear and consistent? Is the problem clearly specified? Is it worthy of investigation? Are there proposed solutions to be explored? Does the project have appropriate scope? What are the specific hypotheses / research questions What would disprove the hypothesis? What are the assumptions and are they “sensible”?
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A Research Project Checklist (II) Has the research plan/design been critically assessed? Are you convinced that it is based on sound science? What forms of evidence are to be used? How are outcomes to be evaluated? What are the metrics? Why are the selected methods appropriate for verifying the hypothesis or evaluating the proposed solutions? What are the likely weaknesses of your solutions?
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A Research Project Checklist (III) Is there a detailed written research plan? Have milestones, timelines, and deadlines been identified? Do the deadlines leave enough time to receive feedback on the drafts and to allow colleagues to contribute? Has the literature been adequately explored? Once the work is done – and your perspective has changed – does in need to be explored again?
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Unstructured Environment especially in PhD need to develop a routine make research a priority regular meetings with your advisor join or set up a research group role of course work keep a journal - get in habit of writing down ideas
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Research Is About Reading Foundation of good research: find and critically read related scientific articles Locate important research tools in your area –journals and conferences –workshops –important or seminal papers in your area –good research sites and groups –other faculty web sites –develop your own Web repository (why?) How to read papers –first look at abstract, keywords, references –next: for some papers look at intro. and conclusions –next: for some, read in detail and write notes
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What to consider when critically reading papers (write a summary for every paper you read) what is the main problem? why is it important? what is the hypothesis? how precise are the claims? what are the main results (in your own words)? how does it relate to previous work? what are the most important references? what is the evidence and how was it gathered? what are the metrics and how are measurements taken? how carefully are the algorithms and experiments described? what would the reproduction of the results involve? why and how are the results significant? ideas for future work?
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Exercise Select one recent paper relevant to you area of interest Critically read the paper (using criteria in previous slide) Submit the paper and your notes in two weeks You may be asked to summarize in class
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Research Is About Writing writing is the most fundamental part of research writing not just an end, but also a tool writing logical reasoning take a writing course when reading papers, mark those that are especially well- written keeping a journal, revisited consider writing a survey paper write one or more research proposals Note: programming or math are not writing, by themselves; programming is also not research
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What will I learn on this module?
This module is designed to support you in independently pursuing an original piece of research on a built environment topic of your own choice and aims to provide you with an opportunity to design and conduct a substantive piece of investigative work that is directly related to your programme of study. You will draw upon and develop your independent research skills to answer a research question or test a hypothesis of your choosing. You will assemble and review relevant scholarly literature and data and to present a cogent, reasoned and objective critique of published scholarly work on your chosen topic, in order to define a precisely focus for your research.
You will develop expertise to achieve the following:
• identify an appropriate research topic
• critically review relevant academic literature;
• formulate research questions/hypotheses and appropriate methods of inquiry;
• collect your own data and/or using existing datasets and literature
• analyse and interpret your results using appropriate quantitative, statistical and/or qualitative techniques,
• relate your findings to existing and up-to-date literature and theory;
• objectively appraise the ethical considerations of conducting research; and
• independently manage and implement your own research project.
How will I learn on this module?
Module learning is largely by independent study supported by a tailored programme of lectures, workshops, tutorials and supervisory meetings. You will be expected to take ownership of your own learning through a process of self-reflection of your own needs and, using the guidance provided, ensuring you master all the skills needed to successfully complete your research project. By applying what you have learnt and engaging in the process of research itself you will become more self-sufficient and gain key employability skills of time-management, retrieval and critical application of relevant knowledge and information, effective communication, problem solving and analysis, and make informed decisions.
You will be allocated a dissertation supervisor who will guide you through the process of executing and writing-up your study, with whom you will be expected to meet regularly to discuss and reflect upon progress, whilst maintaining a research process archive containing all correspondence and documentation associated with the process of conducting your research. Informal verbal and formal written formative feedback will be provided throughout by your supervisor.
A programme of lectures will cover generic guidance on how to develop and complete your dissertation, manage and conduct a research project and learn from examples of good and bad practice. Workshops will be run on the data collection methods and analysis of quantitative and qualitative data. Group tutorials, including presentations, will be offered to allow you and your peers to share their experiences and learn from each other.
If you are in employment your workplace will be the main learning environment, in effect acting as a framework for dissertation. However, tutor support will be available via drop-in sessions throughout the module study period. If you are in employment it is recognised that there is the need for modes of blended learning delivery, experiential assessment, and opportunities to combine work and study through independent study, embedded learning opportunities, and relevant communications technologies. Lecture capture will be used to elaborate on the content contained in any teaching material along with audio recording and notes to support presentations on key topics.
How will I be supported academically on this module?
Module guidance will be made available in a Module Handbook and elearning platform, Blackboard,and enhanced by the use of discussion boards, group tutorials to encourage peer to peer learning. Materials and information on how to academic writing, time management, reviewing literature, referencing etc. is available through the University’s Skills Plus modules. Examples of previous submissions and best practice will be available on the module’s Blackboard site; contemporary research questions and potential topics are provided by both staff and local practitioners and well established external relations with the local surveying and wider built environment professions offer a network of contacts. You will also be supported by a digital reading list of generic reading covering research methods, data collection techniques and critical analysis.
Your learning journey will be guided by 1:1 meetings with your dissertation supervisor who will:
• guide you through the research process, drawing upon their specialist knowledge of your topic, directing you to up-to-date literature and data, and advising you appropriate data collection methods and analytical techniques
• advise you on ethical issues involved in carrying out your research;
• be available to provide advice and answer questions on assessments
• give detailed constructive feedback on your literature review chapter to help you improve both content and academic writing
• provide formative and summative feedback on your interim research proposal and final dissertation submission.
A Research Process Archive will be used to record meetings with your supervisor and other formal and informal feedback and interaction with your research project.
If you are in employment your workplace will be the main learning environment, however, tutor support will be available via drop-in sessions throughout the module study period. The eLP, telephone and email will be used as a means of communication once the initial briefings have taken place and work-based visits will be made by tutors if appropriate.
What will I be expected to read on this module?
All modules at Northumbria include a range of reading materials that students are expected to engage with. The reading list for this module can be found at: http://readinglists.northumbria.ac.uk
(Reading List service online guide for academic staff this containing contact details for the Reading List team – http://library.northumbria.ac.uk/readinglists)
What will I be expected to achieve?
You are required to complete an original 9,000 word dissertation (a written record- an academically acceptable format of a completed research project) that is analytical and summative in nature, covering methodological issues related to the researchable subject topic, and demonstrates an accurate interpretation and clear presentation of original research findings. (x ref to PLOs)
Knowledge & Understanding:
MLO 1 – You will explore published literature, information and data to inform your identification of a feasible and focussed research topic
MLO 2 - You will formulate research questions/hypotheses on your chosen topic and relate these to existing subject knowledge and literature
MLO 3 – You will evaluate different methodological approaches to propose a clear and logical research design, data collection and analysis strategy appropriate to your research topic and its context
Intellectual / Professional skills & abilities:
MLO 4 – you will write a critical appraisal and detailed analysis of related and relevant scholarly literature that recognises academic authority, identifies and systematically analyses all of the main research variables.
MLO 5 – you will design and implement a detailed programme of research, data collection and analysis that integrates research aims, data requirements and standardized methods of collection and analysis,
MLO 6 – you will demonstrate that you can take into consideration theoretical, methodological, ethical and other constraints and limitations
MLO 7 - you will interpret and evaluate the findings of your research in relation to other published research on the topic
MLO 8 – you will recognise the validity of your research findings and the limitations of conclusions drawn
Personal Values Attributes (Global / Cultural awareness, Ethics, Curiosity) (PVA)
MLO 9 – you will demonstrate understanding of the good practice with regard the ethics of research
MLO 10 -you will critically recognise the contested nature of knowledge and research findings
How will I be assessed?
• Formative assessment is provided at an early stage by presentation of your research topic to your peer group.
• Research Proposal (2000 word limit)(Formative & Summative) is a written summary of your proposed research topic, including the working title of your dissertation, a statement of the proposed research aims and objectives, research questions/hypotheses, rationale for the research. The student will also submit their Research Ethics Registration form at the same time. The objectives of the proposal are to provide students with an opportunity to gain formative feedback at a relatively early stage in their process of considering their proposed topic, thus enabling the outcomes to feed-forward to inform the research process, and to ensure the proposed topic fully satisfies the ethos of their programme of study. The proposal will be assessed by the supervisor and an independent moderator, who will also review and, if appropriate, approve the ethics registration.
• Dissertation (9,000 word limit) - the research project is the summative assessment for this module. You are expected to evaluate, appraise and critique ideas, concepts and theoretical models, and to identify any biases and assumptions inherent in these generic components of research, before developing focused analytical and evaluative skills that are based on a thorough and systematic approach to the handling and manipulation of primary and secondary data. You will then write up this original work that is analytical and summative in nature, covering methodological issues related to the researchable subject topic, and demonstrates an accurate interpretation and clear presentation of original research findings
Assessments and Module Learning Outcomes:
Presentation: MLO1; 2
Research Methods portfolio MLO1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9
Interim submission: MLO1-7, MLO9
Dissertation: MLO 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Pre-requisite(s)
None
Co-requisite(s)
None
Module abstract
The dissertation module allows you to choose a topic that interests you and potentially supports your chosen career path. With the support of staff that have expertise in your chosen field, you will carry out and implement a coherent and extensive research project. You will have the opportunity to deploy data collection methods and analytical techniques to answer your research questions or test your hypothesis. You will be required to present your research ideas to a group of your peers, submit a research proposal and write a 9,000 word dissertation. By conducting and writing-up your own research project you will become more self-reliant and independent, gaining key employability skills of time-management, data retrieval and critical application of relevant knowledge and information, effective communication and problem solving and analysis.
Course info
UCAS Code K440
Credits 40
Level of Study Undergraduate
Mode of Study 3 years full-time or 4 years with a placement (sandwich)/study abroad
Department Architecture and Built Environment
Location City Campus, Northumbria University
City Newcastle
Start September 2022
Real Estate BSc (Hons)
Courses starting in 2021 are offered as a mix of face to face and online learning. We continue to monitor government and local authority guidance in relation to Covid-19 and we are ready and able to flex accordingly to ensure the health and safety of our students and staff.
Contact time is subject to increase or decrease in line with additional restrictions imposed by the government or the University in the interest of maintaining the health and safety and wellbeing of students, staff, and visitors, potentially to a full online offer, should further restrictions be deemed necessary in future.
Our online activity will be delivered through Blackboard Ultra, enabling collaboration, connection and engagement with materials and people.
Current, Relevant and Inspiring
We continuously review and improve course content in consultation with our students and employers. To make sure we can inform you of any changes to your course register for updates on the course page. | https://www.northumbria.ac.uk/study-at-northumbria/courses/real-estate-bsc-ft-uusrez1?moduleslug=ka6032-surveying-dissertation&alttemplate=%7Bdf847541-4f68-426a-8940-4c60ff4c5262%7D&y=2021 |
Academic papers, particularly theses and dissertations, usually follow an established structure or format composed of five main sections. Universities adhere to this format to standardize research writing regardless of fields or disciplines, and to make it easier for advisers, panelists, and peer reviewers to evaluate these papers.
Nevertheless, the following discussion provides a guideline and outline to thesis and dissertation writing in consideration of the five major sections, as well as the supplemental sections. Hence, this article also lists down or enumerates and describes the parts of a thesis or dissertation.
The Structure: Guideline and Outline to Thesis and Dissertation Writing
Abstract or Executive Summary
The abstract or executive summary of the research should summarize the topic or subject under investigation, the aim of the research, the methodology used, and the main conclusions and recommendations. The typical word count for this section is around 300 to 500 words.
Chapter 1: Introduction
As one of the major sections of a thesis or dissertation, the introduction essentially provides the readers of an overview of what the research is all about, especially the topic or subject, what it intends to investigate or answer, and the background that underpins the entire research pursuit. It consists of three sub-sections:
• Background of the Study: Contains a brief discussion of the topic or subject and introduces the entire research pursuit to the readers. It also contains a brief literature review or an overview of the current gap in research. This section can also include a brief discussion of the way the paper is structured.
• Aims and Objectives: Includes a clear and precise statement of the aims of the research, in addition to the more specific objectives. Note that objectives can be stated in the form of research questions. The objectives or research questions should contribute directly to the achievement of the stated aims.
• Scope and Limitation: Justifies the feasibility of the research and its relevance, as well as identifies and describes its focus and the parameters used to establish the scope and limitation of the entire research undertaking.
Chapter 2: Literature Review
The literature review identifies, examines, and describes previous studies that are related to the topic or subject of the research. The main goal of this section is to identify gaps or shortcomings in a particular field or discipline that the current research intends to address. In addition, it can also provide a detailed discussion of the theoretical and conceptual framework used by the current research,
Below are quick pointers on how a literature review should be approached and written:
• It should identify the appropriate academic and/or professional fields or disciplines of the literature and places the current research or its topic or subject within a particular scope.
• It should identify and describe the main themes in the literature that are important and useful to the current research undertaking.
• It should identify the connections or discontinuities between the themes in the literature or the research gaps the current research intends to fill.
Chapter 3: Methodology
Another major section of a thesis or dissertation is the methodology part. Often the shortest and easiest to write, it outlines the method used in the pursuit of the research undertaking, particularly by explaining why such method is used. Essentially, this section should also explain what, when, where, how, and why the research did what he or she did to get the results.
Below is a brief guideline in writing the methodology section:
• It should discuss the nature of the questions the researcher are asking and choose an appropriate methodological stance for answering them.
• It should describe, explain and justify the research methods, especially the research paradigm and research approach, that the researcher has chosen
• It should describe the practical and technical aspects of conducting the research to include the sampling technique or data gathering procedure employed.
• It should discuss any ethical issues connected with the entire research undertaking in consideration of privacy considerations and data handling, concerns over human subjects, and academic integrity.
Chapter 4: Results and Analysis of Findings
The longest part of thesis and dissertation writing is the section that discusses the results and analyses of the findings from the methodology. There is no format or standardized structure in writing this section. However, the following are pointers for organizing the discussion of results and analyses:
• It should describe what the researcher has found out and what it means to the current research undertaking.
• It should refer back to the literature review and the conceptual framework by evaluating and connecting previous studies and the framework.
• It should include figures and tables, if needed, that would summarize the results, where appropriate.
• It should be compared with the hypotheses or expectations held before the conduct of the research or the actual pursuit of the methodology.
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations
As the last major section of a thesis or dissertation, the conclusion and recommendations mark the closure of the research undertaking. Take note of the following guideline:
• Summarize the main argument of the research
• Either discuss the validity and reliability of the findings and arguments or reflectively critique the account provided in your dissertation
• Frame the conclusions and recommendations whenever appropriate
• Discuss any issues concerning the implementation of the conclusions or recommendations.
Take note that all conclusions should connect back to the aims and objectives of questions of the research, as stated in the introduction section. As an additional pointer, the researcher can use the aims and objectives as subheadings for organizing the discussion of the conclusions. In other words, each conclusion can be presented under a corresponding subheading based on the aim or objective.
Note that the conclusion should not introduce new ideas, topics or subjects, or materials. However, the research can raise questions for future research directions through recommendations.
Appendices
The appendices contain a list, description, and presentation of all tables and figures used in the entire thesis or dissertation writing. It can also present the research instruments used, such as a survey questionnaire or FGD guide. However, the word count from this section is not included in the entire word count of the entire paper.
References
All materials used in the entire paper, including those mentioned in the literature review, should be referenced according to the academic referencing format prescribed by the university. The use of many references is a positive feature of a good thesis dissertation. In addition, proper referencing and citation also influence marks or grades. | https://www.konsyse.com/articles/thesis-and-dissertation-writing-guideline-and-outline/ |
What’s the format of a dissertation?
Home/Skills/What’s the format of a dissertation?
Obviously the exact format of dissertations may vary, particularly for those based entirely upon secondary data collection. However, the considerations detailed below will be relevant for most. The headings represent the main components of a dissertation. Key considerations for each are indicated and serve as a checklist for producing a quality dissertation.
Should clearly indicate the title, student name and ID number, degree and year of submission. The spine (if professionally bound) should give the student name, degree and year of submission.
Only cite the names of individuals who have assisted in the actual completion of the dissertation. In other words names and positions of people actually involved in the research process, stating their role / input. Long lists thanking all those providing emotional and spiritual support are unnecessary.
The contents page should clearly and accurately index the page numbers of the various sections of the dissertation. A list of figures, tables are also helpful. Spelling of headings should be accurate (an aspect often missed by students).
The dissertation may begin with an abstract of 150-200 words (MAXIMUM), which concisely summarises the research and findings. An abstract is not essential, but it does help the reader / examiner to quickly appraise the dissertation topic and is therefore desirable.
This should begin by stating the overall aim of the work and a number of objectives (not more than 4?). In essence, this section will draw upon the dissertation proposal, as modified by what you have learned.
[And remember in drawing up a proposal that aims and objectives should 1) have a clear focus and 2) be feasible. The research rationale should follow, explaining purpose of the research, why it is a worthwhile topic and its relevance to the specific sector or industry. The introduction should also briefly describe the dissertation content chapter by chapter and explain the relevance of each to the dissertation as a whole.
A description of the secondary research process followed and information sources used in the literature review is relevant. Include details of any on-line searches, attempts to evaluate information sources, triangulate findings. Relevant industry background information should be provided if the research involves a particular industry sector. This might include aspects such as the competitors, strategies, customer segments, current trends and developments. If industry experts have given interviews, or provided relevant material this information may be included here.
Attempts should be made to relate the industry overview to the dissertation aims, i.e., expand upon the research rationale and its relevance to the sector. The sector overview should be based on up-to-date information sources. It should display evidence of extensive reading around and not be based on just one or two reports. The chapter should be appropriately structured. For example, an introduction describing the chapter’s purpose and content. Also a conclusion summarising key points and its relevance to later sections of the dissertation (i.e., where the information presented is reconsidered). Students frequently regard the literature review chapter as a stand-alone item, distinct from the rest of the dissertation. It isn’t. The reason for a literature review is to establish what is already known about a subject, so the dissertation can advance that knowledge or apply it to a particular case. All cited sources must be accurately detailed in the references (see later section).
A description of the secondary research process followed and sources used is again relevant.
This chapter should describe the area(s) of business and management theory relevant to the dissertation topic. Also, previous research/studies into the topic and their findings are relevant. The review seeks to provide a synthesis of the relevant literature, along with some attempt at critical evaluation. It is useful to describe the research methodologies and approaches that others have used to investigate the specific area of business and management theory. This information can then be used in the subsequent development and design of the dissertation research methodology.
This aspect of literature review should display evidence of extensive reading. Whilst sources such as textbooks will be relevant, particular attention should be paid to current academic journal articles. The chapter should be appropriately structured. For example, an introduction describing the chapter’s purpose and content. Also a conclusion summarising key points and its relevance to later sections of the dissertation (i.e., where the information presented is reconsidered).
Again, all cited sources must be detailed accurately in the references (see later section).
The conceptual development aims to clearly explain, based on the literature review, the research rationale and its objectives, what factors/variables are being investigated towards answering the research questions. This involves a focused and explicit understanding of how the research fits within existing research and what it examines through a logical and rational flow. If the research design is exploratory, developing its conceptual framework may involve discussing the assumptions and propositions it aims to explore. If the research design is more conclusive, its conceptual development may involve a discussion that builds hypotheses to be investigated, offering a theoretical rationale for it based on secondary data reviewed.
The conceptual development is a critical part of the research because it is about defining the backbone of the research work to be undertaken. It is important that students develop their ideas/thoughts about it early on and discuss it explicitly with supervisors. The main criteria based on which this part of the dissertation is assessed are clarity of concepts involved, a clear understanding of variables/factors examined in the research, and linking the conceptual framework to literature reviewed in a coherent way.
The methodology chapter provides a detailed description of the research undertaken to fulfil the research objectives. Credit will given to students who put their research into the context of the research or subject paradigm, e.g., interpretivist v. positivist, qualitative v. quantitative, traditional v. experiential. Some consideration of alternative relevant research approaches may be appropriate so that the rationale for the chosen approach is clear.
The research should be substantial enough to warrant a Masters degree. As a rule of thumb a qualitative dissertation on a consumer subject might comprise four focus groups or 30 depth interviews. A quantitative survey should have a minimum of 100 interviews. Research for business-oriented dissertations might vary greatly in size depending on the nature of the question. The methodology chapter should provide evidence that the research design is grounded in the research literature. Again, sources must be accurately referenced. The methodology chapter should clearly describe the research process followed and cover the relevant details.
More advanced students will be aware of the pitfalls / problems associated with their chosen research method and design a methodology that tries to overcome some of these.
All research and training involving staff and students at London Metropolitan University must comply with the University’s Ethics Policy and Procedures. These have been developed to protect staff, students and research participants from potential harm and to promote the highest ethical standards in research and training. See page 18 in this handbook (Ethics Review Checklist) for a full description of how the policy is implemented with regard to Masters Dissertations in LMBS. Once you have completed this checklist and discussed it with your supervisor, please retain one copy and send two signed hard copies to the Chair or vice-Chair of the Ethics Review Panel dealing with research and training for LMBS.
In addition to the university guidelines many professional bodies have published their own ethical policies; these should be consulted on a subject specific basis. For example market research that involves approaching members of the public must adhere to the Code of Conduct of the Market Research industry. For example, protecting respondent anonymity and gaining parental permission for research involving children are important considerations. The World Association of Opinion and Marketing Research Professionals website provides guidelines for different research types.
If more than one method of data collection is used then the links and relationship between them should be clearly explained. The sequence of research activities should also be correct.
The raw / processed data should be appropriately presented in this chapter. For example, if a questionnaire has been used frequencies or percentages can be presented question by question. If depth interviews or focus groups were conducted then extensive use of verbatim quotations to illustrate points is appropriate. In the appendices it is also relevant to include complete data tables for questionnaire surveys, or interview/group transcripts in the case of qualitative research.
Presenting tables or comments in order of percentage or frequency of mention.
Presenting in a concise manner.
Data processing and analysis must be performed in the correct manner. For example, with qualitative research data will not be reported in terms of percentages due to small sample size. Furthermore any observations and recommendations must be tentative in nature, using phrases such as ‘from the small sample involved it appears that’, ‘it seems that’.
Appropriate commentary and discussion should be provided. Clearly observations / interpretation of data should be accurate and relevant! Findings should be discussed in the light of the research objectives. Where possible findings should be related back to and discussed in the light of information / works cited in the literature review chapters.
For survey data in particular analyses may even form a separate chapter.
A summary of the research and the key findings. Summary tables or models detailing the key points may be appropriate. Effort should also be made to relate the findings back to the literature.
On the basis of the findings recommendations and implications for business and management may be given. Although not all dissertations may result in management recommendations.
Limitations of the research, particularly the methodology, should be acknowledged and described. Reflection on the research process should also be discussed, i.e., what worked well, what didn’t, what could be improved if the research were conducted again?
A discussion of relevant future research activities is also appropriate.
All references should be listed alphabetical order!
Any additional data relevant to the industry, customer base.
Dissertations should have a clear structure, with a consistent hierarchy of headings. Written English should be of a good standard free from spelling mistakes and grammatical errors.
The dissertation must be the students own work and written in the students own words. There should be no evidence of plagiarism! (See later section). | https://en.aceessays.com/whats-format-dissertation.html |
An admission essay is the most important part of a college appllication. Find a sample essay below that is perfect for applying to schools.
Lab Report Sample
Lab reports are written to describe and analyse a laboratory experiment that explores a scientific concept. They are typically assigned to enable you to: Conduct scientific research. Formulate a hypothesis/hypotheses about a particular stimulus, event, and/or behaviour.
Case Study Sample
A case study results from a particular instance of something used or analysed in order to illustrate a thesis or principle, in social and life sciences
Research Proposal
A research proposal is a document proposing a research project, generally in the sciences or academia, and generally constitutes a request for sponsorship of that research.
Personal Statement
A personal statement is an essay or other written statement written by an applicant, often a prospective student applying to some college, university, or graduate school.
Literature Review
A literature review is a scholarly paper, which includes the current knowledge; substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic
Book Review Sample
A book review is a form of literary criticism in which a book is merely described or analyzed based on content, style, and merit. A book review may be a primary source, opinion piece, summary review or scholarly review.
Dissertation Sample
A thesis or dissertation is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author’s research and findings regarding a particular research area.
Annotated Bibliography
An annotated bibliography gives a summary of each of the source entries or a research paper. The purpose of the annotations is to provide the reader with a summary and an evaluation of each source used in the research.
Expository Essay Sample
An expository essay is a genre of writing which tends to explain, illustrate, clarify, or explicate something in a way that it becomes clear for readers.
Term Paper Sample
A term paper is a research paper written by students over an academic term, accounting for a large part of a grade. It is a written original work discussing a topic in detail.
Critical Thinking Essay
The purpose of a Critical thinking essay is to aid the student develop analytical skills while coming up with a strong argument, all reflected in writing.
Article Review Sample
A review article such as the one below, summarizes the current state of understanding on a topic. It summarizes a previously published study, rather than reporting new facts or analysis. | https://scholarpill.com/essay-samples/ |
A research proposal sets out what you intend to achieve and how you will go about it. The requirements of research proposals differ depending on the question you want to address. It should at least include (although not necessarily in this order):
Chapter 1: Introduction
This part includes a brief introduction about
the topic and how it is important. It explains the background of the project,
focusing briefly on the major issues of its knowledge domain and clarifying
why these issues are worthy of attention. The introduction should endeavor to
catch the reader’s interest and should be written in such a way that can be
understood easily by any reader with a general science background. It should
cite all relevant references pertaining to the major issues described.
Many researchers prefer to postpone writing the Introduction till the rest of the document is finished. This is apparently make sense, since the act of writing tends to introduces many changes in the plans initially sketched by the writer. Therefore, at finishing from the document the writer gets a clear view of how to construct an introduction that is, indeed, compelling.
Normally, the last paragraph of this section gives hints about the problem that is going to be consider within the proposal research. In other words, the last paragraph works as a bridge that serves as preface of the next section which is research problem.
Chapter 2: Stat of Art
The State of the Art, also known as the
Literature Review. First of all, it demonstrates that you have built a solid
knowledge of the field where the research is taking place, and that you have
critically identified and evaluated the key literature.
The Literature Review must give credit to the researchers who laid the groundwork for your research. In this way when your research objectives are further clarified, the reader is able to recognize beyond doubt that what you are attempting to do. This will confirm of what has not been done in the past and that your research will likely make a significant contribution to the literature.
The Literature Review is usually the more extensive part of a research proposal, so it will expectedly develop over various paragraphs and sub-paragraphs. It should be accompanied by comprehensive references. Ideally, all appropriate books, book chapters, papers and other texts produced in the knowledge domain you are exploring which are of importance for your work should be mentioned here and listed at the end of the proposal. The popular reference style conventions are American Psychological Association (APA) style.
Chapter 3: Research Problems, Objectives, Questions, And Hypotheses
Research Problems
The research problem is a general statement of why the research should be done. This is something that is not well-understood or solved and can be addressed by research. The fundamental questions could be as:
- Why should anyone care about the outcome of this research?
- Who would use the results of this research? and for what?
- Why should anyone sponsor this research?
Research Objectives
These are statements of what is expected
as the output of the research. Each of the objectives must be at least
partially met at the end of the project. The clarification of the research
objectives should build solidly on the Literature Review and relate your
research to the work carried out by others. It should elucidate the measure to
which your work develops from their work and the extent to which it diverges
from theirs to open up new and yet unexplored avenues.
There is usually a single general objective which is not operational. This is broken down into a list of specific objectives which are then formulated as research questions, which are then operationalized as research methods.
Research Questions
This section must specify what the research will actually address. Each research question must be answered by the thesis, therefore it must be a specific question to which an answer can be given. Questions follow objectives and may be simple re-statements in operational form, i.e. where an experiment or sample can answer it.
Research Hypotheses
As a definition: It is an idea or suggestion
that is based on known facts and is used as a basis for reasoning or further
investigation.
Chapter 4: Research Methodology and Materials
Research Methodology
Provides a discussion of the research strategy (general approach) to be adopted with appropriate justification including:
- detail of the implementation of the strategy in relation to the proposed research
- the technique(s) to be used including justifying appropriate technique(s) for the research strategy adopted.
- possible problems that may arise in administering the technique(s) along with identifying strategies to minimize the impact of any potential problems.
Research Materials
This addresses the range of data that will be gathered from the research techniques and how this information will be used and analyzed. It also may include description of the study area, software and equipment and other needs that to be used and present in the research.
Chapter 5: Work Plan and Implications
In general, it is not easy to create a detailed work plans for the research proposal. However, (in some cases) it is possible do build a detailed description of what the researcher plans to do (literature to explore in depth, principles or theorems to formulate and prove, experiments to carry out, sub-systems to build, systems integrations to perform, tests to accomplish). The plan should anticipate the problems likely to be found along the way and describe the approaches to be followed in solving them. It should also anticipate the conferences and journals to which the work in progress is expected to be submitted along the way, and schedule it in a Goals for Publication section of the work plan.
Whatever its nature, comprehensive or sketchy, your work plan should be able to put in perspective the implications of the successive steps of your work, reinforcing, in the mind of the reader, and that the outcomes of the project will contribute significantly to the enhancement of the field. It would be very clear for the reader if the anticipate plan of the research proposal can be shown as a time table.
Template of the PhD Research Proposal can be downloaded from here. | http://postgrad.uoz.edu.krd/manuals/const-res-proposal |
The following were the objectives of the study:
– To find out how road transportation system help consumers in the distribution of their products in Nigeria.
– To know how extend to which road transportation system affected the marketing of consumers goods.
The study among other revealed the following:
That road transport affect the marketing of consumer products in Nigeria.
Consumer goods charges high due to high cost of transportation.
Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations were made:-
The identification of the problem – based on the problem and finding of the study, some useful recommendations are made towards growing more foods.
I still use this medium to advice that government should put eye on the poor road network so that consumers will not find it difficult in marketing their products.
Approval Page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
AbstractChapter One:
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Statement Of The Problem
1.3 Objectives Of The Study
1.4 Hypotheses Formulation
1.5 Significance Of The Study
1.6 Scope Of The Study
1.7 Definition Of Terms.
Chapter Two:
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Meaning Of Road Transportation On Consumer Goods
2.2 Road Transportation And Agricultural Products
2.3 Antecedent Importance Of Road Transportation On Consumer Goods
2.4 Problems Of Road Transport On Consumer Goods.
Chapter Three:
3.0 Research Methodology
3.1 Source Of Data
3.2 Population Of The Study
3.3 Sample Size
3.4 Method Of Investigation
3.5 Research Instrument
3.6 Questionnaire, Design And Allocation
3.7 Limitation Of The Study
Chapter Four:
4.0 Data Presentation, Analysis And Interpretation
4.1 Data Presentation And Interpretation
4.2 Test Of Hypotheses
Chapter Five: | https://www.projecttopicsexperts.com/2017/09/04/impact-road-transportation-mode-marketing-consumer-goods-nigeriaa-case-study-enugu-metropolis/ |
This study is about the success of strategy implementation. Implementation, the conceptual counterpart of strategy formulation, has been regarded as an extremely challenging area in management practice. Still, strategy implementation has received remarkably less attention in the strategic management literature. The existing implementation frameworks are mostly normative and rather limited.
On the other hand, the strategy as practice research agenda has emerged to study strategy on the micro level, as a social phenomenon. Practice researchers have introduced an activity – based view on strategy that is concerned with the day – to – day activities of organizational life that relate to strategic outcomes. Still, there is a clear need to know more about these strategic activities: what are they like, and how are they related to strategic outcomes.
This study explores the success of strategy implementation in terms of organizational activities, by focusing on two questions: how are the strategy goals realized through organic goal’s adoption? The research questions are addressed empirically.
The analysis produces a general strategic activity categorization consisting of numerous activities under five main activity categories of determining, communicating, controlling, organization and interacting with the environment. The activities divide into existing and desired ones, which further divide into enhancing and novel one, the analysis reveals that successful adoption of a strategic goal is desired activities that enhance the existing ones and extensive repertories of novel desired activities in addition, the scope of the strategic goals’ origin and its coherence with other elements of strategy is proposed to contribute to the adoption of the strategic goal.
The study contributed to the strategy as practice discussion by taking the activity – based view seriously and showing in detail what the strategic activities are like and how they are linked to the success of strategy implementation. The research reveals that strategy implementation is a much more complicated, creative, communicative, and external oriented phenomenon than the extant literature presents. Furthermore this study adds to the very limited empirical research on how strategies are adopted and enacted on all organizational levels. The practical implications of the study concern critical evaluation of existing and desired activity patterns, as well as understanding the significance of the strategic goals’ origin and the coherence of the strategic whole
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE
- Background of the study
- Statement of problem
- Objectives of the study
- Research questions
- Hypotheses formulation
- Significance of the study
- Scope of the study
- Limitations of the study
- Definition of terms
References
CHAPTER TWO
- 2.0 Review of related literature
- 2.1 The concept of strategy
- 2.2 Strategy as content and process
- 2.3 Strategy as practice: An activity Based view of strategy
- 2.3.1 Strategizing all over the organization
- 2.4 strategic goals and components
- 2.4.1 Individual collective and organization goals
- 2.4.2 Strategic intent and goal
- 2.5 Adoption of strategic goals
- 2.6 Organization strategic activities
- 2.7 The Essence of strategic action
- 2.8 Strategic activities, Types and classification
- 2.8.1 Strategic activity classification
- 2.9 Bourdex Telecom’s strategic goal
- 2.9.1 Development project related activities
- 2.9.2 Desired activities for customer service
- Process improvement
Reference
CHAPTER THREE
- 3.0 Research methodology
- 3.1 Research design
- 3.2 Area of the study
- 3.3 Population of study
- 3.4 Sample size determination
- 3.5 Instrument of Data Collection
- 3.6 Method of Data presentation and analysis
References
CHAPTER FOUR
- 4.1 Presentation and Analysis of Data
- 4.2 Hypotheses test
- CHAPTER FIVE
- 5.0 Summary of findings, recommendation and conclusion
- 5.1 Summary of findings, | https://schoolprojecttopics.com.ng/adoption-of-strategy-goals-exploring-the-success-of-strategy-implementation-through-organizational/ |
Milestone 5: Research Question
Work with your chair to determine any specific instructions or guidance that he or she may have for you.
Although a good study has an umbrella question (purpose) that guides the research effort, most studies develop additional research question that fall beneath the larger umbrella question.
Let’s go back to our example. The umbrella question has been: “Do transformational leaders influence the ethical values and behaviors of followers?” The literature on transformational leaders notes four typical characteristics: motivational inspiration, idealized influence, intellectual stimulation, and individual consideration. Thus, we might propose as our research questions such inquiries as: Does motivational inspiration influence the ethics of followers? Does idealized influence affect the ethics of followers? Does intellectual stimulation influence the ethics of followers? Does individual consideration influence the ethics of followers?
Notice how each of the subquestions is consistent with the umbrella question. The umbrella question helps keep us on task. You will likely discover lots of questions in your review of the literature. But you need to stay focused on the purpose of your study. What are the significant questions that help give depth and breadth to your umbrella question? What are the research questions that could yield answers, helping you to solve the umbrella dilemma?
But, where do those sub (research) questions come from?
The short answer is—the literature. Everything needs to emerge from your review of current research. For example, will a particular research question start with the word “does,” “how,” “will,” “why,” or “when” (or any number of other question words)? You will need to figure that out based upon what you are concluding from the literature.
Sometimes, your research questions will lead to clear factors and possible relationships. That is, you might develop hypotheses. Sometimes, your research questions do not yield known factors. In other words, you do not have hypotheses.
As you can see, your topic, problem statement, purpose, and review of the literature is leading you to construct a theoretical frame from the literature to help you answer your umbrella question. Your literature review will lead to the foundational theories, research questions and/or research hypotheses.
Develop a set of research questions emerging from your dissertation work so far. For each question, briefly support why it was chosen and how the answer to this question relates to the purpose of your study. Also propose the expected outcome for each question. Where appropriate, develop research hypotheses based upon your research questions. You should also include a section on definition of terms, significance of the study (i.e., Why does it matter? How will it contribute to the literature? How will it help practitioners?) and limitations (i.e., potential weaknesses) of the study.
Submission Details:
Present the research questions/hypotheses, definition of key terms, significance of the study, and limitations in a 3- to 5-page paper (you do not need to include your full topic selection, problem statement, purpose, or literature review in the research questions paper. However, provide enough explanation and support that the rationale for your questions, hypotheses, etc., is clear).
Use APA style in preparing your paper and citing references.
Post the paper to the Milestone 5 Submissions Area.
Notify your chair (e.g., e-mail) when you have submitted the topic paper.
Note: A successful dissertation requires self-directed behaviors. To successfully pass each dissertation course, you must successfully complete (pass) each milestone presented in the course materials. Additionally, you must complete the milestones in the order they are presented in the course. The tasks in some milestones may take you more than a week to complete. Finish each milestone before you move on to the next milestone. In your planning, also allow time for feedback from your dissertation chair/committee and revisions as part of completing each task.
Delivering a high-quality product at a reasonable price is not enough anymore.
That’s why we have developed 5 beneficial guarantees that will make your experience with our service enjoyable, easy, and safe. | https://essaymine.com/dissertation-5/ |
Key Concepts in Research
Students will summarize key concepts in criminological theories, evaluate strengths and weaknesses of the theories, and apply the theories to practical problems in sociology and the criminal justice system. Students will read, evaluate, and summarize current research and theory on crime and criminal justice.
Major Elements of Criminal Justice System
Students will learn the major elements of the criminal justice system and how they operate. Students will observe and evaluate law enforcement, courts, jails, and prisons using sociological tools and theories. Students will use research, theory, and logic to analyze issues and prepare policy recommendations.
Professional Writing
Students will write a professional research paper in which they formulate an original research problem on some aspect of crime or the criminal justice system; conduct a literature review on the problem; use the literature and theory to refine the problem and develop specific testable hypotheses; identify a data set to test the hypotheses; describe the methods used to test the hypotheses (sample, measures, analysis, missing data); analyze the data and test the hypotheses; report the results; relate the findings to the hypotheses and discuss their meaning for theory and practice. | https://gradstudies.byu.edu/course/seminar-deviance-crime-and-corrections |
A laboratory report can be used for several purposes. A company may create its product strategy based on the report findings. Scientists can use the report as a basis for their research. A lab report can also be used for criminal investigation by the police personnel. In all these cases, it is imperative that a lab report be factual and provide adequate summarization of findings, backed by concrete evidence.
Crucial aspects of a lab report are the discussion and conclusion. In the shorter version of a lab report, the discussion section is typically separated from the results section and serves as a conclusion as well. In the longer version of a report, where there are multiple findings, the discussion is typically included within the results section itself, and a separate conclusion section is provided to summarize the findings. In both cases, discussion and conclusion sections help to synthesize the findings by tying them to the objectives and discussing the implications.
A key objective of the discussion section is to synthesize the results by providing a logical explanation. In most of the cases, the discussion section revolves around existing theories and hypotheses referenced in the literature review section of the lab report. It can also formulate a new theory around the results. A key purpose of the discussion section is to move from specifics to general information. The discussion should indicate whether \the results met the objectives and include the reasons for it.
A conclusion section provides a synopsis of work in which the results findings are mapped to the objectives. The conclusion section can also include lessons learned and future research areas that could shed further light on the current experiment. Typically, a detailed analysis of findings is provided in the conclusion section, including the reasons for not achieving the predicted outcome if the results did not meet the expectations.
A lab report should not include any conflicting information that might cause confusion and trigger questions about the credibility of the report. The discussion should cover all of the objectives specified in the report in depth. Avoid repeating information, unless the information is expanded to provide additional insight. The report should link back to the existing hypothesis as documented in the literature review section of the report. Each conclusion should be supported with appropriate evidence. The report should include interpretation of the results, including any new findings from the research. If the research uncovers some open issues that have to be further analyzed, the report should suggest further work to explore them. However, take care not to overspeculate.
Baglodi, Venkatesh. "How to Write a Conclusion or Discussion Section for a Lab Report." , https://penandthepad.com/write-conclusion-discussion-section-lab-2062895.html. Accessed 21 April 2019.
Venkatesh has more than 25 years of experience in different industries including telecommunications, healthcare, banking and financial management, government, transportation and logistics, education, and consumer goods. He has worked for many fortune 500 companies, including Unilever, AT&T, McKesson, and UPS. Venkatesh holds a Ph.D. in computer science from Nova Southeastern University.
What Is the Difference Between Results and Conclusions in a Scientific Experiment? | https://penandthepad.com/write-conclusion-discussion-section-lab-2062895.html |
Consider which you intend using and whether you could also find it more useful to combine the quantitative with the qualitative. You will find that you will need to read all the comments through and to categorise them after you have received them, or merely report them in their diversity and make general statements, or pick out particular comments if they seem to fit your purpose.
Develop clear and well-defined primary and secondary if needed objectives. Write an essay answer on ONE of the following, approximately 1 page in length. Research Questions In deciding the research questions the consideration over data availability and information sources should be given.
Is it a new issue or problem that needs to be solved or is it attempting to shed light on previously researched topic.
Closed questions tend to be used for asking for and receiving answers about fixed facts such as name, numbers, and so on. A research problem is a definite or clear expression [statement] about an area of concern, a condition to be improved upon, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly literature, in theory, or within existing practice that points to a need for meaningful understanding and deliberate investigation.
What method would you use to help answer their question? Process of research unfolds as: Examples of Qualitative Research: Student identifies examples of qualitative research: What sort of problems do you envisage in setting up these methods?
Ensure that the research question and objectives are answerable, feasible and clinically relevant. Covariation of events relationship: Research questions identify trends and provide significance of the study.
Try them out with a colleague. Data is often used to generate new hypotheses based on the results of data collected about different variables.
Fairly reflects the course readings, lectures and discussion thus far this semester. Administrators who provide wellness programs for their employees receive higher employee ratings on selected leadership qualities than administrators who do not provide wellness programs.
What are the effects of childhood obesity in the United States?
Draw up a set of questions that seem appropriate to what you need to find out. Quantitative research methods Questionnaires Questionnaires often seem a logical and easy option as a way of collecting information from people.
This will help you determine whether the findings of your project will produce enough information to be worth the cost.
You need to take expert advice in setting up a questionnaire, ensure that all the information about the respondents which you need is included and filled in, and ensure that you actually get them returned. Understanding Research Methodology 3: The investigative team would first state a research hypothesis.
If you decide to use interviews: This would give you a very good idea of the variety of ideas and feelings people have, it would enable them to think and talk for longer and so show their feelings and views more fully. Jamie has written seven books and co-authored one.
For 1 to cause 2, 1 must precede 2. There is no one understanding. Contact your interviewees and ask permission, explain the interview and its use. During the initial stages of any research study, it is therefore imperative to formulate a research question that is both clinically relevant and answerable.
The Household Survey and Census ask closed questions, and often market researchers who stop you in the street do too. For a relationship between A and B to be nonspurious, there must not be a C that causes both A and B such that the relationship between A and B vanishes once C is controlled.
But it is very difficult to quantify these results. Quantitative research methods Questionnaires Questionnaires often seem a logical and easy option as a way of collecting information from people. The following is an example from the literature about the relation between the research question, hypothesis and study objectives: SI approaches tend to use qualitative.
Acting on the principles of appropriate hypothesis development, the study can then confidently proceed to the development of the research objective. What are the effects of intervention programs in the elementary schools on the rate of childhood obesity among 3rd - 6th grade students?
Some individuals add control and application to the list of goals. Avoid the words significant or significance.The difference between research and non-research activity is, in the way we find answers: the process must meet certain requirements to be called agronumericus.com can identify these requirements by examining some definitions of research.
Choose your answers to the questions and click 'Next' to see the next set of questions. You can skip questions if you would like and come back to them later with the yellow "Go To First Skipped. It will help the decision makers evaluate the research questions your project should answer as well as the research methods your project will use to answer those questions.
It’s critical that you have manageable objectives. Your research will dictate the kinds of research methodologies you use to underpin your work and methods you use in order to collect data. If you wish to collect quantitative data you are probably measuring variables and verifying existing theories or hypotheses or questioning them.
Research Questions and Hypotheses - This book chapter takes an in-depth look at the principles used to design and write research questions and hypotheses for qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods research and describes the differences in approaches based upon the type of research. | https://wododigeqaxecuv.agronumericus.com/the-research-goal-to-find-the-methodology-that-can-provide-answers-to-the-questions-65596qo1806.html |
The style Paper lays the foundation for the used dissertation process, supplying a basic kind of interaction amongst the doctoral pupil together with committee that is doctoral. Basically, the idea Paper will act as a proposal that is tentative permits the doctoral pupil the chance to determine a study focus and acquire early feedback in the research concept. A well-planned Concept Paper will capture the attention associated with dissertation committee and begin a plan that is clear the student’s dissertation.
When may be the Analysis Concept Paper Written? The task is anticipated to include brand new information to the field of research.
The Research Concept Paper is completed before the dissertation proposition and functions as a development device and summary for the dissertation that is planned. The idea paper is a brief document. Dependant on what’s needed for the certain college or scholastic system, the idea Paper may start around merely 2-3 pages to as much as 10-20 pages. The primary point regarding the Concept Paper is always to give an explanation for significance of a specific research study.
The idea Paper initiates the dissertation phase of a doctoral level, which follows the conclusion of necessary coursework and training and represents a culmination for the student’s learning. The dissertation is a student’s last effort that is academic synthesize program product through the use of their learning how to a research task. The idea Paper will act as a directory with this task.
The style Paper, although extremely abridged, is composed of lots of the items that are same in a dissertation. The particular aspects of the idea Paper can vary dependant on the program that is academic the plumped for level. Programs typically provide a grading rubric that functions as a plan for the components that are required and pupils ought to follow those rubrics closely in developing their Concept Paper.
Exactly what are the principal aspects of A research Concept Paper?
Title web web web page — provides a title that is tentative the dissertation. The name associated with Concept Paper ought to be a statement that is stand-alone can completely describe the task by summarizing the key concept of the manuscript. The name should identify the variables concisely being examined plus the relationship the type of factors (American Psychological Association [APA], 2010). Terms should provide a purpose that is useful avoid terms which do not include substance or terms which are misleading. The name regarding the Concept Paper can become the title associated with the dissertation.
Declaration regarding the nagging proble — gives the function for the research. This element of the style Paper presents the issue under research, details why the researcher really wants to investigate this dilemma, and exactly how the study findings might help deal with the issue. Supporting paperwork, including analytical information if available, ought to be utilized to stress the necessity for this research. This part is one of the most essential chapters of the idea Paper; it acts to achieve the reader’s attention and help. You worry about the extensive research, nevertheless the audience may require some convincing. The initial few sentences regarding the Concept Paper should intrigue your reader to pique his / her interest and encourage reading that is further.
As you commence to compose the nagging issue declaration of the Concept Paper, think about your research. First think about why the nagging issue is crucial. Start thinking about just exactly how your research pertains to previous operate in the industry, how you would connect your hypotheses and objectives to concept, and exactly how the hypotheses relate with the investigation design. Finally, think about the theoretical and implications that are practical in your quest task (APA, 2010). A well-developed, succinct, and clear issue declaration will lay the inspiration for a stronger Concept Paper as well as the dissertation that follows. Preliminary Literature Review — provides identification of major literature that supports and validates the subject. The literature review centers on areas that provide help for brand new research and provides the pupil a chance to evaluate and synthesize previous research in the context of the current issue. The student should connect their research project to a theoretical model reported in the literature for the Concept Paper. The essential research that is successful have already been on the basis of the research of predecessors, and also this part of the style Paper provides an adequate amount of a description of past research to plant seeds into the head of this audience suggesting more info will become necessary. A solid Concept Paper is founded on a wide-range literature review that is condensed into a listing of tips. Goal Statement — provides a diverse or abstract intention, such as the research objectives and objectives. This area of the Concept Paper informs your reader “who, exactly what, and whenever” concerning the research objective.
Analysis Questions — provides a initial view associated with the concerns the pupil will investigate. Concerns are derived from concept, previous research, and need. These concerns will direct the extensive research methodology; their addition into the Concept Paper links the investigation issue because of the methodology. For many, creating the investigation concerns will be the most part that is difficult of research study, or even the most challenging part of composing the idea Paper. The concerns will direct precisely what may be done; consequently, it’s important they are concentrated towards the primary research problem. These research concerns will especially direct the investigation and also the variety of analyses carried out; as a result, their compatibility is really important. A abridged methodology — provides the student’s best idea on the best way to conduct the study and analyze the data. The objectives identified in past parts of the idea Paper should connect with the research practices described in this part. For the Concept Paper, the methodology is simplified or summarized, serving as a broad outline of this techniques which is used.
Timeline — provides a selection of time for conclusion associated with task, showcasing important elements for each phase regarding the task.
This element is exclusive to your Concept Paper and offers the pupil structure for handling chapters of the task in just a realistic timeframe. References — provides recommendations towards the product cited into the literary works review and somewhere else within the Concept Paper. | https://phanphoiruou.vn/analysis-concept-paper-what-s-an-extensive.html |
Riches will be showing his work at PULSE Art Fair in Miami Beach in December, 2019, and his artwork is available for purchase through Nadia Arnold. See more of the artist’s scribbled portraits as well as his work in charcoal on Instagram and Facebook.
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Art Illustration
Swirling Patches of Multi-Hued Colored Pencil Compose Portraits by Linsey Levendall
Artist and illustrator Linsey Levendall constructs portraits by sketching hundreds of tiny patches of color, creating multi-hued landscapes that take the form of his subjects’ hair and skin. The prismatic works show a range of human conditions, capturing everything from deep introspection to pure bliss. Levendall shares with Colossal that his works are inspired by a wide collection of interests including Salvador Dali, animation, graphic novels, and Cubism. The artist grew up in Cape Town’s Cape Flats, however he now lives and works in rural Canada. You can see more of his portraits created in colored pencil and ink on Instagram and Behance.
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Editor's Picks: Photography
Highlights below. For the full collection click here. | https://www.thisiscolossal.com/tags/pen/ |
by Tina McGrath
On being a total pain explores the lived experience of total pain as a suspension of personal agentic identity where desires to do, become, belong and simply be are trapped within a sustained moment of pain and discomfort. Often the pain itself is the focus of the medical gaze, however, the deep meanings attached to this pain become an unspeakable distress when this pain is separated from the lived experience of it and the limitations that it inflicts on agency and futurity. The person, and sometimes others, can further diminish the person within this traumatic pain experience by describing them as “a total pain”, thus essentially limiting and defining them in terms of their pain.
—
I ache to tell you the truth of where it hurts.
Not just here, in these bones,
where the gravity of life
brings an unbearable swingeing sadness
hobbling any holding
of time, space, being – such small important matters
but, here, in the brittle garden choked by my absence,
and here, in the cold kitchen’s silent pots and pans
and here, in this dining room’s hunger for uninvited faded faces
and here, in the forgiving eyes of the unwalked dog
and here, in this window pane,
pain, that denies me a beyond, a becoming
and here, in this harsh chair, that won’t yield, that won’t yield
to comfort, today, tomorrow
Where everything taunts with the promise of a better day, a moment’s grace
Here
It hurts,
Hear,
It hurts,
Here.
—
Tina McGrath is a writer with a healthcare background and a deep interest in the complexities of human embodiment. Her work explores the subjectivities of how the body is lived along the continuum of health and illness. | https://hopkinsmedicalhumanities.org/tendon-magazine/issue-2-reflections-on-trauma/on-being-a-total-pain/ |
Sungpil Han interprets and explores various cultures of everyday life, and sets forth an extensive discourse not only on the reproduction of images where reality and the virtual intersect but also on the relationships between humans and nature, history and the environment through photography, video, and installation. The artist’s work, founded upon profound contemplation and ideas, freely crosses over the boundary between photography and painting and presents at once original sensibility, sense of humor, and sublime beauty.
Soul Art Space is pleased to present new works of Sungpil Han, who has continued his artistic challenge and research throughout Europe, Asia, Oceania, North, Central, and South America, and across the Antarctic and the Arctic polar regions.
Sungpil Han visualizes the flux between reality and ideals within image representation through his series. The unique ambiance of elaborate screens creates confusion between what is real and imaginary. Capturing the delicate moment between the current and future sites, the works raise fundamental questions about human desire.
After graduating from the Department of Photography at Chung-Ang University in Korea, Sungpil Han earned a master’s degree in CuratingContemporary Design from Kingston University in the U.K. While holding exhibitions in numerous galleries including Galería Blanca Berlín(Spain) andTochoii-The Buddhist Temple(Japan), Sungpil Han also participated in major exhibitions of museums and biennales, such as the Museum of Fine Arts Houston, Tokyo Photographic Art Museum, and Yokohama Triennale. | https://kiaf.org/events/2913 |
A musical artwork designed to bring out visitors’ creativity through sound, touch and movement.
At this year’s Teknopolis Festival, Moment Factory debuts an interactive sound installation that harnesses creativity through play. For our interactive team, it’s been a really fun and exciting opportunity to make some art, test some interactive ideas, and to support a great cause, all at the same time.
Once a year, the Brooklyn Academy of Music invites interactive and digital artists to take over multiple floors of their Fisher building, creating a sprawling and immersive parcours of experiences. Student groups of all ages roam the halls on weekdays, while the general public streams in on evenings and weekends to check out work by emerging, and well-known artists.
Our piece this year is an abstract exploration of touch, sound and gesture; something akin to a living abstract painting. Visitors discover a world of colour, shape, sound and movement in constant evolution by exploring the myriad hidden affordances of the system. Each person can also leave their trace, which then serves as the starting point for the next user’s own playful exploration.
It’s an experience that’s difficult to describe without trying it for yourself. And that’s the whole point. We wanted to create something that isn’t easily reduced to words, and that explores the complexity of multimodal experience; where sound, touch, shape and movement become blurred together, and it’s unclear which sense is taking the lead.
As we continue to dive deep into the complexities of interactivity, it’s precisely these multimodal effects that are the most interesting, as well as the most illusive! We can’t wait to keep exploring!
Check it out for yourself at BAM’s Teknopolis Festival. It’s open to the public every saturday and sunday from February 24th to March 11th at the Brooklyn Academy of Music. | https://momentfactory.com/news/sound-tracer-at-teknopolis |
A common thread that I’ve noticed in many of these is the high regard paid to our four guest speakers Prince Reza Pahlavi, Jacqueline Birn, Nils Olsen, and Greg Simon. In her reflection, IB Language & Literature teacher Breanna Reynolds praises her students for being inquisitive during their time with Iran’s Prince Reza Pahlavi, and each guest speaker appears to have drawn a considerable amount of buzz from teacher and student alike.
The talk given by the final speaker of the trip, Greg Simon, has proven to be a particularly popular source of introspection for those in attendance. A former Senior Congressional staff member in the United States House of Representatives and Senate, as well as the former Chief Domestic Policy Advisor to Al Gore, Mr. Simon spoke candidly about how the U.S. government was formed, how it currently works today, and how it will survive in the future. After speaking on America’s infrastructure, Mr. Simon proceeded to answer the bevy of questions brought on by his captivating subject matter.
While most of the Washington D.C. reflections and critiques have been a combination of photos and written word, 10th grader Hannah C. decided to go an illustrated route in capturing her moment spent with Mr. Simon. Using sketches created on her iPad, Hannah tells the story of, as she describes it, “the highly dramatized version of the past week… from the melodramatic mind of a keen adolescent.” You can view Hannah’s artwork below, and feel free to leave a comment if you enjoy it. | https://thinkglobalschool.org/greg-simon-intrigues-the-mind-of-a-keen-adolescent/ |
Oil Painting is arguably the second oldest of artwork styles. While oil painting emerges as early as the fifth century A.D., it came into its own during the 15th century, when it replaced tempera painting as the premier medium for fine art on canvas. Using a process that binds color pigment into oil-linseed, poppyseed, walnut, or safflower-artists create vibrant and rich colors through layering paint, either wet or dry. Noted artists of this style include Rembrandt, Vermeer, Picasso, and da Vinci.
3D Carving typically refers to three-dimensional relief carvings from wood or stone and, in the modern use of the term, is a relative newcomer to artwork styles. While general wood carving is one of the oldest arts, modern 3D carving uses machines, routers, and pattern templates. Archaeologists trace both wood and stone sculpture reliefs back to the ancient civilizations of Greece and Egypt. The fundamentals of stone carving have changed little since then, but the establishment of guilds in the Middle Ages solidified their techniques, lasting to modern day.
The sky is the limit for mural paintings. They can be done indoors, outdoors, by teams of craftsmen or skilled or novice painters. Most of us have touched a mural painting, all of us have written or drawn on some wall, somewhere. Mural paintings can have a sensational effect whether deliberately or subliminally on the perspectives of people, once they are added to places where individuals live and work. It’s also experienced that mural paintings can add significant improvement to the everyday lives of inhabitants or that of workers at a company setting.
Perhaps some of the oldest known artistic expressions are nothing more than graffiti. In Indonesia, scientists dated the outlines of human hands at almost 40,000 years old. Even in that ancient age, someone felt the need to make their mark, to prove their existence. In that same vein, modern graffiti painting has finally taken its place as a recognized artwork style. A highly expressive form of art, graffiti has been associated with vandalism, gang signs, and anti-social behavior. However, in the late 20th century, artists such as Keith Haring in New York and Banksy in England swayed public opinion from criminality to artistic expression.
Portrait Painting also called as Figurative Art is an artwork style that explores the human experience. Some portraits show their subject as documented in a moment of time, but many explore the artist’s interpretation of their subject. You can contrast the more realistic style found in Jan van Eyck’s “The Arnolfini Portrait,” or da Vinci’s “Mona Lisa” to the purely abstract portraits by Modigliani and Picasso. One explanation of the rise of abstract portraits in the 20th century is the discovery of photography for capturing a realistic portrait. Fine artists were no longer required to paint a flattering or historical portrait. They were free to explore their subjects in ways not fiscally workable for starving artists in past times.
The widespread use of photography is the key factor for abstract painting becoming a popular artwork style. Once we could capture the realities of life on film, artists were free to explore nature, the human form, and other subjects with wild abandon. Abstract techniques remove anything literal-distancing the artwork from the actual world. Artists are free to explore qualities such as emotion, color, form, texture, and scale. Abstract work solicits the most extreme public responses, from adoration to hate. American cartoonist Al Capp called abstract art – a product of the untalented sold by the unprincipled to the utterly bewildered. | https://www.jaf.ae/artwork/ |
November 2020 | El Tendedero/The Clothesline Indiana: Homage & Celebration
In partnership with Women4Change Indiana, Gallery 924 presented El Tendedero/The Clothesline Indiana: Homage & Celebration, an exhibition honoring the work of women and organizations all over central Indiana to bring awareness to the issue of violence against women and children. The project is inspired by internationally known Mexican feminist artist Mónica Mayer.
The exhibition featured the works of three Indianapolis-based artists. Darlene Delbecq, Beatriz Vásquez, and Samantha Veach. Veach, a photographer at Newfields, documented a year of art and activism as Women4Change traveled the state to host events and inspire discussion and introspection into the pervasive issue of sexual harassment and violence against women and girls. Delbecq shared a series of portraits of artist Mónica Mayer and new conceptual work around women's bodily autonomy. Vásquez created a large-scale papel picado-inspired installation that explores the collective impact of multiple voices all sounding the alarm against the long history of violence against women along the border.
Sales of artwork in the show raised money for Women 4 Change Indiana and the Indiana Coalition to End Sexual Assault and Human Trafficking.
View the virtual tour below. | https://beta.indyarts.org/component/content/article/23-gallery-924/exhibitions/255-el-tendedero-the-clothesline-indiana-homage-celebration |
Currently based in the UK Bedfordshire countryside, Dave’s previous professional career had taken him throughout Europe, where he loved meeting new people and immersed himself into different cultures. Dave believes these life experiences have helped him overcome boundaries and enhance his creative approach with his long-term passion for art.
Now as a full time international award-winning self-taught artist, Dave’s artwork explores the relationship between figurative/abstract techniques and the balance between vibrant colours and monochrome tones.
Dave is a member of the fine art trade guild and frequently exhibits his artwork internationally. Dave has been awarded the “Collector’s Vision International Art Award” and “Power of Creativity Art Prize” from the International Art Curator Magazine. Dave has frequently exhibited his artwork internationally in Milan, London, Paris and USA.
Artist Statement
“My paintings are all about emotion, light /shadow and capturing "the moment". I strive to blend abstract and loose realism to create a piece that provokes thought and reflection of memories or aspirations in the eye of the beholder. Each time I look at a piece I have created I can always recall a soundtrack I have listened to which helped shape the artwork’s direction.... a bit like having my own playlist in paint.”
Mediums
They say you should never cook with wine that you would not drink. Dave feels the same way about artwork (he also enjoys fine wine), hence he only uses high quality mediums. | https://www.phantomart.online/about |
The pretended direct contemplation of the mind by itself is a pure illusion. ...It is clear that, by an inevitable necessity, the human mind can observe all phenomena directly, except its own.
I recently heard of a university psychology department which was seeking skilled introspectors to help with their researches. I take introspection to be very difficult, but partially possible. Read Proust. | http://philosophyideas.com/search/response_philosopher_detail.asp?era_no=A&era=Comte&id=12115&PN=815&order=alpha&from=theme&no_ideas=14 |
In the many discourses I host or participate in, both online with our members, and in my local chapter of the Society, it is a common thing to hear a visitor talk about a certain kind of problem they are facing. This is the problem of mental stress which, they are often aware, is caused by ruminations and preoccupations. Sometimes the complaint is a lack of focus or attention. Other times it is forgetfulness. It could be an inability to get to sleep at night, or continuous worrying, or just general stress. A fewer number of times, the complaint comes from a person engaged in spiritual practice, who is having trouble staying mindful of various truths which are a part of that path’s teachings.
All of these are rooted in the same thing: an inability to sovereignly decide what their minds will think about, and when – including an inability to still the mind at will. When I recognize this common ailment, I usually ask, “Do you meditate?” I have recently realized that I need to be far more specific because there are many things that people call ‘meditation’. Even more challenging, some of these are activities which have the exact opposite purposes and effects than what I mean by the word. Therefore, the practitioner may not realize this is why “meditation” doesn’t seem to be working for them. What they are doing may, in fact, be exacerbating their issues.
One of the most common things I hear from people who are either thinking about meditating, or who have tried meditating, but have not received very knowledgeable instruction or explanation of it, is the following: When I ask them to describe what they are doing, they will often tell me they close their eyes, relax, and let their mind float freely, drifting on to whatever thoughts they may have, and then examining those; allowing them to inform them about themselves and what’s on their mind. This is not what I meant when I asked them about meditation.
Now, let us pause to be sure the reader doesn’t get distracted by a semantic debate (semantics being generally less interesting and less important than discussions about the concepts behind the semantics). Certainly, there are traditions that refer to practices like the above with the word “meditation”, and there is nothing wrong with using whatever words we like for various things. It may be enough to say that there are different kinds of mediation, and it is important to know what kind we are talking about. To be clear, I will use the word “introspection” to describe the above. It is not important that your use of terms match mine, however; only that you know what I’m talking about when I use them.
Introspection
Among those who have read or been taught very little of Buddhist philosophy (or even Eastern philosophy), it is very common to think introspection is what these meditators are doing (it looks the same from the outside). This is because, in the Western world, far more people are familiar with the popular psychology techniques, at least as they are often caricatured in the media. This ‘letting your mind drift’ may be helpful for an external observer to gain understanding of what is on your mind, but it is the exact opposite of mindfulness meditation. And, likewise, their effects are radically different from one another.
If rumination-caused stress is your issue, then this form of introspection may deceptively feel, in the time you are doing it, like an answer. It is definitely relaxing to let go and let your mind wander – and relaxing is the opposite of stress. But when you are finished, you will be right back where you started. In fact, you might even be worse off because ‘wandering thoughts’ are precisely what ruminations are. If you are plagued with worry or aggravation over some issue, then letting your mind wander might simply drum up more and more circular ‘wheels turning’.
Mindfulness Meditation
Mindfulness meditation works differently. You might think of introspection like laying in a hot tub – very relaxing. But what people under these particular conditions need is to develop a capacity which they are lacking. They need to develop the ability to focus their attention, and in so doing, allow all the other distracting mental activity to quiet down. Meditation is not relaxation – it is hard work. If introspection is lying in a hot tub, then meditation is working out in the weight room.
In this kind of meditation, you do the opposite of letting your mind wander. You stay focused on one sensation – one very boring and difficult sensation to stay focused on. Some people use repetitive drumming or chants, etc. But the most common thing to focus on is the breath. To be sure, your mind will fight you. It will try to wander. And when it does, you will set those thoughts aside and return to the breath. You will do this hundreds of times (an understatement). And, eventually, you will notice that you are able to stay focused on the breath, and only the breath, for longer and longer periods before the mind wanders. You will eventually get to the point where you can maintain a meditative state in your normal activities, or return to a still mind at will. This is the capacity that must be rigorously developed to resolve the kinds of issues I’ve described.
Learn more details about this kind of meditation: Meditation 101
It makes perfect sense that ‘free roaming mind’ techniques are favored so much in our culture. They are all about ‘me’. They are about my thoughts, my opinions, my feelings. Introspection, improperly applied, can feed an attachment to these thoughts, beliefs, and judgments and reinforce an over-identification of them with ‘you’. This is not the path to escape from the ego – part of the problem underlying the symptoms described.
Having said that, it’s not that there isn’t a place for introspection. Certainly, it is important to have times where you let the mind wander. This can help us learn about our own subconscious, and it can be a wonderful tool for stoking creativity. This kind of state is greatly exaggerated in certain rituals such as vision quests, the ceremonial use of ritual substances, and other exploration-based practices. Free-roaming introspection can be an invaluable source of epiphany and a part of peak experience, which is helpful in cultivating a deep, intuitive grasp on certain profound perspectives. But, as with all spiritual practices: the right medicine for the right ailment.
Exercise as Meditation
Exercise is another thing which is commonly claimed to fill the role of meditation. Many people have reported a meditative-like experience when engaged in athletic activity. They say this helps them to ‘clear their mind’ and ‘work off stress’. Surely, it does do this. There are some ways in which athletic activity is like mindfulness meditation, and other ways it is not.
The most recognizable sensation exercise shares with meditation is the absence of ruminations (distracting thoughts and concerns) when in flow. Yet, it seems to me that this is achieved in a different way. In the case of meditation, the ruminations subside after an increase in the skill of sharply focusing all attention such that the mental activity doesn’t spread onto other things. In physical exercise, this diminishing of ruminations seems (from my experience) to take place because the brain is forced to shift activity and blood flow to more motor-based functions, and away from the conscious part of the brain.
In other words, you can’t help but stop ruminating because your frontal lobes aren’t being given priority by the rest of your body*. While it is true that you choose to stay focused, the physical activity is itself a distraction. I have, at times, tried to read while on a treadmill or similarly engage in intellectual activity while under physical exertion, and it is difficult. This difficulty was not due to my discipline of keeping my attention focused or my mind still. It was, rather, due to my inability to think about things even when trying. The blood and energy were simply in another place.
Of course, the very fact that you got a break from ruminations that may be plaguing you is something attractive. And, add to that, physical exertion alone is a form of stress relief. Therefore, exercise has many good mental benefits, only adding to the body health benefits. Exercise too, has an important and valuable place. But it would be a mistake to think it is doing everything that meditation is doing.
Although your ruminations subsided during exercise, your ‘attention faculty’ did not have to discipline itself in order to make it happen. Because of this, exercise (seems to me) to be less capable of developing in us the ability to utilize that increased focus in our daily activities, as well as the ability to still the mind (closely related to focus). None of this is sharply and absolutely the case between exercise and meditation. But, in general, the skilled meditator will have an increased equanimity and ability to stay mindful and clear headed when encountering difficult circumstances in life. Consider, for a moment, top athletes who nevertheless do not seem very mindful outside of the sports arena, and may experience many forms of emotional disruption, anger, or stress.
The difference becomes even more pronounced when you are engaged in a philosophic and spiritual practice that includes far more than just meditation. It is here where the benefits and necessity of meditation begin to be more obvious. This focus, mastery of attention, enhanced mindfulness, and stillness of mind is absolutely essential to taking some of the more profound philosophic value systems in, for example, Stoicism or Buddhism, and integrating them into your daily walk. And, only through that integration can habits form and real character transformation begin to take place. This is the continual transformation to an evermore enlightened state in which a True Happiness can be experienced.
Contemplation
As a footnote, there is another classification of attention practices, alongside introspection and meditation, which should be mentioned. What I am calling ‘contemplation‘ is something different from either. Like meditation, contemplation is focusing and, unlike introspection, not letting that focus deviate. However, the object upon which you are focusing is not persistent or cyclical, such as with the breath, a mantra, and so on. In contemplation, you actually do work with language-based and logic-based data. You are handling thoughts, addressing what-if’s, considering scenarios, weighing options, and so on. But unlike introspection, you are doing so in a very orderly and deliberative way, on a particular topic or issue. You are not letting whatever subjects pop into your mind as they will. As you might imagine, skill at mindfulness meditation would be a good prerequisite to contemplation, in order to maintain a disciplined focus. Contemplation would likely be a harmful prescription for those plagued by ruminations, as much of the wheel-turning going on in their heads is a kind of non-productive dwelling on particular issues. Again, the right medicine for the right ailment.
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*This description is merely my first-hand sense of what these experiences are like subjectively, compared to one another. They should not be taken as literal explanations of objective brain functions, for which rigorous scientific studies are a better source. These kinds of studies are still new, and interpretation of their data is still often debated. | https://www.snsociety.org/are-you-really-meditating/ |
"Eclipse" is a 36"x 36" original acrylic painting on 1.5" depth wrapped canvas.
When experiencing something drastic, traumatic, or life altering, the human reaction varies. Fight or flight? Avoidance or acceptance? This piece explores the depths that these moments can take a person to, so deep and dark into reflection and introspection that they are compelled to burn and toss aside a past self that no longer serves them. From that darkness emerges something more powerful - a turning point and a rebirth.
There are two delivery options- Local Pickup in the Dallas/Fort Worth Area, or Shipping within the Continental United States. If you would like a quote on International Shipping, feel free to ask.
If you have any questions regarding this original painting, or my shipping/local pick up processes, please contact me via email. | https://www.lovenotestudios.com/eclipse |
Hidden in the pan-ancient origin flows the breath of life.
Entwined in the eternal tantric dance of water and fire spirals forth the nine rays of light.
O purity and grace move heaven and earth.
O hear the vision arising in deep awareness.
ZenWise.Guru, an inspiring poet, gives guidance and teaching to sincere students.
Book your or your group's ZenWise.Yoga retreat focusing on elevating awareness with mindfulness, reflection, meditation, introspection and contemplation to reach your full potential. Form your retreat and we will enliven it; reach out and touch the button below to discuss your wish. | https://www.realfengshuimaster.com/a-leap-of-zencraze.html |
Korean artist Shin-il Kim's intellectually rewarding solo show at Saltworks Gallery is not the kind of exhibition you see very often in Atlanta. This is the second Saltworks exhibition of the New York-based artist's work, and it's composed of just three video works.
Video is not exactly an easily marketed commodity. Art patrons probably won't be set to salivating; instead, they'll wonder just where in their mansions they could possibly display Kim's video "Thinker," a 13-second looped animation of Auguste Rodin's sculpture "The Thinker."
Shin-il Kim's exhibition focuses on the hidden aspects of the art experience. Not just about making art, the exhibit also explores another rarely discussed labor: looking at art. For what would art be without an audience?
Kim's engrossing three-minute video "In Between," which is set to loop endlessly, takes on a meditative quality informed by the artist's Buddhism. Its central "drama" is a loop of eternal, infinite looking.
In Kim's video, an older man wearing a backpack stands in a stark white gallery, looking at a framed artwork on the wall.
The "artwork" is a video of another older man, dressed more formally in a long trench coat. The man, who stands in an identical stark white gallery, also looks at an artwork, as he moves about maniacally, squatting down on his haunches or moving in closer to the art to get a better look. Looking becomes a physical act. The object of his contemplation is unseen, residing in the "in between" space of looking that defines the two men.
"In Between" is the space between the object surveyed and the surveyor, the conceptual space where thought occurs and ideas buzz.
And, of course, the third observer in what could be an infinite round robin of looking is us. As the audience, we are made suddenly and self-consciously aware of our place in artistic creation.
The interest in quiet contemplation as an essential, nonrepresentational aspect of the art experience continues in "Painter." The animation is made from a videotape of a man copying an oil painting at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, which is then turned into hundreds (753 to be exact) of "drawings" in which Kim has embossed a silhouette of the painter's movements onto sheets of plain white paper and then videotaped those gestures.
The work is an eloquent, subtle commentary on the true nature of art-making. In the movies, art-making is depicted as a tortured, bombastic act, in which artists paint with furious sallies at the canvas.
But the actions of Shin-Il Kim's "Painter" are minute, reflective and delicate. In the one-minute video loop, the man appears to pivot slightly to look out at us, and then he turns again to contemplate the painting he is copying in the distance. He makes several minute dabs with his brush at his canvas. The animations, despite representing only the outlines of the figure, are incredibly telling, revealing great gobs of information about the man in minimalist detail.
The ideas of contemplation and creation are echoed in "Thinker," in which Rodin's famous bronze is shown on a two-sided screen mounted on a large spot-lit pedestal. A pressed line animation, "Thinker" spins endlessly, allowing us a "complete" 360-degree view of that iconic contemplative man.
"Thinker" takes on some of the same world-inside-a-world dimensions of Kim's other pieces, where a gesture of tormented reflection seems to go on infinitely, rotating endlessly like the mental puzzle Rodin's figure is mulling.
Kim's video highlights the quiet, contemplative dimensions of art. The work is also about a certain opacity of art. Endless studying and contemplation of an artwork can get you close, but there is always something unattainable - a gap between the head space of Rodin's "The Thinker" and you.
Kim emphasizes that gap by showing two flat, animated views of the statue that promise to reveal and analyze its dimensions. But like every artwork, they only struggle with the representation of the real.
The fragile beauty of Kim's work comes from the relentless human desire to understand, to keep coming back. The show is like watching the ripples of displaced water on the surface of a pond. You ponder the effect again and again, and the pondering itself becomes meditative and beneficial.
Kim's video works are supplemented by a small section of works in the Saltworks back rooms that also tackle minimalist effects and the profundity contained in small, simple gestures. These include Mimi Moncier's expanding ripples of color in her watercolor "Florida Sunsets," and Christopher McNulty's meditative drawing of infinity, where the beginning and end of the artist's mark are impossible to detect.
Delicacy and simplicity yield enormous rewards in such works. These artists illustrate a shared process of understanding for both audience and artists, struggling with their eyes or minds, paintbrush or pencil, to better understand. | https://creativeloafing.com/content-179935-i-see-therefore-i-am |
The Department of Orthopaedics at the University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill (UNC) is seeking a full-time board certified academic orthopaedic joint replacement surgeon to join its rapidly growing team. This position is at the flagship academic medical center of a statewide health care system that includes 11 hospitals and more than 5,000 providers. The successful candidate will hold an academic appointment (open rank – commensurate with experience) and will be expected to teach orthopaedics residents and be actively engaged in scholarship and research.
Position Details:
- Full-time position – must be board certified in orthopaedics with fellowship training in adult joint reconstruction
- Robust academic environment that supports teaching and research
- Low on-call requirements with strong resident support
- Residency and medical student teaching responsibilities
- Major referral center for complex cases
- Desire to build an outpatient joint replacement program in an ACS
- Inpatient PA support
Benefits
- Academic title (rank commensurate with experience)
- Competitive salary
- Full state benefits package
- Paid medical, vision, and dental insurance
- Paid relocation assistance
- Paid malpractice
- CME allowance and dedicated education and research time
THE ROLE OF THE ORTHOPAEDIC HIP AND KNEE SURGEON
The orthopaedic hip and knee surgeon will be part of an orthopaedic joint replacement division in a larger academic orthopaedic department. The successful candidate will participate in clinical service, education, and research to enhance the reputation of the department and the institution.
The orthopaedic hip and knee surgeon will be part a team that includes orthopaedic surgeons, inpatient advanced practice providers, and nurse coordinators and will be strongly encouraged to focus on clinical growth and performance to participate in a team-based program that quality of care across the UNC healthcare system. The division currently serves 6,000 + patients per year and performs 1,000+ operations.
KEY OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
In addition to bringing high-quality surgical skills and a demonstrated academic portfolio, the orthopaedic hip and knee surgeon will serve as a role model for all three missions of clinical care, education, and research for the division, the department, and the institution. The core duties of the role reflect his commitment and include:
Serving a clinical program that promotes quality and can serve the needs of a growing healthcare system:
- Participating in clinical programs to meet patient needs, enhance quality of care and implement innovations in care. This clinical care should also support departmental and research efforts. Efficiency, volumes and excellent service to patients and referrers in the outpatient arena will be a high priority. The organization of outpatient care may also involve outreach, contracts with other organizations or collaboration with UNC’s Physicians Network or other UNC HCS entities.
- Growing clinical programs strategically in collaboration with other departments and divisions.
- Providing medical services to assure appropriateness, quality and safety of patient care within the scope of the division.
- Working with leadership to participate in population health management and value-based care initiatives
- Develop an outpatient joint replacement program in a community-based ambulatory surgery center
Participating in research programs that brings new innovations to patients and new learning opportunities to residents:
- Develop priorities for growth in academic programs that may include basic, translational, clinical outcomes, health services, education, or ethics research.
- Fostering orthopaedic residents and other learners’ interest in research.
- Producing abstracts for and presenting at regional, national, and international meetings.
Fostering an inclusive and nurturing educational environment by:
- Participating in undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate and continuing education teaching programs.
- Providing clinical and didactic teaching as well as mentorship (career guidance and scholarly projects) with learners.
- Participating education committees and learner recruitment is expected.
- Supporting continuing professional development/medical education for other faculty at the university, advanced practice providers, and staff.
QUALIFICATIONS AND EXPERIENCE
The successful candidate will have the following qualifications, skills or experiences: | https://careers.jamanetwork.com/job/110174223/academic-total-joint-replacement-surgeon/ |
An excellent professional opportunity exists for an orthopaedic Physiatrist at Oregon Health & Science University in Portland, OR.
Function/Duties of Position:The physician is expected to actively participate in the education, research, patient care and administrative programs of the Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, with an emphasis on Physical Medicine and Pain Management.
The position actively participates in all aspects of the clinical care of patients as outlined by the Chairman of the Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation and the Chairman of the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (APOM).
As a member of the Department of Orthopaedics responsibilities and duties are outlined as follows:
Clinical: This position will be a shared position with the Department of Orthopaedics and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and will be based within the Department of Orthopaedics. Will assist in providing non-surgical clinics for Orthopaedics to help diagnose and treat injuries or illnesses for nerve, muscle or bone injuries. They will help patients to assess condition, needs and expectations and rule out any serious medical illness to develop a treatment plan to meet their rehabilitation needs. Services provided in conjunction with APOM will include clinical evaluation and management of pain patients in the Comprehensive Pain Center utilizing psychological approaches, physical therapy, drug therapy, and interventional modalities. Care provided in the Comprehensive Pain Center (CPC) must be done in compliance with established guidelines of the CPC and in collaboration with APOM providers. Will work with the Department Clinical Medical Director to determine a clinical schedule that will help meet the needs of the Department and patient population.
Education: Teaches trainees and support staff in their area of professional expertise. Teaching is done through assigned lectures to be given during the course of the year and through teaching in the course of performing their own job by modeling best practices, mentoring trainees, guiding learning through delegating graduated and focused levels of responsibility. Assistant Professors have a demonstrated competence in teaching and are knowledgeable about relevant guidelines from all applicable regulating bodies. (E.g. ACGME competencies for clinical faculty). Must participate in the Pain Medicine Fellowship education.
Research: May maintain a program of scholarly research activity directed toward improved understanding of the causes, detection, and treatment of diseases. May develop and direct scholarly research activities focused toward improving the educational foundation within anesthesiology and perioperative medicine. May engage in public service through consultative activities with OHSU and non-University groups as approved by the Chair. May also participate in additional departmental or hospital administration as approved by the Chair.
Administration: Administrative and other duties may be assigned based on Department needs and areas of expertise and interest. There will be opportunities to participate in Departmental management and to serve on institutional committees.
This position will also be expected to take call, as assigned, with other faculty on nights, weekends, and holidays. | https://careers.wvos.org/jobs/14552232/physiatrist-pm-r-oregon-health-science-university |
Ph.D.
School
Nursing
Advisor
Mary Martin
Abstract
Health literacy is important to ensuring patients have the necessary knowledge and skills needed to actively participate as a member of their own healthcare team. Patients with low health literacy are at increased risk for poor outcomes and limited participation in decisions affecting their health or treatment plan. Using the Social Ecological Model (SEM) as a framework, the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between medical-surgical registered nurses, medical-surgical patients and the registered nurse’s (RN) assessment of their patient’s health literacy of those who live in a rural-border region. The study’s sample consisted of 84 pairs of medical-surgical patients who were alert and oriented and had received care from a medical-surgical RN for a minimum of 6 hours. Using correlation and regression testing, the results showed that RNs tend to overestimate their patient’s health literacy abilities. It was also noted that in the absence of a health literacy assessment tool, the patient’s education level is a significant predictor of their health literacy level. This study contributes to positive social change as it provides additional evidence of health care provider’s inability to accurately identify patient health literacy levels in the absence of a standardized assessment tool while also contributing to a better understanding of health literacy in minority populations. Future study could focus on examining other acute settings, such as in the maternal child specialty area or the emergency department and consider the acute status of the patients within the targeted healthcare settings and their ability to participate in the data collection phase of the study
Recommended Citation
Williams, Shiloh, "Exploring Health Literacy in the Acute Care Setting in a Rural Border Region" (2020). Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies. 9015. | https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/9015/ |
Medical students eligible for graduation from the University of California, Riverside School of Medicine will have demonstrated to the faculty their competence in each of the following objectives:
Patient Care
[PC] Provide patient-centered care that is compassionate, appropriate, and effective for the treatment of health problems and the promotion of health.
[PC1] Perform all medical, diagnostic, and surgical procedures considered essential for the area of practice.
[PC2] Gather essential and accurate information about patients and their conditions through history-taking, physical examination, and the use of laboratory data, imaging, and other tests.
[PC3] Organize and prioritize responsibilities to provide care that is safe, effective, and efficient.
[PC4] Interpret laboratory data, imaging studies, and other tests required for the area of practice.
[PC5] Make informed decisions about diagnostic and therapeutic interventions based on patient information and preferences, up-to-date scientific evidence, and clinical judgment.
[PC6] Develop and carry out patient management plans.
[PC7] Counsel and educate patients and their families to empower them to participate in their care and enable shared decision making.
[PC8] Provide appropriate referral of patients including ensuring continuity of care throughout transitions between providers or settings, and following up on patient progress and outcomes.
[PC9] Provide health care services to patients, families, and communities aimed at preventing health problems or maintaining health.
[PC10] Provide appropriate role modeling.
[PC11] Perform supervisory responsibilities commensurate with one's roles, abilities, and qualifications.
Knowledge for Practice
[KP] Demonstrate knowledge of established and evolving biomedical, clinical, epidemiological and social-behavioral sciences, as well as the application of this knowledge to patient care.
[KP1] Demonstrate an investigatory and analytic approach to clinical situations.
[KP2] Apply established and emerging bio-physical scientific principles fundamental to health care for patients and populations.
[KP3] Apply established and emerging principles of clinical sciences to diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making, clinical problem-solving, and other aspects of evidence-based health care.
[KP4] Apply principles of epidemiological sciences to the identification of health problems, risk factors, treatment strategies, resources, and disease prevention/health promotion efforts for patients and populations.
[KP5] Apply principles of social-behavioral sciences to provision of patient care, including assessment of the impact of psychosocial and cultural influences on health, disease, care-seeking, care compliance, and barriers to and attitudes toward care.
[KP6] Contribute to the creation, dissemination, application, and translation of new health care knowledge and practices.
Practice-Based Learning and Improvement
[PBLI] Demonstrate the ability to investigate and evaluate one’s care of patients, to appraise and assimilate scientific evidence, and to continuously improve patient care based on constant self-evaluation and life-long learning.
[PBLI1] Identify strengths, deficiencies, and limits in one's knowledge and expertise.
[PBLI2] Set learning and improvement goals.
[PBLI3] Identify and perform learning activities that address one's gaps in knowledge, skills, and/or attitudes.
[PBLI4] Systematically analyze practice using quality improvement methods, and implement changes with the goal of practice improvement.
[PBLI5] Incorporate feedback into daily practice.
[PBLI6] Locate, appraise, and assimilate evidence from scientific studies related to patients' health problems.
[PBLI7] Use information technology to optimize learning.
[PBLI8] Participate in the education of patients, families, students, trainees, peers and other health professionals.
[PBLI9] Obtain and utilize information about individual patients, populations of patients, or communities from which patients are drawn to improve care.
[PBLI10] Continually identify, analyze, and implement new knowledge, guidelines, standards, technologies, products, or services that have been demonstrated to improve outcomes.
Interpersonal and Communication Skills
[ICS] Demonstrate interpersonal and communication skills that result in the effective exchange of information and collaboration with patients, their families, and health professionals.
[ICS1] Communicate effectively with patients, families, and the public, as appropriate, across a broad range of socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds.
[IC2] Communicate effectively with colleagues within one's profession or specialty, other health professionals, and health related agencies.
[ICS3] Work effectively with others as a member or leader of a health care team or other professional group.
[ICS4] Act in a consultative role to other health professionals.
[ICS5] Maintain comprehensive, timely, and legible medical records.
[ICS6] Demonstrate sensitivity, honesty, and compassion in difficult conversations, including those about death, end of life, adverse events, bad news, disclosure of errors, and other sensitive topics.
[ICS7] Demonstrate insight and understanding about emotions and human responses to emotions that allow one to develop and manage interpersonal interactions.
Professionalism
[P] Demonstrate a commitment to carrying out professional responsibilities and an adherence to ethical principles.
[P1] Demonstrate compassion, integrity, and respect for others.
[P2] Demonstrate responsiveness to patient needs that supersedes self-interest.
[P3] Demonstrate respect for patient privacy and autonomy.
[P4] Demonstrate accountability to patients, society, and the profession.
[P5] Demonstrate sensitivity and responsiveness to a diverse patient population, including but not limited to diversity in gender, age, culture, race, religion, disabilities, and sexual orientation.
[P6] Demonstrate a commitment to ethical principles pertaining to provision or withholding of care, confidentiality, informed consent, and business practices, including compliance with relevant laws, policies, and regulations.
Systems-Based Practice
[SBP] Demonstrate an awareness of and responsiveness to the larger context and system of health care, as well as the ability to call effectively on other resources in the system to provide optimal health care.
[SBP1] Work effectively in various health care delivery settings and systems relevant to one's clinical specialty.
[SBP2] Coordinate patient care within the health care system relevant to one's clinical specialty.
[SBP3] Incorporate considerations of cost awareness and risk-benefit analysis in patient and/or population-based care.
[SBP4] Advocate for quality patient care and optimal patient care systems.
[SBP5] Participate in identifying system errors and implementing potential systems solutions.
[SBP6] Perform administrative and practice management responsibilities commensurate with one’s role, abilities, and qualifications.
Interprofessional Collaboration
[IPC] Demonstrate the ability to engage in an interprofessional team in a manner that optimizes safe, effective patient- and population-centered care.
[IPC1] Work with other health professionals to establish and maintain a climate of mutual respect, dignity, diversity, ethical integrity, and trust.
[IPC2] Use the knowledge of one’s own role and the roles of other health professionals to appropriately assess and address the health care needs of the patients and populations served.
[IPC3] Communicate with other health professionals in a responsive and responsible manner that supports the maintenance of health and the treatment of disease in individual patients and populations.
[IPC4] Participate in different team roles to establish, develop, and continuously enhance interprofessional teams to provide patient- and population-centered care that is safe, timely, efficient, effective, and equitable.
Personal and Professional Development
[PPD] Demonstrate the qualities required to sustain lifelong personal and professional growth.
[PPD1] Develop the ability to use self-awareness of knowledge, skills, and emotional limitations to engage in appropriate help-seeking behaviors.
[PPD2] Demonstrate healthy coping mechanisms to respond to stress.
[PPD3] Manage conflict between personal and professional responsibilities.
[PPD4] Practice flexibility and maturity in adjusting to change with the capacity to alter one's behavior.
[PPD5] Demonstrate trustworthiness that makes colleagues feel secure when one is responsible for the care of patients.
[PPD6] Provide leadership skills that enhance team functioning, the learning environment, and/or the health care delivery system.
[PPD7] Demonstrate self-confidence that puts patients, families, and members of the health care team at ease.
[PPD8] Recognize that ambiguity is part of clinical health care and respond by utilizing appropriate resources in dealing with uncertainty. | https://ume.ucr.edu/competencies_objectives |
Baystate Health, western Massachusetts’s premier healthcare provider, is looking for an experienced Injury Prevention Coordinator to join our Trauma Services Team .
The Injury Prevention Coordinator with Trauma Services is responsible for the organization of services and systems necessary for a multidisciplinary approach to providing care to the injured pediatric and adult patients. The incumbent promotes optimal patient care through a variety of collaborative activities to include: professional and public education and research, provide coordination of all injury prevention efforts (pediatric and adult), develop strategic plans for injury prevention programs, and implement outreach programs to advocate for the prevention of trauma injuries. These responsibilities are based on the needs of the patients and their families, the health care system, the community and region at large.
- Acts as liaison with Baystate government relations office and all injury prevention activities and. works with internal and external stakeholders and their representatives.
- Collaborates with community organizations to implement and facilitate public awareness programs regarding trauma topic and participates in the community to promote injury prevention efforts
- Develops programs related to injury prevention for Western Massachusetts.
- Maintains strong presence in community by attending meetings and becoming liaison to neighborhood coalition groups, government agencies, your advocates, public health departments, police, schools, and other related organizations.
- Markets Baystate resources to community groups and organizations and encourages the use of speakers and educational materials where appropriate.
- Works collaboratively with Trauma leadership to monitor and promote universal screening for alcohol and intervention in all injured patients.
Requirements
- Bachelor’s Degree Required
- 3- 5 experience program development, program planning, organizing, public education
- Strong organizational skills
- Ability to work well within the community
- Reliable transportation and valid drivers license
Skills
- Excellent communication & organizational skills.
- Ability to lead a groups and interact with all levels requiring tact and diplomacy.
- Ability to deliver presentations and facilitate large group meetings.
- Energy and excitement to be part of a rapidly expanding comprehensive Trauma program that serves the region.
Requires travel through Baystate's trauma catchment area to participate in injury prevention related community activities when applicable.
You Belong At Baystate
At Baystate Health we know that treating one another with dignity and equity is what elevates respect for our patients and staff. It makes us not just an organization, but also a community where you belong. It is how we advance the care and enhance the lives of all people.
DIVERSE TEAMS. DIVERSE PATIENTS. DIVERSE LOCATIONS.
Education:
Diploma in Nursing: Nursing (Required)
Certifications:
Registered Nurse – State of Massachusetts
Equal Employment Opportunity Employer
Baystate Health is an Equal Opportunity employer. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, marital status, national origin, ancestry, age, genetic information, disability, or protected veteran status. | https://baystatehealthjobs.com/job/injury-prevention-coordinator-r22578/ |
At VCU, we Make it Real through learning, research, creativity, service and discovery — the hallmarks of the VCU experience. A premier, urban, public research university nationally recognized as one of the best employers for diversity, VCU is a great place to work. It’s a place of opportunity, where your success is supported and your career can thrive. VCU offers employees a generous leave package, career paths for advancement, competitive pay, and an opportunity to do mission-driven work.
Position Primary Purpose and General Responsibilities
The Ryan White Case Manager:
• Provides comprehensive case management services to all HIV -positive Ryan White Eligible clients seen at the VCU Infectious Disease Clinic.
This includes the following essential functions:
• Elicits referrals from all medical providers, nursing staff, patients, social workers, case managers, hospital staff, etc.
• Collaborates with the interdisciplinary team to elicit referrals and develop treatment plans with the patients
• Assures patient eligibility for services as defined by grant requirements
• Provides patients with education and counseling related to HIV and other sexually transmitted infections; transmission risks; HIV / AIDS literacy; sexual health literacy; and risk-reduction practices
• Monitors patients’ health status, compliance with medical appointments, medication regimens, and monitor treatment recommendations from the medical provider on an ongoing basis
• Provides referral and linkages to ancillary services such as pharmacy, mental health, and substance abuse services
• Assesses patient’s psychosocial needs on an ongoing basis
• Provide crisis intervention (or appropriate referrals) as needed
• Documents pertinent face-to-face client and client-related contacts
• Completes monthly and quarterly reports with caseload outcomes based on a culmination of client-level data
• Participates in regularly scheduled staff meetings
• Participates in mandatory annual organization trainings, trainings related to HIV / AIDS, and other trainings targeted at the populations being served in the ID Clinic
• Is responsible for contractual obligations, such as monthly reporting and data entry into the CAREWare database
Minimum Hiring Standards
• Bachelor’s degree in social work or related field, advanced work experience will be considered
• Minimum three years of successful experience in social work/case management or related field, and one year working with
with HIV -infected populations
• Ability to develop a comprehensive care plan in coordination with other members of the health care team
• Excellent interpersonal, oral, and written communications skills
• Experience with data collection/entry and familiar with Quality Improvement Programs
• Ability to work and communicate effectively with individuals from culturally and socioeconomically diverse backgrounds
• Ability to meet specific deadlines and coordinate multiples tasks
• Knowledge of HIPAA and ability to implement privacy and confidentiality practices.
• Ability to work collaboratively in a diverse environment
Preferred Hiring Standards
Master’s degree in Social Work or other human services field preferred
Required Licenses/ Certifications Anticipated Hiring Range 43,500-48,00 Application Process/Additional Information
Department is seeking to hire two Ryan White Case Managers.
Campus MCV Campus Hours/Week 40 Normal Work Days/Hours M-F Job Open Date 04/14/2021 Posting will close on or before Open Until Filled Yes Job Category Is this a restricted position? Yes Is this position eligible to participate in alternative work arrangements? No Sensitive Position Yes- A pre-employment fingerprint background check will be required. Resource Critical No Quick Link https://www.vcujobs.com/postings/105151 Posting Specific Questions
Required fields are indicated with an asterisk (*). | https://jobs.chronicle.com/job/335462/ryan-white-case-manager-/ |
The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine at the University of Chicago consists of twenty-two full time faculty members. Each faculty members brings with them expertise on a wide variety of Orthopaedic problems including: Bone and Soft Tissue Cancer, Bone Health and Fragility, Bone Infection Care, Foot and Ankle Care, Fracture Care, Hand and Wrist Care, Hip Care, Knee Care, Pediatric Orthopaedic Care, Shoulder and Elbow Care, Spine Care and Sports Medicine.
Job Information
Job Summary:
The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine is looking for a Physician Assistant to provide additional support to our orthopaedic spine practice. Perform duties as a Physician Assistant who is a qualified skilled health care professional who provides comprehensive primary health care under the scope of supervising and/or alternating supervising physicians. Services provided in The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine focusing on the evaluation, assessment, diagnosis, treatment and appropriate care of patients. Services are provided with available consultation from attending physicians. The supervising physician or the alternate physician maintains final responsibility for the care of the patient and the performance of the Physician Assistant. The ideal candidate is someone who is passionate about the orthopaedic field and about providing exceptional patient care.
Responsibilities:
- Provides healthcare services typically performed by a physician, under the supervision of a physician
- Provide support by seeing clinic patients independently at various clinical locations
- Primarily see return patients after non-operative treatment and provide patient management prior to the determination for surgery
- The Physician Assistant will work collaboratively within the multidisciplinary orthopaedic team, using advanced clinical skills and knowledge to provide comprehensive direct patient care and services to patients under the care of the University of Chicago Medical Center
- This individual will assume accountability for patient care in making decisions, prescribing appropriate medications as set forth in the delegation of prescriptive authority, prescribing appropriate treatments, delegating tasks, and maintaining a comfortable environment for the patient
- Collaborate with and act as liaison among the nurse, patient, family, physician, and community resources for coordination of patient care
- Select appropriate communications approach to achieve desired outcomes of patient care
- Actively pursue required knowledge and skills for professional development
- Identify and participate in quality assurance issues on the unit
- May participate in health education in the community
- May participate in basic science and clinical research projects conducted by supervising physician
- May prepare statistical reports and analysis setting forth progress, adverse trends and appropriate recommendations or conclusions
- Act as a resource for clinical skills to staff on or off the unit
- May participate in teaching students and residents in techniques and procedures which are unique to specific clinical setting
Competencies:
- Organization
- Problem-solving
- Collaboration
- Attention to detail
Additional Requirements
Education, Experience and Certifications:
Education:
- Completion of an accredited Physician Assistant educational program accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs required
Experience:
- Two years of experience in a related clinical area preferred
- Previous experience with spinal care strongly preferred
Certifications:
- Current Physician Assistant license/registration in the State of Illinois or eligibility to receive by start date required
Technical Knowledge or Skills:
- Knowledge of basic medical terminology required
- Ability to provide direct patient care in a professional and respectful manner required
- Excellent verbal and written communication required
- Ability to read documents or instruments required
- Ability to perform detailed work required
- Ability to perform multiple concurrent tasks with occasional interruptions required
- Ability to exercise discretion and confidentiality while handling sensitive required
Required Documents:
- Resume
- Cover Letter
- Reference Contact info upon request
NOTE: When applying, all required documents MUST be uploaded under the Resume/CV section of the application
Benefit Eligibility
Yes
Pay Frequency
Monthly
Pay Range
Depends on Qualifications
Scheduled Weekly Hours
40
Union
Non-Union
Job is Exempt?
Yes
Drug Test Required?
Yes
Does this position require incumbent to operate a vehicle on the job?
No
Health Screen Required?
Yes
Posting Date
2018-12-21-08:00
Remove from Posting On or Before
2019-06-21-07:00
Posting Statement:
The University of Chicago is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity/Disabled/Veterans Employer and does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national or ethnic origin, age, status as an individual with a disability, protected veteran status, genetic information, or other protected classes under the law. For additional information please see the University's Notice of Nondiscrimination.
Staff Job seekers in need of a reasonable accommodation to complete the application process should call 773-702-5800 or submit a request via Applicant Inquiry Form.
The University of Chicago's Annual Security & Fire Safety Report (Report) provides information about University offices and programs that provide safety support, crime and fire statistics, emergency response and communications plans, and other policies and information. The Report can be accessed online at: http://securityreport.uchicago.edu. Paper copies of the Report are available, upon request, from the University of Chicago Police Department, 850 E. 61st Street, Chicago, IL 60637.
Full time
JR03707
About Us
The University of Chicago is an urban research university that has driven new ways of thinking since 1890. Our commitment to free and open inquiry draws inspired scholars to our global campuses, where ideas are born that challenge and change the world.
We empower individuals to challenge conventional thinking in pursuit of original ideas. Students in the College develop critical, analytic, and writing skills in our rigorous, interdisciplinary core curriculum. Through graduate programs, students test their ideas with UChicago scholars, and become the next generation of leaders in academia, industry, nonprofits, and government. | https://careers.insidehighered.com/job/1672289/physician-assistant/ |
COVID-19: Get the latest updates or take a self-assessment.
We believe patient partnering means patients, families and health providers actively collaborating to improve Ontario’s health system. This includes the many ways that health providers work with patients and families to understand their needs, and respond to them.
Our goal is to foster an empathetic culture in our health system that recognizes patient, family and public partnering at its centre. To support this effort, we gather and design tools and resources that empower all people living in Ontario to participate in their care and help facilitate partnering between patients, families and health providers.
We also created the Health Quality Ontario Patient, Family and Public Advisors Program to root our work in the values and experiences of those who use Ontario’s health system.
For more information, please contact us at [email protected].
Working with patients, families and health providers, we gather and develop tools and resources to support collaboration across the health system.
We are committed to including the insights and feedback of patients, families and public volunteers in our work to improve the quality of care in Ontario.
Learn about how collaboration helps us achieve more than any one organization could alone
Quality in health care is shaped by the experiences and wisdom of patients, families, caregivers, and the public. Learn what they are saying
Patients, families and the public are central to improving health quality.
Are you passionate about quality health care for all Ontarians? Stay in-the-know about our newest programs, reports and news. | https://hqontario.ca/Patient-Partnering/what-is-Patient-Partnering |
Dietitians can use visual aids, among other materials, to ensure more effective communication.
Every day dietitians and other health professionals communicate nutrition information to patients, clients, and the general public through one-on-one counseling sessions, workshops, brochures, handouts, Web sites, magazines, and other media forms. However, according to the Institute of Medicine’s 2004 report “Health Literacy: A Prescription to End Confusion,” more than 300 studies show that most health information is not understood by the people for whom it was intended. A growing body of evidence is linking limited health literacy to poor health knowledge, behaviors, and outcomes. Addressing health literacy is increasingly seen as a way to improve preventive care and reduce health disparities.
Health literacy is defined as “the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information needed to make appropriate health decisions and services needed to prevent or treat illness.”1 This capacity includes basic literacy and numeracy skills and the ability to access health information, communicate with healthcare providers, and navigate the healthcare system. Health literacy was assessed nationally for the first time in 2003 as part of the National Assessment of Adult Literacy. Fourteen percent of U.S. adults were found to have below basic health literacy skills while 22% had only basic health literacy skills. Limited health literacy is particularly prevalent among older adults, people with limited income, minority populations, and people with limited English proficiency. However, adults with a high level of education can also have limited health literacy.
Health literacy is strongly linked to literacy, defined by the National Literacy Act of 1991 as “an individual’s ability to read, write, and speak in English, and compute and solve problems at levels of proficiency necessary to function on the job and in society, to achieve one’s goals, and develop one’s knowledge and potential.” According to the National Adult Literacy Survey from 1993, about one quarter of adults in the United States may lack the literacy skills needed to function adequately in modern society.
Understanding nutrition information often requires understanding complex scientific concepts. This is an example of how a patient with limited health literacy might perceive nutrition information: Elytsefil snoitacifidom can help you eganam your noisnetrepyh. If you are thgiewrevo, a noitcuder in weight is dednemmocer. This can be dehsilpmocca through raluger lacisyhp ytivitca and noitpmusnoc of a diet rich in fruits and vegetables and low in total and detarutas fat.
Research shows that up to 80% of patients forget what their physician tells them as soon as they leave the office.2 Patients with limited literacy have trouble interpreting nutrition information, identifying normal ranges for blood sugars and blood pressure, interpreting their own numbers, and acting on the information. Given the prevalence of nutrition-related chronic diseases and the necessity of patients to be empowered to manage their own healthcare, dietitians must take action to address limited health literacy.
How do you know when patients have limited health literacy? Various assessment tools have been developed to assess patient health literacy. The most common assessment tools include the Rapid Assessment of Adult Literacy in Medicine and the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults. The Newest Vital Sign is an assessment tool that uses a nutrition label from an ice cream container. Patients are asked six questions to assess how they interpret and would act on the information provided on the label. These assessment tools are available online in English and Spanish.
Because of the stigma attached to illiteracy, the majority of patients with poor literacy skills hide the fact that they cannot read the written information given to them. Dietitians should look for red flags, including statements such as “I forgot my glasses” or “I’ll read this when I get home” or difficulty explaining medical concerns. Poor readers often lift texts closer to their eyes or point to a text with a finger while reading. Their eyes may wander on the page without finding a central focus.
Bridgette Collado, MA, RD, a health and nutrition communication consultant, says the ability to understand health information depends on many factors, not just education or reading level. “Numeracy, computer literacy, and visual, hearing, and cognitive impairments also have a role in health literacy,” she says. Collado screens clients for such abilities and disabilities during education sessions to assess their health literacy skills.
Given the difficulties of assessing patient health literacy, it is prudent for dietitians to take steps to promote and confirm understanding of the information they teach to all of their patients. Victoria Hawk, MPH, RD, a researcher at the University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill, recommends that instead of seeking to identify people with limited health literacy, dietitians should take the universal precautions approach that assumes all patients have difficulty understanding nutrition information. According to Hawk, the Health Literacy Universal Precautions Toolkit has been developed by UNC for the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and is available at no cost at www.nchealthliteracy.org.
Andrulis and Brach recommend that health literacy be viewed from the context of language and culture.3 Almost one half of patients with limited health literacy are members of racial and ethnic minority groups. Additionally, adults with low English proficiency may also have limited health literacy in their native language. Dietitians should be mindful of the health literacy level of patients from different cultural and linguistic backgrounds and use written nutrition information that is easy to read, culturally relevant, and translated into the native language of patients with limited English proficiency. Several Web sites provide translated nutrition information, including http://medlineplus.gov and www.healthtranslations.com.
Individuals with limited health literacy cross all ethnic and class boundaries; however, they share common characteristics when it comes to processing information, including the tendency to think in concrete and immediate rather than abstract and futuristic terms, to interpret information literally, and to have difficulty processing information, such as when reading a menu or following medical instructions.
Whether working in a hospital, senior center, or private practice, all dietitians can employ the following strategies to enhance patient or client understanding of nutrition information and improve adherence to dietary recommendations.
• Limit the number of concepts you teach at one time. Less is more if patients understand the information.
• Use simple, jargon-free language and define technical terms. According to Health Literacy From A to Z: Practical Ways to Communicate Your Health Message by Helen Osborne, MEd, OTR/L, patients often do not understand jargon. For example, in healthcare, “unremarkable” generally means you’re fine, while “positive” means you’re not.
• Organize information so that the most important messages stand out. Repeat these vital messages.
• Ask patients to “teach back” what you just taught. For example, ask, “I want to be sure that I did a good job explaining an appropriate diet for high blood pressure because it can be confusing. Can you tell me which foods are high in salt?” If the patient does not repeat the information correctly, rephrase it rather than simply repeating it.
• Use demonstrations and hands-on activities. Practice reading food labels with patients and clients and demonstrate portion sizes using food models. Repetition of skills helps build confidence and improve recall.
Assess readability using online assessment tools or word processing software.
• Use visuals. Including pictures in health education materials can increase attention to, comprehension of, and recall of health information, as well as adherence to health recommendations.4 For example, LearningAboutDiabetes.org offers free, low-literacy print materials on diabetes care with attractive, informative visuals.
• Think beyond the brochure. Nutrition education in audio or video formats, interactive computer programs, games, and other multimedia can strengthen patient understanding of nutrition information. MyPyramid.gov offers a variety of interactive tools and multimedia to educate consumers about MyPyramid.
• Refer patients with Internet access to reliable consumer health Web sites. Eighty percent of adult Internet users search for health information, explains Robin Sabo, MLS, MS, RD, a librarian at Central Michigan University, but many Web sites with nutrition information are inaccurate. Guide patients to consumer health Web sites that offer up-to-date, trustworthy information, such as http://medlineplus.gov, www.healthfinder.gov, and http://navigator.tufts.edu.
• Keep written education materials at or below a seventh-grade reading level. A helpful resource, the University of Michigan Health Sciences Libraries, provides an online plain language medical dictionary at www.lib.umich.edu/health-sciences-libraries/plain-language-medical-dictionary. The National Institutes of Health also provides plain language resources and training at http://plainlanguage.nih.gov.
• Know your audience. Review existing data and, if possible, gather new data about the demographics and nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of your target audience. The Institute of Medicine report “Health Literacy: A Prescription to End Confusion” recommends engaging patients and other members of the target audience in the development of health communication materials.
• Use the active voice. Make recommendations using action verbs.
• Include pictures and other visuals to support verbal and written information. Use visuals that directly relate to the information. Circles and arrows are helpful to point out key information.
In her book, Osborne recommends applying the universal design concept—or the design of products and environments that are usable by all people to the greatest extent possible—to the creation of print and Web-based health communications. Most people appreciate and find easy-to-read brochures and easy-to-use Web sites helpful.
For more information about how to develop clear and simple print materials for low-literate readers, review the National Cancer Institute’s guidelines at www.cancer.gov/aboutnci/oc/clear-and-simple.
Dietitians play an integral role in teaching individuals the skills they need to prevent and manage chronic diseases. In addition to employing the strategies described in the article, dietitians should convey respect, compassion, and sensitivity to all patients and clients to empower them to participate in their own healthcare.
— Melissa Ip, MA, RD, is a health educator in New York City. She would like to thank Elena Carbone, DrPH, RD, LDN, an associate professor of nutrition at the University of Massachusetts, for her contributions to this article.
1. Ratzan SC, Parker RM. Introduction. In: National Library of Medicine Current Bibliographies in Medicine: Health Literacy. Selden C, Zorn M, Ratzan SC, Parker RM (eds). Pub. No. CBM 2000-1. Bethesda, Md.: National Institutes of Health; 2000.
2. Kessels RP. Patients’ memory for medical information. J R Soc Med. 2003;96(5):219-222.
3. Andrulis DP, Brach CR. Integrating literacy, culture, and language to improve health care quality for diverse populations. Am J Health Behav. 2007;31 Suppl 1:S122-133.
4. Houts PS, Doak CC, Doak LG, Loscalzo MJ. The role of pictures in improving health communication: A review of research on attention, comprehension, recall, and adherence. Patient Educ Couns. 2006;61(2):173-190.
5. Nutbeam D. Health literacy as a public health goal: A challenge for contemporary health education and communication strategies into the 21st century. Health Promot Int. 2000;15(3):259-267. | https://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/050310p26.shtml |
Website St. Croix Regional Family Health Center
Position Summary: The RN – Triage / Care Manager is a practice-based RN who directly supports SCRFHC’s highest risk patients with the primary responsibility to direct the daily clinical support staff activities towards the provision of safe, high quality and efficient primary care to a patient population diverse in age, health status, and socio-economic level. In collaboration with other members of the healthcare team, the RN – Triage / Care Manager is responsible for triaging, organizing, coordinating, providing care coordination and care management services to patients within the practice who are most at risk for health deterioration, sentinel events, and/or poor outcomes.
This position requires strong leadership and communication skills, nursing experience with an strong knowledge base in family medicine/primary care nursing.
The RN – Triage / Care Manager communicates with patients to assess their needs, follows triage or health center care protocols and when indicated, consults with health professionals to decide on which services to provide. Responsibilities include planning, organizing, and informing patients regarding general preventative and basic acute care practices as well as individualized care plans. Work involves using health information technology to keep track of patients’ records, especially electronic records, and must keep current with computer technology, software, security measures, and legislation regarding patient privacy and other issues.
Work in a manner that supports the mission and purpose of the health center and performs in accordance with system-wide competencies and behaviors, utilizing both the Patient Centered Medical Home model and the Accountable Care Organization measures. Duties are performed under the general supervision of the Medical Director but routinely reports to the Quality Director.
Responsibilities:
Triage:
- Monitors and responds to triage calls in person and/or on the nurse phone line.
- Talks directly to patients on the telephone and then directs them to emergency rooms (ERs), urgent care centers, and home care advice or to schedule patients to their physician during office hours.
- Determines urgency of seeing the patient based on brief assessment and on familiarity with a patient’s condition and history.
- Uses computerized clinical decision-making including algorithms that closely imitate physician logic and thought patterns, as guide.
- Sends patients with high-risk chief complaints such as chest pain, abdominal pain, or severe headaches to ER immediately or arranges for ambulance.
- Provides appropriate home health advice to patients who do not need to go directly to the ER.
- Ensures accurate notes of all consultations and treatments are recorded in the patients’ record.
- Arranges appointments for patients who do not need to go to ER but need to see a physician. Consults with physician as needed.
- Acts, when designated, in “Ask a Nurse” capacity, handling routine information requests from patients, e.g., “Do I need a flu shot every year? When are you giving these shots?”
- Serve as a clinical resource and professional role model for other nursing staff.
- Prioritizes work tasks and services and completes tasks in a timely manner.
- Assist in medical chart reviews and compiling data for audits and reports.
- Assist Managing Nurse with developing nursing policies and procedures.
- Maintains accurate, clear and concise progress notes, problem lists, and medication lists.
- Provides patient education regarding disease processes, therapies and healthful behaviors.
- Communicates appropriately and tactfully with staff, consultants, patients, significant others, and community.
- Reduce conflict and increase patient satisfaction whenever possible through timely response to calls.
- Participates in staff, planning, in-service, and other meetings as needed.
- Administers medications and performs medical and nursing procedures as ordered within the scope of practice.
Care Management Systems:
- Manage SCRFHC high-risk patient registry
- Oversee systems for identifying high risk patients through EMR, referrals, registries from health insurance payers
- Ensure validity of registry; collaborate with Information Technology on registry functionality.
- Develop a tracking system for patient care coordination and care management across the continuum, including care transitions, Primary and Specialty care.
- Act as clinical liaison for Payer Based Care Management programs, including ACO, commercial payors, Medicare advantage, managed care and Medicaid as indicated.
- Conduct data reporting to identify gaps in care or services and conducts patient outreach to facilitate follow-up care or services.
- Visit, educate, and serve as a resource to providers on patients with chronic and/or high-risk conditions that could benefit from extra services to provide coordination and linkage to general medical services.
- Communicate and coordinate with medical and mental health providers concerning options, including community services; available to the patients they serve.
- Meet with patients, primary care and behavioral health providers, and other staff as needed to develop and coordinate treatments plans; meet with patient family members as needed.
- Interface with and refer patients to other supportive services as appropriate.
- Serve as a linkage between SCRFHC providers and other providers that the patient is seeing to improve coordination of services and information flow.
- Provide self-management support to patients. Work to educate, motive, and coach patients utilizing disease-specific protocols.
- Provide patient education sessions for various health conditions, e.g., diabetes, CHF, COPD, etc.
- Provide ongoing phone contact with patients.
Direct Patient Care: (when indicated)
- Provide direct nursing care as indicated and/or provide nursing back-up in the event of staff shortage, including provision of telephone triage and provider assistance and support.
- Participate in and direct nursing care including but not limited to Annual Wellness Visits
- Provide nursing back-up in the event of staff shortage, including provision of telephone triage and provider assistance and support.
- Escort patients to exam room and prepare patients for exam.
- Take and record vital signs, patient histories, and other pertinent information.
- Prepare patients and assist providers with procedures. Prepare instruments.
- Administer immunizations, medications, and monitor patient response to these agents.
- Provide patient education as directed by providers
- Follow-up with patients within 24 hours on inpatient discharge & within 48 hours of ED visit notification.
- Conduct comprehensive assessment of patients’ physical, mental, and psychosocial needs
- Develop care plans to prevent disease exacerbation, improve outcomes, increase patient engagement in self-care, decrease risk status, and minimize hospital and ED utilization
- Utilize behavioral strategies help patients adopt healthy behaviors and improve self-care in chronic disease management. Promote self-management goals.
- Assist patients in navigating the health care system. Coordinate Specialty care, follow-up on test results and other care coordination needs.
- Partner with external case management programs to coordinate care
- Ongoing evaluation and documentation of patient progress / risk status in EMR and communicate with care teams
- Document all patient related activity in EMR, per policy
Patient-Centered Medical Home:
- Pro-actively support PCMH initiatives related to care coordination.
- Participate in Quality Improvement Committee activities, trainings, and participate in professional development activities
- Pro-active member of care teams in team-based care initiatives
- Practices team-based care
- Involved in huddles on daily basis per huddle procedure
- Stay up to date with trends in healthcare to develop/ revise integrated care management programs
- **Perform other duties as requested or assigned.
Qualifications:
- Valid RN licensure. 3-5 years of relevant experience preferred.
- Experience working in triage, case management, disease management, home health care nursing, hospital nursing or intensive outpatient education and/or self-management support skills
- Ability to work with a variety of people from different professions
- Relationship building with patients, staff, and providers
- Comprehensive nursing assessment, problem identification and care plan development
- Disease management
- Ability to interact with physicians and other health care professionals in a professional manner.
- Working knowledge of physical health and behavioral health medications.
- Screening for developmental issues, depression, other psychological conditions, and frailty.
- Behavioral strategies including motivational interviewing and self-management support
- Ability to communicate effectively orally and in writing
- Ability to initiate and implement procedures and to evaluate their effectiveness
- Ability to use a personal computer or computer terminal
- Visual/hearing ability sufficient to comprehend written/verbal communications and work with documents and reports.
- Ability to travel to required meetings and conferences.
- Clinical system design and development
- Project and time management skills
- Solid computer skills including excel, word, and PowerPoint.
- Organized and resourceful self-starter; strong ability to work in a team
- Excellent written, oral, and interpersonal communication skills
- Working conditions: primarily office-based, with the ability to do home visits on a limited basis
Required Screening: All potential new employees will undergo a background and Office of Inspector General exclusion report and periodically thereafter. All employees must provide a Statement of Health, signed by their primary care provider, be fully vaccinated for COVID-19 and provide vaccine records for other mandatory vaccines
Post-Employment Requirements:
- All new employees must complete all mandatory trainings, communication training, Health literacy and patient safety, within the first week of employment.
- All new employees must complete training in coordination of care for patients and maybe assigned to a care team to support patients and families in self-management, self-efficiency, and behavior change within the first 2 weeks of employment as administered by leadership.
- All new employees must complete training in population management within the first month of employment as administered by leadership.
- All clinical employees must complete at least basic motivational interviewing training within 3 months of employment. | https://mepca.org/job/st-croix-regional-family-health-center-princeton-me-17-rn-triage-care-manager/ |
Patient Empowerment Network (PEN) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. PEN’s mission is to fortify cancer patients and care partners with the knowledge and tools to boost their confidence, put them in control of their healthcare journey, and assist them in receiving the best, most personalized care available to ensure they have the best possible outcome. PEN’s programs enhance patient health literacy to enable shared decision-making and provide informational and educational resources to empower patients and care partners at every step of their cancer journey.
Connect with us: | https://www.curetoday.com/advocacy-groups/patient-empowerment-network |
Residency and Fellowship Programs
Miller Children’s & Women's Hospital Long Beach is one of only eight free-standing children’s hospitals in California. Since it’s a known regional pediatric destination and a major referral center for children, Miller Children’s & Women's is a perfect place to gain expertise in pediatric specialty care.
In partnership with University of California, Irvine, University of California, Los Angeles, the University of the Southern California and various other local medical schools, the pediatric residency training programs at Miller Children’s & Women's have been a top choice for the nation's finest future pediatricians in Los Angeles and Orange Counties. Each year, more than 200 residents and fellows provide specialized care to infants, children and adolescents.
Miller Children’s & Women's Hospital is instrumental in drawing residents and fellows from across the United States into Southern California residency and fellowship programs, by offering rotations that help them meet their career goals and opportunities to promote their career aspirations by exposing them to an array of primary and sub-specialty programs:
Resident Training Rotations
- General Pediatrics
- Medical Genetics and Genomics
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
- Pediatric Dentistry
Fellowship/Sub-specialty Training Rotations:
- Child Abuse Pediatrics
- Hospice and Palliative Care
- Internal Medicine - Pediatric
- Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine
- Pediatric Anesthesiology
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine
- Pediatric Endocrinology
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology
- Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery
- Pediatric Pulmonology
GME Leadership
Charged with oversight of Long Beach Medical Center Graduate Medical Education Department the Graduate Medical Education Committee (GMEC) serves as a forum for discussion of graduate medical education issues to include not only clinical environments but resident quality of life, recruitment, specialty choice and outcome. The membership of the Committee on Graduate Medical Education includes program directors, site directors and other members of approved residency or fellowship programs.
Curriculum
All pediatricians, including subspecialists, must be well prepared to provide comprehensive care for all children. Miller Children’s clinical faculty and sub-specialists are enthusiastic about preparing residents and fellows for pediatric practice, sub-specialty medicine or general pediatric positions in academia. Formal training in the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Core Competencies is incorporated into the residency and fellowship curriculum and training:
Compassionate, appropriate, and effective patient care for treating health problems and promoting health.
Demonstrate knowledge of established and evolving biomedical, clinical, epidemiological and social-behavioral sciences, as well as the application of this knowledge to patient care.
Demonstrate interpersonal and communication skills that result in the effective exchange of information and collaboration with patients, their families, and health professionals by:
- communicating effectively with patients, families, and the public, as appropriate, across a broad range of socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds;
- communicating effectively with physicians, other health professionals, and health-related agencies;
- working effectively as a member or leader of a health care team or other professional groups;
- acting in a consultative role to other physicians and health professionals; and, maintaining comprehensive, timely, and legible medical records
Commit to carry out professional responsibilities, adherence to ethical principles, and sensitivity to a diverse patient population with:
- compassion, integrity, and respect for others;
- responsiveness to patient needs that supersedes self-interest;
- respect for patient privacy and autonomy;
- accountability to patients, society and the profession; and,
- sensitivity and responsiveness to a diverse patient population, including but not limited to diversity in gender, age, culture, race, religion, disabilities, and sexual orientation.
Investigate and evaluate care of patients, to appraise and assimilate scientific evidence, and to continuously improve patient care based on constant self-evaluation and life-long learning by developing skills and habits to:
- identify strengths, deficiencies, and limits in one’s knowledge and expertise (self-assessment and reflection);
- set learning and improvement goals;
- identify and perform appropriate learning activities;
- systematically analyze practice using quality improvement (QI) methods, and implement changes with the goal of practice improvement;
- incorporate formative evaluation feedback into daily practice;
- locate, appraise, and assimilate evidence from scientific studies related to their patients’ health problems (evidence-based medicine);
- use information technology to optimize learning; and,
- participate in the education of patients, families, students, residents and other health professionals.
Demonstrate an awareness of and responsiveness to the larger context and system of health care, as well as the ability to call effectively on other resources in the system to provide optimal health care by:
- working effectively in various health care delivery settings and systems relevant to their clinical specialty;
- coordinating patient care within the health care system relevant to their clinical specialty;
- incorporating considerations of cost awareness and risk-benefit analysis in patient and/or population-based care as appropriate;
- advocating for quality patient care and optimal patient care systems;
- working in interprofessional teams to enhance patient safety and improve patient care quality; and
- participating in identifying system errors and implementing potential systems solutions. | https://www.millerchildrens.memorialcare.org/healthcare-professionals/graduate-medical-education |
In October 2005, MAPS initiated its ‘Patients as Partners’ campaign to engage patients and families as active and informed partners in assuring patient safety in the delivery of health care.
The long-term goal of MAPS' "Patients as Partners" campaign is to have an active, informed and integrated advisory presence with family members, parents and/or patients in every health care entity in Minnesota. See more about this campaign and what efforts are taking place both locally and nationally: [DOC]
Resources
- “Patient Safety: Your Role,” a brochure designed to be used in hospital, pharmacy and clinic settings to better explain patients’ role in their own health care. This pamphlet, developed by the Minnesota Alliance for Patient Safety, is a resource to engage patients to become actively involved in their health care. In addition to English, these brochures are available for download in Hmong, Spanish, Russian, Somalian and Vietnamese. To order, contact MAPS at (612) 362-3756. A PDF version is also available here.
- "Patients as Partners: How to Involve Patients and Families in Their Own Care." The book teaches health care workers and organizational leaders how to create a culture of safety that accepts patients and families as part of the health care team, as well as how to:
- Open the lines of communication between them and their patients, caregivers or families;
- Create patient/family education programs that teach patients how to be involved and how to recognize errors pertaining to medication, hand hygiene, wrong-site surgery, correct patient identification, and more;
- Evaluate each patient’s level of health literacy regardless of what language they speak or their reading level; and
- Address the education and involvement needs for special patient populations, such as pediatric, geriatric, chronic and limited English-speaking patients.
This publication also compiles many examples of what other organizations are doing to achieve, facilitate or promote patient and family involvement in their own organization. | https://mnpatientsafety.org/patients-partners |
Prepared for:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Medicare & Medicaid Innovation
This case study describes The Rogosin Institute’s (Rogosin’s) experience in implementing a health literacy initiative focused on chronic kidney disease (CKD). Motivated by feedback from its patients and staff, Rogosin crafted strategies specifically to provide health literacy education to patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) and who are pre-ESRD, its own staff, and the community. The initiative supports Rogosin’s goal of providing better care to patients with kidney disease while lowering costs. Rogosin’s strategy for educating pre-ESRD patients consists of two programs: the Program for the Education of People with Advanced Kidney Disease (PEAK) and Inpatient PEAK (iPEAK). Preliminary results suggest that both PEAK and iPEAK have improved the quality of care received by participants with advanced CKD. These results and Rogosin’s implementation experience will be useful to ESRD Seamless Care Organizations (ESCOs), accountable care organizations, and other health care entities that are seeking to develop and implement health literacy initiatives.
How do you apply evidence? | https://www.mathematica.org/publications/the-rogosin-institutes-initiative-to-promote-health-literacy-case-study |
Is this really true? As a music producer, do you ever really finish songs, or do you simply stop making changes and move on to something new?
In any case, finishing songs can be extremely challenging. Sometimes, it feels like you can keep making small tweaks to a track forever, and you still won’t be completely satisfied with how it sounds. So how do you know when to stop?
In this article, we’ll talk about a few things you can watch for that signify that your song might be ready. Now, some people are better at finishing songs than others—some can recognize these signs and have no trouble letting their songs go, while others never quite experience them and never let their songs see the light of day.
If you’re in the latter camp, keep reading because we’ll also go over how you can learn to finish songs. For many of us, finishing songs when they don’t feel ready—i.e. “abandoning” them—is a skill that needs to be learned and practiced. The more you practice finishing songs, the easier it’ll get.
5 signs that your song might be finished
Now, whether you’re struggling to finish producing, recording, mixing, or mastering your song, let’s take a look at five signs that it’s ready (or nearly ready) for the next stage.
1. Nothing interrupts your listening
Try sitting down and listening to your song the whole way through. Do you get distracted by little mistakes, something you want to change, add, or remove? It’s okay to go back and fix these little moments.
At some point, you may find that you no longer get distracted by anything; nothing annoys you or makes you cringe, and you’re able to listen to the whole song without interruptions. This may be because you’ve really fixed everything you possibly could, or simply because the little areas for improvement don’t bother you anymore. Either way, it’s a good sign that your song is ready for the next stage.
2. You listen like a listener, not like a producer
Try listening to your song in a different setting—not your producer’s chair, but maybe a couch or even your car. Hear it as if it’s someone else’s song and you’re merely a listener.
You should be able to detach yourself from the song and simply enjoy it for what it is. You’ll know it’s finished if you’re able to experience the song in its entirety, just like your audience would, rather than listening for individual parts and picking apart every little detail.
3. It sounds like more than the sum of its parts
There’s a magical moment in music production when the song starts to sound like more than the sum of its parts. You, as the producer, know exactly what went into each track, so you should theoretically be able to anticipate what you’ll hear. But there’s another element—an invisible glue that binds it all. It’s not something you add; it’s just there, born out of the way the different tracks work together and complement each other.
When you start to hear this invisible glue, the song turns from a collection of tracks into an experience, an atmosphere, and an emotion. When you start to experience your song in this way—when it makes you feel something—that’s a pretty good sign that it’s done.
4. You’re excited to show it to someone
Do you have a family member, friend, or partner who’s always the first to hear your latest creations? When you start getting excited for them to hear your new song, it’s probably because it’s close to done.
When you do show the song to someone, watch how you’re feeling. Are you tensing up or anticipating any negative reactions from them during certain parts of the song? If not, your song is in great shape.
5. You’re itching to start working on something new
Sometimes, a song is done simply because you’ve worked on it for too long and it’s time for something new. If you keep going back and making small changes, you’ll start feeling resentment towards the song, and the changes you make won’t come from a healthy, creative headspace.
If you feel ready to work on something else, just let yourself do it. You’ll be much more productive and creative working on a new project, than you would trying to over-perfect an existing song.
What if you never experience these signs?
Some of us can clearly recognize these five signs and will happily finish song after song. For others, these signs never really appear—it may feel like you’ll never be able to listen to your song without finding something you want to change.
If that’s the case, there’s really only one solution: finish the song anyway.
It sounds simple and downright impossible at the same time, right?
But consider this—when you listen to your favorite song from another artist, you think it’s perfect, when in reality, the artist can probably think of a million things they’d like to change. They hear mistakes you’d never notice and think of alternative options you never knew existed.
Does it mean the song isn’t finished? Of course not! It’s done, it’s released, and it feels perfect to you and their other fans. The same thing will happen with your song. Ultimately, you just have to decide that it’s done and then let it go.
If you’re still having trouble finishing songs, try one (or all) of the following tips.
1. Take a break
Sometimes, when you spend too much time working on something, you can get lost in the details and forget to look at the big picture. Take a break from your song for a few days, or even weeks, to let your ears rest. When you come back and listen to it again, you might find that it’s actually perfectly fine as it is.
2. Don’t work alone
You may be skilled enough to do all aspects of music production on your own, but it doesn’t mean that you should be the only person who decides whether or not a song is finished. This decision is so subjective, and you’re much too close to the song to make it on your own.
Instead, collaborate with a fellow producer or simply ask a musician friend for their honest input. If you’re sending the song to someone else for mixing and mastering, they’ll be able to pitch in, as well.
3. A/B test
Quite often, the last few changes we make to a song aren’t actually all that necessary. If you really think you need to make the change, ask a non-musician friend to listen to both versions. More often than not, they won’t even notice what you changed, or if they do, they’ll say that either version sounds fine.
Before you spend hours perfecting another one-second section of your song, ask yourself: “Is this edit really necessary?” If it’s going to only marginally improve your song, maybe your time and energy would be better spent working on something else.
4. Set deadlines
The reality is, musicians who make a living producing music for other artists don’t really have time to wonder whether or not their songs are finished. They simply have deadlines they have to meet.
Even if your situation is different, it’s not a bad idea to set deadlines for yourself. If you can’t stay accountable to yourself, find an accountability partner. Promise a new release to your fans by a certain date if you have to—do whatever it takes to help yourself finish the song.
5. Accept your song
One of the main reasons why you can’t finish your song is because you don’t think it’s good enough yet. In other words, it doesn’t meet your standards.
But have you ever considered that maybe where you are in your journey as a producer hasn’t quite caught up to your standards yet? Maybe this is the best music you can create at this very moment. Accept this, celebrate it, and let the song be as it is.
It doesn’t have to be the best—it just has to be the best you can make today.
As you finish more and more songs, you’ll become a better producer, and the songs you make will start to live up to your standards. But if you set the bar too high right from the start, you’ll end up frustrated and never give yourself the time and patience to learn and grow.
Do you know when a song is finished?
Do you recognize the five signs that a song is finished, or do you have trouble letting your songs go out in the world? Do you have other signs we didn’t mention? Let us know in the comments below! | https://splice.com/blog/how-you-know-song-finished/ |
Have you ever wanted to play guitar but never knew where to start?
Spending time with God, playing the guitar, and singing praises, as an act of worship, is an incredible experience. Taking all of the worries and weight of the day and just giving it to Him. Maybe God has put it on your heart to start playing guitar. If so, this is a great place to start your journey!
Encouraging scripture for this lesson
I will sing a new song unto thee, O God: upon a psaltery and an instrument of ten strings will I sing praises unto thee. – Psalm 144:9
Execuses that may try to hold me back
Usually the first execuses we tell ourselves are:
Excuse #1 – I simply don’t have the time.
My Response – First we need to ask ourselves, “How much time do I spend watching movies, surfing the Internet, and etc?” Can some of this time be used to learn a new instrument? My wise uncle once told me that if you practice an instrument just 15 minutes a day, within a year you’ll be amazed how far you’ve come.
Excuse #2 – I don’t have the money for a guitar.
My Response – A decent guitar starter kit can be picked up for $99! Another option would be to purchase one used.
Excuse #3 – I could never learn the guitar.
My Response – Give this tutorial a try and see just how easy it is to get started.
Excuse #4 – I’m too old to start playing
My Response – You’re never to old to learn. In life we’re constantly growing and learn new things. Be encouraged!
Whatever the reason may be, this could be incredible opportunity to serve the Lord.
Prerequisites
To get the most out of this article, I highly recommend that you become familiar with a basic knowledge of music theory. As a homework assignment, know the answers to the following questions.
- Scales - What is a scale? What is the key of a song?
- Chords - What is a chord? How are chords formed?
- Guitar Capo - How can I use a capo to change the key of the song?
Guitar string names
Before getting started, it’s important to know the names of the guitar strings.
Recommendations
This lesson assumes that you are fluent in guitar fundamentals such as proper hand posturing and beginning guitar techniques. Starting off with these fundamentals ensures that you don’t pick up bad habits along the way. It’s always good to start off with the fundamentals before proceeding to more advanced techniques.
Do a search on the Internet for keywords such as “beginning guitar”, “beginning guitar hand posture”, “beginning guitar proper techniques”, “beginning guitar bad habits to avoid”
Steps for learning - start playing today!
One of the most difficult challenges for beginning guitarist is being able to smoothly transition from one chord to another. To make things easy, we are going to learn chord shapes that are a breeze to play. Before we begin, let's get familiar with the following chord substitutions below:
Step 1 – Substituting Chords: As you can see, from the chart, there is an obvious pattern that becomes evident – the pinky is on the E string (6th string on the bottom) and the ring finger is on the B string (5th string directly above). The beauty of this is that these two fingers can remain stationary while the other 2 finger define the rest of the chord. Next, move the middle and index fingers to their variable positions as shown in the chart! That’s it! Transitioning between chords is now a breeze!
Step 2 – Learn Strum Patterns:For starters, strum by playing a down stroke followed by an up stroke. As you progress, you will naturally start learning new strums patterns.
In the diagram below, an X denotes that the string is not played. The white circle above each string denotes that the string is played as open. The green circle indicates where we place our finger.
Lets start playing a song!
With your new found talent, we can now play a simplified version Tis So Sweet To Trust In Jesus. Play the chord that is directly above the lyric.
Gsus2
‘Tis so so sweet to
Csus
trust in
Gsus2
Jesus,
Em
just to take Him
Csus
at His
Dsus4
word;
With just moving two fingers you can play complete songs!
Playing the song higher or lower with the same chord shapes!
Depending on your vocal range, you may need to sing this song either higher or lower. Musician would refer to this as singing the song in a particular key.
Using the chords shapes above, we can now play a song in many different keys using a capo! | https://hubpages.com/religion-philosophy/praiseandworshippart1 |
You can’t stay the same. If you’re a musician and a singer, you have to change, that’s the way it works.
Van Morisson
You can’t stay the same. If you’re a musician and a singer, you have to change, that’s the way it works.
Van Morisson
Always be yourself, express yourself, have faith in yourself, do not go out and look for a successful personality and duplicate it.
Bruce Lee
Repertoire Corner remains, I am afraid, rather infrequent, but I have some new music that I hope to review over the next few weeks, starting with Lin Marsh’s Serendipidy Solos
The Cuckoo Clock – Lin Marsh
[AB(2)]
I’m quite new to Lin Marsh’s work, but I’m pleased to say that this is a great example of music which has been specially written for new and young singers. The melody is fairly straight-forward, but there are variations as the music progresses, so it is worth taking time over learning this song. Once the basic structure is in place, there is plenty of instruction for dynamic variation and change of moods which need to be included to really give a great polished performance. Young singers should enjoy this song and other works by Marsh.
[lyrics and video unavailable]
* * *
Part of Your World – Composer (The Little Mermaid)
[LCMMT(1-3);TG(2)]
This stalwart of the Disney songbook is a popular choice, but requires careful attention to really perform well. Watch for the rests – they come in irregular places! Once the rhythm has been mastered, this song needs to be sung with imagination to convey the curiosity and wonder of Ariel’s character. This might be a good song to use for introducing some theatre games to young singers, or exploring how to mix singing with semi-spoken phrases.
No good opera plot can be sensible, for people do not sing when they are feeling sensible.
W. H. Auden
I’ll be honest, it’s been a long month, but now, a new year is well under way, and so are the best blog posts about music and music teaching!
Posts on learning
3 Elements of Showmanship (The Musicians’ Way) – Find out what three traits you should be developing to really add pizazz to your performance.
What Leads to Better Performances: Telling Yourself to Calm Down? Or Get Excited? (Bulletproof Musician) – How to manage your emotions to boost your stage presence.
Posts on teaching
How to be a choir leader Part 1: Why lead a choir? (Total Choir Resources) – A great introduction to why leading a choir is worth all the work!
Conducting Your Choir: From Novice to Know How (Total Choir Resources) – A lovely review of the ABCD (Association of British Choral Directors) beginner and intermediate courses which makes me even more keen to take part in one eventually!
Posts about other things
We are Music Therapists (Listen & Learn Music) – Ever wondered what music therapists do? Find out here.
Music in the News
Music therapy class strikes a chord with autistic children in Beijing
Arts head: Mark Tinkler, English Pocket Opera Company
Classical music improves concentration and social skills
Mike Russell to hold talks on music tuition
Be at war with your vices, at peace with your neighbors, and let every new year find you a better man.
Benjamin Franklin
The earth has grown old with its burden of care, but at Christmas it always is young, the heart of the jewel burns lustrous and fair, and its soul full of music breaks the air, when the song of angels is sung.
Phillips Brooks
Music washes away from the soul the dust of everyday life.
Berthold Auerbach
Success is not final, failure is not fatal: it is the courage to continue that counts. | http://www.discoversinging.co.uk/category/regular-columns/page/2/ |
Results for "summer camps"
Result 1 - 10 in 38
Cập Nhật 29-07-2020
This summer vacation in the ‘new normality’ takes place after COVID-19 has been controlled in Vietnam but is still raging in other countries.
Tag: COVID-19, Summer vacation, new normality, Summer, Schools
Cập Nhật 08-07-2019
In the 2019 summer volunteer activity, the Youth Union of Hue University has more than 1,000 students enrolling to join.
Tag: Youth Union, Hue University, summer volunteer campaign, student union members
Cập Nhật 26-06-2019
Phuoc Tich ancient village and Ngu My Thanh fresco village are the attractive destinations of children in the summer.
Tag: summer experience, Phuoc Tich ancient village, Ngy My Thach fresco village, children, summer
Cập Nhật 11-06-2019
After being invested and put into operation, Bach Ma Village tourist area, which is Truot Waterfall in Khe Su, Loc Tri Commune (Phu Loc), has been attracting a considerable number of visitors inside and outside the province.
Tag: summer, Bach Ma Village, Waterfall
Cập Nhật 02-06-2019
According to the organizing committee, the summer activities at Hue Children's Center this year take place with four subjects including Fine Arts, foreign languages, sports and music, with 22 different subjects.
Tag: Hue Children's Center, summer activities, Young writer's pen, children, music performances
Cập Nhật 11-05-2019
“18 seasons remembering Trinh Cong Son” is the theme of the camp creating paintings of musician Trinh Cong Son organized by the Youth Union of Hue University on 11/5.
Tag: Trinh Cong Son, 18 seasons, camp creating paintings, musician, Trinh Vinh Trinh
Cập Nhật 18-04-2019
The songwriting camp "Phu Loc - A song of new day" takes place within 4 days (from April 17th to 20th), with the participation of more than 10 famous musicians in the country...
Tag: Songwritting camp, "Phu Loc – A song of new day", Lang Co – the beautiful World Bay
Cập Nhật 20-08-2018
The trainees were equipped with the knowledge of climate change and common interests, climate change and oceans, climate change and agriculture, climate change and renewable energy by national and foreign experts.
Tag: climate change, Summer Course, experts, trainees
Cập Nhật 06-08-2018
Summer is the time that many parents let their children experience as farmers, discover the nature and learn about culture, history, etc. This is the new demand that Hue has many conditions to develop.
Tag: summer camps, Vinslink center, students
Cập Nhật 31-07-2017
One summer morning, more than 50 young students like young birds joyfully come into the Cat Tuong Quan Tranquil Residence to participate in the program... | http://news.baothuathienhue.vn/search/summer%20camps.html |
You are about to learn one of the most powerful song writing techniques ever created.
There is a special technique that I call Free Playing that will allow you to generate many new and interesting song ideas in a very short time.
Once you learn the instructions, I highly recommend that you spend at least 10 minutes or more each day immersed in Free Playing. This technique will greatly accelerate your ability to write compelling music, causing you to advance more in a few months than most songwriters would in many years.
So what exactly is this technique?
Free Playing is a type of improvisation, with a few subtle twists.
The most common form of improvisation is performed by jazz musicians. What happens is a musician will create musical ideas "on the spot" over a rough template or framework created by the other participating musicians.
As this person weaves an individual path through the "framework" created by the other musicians, he is said to be "improvising".
When a jazz musician improvises, they loosely follow set "routines" and "themes" using scales and progressions that fit the mood and style of the music. Free Playing is a little different. When you immerse yourself in Free Playing you actually try to avoid these routines and themes.
Step 1. Choose the instrument that you will "Free Play" on. This can be any instrument, singing included.
Step 2. Set up a recorder so you can record your "Free Playing" session. You must do this so you don't distract yourself by trying to "listen for the good bits".
Step 4. As you play, continually direct yourself away from common themes and melodies. If you find yourself playing something you recognize, direct your playing away from it. If you find yourself getting caught up in a familiar "routine", guide yourself away from this and into new territory.
Step 5. Keep sifting through ideas for a period of 5-10 minutes or more. The longer the session the better, and it's very likely that your best ideas will occur towards the end of the session.
Step 6. After you’ve finished playing, stop the recording device and listen back to your performance. For maximum results, listen back once to the performance paying close attention to what's happening. And then a second time as background music while doing some other task.
As you listen back, you'll be blown away at some of the unique, interesting ideas that you've generated. And the more you do this procedure, the easier ideas will flow in your sessions.
Progress is made at light speed with a daily Free Playing session, and after the first 5 sessions you will find your recordings literally saturated with compelling song ideas of a quality that you have to hear to believe.
There is a common question that comes up sometimes when I tell musicians about this Free Playing exercise.
What If I’m Scared To Improvise?
It's not uncommon for a musician to be a little scared to improvise. There is the fear that they will not create anything worthy of listening to, and because of this they will feel uncreative and an ineffective songwriter.
If this is you, I absolutely urge you to begin Free Playing sessions despite this fear.
Within a few sessions you will not only find that you are capable of creating music, but also that you are capable of creating stunning songs over and over again.
Another thing to keep in mind is this: Whether you know it or not, you are improvising every day.
Through my experience everyone has the ability to improvise in a song writing environment, and at a pretty good level too! All you need to do is get going and once you do, you will realize that "not being creative enough" was never an issue at all.
It's about to get easier as well. You are about to discover the "key"that makes your Free Playing come to life and become one of the most exciting and enjoyable practices of your day.
So What Is The Key To Genius "Free Playing"?
Would you like to know how you can become one of those musicians that continually creates new and inspiring material?
There is a key that will take this Free Playing concept to a new level.
Can you remember when we talked about allowing self two to "take over" the song writing duties, as it's in self two that your master songwriter lies?
Can you also remember our discussion about finding "the zone" or "flow state"?
Both of these are actually the same thing.
Finding your "flow state" where you perform at your best is actually the point where self two "takes over" and takes control of the performance.
The key to creating mesmerizing music is to immerse yourself in Free Playing whilst also being in this "flow state".
When you do this, you surrender control to self two who is the master songwriter that exists within you. Once you do this you will be "tapping into" your vast reservoir of creative resources that exist in your mind and body. And the results of this in your song writing will knock you over!
The rest of this song writing success series is dedicated to giving you some easy exercises that will allow you to find this "flow state" so you can allow self two to "take over" and create some truly amazing music. | http://www.songwriting-secrets.net/song-writing-success-part-5.html |
Book Description: Have you ever wondered what your mother was like before she became your mother, and what she gave up in order to have you?
It’s the early days of the new millennium, and Laura has arrived in New York City’s East Village in the hopes of recording her first album. A songwriter with a one-of-a-kind talent, she’s just beginning to book gigs with her beautiful best friend when she falls hard for a troubled but magnetic musician whose star is on the rise. Their time together is stormy and short-lived—but will reverberate for the rest of Laura’s life.
Fifteen years later, Laura’s teenage daughter, Marie, is asking questions about her father, questions that Laura does not want to answer. Laura has built a stable life in Brooklyn that bears little resemblance to the one she envisioned when she left Ohio all those years ago, and she’s taken pains to close the door on what was and what might have been. But neither her best friend, now a famous musician who relies on Laura’s songwriting skills, nor her depressed and searching daughter will let her give up on her dreams.
Funny, wise, and tenderhearted, Perfect Tunes explores the fault lines in our most important relationships, and asks whether dreams deferred can ever be reclaimed. It is a delightful and poignant tale of music and motherhood, ambition and compromise—of life, in all its dissonance and harmony.
Rating: 4 1/2 Stars
Review: Perfect Tunes is almost a perfect story about a very imperfect woman. Over 15 years you will meet and get to know Laura. When she was younger she writes what she thinks is the perfect song and she spends the next years never quite living up to that and that really has an effect on her life.
Laura moves to New York City when she is 22. She quickly meets Dylan a budding musician himself, and of course she is totally in love with him from the start. Dylan’s career is starting to take off, along with his use of alcohol and drugs. Month’s after Dylan dies in a tragic accident and Laura is left to pick up the pieces and to raise a daughter that she does not even realize she is pregnant with until after Dylan’s death.
Over the next 14 years, you will see Laura was meant to be a mother, hardships and all. She virtually gives up any hope of being a musician to raise Marie, who she loves more than anything. Laura struggles to pay rent, and just keep up, but I don’t think she would trade any of it. Laura eventually meets Matt and they marry, and while it is not perfect, it is what she needs.
Fourteen years later, Marie is fighting her own demons. We start to understand that she might take a little more after her father than her mother thinks. She wants to learn more about her Dad, which leads to the apex of this story,
This is an extremely respective novel about motherhood and how we still struggle with the idea of living our dreams, while doing the best they can for their families. Simple and beautiful.
Thank you NetGalley and Avid Reader Press for an Advanced Reader’s Copy of this book in exchange for an honest review. | https://obsessedbookaholic.com/2020/04/07/perfect-tunes-book-review/ |
You have the words inside your head. You have something that could become a tune in your ears. However, when you find yourself in front of a blank piece of paper, it seems as nothing can come out, or at least not in the way it sounds in your mind. It’s a struggle known to many artists, both aspiring and experienced ones.
One of the best lyricists in the history of music, Leonard Cohen, once said in an interview that he needs a lot of time to find out what the song is:
“To find a song that I can sing, to engage my interest, to penetrate my boredom with myself and my disinterest in my own opinions, to penetrate those barriers, the song has to speak to me with a certain urgency. To be able to find that song that I can be interested in takes many versions and it takes a lot of uncovering.”
If you’re feeling stuck or simply think that you can do more and be better, here are some tips that will help you grow as a lyricist and composer.
Take the style-searching path
One of the most important things for a successful musician is having an authentic style. However, authentic styles don’t just grow on trees.
There’s nothing wrong with starting out as a “copycat” of some other musician. It takes an average author to write several hundreds of songs until he finds his voice. Even Bob Dylan started out with something reminiscent of country artists such as Hank Williams and Johnny Cash, and when he finally discovered his music persona, he was the one and only.
This will also mean that you will probably write some bad songs. Others will be average. And some will be amazing. That is how you learn.
Learn to express yourself
For a songwriter, the vocabulary is a chest filled with immense treasure. But if the chest is half empty, you’ll have trouble getting all those powerful feelings and thoughts across.
Reading helps a lot. And this doesn’t include only song lyrics. It also means reading novels and especially poetry. After that, practice by writing the same sentence or phrase in several ways. This all depends on your native language and on the language you want to perform in.
English is by far the best for gaining international recognition, and it can be a very expressive language, too. However, it does require years of training. If this is your goal, try doing one challenging IELTS writing task each day. In time, it will become natural to you.
Find a mentor
The best approach to growing as a musician is finding an experienced mentor. For this, you will need to embrace humbleness.
Seek out mentors at courses, YouTube tutorials, colleges, or wherever else you can find someone you look up to. Listen to their advice and soak in their knowledge like a sponge. If you can, try to find a mentor who really takes an interest in your knowledge and growth. The fact that you’ll probably get guidance free of charge is of secondary value here. The primary thing is that someone will invest their hope and effort in you.
Master the basics
Music theory, notes, key signature, tempo, grammar, vocabulary… Every one of these sounds so empty when compared to a song that touches the soul. Still, they’re the foundation of every good song ever written. If you already have some basic knowledge of these things, revisit them, and upgrade what you know with additional information that could help your style (e.g., cadence, a concept from choral music).
Read over your work
Some people write something, put it aside, and think they’re done with it. This is not how you become a good musician. Now, there are different ways of reading song lyrics and music to help you perfect your work:
Read the lyrics you wrote out loud, without any music in the background. Do they tell you what happened? Do they show how that made you feel? Do they explain the consequences? Do they carry a message? Do you feel something when you read them? Can they be sung? Don’t be shy to ask a second opinion – any criticism, both positive and negative, can be constructive for your writing.
Score reading has become one of the most underestimated practices in music these days, but it is so important. Do this in silence first and then while listening to music. Ask yourself, is it interesting or emotional? Is there progress and a climax? What’s missing? And how well does it go with your words?
Bottom line
When we hear a good song, we get carried away by its poetry and melody. But, like with Cohen’s “Hallelujah,” behind the seven minutes of magic, there are hours and even months of hard work. The tips above could help you build your own masterpiece and nourish your unique style – but at the end of the day, it’s up to you to invest time and effort to make it work. | https://skopemag.com/2019/12/29/write-better-music-5-ways-to-grow-as-a-lyricist-and-composer |
Remember to practise your sounds daily. RWI will be holding daily virtual lessons for children to practise their sounds:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCo7fbLgY2oA_cFCIg9GdxtQ?fbclid=IwAR39rYFTLfrdQlPjkysNElqx0fheLwYjbK7LVlBZtbEm_Yuv9BvsbtL6ziI
Set 1 sounds at 9:30am
Set 2 sounds at 10:00am
Set 3 sounds at 10:30am
They have updated these lessons to include word time for set 1 speed sounds and spelling for set 2 and 3.
There is also “Storytime with Nick” three times a week (Mon, Wed & Fri at 2pm) and some poems that your child can learn and perform.
SPaG
I have attached a SPaG mat below for you to complete.We have also got Picnic on Pluto for you to feed the two alien’s Obb and Bob. Obb eats nonsense words and Bob eats real words. Read each word carefully using your Fred talk and feed it to the right alien. https://www.phonicsplay.co.uk/PicnicOnPluto.html
Literacy
Today we are going to be looking at nouns.
Nouns (common nouns) are naming words. A noun tells us the name of animals, places and objects for example hen, bicycle, table.
Proper nouns are special naming words and have capital letters.
Names of people are proper nouns. Mrs Hill
Days of the week are proper nouns. Monday
Months of the year are proper nouns. January
The name of places are proper nouns. Walsall
Days of the week are special naming words so they need capital letters. Today I would like you to write the days of the week using a capital letter. When you have done that, I would like you to answer the questions. Don’t forget your capital letters!
Maths
A warm up for all of our brains with some ordering of numbers: https://www.topmarks.co.uk/ordering-and-sequencing/coconut-ordering
G/Y/R/O groups:
Your learning for this week is finding and making number bonds. There are lots of different ways we use number bonds and they help us to work out maths questions quickly. Let’s see if you can complete the tasks I’ve attached.
Here is an activity to put your learning to the test:
https://www.topmarks.co.uk/maths-games/hit-the-button
Press the number that you need to add to the one at the top to make 20.
Remember to practise your times tables with Times Tables Rock Stars.
Blue group:
Let’s start off by counting to 20: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0VLxWIHRD4E
Your learning today is doubling numbers to 10. We work on these as our learn-its so some you might know mentally without working them out. For those tricky ones you can add the dots and count carefully. Take care when forming your numbers.
Science
Now we can recognise and name different materials we are going to look at their properties.
The property of a material is something about it that we can measure, see or feel and helps us decide whether or not it is the best material.
I want you to watch the video about materials first then there is a catchy song all about materials and their properties. This song will help you complete the activity. You might want to learn this song and sing it to a gown up!
Materials video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XnkQcP-RHCw
Materials song: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_oK8CRa2rXY
I have also attached a quiz to test yourself on materials and their properties. Let me know how you do! | https://www.greenfield.walsall.sch.uk/monday-4th-may/ |
There’s not much for a musician to do these days except write and record new music and I’ve been hard at work this year. A few songs have trickled out so far but these closing weeks of 2020 are going to see a flurry of releases, starting today!
Days Crawl By is the debut single of The Looneys, a new remote collaborative songwriting and recording project born out of April quarantine comprised of myself, Mark Larson, James Gould, Ben Miller, and Jay Scabich and features a guest appearance by Jillian Rae.
Each randomly selected member of the band takes a turn composing and recording a part of the song until a finished version is agreed upon. I wrote the lyrics about the isolation of being in quarantine. Click the button below for links to Days Crawl By on major digital music sources.
|DAYS CRAWL BY|
On the following two Mondays, I will be releasing my first two solo electric songs featuring the help of my friends, Mark Larson, Berek Awend, Amanda Awend, and David Stone. Both songs are original songs I wrote, inspired by events of 2020.
|PRE-ORDER “GET OUT”|
|PRE-ORDER “THESE CLOUDY DAYS”|
Two weeks ago Ted Hajnasiewicz and I released a new song we co-wrote, And We Row, featuring a collection of friends and fellow musicians on gang vocals. Ted and I began working together when we collaborated on a song for the Quarantine Dream: A Benefit for Jessa Roquet project in April.
|AND WE ROW|
I’ll be releasing a fun little Christmas song some time the following days that I wrote, featuring my niece and nephew on vocals and my sisters and mom making guest appearances.
Inspired by the original Quarantine Dream album I worked on, I started a similar project for my sister Jamie when she received a cancer diagnosis in April. Musician friends, family members, and fans are recording versions of songs she wrote and I hope to release the album late this winter or early spring but there are a few tracks released already as a preview here.
I’ve started working on a roots country / bluegrass album featuring a large collection of musician friends and plan on releasing the first song in January. And I continue to work on writing and recording new songs with Dan Tanz, along with working on new The Fattenin’ Frogs and Heatwave & Landman albums.
The end appears in sight for the COVID-19 pandemic and hope you all are hanging in there! Merry Christmas and Happy Holidays to you all and hope to see you all when this is all over with and live music returns! | http://www.chrisholmmusic.com/2020/12/16/a-2020-blizzard-of-new-music/ |
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