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Not too long ago, you needed a big budget and a passport to visit the Vatican City or walk the Great Wall of China. Taking in the plans of the Serengeti or seeing Rembrandts “Nightwatch” masterpiece was out of reach for the vast majority of the global population.
But that’s changing, and it’s changing fast. As the median standards of living across the globe are increasing, more of us are able to access services and experiences which before would have been out of reach. However, that’s not true for everyone, and the fact of the matter is this: the vast majority of the planet will never be able to physically visit some of our best and most iconic sites and attractions.
Now, technology is seeking to change that and with the developing world seeing a dramatic rise in access to the internet greater amounts of the global population are being given access, albeit virtually to the great library that is planet earth. But, as with all the best-laid plans of mice and men, not everyone is excited about this. Information means power and that’s not good news for opposition parties in many countries. But this post is all about the positive impact of technology, so let’s look at just a few of those aspects.
BUT, IS IT ART?
How a nation charts its journey throughout history is captured in many different ways, but beyond the textbooks and archives is the preserve of artists. For far too long the hallowed halls of our greatest artists have been the preserve of only a privileged few, but now we see how technology is changing the way we access art. Now we can browse the digital collections of the Hermitage museum thousands of miles away in Nigeria and vice versa, Italian students can study ancient African art forms too.
DIGITAL MEETING SPACES
Virtual Meeting Rooms are providing much-needed relief from the endless barrage of Zoom meetings of late, but they’re also increasingly being set up and used as a platform for students from all over the world to interact with each other and share skills, like offering language assistance or teaching each other how to play musical instruments. This is technology at its very best and it’s changing the face of education all over the developing world, fast.
CLEANING UP THE PLANET
In what is probably one of the best pursuits of the development of global technology, the way we clean up the planet was always going to feature highly on the list of uses for smart tech, and at the very high point of this is our oceans. The war on plastic isn’t new and neither is oil spills and the ongoing threat or nuclear pollution, but as many as the problems are that the world is facing right now, so too are the solutions.
Far from the conspiracy theories of how the rise of robots is going to bring about a “terminator-Esque” existence, the rise of robot technology is leading the charge when it comes to the pursuit of increased access to goods and services for a greater part of the population. | https://dimpletimes.com/2021/09/24/how-technology-is-changing-our-shared-lived-experiences/ |
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What Is the Role of Computers in Management Information Systems? | https://wrohr.eu/category/lifestyle/ |
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New Book Alerts, Sign up Now. | http://footprint.com.au/product-listing-academic.asp?scope=academic&ParentPage=academic-categories.asp&SubCategory=COM09 |
Information and Creative Technologies
The internet and world-wide web have given us access to vast amounts of information on almost any topic. At Crestwood, we believe in equipping students to function in this age of information. Technologies for gathering, storing, processing and communicating information are taught to our students with the goal of preparing each child for these and other skills. To that end, the Crestwood program focuses on ten major areas of computer application skills:
- Basic Computer Skills
- Keyboarding Skills
- Google Docs, Slides. Sheets, Drawing etc.
- Communications
- Research
- Multimedia
Program Features: | https://www.crestwood.on.ca/lower-school/information-technology/ |
The Wired 100, now in its fifth year, is an annual celebration of Europe’s top digital influencers - the people in the Wired world having the most influence over the sector right now (as opposed to in the past).
If you are European, or living there, or work there enough to be in the know, you can nominate someone you think has an impact - they just have to be in Europe. For this, Europe extends from Ireland to Israel and includes Russia and Turkey.
"Influence” is rather broad so it doesn't have to be the wealthiest investors or the most senior executives across Europe but can also mean people with other forms of influence - those with great networking access, or political leverage, or creative impact - anyone across the continent who has an unusually significant ability to shape the tech ecosystem, whose ideas and products will be affecting significant numbers of people.
So if there are people who, in your view, genuinely deserve to be on a reliable list of influencers - whether or not they are widely known yet - nominate them here. | https://www.science20.com/nominate_a_top_european_influencer_for_2015-152516?utm_source=Newsletter+2015%2F01%2F22&utm_campaign=ConstantContact&utm_medium=email |
Influence fatigue.
That’s got to be what you call it when people are starting to get sick of the subject of influence. To say that the topic of influence has been flogged within an inch of its death is to deeply understate the volumes of smoke that have billowed out of the conversation. Rich intensity and strong opinion are the characteristics of a debate which featured magnificent posturing and little insight.
The critical question is, ‘why should you care about influence’?
As a staff function, HR has little in the way of organizational power. Any significant organizational change driven by the HR operation will rely, almost exclusively, on influence for its success. If you are unwilling to devote real time and attention to the study of influence, its acquisition and you probably aren’t going far in the profession. Influence is a fundamental skill.
Where the manager of a line function can cause real things to happen through the deployment of resources and budget, the manager of any staff function (including HR) relies on persuasion and subtle leverage to accomplish organizational ends. Wielding power is what line managers do. Influencing is what staff people do.
Any great career as a staff member involves the acquisition, development and utilization of influence as a prime strategy.
Today, organizational forms and communications media are evolving at unprecedented rates. The tools available for the professional influencer are evolving rapidly, too.. These days, careers are made and broken by tactics and techniques that didn’t exist five years ago. While it isn’t possible to measure influence perfectly, you can be certain that its measurement will play a part in the evolution of HR.
One really interesting way to think about the role of HR is that it should be responsible for the optimal arrangement of the network that is the organization. This task, which is the logical consequence of talent management, involves clearly understanding how the members of the internal network interact with the outside universe. It requires a clear understanding of the consequence of rearranging parts of the network.
Influence is what you use when you don’t have direct control over the outcome.
Influence impacts the organization on a variety of fronts. Here are some of the places where HR needs to understand and exercise influence. Each of the categories can be explored deeply.
- External Influences
- External stakeholders (investors, community, government) are both influencers of and influenced by the organization.
- The community of talent that supplies the organization’s Human Capital is yet another externality that can only be managed by influence. Employment Branding is a grand exercise in the use of influence to affect opinion and sentiment.
- Customers are simultaneously influenced by a direct experience of the organization and by the brand (influence).
- HR has a meaningful role in the ‘ecosystem’ (partners, suppliers, distribution channels). These are talent supply sources. They are also the heart and soul of the organization as enterprise.
- A new element of influence involves the way that the HR industry is changing. Active participation in emerging groups (like HREvolution and the TRU Unconferences) creates a back channel for best practices and new ideas.
- Internal Influences
- HR functions deliver both direct and direct influence on organizational functions. Execution of policies, compensation philosophy and the seamless delivery of benefits and payroll under gird the organization’s image as stable, generous and involved.
- Talent Acquisition, development and management strategies are the beginnings of HR’s real deliverables. The function, whether intentional or not, aligns the networks the make the organization thrive and prosper. HR policies determine, to a large extent, how flexible the structure is.
- Your Influence
- As an HR worker, one is often faced with problems for which one is not provided adequate authority. This is the essence of staff work. The first order of business for most HR pros is to acquire some sort of credential. In the latest HRxAnalysts Psychographics study, over 90% of the workers in HR have either an advanced degree or a certificate of some sort.
- While credibility is one underpinning of influence, credentials only get you so far. Successful HR careerists develop reputations of discretion, integrity, follow through, creativity and self-responsibility. Influence starts with credibility and ends with reputation.
- Along the way, sponsorship and backing are the middle ground of day to day influence. Being able to say that your executive sponsor is backing an initiative goes a long way towards getting people to move in the direction you desire
- Work on external projects, including social media, serves to reinforce both credibility and reputation.
The subject of influence is vast. Almost anything in HR that doesn’t involve the creation of content involves the use of influence. Any successful player in the profession is a student of the subject.
That said, the measurement of influence is in its infancy. Influence is not a clout score or membership on one of our lists of influencers. But those things are telling us something.
If you take a look at the top 25 Influencer lists over the last couple of years, they have been solid indicators of a broadening level of industry influence for the people on the list. That’s not the only part of influence that matters, but it is a very interesting one.
We think that by studying the way that influence can be measured online, we’re learning more about how to use influence in our lives and organizations. | https://www.hrexaminer.com/more-about-influence/ |
Traditionally, Influencers are people who have built a public presence through a reputation in a particular industry. More recently, though, the term ‘Influencer’ has become more fluid. And more generally relates to anyone who has developed a presence on social media strong enough to (literally) influence their online community.
In this episode, Amy and I chat about Influencers, what they are (get ready for two definitions!), and how they’ve changed the landscape of social media and marketing an individual or brand online.
Subscribe to Talk Digital
If you’d like to subscribe to the show, simply select your preferred podcast app below. | https://www.hypestar.uk/influencers-podcast/ |
This page contains as many earthquake examples I could get my hands on. Of course if a new one is discovered, I will add it to the list. If an image is not created by me, I will of course leave a link to the source right below the image. Hopefully this will help those out there who have a hard time distinguishing between different types of earthquake events. To be honest, I am still an amateur at all of this and have barely scratched the surface of seismology. I am still actively learning and probably always will be! Remember waveforms are the most important form a data to analyze in regards to seismic waveform propagation! However, in order to fully grasp the cause of any given event, it is best to use as many data sources as possible including seismograms, spectrograms, and spectral analysis.
Always REMEMBER what our teachers taught us in school: always read the labels of a chart/graph FIRST and then read the data. So guys, please pay attention to the time period for each example. Also a one minute seismogram will show alot more detail than a 30 minute seismogram. That means time periods really are important when they are stated.
Always REMEMBER what our teachers taught us in school: always read the labels of a chart/graph FIRST and then read the data. So guys, please pay attention to the time period for each example. Also a one minute seismogram will show alot more detail than a 30 minute seismogram. That means time periods really are important when they are stated.
To go to the source of the image above, please CLICK HERE. This shows waveform and frequency of: (a) VLP Explosion, (b) LP event (also know as Low Frequency event), (c) Volcano-Tectonic earthquake, and (d) Tremor showing high-mid range frequencies. Frequency extent for the spectrograms seem to reach 20HZ. Notice the LP/LF event, figure (b), only lasted about 40-50 seconds and didn't reach beyond about 10HZ. Always watch out for low frequency events occurring at volcanoes! They can be caused by a multitude of processes but usually indicate some type of magma involvement which can vary from volcano to volcano.
Please CLICK HERE if you wish to visit the source of the image above. The explanations given are good enough but remember it shows about a 10-20 second time period. Time periods matter! Also remember the true origins of harmonic tremor are still greatly debated to this day and there can be multiple types of "harmonic" tremor or earthquakes with "harmonic" characteristics. The terminology for harmonic tremor or harmonic events are not really set in stone.
Please CLICK HERE for the source and explanation of the image above. Time period (which is always important) is about 50 seconds. (1) A typical high frequency volcano tectonic earthquake. Can be caused by normal faulting or volcanic stresses. Most "normal" high frequency earthquakes that occur on, or just beside volcanoes, are called volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquakes. (2) This is a low frequency earthquake and at times can also be called a "long period" earthquake. Can be caused by magma or magmatically derived volcanic gas resonating through above cracks. (3) This earthquake is a hybrid earthquake. Notice what appears to be high frequency characteristics at the beginning and very low frequency characteristics at the end? Hybrid earthquakes usually indicate a mix of different processes. For example, a hybrid earthquake could be caused by a rock-break sequence along with volcanic gases resonating through the newly weakened area. (4) This is a very low frequency earthquake. Sometimes these are seen during slow-slip tectonic events. (5) This one is called Tremor. There are many different types of tremor but this one, according to the time period and waveform spacing, seems to be a high frequency tremor most likely caused by nearby rockfalls, avalanches, or in the case of a volcanic eruption, a lahar. Tremor caused by magmatic resonance could most likely carry a lower frequency.
Please CLICK HERE to visit the source of this image (it is within the comments section of the page). This shows three different events with waveforms on the left and the frequency spectra on the right. Frequency spectral analysis is different than a spectrogram. A spectrogram records frequency, time period, and power. Frequency spectra, on the other hand, usually only records power (or spectral amplitude) and frequency. Once again, time periods are important and the waveform section from end to end is 60 seconds. (1) A typical high frequency VT (volcano-tectonic) event with frequencies extending to about 20HZ with two obvious dominant spikes at about 8HZ and 11HZ. (2) This is a low frequency earthquake and, at times, is called a long period earthquake depending on the length of time it occurred. Can possibly be triggered by tectonic activity but is witnessed near active volcanoes or restless magma reservoirs most of the time. Notice the spectra analysis confirms low frequency characteristics maxing out at about 10HZ, about half that of normal tectonic high frequency earthquakes. Notice it's dominant frequency of about 1-2HZ. (3) This seismic signal was created by a rockfall. This is considered a surface event and can vary considerably from location to location, circumstance to circumstance. This rockfall seems to have a wider spectra, compared to the low frequency earthquake, and maxes out at about 15HZ with dominant frequencies around 4-6HZ.
Okay, this one is created by yours truly! Again, time periods matter! From start to finish the time period is about five minutes. This event was a magnitude 8.2 earthquake that occurred at 563km in depth. This was a very deep earthquake that struck east of Fiji on August 18, 2018 at 5:19pm Pacific Time. The above seismogram and spectrogram are taken from MCID. MCID is a seismic station which resides southwest of Yellowstone caldera and is about 6,000 miles from the epicenter of this event. Notice the waveform amplitude is about 30,000? This was a very strong deep earthquake that rattled the caldera and the rest of the globe.
This image was created by me using data kindly provided by Wes Thelen of the Cascade Volcano Observatory and using the seismic program SWARM. Here is an example of a confirmed DLP, deep long period, event at Mt. Rainier. This event occurred on February 13, 1998. A deep long period event, a DLP, is theorized to be caused by magma movement possibly along deep faults near magma chambers. DLPs worldwide have sometimes correlated with volcanic eruptions. However, 60 DLPs were detected beneath multiple Cascade Range volcanoes, including Mt. Baker and Mt. Rainier, between 1980 and 2009. About half occurred at Mt Baker but the point is that not one DLP that was detected occurred during volcanic eruptions in the United States during that time period (yes, even the 1980 St. Helens volcanic eruptions). DLPs are an enigmatic type of volcanic seismicity and, at times, resembles characteristics of harmonic tremor and are thought to possibly be related since harmonic tremor is also theorized to be related to the active movement of magma. If you wish to learn more about DLPs, please CLICK HERE to visit a publication about recent volcanic DLPs within the Cascade Range. Since 2009 professionals have not released data about detected DLPs making one wonder if they truly are still occurring at the same rate and if they are possibly a type of "calling card" for distant eruptions. Not much research has been done on recent DLPs. It is not a stretch to say that magma may move differently beneath the surface of a volcano many years prior to a volcanic eruption. Therefore I believe it is important to attempt to fully understand this type of volcanic seismicity. The image directly below shows some examples of seismicity near Mt. Rainier including a DLP:
You can find the source of the image if you CLICK HERE. The image directly above shows events that can appear at seismic station RCS on Mt. Rainier. Of course anything can happen, but these are some good examples. The examples on the left are seismograms (waveforms) of specific events and the section on the right is the spectral analysis of each event. Note the arrows for each seismogram example. They correlate with the spectral analysis on the right. The first two examples show ice earthquakes usually occurring on glaciers on the slope of Mt. Rainier. The third example is of a magnitude 1.2 earthquake that occurred beyond the perimeter of Mt. Rainier. The fourth example shows a magnitude 0.6 volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquake that occurred at Mt. Rainier. VT quakes are "normal" high frequency earthquakes that occur on or beside known volcanic hazard areas. They can be caused by rock breaking events because of magma/hydrothermal fluid injection or normal tectonic activity at any volcano. The fifth example is of a volcanic DLP event at Mt. Rainier. CLICK HERE to learn more about volcanic DLPs at Cascade Range volcanoes. The last two examples are of large surface events such as a rockfall or avalanche.
Here is an example, created by me, of a surface event dubbed as an "explosion" by USGS. It was confirmed to be a magnitude 2.0 explosion 2km ENE of Granite Falls, Washington on September 28, 2018 at 21:30UTC. This was undoubtedly a quarry blast at the large quarry in Granite Falls. Coincidentally, one of my friends actually used to work there and he said they conduct some powerful explosions at times. Seismogram/spectrogram/spectra analysis shown from station UW_JCW_--_EHZ. | https://www.monitorseis.net/old-earthquake-examples.html |
Advertised on:
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2022
Description
Between September 19 and December 13, 2021 a strombolian volcanic eruption took place on the island of La Palma. The main edifice was appeared at an altitude of around 900 masl, reaching 1122 masl at the end of the process. The Roque de los Muchachos Observatory (ORM) is an outstanding international astronomical site, hosting some of the most important astrophysical facilities of the world. The Observatory is located 16 km away from the eruptive cone, in the summit of the island, at an altitude ranging between 2200 and 2400 masl. The atmospheric conditions at the Canary Islands conform an almost permanent thermal inversion layer below the level of the observatory that modulated the arrival of the volcanic plume. In this work we are going to briefly review the influence of different parameters associated to the eruption in the ORM routine operation. We will evaluate the impact of the seismic activity, volcanic ash falling, presence of SO2 and airborne particulate matter. The number of days with high remarkable values recorded of these parameters were few. Nevertheless, the actual impact on the different telescopes was heterogeneous, depending on the different risk evaluations, and recovery/response times. An impact report with a compilation of measurements and forecasts was released twice a day during the whole process to help facilities in the daily operational decision making. As a final conclusion, no damages were suffered in any of the installations. Although an important downtime was reported, astronomical observations continued in different degree during the whole episode. | https://www.iac.es/en/science-and-technology/publications/impact-astronomical-observatory-roque-de-los-muchachos-cumbre-vieja-2021-volcanic |
Life is full of stressful situations, some of which are lower on the totem pole of emotional intensity and some much higher. On the lower end might be a morning drive to work in unexpected traffic or a subtle reminder from your boss about the minor deadline you missed. Seeing the destroyed car (and driver) that caused the traffic jam or your boss questioning your ability to do your job, would likely elicit more extreme emotional reactions.
For several decades, psychologist have been interested in how people successfully control their emotions in stressful situations. The idea is that, if we can understand how healthy people manage their emotions, we may be able to improve the lives of those with depression or anxiety (both of which are characterized by breakdowns in emotional equilibrium). Now, new research published last week in the journal Psychological Science shows that successfully regulating our emotions is not a "one size fits all" endeavor. Rather, it involves bringing the right emotional regulation strategy to bear on the situation. Simply put, different emotional contexts require different regulation processes. | https://psychologicalharassment.org/news/psychology-17006/1172-want-to-successfully-manage-your-emotions-be-flexible-psychology-today-article-link |
This guide supports health care providers, systems, and communities seeking to prevent marijuana use by pregnant women. It describes relevant research findings, examines emerging and best practices, identifies knowledge gaps and implementation challenges, and offers useful resources.
Clinical Guidance for Treating Pregnant and Parenting Women With Opioid Use Disorder and Their Infants
Published: January 2018
This Clinical Guide provides comprehensive, national guidance for optimal management of pregnant and parenting women with opioid use disorder and their infants. The Clinical Guide helps healthcare professionals and patients determine the most clinically appropriate action for a particular situation and informs individualized treatment decisions.
A Collaborative Approach to the Treatment of Pregnant Women with Opioid Use Disorders
The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's (SAMHSA) Youth Engagement Guidance
TIP 51: Substance Abuse Treatment: Addressing the Specific Needs of Women
Continuity of Offender Treatment for Substance Use Disorder from Institution to Community
Published: October 2015
This manual provides guidance for substance use disorder treatment clinicians and case workers on how to assist offenders in the transition from the criminal justice system to life after release. It discusses assessment, transition plans, important services, special populations, and confidentiality.
TIP 58: Addressing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)
Published: December 2013
This guide reviews screening tools for alcohol use and interventions for pregnant women and women of childbearing age to prevent fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). It also outlines methods for identifying people living with FASD and modifying treatment accordingly. Access the literature review.
Managing Chronic Pain in Adults With or in Recovery From Substance Use Disorders
TIP 44: Substance Abuse Treatment for Adults in the Criminal Justice System
Published: September 2013
This manual offers guidelines to help counselors and administrators deliver substance use disorder treatment in criminal justice settings. It discusses aspects in providing substance use disorder treatment to people within the criminal justice system, including screening and assessment, and triage and placement in treatment services.
TIP 29: Substance Use Disorder Treatment for People With Physical and Cognitive Disabilities
Published: July 2012
This manual offers treatment and service providers guidelines on caring for people living with substance use disorder conditions who also have physical disabilities or cognitive disabilities. It discusses screening, treatment planning, and counseling, and linkages with other treatment and service providers. | https://store.samhsa.gov/?f%5B0%5D=format%3A5029&f%5B1%5D=population_group%3A5300&f%5B2%5D=population_group%3A5309&f%5B3%5D=population_group%3A5327&f%5B4%5D=population_group%3A5332&f%5B5%5D=population_group%3A5345&f%5B6%5D=professional_and_research_topics%3A5383&f%5B7%5D=publication_category%3A6039&f%5B8%5D=publication_target_audience%3A6037&f%5B9%5D=treatment_prevention_and_recovery%3A5480&f%5B10%5D=treatment_prevention_and_recovery%3A5486&f%5B11%5D=treatment_prevention_and_recovery%3A5512&f%5B12%5D=treatment_prevention_and_recovery%3A5522&f%5B13%5D=treatment_prevention_and_recovery%3A5538 |
This brochure provides an overview of the Sequential Intercept Model (SIM). The SIM is a strategic planning tool that helps communities better understand the gaps and resources they have in helping those with mental illness or substance use disorders who are in the criminal justice system.
Data Collection Across the Sequential Intercept Model (SIM): Essential Measures
Guidance to States and School Systems on Addressing Mental Health and Substance Use Issues in Schools
Published: July 2019
This Joint SAMHSA-CMS informational Bulletin provides guidance to states and school systems about addressing mental health and substance use issues in schools. It provides examples of approaches for services in schools and describes some Medicaid authorities that states may use to cover services.
Screening and Assessment of Co-Occurring Disorders in the Justice System
Published: June 2019
This report provides evidence-based practices for screening and assessment of adults in the justice system with mental illness, substance use disorders, or both. It discusses the importance of instrument selection for screening and assessment and provides detailed descriptions of recommended instruments.
Behavioral Health Barometer, Volume 5
Intensive Care Coordination for Children and Youth with Complex Mental and Substance Use Disorders: STATE AND COMMUNITY PROFILES
Guidance on Strategies to Promote Best Practice in Antipsychotic Prescribing for Children and Adolescents
Principles of Community-based Behavioral Health Services for Justice-involved Individuals: A Research-based Guide
Funding and Characteristics of Single State Agencies for Substance Abuse Services and State Mental Health Agencies, 2015
Published: September 2017
This report highlights the structure, responsibilities, policies, services, and financing of single-state agencies and state mental health agencies. The report includes discussion of efforts to integrate physical and behavioral health and efforts by state agencies to address opioid abuse and misuse. | http://store.samhsa.gov/?f%5B0%5D=issues_conditions_and_disorders:5105&f%5B1%5D=publication_category:6039&f%5B2%5D=publication_target_audience:6037&v=substances |
The Justice and Mental Health Collaboration Program (JMHCP), seeks to increase public safety through innovative cross-system collaboration for individuals with mental illness who come into contact with the criminal or juvenile justice systems. This program is funded through the Mentally Ill Offender Treatment and Crime Reduction Act of 2004 (MIOTCRA) (Public Law 108-414). The program is designed to increase public safety by facilitating collaboration among the criminal justice, juvenile justice, and mental health and substance abuse treatment systems to increase access to services for offenders with mental illness. Activities under this initiative encourage early intervention for 'system-involved' individuals with mental illness; provides new and existing mental health courts with various treatment options; maximizes diversion opportunities for nonviolent offenders with mental illness and co-occurring disorders; promotes training for justice and treatment professionals on criminal justice processes and mental health and substance abuse issues; and facilitates communication, collaboration, and the delivery of support services among justice professionals, treatment and related service providers, and governmental partners.
The Spokane County Board of Commissioners will work with key stakeholders in the law and criminal justice systems, and the mental health and other essential human services system to develop a strategic plan that will result in an efficient, effective, coordinated, collaborative response to persons with mental health issues. | https://bja.ojp.gov/funding/awards/2006-mo-bx-0010 |
This article has been translated from our Spanish edition using AI technologies. Errors can occur due to this process.
From this Friday, companies in the capital will no longer be able to deliver disposable plates, glasses and cutlery, among other things. This is due to the entry into force of the second stage of the law banning single-use plastics in Mexico City.
The first phase of this legislation was implemented on January 1, 2020 when the marketing, distribution and delivery of plastic bags to consumers was banned.
This year the law will be extended to other single-use plastic and styrofoam products:
- dishes
- glasses
- tapas
- Straws
- Forks, spoons and knives
- Mix the sticks
- Food trays
- Coffee capsules
- Balloons and balloon sticks
- cotton swab
- Tampon applicators, wholly or partly of plastic
- Products that contain deliberately added microplastics (e.g., face and body scrubs, sunscreens, shower gels, toothpaste, soaps and other personal care products).
Garbage bags (for hygienic reasons until composting agents are available) and all plastics used in the health and medical sector have been excluded from the ban.
I share
As of today, January 1st, 2021, environmentally harmful single-use plastic products will no longer be used in Mexico City.
We care about the planet, we care about #OurHouse.
– Claudia Sheinbaum (@Claudiashein) January 1, 2021
What about take-away food and drinks?
The merchants are most concerned about the reforms of the CDMX Waste Act. Many vendors, especially those with prepared foods, are having to look for more environmentally friendly alternatives to deliver their products beyond plastic and styrofoam.
The ban on plastic bags resulted in much of the capital shopping for food and beverages using cloth bags to shop and carry their own containers. Reinforcing this habit would be the best option for customers and dealers alike, but it is not always possible to wear your "tuppers".
According to legislation, the capital city government allows the sale, consumption and distribution of single-use products only if they are made from compostable materials. That is, they can biodegrade to at least 90% within six months if exposed to an oxygen-rich environment or contact with organic materials.
For many, the most practical option would be to switch to paper plates, glasses, and trays, or to wrap food in paper. There are also those that are biodegradable because they are made from natural fibers such as corn starch, bamboo or avocado pit, among other things. Another option is to save the custom of serving food in edible packaging such as cones or waffle baskets for ice cream.
However, these alternatives (compostable plastic, paper and cardboard, or natural / edible materials) put an additional burden on retailers. They will decide whether to take on the costs, reduce their profits, or increase the price of their products to compensate . Another option would be to only charge containers and utensils to buyers who do not bring theirs.
Requirements for the use of compostable plastics
Companies must register with the Ministry of the Environment (Sedema) in order to market, distribute or supply compostable plastics. In order to obtain this record, interested parties must submit a management plan specifying the process that the product will follow to ensure disposal in facilities for composting or recycling at the end of its useful life.
The Directorate-General for Impact Assessment and Environmental Regulation (DGEIRA) will provide the interested party with an alphanumeric record. All products that are registered with DGEIRA bear the legend "compostable" or "compostable" as well as a logo of the certification company and the standard that is complied with.
Fines
The Mexico City government plans to impose economic sanctions on those who continue to supply single-use plastics. These range from 500 to 2,000 times the unit of measure and update to the CDMX, that is from 43,440 to 173,600 pesos as set by the Solid Waste Act. | https://biznewsme.com/alternate-options-to-the-ban-on-disposable-plastics-in-cdmx/ |
Known as:
Compostable Plastic
, Plastic, Compostable
, Plastics, Compostable
Organic polymeric materials that are capable of undergoing biodegradation (ENVIRONMENTAL BIODEGRADATION) in a COMPOST site.
National Institutes of Health
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Biodegradable Plastics
Papers overview
Semantic Scholar uses AI to extract papers important to this topic.
Highly Cited
2020
Highly Cited
2020
Strategy development in the framework of waste management.
A. Zorpas
The Science of the total environment
2020
Corpus ID: 211122386
Highly Cited
2019
Highly Cited
2019
Microbial degradation of four biodegradable polymers in soil and compost demonstrating polycaprolactone as an ideal compostable plastic.
Asma S Al Hosni
,
J. Pittman
,
G. Robson
Waste management
2019
Corpus ID: 201220882
Highly Cited
2013
Highly Cited
2013
Performance of compostable baby used diapers in the composting process with the organic fraction of municipal solid waste.
J. Colón
,
Maria Mestre-Montserrat
,
I. Puig-Ventosa
,
Antoni Sánchez
Waste management
2013
Corpus ID: 25172913
Review
2012
Review
2012
Bisphenol A in dental sealants and its estrogen like effect
M. Rathee
,
Poonam Malik
,
Jyotirmay Singh
Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism
2012
Corpus ID: 3948135
Bisphenol A or BPA-based epoxy resins are widely used in the manufacture of commercial products, including dental resins…
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Highly Cited
2010
Highly Cited
2010
Degradation of plastic carrier bags in the marine environment.
Tim O'Brine
,
Richard C. Thompson
Marine pollution bulletin
2010
Corpus ID: 10770481
Highly Cited
2009
Highly Cited
2009
Compostable cutlery and waste management: an LCA approach.
F. Razza
,
M. Fieschi
,
F. Innocenti
,
C. Bastioli
Waste management
2009
Corpus ID: 9475868
Highly Cited
2007
Highly Cited
2007
Determining biodegradability of plastic materials under controlled and natural composting environments.
R. Mohee
,
G. Unmar
Waste management
2007
Corpus ID: 32588273
2007
2007
Biodegradation of Compostable Plastics in Green Yard-Waste Compost Environment
J. Greene
2007
Corpus ID: 55471978
Compostable plastic materials, produced from polylactic acid (PLA), corn starch, or sugarcane, degraded in a green yard-waste…
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2002
2002
Occupational dermatoses among fibreglass‐reinforced plastics factory workers
K. Minamoto
,
M. Nagano
,
T. Inaoka
,
M. Futatsuka
Contact dermatitis
2002
Corpus ID: 26605643
Fibreglass‐reinforced plastics (FRP) factory workers are at high risk of developing occupational dermatoses because of their…
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1984
1984
Compressive behavior after simulated service conditions of some foamed materials intended as orthotic shoe insoles.
G. Campbell
,
M. McLure
,
E. Newell
Journal of rehabilitation research and…
1984
Corpus ID: 2444589
The compressive characteristics of a group of foamed plastics and rubbers, suitable for use as orthotic shoe insoles, were…
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, | https://www.semanticscholar.org/topic/Compostable-Plastics/3442635 |
Unfortunately, we cannot accept compostable, biodegradable or oxo degradable plastics in home recycling bins as, due to their make-up, they cannot be recycled with other plastics.
Home compost bin
If an item is labelled as being ‘suitable for home composting’, it can be placed in your home compost bin, although it is likely to take a long time to fully break down. Anything labelled as ‘suitable for industrial composting’ should not be placed in your home compost bin as they require specific conditions to break down, which are not present in a home compost bin.
Brown garden waste bin
Although the contents of the brown garden waste bins are taken to an industrial composting plant, the technology can’t distinguish between compostable plastic and regular plastic so all will be removed as contamination.
Food waste bin
If you receive a food waste collection where you live, please refer to your district council guidelines on what type(s) of plastic bag/caddy liners (if any) are acceptable.
For further information about compostable, biodegradable and oxo degradable plastics, please click here.
So, if these new plastic materials aren’t an environmentally sound solution, what can we do? Here are some simple ideas to help to minimise the impact of waste and reduce your carbon footprint: | https://www.norfolkrecycles.com/reduce-my-rubbish/eco-plastics/ |
Unpacking Non-Conventional Plastics
As the debate on plastic pollution heats up, non-conventional plastics including biodegradable, bio-based, compostable and oxo-degradable are sometimes promoted as sustainable alternatives as companies and policy-makers look to shift away from polymers derived from fossil fuels.
This briefing gives an overview of four commonly considered non-conventional plastics, assessing how far they present a sustainable solution.
With no finished product yet proven to be marine-biodegradable, all alternatives will continue to pose a risk to marine life if they leak into the natural environment.
. | https://eia-international.org/report/unpacking-non-conventional-plastics/ |
Green Bioblend™ F25TNC (TH) is a fully biodegradable/compostable biopolymer resin designed specifically for Sheet extrusion applications ; sheet thickness between 0.3mm to 1mm . The products made from Green Bioblend™ F25TNC (TH) resins are fully compostable and able to meet requirements of international standards for compostable plastics, such as ASTM D6400, EN 13432, and ISO 17088, therefore provide an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional plastics. The Green Bioblend™ F25TNC (TH) resin is engineered for high performance and can be easily processed on standard PET extrusion equipment.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES :
|Property||Unit||Green bioblend™ F25TNC(TH)|
|Density||gm/cm³||1.25±0.05|
|Melt Flow Index @ 190°C /2.16kg||gm/10 min||2-10|
|Melting Point||C°||140-155|
|Glass Transition Temp.||C°||58-61|
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES : | http://greenbioblend.com/injection-moulding/ |
One aspect of absorbent articles that has recently been considered is their disposability. Although such products largely comprise materials which would be expected ultimately to degrade, and although products of this type contribute only a very small percentage of the total solid waste materials generated by consumers each year, nevertheless, there is currently a perceived need to devise such disposable products from materials which are compostable.
A conventional disposable absorbent product is already to a large extent compostable. A typical disposable diaper, for example, consists of about 70% of compostable materials, e.g., wood pulp fibers, and the like. In the composting process soiled disposable absorbent articles are shredded and commingled with organic waste prior to the compostjng per se. After composting is complete, the non-compostable particles are screened out. In this manner even today's absorbent articles can successfully be processed in commercial composting plants.
Nevertheless, there is a need for reducing the amount of non-compostable materials in disposable absorbent articles.
SAP, backsheet and closure system are the parts that are generally made of non-compostable materials.
Recent research is striving to replace polyethylene backsheets in absorbent articles with liquid impervious films of compostable material, because the backsheet is typically one of the largest non-compostable components of a conventional disposable absorbent article.
Let’s have a look at main properties a compostable film has to have in order to be a good candidate to replace conventional backsheets in absorbent articles.
In addition to being compostable, the films employed as backsheets for absorbent articles must satisfy many other performance requirements. For example, the resins should be thermoplastic such that conventional film processing methods can be employed. These methods include cast film and blown film extrusion of single layer structures and cast or blown film coextrusion of multilayer structures. Other methods include extrusion coating of one material on one or both sides of a compostable substrate such as another film, a non-woven fabric, or a paper web.
Properties such as tensile strength, tensile modulus, tear strength, and thermal softening point determine to a large extent how well a film will run on converting lines.
In addition to the aforementioned properties, still other properties are needed to meet the end user requirements of the absorbent article. Film properties such as impact strength, puncture strength, and moisture transmission are important since they influence the absorbent article's durability and containment while being worn.
Once the absorbent article is disposed of and enters a composting process, other properties become important. Regardless of whether incoming waste is preshredded or not, it it important that the film or large film fragments undergo an initial breakup to much smaller particles during the initial stages of composting.
Otherwise, the films or large fragments may be screened out of the compost stream and may never become part of the final compost.
During the initial stages of composting, for example where a Daneco drum is employed, the film is exposed to mechanical action, elevated temperatures, and moisture, in addition to microorganisms.
Any one or two or all three of these elements can be used to promote the initial breakup of the film or large film fragments to much smaller fragments.
Many biodegradable polymers exist which are sensitive to mechanical action or elevated temperatures, or moisture. Many would individually meet the requirements for composting. However, few if any, can meet all processing, converting, end user, and disposal requirements of films suitable for backsheets of absorbent articles.
To meet all these requirements simultaneously in a single film, various biodegradable polymers must be combined in ways which overcome their individual deficiencies but do not compromise the beneficial properties associated with the individual biodegradable polymers. | http://iresolve.eu/index.php/home/tutorials/material/91-compostable-film-for-backsheet |
COMPOSTABLE: Compostable materials (such as food scraps and leaves) are all biodegradable, meaning they all break down into organic waste and turn into nutritious compost. This is typically a much faster process than the breakdown of biodegradable items that end up in landfills. Compostable:
Fruit and vegetable scraps Carbs (crackers, cereals, noodles)
Nuts and seeds
Spoiled plant-based milk Jarred/canned sauces Loose tea leaves and coffee grounds
Beans and legumes Napkins and paper towels Plant waste (yard waste, dead flowers and stems, houseplant trimmings)
Old herbs and spices
ZERO WASTE: Items that are produced, used and recovered in a way that prevents them from ending up in a landfill at all. It is essentially a philosophy that allows you to rethink how the objects you buy are designed and disposed of after use.
BIODEGRADABLE: An object that can decompose biologically by bacteria/fungi over a period of time. Biodegradable doesn’t mean compostable! Most things will break down into their original components, but items like paper and cloth break down very slowly compared to a piece of fruit. Plastic may take thousands of years to disintegrate, and styrofoam will never degrade. | https://www.pressreader.com/usa/clean-eating/20210525/282192243868741 |
UK Government – Defra
In my column on 2nd August I said that I had insisted on full disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act of the evidence received by the government in response to its call for Evidence on “Standards for bio-based, biodegradable, and compostable plastics.” They had sent me only 39 of the 84 responses and have failed to respond to my renewed request for the others. Perhaps we will now have to ask for a court order.
Why are they so reluctant to disclose these documents? Is it because they could be seen to have misled Parliament when they said “There was a clear consensus in relation to plastics containing prodegradant agents aimed at aiding the biodegradation process, which was that such technologies are unproven and likely to be a source of microplastic pollution.”
I thought it unlikely that there was any such consensus, as the Oxomar Report from France had proved beyond doubt that these plastic do biodegrade in the marine environment much more quickly than conventional plastics, and as the European Chemicals Agency after ten months study had found no evidence that they create microplastics.
Of the 39 responses sent to me, only 4 could be said to give any support DEFRA’s claim, and 3 were positively in favour of oxo-biodegradable plastic. That does not seem to me like a “clear consensus.” Of the 4 against, two of these were from the “compostable” plastics industry which is desperate to exclude competition from oxo-biodegradable plastic, and their “evidence” was not only commercially motivated, but consisted simply of assertions with no scientific basis.
I have therefore insisted on full disclosure, for if a policy decision is to be made, it is essential to ensure that it is based on sound science and is not just a response to lobbying. We made it clear that if any of the responses contained commercially confidential information (which is unlikely) it could be redacted. One of the responses which they are hiding is from the BBIA.
See Symphony Wins Battle of Words with Compostable Plastics Industry.
David Newman
I have just been watching a 35-minute interview with David Newman, the leading lobbyist for crop-based plastics which are marketed as compostable. He is the MD of the “Bio-based and Biodegradable Plastics Association” (BBIA) which he tells us is financed by the big bio-based plastic companies BASF, Sphere, and Novamont.
His central thesis is that these plastics are necessary if we want to make use of food-waste. He said “you need compostable materials to treat food waste.”
Most of us would agree that food waste is a useful product, which can be converted into compost or biogas, and that it should be wrapped in plastic for transportation, but it does not need to be wrapped in the type of plastic which he is marketing.
Even industrial composters and local authorities do not want it.
Epsom & Ewell Borough Council in the UK tells its residents: “We used to ask you to use bio-liners to line your food-waste caddy, but the food-waste recycling companies found that bio-liners compost down much more slowly than the food. That slowed the recycling process and made it much more expensive. They tried dredging the bio liners out of the food waste, but the sticky bio-liners got tangled around the dredging equipment. Cleaning them off was very expensive. So they found that using ordinary plastic bags was, overall, much more cost-effective.”
“When you use plastic bags in your food waste caddy you’re simply using them to contain the food, and keep your caddy clean. They don’t get recycled. In fact, the first thing that happens when your food waste gets to the recycling plant is the plastic bags are all dredged out. They’re sent off for burning along with normal refuse to generate electricity. After that, the food waste can be recycled.”
In his interview, David Newman said “Some people say they can’t use compostable plastics because there’s no infrastructure. That’s wrong because there are 240 composting plants in the UK treating compostable waste every day.” Yes, they are treating vegetable waste which turns into compost, but they do not want plastic of any kind. Not only Epsom & Ewell, but in January 2020, the industrial composters of Oregon gave 9 reasons why they do not want it See Composting
I noticed that even David Newman is no longer claiming that these plastics convert into compost.
He said “Compostable plastic can be composted and go back to soil.” It is true that it can be put into an industrial composting unit, but it does not convert into compost because EN13432 and ASTM D6400 require it to convert into CO2 gas. Nor does it go back to soil, because the CO2 gas escapes to atmosphere (and causes climate change), and nothing much goes back to the soil except fragments of undegraded plastic which the farmers and growers do not want in their soil.
He approves the use of plastic mulching films by farmers, but the problem with his type of plastic is that it cannot be adjusted to the particular growing cycle in the particular climate. However, oxo-biodegradable plastic mulch films can be adjusted by changing the balance in the masterbatch between the active ingredients and the stabilisers, and they work very well.
Finally, the main problem with plastic is litter in the open environment, which has nothing to do with composting. David Newman asks the rhetorical question “are we going to carry on polluting our soils with plastics?” The answer is Yes, if we continue to use conventional plastic, or plastic designed to biodegrade in the special conditions found in industrial composting, but not if we use oxo-biodegradable plastic, which is designed to biodegrade rapidly in the open environment and needs no special conditions.
Michael Stephen
Michael Stephen is a lawyer and was a member of the United Kingdom Parliament, where he served on the Environment Select Committee. When he left Parliament Symphony Environmental Technologies Plc. attracted his attention because of his interest in the environment. He is now Deputy Chairman of Symphony, which is listed on the AIM market of the London Stock Exchange, and is the founder and Chairman of the Oxo-biodegradable Plastics Association.
Earlier Postings in this Column
- 1/ 1/ 20 – Plastiphobia, Microplastics and A Throw-Away Society
- 7/ 1/ 20 – Recycling, Lab Testing, Bangladesh and the Right Bioplastic
- 14/1/20 – Plastiphobia and Bioplastics Definitions
- 21/1/20 – Composting, the European Union and Unemployment
- 30/1/20 – Plastiphobia, Malaysia and a Case Against Compostables and Paper
- 7/02/20 – Coronavirus, MPs Letter, Montreal, Australia and the Dominican Republic
- 14/02/20 – Oman, MacArthur Foundation, Stifling Innovation, South Africa and Compostable Plastics
- 24/02/20 – Serbia, India, Pakistan and European Bioplastics
- 03/03/20 – Plastic To Protect Health and Common Sense on Plastic
- 10/03/20 – Plastiphobia, Singapore, Compostable Plastics, Doorknobs and Carbios
- 17/03/20 – Greening our Way to Infection, Defra Warns Against Bioplastics and Montreal
- 24/03/20 – Ditch the Plastic Bag Ban and Inn-Probio
- 01/04/20 – The Come Back of Plastic Bags, Compostable Plastic Not Wanted and EASAC
- 16/04/20 – Coronavirus and Agricultural Plastics
- 11/05/20 – Coronavirus, Peru, Barbados and Recycling
- 18/05/20 – Say No to Plastiphobia, False Descriptions and the Recycling Myth
- 02/06/20 – Definitions and More Setbacks for Plastiphobia
- 11/06/20 – BBIA, Food Waste and Testing of OXO-Biodegradable Plastic
- 19/06/20 – Oxo Biodegradation, Independent Reports and Precautionary Principle
- 29/06/20 – Banana Republic, Why Turn Plastic into CO2 and Plastic Waste from Ships
- 13/07/20 – Running Scared, The Daily Telegraph and Market Report
- 20/07/202 – Tipa, Plastics Today and The American Genius
- 27/07/20 – Coronavirus, Plastic Litter, Bahrain and Polymateria
- 17/08/20 – Plastics Europe, Confusing Issues and Paper
- 25/08/20 – Professor Emo Chiellini, Plastics Today, Greenwashing and Coronavirus
- 28/09/20 – Kill the Virus, Marine Degradation, Airports, Brazil Retail, Plastic Growth and Face Mask
- 08/10/20 – Compostable vs Biodegradable, Covid 19 and New British Bioplastic Standard
- 27/10/20 – Power of Lobbying, Paper and Cotton Worse than Plastic
- 02/11/20 – Covid 19 and Five Myths About Plastic
- 09/11/20 – Support for OXO BIO, Westminster Forum, Euractiv and Covid
- 23/11/20 – Toxicity of Bio-based and Biodegradable Plastics, and Covid Scaremongering
- 15/12/20 – Recycling and An Article from Austria
- 21/12/20 – EU Scientific Advisers, China Chose Wrong Bioplastics and Covid Nonsense
- 05/01/20 – EU, Covid Lockdowns, WRAP, British Standards Institution and Polymateria
- 12/01/21 – Intertek and Composting
- 19/01/21 – Recycling and Exporting Plastic Waste
- 22/02/21 – Seaweed Plastic, Orange Peel and Xampla
- 02/03/31 – OXO Biodegradable Plastic
- 08/03/21 – EU Scientific Reports and Paper vs Plastic
- 15/03/21 – India, Australia and Dow Chemicals
- 14/04/21 – Oxomar, UK Government and Microplastics
- 26/04/21 – Plastic to the Rescue of Covid and More News from Brazil
- 04/05/21 – Packaging Digest
- 07/06/21 – Minderoo Report and Korea Herald
- 30/06/21 – Recycling, Is the Use of Biobased Plastics Increasing, Confused Australians and Biodegradable Future
- 12/07/21 – EU Flawed Directive, Thailand and Pakistan
- 21/07/21 – Directors Talk, Confusion, Stir Magazine and Dumping Plastic Waste
- 02/08/21 – Angry Farmers, DEFRA and Substitutes for Plastic
- 06/09/21 – Microplastics
Interview with Michael Stephen
Disclaimer
The opinions expressed here by Michael Stephen and other columnists are their own, not those of Bioplasticsnews.com. | https://bioplasticsnews.com/2021/09/13/michael-stephen-uk-government-defra-david-newman/ |
A new study by researchers at Oregon State University is working on ways to turn the waste from apples and other fruits into environmentally friendly packaging materials to replace plastic. Professor Yanyun Zhao said they are currently lookin at using the fruit waste from processing.
“So, we are facing this plastic packaging crisis because we know the potential harm for environment and our ecosystems with those plastic or even other type of packing. So, that’s why I mentioned in my lab, we’re really trying to find solutions.”
And to that end, Zhao said fruit waste offers a couple of great benefits.
“When you’re using bioproducts to develop the compostable packing, you help solve two problems. One is developing a more environmentally sustainable packing to improve the stability. Another thing is converting, we call repurposing bioproducts to develop compostable packing.”
Right now, Zhao says the focus is on apple pomace because it is so readily available in the Pacific Northwest. The research is supported by the Oregon Department of Agriculture Specialty Crop Block Grant Program. | https://www.pnwag.net/2022/03/16/osu-looks-at-turning-fruit-waste-into-plastic/ |
Elephant populations in southern Africa’s national parks have increased dramatically in recent years. As a result of their booming numbers, vast dietary requirements and expansive ranges, elephants sometimes roam outside the borders of protected areas in search of food.
Farmers in communities surrounding national parks rely heavily on subsistence agriculture for food and income. Unfortunately, when elephants venture into these human settlements, they cause significant damage to crops and property resulting in major financial losses to rural farmers.
This behaviour, referred to as crop raiding, represents the root cause of human-elephant conflict throughout southern Africa.
Farmers have resorted to a host of preventative measures to ensure that the elephants stay away from their property. These include the use of loud noises, fire, and chilli paste. Some may be effective in deterring raiding elephants, but there are drawbacks. They require constant vigilance; they can expose farmers to a charging elephant; they are labour intensive; and, in the case of chilli paste, require repeated application.
A recent paper has proposed using a fabricated bee threat to deter elephants in South Africa’s Kruger National Park.
Bees as a deterrent
Using African honeybees as an elephant deterrent is not a novel concept. Lucy King and colleagues have been toying with the idea in east Africa for some time now. They have found that audio playback of disturbed bee sounds can induce elephants to retreat. They have also found that beehive fences may prove more effective in protecting rural farmlands than traditional thorn fences.
Despite these previous investigations, bees have never been used as a management tool in South Africa – until now. The recent study conducted experimental trials in the Kruger to assess the responses of wild African elephants to a bee threat.
The paper evaluated the responses of elephants to five experimental treatments:
- control noise;
- buzzing bee noise;
- control noise with honey scent;
- honey scent; and
- bee noise with honey scent.
Elephant responses were classified into 11 possible behaviours, ranging from attentive to threatening.
The response of the elephants
Elephants exposed to the mixed stimulus treatment of bee noise with honey scent displayed cautious and defensive behaviours. Fifteen of the 21 elephants fled the vicinity. But, on their own, neither the noise nor scent elicited an equally dramatic response. In other words, independent stimuli (angry bee noise or honey scent) did not adequately convince elephants of a realistic bee threat.
Elephant curiosity was captured, but only for a brief moment, by the isolated sound of angry bees or the distant scent of honey. Neither induced an avoidance response.
In previous east African studies elephants responded differently. They fled at the mere sound of bees. The discrepancy in responses between elephants in the east African studies and the South African study may be explained by the unique dynamics and pressures that characterise elephant populations in southern Africa.
Elephant populations in east Africa are shrinking as a result of poaching and are also becoming more skittish and wary of disturbances in their environment. However, elephant densities are steadily increasing in protected areas throughout southern Africa.
These dynamics may contribute to a more confident elephant population in South Africa, making them less susceptible to disturbance by an unconvincing bee threat.
Ultimately, it makes sense that these intelligent animals would rely on multiple stimuli to assess risk and navigate their surroundings; managers must account for this as they move forward in developing effective elephant deterrents.
Although isolated auditory and olfactory cues proved ineffective in deterring elephants in the Kruger Park, the success of the mixed stimulus treatment implicates live bees as a viable management tool. If South African elephants are not convinced by a fabricated bee threat, perhaps they require the real thing to induce a lasting avoidance response.
The same researchers have embarked on answering this question in a current study in the Kruger National Park, with a particular focus on using beehives to selectively deter elephants from overly utilised watering points.
Bees represent a promising tool for managing elephant movements with potential to contribute to long-term conservation of the species by offering an alternative to lethal management of problem elephants.
Emma Devereux, who is a colleague of Dr Ndlovu, featured as a co-author of this article.
Mduduzi Ndlovu, Lecturer, University of the Witwatersrand
This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article. | https://buffalomonkey.com/buzz-of-the-bees/ |
The giraffe is an icon of Africa, thousands of tourists travel around the globe every year to see them in the wild, yet in the last century giraffes have gone extinct in 7 countries and their numbers continue to fall dramatically. Since the mid-eighties, giraffes have been on a steady decline. Population numbers have dwindled by 40%, leaving less than 70,000 adults in the wild. That is just one giraffe for every five African elephants, yet very few people are aware of their situation. Over the course of a year the film crew travel across the continent to join the fight to save these gentle giants, bringing awareness to their plight and ultimately, helping to prevent its silent extinction.
Tag Archives: Giraffes
New Wildlife Videos: “The World Without Giraffes” – Can We Save Them?
Since time immemorial, giraffes have captivated the human imagination. Yet the total giraffe population has fallen 30 percent in the past few decades, and very few people have seemed to notice. “Giraffes are all over the place in popular culture,” says the Atlantic staff writer Ed Yong. “I think because of that, we forget that, actually, they are endangered.” In a new episode of The Idea File, Yong explains why it’s crucial to channel our reverence for these beloved animals into tangible conservation efforts. | https://boomers-daily.com/tag/giraffes/ |
CITES’ latest report on the results of the MIKE (Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants) programme has some good news in it for elephant populations and some not so good. The overall number of elephants being killed for ivory has stabilised, after a peak in 2011, but there are still more elephants killed every year than are born (see BBC story).
In Kenya, things appear to be looking up, especially in Tsavo National Park, with an overall decline in poaching reported. Well done Kenya! It hasn’t been an easy few years for Kenya, with the ecotourism industry hard hit by unfounded fears of ebola (which never came close to the country) and a couple of terrible terrorist attacks, but nonetheless their commitment to turn things around for elephants appears to be paying dividends.
Of concern however is the upward trend in poaching in the world famous Kruger National Park, and a couple of other southern African sites including Chewore, Zimbabwe. In southern Africa, poaching levels are still well below the sustainability threshold, but the upward trend is of concern, especially as this part of the world is considered a real refuge for elephants.
Central and West Africa continue to be of serious concern, with poaching levels still well above the sustainability threshold for elephant populations. Read the full report here.
So overall, I think this latest CITES report suggests the great efforts made in recent years, at all ends of the spectrum from demand reduction to anti-poaching, are making a difference in some places, but it’s definitely not the time to be complacent.
What about rhinos? The recent report by IUCN showing that overall poaching across Africa for rhinos is at its highest since 2008 shows that poaching is by no means slowing down across Africa for other thick-skinned large mammals either. The South African government recently reported that rhino poaching was down in South Africa in 2015 compared to the previous year, albeit by a very small number (about 40). The big picture outlined in the IUCN report just out suggests the fight must go on if rhinos are to have a future in the wild.
Why go on fighting this battle? Lots of reasons, but a big one is that it IS possible to win.
I take heart from countries like earthquake-hit Nepal, which has had ZERO poaching of its greater one-horned rhinos in three of the past five years. Part of their success in conservation following the civil war (which took a hard toll on wildlife) is reported to be their tough penalties on poaching and a streamlined judicial process dealing with offences.
And then there is Uganda, which has seen its elephant population increase 600% from 700-800 in the 1980s to over 5000 in 2015. These countries demonstrate that it is possible to turn things around; and that political will and hard line processes are key to success. It’s amazing what can happen when governments take this problem seriously.
We’ve seen some promising signs from China in the last week in relation to the ivory trade driving elephant poaching in Africa, with the Chinese government conducting their third ivory destruction in the last eighteen months and committing to phase out its legal, domestic ivory industry. No time line has yet been given, but it is encouraging to see the Chinese taking stronger measures and the steps have been lauded by conservation organisations.
So are attitudes changing? A survey by WildAid showed that 95% of Chinese supported a total ban on ivory sales. Another one by WildAid, the African Wildlife Foundation and Save The Elephants showed that three quarters of Hong Kong residents supported a ban on ivory sales there too. Hong Kong is a major transit point for ivory to Chinese market places.
The Let Elephants Be Elephants team participated in an awareness and fund raiser for elephants in Hong Kong in November last year, run by the Hong Kong Elephant Society. Our campaign has always been focused on South East Asia, but we are now starting to form some good working partnerships with organisations in Hong Kong as well.
Other organisations that participated on the night were the Big Life Foundation, David Sheldrick Wildlife Foundation and the Jane Goodall Foundation.
There were some great heroes of conservation in the room that night. In one of the most special moments of my career, I had the pleasure of meeting Dr Goodall (photo above), whose book “In The Shadow of Man” I read when I was dreaming of becoming a wildlife researcher back in the early 1990s. Richard Bonham, COO of Big Life, went on from our event in Hong Kong to London to accept Prince William’s Life Time Achievement Award for conservation, so we were in fine company! Also there in support of elephants were the pro-environment Hong Kong politician, Elizabeth Quat and Hong Kong For Elephants‘ campaigner Alex Hofford. The night raised significant funds for three organisations, including a donation to LEBE’s Thailand demand reduction campaign.
Following successful launches in Singapore, Hong Kong, the Philippines and Indonesia, the Let Elephants Be Elephants campaign is planning to focus on Thailand’s ivory market in the next phase of the campaign, and this year so far we’ve been working on bringing in funds and developing the partnerships to roll out the campaign.
We’re heartened by the fact that the Thai government has taken some strong measures towards controlling their ivory markets in the last year, including strengthening laws around ivory trade and clamping down on registration of ivory across the country. We don’t entirely know what this means yet for ivory markets and elephants. LEBE co-founder Nadya Hutagalung found fewer stalls selling ivory in Bangkok during her visit there earlier this year than last year during the filming of the LEBE documentary, which was encouraging, but may also suggest the sellers are uncertain of what the future holds. What we don’t know is whether ivory sales have simply gone underground, and how long existing measures will be enforced. The need for education to reduce demand for ivory remains as strong as ever.
So what’s happening in Africa? Well, the bad news this week has been the WCS report showing the devastating loss of half of Mozambique’s elephants in the last five years. In neighbouring Tanzania, new census figures have shown a decline of 60% of the nation’s elephants in the last five years. This is happening right now! In addition, in western and central Africa, the ivory war is as bloody as ever.
Thankfully there was some good news in amongst the bad this week in the elephant world. This week I was heartened to see a report by WCS from Uganda showing that their elephant population is on the rise, with more than 5000 across the country (still quite low numbers in the big scheme of things however). And don’t forget that in countries like Botswana, the country with the world’s largest elephant population, they are doing just fine. I saw a commentary just today suggesting that South Africa has ‘too many’ elephants, a term I used to hear a lot when I lived in southern Africa in the early 2000s, but not so much these days. Does South Africa have too many elephants or just too little land?
With some countries at threat of losing most or even all of their elephants in the next decade, and others with good, strong populations, we need to look at Africa’s elephant population as just that – Africa’s – rather than one or another country’s elephants, because the species roams across human-defined border as if they don’t exist. The good thing about this is that elephants can expand into new areas when they know they are safe, repopulating former ranges across borders, and that’s where the idea of Africa as a series of interconnected parks and communal conservancies gets interesting. This is already happening in several countries, with great results.
I guess my point this week is that it’s easy to get overwhelmed by all the stories out there about the ivory wars, but bear in mind that both Africa and Asia are big places and the situation is different everywhere. While we might be losing the ivory war in some countries, and we may well see localised extinctions of elephants in some parks and/or countries in the next decade, we’re starting to see improvements in others. So don’t lose hope.
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Ryan Tate is supposed to be in South Africa right now helping to fight off poachers who hack horns off rhinos and kill elephants for their ivory tusks.
But since the country announced a national lockdown in March to slow the spread of the coronavirus, Tate is stuck in the U.S. He can’t join his team out in South Africa’s wilderness and can’t meet with private donors in the U.S. for his anti-poaching nonprofit organization, which is seeing donations dry up.
“It’s a helpless feeling,” said Tate, a 35-year former Marine and the founder of VetPaw, a group of American military veterans who fight poachers in a remote private reserve in the far north of South Africa.
“Poaching doesn’t stop just because there’s a virus — if anything, it picks up,” he said.
Although poaching is not uncommon in Africa, poachers during the coronavirus pandemic have encroached on land they wouldn’t normally visit and killed rhinos in tourism hot spots now devoid of visitors and safari guides.
In Botswana, at least six rhinos have been poached since the virus shut down tourism. Botswana’s security forces in April shot and killed five suspected poachers in two incidents.In northwest South Africa, at least nine rhinos have been killed since the virus lockdown. All the poaching took place in what were previously tourism areas that were safe for animals to roam.
“It’s a bloody calamity. It’s an absolute crisis,” Map Ives, founder of Rhino Conservation Botswana, a nonprofit organization, said of poaching across the continent.
There are still rangers in the African reserves, but the loss of tourist vehicles in parks provide poachers a significant advantage.
“The poachers have been emboldened because the playing field is in their favor and they won’t have as many problems moving around,” said Ives, who has lived on the Okavango Delta in northern Botswana for four decades but is stranded in South Carolina due to travel restrictions.
Highly organized illegal poaching threatens to send black and white rhinos, elephants and other African wildlife into extinction over the next several decades. The black rhino population has plummeted 97.6% since 1960 and the lion population is down 43% in the last 21 years, according to the World Wildlife Fund. At least 35,000 African elephants are killed each year and roughly only 1,000 mountain gorillas and 2,000 Grevy’s zebras remain on the continent.
“They are professional and adept at running off with rhino horns in minutes and dodging security forces. They are masters at evading detection,” he said. “It’s a filthy bloody business.”
Since Botswana’s booming tourism industry collapsed because of the virus lockdown, Ives has seen an anecdotal rise in rhino and bush meat poaching incidents. His company is running short of cash as donations dry up amid the global lockdown, and that may result in reduced patrols as a result.
“We lost hundreds of sets of eyes and ears in the delta,” Ives said.“I’m sure poachers know this — they watch these camps closely and see tourism activity.”
Africa’s $39.2 billion tourism industry is also vital in funding wildlife conservation efforts across the continent.
Africa received 62.5 million visitors, creating 9.1 million direct jobs in travel and tourism sectors in 2015, according to estimates from the African Development Bank.
Funding from sources like national park fees and safari rides are vital to wildlife conservation in Africa.
But now people working in tourism are being laid off because of the pandemic and national parks that provide wildlife a safe place from poachers are losing revenue. All three national parks in Rwanda have temporarily closed, along with Virunga National Park in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Kruger National Park in South Africa.
“There’s a lot of people struggling in Africa, a lot of private reserves that have helped save a few species including rhinos,” said Tate. “Now they don’t have that ecotourism they depend on, it’s gone. There’s going to be a lot of damage done from this.”
There’s also a major concern that as the coronavirus harms African economies and sharply raises unemployment levels, people will become desperate for income streams and pursue poaching to make a living.
Africa reported a 43% jump in coronavirus cases over the last week, according to Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The World Health Organization has warned that the continent of 1.3 billion people could become the next epicenter of the outbreak, potentially pushing 30 million people into poverty.
Conservationists expect that in addition to professional poachers killing more animals, countries across Africa will experience a massive surge in bush meat poaching by average people since it’s cheaper to kill animals for meat than to buy it.
“Why do criminals commit acts of crime? They do it because they’re desperate and it’s a quick easy means for money,” Ryan said. “Poaching is no different. There’s a lot of desperate people out there because of the virus and [poaching] will absolutely pick up.”
This article was first published by CNBC on 24 April 2020.
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SATAO 2 is dead, and another of the last tuskers left in Africa has been poached, leaving only 6 of these giants in the Tsavo Conservation Area in southern Kenya. This is a devastating blow to elephant conservation and super tusker genes.
SATAO 2 was named after SATAO, the iconic giant who was poached in 2014 and was one of the largest tuskers left on Earth. A ‘tusker’ is an elephant whose tusks each weigh more than 100 lbs / 45,45kg. The tusks of Satao 2 weighed 51kg and 50.5kg.
Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) rangers discovered the gruesome kill site before the poachers had the time to remove the tusks. Although not totally certain, indications are that a poison arrow killed SATAO 2. In subsequent investigations, two people have been apprehended and weapons seized. KWS continues to work hard to rid Tsavo of poaching teams that roam the reserve.
The massive 44,000 km² Tsavo Conservation Area (twice the size of South Africa’s Kruger National Park) is home to the highest population of large-tusked elephants in the world, with 6 ‘super tuskers’ (of approximately 25-30 in the whole of Africa) and 15 emerging tuskers (young bulls who have the genes and potential to become tuskers). There are also seven cows with tusks reaching the ground that are being monitored.
Elephant populations in the area crashed due to poaching from the highs of 45,000 in the early 1970s to fewer than 6,000 in 1989. Since then the population has recovered to 11,000 (last aerial census in 2014) due to the formation of the KWS and the international ban on ivory trade – although there has again been an increase in poaching since then. For further information see our magazine issue The Silent Giants of Tsavo.
The Tsavo Trust operates the Big Tusker Project in conjunction with KWS and focusses on aerial and ground surveillance and data capture, backed up by the KWS’ rapid reaction teams that deal with poaching incidents.
SATAO 2’s death, and the recent spike in poaching, represent a significant threat to the world’s last-remaining tuskers and Tsavo’s precious elephant population. PLEASE consider supporting the Tsavo Trust in their brave battle to keep these elephants safe from the ruthless poaching syndicates.
Tsavo Trust CEO Richard Moller would like to see one or two of the iconic Tsavo super tuskers enjoy a Presidential Security Decree, as was the case with the famous tusker called Ahmed of Marsabit National Park in Kenya in the early 1970s. If successfully repeated, this will be a momentous achievement in conservation leadership by an African president.
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Elephants Can’t Deal With Death
I’ll start by saying that this is the saddest post I’ve done for a while—probably the saddest since the one on climate change. So if you’re one of those folks who reads GFR for its pop culture news and sci-fi reviews, you may want to skip this one. But if you’re here for the science, well, then we’ll do this together.
I’m sure it’s not news to anyone that elephant poaching is horrible, and if you’ve been following the news recently you know that it’s gotten completely out of control. Estimates indicate that during 2012 in Africa, 32,000 elephants were killed. That’s 96 elephants each day or one elephant every 15 minutes. In Kenya, the elephant population has fallen from 167,000 to 35,000 in the last 30 years; the African forest elephant population has plummeted by 72% in the last decade. Elephant poaching is among the world’s most profitable criminal activities, raking in over $6 billion each year. And even though it’s illegal, and even though selling ivory internationally has been banned since 1989, laws don’t seem to work as deterrents—people are after elephant tusks more vehemently than ever. There was a 50% increase in the seizure of illegal ivory in 2012. Recently, poachers used cyanide to kill 300 elephants in a Zimbabwe nature reserve. Yeah, I’m ready to cry. But it gets worse.
Apart from extinction, how could it possibly be worse? The answer would be obvious to someone who anthropomorphizes animals, but in this case, it seems the attribution of human feelings and awareness isn’t fallacious—elephants are traumatized by the slaughter of their families, and in fact, the killings cause serious social problems for the elephants. A study lead by Colorado State University behavioral ecologist Graeme Shannon indicates that the actions of humans can impact the social skills of elephants for decades, which carries negative consequences for their complex societies. It’s the first study to confirm such a conclusion, and it’s quite possible that other large-brained, social mammals such as chimpanzees, dolphins, and whales might suffer similarly.
For the study, scientists used elephants whose herds had been culled—that’s a systemic management tool that involves rounding up older elephants and having them put down professionally to avoid overpopulation destroying the habitat. During a cull, elephants ages 4-10 are spared, and then usually sent off to other parks or reserves where the elephant population needs to be increased. Culling was using from the 1960s to the 1990s.
Some of the surviving elephants were relocated to Pilanesberg National Park in South Africa, so Shannon decided to conduct a large part of the study there. Scientists have already determined that elephants can suffer from PTSD, and theorize that the surviving elephants’ behavior was drastically affected by the culling. Orphaned male elephants have been found to be unusually aggressive, even killing a slew of rhinoceroses. Scientists theorize that this may be due to PTSD, hormones, and/or a lack of older role models to teach the younger male elephants how to behave. In short, the scientists in the study believe there are “deficits in the social decisions that they make.”
The scientists compared reactions from elephant families that had been culled to elephant families that hadn’t. They mimicked calls from unfamiliar elephants, broadcasting them to the groups for 10-20 seconds. Then they observed the elephants’ reactions to the potential threat. In the unculled herd, the elephants froze, listened, and sniffed. Then they got into a group and started looking for the intruder, sometimes running past the scientists. Their responses were coordinated and appropriate.
But the Pilanesberg elephants were a different story. They didn’t have a coordinated response. Some stayed relax, as though the call didn’t indicate a potential threat. But in another instance, in response to the call of a known elephant, the herd took off and didn’t stop for a kilometer. The scientists believe that the elephants failed to recognize the calls, probably because the elephants never knew their families and never learned how to appropriately respond. Given how tight elephant families are and how much knowledge they pass on to later generations, the scientists worry that these elephants will actually pass on their lack of social cues and their poor responses. And if this is the response to culling, which at the time was a controlled technique, we can only imagine how elephants whose families have been slaughtered and poached might be reacting.
Eventually, the bad decision making that results from this kind of lapse could negatively impact elephants’ reproduction—something they definitely don’t need. Previous studies show that the elephant families that have the most calves are guided by a large number of old and experienced elephants.
Well…there you have it—a nice depressing post to start the week. Let’s all check in with the panda cam so we can feel better. | https://www.giantfreakinrobot.com/sci/elephants-deal-death.html |
By Phyllis Lee, Keith Lindsay, and Katarzyna Nowak
The Elephant and the Pauper: The Ivory Debacle is a recently released 50-minute video by the Hunter Proud Foundation, a 501(c)(3) non-profit charitable public foundation and lobbying organization based in Houston, Texas.
The video was circulated in the first half of January 2015 to members of the IUCN Specialist Groups and to CITES membership, with the specific aim of lobbying for hunting and consumptive use of African wildlife.
The film—whose proposals for gaining revenue from ivory and sport hunting come at a time of unprecedented poaching and killing of elephants across their range, including in Zimbabwe—is risky to the point of irresponsibility.
The Hunter Proud Foundation has turned the clock back on decades of progress in conservation and wildlife management. With opinions unsupported by evidence, the “documentary” misrepresents the science of elephant population dynamics and their ecological roles—science that is indispensable to informing conservation and management approaches.
The outdated ideas about elephant ecology, along with the blinkered call for a return to agriculture-style intensive management and population control, are conflated with the legitimate, but entirely separate, aims of community-based natural resource management (CBNRM). Intervention in the form of elephant culling is said (incorrectly) to be dependent on the sale of elephant ivory, which is then mixed in with trophy hunting and (incorrectly) presented as a necessity for the financing of CBNRM and social development.
The biggest threat the video poses for public disinformation is in advancing the ivory trade Decision-Making Mechanism. This conceptually risky instrument, which would encourage increased sales of ivory and trigger even greater levels of illegal trade, is due to be discussed at the next CITES Conference of the Parties (CoP17), in September 2016.
The video’s major—and unacceptable—flaws follow:
Outdated Ideas of Elephant “Overpopulation Problems” and “Carrying Capacities”
The film rests on long dismissed ideas of elephant “carrying capacities” and “overpopulation,” which we’re surprised are being expressed and circulated to a 21st-century conservation audience.
Ecological researchers and, increasingly, wildlife managers have recognized that ecosystems are shaped by self-regulating processes, and that diversity across landscapes and change through time are essential features of natural landscapes, rather than “disruptions” to be beaten back. The continual processes of change—not rigid structural stability—taking place in these systems should be the primary focus of conservation action.
Much of the research community, and many managers, accept that ecosystem structure and function are not about elephant numbers but instead about elephant distribution across a landscape and in relation to plant communities. Elephants are architects of plant diversity rather than simply “management problems.”
Managers in sub-Saharan Africa, such as in Tanzania and in South Africa’s Kruger National Park, have taken this approach on board with their elephant management, replacing culling with water-point management, and fencing with promotion of animal dispersal, through corridors and protection of meta-populations.
To illustrate its contention that parks need intensive intervention, the film makes unsubstantiated and disparaging claims about supposed mismanagement of elephants in the key populations of Tsavo National Park, in Kenya, and Chobe National Park, in Botswana, which it contrasts with the enlightened management of Zimbabwe’s Hwange National Park.
During the 1960s to 1970s, Tsavo East National Park experienced a prolonged increase in elephant numbers through reproduction and concentration to avoid hunting and incompatible land use in the surrounding region. The park warden at the time decided against interference, and elephant foraging during this period led to a change in the dominant vegetation cover from dense bushland to open bushed grassland. In the decades after a severe drought and die-off of elephants in the early 1970s, followed by intense poaching in the 1980s, Tsavo changed from grassland back to bushland.
These changes, attributed to variation in both elephant density and fire regime, were scientifically documented by Leuthold and illustrated by the filmmaker Simon Trevor in the 1995 documentary “Keepers of the Kingdom.” Trevor argued—with visual evidence—that culling is far less effective in sustaining natural long-term habitat dynamics than are elephants’ natural die-offs.
Studies of pollen cores in Tsavo from the past 1,400 years show that continual change has been the rule at local and landscape levels, with several shifts between high and low tree cover over periods of 250 to 500 years.
In Chobe, similar changes in tree cover under elephant browsing have been documented, with the observation that animal and plant communities are now returning to the state that existed before the extirpation of elephants during the intensive ivory trade in the 19th to early 20th century. The conclusion reached was that there were no ecological grounds for elephant reduction, although local reduction or redistribution was advocated to resolve land use clashes with farmers now occupying former areas of the natural ecosystem.
In Zimbabwe’s Hwange—offered in the film as a more enlightened alternative—the apparent ecological “problems” of elephant-induced habitat change were in fact caused by the early park managers, who created an extensive network of pumped water sources throughout the park. Meanwhile, boundary fences kept wildlife away from access to the few natural watercourses. Over time, densities of elephants and other herbivores became artificially high, leading to widespread vegetation change and an atmosphere of apparent crisis.
The Department of National Parks and Wild Life Management (DNPWLM) took the decision to reduce elephant densities by killing large numbers, but they could have achieved a more satisfactory solution by strategic closing of water points to create areas of high and low herbivore density, allowing natural mortality to bring populations in line with food supplies.
The argument advanced in the film is that it is more humane to cull elephants than to allow them to die from lack of food. This disingenuous concern for welfare is ironic in light of the DNPWLM’s current actions in forcibly removing scores of juvenile elephants from their families for export to a life of suffering in foreign zoos.
Depiction of Trophy Hunting and the Ivory Trade as Sole Revenue-Generating Mainstay for Communities
The video makes considerable, but selective, reference to Zimbabwe’s CAMPFIRE program. This pioneering initiative is not without its difficulties, but we (and many others) acknowledge it as a model for empowering rural people to make decisions about—and benefit from—natural resource use.
We argue strenuously, however, with the film’s strong emphasis on trophy hunting of elephants as if it is the only source of rural income, when there are many other species that can be hunted sustainably within conservative trophy quotas. The assertion that elephant hunting is a mainstay—and that without it, communities get no benefit at all (particularly in light of the relatively small contribution of trophy hunting overall to Zimbabwe’s economy)—lacks evidential support.
The film also ignores the value of living elephants and of the many diverse revenue streams other than hunting and ivory trade that can and should be shared and controlled by grass-roots communities in conservation landscapes. These income sources include ecotourism, forestry, fisheries, mining royalties, and payments for carbon storage and other ecosystem services.
The video accuses the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) of “eco-imperialism,” calling USFWS’s 2014 decision to ban the import of elephant trophies from Tanzania and Zimbabwe unsubstantiated and a breach of treaty (which treaty is not entirely clear). The film’s protagonist, the Zimbabwean Rowan Martin, asks, “Why does the USFWS insist on having proof that money generated from trophy hunting contributes to conservation?” And he accuses the service of disrupting the “flow of money” by encouraging the establishment of conservation trust funds.
It is, however, a condition of the regulatory body, CITES, that funds generated from the consumptive use of controlled species go to promote the conservation of that species, and this use of funds be demonstrably and transparently clear.
It is implied, but not stated, that ivory sales themselves are important to the CAMPFIRE program and to local communities. In fact, any proceeds from ivory sales are relatively modest on an annual basis, and they are administered in a top-down fashion through centralized national government mechanisms rather than devolved to rural community participation.
Demonstrating that funds (either from hunting or ivory sales) contribute to conservation has been a challenge even for the regulatory body CITES, which has fallen back on statements as non-specific as “development programs within or adjacent to the elephant range.” Thus the major trade body itself fails to equate elephant deaths for ivory consumption with any genuine conservation activities.
Promoting Corruption-Prone Mining Models
The collapse of and lack of transparency in the multibillion-dollar diamond industry—and that industry’s failure to help alleviate poverty in Zimbabwe—should be a cautionary lesson for those who think the “mining” of declining African wildlife populations will reduce poverty in Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe is riddled with corruption and poor governance, which urgently need addressing before benefits can be transferred from the urban elite to the rural poor.
The proposal that the diamond model—using an international “Central Ivory Selling Organization,” which would control the storage and distribution of ivory from a centralized location—be used to establish a trade in African elephant ivory was made by Rowan Martin, hired by CITES in 2011 to lead author the initial “Decision-making mechanism for process of trade in ivory” (DMM).
This proposed mechanism has since been denounced as flawed, including in collective responses made by CITES member states and members of the African Elephant Specialist Group.
One criticism was that “the logic of the Central Ivory Selling Organization would be to promote demand for ivory, aiming to maximize prices, just as De Beers does for diamonds.”
It has recently been pointed out that the Kimberley process, established to bring an end to trade in conflict and blood diamonds, would also fail to regulate a legal wildlife trade, given that diamonds from countries banned from selling them still enter the market.
The modern paradigm in ecology and conservation—promoting spatial heterogeneity and temporal dynamics—would produce little ivory for the international trade. Conversely, a sustained trade in ivory requires a steady supply, which would depend on regular culling, justified by the narrative of old-fashioned ecology claiming elephant “overpopulation.”
This latest production starring Rowan Martin is as flawed and propagandist as his version of the DMM.
The Elephant and the Pauper: The Ivory Debacle is deeply misleading on key issues of ecology and conservation. The conservation community should reject its use as a source of “information” in any and all meetings, particularly those of the IUCN specialist groups and CITES Secretariat, and at the upcoming CoP17.
If the pronouncements of this film are heeded, we strongly believe it will be extremely dangerous for the future of African elephants.
Phyllis Lee and Keith Lindsay have been ecologists with the Amboseli Trust for Elephants, Kenya, and have worked in research and conservation in Africa and Asia, for more than 30 years. Katarzyna Nowak is a roving conservation scientist with more than a decade of field research experience, including in Tanzania, South Africa, Costa Rica, and, recently, Chile. | https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2015/01/21/opinion-slick-hunter-proud-video-uses-bad-ecology-to-promote-elephant-culling-trophy-hunting-and-ivory-trading/ |
In Wild Heart of Africa, Dr. Neil Stronach, Selous elephant researcher during the 1990s, writes that, “The significance of the Selous for elephants is its size and the range of its habitats… There is much that is not known about the ecology and behaviour of elephants before man began to hunt them for their ivory. Congregations of many hundreds of undisturbed elephants were observed within the Selous ecosystem during the early part of the last century. It should not be an unrealistic vision for the future that the Selous elephants will return to some of their more ancient activities.”
Elephants need space and on this basis the wilderness of the Selous ecosystem represents one of the greatest refuges of the savanna elephant, rivalled only perhaps by the Okavango Delta in Botswana, and Ruaha-Rungwa. The Selous Game Reserve, Mikumi National Park and surrounding areas together cover nearly 80,000 km2 of lakes, rivers, swamps, grassland and vast miombo woodland.
Forty years ago, the Selous harboured over 100,000 elephants (and could do again one day, for the habitats have hardly changed). However, the ivory trade has decimated the Selous elephant population as harshly as anywhere on the continent, and the latest aerial census in September 2013 estimated a remaining 13,000 elephants, meaning an 80% decline in the previous seven years. In June 2014, UNESCO declared Selous to be a “World Heritage Site in danger”.
In recent decades, Selous and its elephants have been through dramatic ups and downs, and they have recovered before from near the point of collapse. With enough effort and political will from the government and supporting organisations and donors – towards both security of the entire game reserve, and respect for the people living around its edges – we believe that it will be possible to rescue this magnificent wilderness, and realise Dr. Stronach’s vision.
Our Current Programmes in Selous Game Reserve: | http://www.stzelephants.org/where-we-work/selous/ |
Once catastrophic, elephant poaching at Niassa Reserve drops to zero
Before 2015, the Mozambique reserve lost many thousands of elephants due to rampant poaching – now they’ve just had a full year without any illegal deaths.
From 2009 to 2014, the Niassa National Reserve in northern Mozambique endured a spate of horrific elephant poaching that cut the population from 12,000 to around 3,675. But after a comprehensive array of anti-poaching strategies, the killings dropped to some 100 a year between 2015 and 2017.
Now, it has been announced that the last illegally killed elephant was reported on May 17, 2018 – meaning a full year has passed without any poaching deaths, according to Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS).The sprawling 17,000-square-mile reserve is one of Africa’s largest and wildest landscapes, and accounts for almost 30 percent of Mozambique’s conservation areas. It’s size means that it’s one of Africa’s few remaining areas able to support a large elephant population; by some accounts, the landscape could support as many as 20,000 individuals.
So what is the secret to this tremendous success? Well, it takes a village … and helicopters and a Cessna, for starters.
WCS explains that the success against poaching is due to “a collaborative effort with the Government of Mozambique and concession operators in the park, combined with deployment of a special police rapid intervention unit; an increased aviation program providing surveillance and the deployment of a helicopter and Cessna aircraft; and tough new sentencing of poachers.”
Surely eliminating poaching in such an expansive wilderness is not easy, making this some of the most encouraging elephant news I have heard in a long time. With Niassa’s rare, large remaining swaths of intact miombo woodland, the reserve is home to some of Mozambique’s most significant populations of wildlife, including elephant, lion, leopard, wild dog, sable, kudu, wildebeest and zebra.
And hopefully in time, those numbers of elephants will be back where they belong – thriving, robust, and poaching-free.
For more on this great new, visit WCS. | https://www.treehugger.com/animals/catastrophic-elephant-poaching-niassa-reserve-drops-zero.html |
Elephants In A Reserve Forest Along India-Bangladesh Border Struggle For Survival
- The Patharia Hills Reserve Forest in Assam along India-Bangladesh border is in urgent need of transboundary cooperation for conservation.
- If transboundary measures are not introduced, the Patharia Hills Reserve Forest will be a dense human settlement area without any trace of wildlife in the near future.
- Bereft of a male elephant, the population of the remaining migratory female elephants in the wildlife haven could soon collapse, warn researchers.
A tiny reserve forest in Assam along a fenced stretch of the India-Bangladesh border is facing a unique predicament. Bereft of a male elephant, the population of six remaining border-cruising female elephants in the wildlife haven could soon collapse, warn researchers.
They add, if transboundary measures are not introduced, the Patharia Hills Reserve Forest will be a “dense human settlement area without any trace of wildlife in the near future.”
Reeling under human-elephant conflict, the Patharia Hills Reserve Forest, the size of Panjim, the capital of India’s smallest state, is a mere 76 square km-slice, hugging Sylhet district in eastern Bangladesh. The reserve forest lies in southern Assam’s Karimganj district.
While India and the government of Assam work towards securing international borders against infiltrators in the state which shares a 262 km-long border with Bangladesh, these elephants have reportedly broken down a section of the border fencing on their corridor to reclaim their passage.
A fragmented herd of six, all-female elephants move between the two countries using this section, passing through the reserve forest, fringed by paddy fields and tea gardens. Their migratory corridor runs from Bangladesh side of the reserve forest (RF) to neighbouring states of Mizoram and Tripura traversing the RF in Assam, the study says.
“From what we have learnt through our interactions with locals and surveys, the last male elephant died around 2012. Our appeal to government authorities and NGOs is to aid translocation of a male elephant to the reserve forest to stabilise the population, otherwise, the population may collapse,” Assam-based ecologist Parthankar Choudhury told Mongabay-India.
According to Choudhury’s estimate, there were six elephants until last year moving across the border.
“As per my observations, there were 30 to 40 elephants in 1984. From that figure, the numbers came down to seven or eight, about seven to eight years ago and now there are only six of them. Their population is declining continuously. In 2017 a young female was electrocuted in a neighbouring tea garden and before that, the last male was killed,” Choudhury, who is with the Wildlife Research and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Assam University, Silchar, said.
One of the elephants was fatally injured in a fencing-related incident, informed Vinay Gupta, Chief Conservator of Forest, Southern Assam circle.“We tried to nurse the elephant back to health but she succumbed,” Gupta.
The six-elephant herd recently split into two with three pachyderms in each group. Although they move independently, one herd always follows the other, said Choudhury.
Both Gupta and Choudhury alluded to the fact that the Border Security Force ensures the elephants pass through peacefully and local communities are used to them ambling past.
“This elephant population has not attacked humans. They are believed to be the remnants of the war elephants deployed by the then Pakistani Army during the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. Although the introduction of a male elephant is a valid proposition, it is not an easy procedure. One needs to conduct studies and understand the various factors that come into play in the landscape,” Gupta told Mongabay-India.
Assam with an elephant area (15,050 square km) the size of East Timor, is India’s prime elephant range state, harbouring 5719 jumbos, the highest population of wild elephants in the country after Karnataka.
Read more on how a cup of Assam tea can aid elephant conservation
The latest government data on human-elephant conflicts reveals increasing incidences in the state has claimed over 1000 human and elephant lives between 2010 to 2018.
The number of human deaths has gone up from 61 in 2010 to 92 in 2018 while the number of elephant deaths has also increased from 25 in 2010 to 46 in 2017 and 27 in 2018. In total, 761 people and 249 elephants died since 2010.
Of the 249 jumbos, 92 fell prey to electrocution, trains ran over 54 and 20 were poached. Wild elephants damaged 1021 houses in 2017-18, while in 2018-2019 property damage doubled. Destruction of cropland went up by 34 percent in that period.
Transboundary pacts needed for saving the elephants
Choudhury and study co-author Nazimur Rahman Talukdar lamented their appeals have fallen on deaf ears.
Gupta concedes the forest department takes care of the day-to-day affairs surrounding the reserve forest but a long-term solution has not been drawn up. For one, they have to deal with crop-raiding incidents.
“It is not that for the hred food is in short supply. They prioritise. For example, they are attracted to the paddy and they raid crops at night,” Gupta explained.
It was also in the last two decades that developmental activities such construction of national highway and railway track began in earnest in and around the RF, obstructing their routes.
“Food scarcity on both sides has altered their migratory patterns. Earlier they used to come to the Indian side during winter months and the rest of the year they used to reside in Bangladesh. Since the last few years, we have been observing that this periodicity is not maintained. When there is a food scarcity on our side they move across into Bangladesh,” said Choudhury.
The herds seem to be spending most of their time in Assam observed Gupta.
Choudhury says a large portion of the Patharia Hills RF has been subsumed under the territory of the neighbouring country, Bangladesh.
“Initiating any conservation action for the area is comparatively difficult, as this section needs joint participation of both the countries,” Choudhury said.
India and Bangladesh in 2015 agreed to collaborate to save the rare spectacled langur or the Phayre’s leaf-monkey (Trachypithecus phayrei) along with other primates found in the Patharia Hill Reserve Forest on both sides of the border. The authors also cited the instance of the agreement between the governments of the two countries to conserve the Sundarbans mangrove forests.
“We need similar pacts for these patches that have a transboundary continuation,” Choudhury said.
Push to elevate reserve forest to wildlife sanctuary
Talukdar who hails from the area elaborates on about the complex dynamics in the human-elephant relationship in southern Assam.
“There are other reserve forest patches around Patharia Hills RF and they have been largely encroached by local communities. Rubber plantations are a major cause for concern,” Talukdar said.
Villagers are in total sympathy with the plight of elephants.
“They are not hostile to the elephants but they are scared of them due to crop raiding. This has led to the development of a negative attitude towards conservation. During our interviews, they told us that they no problem in improving the reserve forest but they need protection from crop raiding and other damaging activities by the elephants,” he highlighted.
Quoting the study, Talukdar stressed: “It is the need of the hour that the reserve forest is elevated as a wildlife sanctuary, the activities within the RF be stopped, eviction of forest dwellers and rehabilitation into other government lands may be done.”
This article was originally published in Mongabay on February 19th, 2019. | https://thelogicalindian.com/story-feed/awareness/elephants-india-bangladesh-border/ |
the cordlike association of nerve tissues that links the brain and nerve ganglia by innervation to the other organs and tissues of the body.
A nerve primarily consists of nerve fibers. In vertebrates many nerves converge to form a bundle that is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath, the perineurium; the thin interstitial layers of connective tissue that separate the individual fibers deep within the bundle constitute the endoneurium. Finally, the entire nerve trunk, comprising several bundles, is covered by an additional sheath, the epineurium.
Nerves can be sensory (also called afferent or centripetal) or motor (also called efferent or centrifugal). Some nerves, for example, those innervating the skeletal muscles, mainly include myelinated, or medullated, fibers; others, for example, the sympathetic nerves, largely consist of unmyelinated, or unmedullated, fibers.
In reptiles, birds, mammals, and man 12 pairs of cranial nerves branch from the brain: the olfactory (cranial nerve I), the optic (cranial nerve II), the oculomotor (cranial nerve III), the trochlear (cranial nerve IV), the trigeminal (cranial nerve V), the abducent (cranial nerve VI), the facial (cranial nerve VII), the acoustic (cranial nerve VIII), the glossopharyngeal (cranial nerve IX), the vagus (cranial nerve X), the accessory (cranial nerve XI), and the hypoglossal (cranial nerve XII). Only the first ten pairs are present in fish and amphibians.
In man there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves: eight cervical, 12 thoracic, five lumbar, five sacral, and one coccygeal. Each pair innervates the effectors and receptors of a certain part of the body. The spinal nerves branch from the spinal cord into two roots—the posterior, or sensory, and the anterior, or motor. Both roots then combine to form a common trunk that consists of both sensory and motor fibers.
Several adjacent nerves can be combined into nerve plexuses, where an exchange of fibers between different nerves can take place. Three large plexuses are distinguished: the cervical, the brachial, and the lumbosacral. Each nerve plexus is the origin of several pairs of nerves; for example, the sacral portion of the lumbosacral plexus gives rise to the sciatic nerves.
Nerves that originate in the ganglia, trunks, and plexuses of the autonomic nervous system constitute a specific group. The optic nerve is remarkable for its large number of fibers; there are more than 1 million in the human optic nerve. Usually, however, there are 103 -104 fibers in a nerve. In invertebrates certain nerves are known to consist of only a few fibers. The peripheral nervous system in animals and man consists of aggregations of nerves.
A bundle of nerve fibers or processes held together by connective tissue.
Any one of the ribs of a groined vault, but esp. a rib which forms one of the sides of a compartment of the groining.
However, cosmetic surgeons are generally reluctant to perform brow lifts and other open, as well as endoscopic surgical procedures in this region for fear of injuring the supraorbital nerve and subsequent sensory loss.
Keys to the success of supraorbital nerve stimulation, known as SOS, include appropriate patient selection, especially the history and distribution of a patient's pain.
Electrophysiological findings: R1 and R2 responses to single supraorbital nerve electrical stimuli were normal and similar in all healthy subjects and in patients in both the in-group and between-group comparisons.
were recently awarded the prestigious Cephalalgia Award from the International Headache Society for their groundbreaking research regarding the StimPath Procedure a migraine treatment that uses neurostimulation to treat both the occipital and supraorbital nerves that can cause migraine pain.
The electrically elicited BR at supraorbital nerves generates three neural responses recorded in the orbiculari oculi muscles.
Apart from ulnar and popliteal nerves, other superficial nerves, such as the great auricular nerves, the supraorbital nerves and radial cutaneous nerves are also can be enlarged and can assist in the diagnosis of leprosy. | https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/supraorbital+nerve |
Facial nerve palsy is the name given to the medical condition where the muscles to one side of the face become weak and partially or completely paralysed. This name may give rise to some confusion as, although the words facial and nerve are self-explanatory, the word palsy can have different meanings. It is widely used to describe uncontrollable movements such as tremors or shaking of parts of the body or even the whole body but, in this instance, its meaning specifically refers to the lack of movement or paralysis of certain muscles.
The word palsy is regarded as being a spelling variation of the 13th-century English word parlesie which was derived from the old French word paralisie. This, in turn, had its roots in the Latin word paralysis which, as will come as no surprise, means paralysis. There are many different nerves serving the skull but this condition is due to problems affecting a specific nerve, along with its branches. This nerve is officially known as the peripheral 7th cranial nerve and is often simply referred to as cranial nerve VII or CN VII.
Facial Nerve Anatomy
In order to better understand the nature and causes of facial nerve palsy, it is worthwhile to consider the anatomy of the facial nerve including its location and functions. This nerve, known as cranial nerve 7 (CN VII), is the seventh paired cranial nerve and it is mainly a motor nerve. It has some sensory functions however including the sense of taste for the front two thirds of the tongue and it is also described as being “parasympathetic” innervating various glands of the head and neck. Its course is very complex and it has many branches. Its path runs partly within the cranium and partly without. It arises at the pons which is part of the brain stem and at this point consists of two separate roots, a large motor root, and smaller sensory root. These root nerves extend to an internal opening in the bones of the skull known as the acoustic meatus and pass through into the facial canal passing very close to the inner ear. At this point, the two roots fuse to form the facial nerve and this is the location of a nerve ganglion.
Whilst still within the bones of the cranium, three nerve branches lead from the facial nerve these being the greater petrosal nerve, which innervates several glands, the stapedius nerve, leading to the stapedius muscle in the middle ear and the chorda tympani responsible for the sense of taste on the tongue.
The facial nerve then exits the cranium via the stylomastoid foramen, just to the rear of the styloid process of the temporal bone. The nerve then runs forwards just in front of the lower part of the outer ear. Here there are three nerve branches these being the posterior auricular, responsible for the innervation of the muscles near to the ear, the nerve to the digastric muscle and the nerve to the stylohyoid muscle. From this point on, the nerve has purely motor functions and is referred to as the motor root of the facial nerve. It then passes into the parotid gland where it splits into a further five branches. It should be noted that it plays no part in the innervation of the parotid gland. The five nerve branches then lead to various facial muscles, the individual nerves being the temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular and cervical. It can be seen that such a complex pathway of nerves may affect many different areas and any problems may affect different parts depending on the precise location of the problem.
Symptoms of Facial Nerve Palsy
Facial nerve palsy is most commonly caused by the malfunction of the 7th cranial nerve and, as this nerve has several branches each controlling different parts of the face, different symptoms may be observed. It is almost always a unilateral condition affecting only one side of the face and the most obvious symptom is the weakness of some of the facial muscles usually leading to some degree of paralysis which may be partial or total. This results in the characteristic twisted visage as the muscles on the opposite side continue to contract and move as usual. This may at first be mistaken for symptoms of a stroke which often also results in unilateral facial paralysis but this can easily be discounted by a closer examination of the symptoms. In cases of stroke or tumour, the central facial nerve is affected meaning that only the lower part of the face is paralysed.
Stroke victims are almost always able to fully close their eyes and wrinkle their brows but those suffering from facial nerve palsy are often unable to perform these functions. In addition to enabling the more obvious motor functions of facial muscles, the 7th cranial nerve also controls the tear glands, salivary glands and the sense of taste. The middle ear is also involved, specifically the muscular control of the eardrum. An episode of facial nerve palsy is therefore likely to result in paralysis of one side of the face including the inability to move the forehead, difficulty or the complete inability to close one eye, the eye tending to turn upwards as closure is attempted, loss of control of the salivary and tear glands, possibly resulting in some degree of drooling and tearing, a loss of the sense of taste on the front two thirds of the tongue on the affected side only and interference with hearing on one side which may manifest itself as deafness, tinnitus, or frequently as excessive loudness (hyperacusis).
Facial Nerve Palsy vs. Bell’s Palsy
One of the most commonly encountered forms of facial nerve palsy is frequently referred to as Bell’s palsy (also Bell palsy or Bell’s disease). It was named after the eminent 19th century Scottish surgeon who studied this condition and the way in which the nervous system was involved. Although this term is now less frequently used in medical circles, it remains well known and there may be a tendency for the two names to be regarded as synonymous but this is not strictly correct. Bell’s palsy is always an acute condition which manifests itself quickly, the symptoms appearing in a matter of a few hours. It is also usually described as being idiopathic, meaning that there is no known cause, but in truth of course there is a cause but it may not be easily determined. Many cases of facial nerve palsy closely fit these parameters but some others may be more chronic in nature with symptoms appearing and worsening over a more prolonged period.
What Causes Facial Nerve Palsy?
Despite often being described as an idiopathic condition, it is known that most cases of facial nerve palsy are due to inflammation of the 7th cranial nerve. This inflammation usually arises from a viral infection or an autoimmune disorder. Many common viruses have been implicated with one study suggesting that herpes simplex (the common cold sore virus) is a major cause but conflicting studies have suggested that herpes zoster (the chickenpox virus) is more likely to be the causative agent. Other viruses which have been shown to cause the condition include: mumps virus, rubella (German measles) virus, influenza B virus, Epstein-Barr virus, coxsackievirus, adenovirus and cytomegalovirus. There are other known causes of facial nerve palsy and a physician will consider the nature of the symptoms along with the clinical history of the patient in determining whether further tests are needed. Some non-viral causes of this condition include: traumatic injury to the nerve, Petrons bone fracture, middle ear or mastoid infection, chronic meningitis, diabetes, tumours or carcinomatous/leukaemic nerve invasion. Other conditions which can give rise to similar symptoms include sarcoidosis and Lyme disease.
How is Facial Nerve Palsy Diagnosed?
In most cases where the onset of the condition is rapid and there are no other suspected causes of these symptoms, diagnosis is usually based purely on the presence of typical symptoms. Where there is an indication that this condition may be non-viral in origin, the physician may require further tests. Blood tests will be required if Lyme disease is suspected and an X-ray will be needed in cases of suspected sarcoidosis. If a tumour is considered as a possibility, a CT scan is likely to be required.
Facial Nerve Palsy Treatment
In all cases of facial nerve palsy, expert medical attention is required. The methods of treatment are dictated by the cause of the condition, if known. Primary bacterial infections such as those of the middle ear or meninges may respond well to a course of antibiotics but the more common viral infections can prove to be more difficult to identify and treat effectively. Antiviral drugs may be used but their effectiveness may be questionable. Where tests have established other primary causes, these must be addressed first. The use of anti-inflammatory drugs is usually recommended and in some cases, corticosteroids can be useful in speeding the recovery process. The paralysis of the eyelids and possible involvement of the tear glands can result in potentially damaging dry eyes which must be addressed usually by the administration of suitable eye drops and it is sometimes necessary to physically keep the eyelid closed for periods using tape or an eye patch.
Facial Nerve Palsy Prognosis
Facial nerve palsy is a frightening condition which usually occurs without warning, although in some cases it may be preceded by a pain behind the ear, and the symptoms develop rapidly with the appearance of causing life-changing paralysis. Whilst there is no denying the seriousness of this condition, the good news is that the vast majority of patients go on to make a full and complete recovery within the course of a few months. Depending on the severity of the symptoms and whether permanent nerve damage has occurred, there may be some future loss of function but this is usually relatively minor in nature. During the healing process, the nerves can form abnormal connections resulting in unexpected muscle responses and movements. The tear glands and salivary glands have, on occasion, been found to share an empathy resulting in the production of tears when eating. In most cases, there is no reason to expect any recurrence of a facial nerve palsy episode unless there is a family history of such events. | https://facialhealth.org/facial-nerve/ |
hypoglossal nerve function, which presents itself as lack of control of the muscles of the tongue.
CranioSacral Therapy provides us with a treatment method that enables a therapist to release the base
of the skull from the neck. I find it interesting that cranial therapy can alleviate tongue chewing
symptoms for extended periods of time. In order to determine whether tongue chewing is congenital
(present at birth), hereditary or just a habit we must consider these factors.
Hypoglossal nerve
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoglossal_nerve
The hypoglossal nerve is the twelfth cranial nerve. The nerve arises from the hypoglossal nucleus and
emerges from the medulla oblongata between the olive and the pyramids. It then passes through the
hypoglossal canal. On emerging from the hypoglossal canal, the nerve picks up a branch from the
anterior ramus of C1. It spirals behind the vagus nerve and passes between the internal carotid artery
and internal jugular vein lying on the carotid sheath. After passing deep to the posterior belly of the
digastric muscle, it passes to the tongue.
It supplies motor fibres to all of the muscles of the tongue, except the palatoglossus muscle which is
innervated by the vagus nerve (X) and the accessory nerve (XI).
Aside from the tongue, the hypoglossal nerve also controls, via the ansa cervicalis, thyrohyoid muscle,
omohyoid muscle, sternothyroid muscle and sternohyoid muscle. The nerve fibres supplying these
muscles all come from the C1 contribution
Testing the hypoglossal nerve
To test the function of the nerve, a person is asked to poke out their tongue. If there is a loss of function
on one side (unilateral paralysis,) the tongue will point towards the affected side.
The strength of the tongue can be tested by getting the person to poke at the inside of their cheek, and
feeling how strongly they can push a finger pushed against their cheek - a more elegant way of testing
than directly touching the tongue. | http://tonguechewing.com/Trigeminal.html |
The third cranial nerve controls the movements of four muscles moving the eye. This nerve also controls the movements of the pupil, the upper eyelid and the accommodation.
The paralysis of the 3rd cranial nerve may be complete or partial, involving all innervated muscles or only a few of them. In the case of complete paralysis, there is a total ptosis, a completely closed eyelid and deviation of the eye outward and downward, a dilated pupil and having no reaction to light.
The congenital form is usually rare, with the pupil spared and associated with amblyopia. The cause may not be clear. Many cases have no obvious cause and are probably secondary to an abnormal nerve development.
Acquired paralysis can be caused by brain trauma, viral infections, tumors, aneurysms, diabetes, and hypertension. Congenital abnormalities of the 3rd cranial nerve include restrictive syndromes such as Congenital Fibrosis of Extraocular Muscles (CFEOMs).
Unfortunately, total paralysis has a bad prognosis for binocular vision. Through surgery, it is possible to obtain a rough realignment in the primary position using eyeglasses, often without eliminating the diplopia. In the case of partial paralysis, surgery can be of great help to re-align the eyes and to regain binocular vision.
The muscle deficit that is often associated with the eyelid hemorrhage deficiency will result to hypotrophy of the eye and ptosis. The isolated muscle deficit of the superior rectus muscle of the eye is generally congenital. The surgical correction involves a recession of the inferior rectus muscle of the eye that is associated with the resection of the superior rectus muscle. Strabismus is corrected by modulating the strength of the contralateral synergist muscle of the eye, the muscle that contracts to make a determined movement. For the total isolated deficit, Knapp’s intervention will be used that involves the transposition of the two straight horizontal muscles to the sides of the upper ridge. Only then will ptosis be corrected.
The deficit in the inferior oblique muscle of the eye is very rare. The condition that simulates this picture is Brown’s Syndrome. A differential diagnosis is made with the evaluation of passive motility in such kind of case.
The fourth cranial nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle. This disease causes weakness or paralysis to the Superior Oblique Muscle and can be mono or bilateral.
The muscular actions of the superior oblique muscle are abduction, depression, and internal rotation of the eye. So muscle paralysis causes a reduction in the eye depression, hence a relatively higher eye position than the contralateral eye. The affected eye is also rotated outward and slightly inside that is with hypertrophy and the head will be tilted to the shoulder of the healthy eye. Eye elevation is the most visible aspect of the paralysis. There are two major causes, the first is being congenital and the second is cranial trauma. Rare cases are due to stroke, tumors, aneurysms.
A similar picture is found in plagiocephaly or flat head syndrome, where the deficit of the superior oblique muscle is due to a cranial malformation.
The sixth cranial nerve innervates the lateral rectus muscle that rotates the eye outward and its weakness results to the eyes crossing inward toward the nose, with an abnormal head position turned to the problem area. The most frequent causes are stroke, trauma, viral diseases, brain tumors, inflammation, infections, migraine, and increased intraocular pressure. Palsy may be present at birth but the most common cause in children is trauma. In adults, it is stroke. Sometimes the cause may remain unknown despite in-depth investigations.
The 6th cranial nerve has a very long course between the brain and lateral rectus muscle. Depending on the location of the damage, other neurological structures may be affected, so the disorder may be associated with hearing loss, facial problems, ptosis or other concerns with eye movements. Viral paralysis usually regresses completely. Post-traumatic ones partially regress and complete improvement usually occurs in the first six months.
Prism use can eliminate diplopia in the primary position, head straight, but not in all directions. The prismatic power can be reduced as the paralysis improves. The injection of botulinum toxin into the medial rectus muscle may be a possibility within the first month of the onset of the paralysis.
Occlusion on an eye in children should be carefully monitored because there is a risk of an onset of amblyopia. After the observation period, at least 6 months, it is possible to perform an extraocular muscle surgery to achieve correct eye alignment and expand the binocular vision field. | https://www.mariaelisascarale.it/paralytic-strabismus-2/?lang=en |
To report 3 unique cases of cranial neuropathy after super-selective arterial embolization of jugular foramen vascular tumors with ethylene vinyl alcohol.Clinical capsule report.Three tertiary academic referral hospitals.Three patients who underwent superselective arterial embolization (SSE) of head and neck paragangliomas with ethylene vinyl alcohol are described. One individual was treated with primary SSE, whereas the remaining tumors were treated with preoperative SSE followed by surgical extirpation within 72 hours. All patients were found to have new cranial nerve deficits after SSE.One patient with isolated complete cranial nerve VII palsy demonstrated partial return of function at 8 months. One individual experienced cranial nerve VII, X, and XII palsies and demonstrated partial recovery of function of the involved facial nerve after 19 months. One subject experienced ipsilateral cranial nerve X and XI palsies after SSE and recovered full function of the spinal accessory nerve within 1 week but failed to demonstrate mobility of the ipsilateral true vocal fold.We present the first report documenting facial and lower cranial neuropathies after super-selective embolization of head and neck paragangliomas with EVA. Although it is difficult to draw conclusions from this small number of cases, it is plausible that the use of ethylene vinyl alcohol during SSE may result in a higher risk of permanent cranial neuropathy than the use of other well-established and more temporary agents. Knowledge of the arterial supply to the cranial nerves can help the clinician to choose the embolization agent that will provide maximal occlusion while minimizing the risk of complications. | http://www.surgery.wisc.edu/research/publication/1493 |
- Inspiration: v16153 Japanese embroidery on your jeans jacketDecorate your jeans jacket with Japanese embroidery. Explore the technique called Sashiko which means ”little stitch”. Find inspiration from Japanese embroidery, originally invented to insulate and repair clothing and combine the country style with intricate designs. Use the embroidery technique on patchwork fabric to refresh clothes. Sew with embroidery floss. Remember to sew with needles that are not too similar in length, as long as the rows are straight.
- Inspiration: v15941 A bucket hat decorated with painted strawberriesPaint a bucket hat with Plus Color craft paint mixed with Textile Medium. The Textile Medium ensures that the colour will keep when washed after fixing with an iron.
- Inspiration: v14698 An orange Bag for Halloween decorated with TextThis bag is decorated with black text using a template, black Plus Color craft paint and a foam stencil brush. Place a piece of plastic (or similar) inside the bag to prevent smudging on the back of the bag or the surface it's resting on.
- Inspiration: v14057 Textile Decoration on a Shopping Bag and a Shoe Bag
Both of these bags – for shoes or for sports kit – are painted with Textile Solid fabric paint. When dry, use textile markers for making free-hand details and decorate words or letters from a template. | https://www.cchobby.com/creative--ideas/decoration/fabric-decorations?cc_filter_color=480856&cc_season=22 |
This article was co-authored by Lois Wade. Lois Wade has 45 years of experience in crafts including sewing, crochet, needlepoint, cross-stitch, drawing, and paper crafts. She has been contributing to craft articles on wikiHow since 2007.
This article has been viewed 18,079 times.
Is your backpack one of "those plain ones"? Did your folks insist on getting something "practical" instead of the cool one you were hoping for? Here is a fun way to spice up your backpack inexpensively.
Steps
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1Choose the part of the backpack you wish to embellish. X Research source
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2Sketch your idea. You may do this on paper, or you may do this directly on the fabric with tailor's chalk or similar marker that will wash out. (Test this in an inconspicuous area BEFORE you draw the entire thing...) X Research source
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3Obtain Embroidery supplies. Several needles, and a skein of each color of thread you will need for your design. X Research source
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4Use an embroidery hoop to hold the fabric taut if the fabric of the backpack will accommodate it. Some backpack materials are too thick to be held taut by an embroidery hoop. In that case, you'll just have to be careful how hard you pull on each stitch.
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5Use a color fast embroidery thread to avoid washing problems later.
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6Determine what thickness of floss or yarn will best suit your project. Some stitches such as French Knots work best with the full 6 strands of thread normally found in Embroidery floss. Finer details will require using fewer strands at a time to accomplish the effect desired. A common number of strands is two, but you should use your own best judgment. X Research source
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7Begin stitching with either the darkest color thread OR the innermost section of the design. Both methods have their advantages. Dark thread first prevents getting your lighter colors dingy with repeated rubbing and holding of the piece during stitching. Working out from the center has the advantage of being adjusted as you go. (starting at the outside will restrict any changes you can make later.)
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8Hold the fabric taut while stitching. Even the gentlest of tugs on the embroidery floss can pucker the fabric and make the backpack pucker and look weird when you're finished.
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9Tie off each thread carefully to prevent unraveling. X Research source
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10Steam or iron the finished area of embroidery to help smooth the area and prevent (or fix) any slight puckering.
Community Q&A
Tips
- Hold the fabric tightly smooth (taut) while stitching to prevent puckering.
- Choose your needle size according to the tightness and thickness of the weave you will be stitching onto/through. Needles for denim will need to be longer and somewhat heavier than needles for a thin cotton.
- Take care when stitching heavier fabrics. The needles tend to have an initial resistance to poking through heavy fabric, but then slide quickly once the point has passed, pricking fingers of the unwary.Thanks!
- These tips could apply to any fabric item from backpacks to wallets, purses, etc.
- Use a Thimble to facilitate pushing needles through thicker materials.
- Some Samples for your inspiration... | https://www.wikihow.com/Embroider-a-Backpack |
In order to remove all residue, we recommend rinsing embroidered garments in lukewarm water and then rinsing in cold water several times until rinse water is clear. Stain removers may damage the color and consistency of the embroidery thread especially when scrubbed by hand or with a brush.
How do you clean embroidery threads?
WASHING INSTRUCTIONS
- Stay Hydrated! …
- Mix a small amount of mild detergent or dishwashing liquid into cold water. …
- Rinse several times in cold water. …
- Roll between two clean towels and squeeze gently without wringing. …
- Unroll the towels and spread your needlework flat to dry on a new fresh towel or drying rack.
22.07.2015
Why we should properly and carefully care of your embroidery thread?
Explanation: it is important to ensure proper care because it’s a thread. it’s so little and it can be misplaced and used in a wrong way by kids or other things that can lead to danger. and if you don’t have an embroidery thread, you can’t make an embroidery that’s why put in your mind that’s it’s so important.
How do you protect finished embroidery?
Cloud Cover Stitch Stabilizer
Cloud Cover is super soft and sheer and is used to protect sensitive skin from any scratchy embroidery stitches on clothing – think baby clothing. It’s an iron-on backing used to cover the stitches after the design has been stitched.
How do you protect embroidery?
Wash the clothing inside out in order to reduce friction on the embroidery when washing it. Wash the embroidered clothing separately from others. Do not leave the clothing in the sun for too long if you are sun drying it.
Do you have to wash embroidery thread?
Most stitching books will strongly advise us to pre-wash the FABRIC before embroidering on it. Otherwise, if the fabric shrunk or color bled through, then the masterpiece will be ruined after the first wash, and all efforts will go to waste.
Is embroidery thread washable?
Rayon embroidery thread can bleed a little bit in some colors (esp. red), however the bleed will generally come out if washed a second time. Polyester embroidery threads will not bleed, even if washed in harsh industrial chemicals. Hope this helps.
Why is it important to know the tools and materials in making embroidery?
Answer. Answer: Embroidery tools and materials are important to use properly to reduce the number of accidents associated with workplace equipment.
How do you take good care of embroidery materials?
Start off right and buy good quality needles – don’t scrimp on them and always buy needles suitable for your use. Don’t use hand sewing needles – they are often not fine enough for embroidery work. I always prefer to use gold needles, or gold eyed needles. They last longer and don’t wear as quickly.
What goes on the back of embroidery?
Fusible – This stabilizer is most commonly used with sewing (and is referred to as interfacing), but it’s great for standard embroidery. It is ironed to the wrong side of the fabric before stitching and remains on the back of your work after you’re finished.
How do you wash clothes with embroidery?
Home Laundering
- All embroidered garments should be washed with a mild detergent.
- Do not use chlorine bleach or optical brightening agents.
- If bleach is required for washing, use non-chlorine bleach in accordance with product instructions .
- Machine wash cold water.
- Delicate wash cycle.
How do you keep embroidery thread from unraveling?
Thread a needle with the same floss color. Use that threaded needle to secure the back of the stitches by wrapping the threads around the remaining tail. This will keep the old thread from unraveling. Push your threaded needle to the front so you can re-embroider the stitches you have just removed.
Can you embroider on clothes?
Adding embroidery to a T-shirt, baby onesie, or another item with stretchy fabric is easy to do with the right preparation. The biggest challenge when embroidering on knit T-shirt fabric is that the design can become distorted when the fabric stretches or if stitches pull too tight. | https://neasesneedlework.com/sew/best-answer-what-are-the-proper-care-of-embroidery-thread.html |
Based in the UK, Bothy Threads has been collaborating with independent designers to create cross stitch kits for over 20 years. Their high-quality kits come with everything you need to stitch, including fabric, pre-sorted embroidery floss, needles, and stitching chart.
Kit contents:
- 16-count white Aida fabric
- 100% cotton embroidery floss
- Tapestry needle
- Stitching chart (including alphabet for personalization) and instructions
Pattern details: | https://stitchedmodern.com/collections/bothy-threads/products/sewing-hobbies-cross-stitch-kit |
Hardanger Embroidery is most associated with the Hardanger region of Norway. The women there wanted a way to make their every-day linens pretty but serviceable. So they devised a way of embellishing these items so that they would look like lace, but stand up to every-day use.
Before you go shopping for supplies, here are some important points to remember when starting Hardanger:
- Traditional Hardanger is tone-on-tone – usually white or ecru thread on white or ecru linen. More recently, using colored thread on white or ecru fabric has become acceptable. I prefer to use color, because I like the work to show up. It’s also easier to keep count when you are starting out!
- Color schemes should be kept simple – too many colors confuse the eye and detract from the simple beauty of the work. I like to keep my color schemes at no more than 3 or 4 colors for the entire piece.
- Hardanger is always done on an evenweave (i.e., not AIDA) fabric. This is a crucial point. Aida cloth will not cut properly – more accurately, it causes problems when you are removing the cut threads, and the piece will not come out the way you want.
- Evenweave linen is traditional, but it can get expensive. A more cost-effective option is 22-count, often called Hardanger fabric. It has a true basket-weave pattern, large enough holes to see what you are doing, and the threads are very easy to remove once they’ve been cut.
- Hardanger work uses a heavier gauge thread than cross stitch to achieve the drawn thread look. The thread-count of your fabric will determine the thread gauge you use. For 22-count, use Pearl/Perle Cotton size 5. For a finer fabric – such as 28- or 32-count linen – use Pearl/Perle Cotton size 8. I usually use DMC because that is what is most readily available in the craft stores in my area. There are more color options in the size 5 range than in size 8. Hardanger work uses thread as fine as size 12. I will get into how you use different size threads in a later post.
- 6-strand embroidery floss is not appropriate for the satin stitches in Hardanger work, because it is too easy to clip a few strands and cause a problem for yourself. I have used 2-3 strands of floss for weaving and wrapping in an area where I’ve already clipped and removed fabric threads, but usually only if I wanted a particular color. And of course, I also occasionally include cross stitch embellishment. FYI – embroidery floss is considerd 25-gauge thread, so twice as fine as size 12, 3 times as fine as size 8, 5 times as fine as size 5, etc. Just like with wire, the larger the number, the finer the thread.
- You need super-sharp embroidery scissors to do the cut work. Don’t even use these scissors to cut thread or floss. You need a precise, flush cut – if they dull, it makes it more likely that you will accidentally clip your stitching. I don’t want to scare you – it really isn’t that hard to avoid (or fix!), but isn’t it better to do things properly?
- You will also want a tapestry needle – I love the blunt point, it saves my fingers! Size 22 or 24 is appropriate for Pearl Cotton thread. In fact, I even only use tapestry needles for cross stitch – they’re easier to thread, and again, my fingers thank me!
I’ve used a few terms above that I will explain in another post. I don’t want this one to get too long or involved in the details of “how to”. But this should give you a place to start, and some guidelines to take shopping! Have fun! | https://andreaholme.com/2007/09/10/hardanger-background-and-shopping-info/ |
Embroidering a monogram is an excellent way to customize any fabric surface.
Stuffed animals make excellent inanimate companions, especially for small children. One common way of claiming ownership over a small, fluffy friend is having initials embroidered into the fabric of the animal. This is known as a monogram, and can be performed easily by someone with the proper skills and experience in embroidering.
Video of the Day
Step 1
Choose a font or style for the monogram, and create a rough sketch of how the initials will look using your chosen font. Some monograms use varying letter sizes, and the middle letter in the monogram is often larger than the others. Monograms can be done in a classic cursive style script, with block letters, or with any other design that isn't too intricate to be seen in a single color. Obtain or create a stencil for the initials if you wish; some embroiderers are able to draw monograms freehand.
Step 2
Carefully make a small incision in an inconspicuous area on the stuffed animal's body, and pull the stuffing material out through the hole. Set the stuffing aside, as it will later need to be re-inserted into the animal. It may be necessary to enlarge the incision so that your hand can reach inside the animal during embroidery.
Step 3
Inspect the fabric of the animal to be embroidered, and take note of the best place to put initials. Monograms are often placed on the stuffed animal's chest for easily visibility and to make the toy recognizable from a distance; although it is sometimes necessary to place the monogram in a different area if the animal's chest is too fluffy. Find a patch with little or no "hair", as this can get in the way of embroidery. Attach an appropriately-sized embroidery hoop to the fabric "skin" of the animal, and carefully iron the area to be embroidered. Lightly trace the monogram pattern in the desired location using a fine-tipped marker.
Step 4
Use the embroidery needle and floss to embroider each letter, remembering to anchor the floss at one end of the letter with a knot on the inside of the fabric skin. Choose embroidery floss in colors that will contrast with the fabric of the stuffed animal to make the monogram more visible. For a basic monogram with thin initials, use a higher numbered needle, such as a #10 or #8 crewel needle, and use the back-stitching technique to embroider each letter. Larger and more elaborate embroidery involves using different needles and employing more advanced techniques. Choose a style suitable to you (or the animal's owner) and embroider over the outline until the fabric marker is no longer visible.
Step 5
Trim any spare threads when the monogram is embroidered, and check any areas that may need additional embroidery or trimming. Take the fabric off the embroidery hoop and carefully re-stuff it with the cotton stuffing removed in step 2, checking again to make sure the monogram still looks suitable. Sew the stuffing hole closed and squeeze the stuffed animal's body to distribute the stuffing throughout its interior.
Tip
The whip-stitching technique can be used for non-cursive monograms to allow the embroidery to double back on itself. | https://mikahouse.com/2020/12/21/how-to-embroider-initials-on-stuffed-animals/ |
Have you ever lost a button and need to sew one to replace it? Or, need to mend a ripped seam, fallen hem, patch a hole? Or, simply want to sew something simple for your loved ones, like some of the free sewing patterns we are having here? Here are the essential tips you need to know on how to hand sew.
Since childhood, I have been imbued with sewing from my mom, aunts, and grandma. Seeing them sewing all kinds of clothes, blankets and turning fabrics into something usable is such magic. Yes, sewing is magic to me, and I promised myself to make magic when I am a little older.
So, when I am a little older, my mum started to teach me how to hand sew at the age of nine. And, my first hand-sewing project was the English Paper Piecing hexagon Quilt Block.
My stitching wasn’t perfect initially, and I have to keep on redoing until my mom accepted my work. Together we made several hexagon quilts for the family which my mom still keeps till today. Through the soreness of the fingers, the time, and patience we sew a stitch after another, I learned that handmade is really a product of blood, sweat, love, and happiness.
How To Hand Sew – The Beginner Sewing Tips
If you are new to sewing, it is never too late to start sewing. To ease your sewing journey, we have listed down the basic knowledge to learn how to hand sew. We have included the essential tools & equipment; How to thread & knot the thread to begin and end the sewing; Numbers of thread to use for sewing; Some basic hand stitches you need to know; the basic fabric materials to sew; and, what other basic sewing notion you should have. Though this post is supposed to mean for beginners on how to hand sew, the extra information could be a good reference as you advance in your sewing skill.
Tools & Equipment
- NEEDLES
Hand needles come in a range of types and sizes to suit different tasks. They are mainly categorized according to the sewing task, and they are differentiated by the size and length of the tip, body, and eye. As a beginner, you may buy assorted sizes of needles that come in a pack, then slowly add on the expert range later as you progress.
How to choose which needle to use for your sewing project from the assorted sizes? Generally, beginners usually sew with cotton fabric since it is the easiest fabric to handle. All you need is a universal needle for basic stitches with normal sewing thread. Nonetheless, if you need to embellish your project with thicker thread or yarn, choose a needle with big eyes, such as a Tapestry needle or Embroidery needle.
Here are some types of needles that you can find in the market and their usage:
- Universal/all-purpose sewing needles – These universal sewing needles feature a sharp tip, a round eye and are of medium length. The round eye is just big enough for the thread. They are perfect for all household sewing work and on practically every fabric.
- Embroidery needles – These needles are identical in thickness and length to the universal needles but have sharper eyes for convenient threading of multiple threads, pearls, floss, or ribbon. They can be used for cutwork, smocking, heirloom sewing, and more.
- Quilting needles – These needles are very short and, like the Universal needles, have a short, round needle eye. In tailoring, this small, agile needle is often used to sew small stitches.
- Tapestry needles – These needles are useful for different needlework techniques like embroidery, sewing, cross-stitch, knitting, crochet, and more. These tapestry needles have large eyes that can accommodate multi-strand embroidery floss, crochet threads, tapestry wool, and fibers that are thicker than ordinary sewing thread. They also have blunt tips, which can pass through loosely-woven fabrics without snagging or piercing them.
- Darning needles – Darning needles are thicker and longer than universal sewing needles. They have a sharp point, a long eye and are used for basting stitches and darning work with wool or cotton.
- Beading needles – These needles are very thin and long. They have a tiny eye to let the small beads pass through. You would need long needles to string many beads.
- Doll needles – These extra strong needles come with long eyes that add versatility to sewing beautiful dolls since you can pass various threads through them. They are used to sew stuffed and upholstered areas their length effortlessly.
- Ballpoint needles – these needles are perfect for use on knit and stretch fabrics. As opposed to a sharp point that may pierce the fabric, the rounded ends of these ballpoint needles push the knit loops apart, making it easy for you to sew.
- Leather needles – These needles feature sharp triangular points that can easily pierce through leather, vinyl, plastic, and other tough materials. You can use them to sew leather coats, pants, hats, or give finishing touches to heavyweight craft projects.
- Self-threading needles – Also known as calyx-eyes, they come with a slotted top for easy threading and piercing. Simply pull down the thread from the top of the needle to the thread.
- THREAD & WAX
Threads come in several materials, thicknesses, and colors. There are cotton thread, polyester thread, nylon thread, waxed thread, invisible thread, etc., for normal sewing projects (Learn more about types of normal sewing thread.). There are also floss and yarn for decorative sewings, such as embroidery and other needle-works.
For beginners, you need some basic colors of thread to match the thread color to the color of the fabrics. Cotton or polyester threads in white, black, red, blue, green, yellow are great for emergency usage. If the needle-work shows on the right side of the project, you might need to make a trip to the craft shop to get the appropriate color.
Using beeswax in your hand sewing project will make your life so much easier. Why? When you run your thread over the beeswax, it gives the thread a nice coating that will make it smoother, keep it from tangling, and make it stronger. Hence, to avoid any frustration in sewing, wax your thread! (How to wax the sewing thread)
- CUTTING TOOLS
Scissors are the basic tools you will need in sewing. There are several types of shears and cutters in the market for different specialties. For beginners, depending on what you plan to sew, you may choose the appropriate cutting tools to buy. I showed some samples in my picture, which I am currently using for my sewing and quilting projects. From right to left:
- Sharp Tip Scissor – useful to snip the thread, detail cutting, and snipping.
- Thread Snippers – Like Sharp Tip Scissors, it is for cutting thread and some precious snipping on fabrics. If you would like to choose between one to use, go for the sharp tip scissors.
- Sharp General Purpose Scissors – For cutting paper, felt, leather, and other materials that are not fabric.
- Fabric Shears – As its name implies, it is for cutting fabric, only fabric and nothing else. Don’t get me wrong, these shears can cut more than fabric. However, once you use them to cut paper or other materials, the fabric shears will become blunt for cutting fabric again. This will make the whole process of cutting fabric slow and can ultimately damage the fabric.
- Pinking Shears – these shears have sawtooth blades; hence they leave a zigzag cutting edge to your fabric. It is for trimming your raw seam allowance when you are not using any serger to overlock the edge to prevent the fabric from fraying. It is also helpful to snip the curves’ seam allowance instead of clipping it with scissors for smoother and flatter finishing.
- Roller Cutters – Roller cutters are great for cutting fabric quickly. They need a cutting mat underneath to protect the blade and your working table. For a straight line cut, you need a quilter’s ruler too. Big blade or the small blade? Generally, the big blade is for straight-line cutting, while the small blade is for more detailed curvy cutting.
- SEWING PINS
These tiny little pins are handy in sewing projects as they hold patterns to fabric and temporarily hold seams before stitching. Sewing pins baste layers together when making quilts; hence quilting pins are longer. For garment sewing, pins also help with seam adjustment, making darts, adding trims, and setting hem at the right length.
There are different types of sewing pins in the market, depending on what you are sewing – get the right tools for the job and find out which pins are best for you to use in your sewing, quilting, and craft projects. If you used the wrong pins, it could leave a mark on your fabric and/or damage your job. You can buy the blue Glass Head pins as shown in the photo above for beginners who usually sew with cotton fabrics. Read more about the types of pins here.
- PINSCUHION & STORAGE
A pincushion is a pad or stuffed cushion to hold pins and needles. Pierce pins and needles into it so that you can get them easily when you need them.
Pincushions come in different shapes and sizes, but do you know that the most popular shape is a tomato? Read the history here. You may be curious about the little strawberry hanging to it. This strawberry, filled with emery powder, is a handy tool for cleaning and sharpening your pins….which made the already perfect pin cushion even more perfect.
If you are crafty enough, you could make your own pincushion with storage space to keep all your basic sewing essentials in it. All you need is to glue a normal pincushion to a metal candy box, and voila, your DIY pincushion sewing kit. Or, you may choose to sew your pincushion with the free patterns here, not forgetting my popular turtle pincushion sewing kit free pattern.
- MEASURING TAPE & RULERS
Measuring tape and rulers are, certainly, one of the tools to take measurements accurately. The measuring tape is pliable, so it is ideal for measuring curves. Rulers, on the other hand, are great for measuring and drawing straight lines.
- ERASABLE FABRIC MARKERS & Chalk
Marking on fabric is a necessity in most sewing projects. Choose the one that fits your project type, and you are ready to begin tracing or marking your pattern to the fabric.
RIGHT: For tailors, the most common marking tools are the tracing paper, tracing wheel, the tailor’s chalk, and chalk pen or color pencil.
CENTER: For general sewing hobbyists, liquid water erasable marker and heat erasable marker would be more practical.
LEFT: If you are in embroidery or similar decorative sewing, you can consider getting a transfer Pencil. Trace your pattern onto a paper in mirror orientation, flip it onto the fabric, and press with an iron to transfer the drawing.
- SEAM RIPPER
This small tool is shaped to make it easier to undo stitches sewn in the wrong place and open a buttonhole. Insert the fork underneath the thread and push; the sharp blade will cut the thread at the end of the fork. The red ball tip prevents damages done to your fabric when you choose to rip off the seam by inserting the ball tip instead.
- IRON
Iron is a vital part of the sewing room’s equipment. Use it to open seams, press hems, and create folds and creases. It also improves the finish of a piece of clothing, sharpening edges, smoothing creases, and reducing bulk.
If you are a beginner in appliqué sewing, the mini iron on the left is a good choice for you. It works well for a small and delicate appliqué piece where the normal iron is too big to handle, especially creating fold for appliqués. You can purchase it at Amazon.
- OTHER TOOLS
Here are some other helpful tools that will ease some job in your hand-sewing project.
- Tweezers – Point-tip tweezers are great for loosening threads from the seam during un-picking and useful for shaping the edges. Blunt-tip tweezers, on the other hand, are great for turning small parts inside-out and for stuffing poly-fill.
- Tailor Awl – Tailor awl is used for detailed work such as shaping the edges, feeding the cloth into the sewing machine, and loosening threads. It is used to make holes in thick fabric and leather.
- Needle Threader – Obviously needle threader is a tool that you use to thread a needle. It is super handy if you have a compromised vision or poor lighting, and threading is difficult without a tool. There are manual and automatic needle threaders; click the links to watch a video on how to use them respectively.
- Thimble – if you’re worried about pricking your finger, a thimble can be a helpful tool. Besides protecting your fingers, it allows the needle to be pushed through stubborn fabric layers when needed.
- Finger Grips – To protect your finger from soreness during sewing. And, they give a good grip to the needle when you are sewing thick layers. In some cases, it can be a substitute for a thimble.
How To Thread & Knot
How To Thread Needle: Carefully feed the freshly cut thread through the eye of the needle. If you’re having trouble, you can moisten the tip of the thread with water or saliva and gently run the damp thread through your thumb and index finger to flatten. This will make it easier to thread the needle. Once the thread is through the needle’s eye, pull through the thread to prevent it from being unthreaded.
How To Knot Thread To Begin Sewing: There are quite a few ways to tie a knot to your thread before sewing. I used the basic one since young is to wrap the thread around my index finger to create a knot. First, all you need to do is take the end of the thread and make 1 to 2 loops around your index finger. Then push your thumb toward the end of your index finger, twirl to mix up the loops at the index finger. Next, easing the coils out of the finger and then pull the thread to tighten the knot.
How to knot to end your sewing: You want to complete the sewing and secure the thread with a knot so your stitches won’t turn undone. First, make a tiny stitch near the last stitch of your sewing. Try to catch only a few threads of the fabric. Next, coil the thread 2 – 3 times around the end of the needle. Lastly, pull the needle through while holding the coils of thread. Pull to tighten the knot to make it as small as possible. Cut thread to remove thread and needle.
Numbers Of Thread To Sew
A single strand or double strand or multi-strand? It depends on what stitch you are using, your fabric type, and what you are sewing. The more strand of thread you used in your sewing will increase the strength of the seam join. However, too many strands will build bulkiness and deteriorate the quality of your sewing project. Thus, we usually sew with double strands to get a strong seam. However, a single strand is used when it is just for temporarily stitching like basting and gathering, or the seam line will never get stretched.
Basic Hand Sewing Stitches
Now that you know what tools and equipment to get, thread the needle, and knot your thread to begin and end your sewing. It’s time to learn how to hand sew the basic stitches that are commonly used in many sewing projects.
- Running Stitch – It is used to join seam fabric together on the seam line. However, it is not as strong as the seam sewed from backstitches. Running Stitch is also used as a decorative stitch in patchwork and needlework crafts, such as darning and Japanese Sashiko. How To Hand Sew: This basic straight stitch is done by taking the needle up and down through the fabric, making regularly spaced and even stitches.
- Basting Stitch – It is similar to running stitch except that the stitch length is longer. These stitches will temporarily hold two pieces of fabric together and can be easily taken out later. It is also used to make gathering on fabric. Popular among tailoring and quilting.
- Backstitch – It is the most common stitch to use for joining seams because it gives a stronger seam than running stitches. How To Hand Sew: Make a small stitch down through the fabric and then up again. Take the needle back to the right to fill in the gap. Continue forwards, making these regular stitches along the length.
- Slip Stitch – Also called a Ladder Stitch or Invisible Stitch. It is perfect for closing up holes in stuffed toys and a ripped seam, joining up pieces from the right side, etc. It is also used in stitching a hem for the garment. Use a thread color similar to the fabric color, and the seam will blend into the fabric. Watch this video on How to Hand sew a Slip Stitch.
- Whip Stitch – Whip Stitch is a quick stitch to sew than Slip Stitch; however, the workmanship is compromised. Whip Stitch leaves a line of short diagonal stitches on the right side of the fabric. Watch this video on How To Hand Sew Whip Stitch.
- Hem Stitch – It is a row of tiny diagonal stitches to hold up a folded edge of ahem. It is invisible on the right side of the fabric, making it great for a blind hem. Watch this video on How To Hand Sew a Hem Stitch.
- Catch Stitch – Similar to Hem Stitch; it is a strong stitch to secure the hem and invisible from the right side. Instead of a row of plain diagonal hem stitches, Catch Stitches create a row of zig-zag patterns. Watch this video on How To Hand Sew Basic Catch Stitch.
- Herringbone Catch Stitch – The Herringbone Catch Stitch is the more popular choice of catch stitch, particularly in dressmaking, as the extra crisscrossing adds strength to the stitching. Watch this video on how to Hand sew Herringbone Catch Stitch.
- Blanket Stitch – Using this stitch to sew the edges of fabric gives them not only a nice look but also strengthens them. This is one of the most sought-after stitches for edging. Read more and watch the video on How To Hand Sew Blanket Stitch.
Basic Fabric Materials
There is a wide range of choices of fabrics available in the market nowadays, from natural to synthetic fibers to blended fibers; from different textures to different weights; from weave to knit to fuse; from plain to printed design. They range from cotton, denim, linen, satin, silk, jersey, fleece, suede or leather, pile fabric, tulle, batting, felt, etc. Here are the list and details of the various fabrics, mainly for garment sewing.
For a beginner hand sewing project, start with something easy to handle. Cotton is among the easiest to sew for a small sewing project. Felt fabric, too, is a popular fabric for beginner sewing projects since the raw edges stay intact and will not fray. Anyhow, cotton and felt might not be suitable for some specific sewing projects, so read the materials list of the pattern to get the correct fabric to start your sewing project.
Other Basic Sewing Notions
There are other basic sewing notions you need to add to your bucket list along the way. They are button, zippers, snaps, elastic band, ribbon, lace, trim, bias tape. | https://www.craftpassion.com/how-to-hand-sew-the-beginners-tips/ |
Tips to avoid some mistakes in embroidery
Also in the embroidery industry, this saying exists. It’s enough to stop or withdraw embroidery errors before they occur, fairly than to waste points, power, and payment to get them!
So, here’s a listing of suggestions that will assist you to bypass normal embroidery errors and guarantee that your ended embroidery design is the best it can be!
Tips:
- Select the right fabric for your design:
When placing out on any embroidery design, analyze the kind of embroidery you’re intending to make, and then decide which elements will assist you to obtain the most reliable outcomes with that kind of sew out.
For instance, if you are preparing a densely embroidered design something a dash by all sorts of fibers of various measurements and shades all served nearby. It’s great that your material can help with the kind of sew outs and the fibers you intend to do.
A light, the sheer material would not be the fittest option in this situation. It wouldn’t help the stitching, and the embroidery would be likely to pucker and twist. In this post, a means to heavyweight material or cloth twill would go high.
- Select the right needle:
When thinking embroidery needles, concentrate on two points: nature and measurement.
Some kinds of needles are intended for specific tasks. If, for instance, you are preparing a cover embroidery design that needs a lot of bullion clusters on a firmly made silk cloth. Using a weaving needle to get your bullion clusters would be an error. The short end of the fabric would not enter the material properly, and then inflated, the elongated core would create difficulty with all bullion sewed.
Rather, there’s a sharp needle for bullion clusters and related stitches named a milliner’s needle, or, in many nations, a straw needle. This needle is perfect for moving in hidden stitches, and its fine tip will enter a firmly knitted material quickly.
- Keep a proper removal process for the kind of embroidery you’re doing.
Seldom, it doesn’t mean if your embroidery pattern transfer is strong because the design you’re making means including all the pattern marks with stitches.
Different events, though, the pattern files are not entirely satisfied. For example, if you are embroidering a leaf with an accessible, exposed stitch and no frame on the side of the leaf, you will need the design file that points out the appearance of the leaf to go on if the design is completed.
Ever think what sort of embroidery and what stitches you will be doing before you decide what sort of variation technique to utilize for embroidery. when your design files will not be entirely satisfied, take a removal technique that can be withdrawn after the embroidery is finished. Ceramic chalk pointers, dressmaker’s copy, water-soluble pens, and the related to each fitting options. | https://www.aquadigitizing.com/tips-to-avoid-some-mistakes-in-embroidery-2/ |
Exquisitely Fine Detailed Embroidery – Can You Guess?
It’s Wednesday – a good day for a game!
I am the happy new owner of a collection of exquisitely fine, detailed embroideries that I’m going to tell you more about later on, as I finish up some research on them and clean them up.
I’ve been on a quest – thanks to the prodding of a reader in Australia who was on a similar quest – to find samples of this embroidery, and finally, I’ve got some in my grimy paws.
As you look at the photos below, can you guess what fabric this embroidery is worked on?
Pretty, isn’t it? The embroidery is done in very fine cotton threads, in ecru. The piece itself is not white – it’s more off-white or ecru, and it is somewhat discolored with age and storage stains and whatnot.
I’m going to wash it later this week – I can’t wait!
The problem with taking photos up close is that it’s not always the best perspective, for appreciating the delicacy and fineness of the work.
In the photo above, I’m using a #28 petit tapestry needle (a tiny needle!) to point to an interlaced drawn thread element.
It is almost beyond fathoming, how fine and detailed this embroidery is.
The fabric, as you can see, is sheer. That’s my hand back there.
The piece is somewhat soft and supple, and airy light. There’s practically no weight to it!
This end of the cloth is the most color damaged – you can see the streaks of discoloration in it, on the right side of the photo.
But, over a white background, you get a better sense that the cloth was not white, even originally.
And here’s one of the flower elements up close, with the tip of the petit tapestry needle showing up on the left side of the photo.
The stitches on the inside of the padded scallops travel up the inside scallop on the back of the fabric, they come up from the back of the fabric, and loops over a tiny bit of the front of the fabric to add that little perfect tip on each stitch.
Oh, gosh, I love that! You can only do that kind of thing with a very sheer fabric (or netting) and get such a nice, finished affect from it.
You can also see the fabric quite well in the photo above. It’s somewhat irregular, with an open weave.
So, my question: can you guess what type of exquisitely fine fabric this exquisitely fine embroidery is worked on?
I’ll show you this whole piece and others in the collection after I’ve cleaned them up a bit, so that you can see them in their full glory. And at that time, I’ll tell you a bit about their history.
As the threads are uneven, they may be linen. I do not know the words in English, but in French we would call this kind of fabric either “batiste” or “linon” for the finer one.
Is the piece worked on illusion?
Beautiful work! Thanks for showing it to us, Mary. It looks like gauze to me.
I’m leaving drool marks on my keyboard(that may freeze given the weather here in Quebec). Is the fabric cotton lawn?
Thanks for the peek at your new collection. Can’t wait to see more!
That was my guess as well – looking forward to further details.
I’m wanting to say the ground fabric is individual un-spun silk fibers woven into gauze? I’m not really seeing any twist like multiple fibers spun together. I have no clue what the official name of such a fabric would be though.
I do like a guessing game! I think this may well be Pina (pineapple fibre) lace from the Philippines.
That was my first guess, too. I lived in the P.I. for a year and have a couple of samples of it made up into shirts and hankies. As a gift, we received a couple of yards of the fabric which I have never taken out of the box because I was not sure how I wanted to use it. As an embroidery background I can use it to make something to display. I also have some fabric made out of banana fiber which is similar, not quite as fine, but also beautiful.
Is it muslin? It’s fine, even for muslin but I can’t think of a lighter fabric.
Is this a very, very fine linen batiste?
Its a beautiful piece of work! No sure what the base fabric is, but it looks like Muslin.
It looks like Madiera embroidery on organza.
Years ago a friend and her mother traveled to Madiera before the demise of the industry to visit the factories and some of the cottages where the stitching was being done.
It sure is a beautiful technique.
How beautiful! It looks like linen to me, but I’m guessing that’s too easy an answer. Can’t wait to learn more.
Is it worked on cheesecloth?
If not muslin it must be a very fine lawn cotton….
I’m guessing the fabric is silk or cotton Tulle or fine netting the embroidery is very detailed and beautiful, is it from a particular European country where they embroider on this type of fabric? I can’t wait for you to reveal the whole story on this collection and what the piece is used for, it’s a mystery. Thanks for sharing this beautiful piece and I’m looking forward to the photos of the rest of the collection.
I’m guessing that the fabric is fine cotton lawn. It is beautiful fabric and the embroidery is spectacular! I love it!
I haven’t read any comments yet… it reminds me of a very fine version of horsehair interfacing used in structured tailored garments. So I am guessing some kind of animal hair.
My guess is silk…but I honestly don’t know. I do know that it is stunning!
It looks like Philippine pineapple silk, very sheer but also crisp, made from pineapple leaves!
My guess for the fabric is batiste or air.
This looks like a variety of organdy to me.
No, I think it’s batiste.
How do you wash such fine, delicate work?
Very Carefully! 🙂 Actually, this particular fabric has very specific washing instructions, because of its composition. No one has guessed it yet! I’ll talk about the washing and so forth later on….
I would call that fabric Lawn.
Until I saw the sheerness, I thought swiss batiste or handkerchief linen.
Now I’m thinking silk gausse (sp?).
My guess is a very fine linen. A for the whiteness, It is probably a “natural color”. which is an off white, and age/circumstances have left the stains.
Thank you so much for sharing this beautiful whitework embroidery.
Linen. I have the remains of a table cloth from a plantation in the 1860’s or so and it looks the same. Mine is not embroidered, however.
My guess is nuns’ veiling.
Love the embroidery piece – it is lovely. I have some old pieces like this and hope you will discuss how to wash these properly!
Praca – piękna, mój ulubiony rodzaj haftu. Myślę, że to jedwabna gaza.
I have some lovely hand embroidered napkins on RICE LINEN, but this may be even finer? Anxious to see more!
Your mystery fabric is more than likely a fine linen. I do a lot of very fine embroidery and am always searching for fine quality fabrics. I do own some yardage of antique linen that is just as fine as the item you have pictured. As I am sure you know, we can no longer get the quality of the long staple cottons/flax that were available years ago to make such fine fabric. The finest linens today are much more coarse!
Thanks for sharing this sample with us!
You are one lucky lady to have acquired such exquisite embroideries. I’m thinking the base fabric is white cotton muslin. Are your embroideries an example of Chikan work by any chance?
I own a piece of this embroidery, it came from England and was probably stitched around the turn of the century.
I have always thought that this piece of fabric was called linen scrim but in Therese D Dillmont Encycolpedia of Needlework under embroidery on white materials it looks like it could be cambric.
Perhaps the fine fabric is Swiss batiste. I’ve used this fabric in making baby gowns with smocking, and your description made me think of this.
I am not sure what it is but it IS Beautiful! I will stand by until you reveal to us what it is.
Truly amazing!This kind of work takes a lot of patience and know how! It is exquisite. I believe the fabric is a handkerchief batiste? Thank you for showing us. It is not every day that one can see such fine work.
I would guess it’s a fine batiste. Some thing they used for ladies under ware a long time ago.
I do not know what kind of fabric it is since I am fairly new to Embroidery.
But I will like to know how you intend to wash such a delicate fabric.
Thanks for all your articles; they are so very informative.
Hi Mary, warmest greetings from the Philippines! I am not too sure, but looking at the photos, the fabric looks like a pina or jusi cloth and the embroidery style is quite common in Batangas, a province south of Manila, which is the capital of the Philippines. In fact there is one town there devoted solely for this kind of embroidery, although there are other types as well.
Yes, it is piña cloth!
Wow! beautiful fine work. I am guessing the fabric is either silk gauze or a pineapple fibre from the Phillipines. Hope you are able to get the stains out. Thank you for sharing this with us.
Irish. Not really a clue but exquisite!!
I think this is a pineapple fibre fabric from the Phillipines?????
Why get the “stains” out? It is lovely as it is.
Hi Mary. Is the fabric lawn or muslin?
The fabric looks to be linen.
I have never heard of pineapple cloth before. I’m looking forward to learning how to clean – and identify – it!
I can’t guess what the fabric is, but have a question about the Hungarian szur. My brother has a Hungarian pumi dog and wants a costume for when they go to dog shows. He suggested a web site on Yahoo that has a pattern for the cloak. I also explored other sites and found many, many variations of the cloak. Some with embroidery; some without. Of course, you and your Hungarian table runner came to mind. The embroidery for the szur, however, looks more complicated, using various motifs in multiple colors.
Any guidance you can give me will be most appreciated. I do cross stitch now, but did embroidery as a teenager – which was at least 100 years ago. LOL Since my brother asked if I was up to this, I don’t want to disappoint him. Big brothers so seldom ask little sisters for anything.
What kind of garment warranted such exquisite work on such delicate fabric?
I would say it is a very fine linen. Earlier in life I would have said a cotton batiste, but a number of years ago I inherited some linen so fine it rivaled any cotton batiste I had ever seen.
I’m going to guess it’s a batiste.
It looks like it is pineapple fabric from the Phillipines. It is an off white with an almost transparent look. I have pieces that have the most wonderful pulled thread and satin stitches on them.
My guess would be grass linen as I have cloths made of this and they are similar with this lovely fine look about it – maybe??
I submitted a comment before but it did not show up so if you have two forgive me. It is pineapple fabric from the Pillipines. I have a couple of pieces and they feature the most wonderful pulled thread and padded satin stitches.
It looks like it has a slight sheen to it. I’m going to guess organza.
I think it looks like pina fabric, from pineapple fibers. I’d love to see some of that work in person! It looks exquisite.
Thank you for displaying this. I don’t know what it is, but I am very curious about it and it’s thread count.
meant pineapple…..was writing banana on grocery list….geez….
Since I have already read all of the comments and know that this is piña cloth, I am going to take the guess one step further and say that this is a handkerchief. I have some handkerchiefs in my possession similar to this one that I would never let come near to my nose! The amount of time spent on the handwork that went into them is mind boggling. There is a free Kindle book called the Autobiography of a Handkerchief written in I believe the 1700’s which I find quite amusing should you ever care to read it. It goes into the making of an exquisite handkerchief.
Batiste? Whatever it is, it is gorgeous!
Silk gauze? I’m anxious to hear your technique for cleaning and restoration.
Is the fabric cotton “Lawn”?
I’m thinking it may be just plain, multi-purpose gauze, but is it even possible to embroider in gauze? I’m stumped and truly curious to find out what this fabric is….
So beautiful, almost ethereal. Perhaps a fine linen lawn.
I think it is either linen or cotton batiste.
Iam going to say linen?
Hi Mary, How exquisite! My guess is linen.
It reminds me of Lady Evelyn’s work, although I think a lot of hers was on cotton batiste.
I’m excited about this post and looking forward to more pix and info!
My guess is pina cloth, made from the fibres of pineapple leaves. Gossamer thin, but for its thickness, very strong.
Pineapple cloth from – it’s usually the Phillipines? Anyway, that’s my first guess – next is ultra-fine linen and then, silk…but my main guess if pineapple. It’s the open weave, the sheerness, the color, the uneven, yet crisp and almost ‘woody’ appearance of the individual threads that are leading me to this guess.Yep, if I had to make only one choice it would be pineapple fiber in a tabby weave.
Is the fabric swiss batiste or linen? It is beyond beautiful, it’s breathtaking!
It looks very much like a light cotton batiste. Whatever fabric, it’s very intricate and gorgeous stitching. Love it!
Pina cloth. This website never ceases to amaze me. Thank you Mary!
I think it is a fabric that in my native England we used to call lawn, it was used to make baby clothes I think.
Is this gossamer lace? Although that might just be a description, not the actual stitching technique. I believe that the fabric is linen or voile. Such intricate work! You are correct in that it almost boggles the mind.
Looks like what I remember called Lawn. It is pronounced that where I come from, but not certain it that is how is spelled.
I think it is a very, very fine linen batiste and the hand embroidery is Ayrshire embroidery. Exquisite!
it is very fine linen – such embroidery used to be done on linen.
Is it pina embroidery from the Philippines?
Dear Mary, what a great teaser. It is difficult when you cannot actually see the fabric, but my guess is it is what my mother would call Swiss Lorne, I’m not sure how to spell “lorne”, lawn, laun, and is a very fine linen. Cant wait to see what it really is.
I found this website. It gives an explanation of the fiber and a short video how the fabric is made. Quite interesting!
Dear Mary, what a great teaser. It is difficult when you cannot actually see the fabric, but my guess is it is what my mother would call Swiss Lawn.
To me the fabric looks like a very fine mosquito netting – each fiber looks very strong for its size – cotton lawn is fine…however, this appears even finer than lawn – my great-grandmother had summer slips and hankies so see-thru like this … however, I do not have samples to compare. Extraordinarily lovely…can’t wait to find out the type of thread.
I too have read all the comments so know it is piña cloth. It is truly georgous and I’m amazed at the minute embroidery of the interlaced drawn thread element you pointed out. Like others I too wish to know how to wash and iron such a sheer fabric and of course what needles and thread to use when embroidering it. One last question – where did you get it?
How beautiful! I love delicate work like this, and am in awe of the people who have the patience and tenacity to do it.
I think it’s a muslin of some sort – but really don’t know.
I read through some of the replies, and became intrigued with pina cloth, having never heard of it (haven’t been to the Phillipines). I have googled it, and am amazed by it! I thought when I saw Mary’s pictures that it had a stiffness that muslin doesn’t have – and now I know why.
What beautiful fabric. I’d love to have something in it, too!
Is it muslin? Jane Austen-style muslin? I can’t wait to see if this is a dress!
Is it cotton muslin or linen lawn? If it’s European, my guess is linen lawn.
I love your website and all the examples and discussion you provide! Thank you so much for sharing.
This looks like a very fine linen fiber, but my second guess would be a silk gauze.
My guess is that it is Sea Grass linen.
It’s obviously a cellulosic (plant) fibre, but it’s low twist with s no sign of fibre ends sticking out so it’s not cotton. My first guess was a very fine linen, but it if was linen you wouldn’t be asking us to guess. So my next guesses would be ramie or abaca (pineapple fibre)- which I see others have already guessed under the name piña, which you have confirmed. It’s a really lovely piece and I’m glad it has found a good home with you.
I think it is a very fine lawn or gauze with some needle lace worked.
A very fine even weave cotton? circa 1898?
It is locally called piña in my country (Philippines) and quite expensive. This cloth is used mainly for our men’s formal wear called the Barong Tagalog. Other items such as veils, doilies, and table cloths are made with this fine cloth too. This is a very delicate fabric that needs hand washing only.
My guess would be silk organza. Thanks for sharing such a lovely piece.
Is it the type of fabric called lawn? All I know about lawn is that it was sheer, very sheer, and frequently had embroidery on it.
I can tell that the fabric inside the last flower is the actual fabric, and the “hatching” is made of wrapping 3-4 strands of the horizontal fabric strands together. The same seems to be done with the vertical threads, but I can’t see the sewing thread around the vertical cloth threads like I can on the vertical ones. At first, I thought the “hatching” was the original fabric, and it is almost netting in appearance.
It looks as if it could be Pina fabric.
Oops. I’d thought abaca was pineapple fibre but after I commented I googled – abaca is banana. Mary, I’ve learned even more from your wonderful blog than you may have thought!
One look and I knew what it was.. pineapple fabric, or piña fabric. from the Philippines. it was the little spiky threads that gave it away.
It’s a very delicate fabric and as you said, there are special cleaning instructions for its care.
It is an expensive fabric.
Oh, it’s so beautiful. It looks quite like Ayrshire whitework. That would be mostly Christening gowns, the Ayrshire. It is my very favourite. Not just because of the embroidery, but also because of the elements of the gown, the pieces and how they are put together, are customs related to so many ancient beliefs (or some would say superstitions). I will love to see your new collection revealed, though I think it is not Ayrshire whitework.
What an exquisite piece of embroidery. I think it might be done on ‘toile d’ananas’ . Ananas is pineapple, as you know. Is that it?
I don’t know what cloth it is but it reminds me of cloth used for bandages.
The weave is reasonable open and irregular thread thickness, but the embroidery suggests even weave. There is a crispness to the fabric. I think it is a fine muslin, which were made of cotton. Muslin was also called muslin gauze and came in various weaves from very open to tight.
It’s an exquisite example of embroiderer’s skill.
This is stitched on a fine cotton organdy. Probably done in Vietnam.
I would say it could be cheese muslin. When I was young milk which had gone off and had separated would be poured through the muslin. The muslin would then be gathered up to contain the milk curd, and tied before being left to hang to make cream cheese.
My guess is Handkerchief Linen.
I wonder could this be something similar?
My guess is the fabric is a fine cotton lawn.
I don’t know, my first guess would be flax. Maybe silk.Can it be anything with bamboo. Ok that’s really out there and I am ignorant, LOL.
LOL! Not as far out as what it really is – which is pineapple cloth, made from the fronds of pineapple plants!
y guess is very fine linen (voile) because of the irregular weave and the ‘hairy’ threads in the close up.
Just gorgeous, Mary.\French batiste or cotton lawn?
OK so most of the guesses were wrong as was my first – handkerchief linen, but my second was on track not that I knew the name of the fabric, just that it was made from pineapple fibres.
What is the item itself though? It looks absolutely exquisite but I am feeling quite anxious to know what it actually is.
It looks like Pina cloth made from pineapple in the Phillipines.
I am not sure of the fabric however I once found some antique Victorian sewing needles that are minisclule and probably small enough to do the job but the work involved is amazing and I rather suspect they did not have magnifieing lenses to work with then.
I miss to say this is absolutely exquisite! So beautiful.
In my vocabulary it’s called ‘Eye Candy’ – delicious.
Smart folks here who knew!!
My guess is that the work was done on pina cloth, a very fine linen-like fabric.
Linen is made from flax,a vegetative fiber and it is also one of the most often used fabrics.
Hi Mary — Did you ever post a photo of this after you cleaned it? I’ve searched but come up empty. I’m very interested in the details on this piece. I once had a large bridal veil remnant with this kind of embroidery — it was truly gorgeous — and I’m always looking (but without success) for similar pieces. I don’t know what you call it, so please enlighten me.
Next Next post: Mount Your Embroidery on a Mirror! | https://www.needlenthread.com/2015/01/exquisitely-fine-detailed-embroidery.html?replytocom=380113 |
Crewel embroidery, or Crewelwork, is a decorative form of surface embroidery using wool and a variety of different embroidery stitches to follow a design outline applied to the fabric. The technique is at least a thousand years old. It was used in the Bayeux Tapestry, in Jacobean embroidery and in the Quaker tapestry.
The origin of the word crewel is unknown but is thought to come from an ancient word describing the curl in the staple, the single hair of the wool. Crewel wool has a long staple; it is fine and can be strongly twisted. Modern crewel wool is a fine, 2-ply yarn available in many different colours.
The crewel technique is not a counted-thread embroidery (like canvas work), but a style of free embroidery. It is usually worked on a closely woven ground fabric, typically linen or cotton. A firm fabric is required to support the weight of the stitching. Special Crewel needles or Chenille needles are required, with large eyes and sharp points.
The outlines of the design to be worked are often screen printed onto the fabric or can be transferred to plain fabric using modern transfer pens, containing water soluble ink, or iron-on designs applied using transfer sheets. The old fashioned "pinprick and chalk" or "prick and pounce" methods also work well. This is where the design outlines on paper are pricked with a needle to produce perforations along the lines. Powdered chalk or pounce material is then forced through the holes onto the fabric using a felt pad in order to replicate the design on the material.
Designs range from the traditional to more contemporary patterns. The traditional design styles are often referred to as Jacobean embroidery featuring highly stylised floral and animal designs with flowing vines and leaves.
Crewel embroidery is most often used to decorate cushions, curtains, clothing and wall hangings. | https://www.apparelsearch.com/definitions/embroidery/crewel_embroidery_definition.htm |
Etamine is a perforated cloth that is placed on the cross-stitch whereas embroidering. It is often utilized in cross-stitch fashions as a result of it is extra simply embroidered on this cloth.
The embroidery made on the material with tiny squares produced with holes within the options known as ethamine cloth is known as cross-stitch. Cross-stitch is a handicraft that is additionally known as tapestry in some locations.
As a consequence of using etamine cloth in cross-stitch making, the cross-stitch was additionally known as etamin over time.
ETAMINE FABRIC
Etamine cloth is often known as a kind of cotton cloth within the textile world. Etamine cloth is most popular in dwelling textiles and embroidery. It is used for making blankets, knitting needles, ornament instruments or further items for garments.
ETAMINE FABRIC PROPERTIES
- It is a pure kind of cloth.
- There are fashions of various frequencies out there.
- There are areas of use based on frequency.
- It is an advantageous cloth kind.
- The colour alternative is broad.
- Appropriate for cross-stitch fashions.
- It is necessary that it is washable.
- It has an necessary place within the manufacturing of prayer rugs.
- It may be embroidered on cloth. | https://kimdeyir.com/what-is-etamine/ |
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Showing results for tags 'needle'.
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Original text by Marina Belova I've long wanted to embroider with two threads in one needle, being mighty curious how the whole thing would turn out. So a couple of days ago I saw a video on Gunold's Youtube channel in which Debora Jones demonstrated the way of doing it and shared basic recommendations for those who are going to repeat it on their own machines. Below are her recommendations to which I added a few things that could be guessed from the context: Use standard #40 rayon or polyester threads. A 90/14 needle has a large enough ear to accommodate both threads. The point type depends on the type of fabric, I suppose. You should increase the thread tension to prevent looping. And reduce the design's density by at least 20%. The issue of underlay wasn't specified but the understitching was present, therefore, you'd better use it. I also think that the stitch length should be increased in relation to the standard one. The important thing to remember is that a thread supply failure detector won't work in this case because the second thread will remain intact even if the first one snapped. In my opinion, pull compensation needs to be increased substantially, for two threads will distort a design a great deal in spite of the reduced density. What else one needs to do to master this not too complicated a skill, according to the video in question? Not much – to create a design in the way that was suggested and go to the machine: So I threaded my needle with 2 threads: Adjusted the tension – I had to tighten all the screws all the way in so that to prevent loops – and went to the machine: Nevertheless, there were some loops during the embroidery of the twig (done with satins). The leaf is very puffy and looks like it had been embroidered with a multicolor thread made of 2 different strands (below on the right). Judging from the result, the stitch density could be reduced even more that by 20%. For reference, here is the same leaf embroidered with one thread at a time – each half with a different color. I used my standard density values (below on the left): The most interesting aspects of this technique are: You can choose the colors you like and not the ones in the multicolor palette. You don't need to use (almost) any special tricks when digitizing in order to successfully mix the two colors. This technique is excellent for the embroidery of flowers, leaves, hair (fur) and whenever you need things to look natural.
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Needlework cross stitch free machine embroidery design
ramages posted a file in Cross stitch
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Pup photo stitch free embroidery design
test5 posted a file in Photo stitch
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We have three Janome MB4 embroidery machines in the office and they are frequently jamming, resulting in the . We are based in Northern Mozambique and our nearest technician is in Johannesburg and it is expensive to bring him up to fix the machines (>$1600). I want to learn how to do this myself. At the moment I have the needle alignment out on all machines. I have a service manual which shows me how to remove and replace parts - which is potentially very helpful. So, if I know the sequence of maintenance activities I need to do to resolve this issue, then I might be able to fix the machines myself using the service manual. Can anyone help by indicating what are the steps I need to take to resolve this problem? I have looked for a Janome video dealing with this specific issue, but to date I have not found one which addresses this problem. Thank you very much for your assistance.
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New to Embroidery - Help!
Joe Calabrese posted a topic in Thread and StabilizerHello! I recently purchased a Brother SE600 embroidery machine and am having issues with actually embroidering. I think I do not have the correct supplies, and need some guidance. I have 75/11 and 90/14 needles, 40W thread, using sketch paper as a stabilizer, and primarily want to embroider on jersey. Do I have the correct supplies? Everytime I attempt to embroider, thread is bunching together in the bobbin case and the machine says to rethread the upper threads. Please help! I want to get embroidering. JOe
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Little mouse embroidery design
ekatreina posted a gallery image in Showcase with fauna embroideryThis is pretty embroidery design that is very good to decorate little box or another thing connected with handicraft. You can keep your threads, needles and other things you need to make original and amazing work pieces. This picture is figure of little mouse with thimble used as hat on its head. It hold big needle in its paws trying to put thread into it. This design is Elegant tailor embroidery design.
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Tajima shaking alot
ScreenprintP posted a topic in Questions and Answers about embroidery machinesHello, Hopefully someone can help me on here. I have a Tajima TMAR-K 1508C. Recently I been seeing that the machine shakes a lot when its stitching at certain angles and causes the needle to break at times. Does anyone know why this could be happening? It doesn't shake as much when I change to the hat attachment and run hats. Thanks!
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Thimble cross stitch embroidery design
diver361 posted a gallery image in Cross stitch embroidered designsThis is original embroidery sample in vintage style. It is part of our beautiful collection of pictures for decorating of accessories for handicraft. For example Thimble cross stitch free machine embroidery design shows this necessary thing surrounded by stylized frame of amazing flowers. Retro manner of this embroidery will give special charm for your work piece decorated with it.
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Scissors cross stitch free embroidery design
diver361 posted a gallery image in Cross stitch embroidered designsThis is beautiful embroidery sample made in vintage style. It is silhouette of scissors surrounded by amazing flower frame. Sample is executed in cross stitch technique. Rough texture of natural material underlines its simplicity and beauty. You need our Scissors cross free embroidery design to create such picture. You may use it to decorate your box for handicraft or other textile accessories.
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Small sewing pillow with red star cross stitch embroidery design
diver361 posted a gallery image in Cross stitch embroidered designsIn fact this is practical accessory that is useful for every person who like handicraft. But when you look at it you can’t deny that it is also stylish souvenir. You don’t need to hide it into the box or locker cause it is really able to embellish your room. If you also like this thing you can create same work piece using our Star cross stitch free embroidery design.
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Embroidered needle bar with stylized scissors free design
ekatreina posted a gallery image in Decoration embroidery showcaseIf you have just simple needle bar of one color fabric you may want to change it looking at this picture. Now we see that this little thing can be true work of art. Its relief surface is decorated with Scissors cross free embroidery design added by thematic inscription. It is truly good idea where to use this unusual embroidery sample.
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Embroidered cover with sewing squirrel design
ekatreina posted a gallery image in Decoration embroidery showcaseIt is the textile cover which can be used for protection of book or tablet PC from scratches or bumps. It has dark background and white polka dot border, but its true highlight is the funny picture of squirrel making the long band with the hearts. Squirrel sewing embroidery design is the nice sample for decoration this textile accessory. It requires some skills for making it but the result is really spectacular.
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In process Flowers and butterflies embroidery design
ekatreina posted a gallery image in Decoration embroidery showcaseHere you may see the process of creating the beautiful embroidered picture with many splendid flowers and spectacular butterflies. The specificity of this picture is that flowers are made in graphic black and white manner while butterflies have many intensive colors. This feature gives the expressive contrast for the picture and make in unusual embroidery sample. Gorgeous butterfly embroidery design is the nice option for decoration light home textile or summer clothes.
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Embroidered case for sewing machine with creative Squirrel design
ekatreina posted a gallery image in Decoration embroidery showcaseThere is the nice case for sewing machine decorated with some samples of embroidery. Main of them is Squirrel sewing embroidery design. It shows the funny picture of little squirrel sitting on the big thread bobbin and sewing the long band with hearts. All embroidered pictures are made on black background which makes them more expressive. The main image is also added by the name of the owner of sewing machine.
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What is embroidered patches?
embroidery99 posted a topic in Embroideres.com designsAn embroidered patch is a piece of art which is created by using a fabric backing thread and some form of a needle. Embroidered patches can be attached with a pin or can be sewn on, but some of the more modern methods of attachment include iron-on, dryer heat activated adhesive, and Velcro backing. The art of making embroidered patches is decades old but the introduction of new high speed, computerized machines have brought a once rare, time consuming art into mass production. Embroidered patches, an important identification tool for military and other uniformed personnel, trace their roots thousands of years ago to ancient cultures of the Mediterranean, Mideast, China, India and South America where the art of decorating fabric with thread stitching originated. Elaborate hand-stitched designs and patterns were used to embellish the robes of royalty and for religious artifacts. Today, embroidery designs are used by government (including uniforms of the military, emergency services and other specialized workers) sports teams and companies in the private sector to denote rank, job, specific position or specialized unit. Youth groups, including sports teams, scouting organizations and specialized clubs often wear clothing emblazoned with embroidered patches. They are also used by space agencies on the uniforms of astronauts to denote the mission. Since 1971, the sole manufacturer of mission patches for NASA has been A-B Emblem of Weaverville, North Carolina. Space mission patches as well as fire and police patches are collected by enthusiasts as well.
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Vintage scissors and measure embroidery design
ekatreina posted a gallery image in Decoration embroidery showcaseIt is the thematic embroidered picture which is one of the best ways to pleasure the needlewoman. It includes all her favorite accessories such as tape, scissors, thread and needle. All these things are surrounded by the splendid red flowers. The picture is executed at a bit vintage style so it looks very originally. Bright intensive colors of Needlework set embroidery design are perfectly underlined by the calm grey background.
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Vintage needlework set embroidery design
ekatreina posted a gallery image in Decoration embroidery showcaseThis interesting picture with embroidered postcard has double sense. At the first glance you may see here the process of creating work piece based on Needlework set embroidery design. But when you look at this image at the second time you may note that the things used for postcard’s creation are the modern sample of vintage accessories on the picture. Anyway the embroidery sample is the beautiful and original idea for making handmade gift.
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In hoop Dwarf with lantern embroidery design
Nenychi posted a gallery image in Christmas embroideryIn our age of high technology, embroidery is still relevant in everyday life and in fashion. But thanks to technical progress, the tedious manual work of the craftsmen was replaced by machine embroidery. And making embroidery on everyday objects and clothes became much faster. Buy this design Dwarf embroidery design
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Vintage needlework set embroidery design
Nenychi posted a gallery image in Showcase with fauna embroidery
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Owl in color free embroidery design
Nenychi posted a gallery image in Showcase with free embroidery designs
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Embroidered textile Basket with Mouse design
ekatreina posted a gallery image in Showcase with fauna embroideryThis is pretty embroidered textile basket made by Ann-kristin Kristoffersen. It is suitable for keeping any little accessories. For example you can store your sewing tools or other things for craft. There is pretty embroidery sample on basket’s front side which shows its content. It is Elegant tailor embroidery design. It is portrait of nice little mouse in cool hat with big needle and thread.
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Embroidered needle pillow with Snowflake design
ekatreina posted a gallery image in Christmas embroideryThis is pretty little accessory executed in traditional holiday color scheme. It is decorated with Light green snowflake free embroidery design which is made with thread of other shade. In spite of this small size it can be used in different ways. If you like handicraft you may use it as pillow for needle. If it is not your hobby you may take this work piece as pretty accessory for decoration of your home.
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Mouse with needle embroidery design
ekatreina posted a gallery image in Showcase with fauna embroideryOn this picture you see piece of fabric decorated with Elegant tailor embroidery design. Funny picture looks especially impressive on dark background. Work piece is still on hoop but it is already finished. Author can use it to create original and unique gift for Christmas or any other merry holiday. Addressee of this gift will definitely be pleased by it.
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Materials to get started
LancasterPrintHouse posted a topic in Thread and StabilizerHello, we have been screen printing for 5 years and are getting a single head embroidery machine in December. I spent the first 3 years of our screen printing experience testing different inks, mesh counts, etc and while it was great I also wasted a lot of money on the wrong supplies. For our embarkment in the embroidery world I would like to minimize the amount of wasted dollars and thought I would ask here what everyone suggests as far as brands and materials. We will be doing mostly hats and polos as that is what we currently outsource the most of but I am sure there will be other stuff that comes our way. I'm looking to start purchasing supplies over the next few weeks while we work through the purchase process of the machine. What does everyone suggest for threads and needles? I know MADEIRA is the most popular for thread but what is the difference between PolyNeon and Rayon? My apparel supplier (Alpha) also sells Triumph needles but I dont know what the difference between Titanium/Chrome and Universal/Ball Point is. What about backing? Primarily on structured hats, what does everyone suggest? These questions may be vague but I'm not sure where else to start than with the basics. Thanks!
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Making woman in hat embroidery design
ekatreina posted a gallery image in Woman's embroidery showcaseThis picture shows the final stage of the work under French coquette machine embroidery design which is made in red shades. The image is almost done but the top of woman’s hat is not finished yet. However you can get the general idea of this embroidery sample shows the figure of mysterious unknown woman. She is walking at the heart of Paris and looks very attractively on the background of the Eiffel tower. | https://forum.embroideres.com/tags/needle/ |
Needlepoint is normally done on a special type of canvas that is loosely woven and very often has a design hand-painted onto it whereas cross stitch is done on linen fabric using a chart and counting threads. Needlepoint can employ a variety of stitches whereas cross stitch employs primarily just one stitch – the aptly named “cross stitch” which looks like an “X”.
Needlepoint and embroidery use many of the same stitches except that needlepoint is done on canvas while embroidery is done on linen fabric and does not, unlike most needlepoint, cover the entire ground fabric. Needlepoint often utilizes a hand-painted design on canvas whereas embroidery is done either freehand or as fill-in of an area that has previously been outlined.
What is bargello?
Bargello is a form of needlepoint that involves the use of straight up-and-down stitches. These stitches step up and down the canvas in rows of different colors. Bargello is a wonderfully relaxing and creative endeavor. You would be surprised at the amazing number of designs that can be accomplished using just a straight stitch, a simple pattern and a variety of colors.
What is the difference between Basketweave and Continental and why would I choose one stitch over the other?
Continental and Basketweave are both “tent stitches”—that is that they are both a series of right-leaning stitches that go across one intersection of the canvas threads from the lower left to the upper right. Both Continental and Basketweave have the same appearance when viewed from the front side of the canvas. How they look on the back side doesn't matter because no one will see the back side when the project is finished.
Basketweave has some advantages over continental stitches. Continental stitches tend to pull the canvas out of its desired square shape. Basketweave does not do this to the canvas. Basketweave are more durable so, for example, if you are creating a seat cover for a chair that people would sit on, basketweave would be the better stitch to use.
Do I need to learn a lot of different stitches before I can start needlepointing?
No you could just start with a simple continental stitch or a basketweave stitch. Once you get comfortable with that, you could try exploring other stitches. Our staff would be happy to show you how to do those new stitches.
Needlepoint is categorized by the number of threads per linear inch (vertically or horizontally – they will be the same). When one refers to 18 mesh canvas they are describing a canvas that has 18 threads, or holes, per inch. This is considered a fine mesh size.
Many designers and stitchers like 18 mesh canvas because they can achieve good detail on it, with attractive smooth curves. However it can be difficult to see without good light or even magnification. Ten mesh canvas is considered large and is suited mostly to larger projects such as rugs. Note: the lower the mesh number the faster a project can be finished.
A compromise between detail and speed of stitching is 13 or 14 mesh canvas which is the size normally recommended for beginning stitchers. If your vision is a little weak, this can be a good compromise.
What is a good beginner’s needlepoint project?
A good beginner’s project is one that is not too large in size, does not have too many colors and comes on a larger size canvas mesh (13, 14, 12 or 10 mesh). If this is your first project it’s best to not be overly ambitious. The other canvas can wait. Start with something small and simple. Build your confidence and work gradually toward that 18 mesh version of some dazzling project.
Do we sell knitting yarn, needles and other supplies?
Yes! We Absolutely do. Come and see our vast supply of knitting supplies. | https://www.auburnneedleworks.com/faq.htm |
Greetings from the lovely world of tent stitching. Tent stitches are a group of fundamental stitches that will enable you to begin working on your stitching surface. The half cross-stitch, the continental stitch, and the basketweave stitch all fall within the category of tent stitches. All of them have the same front appearance, however, they vary in the rear covering and thread use.
4 basic needlepoint stitches
To give the completed object variation and dimension, needlepoint uses a range of stitches. Some of the most basic needlepoint stitches are listed below.
- Continental stitch: This is the most fundamental tent stitch, and it causes the cloth to distort since each angled thread travels horizontally throughout the fabric. It is not advised for covering vast regions.
- Basketweave stitch: A fundamental tent stitch that alternates over warp and weft threads to resemble the weave of a basket; it is advised for covering vast areas since it causes the least amount of fabric distortion.
- French knots: A kind of decorative knot that may be used to add tiny raised spheres to the canvas.
- Half cross: A sequence of slanted stitches that are half of a cross-x-shaped stitch’s pattern. This stitch is good for tiny areas but doesn’t cover much ground.
What Supplies Are Necessary for Needlepoint?
A straightforward and affordable pastime, needlepoint just needs a few supplies.
- Needle: While you may needlepoint with any kind of needle, a tapestry needle will provide the greatest results. For simpler threading, this kind of needle features a broad tip and a long eye. There are many sizes of tapestry needles, ranging from 18 to 24. (the latter number is the smallest). In general, cloth with bigger holes (or fewer holes per inch) requires larger needles and vice versa. The mesh size of the fabric you choose for your project will decide the optimal needle size for your project.
- Canvas: You’ll need a surface that has a uniform grid of squares that you can count as you work to create the finished artwork. Most needle pointers use a firm canvas, such as a mono canvas, that they may paint ahead to act as a stitch pattern. For skilled needle pointers, evenweave fabrics like linen or Aida cloth are alternative possibilities; plastic canvases are simple for novices. Keep mesh size in mind while choosing a canvas. A canvas with between 16 and 20 holes per inch is very fine and will require more time to stitch (this is known as petit point needlepoint); a canvas with between 8 and 16 holes per inch has larger holes and requires less stitching time (this is known as gros point needlepoint), and a canvas with 7 or fewer holes per inch has extra-large holes that require very little stitching time (called quick point needlepoint).
- Yarn: Needlepoint most often makes use of yarn, which is offered in a variety of colors. Silk yarn is a popular alternative to the usual option of Persian wool yarn. The ideal materials for really little or intricate tasks are crochet yarn or embroidery thread.
- Scissors: You may cut your yarn and trim your cloth with any kind of scissors. Buy a pair of embroidery scissors with a smaller, sharper set of blades for cleaner cuts.
- Pattern: Needlepoint is generally done mathematically, much like knitting, by counting your stitches in specified rows to create a greater whole. Most needlepointers stitch according to a pattern. You may either purchase a canvas with a pattern already printed on it or paint your own design onto the surface. Although it is more challenging and not suggested for novices, you may also follow a cross-stitch pattern that is laid out on a grid with various colors and shapes to indicate the location of your stitches.
- Frame (optional): Since needlepoint canvas is often thick and stiff, you may simply hold your project in your hands while working to maintain it tight and simple to work with. This eliminates the need to stretch the canvas on an embroidery hoop. Consider using a wood frame or scroll frame to keep your item in place while you sew if you’re working on a large project or want a more hands-free method.
Final thoughts
Taking up a new activity requires learning new abilities. There are constantly new stitch kinds to learn while taking up needlepoint. Once you master the fundamental needlepoint stitches for beginners, they’re a breeze. They seem more difficult than they really are. You may choose which stitches are your favorites after you’ve mastered a few different ways. | https://didyouknowfashion.com/basic-needlepoint-stitches-for-beginner/ |
Which needle to use Because denim is a tough fabric, it is advised to use heavy duty needles that are specially made for sewing denim or a universal one that’s at minimum size 90/14. If the denim is too thick, switch this to a size 100/16 needle so that it does not break. Structurally, the needle should have a reinforced blade construction and this will help to minimize the … [Read more...]
How To Clean Janome Sewing Machine?
What you need Before getting down to work, there are a couple of tools that you need to have for the cleaning job. These include a lint brush, which most machines come with as an accessory, a liquid bobbin holder cleaner, a soft muslin cloth, and a replacement needle. If your machine did not come with a lint brush, you can buy one from the fabric store or improvise by using a … [Read more...]
How Mechanical Sewing Machines Work?
Powerhouse As stated earlier, the operations of a mechanical sewing machine begin with a motor. This provides the speed and torque required to rotate and run the mechanical parts of the machine, including the needle’s up and down movements, feed dog movements and shutter rotation. To give you some flexibility, most motors are controlled using a foot pedal, which basically … [Read more...]
How to Install Servo Motor on Sewing Machine?
Make sure you have the right tools Before getting started on the installation, ensure you have the right tools for the job. These include an adjustable spanner for tightening the mounting bolts, a flathead screwdriver, star screwdriver, an Allen wrench, and a small hammer. Assemble the servo motor Next, unpack the servo motor and first thing you will notice is that some … [Read more...]
How Does a Basic Sewing Machine Work?
Main parts involved Before looking at how this equipment works, here are the main parts that are involved in this process: Bobbin Thread tensioning discs Needle Feed dog Presser foot Shuttle hook Electric motor How a basic sewing machine works Needle Movement What you see is the needle starting off at a high position, then moves down … [Read more...]
How to Create Monograms With Regular Sewing Machine?
Monogram Design types Block Monogram: It includes two or more initial of name stacked properly. For three section of a name, the first, middle,and last initials are placed in three different way. Straight placed Monogram: Whatever is the number of your initials, these types of monograms are written in a straight line. But for three initials the middle one will be … [Read more...]
How to Sew Buttonhole Using a Sewing Machine?
Buttonhole designs Rounded buttonhole: Both ends have the most exceptional and rounded edge. These types are best for soft fabrics like silk. Square buttonhole: Square-shaped buttonhole is a widely used design. You can use this standard design in any heavy-weight fabric. This style can be made with any sewing machine. Mixed-shaped: It has a rounded edge in one side and a … [Read more...]
How to Oil Your Sewing Machine?
How Often Do You Need To Oil Your Sewing Machine? How often you need to oil depends on how much you use the machine and the type of fabrics you use. If you are a regular user and use the fabric like velvet, then you need to clean and oil the machine frequently. Or else, if you are a moderate user then you can clean your machine once every few months. Types of sewing … [Read more...]
How to Identify Sewing Machine Needles?
How does needlework? A sewing needle is the central feature of any sewing machine. It creates a way in the fabric for the thread to pass through. Needle form a loop into the material which is picked by the hook mechanism. Then it carries the thread through the loop. That's how a sewing needle passed through the fabric and locked it. If you are a beginner, then you may not … [Read more...]
How to Draw Sewing Patterns?
Things You Need To Draw a Sewing Pattern Pattern making is quite inexpensive, and it is easy to do once you are ready to go. You only need some necessary equipment's before you start. Let’s briefly look over them; Paper: The paper should be semitransparent and light, that you can use to trace the design. Designers often use brown postal paper, baking paper, and grease … [Read more...]
How to Design Sewing Room?
Aspects of not having an individual room Well, if you are organized enough while sewing then the room can turn into a mess. You may not find the right thing at the right time which is quite disappointing. Sewing includes a lot of little parts such as needles, pins, thread bobbins, scissors, and small pieces of upcoming projects. We often keep them in the corner or in the … [Read more...]
How to Use Sewing Machine Step By Step
Get To Know Your Sewing Machine A sewing machine can be exciting when you don't know properly about the machine. Though the modern sewing machine may have more parts here we are talking about the basic one that we often use. There are some common parts that resemble most of the machines. We will briefly list them below: How Does A Sewing Machine Works? The below points … [Read more...]
How to Use Sewing Machine Needle Threader?
What is Needle Threader? The needle threader is a small sewing tool that is designed to thread the needle. This is done by pull the thread through the eye of the needle. If we take a closer look over the history, then we see the first invention time is unknown. It would be between eighteen or early nineteen within the European context. It includes a tube with two holes set … [Read more...]
How to Set Up Sewing Machine Bobbin?
Basics about Bobbin The other name of the bobbin is spool holder. The bobbin is cylindrical shaped small spindle that feeds the thread for the backside of the stitch. No sewing machine can work without one. Bobbin has multiple functions such as; hold the spool thread and control the direction of the thread while going through the machine. It supplies the bottom thread of … [Read more...]
How to Sharpen Sewing Pins?
Why do you need to sharpen a pin? Sewing pins and needles are the most basic element of a sewing kit. You can find alternatives of all other instruments used in sewing. But, you will hardly find any other choice rather than using a sewing pin. Yet, as simple as these pins are, it is most stressful to handle them. So, you have to use the most effective techniques to sharpen … [Read more...]
How to Choose Embroidery Scissors for Your Sewing Project?
Different types of scissors Curved tip scissors: These scissors have thin blades that curve upward at the edge. Each point in this scissor is very fine that allow cutting close fabric or stabilizer. It allows cutting through fabrics that are bend. Note: Not all the scissors have the same blade thickness. Straight tip scissors: These are the most common type of scissor … [Read more...]
How to Thread an Embroidery Machine? | https://www.sewingmachinegallery.com/blog/ |
Embossed – A calendering process in which fabrics are engraved with the use of heated rollers under pressure to produce a raised design on the fabric surface.
Embroidered – An embellishment of a fabric or garment in which colored threads are sewn on to the fabric to create a design. Embroidery may be done either by hand or machine.
End-On-End – A closely woven fabric with alternating fine colored yarn and a white yarn creating a mini checkered effect with a smooth texture. The weave is commonly found in men’s shirts.
Eyelash – Term used to describe clipped yarns that lie on the surface of a fabric, giving the effect of eyelashes.
Eyelet – A type of fabric which contains patterned cut-outs, around which stitching or embroidery may be applied in order to prevent the fabric from raveling. | https://mygearx.com/blogs/fabric-dictionary/e |
Legitimate and counterfeit currency played a significant role in the Revolutionary War – either as a justification to start it or as part of a strategy to win it. However, to understand the economics of this time period, it is critical to know how colonial and counterfeit currency was produced, distributed, and utilized. To do this, new research at the University of Notre Dame will use historical data, the dates of production, and the composition of coins or the inks on paper currency to map out approximate geographic origins of the money, including counterfeit bills.
Notre Dame researchers, including both historians and scientists, will analyze more than 150 coins from colonial and early America, as well as approximately 550 pieces of paper currency currently held in the Hesburgh Libraries’ Rare Books and Special Collections. Some of these coins date back to the first mint in Boston (1652), which was the colonies’ first attempt to fight back against debased Spanish and Spanish-American silver currency, or coins that were lower in value than they were being traded for.
For example, historians know that Latin America was very rich in mineral resources, that mercury was used to recover silver from its ores in certain locations, and that the silver has lead and gold impurities. Therefore, by using non-invasive X-ray Fluorescent Spectroscopy and Particle Induced X-ray Emission method in Notre Dame’s Nuclear Science Laboratory (NSL), scientists can determine the impurities in coins and more easily identify where the silver, as well as the coins, originated.
But colonial coinage isn’t the only currency of interest to researchers. Paper currency was first introduced to the Western World as England was searching for a way to restrict the amount of silver in the colonies. However, after time, England also began imposing strict regulations on paper currency as it had with coins, which escalated tensions between England and the colonies.
Front and back of a five pound note printed by Benjamin Franklin and David Hall in Philedelphia, PA in 1760.
At the beginning of the Revolutionary War, the United States Continental Congress authorized the printing of national currency to meet their expenses. While this did cause inflation, it is also believed that England introduced large amounts counterfeit currency to intensify the problem. Counterfeit paper currency had also been an issue before the war, so treasuries and printers were already regularly inventing new devices and printing methods in an effort to counteract fraudulent paper currency. In fact, Benjamin Franklin was one of the monetary printers who invented a method to fight back against counterfeiting before the war.
This research will help develop a better historical understanding of not only where coins or paper monies were made, but also why certain elements – like unique printing or minting materials – were used. The project is funded through the Notre Dame Research Faculty Research Support Regular Grant program and the NSL. Additional researchers on the project include Catherine Cangany, associate professor of history; Graham Peaslee, professor of physics; Zachary Schultz, associate professor of chemistry; Michael Wiescher, Freimann Professor of Physics and director of the NSL; as well as undergraduate students from the history, physics, and chemistry departments. To learn about the Hesburgh Libraries’ American Colonial currency collection, please visit http://rarebooks.library.nd.edu/collections/numismatics/index.shtml.
Originally published by Brandi Klingerman at research.nd.edu on May 08, 2017. | https://isnap.nd.edu/news/uncovering-the-history-of-currency-and-counterfeiting-in-colonial-america/ |
Errors found in common coins are result of mistruck during the minting process in the mint.
Error coins can be the result of deterioration of the minting equipment, accidents or malfunctions during the minting process, or intentional interventions by mint personnel.
Errors can be broadly classified as per their striking. Few errors are pictorially described bellow.
A standard type of strike error is a broadstrike, where the rim image is not struck into the coin’s edge because the collar die was missing.
A brockage or Lakhi is when a mirror image of a coin is struck on both sides of the planchet. This error typically occurs when a coin remains on either die after striking. The second coin receives the image from the die, though its blank other side also receives the image of the struck coin, and the result is an incuse mirror image.
Sometimes planchets are produced incorrectly if one sheet of blanks overlays a previously punched-out portion of blanks. The resulting planchet will be irregular in shape, or actually lack metal in some area of the finished coin.
Similar to die crack error coins, die breaks will affect a larger portion of the coin. The results occur when a large piece of the die breaks off, leaving a raised area on the struck coin.
This occurs when the coin has an additional image on one side from being struck again, off center. The result is sometimes mistaken as being a doubled die or triple struck.
Off-center strikes are a common error in the minting process. The planchet is hit in the wrong place by the upper die, causing part of the design to be missing. Struck on wrong planchet :Sometimes mistakenly classified a planchet error, a coin that is struck on an incorrect planchet occurs when the wrong planchets, are fed into a coin-stamping press. This results in a coin that has been stamped with a design intended for a differently sized coin. In addition, unminted or blank planchets are occasionally produced. A wrong planchet occurs when a denomination is struck on a planchet of a different denomination.Some examples include 2 rupees coin struck on Rupee, planchets, or Rupee on 50 paise planchets.
Sometimes mistakenly classified a planchet error, a coin that is struck on an incorrect planchet occurs when the wrong planchets, are fed into a coin-stamping press. This results in a coin that has been stamped with a design intended for a differently sized coin.
Typically, the obverse and reverse sides of a coin remain upright when vertically rotated (alignment at 180 degrees). If the dies are not properly aligned at 180 degrees, it is considered rotated. | http://www.republiccoinsofindia.com/error-coins/ |
in the east,
2)
Sicans
in the west,
3)
Elymians
in the northwest.
The
first wave
of colonization is external (i.e. comes from Greece or North Africa) and takes place ca. 750-700 - the
Greeks
in the east, the
Phoenicians
in the north-west.
We have precise dates for many of these colonizations, but they are probably
SPURIOUSLY ACCURATE
. Suspiciously, they often fall in the year of the Olympic games or show that a city is one year older than a rival city. However, archaeology suggests they are in the right ball park.
The
second wave
of colonization is internal (i.e. comes from cities already founded in Sicily) and takes place ca. 700-600.
Between the initial Greek and Phoenician colonization of Sicily ca. 750-700 and ca. 500 we have quite a bit of archaeological data, but very few written sources to help us put the material culture into a historical narrative.
SICELS
SICANS
ELYMIANS
Chronologies: 505-466
M. I. Finely,
Ancient Sicily
, rev. ed. (1979)
Cambridge Ancient History
, vol. 5 (1992) 506-13
The Tyrants of Sicily, 505-466
M. I. Finely,
Ancient Sicily
, rev. ed. (1979)
Tyrant 467-466
Tyrant 491-478
Tyrant 478-467
Other Families:
505-498 - Cleander
498-491 - Hippocrates
Deinomenids/Emmenids:
491-478 - Gelon
478-467 - Hieron
467-466 - Thrasyboulos
The Four Stages of the 505-466 Tyrannies:
Origins, Expansion, Dominance, Decline
Stage 1: Origins (505-498)
Cleander
tyrant at Gela 505-498. We don't know anything about his reign.
On his death in 498, there is a brief civil war and his brother,
Hippocrates
, becomes tyrant.
Zankle (after 490 Messina)
Naxos
Leontinoi
Stage 2: Expansion (498-491)
Hippocrates
invades the territory of the Chalkidian colonies (
Zankle
,
Naxos
, and
Leontinoi
) and sets up vassal tyrants in these cities.
This isolates
Syracuse
in the south-east corner of the island and Hippocrates begins to contemplate how to bring the city under his control.
Hippocrates is killed fighting Sicels on Mt. Etna in 491.
Gelon
, the commander of his family and scion of an aristocratic family in Gela, makes himself guardian of Hippocrates' sons and soon afterwards pushes them aside to become tyrant.
NB - I have skipped two important episodes from his reign here,
1)
one to do with Zankle/Messina and Anaxilas, the tyrant of Rhegion,
2)
the other to do with a peace treaty between Hippocrates and Syracuse brokered by Corinth (the mother city of Syracuse). For these, see
Finley,
Ancient Sicily
(1979) ch. 4
.
Stage 3: Dominance (491-467)
Akragas
Beginning of Gelon's Reign (491-485)
Gelon allies with the immensely wealthy and aristocratic
Theron of Akragas (tyrant 488-472).
Recall that Akragas was a colony of Gela founded a century earlier.
Gelon wins the chariot race at the Olympic games in 488.
This doesn't mean he was the charioteer competing, but rather that he financed the team of horses.
This victory (and other victories like it at the Panhellenic games) are significant for two reasons:
1)
it indicates his immense WEALTH,
2)
it shows him displaying his wealth and power before the entire Greek world which gathered at the Olympic games.
He celebrates this victory by dedicating both the chariot and a statue of himself at Olympia.
'Gelon son of Deinomenes, of Gela, dedicated (me) to Zeus. Glaukias of Aegina made (me)'.
The Capture of Syracuse (485)
The demos of Syracuse and the enslaved class of indigenous Sicels (known as the Kyllyrioi or Kyllychirioi) rise up against the '
Gamoroi
' (lit. 'those who have divided up the land', i.e. the wealthy land-owning class) and expel them from Syracuse.
The Gamoroi ask Gelon to intervene. He easily captures Syracuse and makes this his new base of operations, leaving his brother Hieron in charge of Gela.
He quickly turns Syracuse into the most powerful and populous city in the Greek world:
1)
He moves half the population of Gela to Syracuse.
2) H
e destroys Kamarina (only refounded a few years earlier by his predecessor Hippocrates) and moves its population to Syracuse.
3)
He seizes neighbouring Megara Hyblaea and its territory, enfranchises the wealthiest citizens and sells the rest into slavery (Hdt. 7.156).
4)
He enfranchises a large number of mercenaries from his army (Diod. 11.72.3 says as many as 10,000).
Capture of Himera (483)
Theron of Akragas (Gelon's ally since ca. 491-488) captures Himera. All but Messina and the north-east corner of Sicily is now under the control of Gelon and Theron.
The Greek Embassy (481) and the Carthaginian Invasion (480)
Gelon is now the most powerful and wealthy ruler in the Greek world. Consequently, in 481 the Greeks from the mainland ask him for military support against the impending Persian invasion.
Gelon offers 200 ships, 20,000 hoplites, 2,000 cavalry, 2,000 archers, 2,000 slingers if the Greeks will let him command the army. The Greeks say no (Hdt. 7.156-162).
Terillus
, the tyrant of Himera thrown out by Theron in 483, happens to be the guest-friend of the Carthaginian
Hamilcar
and father-in-law to
Anaxilas
, the tyrant of Rhegion and Messina (one of only two Greek cities in Sicily still free from Gelon-Theron).
Terillus and Anaxilas therefore appeal to Hamilcar to invade Sicily. He leads a massive force which lands at the Phoenician colony of
Panormos
and marches to
Himera
.
Gelon defeats the Carthaginian army and Hamilcar is killed. A huge number of slaves are captured and the Carthaginians have to pay a massive indemnity to Gelon. Carthage doesn't try to invade Sicily again until 406.
Panormos
Translation - 'Gelon son of Deinomenes, of Syracuse, dedicated the tripod and the Nike to Apollo. Bion son of Diodoros, a Milesian, made (them)'.
The Reign of Hieron (478-467)
Gelon dies in 478 and his brother
Hieron
takes over.
In 474 he responds to a request from the Greek colony of
Cumae
in the Bay of Naples to protect them from the Etruscans.
Hieron wins this major naval engagement.
Pindar (
Pyth.
1)
celebrates this victory as being on a par with his brother Gelon's victory at Himera in 480 and Hieron likewise celebrates his victory by making a dedication at a Panhellenic sanctuary (this time Olympia).
Translation - 'Hieron, son of Deinomenes, and the Syracusans (dedicated) to Tyrrhenian (i.e. Etruscan) Zeus (this helmet as spoils) from (the battle of) Cumae'
Stage 4: Decline (467-466)
Hieron dies in 467 and
Thrasyboulos
takes over.
In 466 Thrasyboulos is expelled from Syracuse and a democracy is established.
Within a few years,
democracies
have replaced tyrannies everywhere in Sicily.
Just 14 years after Gelon's victory at Himera and 8 years after Hieron's victory at Cumae there was no longer any trace of the Deinomenid tyrants.
The new Sicilian democracies last six decades until a new strongman ruler -
Dionysios I of Syracuse
- takes power in 406.
Coinage and Sicilian History
Tetradrachm of Naxos, ca. 460, 27mm, 17.07g (Boston MFA 95.103)
This is a
VERY SIMPLIFIED NARRATIVE
- Sicilian history 550-450 is MUCH more complex than this (e.g. we haven't really discussed the Phoenicians, the Greeks of southern Italy, the endless cycle of cities being founded, destroyed, re-founded, re-named).
There's a variety of types of evidence we can use to illustrate the themes of Sicilian history 550-450 I've just sketched out -
1) epigraphy
(e.g. the dedications of Hippocrates, Gelon, and Hieron at the Panhellenic sanctuaries),
2) literary sources
(e.g. the epinician odes of Pindar for Sicilian victors), and of course
3) art and archaeology
.
In addition to all this there is also
COINAGE
.
Drachm of Himera, ca. 530-515, 23mm, 5.68g (Boston MFA 04.449).
Drachm of Zankle, ca. 535-494/3, 23mm, 5.84g (Boston MFA 97.381)
Drachm of Naxos, ca. 530-510, 24mm, 5.47g (Boston MFA 00.104)
Didrachm of Selinus, ca. 540-515, 22mm, 9.23g (ANS 1987.76.32)
Early Greek Coinage: A Chronology
ca. 625-600
- Coinage invented in the Lydian kingdom (rules over western Turkey). Lydia mints ELECTRUM coinage (an alloy of silver and gold). Greek cities in western Turkey soon follow suit.
ca. 550
- King Croesus of Lydia introduces a BIMETALLIC coinage, i.e. pure silver and pure gold coins rather than electrum alloy.
ca. 550-500
- Greek cities enthusiastically adopt the practice of minting pure silver coinage. By 500 only three mints (Kyzikos, Mytilene, Phokaia) regularly mint electrum.
530s/520s
- The cities of Himera, Naxos, Selinous, and Zankle are the first mints to produce silver coinage in Sicily.
Lydia Electrum 1/3 Stater, ca. 600-560, 13mm, 4.72g (ANS 1954.237.404)
Lydia Gold 1/3 Stater, ca. 561-546, 12mm, 2.67g (Boston MFA 04.1162)
Lydia Silver 1/3 Stater, ca. 561-546, 15mm, 3.51g (Boston MFA 04.1167)
http://www.sardisexpedition.org/en/essays/latw-kroll-coins-of-sardis
Bimetallic Coinage
Beginning of Sicilian Coinage
Introduction to Sicilian Coinage
New Handbook (Out 2018???)
ANSMN = American Numismatic Society Museum Notes
What Does 'Doing' Numismatics Involve?
Numismatics = the study of money. For Greece and Rome, 'money' means coins (NB - in other societies many other objects have instead performed the role of money).
We can approach coins in one of two basic ways:
1) Coins as objects which bear IMAGES and TEXT which tell us things - This is pretty self-explanatory and doesn't take much specialist knowledge to do.
2) Coins as objects whose PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS and USAGE tell us things - This is the part of numismatics which people find tough, but also has the potential to tell us things that ONLY coins can tell us.
2. Images
Politics and Identity
Selinous
Σελινοῦς/Selinous - the city
σέλινον/selinon - celery
Zankle/Messina
The river god Gela depicted as a man-headed bull
City ethnic in the genitive (i.e. possessive) case - 'GELAS' = '(this coin belongs to) Gela'
Winged Nike (goddess of victory) crowning the horses
Charioteer driving a quadriga
Obverse Type
Reverse Type
Tetradrachm of Gela, ca. 510-480, 27mm, 17.08g (Boston MFA 04.442b)
Tetradrachm of Selinus, ca. 466-445, 27mm, 17.04g (Boston MFA 04.479)
Celery
Laurel branch
Sacrifical bull
Selinus (mythical figure)
Altar
Phiale
Artemis
Apollo
Quadriga
The city ethnic SYRAKOSION is spelled with the letter koppa (ϙ) instead of kappa (κ).
The letter koppa was also used in the dialect of Corinth, the morther-city of Syracuse.
Tetradrachm of Syracuse, ca. 520-510, 26mm, 17.22g (Boston MFA 09.267).
Dialect
Stater of Corinth, ca. 510-480, 16mm, 8.66g (Boston MFA 01.5461).
Mythology and Topography
The female head depicted here is of Arethusa, the nymph of a freshwater spring near the Great Harbour of Syracuse.
Since freshwater springs beside salt water were considered very unusual, Arethusa and her spring attracted all kinds of myths trying to explain the spring's origin (known as 'aetiological' myths).
In particular, it was thought that the River Alpheus, which ran through Olympia in the Peloponnese, travelled under the Mediterranean and arose at this point.
This myth is therefore a metaphorical way of tying Syracuse to the heart of Greece (think, too, of all the dedications at Olympia and the interest of the tyrants in celebrating victories at the Olympic games).
Indeed, in his epinician odes Pindar repeatedly references Arethusa like this - see e.g.
Nem.
1 intro. (for Chromios of Syracuse, 476),
Pyth.
2.7 (for Hieron, late 477/early 476),
Pyth.
3.69 (for Hieron, 474),
Ol.
6.92 (for Hagesias of Syracuse in 476 or 472).
Values
Syracuse is the first Sicilian city to depict a quadriga (a four-horse chariot) on its coinage.
Quadriga racing was associated with extreme wealth because to enter this competition you needed to maintain a large stable of racing horses.
As a result, when the quadriga was chosen as the obverse type for Syracuse's first coins ca. 520-510 it was a symbol of the wealth and leisured lives of the city's aristocratic elite, the Gamoroi.
Later, when quadriga racing at Panhellenic games became a status symbol for the tyrants, the same image would have put users in mind of the victories which were also celebrated in epinician odes by Pindar.
Himera (seized 483)
Akragas
Didrachm of Akragas, ca. 500-475 (?), 19mm, 8.84g (Boston MFA 04.424).
BEFORE Theron of Akragas takes over
AFTER Theron of Akragas takes over
Didrachm of Himera, ca. 483-472, 22mm, 8.48g (Boston MFA 04.450).
1. Early Coinage (520s-500s)
2. Samian Exiles (494/3-489)
3. Zankle Becomes Messana (489-480)
4. The End of the Tyranny and the Beginning of the Democracy (480-450)
Rhegion
Zankle's name comes from the Sicel word
zanklon
which means 'sickle' and refers to the shape of the harbour. The dolphin obverse type may likewise be referring to this.
Zankle starts minting in the 520s. Note that the city ethnic is in Chalkidian dialect (i.e. the dialect of its mother-city, Chalkis in Euboia) - 'd' for 'z' in 'Zankle'.
Tetradrachm of the Samian exiles at Zankle, Year 2 (493/2), 23mm, 17.01g (ANS 1963.106.1).
Tetradrachm of Samos, ca. 494-439, 20mm, 13.11g (Boston MFA 04.1051).
There is a revolt against Persian rule in western Turkey 499-494 (the 'Ionian Revolt'). When the revolt is eventually crushed, exiles from the island of Samos travel west to find a new home.
Through the help of Anaxilas, tyrant of Rhegion, they seize Zankle while its tyrant, Scythes, is off fighting Sicels (Scythes himself is from the island of Kos near Samos, and after he is thrown out of Zankle he returns to the Persian Empire).
For five years they run Zankle and issue their own coinage. The obverse type is taken from Samian coinage, whereas the reverse shows a ship (referring to their voyage?) and a letter indicating how many years they've been at Zankle (A = 1, B = 2, etc.).
Tetradrachm of Messana, ca. 488-480, 24mm, 17.55g (Berlin 18216056).
Drachm of Rhegion, ca. 494/3-480, 17mm, 5.66g (Boston MFA 04.406).
In 489 Anaxilas chases the Samians out of Zankle and repopulates the city with colonists from a variety of places.
One prominent group of colonists are exiles from Messenia in the Peloponnese. Messenia is the large territory next to Lakonia whose population Sparta ensalved in the 8th c. In honour of the Messenians he renames the city Messana (a dialect version of Messene).
The mint at Messana starts producing coins with exactly the same obverse and reverse types as the coinage of Rhegion (Anaxilas' hometown) except with a different city ethnic (MESSENION instead of REGION).
Tetradrachm of Messana, ca. 480-461, 27mm, 17.28g (Boston MFA 04.462).
Tetradrachm of Messana, ca. 460-456, 27mm, 16.36g (ANS 1944.100.8611)
Tetradrachm of Messana, 420-413, 27mm, 16.47g (Boston MFA 04.463).
The Tyranny (470s-460s)
The Early Democracy (450s)
The Mature Democracy (410s)
LESSON!
We need to be careful about interpreting coin types purely in political/ideological terms. While Anaxilas and his family were the sworn enemies of the Messanian democracy, the Messanians evidently saw no problem in continuing to use coin types which celebrated Anaxilas' achievements.
Sometimes coin types tell us about politics (e.g. the crab reverse at Himera indicating when Theron seizes it, the coins issued by the Samian exiles at Zankle, the parallel issues of Anaxilas at Rhegion and Messana ...), but sometimes they don't!
Remember - coin types aren't just there to send ideological/political messages, they're ALSO (indeed, PRIMARILY) there to mark this lump of metal as legal tender. Users of coins can be INCREDIBLY conservative, preferring to stick with money they know is kosher rather than 'risk' using money that looks slightly different (think how difficult it can be to spend a Scottish banknote in the south of England ...).
4. Die Studies
3. Weights and Denominations
Why do the size and shape of ancient coins matter?
Reason 1:
They Tell Us What Job The Coinage is Meant To Be Doing
Reason 2:
They Tell Us Which People A City Is Doing Lots Of Business With
Modern coins and bank notes have ONE DIMENSION to their value - what the government says they are worth. This is the FACE VALUE of money (e.g. £10).
The material out of which modern coins and bank notes are made is worthless - modern money therefore lacks INTRINSIC VALUE.
If a £10 note didn't say, 'I promise to pay the bearer on demand the sum of ten pounds', it would be worth fractions of a penny.
(NB - I'm ignoring the complicating factor of currency markets and so on which aren't relevant here).
Athens, ca. 480-450, 25mm, 17.06g (Boston MFA 00.261)
Ancient coins have TWO DIMENSIONS to their value - what the state says the coin is worth
('face value')
AND what the coin is worth just as a lump of metal
('intrinsic value')
.
When modern coins are different sizes this is a purely PRACTICAL thing - you want a user to be able to instantly tell by sight or feel which denomination a coin is.
For ancient coinage, shape and size CAN be a practical consideration, but mostly what it does is change the ACTUAL VALUE of the coin.
An Athenian silver tetradrachm (= 4 drachms) is worth more than a drachm because it has FOUR TIMES the amount of silver. In turn, ALL silver coinage will be worth LESS THAN GOLD but MORE THAN BRONZE because silver is worth less than gold and more than bronze.
Tetradrachm (= 4 drachms)
Drachm
Athens, ca. 480-450, 14mm, 4.26g (Boston MFA 00.268)
http://www.royalmint.com/discover/uk-coins/coin-design-and-specifications
Modern coins and bank notes are made up of a range of DENOMINATIONS (from 1p to £50) which are intended to facilitate every kind of transaction from getting change in a shop (= coppers) all the way up to making payments of £100+ (= £20 and £50 notes).
You COULD try and pay a £100 restaurant bill with coppers and you COULD try and pay for a chocolate bar in a shop with a £50 note, but it's not advisable.
Guessing what kind of job a modern coin or bank note denomination is meant to do is fairly easy because they tell us how much they're worth (e.g. a £10 note will say 'TEN POUNDS' on it).
The relationship between the VALUE of a coin and the JOB it is meant to do is even stronger in the ancient world because ancient coins are primarily minted to make SPECIFIC payments.
There is no equivalent to the modern idea of the 'money supply' (i.e. there should be a certain amount of cash in circulation at any given time), so cities generally don't bother to mint coins until they need to make payments. The rest of the time, they just use someone else's coins.
As a result, if we can infer the value of an ancient coin from its METAL, WEIGHT, and position within the DENOMINATIONAL STRUCTURE of the coinage as a whole, we can probably also work out what job it was meant to do.
Different Denominations Do Different Jobs
Obol of Syracuse, ca. 480-479, 10.5mm, 0.59g (Boston MFA 62.972)
1 Silver Obol
2 obols - A day's jury pay at Athens.
6 obols - A day's pay for sailors on warships in the 5th c.
This coin would be good for paying the daily wages of labourers and military servicemen. It facilitates day-to-day transactions.
1 Silver Drachm
Drachm of Syracuse, ca. 485-479, 14mm, 4.19g (Boston MFA 00.110)
1 drachm =
6 obols
3 days of jury service
1 day as sailor on warship
1 Silver Tetradrachm
Tetradrachm of Syracuse, ca. 485-479, 23.5mm, 17.47g (Boston MFA 54.1474)
1 tetradrachm =
4 drachms
24 obols
12 days of jury service
4 days as sailor on warship
1 Silver Decadrachm
Decadrachm of Syracuse, ca. 470-465, 35mm, 43.35g (Boston MFA 35.21)
1 decadrachm =
2 1/2 tetradrachms
10 drachms
60 obols
30 days jury service
10 days as sailor on warship
Suited to making large lump sum payments
Good for military expenses, large commercial deals.
Only useful for the very largest payments.
Usually associated with major military expenses (hiring mercenaries, building a navy, etc.).
In the modern world we have just two systems of measurement - the
Imperial
(America, Liberia, Myanmar) and the
Metric
(everyone else).
Before the 19th century spread of the Metric system there were many other measurement systems. This is what the ancient world was like too. We therefore talk of ancient coins being on 'weight standards'.
Anyone who has tried to convert Imperial and Metric units into one another will know that this can get arithmetically complicated.
In the ancient world these sums also needed to be done all the time with coins on different weight standards (e.g. 'how many Samian standard drachms go into an Attic standard tetradrachm?').
When two cities do a lot of trade with one another (and their merchants therefore have to do these sums very regularly) there is an incentive for both cities EITHER to use the same standard OR to at least use compatible standards (i.e. where the maths is easy).
Therefore, when we see cities converging on a single weight standard and set of coin denominations, this suggests they are doing a lot of business together.
Measurement Systems
Weight Standards and Economic Relationships
Two Sicilian Case Studies
1. Converging Weight Standards
Selinus
(Corinthian
Staters)
Himera
(Chalkidian
1/3 Staters)
Zankle
(Chalkidian
1/3 Staters)
Naxos
(Chalkidian
1/3 Staters)
Syracuse
(Attic 4ds - 520)
Gela
(Attic 4ds - 500)
Akragas
(Attic 2ds - 510)
Kamarina
(Attic 2ds - 490)
Katane
(Attic 4ds - 466)
Segesta
(Attic 2ds - 470)
Leontinoi
(Attic 4ds - 510)
Attic 4ds - 460
Attic 4ds - 494
Attic 2ds - 483
Attic 4ds - 450
Attic 4ds - 466
Attic 4ds - 460
Attic 4ds - 430
When coinage starts in Sicily there are several different standards in use - the 'Chalkidian' at Himera, Messana, and Naxos, the 'Corinthian' at Selinus, the 'Attic' at Syracuse.
All the cities which start minting after 510 adopt the Attic standard, although they differ on whether their large denomination coin is the tetradrachm [= 4d] (favoured by Syracuse) or the didrachm [= 2d].
By 460 all the cities of Sicily are minting on the Attic standard and only Kamarina is still using didrachms instead of tetradrachms (it changes in 430). In parallel with this we see many Sicilian cities adopting the Syracusan quadriga as their obverse type.
So, 500-450 we see the mints of Sicily converging on the look and feel of Syracusan coins. Interestingly, though, the chronology DOESN'T neatly coincide with the period of Syracusan political dominance (498-467), but rather spills over into the democratic era.
This convergence therefore probably reflects ECONOMIC rather than POLITICAL considerations.
2. Unusual Fractional Denominations
Coin denominations below a drachm (e.g. the obol I showed you earlier) are known as 'fractions'.
The normal fractions used with the Attic weight standard are obols (6 obols = 1 drachm) and hemiobols (12 hemiobols = 1 drachm).
Curiously, ca. 500-450, at precisely the time when the Sicilian mints are converging on the Attic weight standard for coins ABOVE a drachm, they also decide to replace obol fractions with litra frations.
This is like using Euros for everything above a tenor, but pounds and pennies for everything below that.
The litra was a unit of measurement employed by the native peoples of Sicily and Italy to weigh bronze (at this point they weren't minting their own coinage so instead used bronze ingots as currency).
This is still an unsolved problem, but one suggestion is that the Sicilian Greeks were doing lots of business with native Sicilians in the interior. Rather than produce their own bronze ingots to trade with them, they instead produced small silver coins of precisely equivalent value.
If this is correct, then the litra fractions are important evidence for Greek-Sicilian trade ca. 500-450.
Coins are Handmade
1) A die engraver cuts a reverse and an obverse die in intaglio.
2) The obverse die is set in a vice and a metal coin blank (or 'flan') is placed on top.
3) The reverse die is set in a punch.
4) The punch is placed on top of the coin blank and struck with a hammer.
Iron dies for a bronze Dupondius or As of Augustus (Triton Auction 13 [4/1/2010] Lot 309) [www.cngcoins.com].
We can use some basic facts about this production process to work out the original size of the coinage. In turn, this can tell us about the financial means of the city which produced the coinage.
What we want to know is how much silver a city used to mint a coinage. Since we can't find this out directly, we use the number of obverse dies which were used to produce the coinage as a proxy for the overall size of the coinage. This won't give us the exact figure, but it puts us in the right ball park.
How come we can do this? Very briefly:
1) Dies degrade and break over time and eventually have to be replaced. It is estimated that an obverse die could typically produce 10,000-20,000 coins before needing to be retired.
2) The obverse die lasts much longer than the reverse die because it is in a protected position below the coin blank. We can therefore establish the sequence in which the dies were used by looking for a reverse die which is shared by two obverse dies (a 'die link').
3) Every die is unique because they are handmade. As a result, if more than one die has been used for the coins we are looking at we can establish this by looking for variations in the dies.
Die Studies
E. Boehringer,
Die Münzen von Syrakus
(1929)
Example: Syracuse's Tetradrachms 510-450
Dark green
is how many obverse dies have been counted.
Light green
applies a statistical formula to the date to judge how many observe dies there probably were originally.
We have a very representative sample of all four periods of Syracuse's tetradrachm production 510-450. The differences between the four groups therefore relate to genuine differences in levels of production.
As was discussed in the previous section on weights and denominations, tetradrachms are high value coinages used to make lump sum payments. We therefore need to identify a major expense which Syracuse would have undertaken in the years 485-478.
The obvious answer is 1) the massive expansion of the city of Syracuse after Gelon took it over in 485 and 2) the mobilization of an enormous army in 480 to defeat the Carthaginians at Himera.
The capacity of Syracuse to mint such an enormous high value silver coinage strongly supports Herodotus' claim that in the late 480s Syracuse was the most powerful city in the Greek world
This Week's Image
Prezi Link
prezi.com/u3zd9kdsqv75
Map of Sicily from the
Kitab-ı Bahriye
('Book of Navigation', 1521) by the Ottoman cartographer
Pîrî Reis
(1465/70 - 1553).
This kind of image where the image is a visual pun on the city's name is known as a CANTING TYPE.
Anaxilas won the short-lived mule chariot race at the Olympics in 480. He celebrated this victory on the coinage of Messana and Rhegion by introducing new types - a mule chariot on the obverse and a hare on the reverse.
Given the lengths to which the Deinomenid tyrants of Gela/Syracuse went to celebrate their Olympic victories, it seems likely that these coin types are part of Anaxilas' rivalry with them.
Anaxilas dies in 476 and the tyranny continues under his children. In 461 there is a popular rising in both Messana and Rhegion and the tyranny is brought to an end.
However, whereas the Rhegian democracy changes its coin types, the Messanian democracy keeps them for the rest of the fifth century.
Spread of the Metric system
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3. The History and Coinage of Sicily (Aristocracy and Democracy 550-450)
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Do you know how to identify dates on coins? Part 1By rcintas on the
A few weeks ago we wrote about the 5 steps to estimate the price on sale of a coin, being the coin identification the first of them. One of the crucial things in the identification process is its minting date, for that reason, we have created a series of pots to give you the keys to guess that date.
There are ancient coins in which there is no minting date, however the most common thing is to find it included as part of the design of the coin. Finding this date is a hard task in old coin or those who have very strong sings of wear. But even the contemporary coins, the identification of the minting year might cause some problems.
In this post we will go through the different calendars and tipografies used in the contemporary coin dates, after the end of the XVIII century. Most of the coins use the Latin alphabet and the Gregorian calendar, very easy to identify, but this is not always the case. For example, the coins belonging to Arab countries such as Morocco use the Muslim calendar for the minting date, so we should make the proper conversion.
Few coins with different calendars:
Alphabets
In order to know the minting date of a coin, the first task is to identify the alphabet that is being used. Most of current coins (Euro, US Dollars, Russian Rubles, Mexican pesos...) the Latin numeration is used, however some other ways of numbering also exist.
Here you have a table with the equivalences between alphabets:
If you want more information regarding the different numeration systems you can find it here:
- Arabic numerals
- Armenian numerals
- Brahmi numerals
- Chinese numerals
- Cyrillic numerals
- Greek numerals
- Hebrew numerals
- Indian numerals
- Japanese numerals
Calendars
But that is not the end of our problems, once we have finished determining the alphabet used to date a coin and we have been able to recognise the characters that compose that date we need to convert it depending on the calendar that was used.
At present most of the planet earth follows the same calendar, but this has not been always like that. Along history different structures to measure time have risen and coins have been affected by them. This way, the dates on the coins might follow any of the following calendars:
Gregorian
The Gregorian calendar is original from Europe, currently used in an official way in almost every part of the world. Named this way because its promoter was the pope Gregorian XIII, substituted in 1582 the Julian calendar, used since Julio Caesar instaurated it in the year 46 b.c.
It is the calendar used for the minting years in most of the contemporary coins.
Few coins dated with this calendar:
Available: 6
From: 2.40 €
Buy this coin
Islamic
Islamic Chronology starts in the occidental year of 622 (16th of July), year in which Muhammed runway to the city of Mecca, starting the Hijra. There are two variants of this calendar depending on if you use the sun or the moon as a reference.
Lunar
Is the calendar used in almost all the Islamic countries, except for Iran and Afghanistan as we will see in the following lines.
The Arabic year is lunar and not solar, so it is not composed of 365 days or 364 in leap years. On the contrary it is based in lunar cycles of 30 years (360 lunar cycles, of Sumerian tradition). The 30 years of the cycle is divided in 19 years of 354 days and 11 years of 355 days. The years of 354 days are called simple years and are divided in six months of 30 days and another six months of 29 days. Years of 355 days are called leaps years and are divided in seven months of 30 days and another five of 29 days. Years and months alternate each other.
Summing up, a full cycle of 33 Muslim years are equivalent to 32 Gregorian years.
Taking that into account, if we want to determine the year to which year of the Gregorian calendar corresponds a certain year from the hijra, we need to calculate the 3 per cent of this last one, and subtract it from the year then sum the result to the starting year of the hijra, the 622.
Let’s apply an example to a coin:
- ١ -> 1
- ٣ -> 3
- ٩ -> 9
- ٠ -> 0
Therefore we want to calculate the corresponding occidental year that corresponds to the Islamic 1390, we should make these calculations:
3% de 1.390 = 41.7 (42)
1.390 - 42 = 1.348
1.348 + 622 = 1.970
There is another form of calculating the correspondence. It consists on multiplying the Islamic year by 0.970224 and add 621.5774. From the result the cipher on the left of the decimal point is the year after Christ, and the decimal fraction multiplied by 365 is the day of the year. Our latest example would be:
1390 * 0.970224 = 1348,61136
1348,61136 + 621.5774 = 1970,18876
0,18876 * 365 = 68,8974
According to this calculation the Islamic year 1390 corresponds to the occidental year of 1970. However, due to the fact that Gregorian years and Islamic years have not the same length, nor they start nor they finish in the same date, this calculation is not 100% exact, so for that we would have taken into account not only the year but also the month.
Next week we will continue with the part two of this series! | https://www.coincollectionmarket.com/en/blog/post/do-you-know-how-to-identify-dates-on-coins-part-one |
The coinage of Syria and Palestine issued during the first fifty years of Islamic rule is of exceptional interest, but until recently has been little studied. The images on the coins were initially loosely based on Byzantine prototypes, but soon developed new iconographic features, including the earliest known Islamic human images. This development was cut short by caliph ‘Abd al-Malik’s reforms of the 690s in which purely epigraphic coinage was introduced across almost the whole Muslim world. Arab-Byzantine coins are therefore an almost unique survival of the birth of Islamic art, as well as useful historical documents given that the earliest surviving histories of this period were written some two hundred years later.
The book starts with a comprehensive survey of the coinage, with examples of all known mints and types illustrated and described. The author then presents three separate in-depth studies, on the coins of Ba‘albak, Jerusalem and Yubna. The first of these includes the results of first comprehensive die study to be published for an Arab-Byzantine mint. The second and third studies concentrate particularly on the unusual iconography which developed in the Palestinian mints and the author also demonstrates how the Yubna coinage, hitherto practically unknown outside specialist numismatic circles, must now be regarded as one of the most complex in the Arab-Byzantine series.
The studies draw on the extensive holdings of the Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art and also on museum and private collections across the world. The book is extensively illustrated with images of around 400 coins, almost all of which are previously unpublished. It is aimed both at numismatists and at interested scholars and collectors from other disciplines.
About the author(s)
Tony Goodwin – is a specialist in Byzantine and early Islamic coinage of the 7th century. | https://www.khalilicollections.org/portfolio/arab-byzantine-coinage/ |
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Abstract
The use of coins as pendants is a common practice in the Scandinavian Viking Age (c. AD 800–1140). About three per cent of the coins circulating in Scandinavia show signs of having been adapted for suspension, either with a small hole or a loop. Modifying coins in this way changes the nature of the object. The pierced and looped coins move from having an economic function to having a display and symbolic function, at least temporarily. After being long neglected by both archaeologists and numismatists, the reuse of coins as pendants has started to receive attention in recent years. This arises mainly from a desire to approach coins from perspectives other than purely economic ones. Coins, like any other archaeological object, are part of material culture. It is therefore also relevant and necessary to investigate their social and cultural significance. The aim of this thesis is to understand why coins were adapted for suspension and worn as personal ornaments in Viking-Age Scandinavia. Unlike most ornaments of the time, the production of which necessarily involved craft specialists, the Viking-Age coin-pendants could be produced directly by their owners. Their study can thus provide unique insights into how the coins of which they are made, and the messages they carry, were perceived by those using them. What made coins so meaningful that they were often turned into pendants? The point of departure adopted here is the object, the ‘coin-pendant’ itself, but this object does not exist in a vacuum. Particular attention is paid to the different contexts that the coin-pendants have navigated throughout their lives, such as minting, use as currency or use as ornament. This contextual approach is combined with a semiotic one, so as to better understand how the meaning of the object was constructed. The relationship between coin-pendants and owners of coin-pendants can be explored by investigating several processes that reflect the owners’ intentions, such as coin selection, modification for suspension, orientation of the motives and combination with other ornaments. These processes allow us to understand how the coin-pendants were valued by those using them. However, it is not possible to fully understand this relationship without putting it into perspective. This means studying: (1) the wider social, economic, cultural and religious framework in which the practice of reusing coins as pendants is situated; (2) the objects with which the coin-pendants are metaphorically associated. The material forming the basis for this study is both archaeological and numismatic. It consists of two main components: 134 Scandinavian graves containing coin-pendants and a random sample of 80 Scandinavian hoards. The hoard material is primarily intended for quantitative purposes while the grave catalogue is primarily intended for qualitative purposes. The importance of studying the Viking-Age coin-pendants both in graves and in hoards cannot be overemphasised. None of these contexts directly reflects the reality of the practice. The study shows that the practice of using coins as pendants was very diverse and could be adapted to individual tastes. Within this diversity, however, a common denominator emerges: the object ‘coin’. It is clear that there was something special about coins in Viking-Age Scandinavia and that the meaning of the coin-pendants was largely derived from the ideas with which coins were associated. | https://dh-ch.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=od_______681::ee91b25aa9200ccf396199cd345035f7 |
DALLAS, Jan. 11 (UPI) -- One of the first U.S. coins ever minted, a 1792 nickel, sold for $1.41 million at an auction in Orlando, Fla., Heritage Auctions said.
The auction house, based in Dallas, said in a news release Friday the coin -- also called a silver nickel and thought to have been minted from silverware belonging to the first U.S. first lady, Martha Washington -- is one of 250 coins still around from the minting of the first U.S. coins following passage of the Mint Act.
"This is a storied and famous coin in American numismatics," said Greg Rohan, president of Heritage Auctions. "Not only is it widely reported that these coins were struck from Martha Washington's silver service -- at the behest of George Washington, no less -- some numismatists over the decades have theorized that Mrs. Washington also posed as Ms. Liberty for the engraver. Whether that is really the case, however, is lost to history."
The coin -- also called a Half Disme and often referred to as The Floyd Starr Example -- was part of a rare coin and currency auction that brought in more than $50 million Thursday, the news release said. | https://www.upi.com/Odd_News/2013/01/11/Nickel-sells-for-141-million-at-auction/54541357943069/?u3L=1 |
There was a most imaginative programme logic to the narrative of these three late masterpieces from the Classical Viennese period, with Haydn representing the classical paradigm of symmetry, tonal, harmonic contrast and sonata form invention, to Beethoven’s last quartet, adding more emotional intimacy together with an increased projection of dynamic and rhythmic invention, and finally to Schubert, with more contrast between heightened dissonance and a song-like lyricism, pointing to the ‘Romantic’ period. Haydn’s Op. 71 No 1 with its opening strong ‘orchestral’ sounding three chords proved to be a wonderful way of beginning such a chamber concert. It is typical of Haydn – in his seemingly endless sense of innovation and surprise – to give the impression of a fugue in the following exposition theme on celli and viola but this is not the case. Instead the theme is treated imitatively and contrapuntally, never actually developing into a fugue proper. This semblance of a fugue is carried over into the development section with a myriad rhythmic, lyrical and tonal developments on the way, leading to the varied recapitulation and coda. Previously I had always thought of the Emerson’s as a brilliant ensemble, but sometimes sounding technically perfect while devoid of lyrical flexibility and ‘old’ world warmth and charm. But tonight everything was there – all emerging with warmth and glow of a vintage wine. They played the C major Adagio sostenuto with all the warmth and sotto voce serenity one could wish for, also playing the more agitated,dramatic sections with a superb sense of contrast. The one-in-a-bar Menuet, which actually sounds more like a brisk Beethovenian scherzo, was full of swift rhythmic energy. The minor key finale, with its persistent tarantella-like triplets and wonderful return to the tonic major in the coda was realised with a rare perception.
The lilting first subject of Beethoven’s Op. 135, developed from the interrogatory phrases of the opening, was played with a wonderful easy sway. The lead in to the later running semi-quavers and triplets was as clear and sharp as I have heard it; as was the development section proper with its falling intervals (sevenths and seconds). The second movement brisk scherzo (no hint of the old style minuet here) with its jarring suspensions and extended trio notable for its rhythmic impetus and the wide leaps of its exuberant first violin part, was given all the thrust and energy required. Some of the sharp accents were foregrounded, but never in a way that sounded mannered or intrusive. The miraculously tranquil and beautiful Lento in D flat (with a short middle-section in D flat minor) and an elaborately varied reprise were played to perfection. Although I must admit that when I hear this music nothing (for me) comes quite near to the 1938 NBC recording Toscanini made of the Scherzo and and Lento. I know that the mere suggestion of playing Beethoven quartets with the full strings of a symphony orchestra is now considered ‘politically incorrect’, but Toscanini’s rhythmically light and sharp scherzo (an unmatched sense of ‘flight’), and the profundity and glowing serenity he found in the Lento are very special. The finale, with all its jesting or cryptic headings ‘Muss es sein’ (Must it be?) from the dramatic grave in F minor, to which the first notes of the (Allegro in F) give the answer ‘Est muss sein’ (It must be!) was made clear in the sense of the contrasting musical motives. But the actual message – to do with ‘a hard won decision’ – we can interpret in any way we like. The Emerson’s brought out the movement’s sometimes ‘mock’ gaiety with a sense of exhilaration, and it was something of a relief to hear their quite spontaneous, un-mannered playing of the serene and untroubled conclusion.
Schubert’s Quartet in G (1826) has never been played (recorded) as much as the great Quintet in C or the Quartet in D minor known as the ‘Death and the Maiden’. It maybe that this nomination has brought a particular popularity to the D minor Quartet? But if anything the G major Quartet is more innovative (certainly more daring in terms of tonal tension). It deserves to be performed more often. The Emersons gave a ‘big-boned’ rendition. As many have commented this is a quartet full of tonal/dynamic contrasts. This dramatic, tense conflict between G major and G minor was well punctuated from the outset. All the inversions and juxtapositons, particularly in the recapitulation, subsiding into a moment of almost haunted calm, compellingly sustained tonight. In the development the G minor tone of restless anguish and its strongly rhythmic modes of counterpoint were played with tremendous power and clarity. The E minor Andante with its elegiac main theme, given by the cello, foreshadows the sadness of the wanderer in Wnterreise. The following violent outbursts, in constellations of remote keys, were played with great force and concentration. The Unheimlich sounding ascending tremolandos projected the mood of the Walpurgisnacht, or Hauntology (to use Derrida’s metaphor). This music (sometimes compared with the power of Beethoven -,wrongly, in my view) is always associated in my mind with its use in Woody Allen’s neo-noir film ‘Crimes and Misdemeanors’ (1989), about a man who hires the mob to murder his difficult mistress, and the remorse he suffers as a consequence. Both the Scherzo, with its scurrying,repeated notes, and the trio, with its songful cello theme in G major, contrasting with the Scherzo B minor, and the final movement in 6/8 time, full of rhythmic surprises and tonal shifts between major and minor, the seemingly light-hearted mood subtended by darker shadows and fears, were all expertly delivered.
My one criticism is that these final two movements really needed a more swift sense of movement; they are both marked to be played,respectively; Allegro vivace (fast and lively) and Allegro assai (very fast). The Emersons played these two movements at a more measured tempo, again with astounding detail and clarity, but the sense of urgency and agitation were lacking. I played the wonderful 1938 ‘Busch Quartet’ recording,(still sounding amazingly good) and right away, from the Scherzo to the finale, there was a tremendous sense of urgency, restlessness and flight, as marked by Schubert. But overall, and despite these reservations, this was a fine concert, compellingly played with a rare sense of empathy and commitment.
No encore was offered and in a sense I felt relieved, what can really follow Schubert’s String Quartet D 887? | https://seenandheard-international.com/2015/11/empathy-and-commitment-from-emerson-string-quartet/ |
While Johann Sebastian Bach would be one of the hardest people ever to follow, his second-born son, Carl Philipp Emanuel, was undoubtedly the most outstandingly-individual talent of his sons. Active in a wide range of musical fields, Emanuel’s core output were his works for clavier or Klavier – in essence any stringed keyboard-instrument in Germany from the late 17th century, the harpsichord, clavichord and piano all bearing the name respectively. Central to this are his more than fifty concertos for clavier, a surprising number considering the newness of the genre at the time.
Although his father is generally credited with raising the profile of the harpsichord from its traditional accompanying, or solo recital roles to that of a solo concerto instrument – for example, his Fifth Brandenburg Concerto includes a solo harpsichord part of ground-breaking importance, and which could definitely lay claim to it being considered the first-ever keyboard concerto. True, father Bach also wrote a number of actual harpsichord concertos per se, but these are almost certainly arrangements of earlier works for other instruments like the oboe or violin.
From the historical standpoint, Emanuel Bach is one of those composers whose career spans two major musical periods. Naturally he inherited the Baroque forms and musical language from his father, but as he outlived him by some thirty-eight years, Emanuel became one of the most important figures of the ‘Empfindsamer Stil’ – with the intention to express ‘true and natural’ feelings, and often featuring sudden contrasts of mood – developed as a contrast to the Baroque ‘Affektenlehre’, in which a composition or single movement would have the same affect, or emotion, throughout. He was also a pioneer of the ‘Sturm and Drang’ movement, a style borrowed from literary sources, which allowed self-expression and often quite impulsive emotions, and which manifest themselves in his harmonic language, and interest in improvisation.
The G major Concerto dates from 1737 (revised in 1745). Its octave-unison opening tutti of some six bars has great vigour but, unlike the start of father Bach’s Brandenburg Concerto No 3 in the same key, with its typical motor-rhythm and constant onward drive, Emanuel’s opening is mixed with a certain nervous energy, which straightaway makes it less predictable, and which the unexpected string-passage interjections and decidedly chromatic element enhance – after just twenty seconds, for example, the key has shifted to the tonic minor (G minor). Other stylistic fingerprints include a more modern approach to the essential relationship between solo passages, and orchestral sections, again something which was to change the direction of the concerto form itself over the coming decades.
The central Adagio in G minor does have a parallel with a similar movement from father Bach, but here there is a more poetic feel to the solo part than was the case in J.S.’s work. An uncomplicated dance-like movement, with a certain rustic charm, ends the concerto in true high spirits.
The Concerto in G minor was written in 1740, and while the jagged dotted-rhythms hark back to the former French Overture, again they do not take thematic control, and when the soloist enters, the preoccupation changes to passages more in triplets. Again the pauses with their associated Imperfect Cadences – leading on, each time, to a fresh idea – add to the constantly-changing musical canvas, and heighten the listener’s interest.
Muted strings are required in the central Largo, and which provide extra tonal contrast with the far-brighter outer movements. The soloist’s entry, with its sustained trill, almost looks forward in some way to the equivalent movement from Brahms’ First Piano Concerto – remarkably over a hundred years later. The final Allegro di molto dispels the emotional repose of the Adagio, with a full-bodied theme in 2/2, which combines chattering passage-work from the soloist with effective use at times of string pizzicatos.
The final concerto, in E major, was composed in 1744, though not published until 1760, and is his only concerto in this key. There is more than a passing resemblance to the opening movement of Haydn’s ‘Farewell Symphony’ – both in triple time (3/4) – with the wide-interval theme in crotchets (quarter-notes), and over which the soloist constantly embellishes with sparkling scales and broken chords. A short cadenza is included – again looking ahead to the classical concerto – as this truly-energetic movement moves towards its close.
Muted strings are called for once more in the persuasive Poco adagio in E minor, and where their fortissimo interruptions add to the tormented feel. By contrast, the soloist’s contribution is more eloquent, almost improvisatory in feel, and with ornamentation that enhances, rather than feeling purely perfunctory. Once more there is a short cadenza with a closing trill, that was to become almost de rigueur in later concertos, and which also hints at the short slow movement in the same key, from Beethoven’s Fourth Piano Concerto. Once more, an alluring dance-like finale in 6/8 returns again to a more convivial and carefree world, although there are darker, minor sections, but which never really last long enough to upset the almost naïve, childlike jollity of the main theme. As before, a mixture of scale-passages, broken chords and octaves from the soloist propels the movement to its joyful conclusion.
You’re not exactly spoilt for choice, should you be seeking an alternative recording, but with Belder’s superb keyboard artistry and consummate technique – which the writing clearly demands – you need look no further. The period-instrument ensemble, Musica Amphion, provides the perfect accompaniment, under Belder’s secure direction from the keyboard, and the recording finely captures the same dynamic balance you would expect live, between the five string players and harpsichord – a modern copy built by Titus Crijnen (2013) after Blanchet (1730/33).
Brilliant Classics is currently involved in releasing a series of recordings to commemorate the tercentenary of Emanuel’s birth. According to the excellent liner notes – and which are pleasingly couched in natural English, rather than the all-too-frequent Denglish – the distinguished writer, Charles Rosen, was even bold enough to claim: ‘Next to C.P.E. Bach, Haydn appears like a cautious, sober composer’. There is certainly more than sufficient evidence in the three works recorded here to substantiate this statement to some degree – and even if you feel that Haydn ultimately has the edge, this is still music of real inventiveness, energy, and great charm, and a real delight to get to know better. | http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2014/May14/BachCPE_concertos_94849.htm |
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Christopher Martin
Joseph Heras
California State University San Bernardino
Author Profile
Christopher Martin
University of California Berkeley
Author Profile
Abstract
Adaptive radiations offer an excellent opportunity to understand the eco-evolutionary dynamics of gut microbiota and host niche specialization. In a laboratory common garden, we compared the gut microbiota of two novel trophic specialists, a scale-eater and a molluscivore, to a set of four outgroup generalist populations from which this adaptive radiation originated. We predicted an adaptive and highly divergent microbiome composition in the specialists matching their rapid rates of craniofacial diversification in the past 10 kya. We measured gut lengths and sequenced 16S rRNA amplicons of gut microbiomes from lab-reared fish fed the same high protein diet for one month. In contrast to our predictions, gut microbiota largely reflected 5 Mya phylogenetic divergence times among generalist populations in support of phylosymbiosis. However, we did find significant enrichment of Burkholderiaceae bacteria in both lab-reared scale-eater populations. These bacteria sometimes digest collagen, the major component of fish scales, supporting an adaptive shift. We also found some enrichment of Rhodobacteraceae and Planctomycetacia in lab-reared molluscivore populations, but these bacteria target cellulose. Minor shifts in gut microbiota appear adaptive for scale-eating in this radiation, whereas overall microbiome composition was phylogenetically conserved. This contrasts with predictions of adaptive radiation theory and observations of rapid diversification in all other trophic traits in these hosts, including craniofacial morphology, foraging behavior, aggression, and gene expression, suggesting that microbiome divergence proceeds as a nonadaptive radiation. | https://authorea.com/doi/full/10.22541/au.161169908.87361055 |
Heading out to Wonderful by Robert Goolrick was a book I purchased for my kindle by mistake and thought what the heck will give it a go as the process of retuning it just seemed like too much bother.
I was pleasantly surprised after reading the first chapter of this novel as the prose, the characters and the plot had me totally hooked.
The novel is set in the small town of Brownsburg, a quiet and sleepy town in the valley of Virginia. In the summer of 1948 a stranger arrives in town by the name of Charlie Beale who recently returned back from war in Europe. Charlie's few possessions include two suitcases containing a set of butcher knives and case full of cash. Charlie keeps himself to himself and gets a job at the local butchers and it is here Charlie encounters the beautiful wife of wealthy Boaty Glass and instantly becomes obsessed with this young woman and from this first encounter the story becomes a wonderful suspenseful read which was hard to put down.
I found heading out to wonderful a captivating read with well formed and interesting characters and a wonderful suspenseful plot. Although this is a story which has been told over and over, Robert Goolrick's ability to write with passion and imaginary that is seldom found in books like this make this book such a passionate and compelling read with twists and turns to keep the reader interested.
There are certainly unanswered questions in the novel but I always applaud a writer for this as it makes the reader think for themselves and makes books like Heading Out to Wonderful great discussion reads for book clubs.
Really enjoyed this novel and will add more of this author's books to my library. | http://dem.booklikes.com/post/1528889/heading-out-to-wonderful |
Scottish Crime Night at the Ottawa International Writers Festival kicked off in style as the esteemed authors, Ian Rankin, Denise Mina, and Stuart Macbride, were piped in to the fittingly Scottish Knox Presbyterian Church.
A rainy October evening should have been the perfect backdrop to an evening of crime, examining the darker side to human existence, but inside the mood was jovial; lightened by the foreign Scottish accents and the delectable sense of humour shared by all three of the evening’s authors. Host Alan Neal did a remarkable job of connecting the three stories together, often pulling a quote from one of the books to ask a question of all three. Responses from the writers were intelligent, thoughtful, and often quite funny, keeping the packed house laughing through a rather lengthy discussion that journeyed through the author’s books to the current financial situation to the tendency of the world to constantly find new threats to fear. By the end of the evening, I had determined that I needed to read the books myself.
The books ended up being harder to acquire than I had hoped they would, but it was a worthwhile experience to do so.
Denise Mina’s The End of Wasp Season wove together the stories of many people, from the boy who committed the murder to the leading detective on the case - Alex Morrow, to an old friend of Alex’s who ended up being quite close to the victim. The layers upon layers of sub-plot going on around the main case enriched the story and added an extra layer of depth to the characters. It is this depth of character that makes the reader want to keep reading, to find out what happens to each of them. Mina commented that crime writing is a great way to play out the continuous struggles between our demons and our better natures. This is precisely what she has done, and remarkably well, in her book. (See http://www.denisemina.co.uk/contents/books/endofthewasp.htm for more plot details or to read the first chapter for free.)
Stuart MacBride also plays out this struggle in Shatter the Bones, but in a very different way. MacBride writes a much more suspenseful and action packed double-mystery with two simultaneous investigations being handled by his Grampian Police Force. First there is the abduction of two of Scotland’s most famous musicians, contestants on Britain’s Next Big Star; second, there is a drug raid and the drug underworld. The story takes a turn for the personal, affecting the home life of the leading detective on the case. MacBride’s novel was the most Scottish in language of the three, but that certainly did not detract from the twisted and ever-evolving plot. It is MacBride’s ability to twist the plot around that is his greatest gift as a writer. Shatter the Bones is the seventh book in the series, but I had no difficulty picking it up and reading it without knowledge of the others. (See http://www.stuartmacbride.com/books.php for more details about this book or others by Stuart MacBride.)
Ian Rankin’s The Impossible Dead is also based on a returning character, but again it was quite easy to pick up and jump right in. Rankin’s central characters here are members of Complaints, the police officers who investigate the impropriety of other officers, the ultimate way of playing out the conflict between the inner demons and better natures of human beings. In this case, a standard investigation takes a turn to the past, to a case that was never properly investigated in the first place. The book twists and turns jumping back and forth between past and present. What is remarkable about Rankin’s book is the smooth and natural way in which he manages to weave the many cases together. (See http://www.ianrankin.net/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=175 for more details about the book.)
What strikes me about all three novels are the detectives. Alex Morrow, Logan McRae, and Malcolm Fox are all excellent police officers, dedicated to their jobs, working tirelessly and often without the requisite breaks - risking their lives even - in order to bring justice and solve their cases. Each displays valour, intelligence, quick wits, bravery, and determination, having successful careers and moving up the ranks. Each does an excellent job of solving the case. Yet at the same time, each makes moves that are not standard procedure, that could cost them the case. Each displays a degree of malice, occasionally making a move that is selfish, underhanded, or that may seem shady in one way or another. Despite these human flaws, each character is easy to like, which is probably why they have maintained their staying power with the authors and readers. If part of the joy and beauty of crime fiction is to play out the inner conflict between each person’s darker side and desire to do the right thing and be a hero, these three authors are artists, displaying a remarkable talent for just that.
I would be remiss if I failed to mention the financial aspect to these crime novels. Alan Neal, in his interview with the authors, points out that each contains an element of the financial world, and asked how the global “economic crisis” has an influence on their writing. For Denise Mina, one of the dead is a major financial player who was part of the problem of the collapse. It is interesting that this character also had two families and a mistress and was smuggling money around. In MacBride’s book, the financial world comes out in the current need for celebrity status, pulling in the new reality show culture. For Fox, his criminal is a very successful businessman, high up in financial circles. Rankin goes so far as to point out that the attributes needed to be successful in business are the same as those needed to succeed in criminal enterprise: “I saw something on the internet during a trawl: the qualities you need to succeed in business are the same ones cold-blooded killers have. No empathy, no emotion … whatever it takes to get the result you want” (pg 353). In the discussion with the authors, they talked about how crime writing often gives people a way to deal with their fears in the world in a safe way. With the current economic situation, what many people fear is for their jobs and having enough money. In these novels, high finance and cold-blooded criminals are linked and people can subconsciously process their fears for both at the same time.
Regardless of whether the authors intended to play out people’s inner natures and help others to process their fears or not, all three of these Scottish authors have written interesting, suspenseful crime novels that keep the reader engaged to the very end. | https://writersfestival.org/blog/scottish-crime-night |
How Networking Has Effected Healthcare?
Patients’ use of social media affects the healthcare professional and patient relationship, resulting in more equal communication between the patient and healthcare professional, increased switching of doctors, harmonious relationships, and suboptimal interaction between the patient and healthcare provider.
Table of contents
What Is The Importance Of Networking In Healthcare?
Healthcare professionals can complete their daily tasks with the help of networking, such as teaching patients, monitoring their health, tracking their blood pressure, and so on. Chronic disease, diet, and lifestyle choices can be managed through the use of a variety of networking tools.
How The Internet Is Affecting Healthcare?
The Internet allows healthcare providers to access information that can assist in the diagnosis of health conditions or the development of treatment plans in real time. The system can be used to access patient records, test results, and practice guidelines from the examination room.
How Has Technology Affected Health Care?
Healthcare has undergone a tremendous transformation thanks to technology. The clinic now offers a variety of diagnostic tools, new and cutting-edge treatments, and minimally-invasive procedures that result in less pain and faster healing for patients.
How Has The Internet Affected Healthcare?
The internet has streamlined the secure communication of medical information, which is known in the United States as HIPAA compliance. The transfer of healthcare information between doctors, insurers, and other healthcare entities is not time-consuming or expensive, and it is possible without the use of secure manual transfer methods.
How Social Media Has Changed Healthcare?
The use of social media by doctors improves patient care. Physicians and patients are informed and educated by social media. In the healthcare system, outcomes, costs, and value are more readily understood. Patients and providers have a positive relationship that leads to greater trust.
Why Networking Is Important In Health And Community Care Settings?
A network can provide benefits such as better coordination of local service delivery, such as co-location, case management, shared expertise, and knowledge; a broader community reach for each member; and the ability to extend geographical reach.
What Is Networking In Health Care?
You can simply refer to networking as making connections and forming relationships with other professionals in your field. Online networking sites such as LinkedIn and in person at conferences, events, and meetings are popular ways to connect with professionals.
Why Is Networking So Important?
As well as helping you advance your career, networking can also give you access to more job opportunities. Networking provides you with new insights that you may not have considered before, which is a key benefit of changing information, advice, and support on challenges, experiences, and goals.
Why Is Networking Important In The Nhs?
Healthcare is influenced by networks in many ways. Change can be driven by a few individuals or by a group of people who share similar interests. They have been suggested to contribute to healthcare improvement by providing a forum for experimentation, knowledge creation, information exchange, and dissemination of good practice, according to research.
What Health Issues Can The Internet Cause?
The use of the Internet frequently has been linked to anxiety, addiction, and social isolation. Adults with high blood pressure are at risk for all of these conditions. To determine whether Internet use might influence teens’ blood pressure, 331 adolescents aged 14 to 17 were recruited.
What Is The Impact Of Technology In Healthcare?
Technology has a lot to offer in the healthcare sector, including the ability to provide healthcare professionals and patients with easy and fast access to information. With the introduction of electronic health records, hospitals and doctors no longer need to rely entirely on keeping physical records of patients.
What Are The Negative Effects Of Internet?
In addition to major breaches of privacy and security, fake news proliferation, cyberbullying, revenge pornography, sextortion, internet predation, and internet addiction, as well as the negative effects of the internet on social relationships and social cohesion, are some examples of the internet’s negative effects
What Are The Major Issues In Healthcare Today?
How Is Technology Affecting Health Care?
The healthcare community has been able to use technology to improve patient care through the use of various potent tools. Older people and patients with mental illnesses can benefit from virtual reality devices and apps, as well as those who have undergone surgery.
How Has This New Technology Affected The Medical Field?
Medical advancements have led to this change, which is due to technological advancements. Technology can be used by the medical field to discover treatments, data collection, symptom and disease research, cure research, and human aids (such as hearing aids and speaking aids).
How Does Technology Negatively Affect Healthcare?
Medical technology can have negative effects on patients, including impersonal care, negative health outcomes, increased costs, overuse, and invasion of privacy. | https://bostinnovation.com/how-networking-has-effected-healthcare/ |
01 Sep 2015
Compared to our major cities, those living in rural and regional Australia experience on average:
"Life expectancy is 2.5 years lower for males and 1.3 years lower for females for outer regional, remote and very remote areas."
Andrew Giles, CEO of the Garvan Research Foundation
How best to address this concerning and inequitable situation is an ongoing question. Sadly, answers are few and far between.
At the Garvan Institute of Medical Research we have just completed a major reportexamining the main health issues facing rural and regional communities, as well as who is impacted.
We analysed why the challenges exist and considered how we might begin rectifying some of these major health issues.
The report, 'Genomics and Rural Health – Garvan Report 2015', which we launched at the Australian Grains Industry Conference in Melbourne, brings together for the first time the most pertinent evidence-based data to better understand the health issues facing rural and regional populations across Australia.
The report has been applauded by health professionals. The Rural Doctors Association of Australia President, Professor Dennis Pashen said the report makes for very sobering reading.
Life expectancy is 2.5 years lower for males and 1.3 years lower for females for outer regional, remote and very remote areas compared with the major cities and inner regional areas.
The study is in line with the National Health Priority Areas of asthma, arthritis, cancer control, cardiovascular health, diabetes, mental health, obesity and dementia.
We wanted to focus on the 'big picture' around these issues. The facts and figures contained in the report ensure the key information is readily available to all stakeholders.
After all, the foundation of all good policy is a solid information base and a good understanding of the realities facing any sector of the population.
Critical to any solution is medical research and there is a particular focus on the role genomics can play in the development of personalised medicine.
In 2015 Garvan was one of the first in the world to acquire machines that can sequence a whole human genome in less than 48 hours at a base cost of less than $US1000.
Compare this to just over a decade ago when the same technology cost over a billion dollars to sequence the first human genome, and took several years to complete.
This technology has the potential to accelerate medical research and provide personalised data that allows for early prevention, more targeted treatments and significantly lower health costs to people living in rural areas.
There are some diseases – rare and inherited childhood diseases for example – where genomic information can be used to diagnose and better treat the disease.
Genomic technology will provide several key benefits including the ability to more accurately diagnose and there allow for better treatment choices; better risk prediction for complex disease; and more targeted treatments with less trial and error and fewer side effects.
In upcoming BlueNotes pieces we will look more closely at the rural health issues highlighted in the Garvan report, and the role genomics might play in addressing these.
ANZ is a proud supporter of the Garvan Research Foundation and its work in raising awareness of rural health issues and the role medical research can play to address these.
Andrew Giles is CEO of the Garvan Research Foundation.
The views and opinions expressed in this communication are those of the author and may not necessarily state or reflect those of ANZ. | https://bluenotes.anz.com/posts/2015/09/the-true-cost-of-australias-rural-health-issues |
Abstract: Advancements in medical technology coupled with a more thorough comprehension of oncologic diseases has resulted in a burgeoning number of aggressive treatment options available to cancer patients and a gradual loosening of the association between cancer and timely death. With the advent of extended life expectancies, however, the need to investigate the human and overall life impact of cancer diseases and treatments has increased dramatically (Langenhoff et al., 2001). This need to examine considerations of quality of life becomes even more essential in the context of high-risk treatments, such as cytoreductive surgery plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CS+HIPEC), an extensive procedure offered to select candidates with peritoneal carcinomatosis from a variety of primary origins (Levine et al., 2007). A biopsychosocial model of research and clinical care (e.g. Wilson & Cleary, 1995) underscores the many levels and interrelationships of clinical, demographic, and psychosocial variables impacting survivors of such an invasive medical procedure, yet a paucity of methodologically sound psychosocial studies with these long-term CS+HIPEC survivors exists.
The purpose of this investigation was to enhance our understanding of the multidimensional quality of life (QOL) and sleep quality of survivors who have lived 12 or more months post-CS+HIPEC. Additionally, the contributions of surgical and biological variables to long-term QOL were examined, as were changes in QOL scores over time in a subset of the sample. This descriptive data acquired enriches our knowledge of CS+HIPEC survivors' quality of survivorship, informs prospective candidates' treatment decision making processes, and enhances the standard of care by serving as a foundation for future psychosocial interventions. | http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/listing.aspx?id=3500 |
Exploration of Health Sciences & Medicine has many sections offered both Blocks 2-3 and Blocks 3-4 during the fall term and spring terms.
Location
Waukee Innovation and Learning Center
Premiere partners:
Mercy College of Health Sciences
Des Moines University
Course Description
Exploration of Health Sciences and Medicine is a scientific, inquiry based experience to advance the student’s understanding of patient care, human physiology, disease process, research and ethics. The goal is to develop the students’ comfort in the role of a health professional and to develop skills in interprofessional education, patient relationships, health sciences knowledge, and experience in professional settings. In addition to gaining some basic clinical skills, students will also receive advanced instruction from medical experts to further their understanding of medical skills, current health topics and analyze treatments for the patient. Students will be exposed to a variety of health science and medicine professions allowing the students to see the advancements and limitations of medicine along with the various skills used by scientific professionals.
Career Opportunities
Students will be connected to industry partners to explore projects and career opportunities such as physician, nurse, nurse practitioner, physician’s assistant, surgery technician, radiologist, dietician, physical therapist. | https://apex.waukeeschools.org/economic-sectors/human-services/exploration-of-health-sciences-medicine/ |
Kevin Brennan (Cardiff, West): I hope that this important debate will raise awareness of the serious medical condition of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is named after Dr. Duchenne de Boulogne, who worked in Paris in the mid-19th century and was one of the first people to study muscular dystrophy. The problem is known to result from a gene defect in a single important fibre in muscle fibres called dystrophin. Without dystrophin to strengthen them, the muscle cells become weaker and eventually waste away.
DMD is the most common, most progressive and most deadly type of muscular dystrophy. It is an X chromosome-linked disease, and as such predominantly affects boys; worldwide, it affects one in 3,500 boys. DMD is usually diagnosed when a child reaches two to three years of age and has not reached developmental milestones such as standing and walking. As such children progress through childhood they are often prone to falls and are eventually unable to walkthey usually need a wheelchair by the age of 11. Through their teen years, such children will become progressively disabled as their muscles seriously weaken and waste away. In the final years of their life, 24-hour care will be required including night-time ventilation and feeding support. A young adult with DMD is unlikely to live beyond their 21st birthday, and death is usually caused by heart or lung failure as the muscles supporting the vital organs finally become so weak that they are unable to maintain life.
DMD is sometimes called an equal opportunity condition. Although many cases of DMD are hereditary, an increasing number of cases seem to be caused by spontaneous mutations. As such, the condition could cast its shadow over anybody of any background or nationality. In more than one sense, it is a case of genetic roulette.
I was first alerted to DMD earlier this year when two of my constituents, Nick Catlin and Janet Hoskin, approached me for help. Nick and Janet have a two-year-old son called Saul, and, without breaching any parliamentary rules, I can say that I know that they are taking a close interest in today's proceedings. Saul was diagnosed as having DMD at the unusually young age of five months following a routine blood test for liver function. Saul is Nick and Janet's first child, and I am sure that you will allow me to take this opportunity, Mr. Griffiths, to congratulate them on the birth of their second child, a girl called Amelia, who was born last week. I wish them all the best for the future.
Saul was Nick and Janet's first child, and receiving and accepting Saul's diagnosis was devastating for the family. Writing in February, Nick told me:
In the same letter, Janet added that they wanted the Government
Since the charity was founded, Nick, Janet and the other helpers of PPUK have worked long and hard to raise awareness of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and campaign for funding for new research. Nick and Janet were lucky enough to receive a start-up grant of £5,000 from the National Lottery and on Saturday 27 July this year members of the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers field support squadron took part in a relay organised by PPUK between Swansea and Cardiff. To date, that run has raised another £2,000. I am also pleased and delighted to say that PPUK has successfully bid for a grant of £48,950 from the community fund, which, over the coming year, will cover the cost of a project co-ordinator and the general running costs of the new charity.
As a relative newcomer on the scene, PPUK is following in the footsteps of two other charitable and lobbying organisationsthe Muscular Dystrophy Campaign and the Duchenne Family Support Group. The Muscular Dystrophy Campaign is a national charity focusing on all the muscular dystrophies and allied disorders. It has pioneered the search for treatments and cures for more than 40 years and aims to provide medical and emotional support for sufferers and their families.
The Duchenne Family Support Group is a national charity. It was founded in 1987 and is run by and for families affected by DMD. The group strives to bring families together for mutual support, sharing of information and social activities. In recent months, the three charities have pooled their resources to co-ordinate a nationwide campaign called "The Right to Survive". The campaign aims to increase funding for research into finding a cure for Duchenne muscular dystrophy to give sufferers the right to survive into adulthood. Those charities are requesting that money be dedicated to research into treatments for this disease. Children born now with Duchenne muscular dystrophy could have the chance of a longer life. The UN convention on the rights of the child was adopted by the United Kingdom in 1991 and states that the Government are committed to children's right to life and to survival and development. The right to survive campaign calls in that pledge to give boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy the right to survive into
Tonight my hon. Friend the Member for Norwich, North (Dr. Gibson) and I will host a briefing in Committee Room 11, at which Members of both Houses of Parliament will be given the opportunity to hear some of the experiences of DMD sufferers' families and to discuss the issues surrounding DMD with campaigns from all three charities. I urge Members of this and the other place to spare time this evening to come to the briefing, for however short a time, and to find out more about Duchenne muscular dystrophy first hand.
The other main aim of the campaign is to try to persuade the Government, the Medical Research Council or anyone else to release more funding for research into a cure for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. At present, the Muscular Dystrophy Campaign is the only voluntary organisation in the United Kingdom funding scientific research into potential cures and treatments for all types of muscular dystrophy and related disorders. The charity supports a programme of around 30 research projects in the UK and Europe with an investment of £1.5 million in 2002. Those projects are working to characterise the genes and proteins responsible for different types of muscular dystrophy as well as investigating techniques for potential treatments and cures. Results from the projects are shared among the international science community to ensure that knowledge about the range of initiatives under investigation is pooled effectively.
The main agency through which the Government support medical and clinical research is the Medical Research Council. The MRC is an independent body and it receives its grant in aid from the Office of Science and Technology. As such, it operates under the auspices of the Department for Trade and Industry. MRC spending on muscular dystrophy research for 200102 is estimated at £950,000, or 0.24 per cent. of its £394 million gross expenditure. That proportion has been consistent over the past six years. In addition, the Department of Health funds the NHS research and development budget.
At current levels, the voluntary sector funds a third more research than the Government. Charities rightly find that unacceptable, and they are calling for increased ring-fenced funding for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. What plans, if any, do the Government have in that regard? I hope that my hon. Friend the Minister will say something about that.
Any change in Government funding will require a shift in strategy from the MRC. There is currently limited funding for projects associated with so-called rare conditions, and grant applications for research into muscular dystrophy often receive the highest technical ranking from the MRC only to be turned down on funding grounds. As part of the ongoing campaign, PPUK, the Muscular Dystrophy Campaign and the
Dr. Ian Gibson (Norwich, North): My hon. Friend may be aware that the MRC now has a strategy of denying money to alpha-rated projects of great international prominence in the fields of brain function, leukaemia and asthma. It recently adopted a policy of funding only massive projects involving five or six groups. The chances of its funding what it may see as small problems, such as muscular dystrophy, seem remoter than ever. There must be pressure on the MRC to examine its funding strategy for research into rarer and more prominent diseases.
Kevin Brennan : I am grateful to my hon. Friend for that; he obviously speaks with great expertise and knowledge. He emphasises my point that it is vital for the MRC to reconsider its approach.
Another aspect of DMD that I want to mention is the method of genetic research employed. Dystrophin's role in the cell is not fully understood, and scientists are trying to determine it. One of its roles is thought to be structural, due to its position in the muscle cell membrane where it forms part of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex, or DGC. It forms a link between the outside and the inside of the muscle membrane. Without it, the membrane becomes weak and breaks down, and the muscle cell dies.
The main body of research aims to pinpoint why dystrophin is absent in certain cases, and there are three main avenues of research: muscle cell transfer, gene therapy and more general pharmacological research. Muscle cell transfer utilises genetically modified self cells, and research using experimental models has shown that skin cells that are grown outside the body in a liquid medium that previously contained muscle cells may convert into muscle cells. Research is under way to find the factor responsible for that conversiona reaction referred to as galectin 1and to gain a better understanding of the type of cell that is capable of it. Should there be therapeutic potential, skin cells from a person with DMD could be removed and a correct version of the dystrophin gene could be inserted. The cells could then be grown and reintroduced into the person, where they would help to repopulate the muscle and form functional muscle tissue.
Gene therapyor gene repair technology, to use the more technically accurate descriptionexamines ways of repairing the gene in situ or outside the body and then putting the cells back. This new technology can use repair mechanisms that cells normally use to target and correct specific mutations. It does not involve introducing a new gene into cells, but repairs the existing, faulty gene. It may benefit 15 to 30 per cent. of individuals with DMD.
Both those types of research depend on stem cell research, and it is important that we applaud the Government's decision to continue it. It is a notable, if gloomy, irony that the United States has ring-fenced money for DMD research but at the same time called a
Pharmacological approaches to DMD treatment could bring a more traditional range of approaches to alleviating some of the symptoms, if not to finding an eventual cure. Perhaps a combination of the three approaches might be the answer.
Every hon. Member is likely to have a child like Saul in their constituency. Every one of us bears a responsibility to do all in our power to find a cure for this dreadful disease. I hope that the Government will confirm that they support research for such so-called rare diseases, and will ensure that public policy supports the medical research most likely to produce a cure for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
The Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Health (Mr. David Lammy) : I commend my hon. Friend the Member for Cardiff, West (Kevin Brennan) on securing this important debate, which I welcome. No one could fail to be moved by the plight of children who suffer from Duchenne muscular dystrophy. I note the support of my hon. Friends the Members for Norwich, North (Dr. Gibson) and for Rhondda (Mr. Bryant), who are at his side.
My hon. Friend the Member for Cardiff, West mentioned Nick and Janet Catlin's charity, Parent Project UK. In preparing for the debate, I looked at the charity's website www.ppuk.org and read with great interest and humility about the plight of their son, Saul, and their work to raise awareness of the disease. There was a muscular dystrophy awareness week at the end of September, which I hope was successful in making the public more aware of these distressing diseases. I realise how serious the issue is for families whose children have the genetic defect that causes DMD. I admire Mark and Zoe Thein's effort to raise awareness of DMD by walking to Parliament from Peterborough.
As the hon. Gentleman mentioned, there is a meeting on the subject later today in the House. I am sad to say that my commitments mean that I cannot attend, but my hon. Friend the Member for Edmonton (Mr. Love), the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Minister of State, Department of Health, my hon. Friend the Member for Redditch (Jacqui Smith), will attend to hear more about the condition first hand.
My hon. Friend the Member for Cardiff, West asked about some of the initiatives under way to help patients with this awful condition. They range from initiatives to look into the cause of the disease, through to the Department's providing much-needed assistance to those who suffer the condition so that they can maintain as good a quality of life as possible.
As my hon. Friend explained, DMD is an inherited, severe and progressive muscle-wasting disease that is estimated to affect around one in every 3,500 boys each year. It is caused by a genetic defect characterised by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal or voluntary muscles that control movement. Most boys with the disease will be in a wheelchair by the age of 10.
Tragically, there is currently no effective cure or treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. I therefore understand why the families of children with DMD call for a greater research effort to be applied. The main agency through which the Government support medical and clinical research is the Medical Research Council. The MRC is an independent body that receives its grant in aid from the Office of Science and Technology. However, it is a long-standing and important principle of successive Governments that they do not prescribe the detail of how individual research councils should distribute their resources between competing priorities. Researchers and research users should best decide that. I will, however, make sure that, through the offices of the chief medical officer, a copy of the report of the debate is placed before the Medical Research Council. I welcome the fact that my hon. Friend seeks to discuss the condition further.
The Government are committed to investing in genetic research. In 200102, the MRC will spend about £2 million on research into Duchenne muscular dystrophy. That is higher than the figure that we gave in April. The MRC is now funding five projects on various aspects of DMD, and I can provide details of them separately if my hon. Friend wishes. Other research projects are being carried out on muscular dystrophy, and on basic underpinning work that could apply to all forms of the disease.
The MRC does not usually earmark funds for particular topics: proposals for research in all areas compete for the available funding. When appropriate, high-quality research in the areas that we are prompting may be given priority in the competition for funds, but research excellence and importance to health will continue to be the primary considerations in funding decisions. In addition, although prevalence of a particular condition is an important factor, the MRC's funding decisions are based largely on scientific opportunity and the likelihood of significant development.
The report from the chief medical officer's expert group, published in 2000, is entitled "Stem cell research: medical progress with responsibility". It recognises that early research on stem cells is exciting and that it provides a real hope of new treatments becoming available in a few years for people with chronic diseases. I welcome my hon. Friend's comments in that regard.
The Government welcome the publication of the report of the House of Lords Health Committee on stem cell research, which endorsed the importance of research using embryonic stem cells. That report also upheld the Government's position that research using cell nuclear replacementtherapeutic cloningis justified under the existing strict controls operated by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority.
In January, the Secretary of State announced plans for the first national network of genetic knowledge parks. The aim is to put Britain at the leading edge of advances in genetic technology, which could transform treatments and services for NHS patients. We are investing £10 million in the genetics knowledge challenge fund, and the Department of Trade and Industry will contribute a further £5 million. There will be six genetics knowledge parks and two new national genetics reference laboratories. The genetics revolution is already under way. It is changing the world in which
In time, we should be able to assess an individual's risk of developing not only single-gene disorders such as DMD and cystic fibrosis, but our country's biggest killer diseasescancer and coronary heart diseaseas well as other diseases such as diabetes which limit people's lives.
The potential of genetic research is immense. Although genetics will never lead to a disease-free existence, greater understanding of genetics is one of our best allies in the war against disease. Advances in genetics will lead to a greater understanding of the causes of genetic defects and possible treatments to resolve them. I know that there are exciting developments in America and elsewhere using mice, and these advances have given hope to the parents of boys with DMD. We must recognise that genetic interventions are probably still some years away, although with the amount of research currently being funded worldwide, it is impossible to predict where and when breakthroughs will come. In the meantime, we must try to ensure that those children who suffer from the disease are supported and cared for by the health service to the best of its ability.
An important recent development in the management of long-term conditions has been the recognition that people who live with illnesses such as DMD have considerable knowledge of their condition. That means that NHS health care services need to be reorientated to ensure a more equal partnership between patients and health and social care professionals.
The 1999 document "Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation", a public health strategy White Paper, proposed a programme to provide NHS-based training in techniques of self-management, allowing people with chronic conditions to develop skills in partnership with their health and social care professionals to manage their condition from day to day. An expert task force with representatives from voluntary, professional and clinical organisations, health service users and carers was established. Its recommendations for an NHS expert patients programme formed the basis of the report "The Expert Patient: A New Approach to Chronic Disease Management for the 21st Century", published in September 2001. Where appropriate, it will also promote partnership between users, carers and care professionals in the development and delivery of training. It will feature a mix of generic and disease-specific training and be piloted between 2002 and 2004 in each primary care trust in England. We expect that it will become integral to the mainstream NHS health care provision between 2004 and 2007.
DMD does not only affect the patient; it has a major impact on the whole family. I do not underestimate the role played by carers and the difficulties that they face in trying to maintain a normal family life. During the past few years, our national carers strategy has achieved much in improving carers' access to breaks, information and support. The Government are increasing the amount of money put aside specifically to support carers in England through the carers grant. In 2002-03, the grant is worth £85 million. By 2005-06, it will more than double to £185 million. The increase in the carers grant
The Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 came into force in April 2001. The Act strengthens the rights of carers to an assessment of their needs. It gives local councils more powers directly to support carers by making direct payments to them. It makes provision for carers' services through the carers grant, as well as for flexible breaks through the short-term break voucher scheme, which will be implemented later this year.
During the past decade, the Department of Health has also provided support to the umbrella charity, the Genetic Interest Group, a national alliance of organisations that support children, families and individuals affected by genetic disorders, of which the Duchenne Family Support Group is a member.
In February 2001, the Secretary of State for Health announced the development of a national service framework for long-term conditions. The NSF will focus particularly on the needs of people with neurological conditions and brain and spinal injury. However, the NSF must also tackle some of the generic issues affecting a wide range of people with long-term conditions, and their families and carers. We hope that work to establish standards for neurological conditions will provide patterns of service provision that have wider application and will benefit people with non-neurological conditions.
I hope that my hon. Friend agrees with me that the Government are sympathetic to the needs of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The initiatives that I described, such as the important research work that is being done, the expert patients programme, the carers' strategy and the national service framework, will help make life better for patients with DMD, and for their families and carers. | https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmhansrd/vo021022/halltext/21022h04.htm |
Kennedy Space Center, FL (October 5, 2016) — The Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS) and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), today announced a funding opportunity focused on human physiology and disease onboard the International Space Station (ISS) U.S. National Laboratory. Data from this research — which will feature “tissue chips” (or “organs-on-chips”) — will help scientists develop and advance novel technologies to improve human health. This announcement is part of a four-year collaboration through which NCATS will provide up to $12 million in funding to use tissue chip technology for translational research onboard the ISS National Laboratory for the benefit of human health on Earth.
NCATS released the funding opportunity to solicit applications through its Tissue Chip for Drug Screening program for research on microphysiological systems using the ISS National Lab. Advancements in bioengineering have enabled the manufacture of microphysiological systems representing functional units of an organ, which replicate the physical and biochemical environment in tissues. In parallel, recent developments in stem cell technology now make it possible to cultivate tissues from humans with specific genotypes and/or disease phenotypes. Advancing this research onboard the ISS National Lab could accelerate the discovery of molecular mechanisms that underlie a range of common human disorders, as well as improve understanding of therapeutic targets and treatments in a reduced fluid shear, microgravity environment that recapitulates cellular and tissue 3-D structures on Earth. This partnership comes on the heels of a recent the ISS National Lab award announcement focused on organs-on-chips research.
The ISS National Lab is the nonprofit organization responsible for managing and promoting research onboard the ISS National Lab. NCATS was established in fiscal year 2012 to transform the translational science process to get more treatments to more patients more quickly. Through this funding opportunity, the ISS National Lab and NASA will facilitate on-orbit access to the ISS National Lab, and NCATS will fund the selected projects to advance fundamental science and engineering knowledge. The ISS National Lab and NCATS hope to encourage investigators with expertise in materials science, microfabrication, microfluidics, universal media, stem cell technology, tissue engineering, disease modeling, and developing spaceflight experiments for the ISS National Lab to consider applying for funding.
All proposals must be submitted by Dec. 15, 2016.
To view the funding opportunity, learn how to submit your proposal, and get the latest information on this initiative, please visit: www.casistissuechip.blogspot.com.
About CASIS: The Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS) was selected by NASA in July 2011 to maximize use of the International Space Station (ISS) U.S. National Laboratory through 2020. the ISS National Lab is dedicated to supporting and accelerating innovations and new discoveries that will enhance the health and wellbeing of people and our planet. For more information, visit www.issnationallab.org. | https://www.iss-casis.org/press-releases/casis-and-ncats-announce-international-space-station-funding-opportunity-focused-on-human-physiology-research/ |
If you rewind just a little bit, medical history suggests that the first baby born through in-vitro fertilization in India was on October 03, 1978. It has been over four decades since then. Despite the advancements in the field of medicine, discussions concerning infertility and associated treatments have only become mainstream in the recent past.
With a population of 1.3 billion and more, reports from the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) suggest that up to 15% of the country’s population experience issues with fertility. Whether due to lack of awareness or access to tangible resources, women have often been on the receiving end of the blame pertaining to infertility issues.
However, times are changing and so are the thought process of people. With more scientific evidence pouring in, reports suggest that females and males account for 40% each when it comes to accountability for infertility.
This article will shed more light on India’s Journey in Infertility Treatments and how things have changed since the first process in 1978.
In this Article
- 1 What was the First IVF procedure in India?
- 2 What is the first Documented IVF Procedure in India?
- 3 What is the Legal Outlook on ARTs?
- 4 What is the Male and Female Infertility Ratio in India?
- 5 How does the Future of Infertility Treatments Look like in India?
- 6 FAQs
- 7 Conclusion
What was the First IVF procedure in India?
It has been over 40 years since the first successful IVF baby in India was successfully done by Dr. Subhash Mukerjee in the year of 1978. Despite the breakthrough, Dr. Mukherjee’s work wasn’t documented, which left a crack in the learning experience of the future generation.
However, theoretical reports suggest that Dr. Mukherjee leveraged the use of “Human Menopausal Gonadotrophics” to augment the ovulation process in the female patient. This resulted in optimal production of the eggs, which were retrieved and fertilized with the collected and isolated sperm sample from the woman’s partner.
The fertilization was done in-vitro and the fertilized embryo was kept frozen for up to 53 days, arresting its growth in the eight-cell stage. Following that, the embryo was transferred into the mother’s uterus.
Remember that we are talking about the year 1978 when discussions surrounding infertility and opting for a foreign treatment like IVF were considered a major taboo.
People believe that the success of the first IVF baby in 1978 was the first step toward social change in India. It enabled more people to explore the positive aspect of infertility and get proper help as needed to conceive a biological child.
What is the first Documented IVF Procedure in India?
As we mentioned before, Dr. Mukherjee’s IVF success was no doubt the first one to be recorded in India but it wasn’t a documented process.
However, following the success of the first IVF baby and the optimal health of the newborn, and the rising acceptability surrounding the concept in the Indian society, the Indian Council of Medical Research established the Institute of Research and Reproduction in 1982.
It is currently known as ICMR- National Institute of Research in Reproductive Health. This initiative would later change the journey and improvement of infertility treatment in India.
The first-ever documented IVF procedure, following the establishment of the Research Institute, was on August 06, 1986. Since the process was documented, the birth of the second IVF baby, Harsha, contributed to a crucial turning point in the country.
It took a step toward destigmatizing conversations about the concepts of “what is infertility in males and females?” and “what is infertility test?” and the possible options to overcome the shortcomings. It implored people to have an open conversation surrounding a subject that was once considered “taboo”.
Following the popularity of the second IVF baby in India, the country’s medical advancements have now introduced a series of other Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ARTs) including artificial insemination, Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), embryo transfer (ET), and many more.
What is the Legal Outlook on ARTs?
With the growing popularity of different techniques of ARTs came the need for a centralized registry that would record and standardize all the involved data involved in the procedure. Having an open database, especially surrounding the registered clinics and hospitals enabled the patients to have a clear understanding of the success rates and involvement.
That was when the Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Bill was drafted in 2017. The bill regulated and monitored the operation of the registered ART clinics across India to ensure safe medical practices and prevent misuse of the techniques and the financial liabilities involved in the process.
The primary objective of the bill was to eradicate malpractices involving ARTs in India and it successfully did the same.
The inspiration for this bill came from the United Kingdom where all the registered ART clinics have to submit their data (success and failure) to the central registry. This unified data is publicly accessible by the interested candidates to check a particular clinic’s success rate and effectiveness before making a decision to go ahead with their treatment.
What is the Male and Female Infertility Ratio in India?
In order to understand how infertility occurs in males and how infertility occurs in females, the first step is knowing the infertility ratio.
As of 2021 reports, the incidence of infertility in males and females is 30% each and 30% is due to issues in both the partners and 10% contributes to unexplained infertility.
The reason why infertility is increasing in India is a variable answer. Some suggest it is due to the drastic changes in lifestyle, practical stressors in life, and even environmental factors.
Some even suggest that the ongoing trend of late marriage and delayed planning for a child could be contributing factors as well. Since age plays a quintessential role in infertility (especially in women), trying for a baby after 35 can impose issues with a successful conception. However, that isn’t a “standard”. The ability to conceive is subjective and depends on the reproductive health of the couples trying for a baby.
How does the Future of Infertility Treatments Look like in India?
Discussions surrounding infertility treatments have become more open and accepting. People are leveraging advancements in medicine to streamline their chances of a natural pregnancy.
So, what does it mean for fertility treatments in India?
Well, the future for these treatments is quite bright in the country. As the procedures become more and more refined, couples who are struggling to conceive will have the procedures as a part of their consideration.
No longer are discussions around infertility a blaring taboo. Shifts in society are gradual but quite effective.
FAQs
Why is infertility on a rise in India?
Several factors are contributing to infertility in individuals in India, including poor lifestyle choices, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, environmental factors, and many more.
What are the popular assistive fertility treatments in India?
Several types of fertility treatments are becoming more mainstream in India, including In-vitro fertilization, intrauterine insemination (IUI), etc.
When did infertility treatments start in the world?
The first record of infertility treatment dates back to the 1880s by Dr. William Pancoast.
Conclusion
The facet of conversations surrounding infertility and the emerging treatment options is shifting in India. Not only are people becoming more receptive to the concepts, but they are also imploring the options in case of personal conflicts. There is a lot more to unravel and grow in the field of medicine and fertility treatments in India but things are looking up ever since the first success in 1978. | https://pregajunction.com/blog/from-taboo-to-mainstream-the-journey-of-infertility-treatments-in-india/ |
Mary Johnson, Barrett Shaw, eds. To Ride the Public's Buses: The Fight that Built a Movement. Louisville, Ky.: Advocado Press, 2001. xiii + 188 pp. $17.95 (paper), ISBN 978-0-9627064-9-3.
Reviewed by Richard K. Scotch (School of Social Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas)
Published on H-Disability (December, 2002)
Rights of Passage
Rights of Passage
To Ride the Public's Buses: The Fight that Built a Movement chronicles the decade-long campaign by the advocacy group American Disabled for Accessible Public Transportation (ADAPT) for access to public transportation in the 1980s. These grassroots protests were among the most important and visible political actions of recent decades, and helped to build the modern disability rights movement. The book, edited by Mary Johnson and Barrett Shaw, is a compilation of articles that originally appeared in The Disability Rag and the Ragged Edge magazine (publications for which Johnson and Shaw have served as editors) between 1983 and 1990. A newly written foreword by ADAPT organizer Stephanie Thomas and an epilog from 2001 are also included, as well as a number of excellent photographs of protests and movement leaders by Tom Olin.
Many people with disabilities rely on public transportation to get to work, go to school, shop, or meet with family and friends, and thus accessible public transit is a vital component of independent community life. However, bus and fixed rail systems historically have not accommodated people who use wheelchairs or who have other mobility restrictions. Congress recognized this problem in the early 1970s with the passage of the Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1970 and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which required local public transportation systems to make themselves more accessible by using lift-equipped buses that could accommodate wheelchair users and other people with mobility-related impairments.
However, following the election of Ronald Reagan as president in 1980 and a court challenge by the transit industry, the federal government backed off of its commitment to transportation accessibility, allowing local public transit systems the option of offering "special" paratransit services instead. Such paratransit services typically involved woefully inadequate pick up and drop off services with restrictions on when, where, and how often riders could travel. Paratransit systems in a number of localities also limited service to trips for certain purposes, such as for health care visits, that reflected a truncated vision of the lives of people with disabilities. While some cities combined paratransit with buses equipped with lifts, those buses were often limited to a few routes, not maintained properly, or were operated without using the lifts at all.
The failure of local transit providers to offer accessible bus service led to widespread local protests by disability activists. Among the most successful of these protests were those in Denver, Colorado, led by individuals associated with the Atlantis Community, an independent living center, who took on the name ADAPT. Building on their Denver accomplishments, the protestors organized what grew into a national protest movement with chapters in many cities across the nation. In each city, ADAPT activists led campaigns to force their local public transit authorities to provide fully accessible bus systems, often engaging in nonviolent civil disobedience by chaining themselves to inaccessible buses, blocking traffic, or disrupting meetings. Members of ADAPT chapters also combined to conduct a sustained series of national protests at the regular conventions of the American Public Transit Association (APTA).
The ADAPT protests played a crucial role in changing local policies in many communities, and ultimately led to a renewed national commitment to accessible public transit in the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. Yet the significance of ADAPT's activities extended far beyond the area of public transportation. By recruiting, training, and mobilizing a network of grassroots activists, ADAPT helped create a national infrastructure for a cross-disability political movement. Along with independent living centers and other community-based institutions and periodicals such as the Disability Rag and Mouth, ADAPT and other movement organizations helped to integrate individuals and local groups into a national disability community. ADAPT has continued its activities in the past decade with a campaign to close nursing homes and restrictive state facilities for people with disabilities in favor of community-based consumer-directed services that support independence.
To Ride the Public's Buses has the strength of good journalism. It provides fresh contemporaneous accounts of movement activities from large cities and smaller communities across the country. Through stories on individual incidents and movement figures, the reader can follow the trajectory of this struggle in successive chronological chapters from its Denver roots in the early 1980s through its ultimate national successes in 1990.
The limitations of a journalistic approach are also found in this collection. Apart from the brief foreword and epilog, there is no editorial attempt to explicitly tie the disparate news accounts together into a coherent narrative. Similarly, historical background on earlier struggles over accessible transit, and follow-up information on the aftermath of protests is missing, as is contextual material on key policy issues or individual or organizational participants. Historians and social scientists interested in the development of the movement will find short accounts but little broad analysis of tensions between local activists and national ADAPT figures, or between ADAPT and other disability advocacy groups such as the Paralyzed Veterans of America.
This book will serve as an important source on ADAPT and the fight for accessible transit, but it does not offer a satisfying explanation of the broader issues of accessibility and independence for people with disabilities. For those already knowledgeable about this era of disability history, however, To Ride the Public's Buses will provide a wealth of data in lively, readable text and visual images. Those new to issues of public transportation and disability will find a fascinating introduction that should lead them to further study. In either case, the book should be on the shelf of anyone interested in the history of the social movement of people with disabilities, or of how creative and dedicated activists can successfully confront unresponsive public bureaucracies.
If there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the network, at: https://networks.h-net.org/h-disability.
Citation:
Richard K. Scotch. Review of Johnson, Mary; Shaw, Barrett, eds., To Ride the Public's Buses: The Fight that Built a Movement.
H-Disability, H-Net Reviews.
December, 2002.
URL: http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=7022
Copyright © 2002 by H-Net, all rights reserved. H-Net permits the redistribution and reprinting of this work for nonprofit, educational purposes, with full and accurate attribution to the author, web location, date of publication, originating list, and H-Net: Humanities & Social Sciences Online. For any other proposed use, contact the Reviews editorial staff at [email protected]. | https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=7022 |
Published in Federal Register on Tuesday, June 25, 2013. Comment period ends on September 23, 2013.
V101.1 General. This document contains scoping and technical requirements for accessibility to passenger vessels by individuals with disabilities. The requirements are to be applied during the design, construction, additions to, and alteration of facilities and elements on passenger vessels to the extent required by regulations issued by the U.S. Department of Transportation and the U.S. Department of Justice under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA).
Advisory V101.1 General. In addition to the requirements contained in this document, covered entities must comply under the Americans with Disabilities Act with the regulations issued by the U.S. Department of Justice (see 28 CFR part 35, Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Disability in State and Local Government Services, and part 36, Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Disability in Public Accommodations and in Commercial Facilities) and the U.S. Department of Transportation (see 49 CFR part 37, Transportation Services for Individuals with Disabilities, and 49 CFR part 39, Transportation for Individuals with Disabilities: Passenger Vessels), and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (see 29 CFR part 1630, Regulations to Implement the Equal Employment Provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act).
V101.2 Effect on Removal of Barriers in Existing Passenger Vessels. This document does not address existing passenger vessels unless altered at the discretion of a covered entity. The U.S. Department of Justice has authority over existing passenger vessels that are subject to the requirement for removal of barriers under title III of the ADA. Any determination that this document applies to existing passenger vessels subject to the barrier removal requirement is solely within the discretion of the U.S. Department of Justice and is effective only to the extent required by regulations issued by the U.S. Department of Justice.
V102 Dimensions for Adults and Children.. The technical requirements are based on adult dimensions and anthropometrics. In addition, this document includes technical requirements based on children’s dimensions and anthropometrics for drinking fountains, water closets, toilet compartments, lavatories and sinks, and tables and counters.
V103 Equivalent Facilitation.. Nothing in these requirements prevents the use of designs, products, or technologies as alternatives to those prescribed, provided they result in substantially equivalent or greater accessibility and usability.
Advisory V103 Equivalent Facilitation. The responsibility for demonstrating equivalent facilitation in the event of a challenge rests with the covered entity. With the exception of transit vehicles and facilities, which are covered by regulations issued by the U.S. Department of Transportation, there is no process for certifying that an alternative design provides equivalent facilitation.
V104.1.2 Slopes. Slopes are measured when the passenger vessel is in a static design condition at full load.
V105.1 General.. The standards listed in V105.2 are incorporated by reference in this document and are part of the requirements to the prescribed extent of each such reference. The Director of the Federal Register has approved these standards for incorporation by reference in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51 (Incorporation by Reference). Copies of the referenced standards may be inspected at the Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board, 1331 F Street, NW, Suite 1000, Washington, D. 20004.
V105.2.1 ASTM. Copies of the referenced standards may be obtained from the American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Bar Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428 (http://www.astm.org).
ASTM F1292-99 Standard Specification for Impact Attenuation of Surface Systems Under and Around Playground Equipment (see V1004.2.6.2).
ASTM F1292-04 Standard Specification for Impact Attenuation of Surface Systems Under and Around Playground Equipment (see V1004.2.6.2).
ASTM F1487-01 Standard Consumer Safety Performance Specification for Playground Equipment for Public Use (see V106.5 “Use Zone”).
ASTM F1951-99 Standard Specification for Determination of Accessibility of Surface Systems Under and Around Playground Equipment (see V1004.2.6.1).
V105.2.2 NFPA. Copies of the referenced standard may be obtained from the National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, Massachusetts 02169-7471 (http://www.nfpa.org).
NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm Code, 2010 Edition (see V702.2, and V806.3.3.1).
V106.2 Terms Defined in Referenced Standards. Terms not defined in V106.5 or in regulations issued by the U.S. Department of Justice and the U.S. Department of Transportation to implement the Americans with Disabilities Act, but specifically defined in a referenced standard, shall have the specified meaning from the referenced standard unless otherwise stated.
V106.3 Undefined Terms. The meaning of terms not specifically defined in V106.5 or in regulations issued by the U.S. Department of Justice and the U.S. Department of Transportation to implement the Americans with Disabilities Act, or in U.S. Coast Guard regulations, or in referenced standards shall be as defined by collegiate dictionaries in the sense that the context implies.
Accessible. A passenger vessel or portion thereof that complies with this document.
Addition. An expansion, extension, or increase in the gross deck area of a passenger vessel.
Administrative Authority. For U.S. flag vessels, the administrative authority is the U.S. Coast Guard. For foreign flag vessels, the administrative authority is entity designated by the foreign nation that adopts or enforces regulations and guidelines for the design, construction, or alteration of passenger vessels.
Alteration. A change to a passenger vessel that affects or could affect the usability of the passenger vessel or portion thereof. Alterations include, but are not limited to, remodeling, renovation, rehabilitation, reconstruction, historic restoration, changes or rearrangement of the structural parts or elements, and changes or rearrangement in the plan configuration of bulkheads (walls) and partitions. Normal maintenance, painting or wallpapering, or changes to propulsion, mechanical and electrical systems are not alterations unless they affect the usability of the passenger vessel.
Assembly Area. A portion of a passenger vessel, used for the purpose of entertainment or educational gatherings, or similar purposes. For the purposes of these requirements, assembly areas include, but are not limited to, classrooms, passenger meeting rooms, motion picture houses, auditoria, theaters, and dinner theaters.
Assistive Listening System (ALS). An amplification system utilizing transmitters, receivers, and coupling devices to bypass the acoustical space between a sound source and a listener by means of induction loop, radio frequency modulation (FM), or infrared equipment.
Bulkhead Deck. The upper most deck to which watertight bulkheads (walls) and the watertight shell extend.
Camber. The transverse curvature given to the weather deck surfaces to shed water readily, increase deck surface strength, and increase headroom clearance on the centerline for the deck below. Also known as the rise or crown of a deck.
Coaming. The vertical plating located at the base of a doorway for the purpose of stiffening the edges of the opening and resisting entry of water.
Deck. A horizontal division of a passenger vessel which contains space designed for passenger occupancy and generally corresponds to a story in a building. A horizontal division without enclosed space, such as a sun deck, is considered a deck even though it is not provided with a covering. A deck containing one or more mezzanines has more than one deck level.
Entry Deck. A deck which contains passenger entry and departure points which allow pedestrian passengers to embark or disembark a passenger vessel from tenders, fixed piers, floating piers, or the land in non-emergency conditions.
Ferry. A vessel that is used on a regular schedule to: (1) provide transportation only between places that are not more than 300 miles apart, and (2) transport only passengers, or vehicles or railroad cars used in transporting passengers or goods.
Mezzanine. An intermediate level or levels between the deck surface and ceiling of any deck with an aggregate deck surface area of not more than one-third of the area of the room or space in which the level or levels are located. Mezzanines have sufficient elevation that space for human occupancy can be provided on the deck level below. Also known as the tween deck.
Play Component. An element intended to generate specific opportunities for play, socialization, or learning.
Structural Members. The components of the passenger vessel that give it its inherent strength, integrity, and resistance to damage. Examples include, but are not limited to, the keel, keelson, stem and stern posts, frames, longitudinals, structural decks, structural and fire protection bulkheads (walls), gussets, stanchions, columns, girders, beams, knees, trusses, and hull plating and planking.
Tender. A vessel primarily intended for transporting passengers for non-emergency purposes between passenger vessels and shore side facilities.
Transportation Seating Area. An area, other than an assembly area, where fixed seats are provided for passengers.
Use Zone. The area beneath and immediately adjacent to a play structure or play equipment that is designated by ASTM F1487 Standard Consumer Safety Performance Specification for Playground Equipment for Public Use (incorporated by reference, see “Referenced Standards” in Chapter 1) for unrestricted circulation around the play equipment and where it is predicted that a user would land when falling from or exiting the play equipment. | https://www.access-board.gov/guidelines-and-standards/transportation/250-passenger-vessels/proposed-accessibility-guidelines |
Late Thursday morning, we received the latest press release from the Prime Minister’s office, the Health Ministry, and the Finance Ministry, following Wednesday night’s conference call of the coronavirus cabinet, pursuant to its decision from last Sunday regarding a tightened outline for lowering morbidity starting 2 PM Friday, approved regulations for dealing with the coronavirus, as well as regulations to limit the number of employees in the public sector. The regulations detail the precise rules that must be adhered to while the outline is in force.
For the record, at least one Knesset committee is debating these new restrictions, but it’s is generally expected that the following decrees will hold.
RESTRICTIONS ON LEAVING ONE’S RESIDENCE
One may go out from one’s residence up to a distance of 500 meters only.
This restriction enables going out into the public sphere (including parks and playgrounds) up to 500 meters.
It is also possible to go beyond the 500-meter range and back home for one of the following objectives:
- Employees / soldiers going to their place of work
- Buying medicine, food and essential products and services
- Helping someone in distress or who has some difficulty
- Medical, psychological or complementary medical treatment (with one patient only) and going to social welfare frameworks and essential social care
- Going to the Knesset, a demonstration, a judicial proceeding or to donate blood
- Going out for exercise by one person or people who live together – without restrictions as to distance, provided that one’s starting point is one’s residence and not a vehicle
- Going to funeral or circumcision
- One conducting prayers (a cantor or shofar blower) who has received a permit from the Religious Services Ministry in order to attend High Holiday prayers
- Essential treatment for animals
- Transferring a minor between parents who do not live together or transferring a minor to the care of another person if a single parent is going out for an essential need
- Going to permitted educational activity (special education, children of essential workers)
- Going to the airport for an overseas flight, 8 hours before the flight
- People with disabilities in sheltered housing or other residential programs may go out to visit first-degree relatives, who may also visit them
- First-degree relatives of fallen soldiers from the Yom Kippur War may go to memorial services
It should be clarified that going to prayers, even according to the outline for the high holidays, is subject to the 500-meter rule.
From Wednesday, 23 September 2020, until Thursday, 1 October 2020, one may leave one’s residence in order to purchase the four species, materials for building a sukkah and to do the custom of kapparot.
RESTRICTIONS ON BEING IN VARIOUS PLACES
- It is prohibited to be in a residence of another person (except for some permitted purpose, such as carrying out work or assisting someone with a difficulty)
- It is prohibited to be on the beach except for permitted exercise only (by one person or people who live together, who came from their residence and not via a vehicle)
RULES OF CONDUCT IN THE PUBLIC SPHERE
- Prohibition of gatherings – up to 10 people in a structure and 20 in an open area
- Maintaining 2 meters’ distance between people as much as possible
- Restrictions on the number of passengers in a vehicle – up to 3 people (except for people who live together) and 1 additional passenger per additional backseat row
RESTRICTIONS ON COMMERCIAL AND RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY
It is prohibited to open businesses and places open to the public (including commerce, restaurants, swimming pools, gyms, barbershops, beauty parlors, places of recreation and hotels) as well as reception hours at places of work. There is no restriction on employees entering places of work provided that said place of work is not open to the public (for example, to carry out maintenance work, arrange merchandise, etc.)
EXCEPTIONS
- Essential stores: Food stores, opticians, pharmacies, hygiene products, home maintenance products, laundries, communications products and repair shops for communications devices and computers
- Reception in essential places of work for essential services that cannot be obtained remotely (post offices, banks, etc.)
- Hotels and guesthouses – When the same are serving as alternate residences (long- or short-term) for people renting the place (such foreign workers, etc.) – without use of public spaces, pools, etc. This exception includes hotels for people in quarantine or those hotels designated for use by people receiving treatment and their families, adjacent to a medical institution
- A place for professional athletic training which has been approved by the Culture and Sports Ministry Director General
It should be clarified that it is permitted to operate food stores and essential stores (as detailed above) only, in malls or open-air markets.
OUTLINE FOR PRAYERS ON ROSH HASHANAH AND YOM KIPPUR
It is permitted to go to a place in the public sphere where prayers are being held provided that it is no more than 500 meters from one’s residence.
In open areas – In regular groups of up to 20 people, with distance between the groups and physical demarcation, empty places between people who do not live together , and no serving of food.
In structures – Areas with regular groups of 10/25 people (depending on the area being orange or red), with plastic between the areas, the maintaining of distance between the areas, the posting of signs regarding the number of worshipers, the size of the place, the applicable rules, two chairs’ distance between worshipers and no serving of food.
PERMITTED CAPACITY FOR PRAYERS IN STRUCTURES DURING THE HIGH HOLIDAYS
- Red areas – 30 people for the first two entrances, 20 people for each additional entrance
- Orange areas – 50 people per entrance
In any case, the number of worshipers present shall not exceed 1 person per 4 square meters of space in places designated for prayer
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
- City buses on regular routes – 32 passengers
- Inter-city buses on regular routes – 30 passengers
- Accordion buses on regular routes – 50 passengers
- Minibuses – 50% of the number given in the license
- The Haifa Carmelit underground – 50% of spaces
- Chartered buses – 30 passengers
- All other ground vehicles – 50% of the number given in the license
- Taxis – The driver and either 1 or 2 passengers, if one of the passengers is someone who needs an escort, except for people who live together.
SPECIAL DIRECTIVES FOR PASSENGERS
- Passengers in ground transportation vehicles may not eat while they are in the vehicle unless it necessary to maintain health
- Passengers in public transportation will pay for the ride by validating their ticket themselves and not by purchasing tickets from the driver; however, senior citizens, people accompanying the blind and passengers on bulletproof buses in Judea and Samaria will be able to purchase tickets from the driver
- Those operating ground transportation vehicles shall employ ushers to assist in maintaining these rules. The ushers shall were clothing that identifies the operating company and which is distinguishable from police uniforms and will wear prominent name tags that also identify them as ushers
- On buses: Passengers shall not sit in the seats immediately behind or next to the driver unless there is a barrier at least 180 centimeters in height between the driver’s seat and the seats behind him. If these seats are reserved for people with disabilities, other nearby seats shall be allocated, which provide easy access
- Passengers may not stand on inter-city buses
- Passengers may not stand near the driver on city buses on regular routes
- Taxis: Passengers shall not sit next to the driver unless there is a plastic barrier between the driver’s seat and the adjacent passenger seat
- In all transportation vehicles with windows that can be opened, the windows shall be opened
- Trains: An entry pass for the trip which was ordered in advance together with the ticket
The train entry pass will include the passenger’s identification number, boarding station, destination station, and the date and time of the trip. Israel Railways will keep in a secure manner the information it receives pursuant to this regulation, will make no other use of it other than to print entry passes and to deliver to the Health Ministry in order to carry out epidemiological tracing and will delete it 20 days after receiving it.
The Cabinet also passed regulations restricting the number of employees in the public sector.
The regulations specify that the number of employees in government offices, local authorities and religious councils shall not exceed 10 workers or 50% of the workforce at any one time, whichever is highest.
Activity in the private sector that does not receive the public shall continue as usual, as per the ‘purple badge standard’ restrictions.
The Cabinet approved regulations designed to restrict the number of employees in government offices, local authorities and religious councils due to the outbreak of the coronavirus. As of 2 PM Friday, the public sector will shift to an emergency footing that will allow the provision of essential services to the public but will reduce personnel at workplaces to around 50%. The other employees will, as much as possible, work from home or under such employment conditions as have been agreed upon by the relevant Finance Ministry officials and the Histadrut.
In order to ensure essential activity at agencies and maintaining the provision of essential services to the public, the Civil Service Commissioner, the Interior Ministry Director General and the Religious Services Ministry Director General will be able to order an increase in the quota of employees who are permitted to be in a workplace – in which the presence of employees is required – at any one time.
This restriction does not apply to the private sector, which will continue to operate according to the voluntary purple badge standard as long as no more than 10 people shall be present at meetings held at the workplace. | https://www.jewishpress.com/news/israel/everything-you-need-to-know-about-everything-you-cant-do-under-the-new-lockdown/2020/09/18/ |
Md. Sherazul Islam, Rabaka Sultana, Puja Boidya
Key Words:
Int. J. Biosci.13(1), 18-26, July 2018
Certification: IJB 2018 [Generate Certificate]
The lesser spiny eel, Macrognathus aculeatusis one of the popular indigenous fish in Bangladesh but the biological information of the fish is rare. It is necessary to understand the embryonic development process to establish artificial propagation in captive condition. The embryonic development stages were examined in the aquarium condition and the embryogenesis is divided into seven major phases: Zygote phase, Cleavage phase, Morula phase, Blastula phase, Gastrula phase, Organogenesis phase and Hatching phase. The major phases also separated into different sub stages whenever possible according to their development characteristics. Fertilized eggs were adhesive, greenish and demersal with equal perivitelline space. The diameter of the fertilized eggs ranged between 0.85-1.00 mm. The perivitelline space and blastodisc formation occurred at 0.35 h after fertilization (AF). The first cleavage furrow noticed at the animal pole at 0.50 h AF. The further cell division like, four cells, eight cells, sixteen cells, thirty-two cells and multi cells stages were found at 1.05, 1.50, 2.30, 3.20 and 4.30 h of AF respectively. The morula, blastula, gastrula and organogenesis were visualized at 6.45, 10.5, 15 to 21, 24.5 to 32 h AF. The blastoderm covered almost 3/4th of the egg during 21.05 h AF. The first heartbeat noticed within about 31-32 h AF. At the same hours, the notochord in cellular structure was also visible. The head and tail ends of the embryo were clearly distinguished at 35.0 h AF. The hatching started 35 h AF and completed within 40 h at 29.11 ± 0.29 °C.
Afroz A, Islam MS, Hasan MR, Hasnahena M, Tuly DM. 2014. Larval rearing of spiny eel, Mastacembelus pancalus in the captivity with emphasis on their development stages. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies1(6), 163-167.
Alikunhi KH, SukamaranKK, Parameswaran S.1962. Induced spawning of the Chineesegras carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella and silver carp, Hypophthalmicthys molitris in pounds at cuttack, India, 181-204 p.
Archarya P, Iftekhar MB. 2000. Freshwater ichthyofauna of Maharashtra State. InA. G. Ponniah and A. Gopalakrishnan (Eds.). Endemic fish diversity of Western Ghats. NBGFGR-NATP Publication. National Bureau of fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow. U.P., India, p. 136-144.
Das SK, Kalita N. 2003. Captive breeding of peacock eel, Macrognathus aculeatus. Journal of Aquaculture Asia3, 17-18.
Farid SM, Miah MI, Akter M, Saha D, Rahman MM. 2008. Embryonic and larval development of tarabaim, Macrognathus aculeatus. Journal of Agroforestry and Environment 2(2), 123-129.
Hoar WS, Randal DJ. 1969. Fish physiology. Academic Press, New York, USA, Vol. III, 485 p.
IUCN Bangladesh. 2015. Red List of Bangladesh. Freshwater Fishes. IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Bangladesh Country Office, Dhaka, Bangladesh 5, 235.
Jhingran VG. 1983. Fish and Fisheries of India. Hindustan Publishing Co., New Delhi, 666 p.
Kiichiro Y, Kouheri Y, Seiichi K. 1975. On the development of the Japanes Eel, Anguilla japonica. Bulletin of the Japan Society for the Science of Fish41(1), 21-28.
Mollah MFA.1983. Induced spawning and larval culture of the catfish, Ciarius macrocephalus (Gunther). Ph. D. Thesis, University Sains, Malaysia, 236p.
Nguyen TDP, Nguyen THT, Do VT, Nguyen TT, Nguyen HD. 2011. Freshwater ecosystem services and biodiversity values of Phu Yen District, Son La, Viet Nam, p. 1-49.
Rahman AKA. 1989. Freshwater Fishes of Bangladesh. Zoological Society of Bangladesh Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, 364 p.
Rahman MM, Miah MI, Taher MA, Hasan MM. 2009. Embryonic and larval development of guchibaim, Mastacembelus pancalus (Hamilton). Journal of Bangladesh Agricultural University 7(1), 193-204.
Sahoo SK, Shaha A, Chandra S, Sahu AK, Sarangi N. 2007. Embryonic development of the spiny eel, Macrognathus aculeatus. Indian Journal of Fisheries54(3), 333-337.
Umezawa A, Otake T, Hirokawa J, Tsukamoto K, Okiyama M. 1991. Development of the eggs and larvae of the pike eel, Muraenesox cinereus. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 38(1), 35-40. | https://innspub.info/stages-of-lesser-spiny-eel-macrognathus-aculeatus-in-captive-condition-embryonic-development/ |
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28. NCBI Xenopus Genome Database, ''Xenopus laevis cDNA clone MGC:79055 IMAGE:4679899, complete cds'' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/BC077223?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Sequence.Sequence_ResultsPanel.Sequence_RVDocSum]
28. NCBI Xenopus Genome Database, ''Xenopus laevis cDNA clone MGC:79055 IMAGE:4679899, complete cds'' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/BC077223?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Sequence.Sequence_ResultsPanel.Sequence_RVDocSum]
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29. NCBI Xenopus Genome Database, ''Xenopus tropicalis cDNA clone MGC:89509 IMAGE:6992565, complete cds'' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/BC075559?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Sequence.Sequence_ResultsPanel.Sequence_RVDocSum]
29. NCBI Xenopus Genome Database, ''Xenopus tropicalis cDNA clone MGC:89509 IMAGE:6992565, complete cds'' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/BC075559?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Sequence.Sequence_ResultsPanel.Sequence_RVDocSum]
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28. Xenbase, [http://www.xenbase.org/common/]
28. Xenbase, [http://www.xenbase.org/common/]
Revision as of 09:48, 15 October 2009
Contents
- 1 The Embryology of Frogs
- 2 The Frog
- 3 The History of the uses in agriculture and research
- 4 Growth and development of the Frog
- 5 The Egg
- 6 History of frog embryology use
- 7 Gametogenesis
- 8 The Egg & Fertilization
- 9 Maturation of the Egg
- 10 Maturation phases
- 11 Cleavage
- 12 Gastrulation
- 13 Growth and Modification of Frog Species
- 14 Germ-layer origin of various body tissues
- 15 Structures derived from Germ-layers of frog species
- 16 Life cycle of a frog
- 17 Timeline of frog development
- 18 Stages of frog embryology
- 19 Abnormalities of frog
- 20 Genetics
- 21 Current Embrology Research
- 22 Glossary
- 23 References - Frog Embryology:
- 24 External Links
- 25 ANAT2341 group projects
The Embryology of Frogs
The Frog
Frogs are scientifically identified by the structure of their long posterior limbs, a petite framework, webbed fingers and feet, budged eyes and the lack of a tail. The majority of frog species are extensively recognized as outstanding jumpers, due to their long, dominant legs, which are adaptations to progress jumping performance during activities. The Frog is one of the most frequently studied species in experimental embryology and most anatomical sciences. The Frog is a practically effective model for human embryological development given that the Frog:
- Comprises of genes which can be effectively manipulated.
- Comprises of similar homogeny with humans species.
- Reproduces a large quantity of offspring in a short period of time.
- Are small species which can be simply sustained.
- Are not extremely luxurious and expensive.
The History of the uses in agriculture and research
There are numerous types of frog species that have been manipulated in many developmental experiments. The frog was traditionally used by countless of the early embryology investigators and presently there are several diverse molecular mechanisms regarding progression of the frog. Theses include:
1. Food source; frog legs are a delicacy and are eaten in European countries and in many parts of South American regions.
2. Frogs have the finest biochemical dissection of phenomena that take place in the egg and oocyte. Frogs are the evolutionarily closest to mammals, commonly used as a vertebrate model.
3. Frogs lay thousands of outsized eggs, from which cell extracts can be readily prepared that is capable of recapitulating most molecular phenomena in a test tube.
4. Frogs have been commonly used as a laboratory system for a very long period, and have an extensive history of producing crucial observations in countless fields of biology.
5. Frogs have a important historical connection to the study of epigenetics (John Gurdon-vertebrate cloning and reprogramming) which has been mostly performed on frog species.
6. Frogs also have very strong evidence of pattern formation and early development, as the embryos are large in size and experimentally manipulative.
7. Recent research into the biochemistry of chromatin and epigenetics has been performed with frog species and mammalian cultured cells.
8. The biggest weakness of the Frog model system is the difficulty of performing genetic experiments and analysis, as frogs are allotetraploid, meaning they take approximately a year to fully develop to sexual maturity, and the genome has not been completely sequenced. Nevertheless, biochemical manipulations of cell extracts, such as immunodepletions and application of heterologous DNAs and nuclei can avoid the need for genetic exploitation.
Growth and development of the Frog
- The frog is a well recognised species, abundant predominantly in ponds, swamps, though various species may also exist in damp or shady environments distant from moist habitats.
- Eggs of specific frogs are easily obtained and may be examined in from the beginning of fertilization onwards. The phases of embryonic development differs in various chordates, yet the typical phases are basically apparent in all frog species. The differences are associated principally to the amount of yolk particles present in an egg.
- The yolk particles offer nourishment of the developing embryo. The process of frog development will be discussed from the phases of gametogenesis to the adult stage.
The Egg
- The embryology of a frog egg is a vast cell; its dimensions are approximately 1.4-1.6 million times larger than a typical aquatic species egg cell. Throughout the frog’s embryonic maturation period, the egg will be transformed into a tadpole encompassing millions of cells but still remains with its constant volume of genetic material, the vast prodction of cell have been illusttrated in the figure on the right revealing the production of eggs from female frogs.
- The early embryonic frog structure consists of three main segments the superior hemisphere known as the animal pole which is usually visible as a grey coloured area. The innermost layer appears to be between the outer two sections known as the gray crescent represented in black. Inferiorly, represents the vegetal pole typically lighter than the superior compartment illustrated in gold.
VIDEO RESOURCE:
History of frog embryology use
- 1851 - Henby Nelson(MD): He identified a remarkable fact through the frog embryo. Henby observed the first cleavage of the yolk, in the egg of the frog. And cleaved structure corresponds in line of direction to the longitudinal axis of the body of the embryo of the frog species.
- 1888 - Wilhelm Roux: Wilhelm Roux attempted to solve the above observation by damaging one cell of a two-cell frog embryo with a hot needle. The cell stayed in place. However, it did not develop further. Its partner developed into a left or right half-embryo;
- 1907 - John Hopkins hospital: In order to identify the cellular source of neuronal fibres. Scientist placed small portions of frog embryo spinal cords in lymph on a microscope slide and was able to observe clear cut neuronal sprouting.
- 1951 - Robert Briggs: Robert Briggs was able to clone a frog embryo by substituting the nucleus of an unfertilized frog egg cell with the nucleus of a frog embryo cell. This process is known as nuclear transplant, has formed the basis for all cloning.
- 1952 - Robert Briggs and T.J. King: Robert Briggs and T.J. King used frog for test experiment. Because the size of the eggs in the frogs are enormous compared with those of mammals, which make them easier to manipulate.
- 1976- Using the technique that had been successful in cloning frog embryos, the doctor transferred the nucleus of one cells into a donated egg cell. As an embryo began to develop, it was implanted into the uterus of a young woman.
- 1997 - Wilmut and Campbell: Utilizing the cloning technique from frog embryo, Drs. Wilmut and Campbell tried the starvation technique on embryo cells to produce Megan and Morag, the world's first cloned sheep and, until now, the most famous sheep in history.
- 2000 - Tokyo University: Scientists at Tokyo University have grown artificial eyeballs. Scientists formed them in tadpoles by using frog embryo cells.
- 2001 - Advanced Cell Technology: Scientists from Advanced Cell Technology announced production of a human embryo clone. This is significant as its parthenogenesis has been artificially induced in frogs.
- 2002 - John Gurdon: John Gurdon from Wellcome Cancer Research Institute in Cambridge experimented on cloned frog embryo.
Gametogenesis
- The sexual reproduction occurs through the fusion of either mature reproductive cells or germ cells known as gametes, which include the sperm from the male frog and ova from female frog species so as to form a single cell, the fertilized zygote. The gametes are typically developed in parents of different sexes .
- Males gametes is a spermatozoon , the female frog gamete is an ovum. Each gamete is formed by a process, recognised as maturation or gametogenesis in gonads. The typical male frog gonads are testies in male, while the female gonads are ovaries. The synthesis of both gonads is associated with the process of fertilization.
- The zygote changes into a mature frog through the process of embryology and metamorphosis. Gametogenesis is a progression in which frog gametes are established from germ cells. Initial germ cells are called primordial germ cells, which can be recognised extremely early in the life of frog species.
The Egg & Fertilization
- This occurs once the sperm cell has inserted, following the insertion of the sperm cells meiosis II is completed, there is a 30 degree position change of the cytoplasm, gray crescent allows this change to be visible in some amphibians, the gray crescent is able what determines the expect ted outline of how the frog will form. The sperm cell joins with the nuclei of the egg which forms the diploid zygote nucleus. --Sando Rashed 10:09, 24 September 2009 (EST)
- The early phases in the development of the egg is visible, but must be studied in tadpoles throughout maturation. In embryonic tadpoles of about 10 millimetres in length, soon after the opening of the oral cavity, a pair of longitudinal ridge-like thickenings of peritoneum becomes apparent along the posterior surface of the body cavity situated near to the mesentery and along the inner boundaries of the kidneys. Genital ridges are established in all tadpoles of this age, sex is not distinct until a later period. The development of the egg is illustrated in the figure on the left revealing the structure of a developed egg and a mature of egg.
Maturation of the Egg
- The eggs have currently accomplished their full size, and develop from the exterior of the ovaries like a small shot, but they still have to pass through the course of maturation before they are prepared to be fertilised. This progression of maturation relates to the nucleus almost completely.
- The nucleus component, containing the nuclear fluid that excludes through the nuclear membrane into the substance of the egg, a great segment of the nuclear reticulum vanishes and becomes degraded into separate globules known as nucleoli, but a extremely small division remains in the midpoint as a slender intricately thread recognised as the nuclear skets. Relative to the egg getting discharged from the ovary, the follicles shatter allowing the eggs to fall into the abdominal cavity of the frog species, the egg then passes forwards, directly by the contraction of the muscular wall, somewhat by the movement of the cilia of the peritoneum, to the apex of the oviduct, which positioned at the anterior compartment of the body cavity opposite to the roots of the respiratory organs.
- The terminal part of the oviduct establishes a thin-walled pouch capable of great swelling, inside which the eggs gathers in large numbers. In conclusion, the eggs are migrated out through the cloaca into water which the albuminous investments of the eggs rapidly augment to form the gelatinous mass of the frogs spawn.
Maturation phases
1. Nuclear skein, moves from the midpoint of the egg to its outer surface, which it reaches opposite the midpoint of the black pole. The skein, subsequently an unevenly twisted thread, now presumes the specific arrangement of a nuclear spindle, for instance may be visible in the nucleus of an epithelial or additional cell instantly prior to division of the cell occurs.
2. The first Polar Body, regarding the instance the egg is laid, but prior to its fertilistion, the egg develops a considerably flattened appearance at its upper or black pole, a definite sum of fluid being exuded among the egg and the vitelline membrane. The nuclear spindle currently separate into two identical segments, one of which remains with the egg, and the supplementary is extruded as the first polar body, a small ovoidal white globule, which is situated on the surface of the egg surrounding the exuded peri-vitellline fluid.
3. The Second Polar Body, half of the nuclear spindle that stay behind then splits into two equivalent divisions, one of which remains inside the egg as the female pronucleus, whereas the other segment is extruded as the second polar body, a small white globule extremely related to the first polar body, and like this positioned in the perivitelline fluid on the superior portion of the egg.
4. Fertilisation of the egg, includes the synthesis of the spermatozoon with to egg, specifically, synthesis of the nuclei of these two bodies. The spermatozoa, subsequent to being shed over the seed by the male, distribute vigorously by means of their extended tails, break through the gelatinous investment of the female eggs, bore their way through the vitelline membrane and so go through into the eggs themselves, which they penetrate relative to the superior or black hemispheres.
- Subsequently, an hour following the spermatozoon has entered; a progression may be visible projecting within from the exterior segement of the egg, with a liquid spot in the mid point. This liquid centre is the nucleus of the spermatozoon, and is said to be the male pronucleus, it break through beyond into the female egg, transporting the specialised pigment into it, so that it appears bounded by a pigmented capsule linked with the exterior of the egg by a pigmented stalk.
- By this instance, the second polar body has been established and extruded, and the female pronucleus is merely the only component of the primary egg nucleus still present. Both the male and female pronuceli, which are at initially distance separate to each other, merge and after having enlarged significantly in size then fuse mutually about two and half hours after fertilisation has originated to produce the segmentation nucleus.
- The segmentation nucleus is a huge sphere-shaped vesicle embedded in delicately granular protoplasm, and bounded by a distinct capsule of pigment, its arrangement by the synthesis of the male and female pronuclei completes the action of fertilisation. Specifically female pronucleus may be observe as an imperfect nucleus, and consequently result in the course of fertilisation. The nucleus of the spermatozoon or male pronucleus, replaces the component of the egg- nucleus which has been misplaced as the polar bodies.
5. Segmentation of the Egg, the initial phase of growth consist in constant separation of the egg, whereby it becomes transformed from the unicellular state, which is everlasting only in the lowest species, to muliticelluar state charactertics of all higher species. To these early processes of growth the names segmentation is specified. Shorty subsequent to the competition of fertilisation and arrangement of the segmentation nucleus this later misplaces its sphere-shaped appearance and develops to be spindle-shaped, the yolk granules at the equivalent instance showing a tendency to develop into lines distributing outwards from the distal segment of the spindle.
- The nucleus now split into two halves, which shift away from one another, the yolk granules are likely to combined themselves around the two nuclei, and a slender vertical plate of delicately granular substance is left, dividing the egg.
- Superiorly the eggs depression now becomes visible, initially as a small cavity and then develops as a groove, which almost immediately extends all round, and speedily deepening, splits the egg into two entirely separate halves along a plane equivalent with the vertical plane.
- Shorty after, the two nuclei soon separate again into two, and therefore a second cleft is created in the same state as before, its additionally in the vertical plane, however in a plane at 90 degrees to the initial one, and on its finishing point the egg comprises of four accurately similar segments, each containing a nucleus. The third cleft is horizontal in shape, but not equal, lying closer to the superior than the lower pole, it segregates each of the four cells into, an superior smaller and a inferior larger pole
Cleavage
- The egg of the frog is scientifically identified as’ telolecithal’ meaning there is a outsized amount of yolk concentrated at a single pole, in contrast to the concentration of cytoplasm and the site of the nucleus. The cleavage phases are holoblastic, therefore the total and after the second cleavage they are asymmetrical .The initial cleavage stage appears about two and half to three hours after fertilization. It commences as a minor depression in close proximity to the centre of the animal hemisphere. It appears as if some interior force is pushing the surface the egg towards the centre. This small upturned fold steadily continues in the form of a channel until it surrounds the egg. This groove is shallow in the commencement, but develop into deeper eventually separating the fertilized egg into two halves recognised as the blastomeres. [The figure on the left symbolise the development and growth of the frog embryo during cleavage].
- Internally the separation is mitotic, consequently each daughter cell contains a nucleus resulting from the copulation nucleus of the fertilised egg. This cleavage is vertical, the two cells are indistinguishable in respect of cytoplasm, pigment and yolk. The subsequent cleavage appears about an hour after the first. The channel of this cleavage begins at the centre of the animal hemisphere, is at right angles to the first and is vertical. This divides the egg into four blastomeres. The fourth blastomere so produced are not qualitatively equal, since of these only two contain the material from the gray crescent. The cleavage begins about thirty minutes after the second is completed or four hours after fertilisation. the cleavage plane of the third furrow is horizontal and slightly above the equator. Thus the four upper cells are a little smaller than the four lower cells. The smaller blastomeres are called micromeres and the larger blastomeres are called macromeres. The fourth cleavages follow 20 minutes after the third and tend to be vertical. This is usually a double furrow.
- The cleavage rate is accelerated with each of the early divisions and since the blastomeres are of unequal size and have varying amounts of cytoplasm and yolk, synchronous cleavage is lost and there is an obvious overlapping of the division. The upper most cells divide more rapidly than the lowermost cells. From this point onwards perfect symmetry in cleavage and in blastomere is very rare, although the embryo developed perfectly. The fifth cleavage is also doubled, appearing first in the upper hemisphere and then in the lower.
- The cleavage thus far follows the rule that each cleavage plane comes in at right angles to the previous one. The subsequent divisions become so irregular that it is previous one. The subsequent division become so irregular that it is impossible to trace out any plan or procedure. The segmentation continues more rapidly in the pigmented regions, since at that place the protoplasm is most dense, whereas, yolk which is very abundant in the vegetal side delays cell division. The multicelluar embryo at this stage is called morula by some biologists.
Gastrulation
The phase of Blastulation is followed by the unique developmental progression of gastrulation. The process of frog gastrulation involves the following processes.
1. Epiboly Phase
The pigmented cellular materials of blastula have the propensity to overgrow the yolk cells within the developing content. This course which is known as epiboly commences gradually in the final blastula and rapidly accelerates with advancing gastrulation development. The cellular matter within the animal pole reproduces and matures on all sides except in area surrounding the dorsal lip of the blastopore has been established.
2. Convergence
Scientists suggested that the unfolding was thought to result in spreading of the superficial cells over a substrate with suitable absorption properties. Consequently epiboly and convergence are an outcome to this spreading tendency, which is actually increased by a reduction in surface tension of the distributing cells.
3. Rotation
The epiboly phase is maintained until the region of the dorsal lip has migrated and is a to some extent greater than 90 degrees and the region of the white blastopore is reduced to small circular rings. This section will be positioned away from the developing vegetal pole. Laterally the complete developing gastrula has been rotated to a horizontal axis, allowing it to lie at right angles to the original median plane of the egg. Therefore, the course of rotation is such that the dorsal lip is practically pushed backwards in one direction as rapid or quicker than epiboly moves it forward in the other. The outcome will be that the blastopore produced at roughly the vegetal pole is posterior, and the dorsal and ventral lips are essentially dorsal and ventral. This in addition allows the eggs to form the antero-ventral side of the potential embryo whilst the area marked by the grey crescent is to develop the dorsal segment.
4. Invagination
Visible is a small fissure- like invagination which is apparent in the middle between the equator and the vegetal segment. The most superior or dorsal border of the cleft produce the dorsal lip of the blastopore. This imput move back and forth on the dorsal plane near the dorsal lip and migrates around the boundaries of the blastocoel in company with the extension of the lateral lips. This adapted invagination is maintained until the blastocoel cavity has been almost abolished; excluding the slender opening separating epiblasts from the hypoblast, the new segment formed is known as the archenteron cavity.
5. Involution
- Additional to previous course of action a distinct involution also occurs at the blastoporal borders. This is mainly dynamic at the median dorsal lip and gradually more less as it shifts across either side until it reaches the ventral lip where it constant.Throughout this progression, cells positioned beside the superior boundaries of the blastoporal lip migrate over the lip to the interior portion of the lip. These cells are remained within the embryo along the internal edge of the blastopore. This indicates the root of archenteron is composed of involuted cells and beyond this the external layer known as the ectoderm. The base and lateral sides are enclosed mainly of endodermal cellular material, which have been established from larger yolk cells, situated in the vegetal pole of the blastula.
- In the final phases of the gastrula development, the cells contributing to the floor of the archenteron, thin out significantly where they surround the blastocoel. The hemispherical shaped dorsal lip of blastopore which become visible at the commencement of the gastruation stage carry on to augment, initially becoming semicircular, then transform into a horse shoe shaped and then finally forming into circular band. The band is the accomplished by the blastopore. Various yolk cells of vegetal pole present in the section are crowed into the blastoporal cavity where they form a gathering identified as a yolk plug. Blastopore rapidly reduces in size while the archenteron is still developing and becomes completely formed in the final stage; the yolk plug appears as only a small oval on the gastrula.
Growth and Modification of Frog Species
1. Changes in habits and habitats:
a) In frogs, metamorphosis is related with or to the modifications and adaptations occuring or taking place as a frog changes environmental habitats from an aquatic to a terrestrial mode. Metamorphosis has modified the adaption of frogs as this alteration it began during the aquatic adaptations in the surface of water to breathe air. Subsequently, it continues the terrestrial surroundings, therefore the frog species become abundant in vegetation area allowing the frog to transform in to amphibious species.
b) The transition during metamorphosis is linked with a change in food chain. The tadpoles being the embryonic origin of frogs are herbivorous, feeding on algae and green matter, which they collect by the adapted feature such as their teeth surrounding their mouths. Adult frogs, alternatively, are classified as carnivorous feeding on insects and worms. Occasionally, they also consume larger prey, for instance smaller frogs species and even little birds and rodents which they dominant and ingest.
2. Changes in Morphology
These include the decrease or complete absence of specific organs or structures which are essential during development of early frog embryology, but not critical in the mature frog species. The significant alterations of this nature include the following developmental structures.
a) The long tail of the tadpole alongside the fin folds is absorbed again during metamorphosis and becomes absent at the final stage of the metamorphosis.
b) The developing gills are resorted, the gill clefts are congested and the branchial cavities start to become absent. The reabsorbtion of gills also takes place by autolysis.
c) The teeth of the perioral disc additionally the homey lining of the jaws are shed.
d) The lateral line sense organs within the skin of tadpoles vanish throughout metamorphosis.
e) The cloacal tube begins to condensed and reduced.
f) Various blood vessels, together with parts of the aortic arches, are reduced during mature development.
(The figure on the left represents the transformation from a tadpole to a developing structure.)
3. Progressive or constructive changes
This process comprises of the development of specific organs which mature into functional systems only during metamorphosis.
a) During development the limbs continue to augment in size and differentiation. The forelimbs, which in the tadpole mature under the opercular membrane, which then break through to the exterior. Simultaneously there is a increase in the length and strength of the hind limbs, joints develop in them and the toes become visible.
b) The middle ear becomes apparent in relation with the first pharyngeal pouch. The tympanic membrane matures. It is bounded by circular tympanic cartilage which allows the frog to retain air.
c) The visual organs bulge up on the dorsal surface of the head developing the nictitating membrane.
d) There is augmentation of the tongue and the formation of thevomerina teeth.
4. Remodelling of some structures
Systematic organs which operate both in the early embryonic larva and the mature adult change their differentiation during metamorphosis so as to meet the requirements of the adult mode of life and due to the habitat adaptations. The figure on the right illustrates structures developing from specic germ cell layers.
a) The skin of the embryonic tadpole is lined with a double-layered epidermis. The number of layers of cells in the epidermis augments throughout metamorphosis. Superficial surface layers become cornified. Multicellular mucous and serous glands originate in the skin. The pigmentation of the skin continuously changes, new patterns and colour start to form.
b) There is a lengthening of the mouth gap as a result of rotation of the quadrate cartilage and the true jaws become functional.
c) The tongue rapidly progresses and becomes larger and more muscular.
d) The eyes become more specialised.
e) In early tadpoles, the GIT is extremely long and wound up into a spiral folds. The intestine become greatly lengthened in herbivorous species due to the vegetables food chain.
5. Development of the reproductive system
(The figure below represents the reproductive and development cycle of a frog as it transform from egg to frog specie.)
In tadpoles, right after the mouth is being formed, two indentation like thickenings of peritoneum begin to appear near the body cavity (dorsal surface), which is nearest to the mesentery which is near the developing kidneys. These appear in all tadpoles.
These indentations appear here because of a change in the endothelial cells, everywhere else they are usually flat looking cells but they undergo a change and in this particular area become somewhat cuboidal/columnar.
Later on the indentations become more obvious due to the epithelial cells replicating numerously to form a thick layer. The posterior two thirds of the indentation for the female is the ovary and for the male it is the testis. The third that is left differentiates and becomes fat for the body.
Delamination
Delamination indicates a mass separating a group of cellular matter from other cellular groups. It has been illustrated that the division of notochord, mesoderm and endoderm tissues from each other to form distinct cellular masses is completed by the progression of delamination, subsequent to these materials moving to the inside throughout gastrulation. During the developing gastrula, the germ layers are all recognized. These distinct segments of the embryo develop from these germ tissue layers.
Polarity and Rotation
Throughout fertilisation to the beginning of gastrulation, the frog’s egg continues in the original location in relation to its polarity. Subsequent to gastrulation its polarity begins to differentiate. This progression is linked with migration of materials within the gastrula and can be responsible for the alterations of the centre of gravity.
Closing of Blastopore
Subsequent to the formation of the gastrula, the blastopore is visible as a tiny round circular filled cavity containing the yolk plug. As it continues to reduce in dimension, it represented as a pear-shaped outline through the mutual approach of its lateral lips. Through it final progression these fuse entirely to produce a longitudinal groove, the streak which continue dorsally and ventrally in a small aperture. The inferior aperture closes, resulting in a depression called the anal pit. The superior region remains open for some period and begins to as the neural groove is laid down.
Post Gastrulation or Organogenesis
Throughout the duration of pre-gastrulation, all tissues for different organs vanish from the surface of blastula and migrate inside to take their final arrangement in the embryo structure where organs are developed from their potential regions. Consequently organogenesis transfers an embryo into free larva structure.
Germ-layer origin of various body tissues
Ectoderm will give raise to structures such as skin, brain, spinal cord, neurons and sense receptors. Mesoderm will give raise to structrues such as notochord, muscles, blood, bone and sex organs. Endoderm will give raise to sturctures such as inner lining of gut, liver, pancreas, lungs and bladder, thyroid and parathyroid glands and thymus.
Structures derived from Germ-layers of frog species
Ectoderm
Establishes the epidermal segments and its derivatives, to the frog’s nervous system. The ectoderm also contributes to :
1. The olfactory and auditory epithelium.
2. The retina and lens of the eye.
3. Sensory organs.
4. The epithelial lining of the oral cavity and the anus.
5. The pineal and pituitary body.
Mesoderm
Mesoderm originates:
1. Connective tissue.
2. Muscles, except the notochord.
3. Blood vessels.
4. Lymphatics.
5. The peritoneum and the urinary and reproductive system.
6. The dermis, parts of the eye excluding lens, cornea, and conjunctiva.
Endoderm
From the endoderm arises:
1. The epithelial lining to the gut and oesophagus, stomach, intestine, bile duct.
2. The hepatic cells of the liver, respiratory tract, larynx, trachea and lungs.
3. The lining of the urinary bladder, pancreas thyroid and thymus.
[The two figures reveal the development of structures deriving from the celluar components of the embryology of the frog].[Structures derived from Germ-layers of frog species ]
Life cycle of a frog
Fertilization-egg:
The female lays eggs in the spring. A group of fertilized eggs is called spawn;
7-10 days:
Fertilized egg feed on remaining yolk which is in its gut. Their gills, mouth and tail have poorly developed. Begin to swim and feed on algae;
10-30 days(4 weeks):
A layer of skin grows over gills. Teeth begin to appear. A coiled gut start to develop. This is aid in digestion;
30-60 days(6-9 weeks):
Legs being to grow and head is more distinct. Start to eat insects. Arms begin to grow;
60-80 days(12 weeks):
Resemble a frog. Still have remaining tail;
80-140 days(20 weeks):
Fully developed, spend most of time out of water. Majority of frog live between 4-15 years.
Timeline of frog development
Development of egg and embryo at temperature 18 degree celsius.
0 hours - fertilization of the egg
1 hours - formation of the gray crescent due to pigment migration
3.5 hours - early cleavage
4.5 hours - blastula stage(coeloblastula with eccentric blastocoel
26 hours - gastrulation
26 hours - early - crescent shaped dorsal lip
34 hours - middle- semicircular blastoporal lip
42 hours - late - circular blastoporal lip
50 hours - neurulation
50 hours - early - medullary plate
62 hours - middle- neural folds converging
67 hours - late - neural tube formed and ciliation of embryo
84 hours - tail bud stage(early organogeny)
96 hours - muscular response to tactile stimulation
118 hours - early heart beat, development of gill buds
140 hours - hatching and gill circulation
162 hours - mouth opens and cornea becomes transparent
192 hours - tail fin circulation established
216 hours - degeneration of external gills, formation of operculum, development of embryonic teeth
240 hours - opercular fold over brachial chamber except for spiracle and internal gills
255 hours - prolonged larval stage with refinement of organs
270 hours - development of hindlimbs, internal development of forelimbs in opercular cavity
275 hours - projection of forelimbs through operculum, left side first
280 hours - absorption of the tail and reduction in size of the gut
284 hours - metamorphosis complete, emergence from water as miniature, air breathing frog
Stages of frog embryology
--Mark Hill 08:40, 9 October 2009 (EST) see my comment on images
The rate of development of the egg and embryo will depend upon the temperature at which they are kept. The approximate schedule of development at 23 degree celsius is provided below.
Abnormalities of frog
Abnormalities of frog could be caused by multiple factors. These include change in climate, predators, parasites, bacteria, fungi, viruses or pollution and contaminants such as pesticides, metals and fertilizer.
The Abnormalities are further classified into different categories. These categories are:
1. Infectious Diseases:
Perkinsus Symptoms- caused by perkinsus-like protozoan organism. Symptoms include swollen viscera that leads to a bloated body and and infected swollen heart
Ichthyophonus symptoms- cause by parasitic genus, where symptoms include a swollen tail resorption site that matches the surrounding skin in color and translucency.
2. Surficial Abnormalities:
Surficial abnormalities as the one that are visible on the surface of the skin. This includes abnormal pigmentation, , subcutaneous hemorrhaging, wounds due to trauma or from a predator Edema is a fluid-filled swelling under skin whihc is also a surficial abnormality.
3. Skeletal Abnormalities:
This is further classified into three more categories:
a. Skeletal Malformations-
- Microcephaly (small head or blunt snout)
- Scoliosis (Curved spine in lateral direction)
- Shrunken Limb (Micromelia)
- Amelia (Completely missing limb with no stump)
b. Skeletal Abnormalities of Unclear Etiology-
This condition arises when a frog has ectromelia (missing limb), brachydactyly (missing digits) or other such condition with no visible trauma or external damage, then this will be classified as the Skeletal abnormality of unclear etiology.
c. Skeletal Injuries-
Any limb missing or broken due to trauma or other related reason which shows clear evidence of it is classified as skeletal injury
4. Eye Abnormalities:
Most common includes-
i. Anophthalmia: Skin covers the eye socket as there is no eye
ii. Abnormal Iris Coloration: Reduced pigment in either one eye or both resulting in two different colours of the iris at times
iii. Abnormal size or shape: Both eyes either deviating from each other or size of pupil or iris is different than the other eye
Genetics
There are a wide variety of species that differ from each other when it comes to genetics and their functioning.
TAXONOMY: Phylum Chordata / Sub Phylum Vertebrata / Class Amphibia / Order Anura
Their are more than two dozen different families of frogs, where suborders are:
1. ARCHAEBATRACHIA- most primitive frogs
2. MESOBATRACHIA- linked between the Archaebatrachia and Neobatrachia
3. NEOBATRACHIA- most modern frogs
|Number of frogs' species||5280|
|Smallest frog genome size:||0.95pg, Ornate burrowing frog|
|Largest frog genome size:||13.40pg, Ornate horned frog|
|Mean of frogs' genome||4.68pg ± 0.13|
- Majority of frogs have only 22 to 26 chromosomes and polyploid is very common where they are almost bisexual.
- Polyploid Amphibians reduce their total cell number such that they acheive the same body size as diploids. One of the most unsual forms of polypoidy in amphibians is the water frog Rana esculenta from Europe and Western Asia.
- The species with larger genomes have more genes for e.g. the frog genus Xenopus includes 16 species, with genome sizes ranging from 3.5 x 10^9 bp to 1.6 x 10^10 bp. These differences have arisen by numerous events of polyploidization within the past 40 million years or so. The ancestral chromosome number for the genus seems to have been 18, but there are species with 36, 72 and 105 chromosomes
- Further information on the complete genome sequencing of Xenopus Laevis is provided by NCBI Xenopus Genome Resources
|SPECIES||X.LAEVIS||X.TROPICALIS|
|PLOIDY||Allotetraploid||Diploid|
|NO. OF CHROMOSOMES||36 chromosomes||20 chromosomes|
|GENOME SIZE||3.1 x 10^9 bp||1.7 x 10^9 bp|
|EGG SIZE||1-1.3 mm||0.7-0.8 mm|
|GENERATION TIME||1-2 years||4 months|
Genome Sequencing
Since Frog has a huge family with many different species, only few main species that are used widely for the purposes of experiments have their genome sequenced.
Xenopus tropicalis has one of the smallest genomes among amphibians and has the shortest generation time- four to six months and the only diploid genome among the 14 Xenopus species. This means it has no more than two copies of most genes, whereas the other species of Xenopus have four copies of most genes (pseudotetraploid). US Department of Energy's Joint Genome Institute (JGI) in Walnut Creek, California, initiated the X. tropicalis Genome Project, finding 1,700 million base pairs.
Complete and detailed genome of Xenopus Tropicalis is available from NCBI Xenopus Database
Xenopus oocytes
- The oocytes provide an important expression system for molecular biology.
- By injecting DNA or mRNA into the oocyte or developing embryo, scientists can study the protein products in a controlled system. This allows rapid functional expression of manipulated DNAs (or mRNA). This is particularly useful in electrophysiology, where the ease of recording from the oocyte makes expression of membrane channels attractive.
- One challenge of oocyte work is eliminating native proteins that might confound results, such as membrane channels native to the oocyte.
- Translation of proteins can be blocked or splicing of pre-mRNA can be modified by injection of Morpholino antisense oligos into the oocyte (for distribution throughout the embryo) or early embryo (for distribution only into daughter cells of the injected cell).
Xenopus Laevis
- Xenopus Laevis is an important model organism in developmental biology. X. laevis is tetraploid and reaches sexual maturity in 1 to 2 years. What makes it important in developmental biology is its large and easily manipulable embryo.
- Extracts from the eggs of X. laevis frogs are also commonly used for biochemical studies of DNA replication and repair, as these extracts fully support DNA replication and other related processes in a cell-free environment which allows easier manipulation.
- The Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG) is present in the urine of the pregnant women in large quantities only. This hormone in the urine induces X.laevis oocyte production which formed the basis of first well-documented method of pregnancy testing X. laevis is also notable for its use as the first well-documented method of pregnancy testing when it was discovered. Today, commercially available HCG is injected into Xenopus males and females to induce mating behavior and breed these frogs in captivity at any time of the year.
Gene cluster
- The alpha and beta globin genes are closely linked in small cluster of frogs compared to human and chicken
- The similarity of architecture of two clusters found in X.laevis supports the tetraploid origin
- The two loci encoding the muscle specific creatine kinase isoenzymes and have large differences in developmental profile, therefore suggesting that duplicate loci that have not undergone silencing are not simply redundant copies but have acquired specialization.
- Contains twice number of genes for proteins i.e. haemoglobin and sarcomeric actin serum albumin compared with other species
Current Embrology Research
Currently, a number of fields have benefited from the development of frog embrology. These include cloning, verification of messenger RNA, and Cell cycle.
Cloning
In 1952, Robert Briggs and Thomas J King cloned northern leopard frogs using a method of nuclear transfer. Briggs and King's experiment was similar to that envisioned - and piloted using salamanders - by Hans Spemann in his 1938 proposal for a 'fantastical experiment'. Later, John Gurdon extended this work and showed that nuclei from differentiated cells could support development, although less well than those from early embryos.
Lemaitre et a. (2005) from MRC Cancer Cell Unit, Cambridge, U.K. worked on experiments that demonstrated that importance of serial nuclear transplantation for the sucessful cloning of frogs. He demonstrated that exposure of somatic-cell nuclei (erythrocyte nuclei) and sperm nuclei to an extract of mitotic cell extract reorganizes the chromatin into shorter loops and allows replication at much shorter intervals along the DNA. This increases the efficiency of DNA replication in mammalian cell-free systems.
Transgenesis techniques for functional genomics in Xenopus
Transgenesis in Xenopus is made possible due to large embryos, a reliable fate map, ease of microinjection, ease of dissection/micromanipulation and existence of the neuroendocrine reflex of background adaptation as a model for activation/inact.
Recently, Hajime Ogino and Haruki Ochi from Nura Institute of Science and Technology in Japan focused on the genomic resources and principles of the transgenesis techniques in Xenopus, and discusses their applications to genome wide network analysis, with emphasis on the use of bioinformatics tools, these studies were undertake in 2009. This is necessary to understand the gene regulatory networks that control vertebrate development.
Xenopus used to be a problem in earlier days when it came to transgenesis. Current methods involves isolated sperm nuclei from Xenopus testis that are microinjected into unfertilized eggs. The generated transgenic tadpoles contain 5-35 copies of the integrated plasmid that are expressed in all cells. If desired, expression of the transgene can be directed to the appropriate tissue and at the appropriate time by using specific promoters, mostly the Xenopus POMC gene promoter (isolated from a Xenopus genomic DNA library) to specifically direct expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) at high levels to the intermediate pituitary cells, which can either be over expressed or inhibited.
Verification of messenger RNA
While the existence and role of messenger RNA (mRNA) was known in bacteria, in the 1960s it was still debated whether it also existed in vertebrates. Taking haemoglobin mRNA from immature red blood cells and injecting it into a Xenopus oocyte, John Gurdon showed that the haemoglobin protein was indeed produced. Producing proteins in Xenopus oocytes has proved to be extremely useful in cell biology, in particular for the study of receptor proteins.
Cell Cycle
As they develop outside the mother, frog eggs are well stocked with the proteins needed to drive the development of the embryo. Studies of these processes has shed considerable light on the processes involved in cell division - termed the cell cycle.
Limb development in Xenopus Laevis
Donald D. Brown (2005),Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington demonstrated factors related to limb development of Xenopus Laevis. Thyroid hormone (TH) is found to be required for limb development in this frog. Specific cell types in the growing limb were targeted for expression of a dominant negative form of the TH receptor by sperm-mediated transgenesis. Limb muscle development, the innervation of muscle from the spinal cord, and cartilage growth can be inhibited without affecting patterning of the limb or differentiation of other cell types. Remodeling of the skin occurs late in metamorphosis after the limb has formed. The coordination of these independent programs is affected in part by the control that TH exerts over DNA replication in all cell types of the limb.
Glossary
- Amphibian:
Relating to or characteristic of animals of the class amphibia.Amphibians are found in the taxonomic class of amphibia, amphibians are capable of both occupying and successfully living in both land and aquatic communities.amphibian
- Augmentation:
Enlargement/Increase in cellular size.
- Autolysis:
breakdown of a part or whole cell or tissue by self-produced enzymes
- Blastomeres:
The undifferentiated cells formed by cleavage of the fertilised ovum. This includes cells in the cleavage, morula, and blastula stages of the embryo
- Carnivorous:
Flesh-eating; subsisting on animals as food.
- Cleavage:
he repeated division of a fertilised ovum
- Cleft:
an opening, fissure, or V-shaped indentation made by or as if by splitting
- Chordate:
Members of a diverse phylum of animals that, as embryos, possess a (1) notochord; (2) a dorsal, hollow nerve cord, (3) pharyngeal gill slits; and (4) a post-anal tail
The act or state of splitting or dividing of a cell, particularly during the telophase of (animal) cell division.
- Cytoplasm:
The cytoplasm (of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes) is where the functions for cell expansion, growth, metabolism, and replication are carried out
- Epiboly:
The expansion of one cell sheet over other cells, as takes place during gastrulation
- Fertilization:
A process in sexual reproduction that involves the union of male (sperm) and female (ovum) gametes (each with a single, haploid set of chromosomes) to produce a diploid zygote.
- Gamete:
A reproductive cell (male (sperm) or female (egg)) that has only half the usual number of chromosomes
- Gametogenesis:
process leading to the production of gametes. The development and maturation of sex cells through meiosis.Another name for meiosis where a diploid cell is divided into two haploid cells with half the chromosome content of the diploid parent cell.
- Herbivorous:
eating plants; of or pertaining to the herbivora.
- Holoblastic:
The complete division of an isolecithal or microlecithal egg into blastomeres
- Invagination:
One of the methods by which the various germinal layers of the ovum are differentiated.
- Isoenzymes:
Isozymes (also known as isoenzymes) are enzymes that differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same chemical reaction.
- Mesentery:
membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall.
- Metamorphosis:
A change in the form and often habits of an animal after the embryonic stage during normal development.
- Neuroendocrine:
Neuroendocrine [IPA nʊəroʊˈɛndəkrɪn] cells are cells that release a hormone into the circulating blood in response to a neural stimulus.
- Organogenesis:
The part of embryonic development where the body's main organs develop.
- Peritoneum:
The smooth serous membrane which lines the cavity of the abdomen, or the whole body cavity when there is no diaphragm, and, turning back, surrounds the viscera, forming a closed, or nearly closed, sac.
- Perivitelline space:
The perivitelline space is the space between the zona pellucida and the plasma membrane (sometimes called the vitelline membrane) in a fertilized ovum.
- Polyploidy:
Cells with three or more sets of chromosomes.
- Pronucleus:
the nucleus of the ovum or sperm after fertilization but before they fuse to form the nucleus of the zygote
- Protoplasm:
The fluid living content of the cell that consists of two major divisions, the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm (cell nucleus). It is composed mainly of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and inorganic salts
- Segmentation:
division of some metazoan bodies (such as annelida and Arthropoda) into repeated parts, segments. Segmentation can be homomeric (more or less the same) or heteromeric(different from each other).
- Terrestrial:
Of or on the ground, of the habitat of a plant, on land as opposed to in water, or on the ground as opposed to on another plant.
- Transgenesis:
Transgenesis is the process of introducing an exogenous gene - called a transgene - into a living organism so that the organism will exhibit a new property and transmit that property to its offspring.
- Yolk:
nutritive material of an ovum stored for the nutrition of an embryo
- Zygote:
The cell from which an organism develops, that results from the fertilization of the egg by the sperm.
Primary Resource "Biology- Online Dictionary
References - Frog Embryology:
1. Savage, J. M. (2002). The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
2. Ford, L.S.; D.C. Cannatella (1993). "The major clades of frogs". Herpetological Monographs 7: 94–117
3. Tyler, M. J. (1994). Australian Frogs A Natural History. Reed Books
4. Cogger, H.G.; R.G. Zweifel, and D. Kirschner (2004). Encyclopedia of Reptiles & Amphibians Second Edition. Fog City Press
5. Beltz, Ellin (2005). Frogs: Inside their Remarkable World. Firefly Books
6. Tyler, M. J. (1994). Australian Frogs A Natural History. Reed Books
7. Moury JD, Hanken J (1995) Early cranial neural crest migration in the direct-developing frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui. Acta Anatomica (Basel) 153, 243-253.
8.Raynaud A (1985) Development of limbs and embryonic limb reduction. In Biology of the Reptilia (ed. Gans C, Billett F), pp. 59-148. New York: John Wiley.
9. Hanken J (1986) Developmental evidence for amphibian origins. In Evolutionary Biology (ed. Hecht MK, Wallace B, Prance GT), 20, pp. 389-417. New York: Plenum Press. [Hanken J (1986) Developmental evidence for amphibian origins. In Evolutionary Biology (ed. Hecht MK, Wallace B, Prance GT), 20, pp. 389-417. New York: Plenum Press.]
10. Elinson RP (1990) Direct development in frogs : wiping the recapitulationist slate clean. Seminars in Developmental Biology 1, 263-270.
11. Beebee, T. J. C. 1996. Ecology and Conservation of Amphibians. Chapman and Hall. London.
12. Lehtinen, R. M. 2002. The use of screw pines (Pandanus spp.) by amphibians and reptiles in Madagascar. Herpetological Bulletin 2002:20–25.
13. Parris, K. M. and M. A. McCarthy. 1999. What influences the structure of frog assemblages at forest streams. Australian Journal of Ecology 24:495–502. CrossRef
14. Zug, G. R. 1993. Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles. Academic Press. San Diego, CA.
15. Slack,J.M.W., Darlington,B.G., Heath,J.K. and Godsave,S.F. (1987)Mesoderm induction in early Xenopus embryos by heparin-binding growth factors. Nature, 326, 197-200.
16. Melton,D.A. (1990) Activins are expressed early in Xenopus embryogenesis and can induce axial mesoderm and anterior structures. Cell, 63, 485-493.
17. Harland,R.M. and Misher,L. (1988) Stability of RNA in developing Xenopus embryos and identification of a destabilizing sequence in TFIIIA RNA. Development, 102, 837-852.
18. Cunliffe,V. and Smith,J.C. (1992) Ectopic mesoderm formation in Xenopus embryos caused by widespread expression of a Brachyury homologue. Nature, 358, 427-430.
19. Kinoshita,K., Bessho,T. and Asashima,M. (1993) Competence prepattern in the animal hemisphere of the 8-cell-stage Xenopus embryo. Devel. Biol., 160, 276-284.
20. LaBonne,C., Burke,B. and Whitman,M. (1995) Role of MAP kinase in mesoderm induction and axial patterning in Xenopus development. Development, 121, 1475-1486.
21. Green,J.B.A., New,H.V. and Smith,J.C. (1992) Responses of embryonic Xenopus cells to activin and FGF are separated by multiple dose thresholds and correspond to distinct axes of the mesoderm. Cell, 71, 731-739. | https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=2009_Group_Project_5&diff=14100&oldid=14099 |
Avery, T.S., Killen, S.S. and Hollinger, T.R. (2009) The relationship of embryonic development, mortality, hatching success, and larval quality to normal or abnormal early embryonic cleavage in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Aquaculture, 289(3-4), pp. 265-273. (doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.12.011)
Full text not currently available from Enlighten.
Abstract
A reliable method for assessing the viability of fertilized eggs early in development would be beneficial for the aquaculture industry, allowing egg batches with a high probability of low hatching success to be discarded before costly resources are devoted to their culture, and for recruitment models where egg viability is used predictively. During the last decade, the observation of cellular morphology during embryogenesis has received increased attention as a potential early indicator of embryo quality. However, most often, abnormally cleaving eggs are assessed en masse even though noticeable differences in cleavage patterns are generally present between individual eggs. We separated six egg batches of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua Linnaeus, 1758, into normal and abnormal cleavage patterns, reared eggs individually in a temperature-controlled room, and recorded daily egg mortality until hatch, hatching success, larval deformation, and larval mortality. Seven abnormal cleavage patterns were readily distinguishable and all showed moderate variability in egg mortality. Both normal and abnormal eggs had similar mortality-rate trends, consisting of an initial high mortality that became asymptotic at about day 8 of development at 6.5 °C. Specific cleavage patterns showed variable mortality-rate trends. No significant differences in cumulative egg mortality were found between any abnormal cleavage patterns, but overall, abnormal eggs had significantly greater egg mortality than normal eggs. Hatching success was high in all groups and not significantly different between normal and abnormal eggs. Few larvae were deformed within any egg batch or pattern and no consistent trends were noted. A severity index was calculated and a suggested severity order determined as asymmetry < adhesions < margins < inclusions < blastomere size. | http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/82712/ |
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This diagram shows how NCCs migrate differently in rats, birds and amphibians. The arrows represent both chronology of NCCs migration and the differential paths that NCCs follow in different classes of animals. The solid black portion of each illustration represents the neural crest, and the large black dots in (c) and in (f) represent the neural crest cells. The speckled sections that at first form a basin in (a) and then close to form a tube in (f) represent the neural ectoderm. The solid white portions represent the epidermal ectoderm.
Purkinje cells, also called Purkinje neurons, are neurons in vertebrate animals located in the cerebellar cortex of the brain. Purkinje cell bodies are shaped like a flask and have many threadlike extensions called dendrites, which receive impulses from other neurons called granule cells. Each cell also has a single projection called an axon, which transmits impulses to the part of the brain that controls movement, the cerebellum. Purkinje cells are inhibitory neurons: they secrete neurotransmitters that bind to receptors that inhibit or reduce the firing of other neurons.
Elizabeth Dexter Hay studied the cellular processes that affect development of embryos in the US during the mid-twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. In 1974, Hay showed that the extracellular matrix, a collection of structural molecules that surround cells, influences cell behavior. Cell growth, cell migration, and gene expression are influenced by the interaction between cells and their extracellular matrix.
Scientists use cerebral organoids, which are artificially produced miniature organs that represent embryonic or fetal brains and have many properties similar to them, to help them study developmental disorders like microcephaly. In human embryos, cerebral tissue in the form of neuroectoderm appears within the first nine weeks of human development, and it gives rise to the brain and spinal cord.
John Philip Trinkaus studied the processes of cell migration and gastrulation, especially in teleost fish, in the US during the twentieth century. Called Trink by his friends, his social confidence and work ethic combined to make him a prolific and decorated developmental biologist. His scientific contributions included investigations of several different aspects of embryology.
For more than 2000 years, embryologists, biologists, and philosophers have studied and detailed the processes that follow fertilization. The fertilized egg proliferates into cells that begin to separate into distinct, identifiable zones that will eventually become adult structures through the process of morphogenesis. As the cells continue to multiply, patterns form and cells begin to differentiate, and eventually commit to their fate.
All sexually reproducing, multicellular diploid eukaryotes begin life as embryos. Understanding the stages of embryonic development is vital to explaining how eukaryotes form and how they are related on the tree of life. This understanding can also help answer questions related to morphology, ethics, medicine, and other pertinent fields of study. In particular, the field of comparative embryology is concerned with documenting the stages of ontogeny.
In 1952 Robert Briggs and Thomas J. King published their article, "Transplantation of Living Nuclei from Blastula Cells into Enucleated Frogs' Eggs," in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the culmination of a series of experiments conducted at the Institute for Cancer Research and Lankenau Hospital Research Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In this paper Briggs and King examined whether nuclei of embryonic cells are differentiated, and by doing so, were the first to conduct a successful nuclear transplantation with amphibian embryos.
As mice embryos develop, they undergo a stage of development called gastrulation. The hallmark of vertebrate gastrulation is the reorganization of the inner cell mass (ICM) into the three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Mammalian embryogenesis occurs within organisms; therefore, gastrulation was originally described in species with easily observable embryos. For example, the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) is the most widely used organism to study gastrulation because the large embryos develop inside a translucent membrane. | https://embryo.asu.edu/search?text=cell%20migration&f%5B0%5D=dc_subject_embryo%3A51&f%5B1%5D=dc_subject_embryo%3A310&f%5B2%5D=dc_subject_embryo%3A2988 |
The first thing that springs into mind when thinking about amphibian studies is likely the induction of twinned axes by Spemann-Mangold organizer graft. However, this is but only one example of a long list of important contributions of amphibian research to embryological concepts. Pioneering experiments from Holtfreter brought focus on cell adhesion and movements as well as the concept of developmental potentials, and Nieuwkoop’s tissue separation, recombination and transplantation studies broadened the views of embryonic induction and patterning.
These classical experimental embryology studies rely on a salient feature of amphibian embryos that parts of the embryos (explants) can be isolated and cultured in simple salt solutions for developmental programs to continue. The “cut-and-culture” and “cut-and-paste” experiments are carried over to the modern days of amphibian research and remain a crucial tool in embryo manipulations nowadays. The toolset is further enriched by incorporation of advanced molecular and cellular technologies, such as using fluorescence microscopy to investigate cell morphology, cytoskeleton dynamics, cell and tissue movements, and signaling mechanisms.
The ease to introduce exogenous molecules into early embryos allows gain- and loss-of-function studies. The application of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing technology complements the antisense morpholino-based approaches for analysis of endogenous gene activities. The abundance of embryos (thousands of eggs from a single adult female in a day) also makes –omics research readily available, including RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, ATAC-seq, proteomics, and metabolomics studies. Today, the favored amphibian species has shifted from a range of frogs, salamanders, and newts to the African clawed frogs Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis, and the Mexican axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum, but the topics of research have diversified.
Some of the examples include studies of molecular nature of and signal tuning and crosstalks at the Spemann organizer, embryonic patterning along different axes, mechanical and signaling control of tissue morphogenesis both at early developmental stages (gastrulation and neurulation) and during organogenesis (e.g. heart formation, gut looping, ciliated skin cell development), wound healing, tissue regeneration, and epigenetic control of embryogenesis (including the Nobel prize winning experiments by John Gurdon that demonstrated nuclear equivalence and cellular reprogramming). In addition, the Xenopus model is increasingly used for studies of genetic variants that are associated rare human diseases. All these demonstrate that Xenopus continues to be a powerful system ripe for in depth investigations that lead to vital discoveries.
In the Xenopus module, students will be introduced to the more than 100 years of history of experimental embryology in amphibians and be given the opportunity to apply modern molecular and imaging technologies to the Xenopus embryos. Students will learn how embryos are generated via in vitro fertilizations, how to prepare and inject embryos, how to make fine surgical dissections to obtain various explants and perform tissue transplant experiments, and how to mount fixed or live samples for imaging. They will be provided with reagents to inactivate or alter gene expression and instructed to design and analyze their experiments. They will also be provided with embryos from another amphibian species, the Mexican axolotl, for comparative and cross-species experiments. This module will give students the necessary skills to use the frog to determine the function of a novel gene along with the ability to apply modern methods to uncover molecular and physical mechanisms that underlie the classic observations made by the famous embryologists of the past century. | https://www.mbl.edu/embryology/xenopus-module/ |
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- Author: Adam Tański x
- Life Sciences, other x
Specifying the relationship between key stages of pike (Esox lucius L.) embryogenesis and coagulants used in lake recultivation
Abstract
The study focused on the effect of iron and aluminium coagulants (PIX®113, PAX®18) commonly used for purification of open waters on key stages of embryonic development of pike (Esox lucius L.). Fertilized pike roe was incubated in lake water and in water with the admixture of coagulants, applied in the concentration of 50.0 mg dm-3 at selected stages of embryogenesis: blastopore closure, inoculation, and the hatching of larvae. In the course of the experiment, live embryos were observed and total lengths of the larvae were measured. Simultaneously, selected hydrochemical indicators were gauged. It was discovered that coagulants had the strongest effect at the first stage of embryogenesis (the end of the process of gastrulation). At that stage the survival rate of embryos was the lowest (73.5- 75.0%) and the percentage of deformities in the hatched larvae was the highest (9.7-10.0%).
Effect of the coagulants PAX and PIX on the embryonic development of pike (Esox lucius L.)
Abstract
The study examined the development of pike (Esox lucius L.) roe in water containing variously concentrated coagulants PIX®113 and PAX®18, which are increasingly being used in Poland as a method of lake reclamation. The genital products came from spawners caught from a natural water body (Lake Przybiernów). The eggs were incubated in water taken from the same lake, and subjected to the process of phosphorus and iron precipitation with coagulants. Based on the results, it was found that the coagulants used in the experiment inhibit the embryogenesis of pike by the formation of aggregates falling to the bottom, reducing the percentage of live embryos and affecting the size and malformation of the hatching larvae. | https://content.sciendo.com/search?f_0=author&pageSize=10&q_0=Adam+Ta%C5%84ski&sort=relevance&t=LF-20 |
Chronic lung diseases are disorders affecting the lungs and other parts of the respiratory system. These usually develop slowly and may get worse over time. Some of the common chronic lung conditions that can adversely affect the quality of one’s life include Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or COPD (Emphysema and chronic bronchitis), asthma, cystic fibrosis, and occupational lung diseases. Pulmonary medical coding involves assigning accurate diagnosis and procedure codes for the treated conditions on physicians’ medical claims. Risk factors for these diseases include tobacco smoke, air pollution, occupational chemicals and dust, and frequent lower respiratory infections mainly during childhood.
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Chronic lung disease (CLD) is usually diagnosed using a chest X-ray that shows scar tissues in the lungs, blood tests, Electrocardiogram (ECG), Echocardiogram, Computerized tomography (CT), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Open-lung biopsy, Lung (pulmonary) function test, or even Sleep study (polysomnogram).
ICD-10 Codes for Chronic Lung Diseases
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
This form of chronic lung disease affects newborns. Referred to as chronic lung disease of premature babies, this condition can be mild, moderate or severe. It occurs as a result of damage to the lungs or with long-term use of oxygen. Wilson Mikity syndrome (WMS) is another chronic lung disease affecting premature infants. This condition is sometimes considered as part of the spectrum of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
- P27 Chronic respiratory disease originating in the perinatal period
- P27.0 Wilson-Mikity syndrome
- P27.1 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia originating in the perinatal period
- P27.8 Other chronic respiratory diseases originating in the perinatal period
- P27.9 Unspecified chronic respiratory disease originating in the perinatal period
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
Cystic fibrosis is a progressive, genetic disorder that affects the lungs, digestive system, pancreas, and other organs. This disease may limit the ability to breathe over time. Symptoms may include persistent coughing, frequent lung infections, wheezing or shortness of breath, and chronic sinus infections.
- E84 Cystic fibrosis
- E84.0 Cystic fibrosis with pulmonary manifestations
- E84.1 Cystic fibrosis with intestinal manifestations
- E84.11 Meconium ileus in cystic fibrosis
- E84.19 Cystic fibrosis with other intestinal manifestations
- E84.8 Cystic fibrosis with other manifestations
- E84.9 Cystic fibrosis, unspecified
Asthma
One of the most common types of CLD, asthma can be serious or even life-threatening. According to the American Lung Association, more than 26 million Americans have asthma, including 6.1 million children. Common symptoms of asthma include a tight feeling in the chest, shortness of breath, coughing and wheezing.
- J45 Asthma
- J45.2 Mild intermittent asthma
- J45.3 Mild persistent asthma
- J45.4 Moderate persistent asthma
- J45.5 Severe persistent asthma
- J45.9 Other and unspecified asthma
COPD (emphysema and chronic bronchitis)
COPD is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that obstructs air flow from the lungs. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are two common conditions that lead to COPD. Common symptoms include breathing difficulties, chest tightness, respiratory infections, wheezing, cough, and mucus production.
- J40 Bronchitis, not specified as acute or chronic
- J41 Simple and mucopurulent chronic bronchitis
- J41.0 Simple chronic bronchitis
- J41.1 Mucopurulent chronic bronchitis
- J41.8 Mixed simple and mucopurulent chronic bronchitis
- J42 Unspecified chronic bronchitis
- J43 Emphysema
- J43.0 Unilateral pulmonary emphysema [MacLeod’s syndrome]
- J43.1 Panlobular emphysema
- J43.2 Centrilobular emphysema
- J43.8 Other emphysema
- J43.9 Emphysema, unspecified
- J44 Other chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- J44.0 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with (acute) lower respiratory infection
- J44.1 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with (acute) exacerbation
- J44.9 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, unspecified
Pulmonary Hypertension
This chronic condition occurs when the blood pressure level is high. The condition can be associated with any lung or heart diseases. Treatments often help reduce the signs and symptoms and slow the progress of the disease.
- I27.0 Primary pulmonary hypertension
- I27.1 Kyphoscoliotic heart disease
- I27.2 Other secondary pulmonary hypertension
- I27.20 Pulmonary hypertension, unspecified
- I27.21 Secondary pulmonary arterial hypertension
- I27.22 Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease
- I27.23 Pulmonary hypertension due to lung diseases and hypoxia
- I27.24 Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension
- I27.29 Other secondary pulmonary hypertension
Occupational Lung Diseases
Occupational lung diseases are often the result of repeated, long-term exposure to any hazardous agents that can damage the lungs. Symptoms of such conditions may include abnormal breathing pattern, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Some types of occupational respiratory disease include Coal workers’ pneumoconiosis, also known as Black Lung Disease, asbestosis, silicosis, Farmers’ lung (allergic alveolitis), and more. Occupational respiratory disease can also lead to lung cancer and other diseases. November is observed as lung cancer awareness month. This month helps raise awareness about the impact of the disease and challenges associated with this cancer.
Some of the ICD-10 codes related to occupational lung diseases include
- J60 Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis
- J61 Pneumoconiosis due to asbestos and other mineral fibers
- J62 Pneumoconiosis due to dust containing silica
- J62.0 Pneumoconiosis due to talc dust
- J62.8 Pneumoconiosis due to other dust containing silica
- J63 Pneumoconiosis due to other inorganic dusts
- J67 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to organic dust
- J67.0 Farmer’s lung
- Z77.090 Contact with and (suspected) exposure to asbestos
Pulmonologists, respiratory therapists, primary care providers or any other specialists involved in treating lung conditions can associate with an experienced medical coding company that can help report their services accurately on the medical claims and thus get proper reimbursement from insurers. | https://www.outsourcestrategies.com/resources/how-do-you-code-chronic-lung-disease.html |
Introduction Smoking cessation is the most effective intervention to stop disease progression in high risk categories of smokers like cardiovascular (CVD), diabetes and COPD patients. The “TOB G” project has implemented a set of specialized guidelines in a pilot program for such patients, developed in the Clinical Hospital of Pulmonary Diseases of...
The functional sequelae grouped under the name “long COVID” most often bring the patient in front of a team of specialists in pulmonary rehabilitation. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical features and paraclinical findings in patients with SARS CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus-2) pneumonia and to also evaluate the im...
Citation: Postolache, P.A.; Nechifor, A.; Buculei, I.; Soare, I.; Mocanu, H.; Petrariu, F.D. Clinical Features and Paraclinical Findings in Patients with SARS CoV-2 Pneumonia and the Impact of Pulmonary Rehabilitation on the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living in POST-COVID-19 Patients.
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is involved in various processes, including brain plasticity, learning and memory, neuronal development, nociception, inflammation, appetite regulation, digestion, metabolism, energy balance, motility, and regulation of stress and emotions. Physical exercise (PE) is considered a valuable non-pharmacological therapy...
Sarcoidosis is a complex granulomatous disease of unknown etiology. Due to the heterogeneity of the disease, the diagnosis remains challenging in many cases, often at the physician’s discretion, requiring a thorough and complex investigation. Many other granulomatous diseases have the potential to mimic sarcoidosis, whether infectious, occupational...
Tobacco consumption is the most incriminated and studied risk factor for Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but other factors such as air pollution, are also linked to this disease. One of the known aspects of this chronic lung disease is that its occurrence is mainly due to the chronic inflammation of the airways. Lipid metabolism seems...
Oxidative stress is induced by tobacco smoking and is also associated with exposure to air pollution, which are two of the most important risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of this study was to correlate tobacco use and exposure to air pollution with oxidative stress markers useful in clinical practice in patient...
Introduction: Pulmonary rehabilitation is known as an effective therapy for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This article is a brief introduction into the history of medical and pulmonary rehabilitation, presenting the evolution of applied therapies and methods from ancient to present times. It also highlights the role o...
Atherosclerosis remains the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide characterized by the deposition of lipids and fibrous elements in the form of atheroma plaques in vascular areas which are hemodynamically overloaded. The global burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is steadily increasing and is considered the largest known n...
Introduction: COVID-19 was the turning point of 2020, endangering the health of the entire population around the world. Among other therapeutic methods and supportive measures, physiotherapy represents a useful intervention applied on COVID-19 patients suffering from respiratory symptoms, this being supported by recent literature data. Materials an...
Studies show that the autonomic nervous system (ANS) has an important impact on health in general. In response to environmental demands, homeostatic processes are often compromised, therefore determining an increase in the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)’s functions and a decrease in the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)’s functions. In modern...
Considering the increased prevalence of influenza infections in the cold season and the pandemic evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the medical staffs are facing potential viral co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus. Both viruses belong to the category of ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses, having common struc...
Air pollution is a major threat to public health, and the effects of pollution are perceived in all countries of the world, by all social categories, regardless of age. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has a growing prevalence worldwide and an increasing number of risk factors that exacerbate symptoms and accelerate disease progression....
Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is progressive inflammatory disease of the lungs in which smoking plays a significant pathogenic role. Smoking cessation is the only therapeutic intervention which was demonstrated to interfere with disease progression. Smoking cessation intervention can benefit from pharmacological therapi...
People over the age of 65 and those suffering from chronic diseases, such as asthma, are part of the risk group for severe acute respiratory syndrome-COV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In the past, a connection between viral infections and asthma has been presented. Patients with asthma appear to be at risk of contracting viral infections, and also viru...
Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions survey regarding tuberculosis in hospitalized patients Ionela-Alina Grosu-Creangă, Cristina Mihaela Ghiciuc, Ioana Buculei, Irina Mihaela Eșanu, Adriana Sorete Arbore, Elena Cătălina Lupușoru European Respiratory Journal 2020 56: 1444; DOI: 10.1183/13993003.congress-2020.1444 Abstract Introduction: Tuberculosis...
Scientific progresses and new regulatory global context about tobacco use and cessation have created attractive opportunities for young researchers seeking for a PhD in the field. As such, three most relevant ongoing PhD research topics at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa” Iasi were selected for presentation: 1. “Air pollut...
Introduction Smoking cessation is a key clinical intervention for reducing progressive lung destruction and lung function deterioration in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Specialised Tobacco Cessation Guidelines for High-risk Groups (TOB-G) were developed and published in 2017 that present evidence-based recommendations...
Background Smoking cessation is the most efficient treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The educational and motivational role of the “lung age” concept, used together with lung function testing and biochemical validation of tobacco exposure, deserves thorough attention for driving intention to quit. Aim : To demonstrate the... | https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ioana-Buculei |
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), also known as chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD), is a disease characterized by permanent and progressive obstruction of the lung airways that makes it very difficult to breathe due to a lung disorder. The two most common forms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Frequently these two diseases are overlapping and if a patient has one, they may have signs and symptoms of another. Asthma is also a type of pulmonary disease, but is only considered chronic and obstructive if it is damaging enough that the airway obstruction involved is fixed or permanent.
Breathing in dust, chemicals and other forms of pollution can also be a cause of the disease or at least contribute to it, but the most common reason for COPD is smoking tobacco. While there are treatments for COPD that make it more comfortable and can open the air passages temporarily, there is no cure for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The best way to keep from contracting COPD is to not smoke cigarettes and stay away from second-hand smoke and harmful airborne pollutants. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States, with 80-90 percent of COPD cases being caused by smoking.
COPD affects the lungs physically by causing the air sacs at the end of the airways to collapse or lose elasticity. This causes the air sacs to become floppy and have a hard time filling up with air, causing breathing challenges. Symptoms can range from shortness of breath and a persistent, reoccurring cough, to coughing up mucus, wheezing and intolerance for physical activity and exercise.
No single test alone can diagnose chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, though doctors will look at smoking history and environment (for second hand smoke or pollutants) as a way to detect COPD. They will also give a physical examination to determine symptoms of nostril flaring, wheezing, pursed lips, contraction of muscles when breathing and elevated respiratory rate. A spirometer can help determine loss of lung function, X-rays can show hyperinflation of the lungs, a chest CT can determine emphysema and blood tests can show low oxygen and/or high carbon dioxide in the blood. Pulmonary tests can show low airflow and over-expanded lungs.
Treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease usually includes varying types of bronchodilators, which help relax lung airways and allow temporary, improved airflow. Corticosteroids are sometimes used, as well as TNF antagonists, supplemental oxygen and a treatment of counseling, exercise, diet changes and disease management. Antibiotics can help lessen inflammation and infections.
Those with COPD must stop smoking. In extreme cases surgery is sometimes an option to help remove parts of the diseased lung or to conduct a lung transplant. | https://www.ssdrc.com/condition-copd.html |
Types of Lung conditions
Types list: The list of types of Lung conditions mentioned in various sources includes:
- Pneumonia
- Lung cancer
- Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
- Bronchitis
- Chronic Bronchitis
- Emphysema
- COPD
- Cystic fibrosis
- Bronchiectasis
- Asthma
- Bronchiolitis
- Bronchiolitis obliterans - lung damage typically following lung transplant or bone marrow transplant.
- Interstitial lung diseases
- Sarcoidosis
- Pulmonary fibrosis
- Bronchial disorders
- Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
- Anthrax
- Chlamydia pneumoniae
- Diphtheria
- Drowning
- Familial emphysema
- High altitude pulmonary edema
- Lung abscess
- Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
- Mesothelioma
- Mountain sickness
- Pleural effusion
- Pleurisy
- Pneumococcal pneumonia
- Pneumonitis
- Primary pulmonary hypertension
- Pulmonary Anthrax
- Respiratory conditions
- Respiratory diphtheria
- Respiratory infections
- Respiratory syncytial virus
- Silicosis
- Stridor
- Suffocation
- Tuberculosis
- Wheezing
- Flu
- Parainfluenza
- Respiratory failure
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Pulmonary edema
- Pulmonary embolism
- Pulmonary thromboembolism - a pulmonary embolism often from a leg or pelvic blood clot.
- Adult respiratory distress syndrome
- Respiratory distress syndrome
- Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
- Pneumothorax
- Collapsed lung
- Pneumoconiosis
- Acute Bronchitis
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- Goodpasture syndrome
Types discussion: The most common lung diseases include:
-
Diseases of the airways. These diseases include asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, bronchiolitis, cystic fibrosis, and bronchiectasis. They are characterized by structural changes in the airways that limit or obstruct the flow of air in or out of the lungs.
-
Diseases of the interstitium (space between the tissues of the lungs). These diseases cause the lungs to stiffen and scar. They can be caused by drugs, poisons, infections, or radiation.
-
Disorders of the gas exchange or blood circulation in the lungs. These diseases include pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism, respiratory failure, and pulmonary hypertension.
-
Disorders due to unusual atmospheric pressure. Atmospheric pressures include high altitudes where the air has less oxygen, or deep water where there is more atmospheric pressure and higher nitrogen levels in the blood.
-
Disorders of the pleura (the membrane that surrounds the lungs). This condition occurs when air or fluid accumulates in the pleural space. Infections such as pneumonia and tuberculosis are caused by bacteria or viruses, and they are the most common types of lung illness.
-
Cancer of the lungs. This disease is caused primarily by smoking. The rates of lung cancer continue to increase in women, and it is the leading cancer killer of American women.
Footnotes:
1. excerpt from Lung Disease: NWHIC
Medical Tools & Articles:
Next articles: | http://cureresearch.com/l/lung/subtypes.htm |
Center of High Studies of Sciences in Human and Health Sciences, Rosario headquarters, InterAmerican Open University (CAECIHS), Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
Corresponding author details:
Marcela Agostini
Center of High Studies of Sciences in Human and Health Sciences
Rosario headquarters Inter-American Open University (CAECIHS) Pellegrini 1618
Santa Fe,Argentina
Copyright: © 2018 Agostini M. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 international License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Despite the arrival of antiretroviral therapy (ART), the epidemic of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is still a global health crisis with a high burden of respiratory disease among infected people. While the first complications of the epidemic were fundamentally opportunistic infections, the improve of survival showed the appearance of non-infectious diseases that are associated with chronic respiratory symptoms and lung impairment .
Obstructive ventilatory defects and reduced diffusion capacity are common findings in adults, and the association between HIV and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is increasingly recognized. There is synergy between viral factors, opportunistic infections, conventional influences such as tobacco smoke and exposure to biomass fuel, and potentially. The immunological effects of ART in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease associated with HIV [2-4].
The effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy in controlling HIV infection has led to the highest HIV positive population at risk of chronic diseases. Through an exhaustive search of main databases, this review summarizes the information on associations between Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), asthma, and HIV infection. Asthma and COPD are more prevalent in populations infected with HIV; 16-20% of individuals with HIV infection suffer from it. When the infection is poorly controlled, it worsens spirometric capacity, accelerating the decline in lung function by approximately 55 to 75 ml/year.
It has been observed that up to 21% of HIV infected population have obstructive ventilatory defects and HIV reduces the diffusion capacity in more than 50% of patients [5, 6].
Recent studies of lung function in people infected with HIV have shown a high prevalence of airway obstruction, altered bronchodilator reversibility and impairment of diffusion capacity. Compared to people not infected with HIV and people with well-controlled HIV disease, people infected with HIV with high viral load or lower CD4 cell count have more airflow obstruction, a greater decrease in lung function and possibly more serious diffusion impairment .
Individuals infected with HIV seem to have an increased risk of obstructive lung diseases, although this represents the increase of emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, or a combination of these disorders has not been fully evaluated. Although part of the increase in obstructive pulmonary disease, especially COPD, may be related to smoking and drug abuse, the apparent risk of COPD remains high in people infected with HIV. Recent studies of lung function in HIV-infected persons have elucidated some factors that may be important in the pathogenesis of obstructive pulmonary disease in HIV such as: a poor control of HIV contributes to COPD and decreased lung function, metabolic disease and inflammation associated with asthma and airway hyper reactivity .
Drummond and Shirley5 showed an accelerated decrease in respiratory function (FEV1 and FVC) in patients with low CD4 levels. Madeddu et al. concludes that the HIV virus is the most likely risk factor for COPD regardless of age and smoking habit . Study by Popescu et al. demonstrated a significant correlation between the CD4 count in bronchoalveolar fluid and COPD in seropositive patients . Recent study by Makinson et al. showed that COPD was not associated with Hepatitis C but significantly associated with HIV status in smokers aged more than 40 years .
Risso et al. in his study he investigated other factors that could be correlated with COPD . One of them is the body mass index (BMI) which is associated with poor COPD prognosis when it is low. Other factors were studied such as the use of cannabis, use of intravenous drugs, depression, low viral replication activity and no significant relationship was found.
In his study the CD4 count below its normal value if it is associated with COPD. It also shows as aggravating factors the exposure to smoke and aging.
Chronic lung disease will become the third most common cause of death by 2030 in the
general population. Early detection and proper management is a priority to improve the
prognosis and quality of life of patients. In turn, the diagnosis of COPD reinforces smoking
cessation, involves a thorough study of pulmonary function by spirometry, 6-minute walk
test and carbon dioxide diffusion test (CDDT) and lung cancer screening [10, 12-14].
Copyright © 2020 Boffin Access Limited. | https://www.boffinaccess.com/clinical-hiv-aids-journal/copd-in-hiv-1-103 |
What are The Three Most Common Diseases that Produce a COPD?
Introduction:
COPD, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is a debilitating and common lung condition that can be caused by a variety of factors. COPD is typically caused by smoking, asthma, or environmental pollutants. COPD often leads to a decreased life expectancy and increased health care costs. There are three main types of COPD: chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and pneumonia. Each type of COPD is caused by airflow obstruction in the lungs.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), COPD is a progressive lung disease that affects more than 15 million Americans. It’s the fifth leading cause of death in the United States and it’s predicted that by 2050, it will be the third leading cause of death. In fact, COPD is now considered a “global health epidemic. There are many diseases that can lead to COPD, but the three most common are smoking-related disease, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. COPD is a serious lung condition that makes it difficult to breathe.
What is COPD?
COPD is a chronic lung disease that causes fatigue, shortness of breath, coughing, and difficulty breathing. It’s the most common form of chronic bronchitis, which is an inflammatory condition of the airways. People with COPD often need to use supplemental oxygen to remain healthy. The cause of COPD is unknown, but it’s believed to be caused by cigarette smoke, pollution, and other environmental factors. COPD is a progressive disease and can eventually lead to death if not treated.
The Three most common causes of COPD
All three can cause inflammation in the lungs, which can eventually lead to COPD. Each cause has a different effect on the lungs and each needs to be addressed in order to improve lung function.
There are three main causes of COPD:
- Tobacco smoke,
- Air pollution, and
- Dust mites.
Tobacco smoke is one of the most common causes of COPD. It is also a leading cause of death in the United States. About one-third of COPD cases are caused by tobacco smoke, and about two-thirds are caused by air pollution. Dust mites are another common cause of COPD. They live in dust and dirt and can produce serious respiratory problems if they are inhaled.
What Are The Treatments for COPD?
COPD, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is a progressive lung disease that causes difficulty breathing. There are many treatments for COPD, and the best one for each person depends on the symptoms and severity of the disease.
Some common treatments for COPD include medications, breathing exercises, and surgery. Medications can help to improve airflow in the lungs and reduce inflammation. Breathing exercises can help to increase airflow and improve lung function. Surgery may be necessary if other treatments don’t work or if the person has severe symptoms. | https://commondiseases.org/what-are-the-three-most-common-diseases-that-produce-a-copd/ |
Chronic Respiratory Diseases
Chronic respiratory disease (CRD) is an umbrella term to describe diseases that affect the lungs and airways. Common types include: asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), cystic fibrosis, lung cancer and sleep apnea. Risk factors for CRDs include tobacco smoke, air pollution, occupational chemicals and dusts and childhood respiratory infections. This page contains documents and resources related to CRDs.
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Use MyPHO to save content relevant to you, take online courses and register for subscriptions. | https://cd1.publichealthontario.ca/en/diseases-and-conditions/chronic-diseases-and-conditions/chronic-respiratory-diseases |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung disease that makes it hard to breathe. COPD is caused by damage to the lungs over many years, often due to smoking, asthma, pollution, frequent infections, or family history. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is often a combination of respiratory diseases including asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. | http://www.sphinxhomecare.com/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease/ |
unfortunately limited.
In this context, we, the Stethoscope Team interviewed Dr. A.K.M. Rafiqul Bari, Associate Professor, Respiratory Medicine, Shaheed Suhrawardi Medical College & Hospital, Dhaka.
Excerpts follow:
What is Respiratory Medicine?
Respiratory medicine is the branch of medicine that treats people with diseases affecting the lungs.
The role of our lungs is to deliver oxygen into our bloodstream and remove carbon dioxide. When you breathe in, air passes through the throat into the windpipe (trachea). The base of the windpipe divides into the right and left tubes (bronchi) which divide again and again each time getting smaller and smaller until the air sacs called the alveoli are reached. The alveoli act like balloons i.e. when you breathe in they inflate and when you breathe out they relax.
Oxygen moves across the walls of the alveoli and enters the bloodstream and is carried to the rest of the body after passing through the heart. Carbon dioxide is passed from the blood into the alveoli and is breathed out of the lungs.
What are the disease/complications included in this branch of medicine?
Respiratory medicine deals with a range of problems including:
Asthma
COPD
Lung Cancer
Tuberculosis, or TB (a bacterial lung disease)
Cystic fibrosis (an inherited condition that causes a sticky section that can affect the airways often causing infection)
interstitial lung disease (scarring of the lung tissue between and supporting the air sacs)
chronic cough
sleep disorders relating to breathing, e.g. obstructive sleep apnea
pulmonary vascular disorders (affecting the blood circulation of the lungs) and so on
In recent statistics showed that Respiratory Diseases including COPD, Tuberculosis, Lung Cancer are rising among the people of our country especially in urban areas. What are the causes and how can we prevent these diseases?
According to the latest WHO data published in 2017 Lung Disease Deaths in Bangladesh reached 68,462 or 8.69% of total deaths. The age adjusted Death Rate is 69.07 per 100,000 of population ranks Bangladesh #6 in the world.
It is sarcastic that a country which is renowned for its scenic greenery has its capital labelled as the 2nd most polluted city in the world in terms of air quality. According to the Global Air Report of 2017, the poor air quality in Dhaka and across Bangladesh claims over 1,22,400 lives every year.
In developing nations such as Bangladesh, the leading cause of death due to air pollution revolves around the fact that access to proper diagnosis and subsequent treatment are limited. Besides the outrageous rate of fatality, victims of air pollution are initially subjected to respiratory diseases such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), tuberculosis, asthma and lung cancer for an extended period of time.
The rise in respiratory diseases in Bangladesh is due to increasing air pollution. Dhaka scored 556 in the Air Quality Index (AQI), which is categorized as ‘extremely unhealthy’. Six common air pollutants include ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide and lead. Smoking tobacco is also a prevalent cause of respiratory diseases.
Even though respiratory diseases as a whole is an epidemic in Bangladesh, a great number of people in our society are not well aware of the diseases involved. Therefore, widespread health awareness is required to reduce fatality rate caused by these deadly diseases. Special attention has to be given to teenagers and discourage them from smoking tobacco products.
Public and private organizations should fund awareness campaigns. Strict laws should be implemented for industries to reduce carbon emissions. Anti-tobacco policies should be strengthened.
We do often get the report that people, suffering from Respiratory Diseases are going to abroad for better treatment.
As a doctor’s point of view, what do you think about the improvement of the services rendered by our govt. and other private medical institutions in the country?
A recent estimate of Bangladesh Investment Development Authority, which was prepared using the data of Health Bulletin 2012, says Bangladeshis spend $2.04 billion annually on healthcare abroad.
The amount is 1.94% of the country’s total GDP.
Currently we are having all the world class, modernized treatment facilities except lung transplantation for treating respiratory diseases.
The treatment cost in Bangladesh is half one of that of India and one-third to one-tenth of the amount in Thailand and Singapore. Considering the cost of critical surgeries, many find the overall hospital bills abroad similar to those estimated in local private clinics. Hence, numerous people prefer not to get treated at local hospitals.
It is not unusual that a certain number of people will prefer overseas treatment. But a change in mindset is key to increasing people’s confidence in local treatment.
Our country is incurring losses in its health economy, gradually posing a great threat to the national economy. In the case of referrals, it is fine or else there is no need to go abroad when we can cater to our patients with international standards treatment at home. Millions of dollars are funneled abroad every year. If we fail to stop it right now, our entire medical service system and foreign currency reserve will collapse.
The policymakers rethink this issue and work on its root
cause to help restore the reputation of the health sector in Bangladesh. | http://www.theindependentbd.com/home/printnews/162155 |
A childhood measles infection may increase the risk for post-bronchodilator airflow obstruction in middle-age adults via its interaction with asthma and smoking.
Health burden varies significantly by state in the USApril 17, 2018
In the US Burden of Disease Report, the leading causes of death were ischemic heart disease, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Alzheimer's disease, and colorectal cancer while the leading causes of disability were low back pain, major depressive disorder, and diabetes.
Pediatric Asthma Unaffected by 5-fold Increased Inhaled Glucocorticoid DoseApril 03, 2018
Increasing inhaled glucocorticoid doses at initial signs of exacerbating asthma may not be effective.
High-Flow Oxygen Treatment Better for Infants with Bronchiolitis Than Standard TherapyMarch 31, 2018
Compared with standard oxygen therapy, high-flow treatments were better for infants with bronchiolotis.
Assessing LABA, LAMA treatments for persistent asthma controlMarch 23, 2018
Single maintenance and reliever therapy and long-acting muscarinic antagonists are linked to better management of asthma in patients with uncontrolled, persistent asthma.
Smoking screening beneficial in pediatric pulmonology clinicsMarch 21, 2018
Adaption of processes in pediatric pulmonology clinics that may eliminate tobacco use and exposure will help with decreasing medical expenses and hospital admissions for illnesses that can be triggered from smoke exposure.
Physical fitness in adolescence impacts adult lung performanceMarch 20, 2018
Involvement in aerobic fitness activities helps adolescents and children increase lung volume as adults but does not improve airway caliber.
Case Study: Worsening dyspnea in a pregnant womanMarch 20, 2018
A 32-year-old woman, diagnosed several months earlier with pulmonary arterial hypertension, presented to the emergency department with dyspnea and near syncopal episodes.
Increased inhaled glucocorticoids do not prevent asthma exacerbations in children: The STICS trialMarch 12, 2018
In children age 5 to 11 with mild-to-moderate persistent asthma treated with daily inhaled glucocorticoids, quintupling the dose of inhaled glucocorticoids during the initial signs of worsening asthma control did not reduce the rate of severe exacerbations.
Varicose veins associated with increased risk of deep venous thrombosisMarch 07, 2018
There is a significant association between varicose veins and an increased risk for deep venous thrombosis and possible associations with pulmonary embolism and peripheral artery disease, though results are still unclear.
Inhaler use in asthma and COPD: Patient characteristics comparedMarch 05, 2018
Researchers examined real-world characteristics of patients receiving albuterol multidose dry powder inhaler or short-acting β2 agonists with short-acting β2 agonists for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Asthma, allergic rhinitis prevalence with long-term opioid useMarch 05, 2018
Patients with opioid dependence or abuse may exhibit a higher prevalence of asthma compared with the general population.
Skin hypersensitivity in infants decreased with yogurt consumptionMarch 04, 2018
When testing for sensitivity to histamine, larger swelling sizes were recorded for infants with eczema and atopic dermatitis compared with infants without those conditions.
Allergic disease risk in children may increase with antibiotic exposureMarch 03, 2018
Children who are exposed to antibiotics earlier in life may have an increased risk for allergic diseases, including asthma, atopic dermatitis, and allergic rhinitis.
Sex-based young adult asthma risks associated with acetaminophen useMarch 03, 2018
Data from the Isle of Wight birth cohort study and the Kuwait University Allergy cross-sectional study were used to assess self-reported acetaminophen use and asthma diagnosis.
Intranasal corticosteroid treatment confirmed for nasal congestion with seasonal allergic rhinitisMarch 03, 2018
Intranasal corticosteroids are the current guideline-preferred treatment recommendation for nasal congestion.
E-cigarettes may lead youth to start smoking, adults to stop: NASEM reportJanuary 31, 2018
A congressionally mandated report has found that e-cigarettes are likely to be far less harmful than conventional cigarettes, although they are not without health risks.
Air pollution increases mortality risk in older adultsJanuary 05, 2018
Exposure to surrounding air pollutants and warm season ozone are linked to increased risk of death.
FDA removes Boxed Warning from select asthma, COPD medicationsDecember 27, 2017
New evidence regarding safety is spurring the US FDA to remove a Boxed Warning from certain inhaled medications used to treat asthma and COPD.
Treatment guidelines updated for coughing associated with common coldNovember 11, 2017
There has been little change in the treatment recommendations for cough due to the common cold since publication of guidelines in 2006.
Once-daily single-inhaler triple therapy better for lung function in COPDSeptember 06, 2017
Results support the benefits of single-inhaler triple therapy compared with inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting β2-agonist therapy in patients with advanced COPD.
Vitamin B supplements not chemopreventive for lung cancerAugust 25, 2017
Vitamin B supplements are not chemopreventive and may increase cancer risk in men.
Oral corticosteroids not effective for lower respiratory tract infectionAugust 24, 2017
No significant effects were found from oral corticosteroid use for acute lower respiratory tract infection in adults without asthma.
Occupational pesticide exposure linked to fixed airflow obstruction and chronic bronchitisAugust 11, 2017
Results show that exposure to pesticides and herbicides is associated with fixed airflow obstruction and chronic bronchitis.
Treating acute COPD exacerbations with prednisone and doxycyclineAugust 10, 2017
Researchers found that doxycycline plus prednisone did not prolong the time between exacerbations in patients with COPD.
Sleep disorders may increase risk for Alzheimer's diseaseJuly 25, 2017
Obstructive sleep apnea and sleep-disordered breathing are associated with amyloid deposition.
Chest CT provides additional insight in COPD assessmentJuly 22, 2017
A chest CT can provide additional information on comorbidities, including coronary artery disease and osteoporosis.
Higher childhood intelligence linked to lower mortality riskJuly 17, 2017
Researchers sought to examine the link between intelligence scores during childhood and leading causes of death during the life course.
Surgical pulmonary embolectomy for thrombus distribution is feasible, effectiveMay 18, 2017
Surgical pulmonary embolectomy for peripheral distribution of thrombus demonstrated positive outcomes in patients with either CPE or PPE.
Pulmonary hyperinflation linked to larger pulmonary artery in COPDMay 12, 2017
Increased residual volume is associated with a larger pulmonary artery in patients with COPD. | http://www.clinicaladvisor.com/pulmonology/topic/401/ |
What are the properties of diamond? Occurrence of diamond, information on diamond properties.
The most distinctive characteristic of diamond is its hardness, which serves as the highest point—number 10—on Mohs’ scale of hardness used in mineralogy. This means that diamond is able to scratch or abrade every other mineral. In fact, a greater difference exists in this respect between diamond and corundum (number 9 on Mohs’ scale) than between corundum and talc (number 1). Other scales of hardness used in science and industry likewise show the superiority of diamond. Its hardness makes it valuable as an industrial tool and also enables it to withstand wear as a gem. The diamond crystal, however, is not equally hard in all directions. In practice, the crystals are set singly for use in cutting tools. In this way they can be oriented correctly to within one degree, by X-rays and gamma radiation, with respect to the crystal direction of greatest hardness.
Crystal Appearance and Structure:
Diamond crystallizes in the isometric system. The crystals, which range from white or colorless to brown or black, are most often octahedrons that resemble two square-based pyramids placed base to base. The next most common form is the dodecahedron, which has 12 faces. Cubes are less abundant. As is true of most natural crystals, these forms often occur rounded, flattened, or otherwise distorted. Twin crystals are found frequently, especially the so-called spinel twin of double octahedrons.
Both the crystal shape and the hardness of diamond reflect the 3-dimensional pattern in which the carbon atoms are arranged within the crystal. An atom of another element may take the place of a carbon atom in this crystal lattice structure, but there is seldom more than one such atom for every 10,000 carbon atoms; and the finest natural diamonds contain only one foreign part for about 100,000 carbon atoms.
The atomic structure in turn influences the way that diamond breaks. Despite ancient legends to the contrary, diamond has a perfect cleavage parallel to the octahedron faces of the diamond—that is, there are four directions of cleavage. This property is used to divide large crystals and spinel twins, and to shape the finished gem.
Owing to the relatively close packing of the carbon atoms in the crystal lattice, diamond has a fairly high density; its specific gravity is 3.52. Hardness and heaviness combine to make diamond an ideal placer mineral—that is, one separable from other surface deposits by processes such as washing.
Optical Properties:
The optical properties of diamond give it the beauty that makes it desirable as a gem. First is its luster, which is termed adamantine (from the ancient name for diamond); the crystal has a very bright, slightly oily surface reflection. Diamond has a high refractive index of 2.417 as well, which means that a properly cut stone can return to the eye of the beholder a large proportion of the light that enters the stone. Its light dispersion—the breaking up of white light into its component colors—also is high; this is called fire.
Diamonds are classified as type I or type II according to the way they absorb radiation in the visible as well as the infrared and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum. (A few intermediate specimens are of different types in different regions of the spectrum.) Type II, the only kind that occurs blue in nature, seems to be a more nearly perfect kind of crystal lattice that has fewer crystal defects than type I.
Color, or the absence of color, is another and a most important optical property of gem diamond, strongly affecting its commercial value.
Conductivity:
Most diamonds are extremely good electrical insulators. Some crystals of type II are semiconductors, however. The heat conductivity of gem-quality diamonds at room temperature, on the other hand, is greater than that of any other known substance. For this reason, diamond can be cut at high speeds without being damaged by the heat generated.
OCCURRENCE
In only one rock, kimberlite (named for the diamond-mining city of Kimberley, South Africa), does diamond occur originally. All other occurrences are secondary. That is, diamond found in other rocks was eroded from a primary source (presumably kimberlite) and incorporated in some kind of sedimentary rock, which then may have been more or less changed by metamorphism.
Kimberlite does not always contain diamond. Even when it does, the proportion averages only about 1 part in 40 million parts of rock and probably never has exceeded 1 part in 8 million parts. Diamond thus is a so-called accessory mineral and would be of little interest except for its economic significance.
Mineralogy of Kimberlite:
Kimberlite is an altered and brecciated (broken) form of peridotite. Peridotite, in turn, is a heavy, high-temperature igneous rock of basic composition (high iron and magnesium content). The form known as kimberlite consists of large corroded crystals of high-pressure minerals, including diamond, in a matrix of calcite and a distinctive group of basic minerals, most of which are green. Kimberlite usually contains inclusions of dense rocks of various kinds, some brought up from considerable depths and others dragged down from above.
Kimberlite occurs typically in diatremes, or pipes. These somewhat cylindrical bodies of rock are of volcanic origin, although their connection with actual surface volcanoes is uncertain. Any evidence of such association has been eroded away. The explosive origins of kimberlite pipes is shown, nevertheless, by the abundant indications of shattering upward movement and downward or inward collapse in the pipes. At greater depths the pipes become narrow and take on the shapes of dikes.
As kimberlite weathers and its iron oxidizes, the color of the rock changes from bluish green (when it is called blue ground) to yellowish (yellow ground). The weathering of kimberlite frees the diamonds it contains. They are carried away by streams and other agents of erosion and finally come to rest in placer deposits. Later stages of erosion may move the diamonds again. They are recovered from stream gravels, from windblown deposits (dunes), and from beach deposits, and offshore mining of submarine beds is conducted along the Atlantic Ocean coast of Africa. Conglomerate, sandstone, and other sedimentary rocks yield diamond in various parts of the world. An especially interesting host rock is the flexible sandstone called ita-columite. Schist and related metamorphic rocks also contain diamonds.
The minerals found with diamond depend on where it occurs. In kimberlite the associations are so typical that the prospector can depend on them. Olivine, garnet, phlogopite, mica, pyroxene, ilmenite, serpentine, chlorite, and calcite are the usual minerals. In placer and other secondary deposits, however, the accompanying minerals are not necessarily related to a kimberlite origin; they may be minerals characteristic of placers—such as magnetite and gold—as well as locally derived minerals.
Diamond Sites:
The first great source of diamond was India, although production there today is very small. The prominent Golconda mines used a name that concealed the mines’true locations, for Golconda (now a deserted fort near Hyderabad) was merely the trading center. The mining was done over a wide area on the eastern side of the Deccan plateau and extended into the Bundelkhand district, where present operations take place. Mining practically ceased in the 17th century, not long after all the historic stones except the Koh-i-noor were found. One ancient kimberlite mine has again been worked in central India, but the rest are in secondary deposits.
South America:
In 1727, not long after production declined in India, diamonds were found in Brazil. In spite of political interference and poor trade practices, Brazil maintained a leading position in diamond production for a century and a half. Three states—Minas Gerais (the mining center is Diamantina), Bahia, and Mato Grosso—are the most important producers, but six others have yielded some diamonds. The average grade of the stones is very high, and a few large crystals have been found.
Guyana has diamond beds across its entire width, but until recently they were not sufficiently accessible; today exports are substantial. Venezuela has become another large exporter.
Africa:
The first recognized diamond in South Africa was picked up by children of a Boer farmer in 1867. It weighed 22 carats. A second large crystal was found in 1869 by a shepherd boy. A diamond rush began the next year and spread across South Africa, changing its character as wealth from diamonds opened up the gold-mining industry. Certain mines have become famous, such as the Kimberley, Dutoitspan, Bultfontein, Premier, Wesselton, Jagers-fontein, and De Beers mines. In most mining history the mother lode has been sought long after the working of placer deposits began, but in Africa the secondary alluvial diamond deposits became important only after the working of kimberlite pipes.
Southwest Africa began to produce diamonds in 1908. Operations expaned in surges; now they extend offshore and involve the use of barges that suck up debris from the sea floor. On land, the beach deposits yield one part diamond to 100 million parts sand.
Nearly all the new nations of southern Africa and even nations and territories farther north have some deposits of diamonds, especially Sierra Leone, Ghana, Guinea, Angola, Liberia, Ivory Coast, and the Central African Republic. The Congo region has been a heavy producer of industrial diamonds since 1910. The largest kimberlite pipe yet known, the Williamson, is in Tanzania (another large producer of diamonds).
United States:
A kimberlite pipe in Pike county, Ark., has yielded 40,000 diamonds weighing up to 40 carats each. Discovered in 1906, it had been operated by a succession of owners, none of whom made it profitable until it was turned into a tourist attraction where visitors may explore for a fee. Many dozens of crystals have been picked up in the Great Lakes states, where they evidently were transported from Canada by the glaciers of the Pleistocene ice age. More puzzling are the crystals found in California, in regions of the Appalachian Mountains that never experienced glaciation, and in a few other areas, because their original sources are completely unknown. Kimberlite, nevertheless, has been noted in various sites in the United States and Canada.
Other Areas:
Borneo and Indonesia furnish some diamonds and have done so for centuries. Most of them are small but of good quality. New South Wales and—to a lesser extent— other states in Australia have yielded diamonds. Details about diamond deposits in the Soviet Union are lacking. They are of major rank, however, and include both gem and industrial stones. The largest locations are in kimberlite deposits in Siberia, which were discovered after 1954. | https://www.8sa.net/diamond-properties-and-occurrence/ |
Martensite is a very hard metastable structure with a body-centered tetragonal (BCT) crystal structure. Martensite is formed in steels when the cooling rate from austenite is at such a high rate that carbon atoms do not have time to diffuse out of the crystal structure in large enough quantities to form cementite (Fe3C). Therefore, it is a product of diffusionless transformation. Any diffusion whatsoever results in the formation of ferrite and cementite phases. It is named after the German metallurgist Adolf Martens (1850–1914).
Unlike the isothermal decomposition of phase constituents by diffusion, martensite is not a phase associated with thermal equilibrium. Thus, it does not appear on the iron-carbon equilibrium phase diagram. It may be thought of as a transformation product that is competitive with pearlite and bainite.
The microstructure of martensite in steels has different morphologies and may appear as either lath martensite or plate martensite. For steel 0–0.6% carbon the martensite has the appearance of lath, and is called lath martensite. For steel greater than 1% carbon it will form a plate like structure called plate martensite. Plate martensite, as the name indicates, forms as lenticular (lens-shaped) crystals with a zigzag pattern of smaller plates. Between those two percentages, the physical appearance of the grains is a mix of the two. The strength of the martensite is reduced as the amount of retained austenite grows.
Martensitic Transformation
Transformation hardening, known also as martensitic transformation hardening, is one of most common methods of hardening, which is primarily used for steels (i.e. carbon steels as well as stainless steels). The martensitic transformation is not, however, unique to iron–carbon alloys. It is found in other systems and is characterized, in part, by the diffusionless transformation.
Martensitic steels use predominantly higher levels of C and Mn along with heat treatment to increase strength. The finished product will have a duplex micro-structure of ferrite with varying levels of degenerate martensite. This allows for varying levels of strength. In metallurgy, quenching is most commonly used to harden steel by introducing martensite. There is a balance between hardness and toughness in any steel; the harder the steel, the less tough or impact-resistant it is, and the more impact-resistant it is, the less hard it is.
Martensite is produced from austenite as a result of the quenching, or another form of rapid cooling. Austenite in iron-carbon alloys is generally only present above the critical eutectoid temperature (723°C), and below 1500°C, depending on carbon content. In case of normal cooling rates, as the austenite cools, the carbon diffuses out of the austenite and forms carbon rich iron-carbide (cementite) and leaves behind carbon poor ferrite. Depending on alloy composition, a layering of ferrite and cementite, called pearlite, may form. But in case of rapid cooling, the carbon does not have time enough to diffuse and the transforms to a highly strained body-centered tetragonal form called martensite that is supersaturated with carbon. All the carbon atoms remain as interstitial impurities in martensite. The cooling rate determines the relative proportions of martensite, ferrite, and cementite, and therefore determines the mechanical properties of the resulting steel, such as hardness, tensile strength and toughness as well.
Tempered Martensite
The relative ability of a ferrous alloy to form martensite is called hardenability. Hardenability is commonly measured as the distance below a quenched surface at which the metal exhibits a specific hardness of 50 HRC, for example, or a specific percentage of martensite in the microstructure. The highest hardness of a pearlitic steel is 43 HRC whereas martensite can achieve 72 HRC. Fresh martensite is very brittle if carbon content is greater than approximately 0.2 to 0.3%. It is so brittle that it cannot be used for most applications. This brittleness can be removed (with some loss of hardness) if the quenched steel is heated slightly in a process known as tempering. Tempering is accomplished by heating a martensitic steel to a temperature below the eutectoid for a specified time period (for example between 250°C and 650°C ).
This tempering heat treatment allows, by diffusional processes, the formation of tempered martensite, according to the reaction:
martensite (BCT, single phase) → tempered martensite (ferrite + Fe3C phases)
where the single-phase BCT martensite, which is supersaturated with carbon, transforms into the tempered martensite, composed of the stable ferrite and cementite phases. Its microstructure is similar to the microstructure of spheroidite but in this case tempered martensite contains extremely small and uniformly dispersed cementite particles embedded within a continuous ferrite matrix. Tempered martensite may be nearly as hard and strong as martensite but with substantially enhanced ductility and toughness.
Martensitic Stainless Steel
Martensitic stainless steels are similar to ferritic steels in being based on chromium but have higher carbon levels up as high as 1%. They are sometimes classified as low-carbon and high-carbon martensitic stainless steels. They contain 12 to 14% chromium, 0.2 to 1% molybdenum, and no significant amount of nickel. Higher amounts of carbon allows them to be hardened and tempered much like carbon and low-alloy steels. They have moderate corrosion resistance, but are considered hard, strong, slightly brittle. They are magnetic and they can be nondestructively tested using the magnetic particle inspection method, unlike austenitic stainless steel. A common martensitic stainless is AISI 440C, which contains 16 to 18% chromium and 0.95 to 1.2% carbon. Grade 440C stainless steel is used in the following applications: gage blocks, cutlery, ball bearings and races, molds and dies, knives.
As was written, martensitic stainless steels can be hardened and tempered through multiple ways of aging/heat treatment: The metallurgical mechanisms responsible for the martensitic transformations that take place in these stainless alloys during austenitizing and quenching are essentially the same as those that are used to harden lower-alloy-content carbon and alloy steels. The heat treatment typically involves three steps:
- Austenitizing, in which the steel is heated to a temperature in the range 980 – 1050 °C depending on the grades. The austenite is a face centered cubic phase.
- Quenching. After austenitizing, the steels must be quenched. Martensitic stainless alloys can be quenched using still air, positive pressure vacuum, or interrupted oil quenching. The austenite is transformed into martensite, a hard body-centered tetragonal crystal structure. The martensite is very hard and too brittle for most applications.
- Tempering, i.e. heating to around 500 °C, holding at temperature, then air cooling. Increasing the tempering temperature decreases the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength but increases the elongation and the impact resistance.
The resistance of stainless steels to the chemical effects of corrosive agents is based on passivation. For passivation to occur and remain stable, the Fe-Cr alloy must have a minimum chromium content of about 10.5% by weight, above which passivity can occur and below which it is impossible. Chromium can be used as a hardening element and is frequently used with a toughening element such as nickel to produce superior mechanical properties.
Ultimate Tensile Strength
Ultimate tensile strength of martensitic stainless steel – Grade 440C is 760 MPa.
Hardness
Brinell hardness of martensitic stainless steel – Grade 440C is approximately 270 MPa.
Other Common Phases in Steels and Irons
Heat treatment of steels requires an understanding of both the equilibrium phases and the metastable phases that occur during heating and/or cooling. For steels, the stable equilibrium phases include:
- Ferrite. Ferrite or α-ferrite is a body-centered cubic structure phase of iron which exists below temperatures of 912°C for low concentrations of carbon in iron. α-ferrite can only dissolve up to 0.02 percent of carbon at 727°C. This is because of the configuration of the iron lattice which forms a BCC crystal structure. The primary phase of low-carbon or mild steel and most cast irons at room temperature is ferromagnetic α-Fe.
- Austenite. Austenite, also known as gamma-phase iron (γ-Fe), is a non-magnetic face-centered cubic structure phase of iron. Austenite in iron-carbon alloys is generally only present above the critical eutectoid temperature (723°C), and below 1500°C, depending on carbon content. However, it can be retained to room temperature by alloy additions such as nickel or manganese. Carbon plays an important role in heat treatment, because it expands the temperature range of austenite stability. Higher carbon content lowers the temperature needed to austenitize steel—such that iron atoms rearrange themselves to form an fcc lattice structure. Austenite is present in the most commonly used type of stainless steel, which are very well known for their corrosion resistance.
- Graphite. Adding a small amount of non-metallic carbon to iron trades its great ductility for the greater strength.
- Cementite. Cementite (Fe3C) is a metastable compound, and under some circumstances it can be made to dissociate or decompose to form α-ferrite and graphite, according to the reaction: Fe3C → 3Fe (α) + C (graphite). Cementite in its pure form is a ceramic and it is hard and brittle which makes it suitable for strengthening steels. Its mechanical properties are a function of its microstructure, which depends upon how it is mixed with ferrite.
The metastable phases are:
- Pearlite. In metallurgy, pearlite is a layered metallic structure of two-phases, which compose of alternating layers of ferrite (87.5 wt%) and cementite (12.5 wt%) that occurs in some steels and cast irons. It is named for its resemblance to mother of pearl.
- Martensite. Martensite is a very hard metastable structure with a body-centered tetragonal (BCT) crystal structure. Martensite is formed in steels when the cooling rate from austenite is at such a high rate that carbon atoms do not have time to diffuse out of the crystal structure in large enough quantities to form cementite (Fe3C).
- Bainite. Bainite is a plate-like microstructure that forms in steels from austenite when cooling rates are not rapid
enough to produce martensite but are still fast enough so that carbon does not have enough time to diffuse to form pearlite. Bainitic steels are generally stronger and harder than pearlitic steels; yet they exhibit a desirable combination of strength and ductility. | https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/phase-diagrams-of-iron-carbon-system/martensite/ |
Introduction:The materials used to make things that we use can be grouped into three classes:
The chemist is usually only concerned with levels 1 and 2: the real properties of a material are often critically dependent on its microstrusture. For example, the properties of two steel samples e.g. coathangers, with the same chemical composition and crystal structure, may be markedly different depending on how fast and in what way they were cooled (see Box 1). The rate of cooling affects the microstructure which affects key properties such as strength and hardness. Various types of poly(ethene) are used - they all contain the same ratio of carbon to hydrogen, but differ in molecular structure and degree of crystallinity (see box 2). The microstructure of poly(ethene) thus affects very tangible properties such as strength, flexibility and transparency, which we employ every day in making and using plastic items. Microstructure determines the different properties of glass ceramic (used for fridge-to-oven cookware and cooker tops) and ordinary borosilicate glass. It also influences the spreadability of margarine! These are all familiar examples drawn from everyday life to illustrate the importance of the microstructure of a material.
What is microstructure?First we need to distinguish between a single crystal e.g. a diamond or NaCl crystal, and a polycrystalline solid e.g. diamond dust (for grinding paste) or powdered salt. The difference is one of size - big versus small crystals - which is easy to see if the crystals are separate. But what is the difference between a sugar lump and granulated sugar? A sugar lump is not a single crystal of sugar - it is lots of small crystals stuck together under pressure to give a compact lump What about a piece of metal? When etched with chemical reagent and observed under a microscope most metals are found to be poly-crystalline: lots of small crystals stuck together. Figure 4 illustrates the difference between single crystals and polycrystalline solids. Each tiny piece or grain of the polycrystal is a small, single crystal -the microstructure is often known as the grain structure. The shape (round or elongated) and size (large or small) of the grains can affect the strength and hardness and other properties of a material. Annealing i.e. heating at a temperature below the melting point, increases grain size and makes metals softer and easier to bend. Very small grains are found in the hardest materials. Single crystals of metals are very soft. Most ceramics are also polycrystaltine and firing conditions are carefully controlled to give the optimum grain size. The hardness of glass ceramics is due to the very small grain size.
Composition can also affect the microstructure by determining the number of phases present. Steel is strong and hard because iron carbide precipitates out as a separate phase from BCC iron at low temperatures. Above red-heat iron transforms to an FCC structure and the carbon 'dissolves' filling the octahedral holes and giving a single phase material, still solid, which is easier to work. On cooling the FCC(ẟ) structure reverts to BCC(α) and iron carbide precipitates out again. (See Figure 7).
The single crystal material is very soft. The presence of small crystals makes it stronger, but the addition of tin to form an alloy makes it very strong indeed. The chance discovery of this alloy by early man inaugurated the Bronze Age, with its vastly superior tools and weapons to those used in the Stone Age. It was in turn superseded by the iron age, as iron is tougher than bronze.Single crystals are often very soft, polycrystalline solids are harder and polycrystalline alloys harder still. The reasons for these differences will be explained further on.
Ceramics are usually strong, hard and brittle. They do not give easily under stress, but sudden shock usually breaks them. Polymers can have a range of properties but typically they are soft, easily stretched or deformed, but tend to return to their original shape - they neither deform nor break under sudden stress but merely yield and return to shape when the stress is removed. As an example compare soft-drinks containers made from metal, glass (a ceramic) and plastic for softdrinks (Figure 10). The metal can is easily squashed and stays squashed. The glass bottle when dropped or hit sharply breaks - and stays broken. The plastic bottle is easily squashed but returns to its original shape when the force is removed. Figure 9 shows typical stress-strain curves for ceramics, metals and polymers - although within each class of materials there will be a range of behaviour. (Polymers, for example, show glassy, plastic, and rubbery behaviour - all quite different.)How can we understand the differences of these three types of material in terms of structure and bonding? For a material to deform under an applied force atoms/molecules/ions must move and chemical bonds must be squeezed, stretched or broken. In a metal (Figure 11a), the atoms can slip over each other without completely breaking or disrupting the metallic bond, and so this occurs easily. All atoms are the same and the bonding forces operate in all directions and the bonding in the final state is indistinguishable from the first, except that the atoms have slipped by one place. The metal stretches and stays stretched.
If we try to make one layer of an ionic crystal slip over another layer then we have a problem. An ionic crystal consists of alternating positive and negative ions. Moving one layer of ions by one place (Figure 11b) breaks the ionic bond and puts oppositely charged ions next to each other - the result is that the crystal falls apart. An ionic crystal is strong because the bonding resists disruption - but beyond a certain critical point failure occurs. Covalently bonded ceramics behave similarly (Figure 11c). The covalent bonding is strong, directional and resists disruption - but for atoms to move and change position all the bonds between two layers must be broken. Because the bonding is directional, atoms cannot be moved very far without breaking the bond and the material then falls to bits. Diamonds are hard because the covalent bonding between carbon atoms is hard to break - but sudden shock will result in fracture. (Don't try a hammer on a diamond!). Both ionic and covalent network materials are therefore brittle, and the broken parts can be glued back together as they are not distorted. This means we can restore broken china by careful gluing, as the bits fit together to form the final shape.
In polymers we have a different situation again (Figure 12). Thermoplastic polymers are molecular solids - they consist of large molecules (of various sizes) held together by Van de Waal's bonds, consequenily they are soft and flexible and are fairly easily stretched. When stress is applied the molecules can slide over each other easily (the bonding is weak), but the bonding is never completely broken unless the material is stretched by large amounts.Thermosetting polymers have a cross-linked network structure and behave more like covalent network solids. (In a later article the properties of polymers will be discussed in more detail, as the treatment above is necessarily simplified). It can be seen that the nature of the bonding has a profound effect on the properties of the materials we use, and so often taken for granted.
Why are alloys stronger than pure metals?Pure iron or pure aluminium are much too soft to be useful for making things, and are usually employed in the forms of alloys. A metal alloy is a solid-solution of one or more elements in a metal. (Polymers also form alloys, which are solid solutions of one pure polymer of another). The solute atoms in metal alloys are usually other metals but may be small non-metal atoms such as carbon or boron. Usually non-metal atoms such as oxygen, hydrogen or nitrogen weaken and embrittle metals and must be removed in processing. Carbon, however, in small amounts is essential in determining the properties of steel. Small non-metal atoms occupy the holes interstitial alloys (Figure 13a) whereas metal atoms of about the same size as the solvent atoms occupy normal sites forming substitutional alloys (Figure 13b). Brass is an example of a substitutional alloy, with a random distribution of zinc atoms in copper (or copper in zinc). Many brasses are known of different composition (Table 1) because zinc and copper, due to their similarity in size, are soluble over the whole range of composition. But how does zinc make copper stronger? The atoms are not exactly the same size and zinc atoms disrupt the layers and make it harder for the layers to slide over each other - thus the material is stronger. The superior properties of steel over pure iron are due to a different cause. The carbon in steel precipitates out as small hard regions of iron carbide and these disrupt the movement of the crystal planes and make steel stronger than pure iron. | https://racichemedcentral.com.au/icq/ancq-chemical-resources/chemical-bonding-and-the-structure-and-properties-of-materials |
Crystalline and amorphous are two basic sub-types of solids, which may look similar on the outside, but are actually vastly different from the inside. In this ScienceStruck post, we examine the difference between crystalline and amorphous solids.
Origins
The word crystal is derived from the ancient Greek word krustallos, which means both ice and crystal. The word amorphous too has originated from Greek words a (without) and morphé (shape), which together mean shapeless.
We all are aware that solids are one of the three basic forms of matter. But how many of us know that there are actually sub-forms of solids as well? For instance, just try comparing the properties of a diamond with those of rubber, and the difference between the two would become so very obvious.
In the world of chemistry, diamonds and rubber are known as crystalline and amorphous solids respectively. Even though both of them are solids physically, chemically, they are vastly different from each other. Studying these different types of solids is essential for understanding what the world around us is made up of.
In the following lines, we shall learn what crystalline and amorphous solids are, and how they differ from each other.
Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
Crystalline Solids
By definition, a crystalline solid, also simply known as a crystal, is a solid material whose basic constituents such as atoms, ions, and molecules are arranged in a highly ordered and well-defined microscopic structure, known as a crystal lattice. These solids are formed in a process known as crystallization, wherein, the lattice structure gets extended in all directions.
Macroscopic single crystal structures too are found in nature having the characteristic crystalline shape, comprising flat faces and characteristic orientations. These include snowflakes, diamonds, table salt, etc.
Amorphous Solids
Amorphous solids are basically the exact opposite of crystalline solids. While an amorphous solid may display some finite order in terms of the arrangement of its atoms, ions, and molecules, it will clearly lack the long-range ordered structure that a crystalline solid exhibits.
The arrangement of elements in amorphous solids is mostly random and disorderly. Because of this, when amorphous solids are cut, they break into uneven pieces. Examples include window glass, various polymers, rubber, etc.
Crystalline vs. Amorphous Solids
In the following lines, we shall compare the properties of crystalline and amorphous solids.
☞ Characteristic Geometry
The atoms, ions, and molecules in a crystalline solid are arranged in such a way that they have a definite shape and structure, known as characteristic geometry.
In amorphous solids, such a characteristic geometry isn’t present.
☞ X-ray Diffraction
The elemental components of crystalline solids are arranged in regular arrays. Hence, when they are exposed to X-rays, each solid produces a unique diffraction pattern, which can be used for its identification.
Different amorphous solids don’t show very distinctive diffraction patterns, as their elemental components aren’t arranged in regular arrays.
☞ Melting Point
Crystalline solids have sharp melting points, that is, they change into liquids at definite temperatures.
Amorphous solids, on the other hand, are thought to be liquids at all temperatures. This is because, on being heated, they do not abruptly change into liquids, but instead soften and start flowing in a semisolid form.
☞ Cooling Characteristics
The graphical representation of the cooling characteristics of an amorphous solid gives a smooth curve, while that of a crystalline solid has two break points along the curve. These break points indicate the beginning and end of the crystallization process, during which, the temperature remains constant. This happens because, in the crystallization process, energy is released, which goes on to compensate for the heat loss.
☞ Isotropy and Anisotropy
Amorphous solids display several of the characteristics of a liquid. Just like in liquids, in amorphous solids, properties such as electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, mechanical strength, refractive index, etc., remain the same in all directions. Hence, they are known as isotropic materials.
Crystalline solids, on the other hand, have these characteristics in varying amounts in different directions. For example, light traveling through a crystal travels at different speeds in different directions within it. That is why crystalline solids are known as anisotropic.
☞ 6) Cutting
A crystalline solid, when cut using the right cutting tool, cleanly splits into two parts.
An amorphous solid, on the other hand, give irregular cuts, because of its uneven composition.
Thus, crystalline and amorphous, both are solids that may exhibit similarities in terms of their appearances, but are actually vastly different from each other in terms of their elemental makeup and properties. | https://sciencestruck.com/crystalline-vs-amorphous-solids-difference |
Can a diamond be considered a molecule?
4 Answers. Diamond is a covalent network solid, like a number of other common materials (quartz, graphite, glass, and a whole bunch of stuff). Because they are not discrete molecules – there is no ‘diamond’ molecule the same way there are molecules of caffeine, benzoic acid, citric acid, N,N-dimethylaminopyridine, etc.
What is world’s largest molecule?
MEET PG5, the largest stable synthetic molecule ever made. With a diameter of 10 nanometres and a mass equal to 200 million hydrogen atoms, this tree-like “macromolecule” paves the way for sophisticated structures capable of storing drugs within their folds, or bonding to a wide variety of different substances.
What is the molecular structure of diamond?
In a diamond, the carbon atoms are arranged tetrahedrally. Each carbon atom is attached to four other carbon atoms 1.544 x 10–10 meter away with a C-C-C bond angle of 109.5 degrees. It is a strong, rigid three-dimensional structure that results in an infinite network of atoms.
Why is diamond a large molecule?
Diamond is a giant covalent structure in which: each carbon atom is joined to four other carbon atoms by strong covalent bonds. the carbon atoms form a regular tetrahedral network structure. there are no free electrons.
How do you find the largest molecule?
Hint: To find out which molecule will have the largest number of molecules, first try to calculate the number of moles of each compound given. The compound having the largest number of mole values will have the largest number of molecules.
What atoms are in a diamond?
Diamond is composed of the single element carbon, and it is the arrangement of the C atoms in the lattice that give diamond its amazing properties. Compare the structure of diamond and graphite, both composed of just carbon.
Is diamond a molecule or crystal lattice?
The crystal structure of a diamond is a face-centered cubic or FCC lattice. Each carbon atom joins four other carbon atoms in regular tetrahedrons (triangular prisms). | https://thelushlifeantiques.com/goldsmith/is-a-diamond-a-large-molecule.html |
What's the difference between renewable energy and environmental resources engineering?
Oregon Tech offers renewable energy engineering and Humboldt State offers environmental resources engineering. When I look at the differences between these 2, I couldn't tell so what should I do? I'm a senior in highschool with a 3.6 GPA.
2 Answers
- 7 years agoBest Answer
Environmental engineering science is a multidisciplinary field of engineering science that combines the biological, chemical and physical sciences with the field of engineering.
And Environmental engineering is the application of science and engineering principles to improve the natural environment, To provide healthy water, air, and land for human habitation and for other organisms, and to re-mediate polluted sites. It involves waste water management and air pollution control, recycling, waste disposal, radiation protection, industrial hygiene, environmental sustainability.
- 7 years ago
Comparing the two programs you mentioned, they look quite similar in substance. You'll learn the basics of energy generation (electrochemistry, thermodynamics, etc.) as well as take advanced courses specific to renewable energy - solar power, wind power, and building energy efficiency, among others.
I would do some thinking about what area of renewable energy you're interested in exploring. You could become a solar or wind engineer, or you could go into energy auditing and help make buildings more efficient. Green building and LEED certification is another possibility.
Whichever program you choose, you might be interested in checking out our scholarship program for students in renewable energy (link below). Good luck! | https://ca.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20121016173818AAuOCjJ |
Biogeochemical cycles describe the flow of elements in earth systems. They are strongly influenced by biological and anthropogenic activity and, in turn, influence other aspects of earth systems and the human environment. Biogeochemical cycles: ecological factors and environmental impact, a book published by AGU, shows how biogeochemical cycles have developed over time and how they manifest in different environments, and presents new methodologies available to quantify and predict element flux. Here, the editors of the book provide an overview of our understanding of biogeochemical cycles and summarize current challenges and research opportunities.
What makes biogeochemical cycles such an interesting field of study?
The biogeochemical cycles of the elements influence most of the abiotic factors that govern life. The study of biogeochemical cycles is important to understand how natural ecosystems resist the stresses of the Anthropocene, but also to anticipate and model the sustainable functioning of ecosystems impacted by humans such as agricultural soils.
What is the interest of the concept of critical zone in the study of biogeochemical cycles?
The critical zone is a porous skin of the Earth’s land surface that extends from the top of the canopy to the lower limits of free flowing groundwater (NRC, 2001). It is a useful concept in biogeochemistry because it brings together soils, vegetation, rocks and water. Geologically speaking, it is a very thin layer, but it is the layer that houses life, including man.
What are some of the challenges in determining cause and effect relationships within biogeochemical cycles?
Earth systems are incredibly complex and interconnected, which means that a change can trigger multiple abiotic and biological responses and feedbacks. This, for example, can make it difficult to study the effects of climate change on the preservation and cycling of organic carbon in soils.
How do human activities affect and how are they affected by biogeochemical cycles?
It’s hard to name anything in the environment that isn’t influenced by humans, including biogeochemical cycles. Climate change is of great concern now and the effects of climate change and feedbacks are particularly dramatic in permafrost regions. Herndon et al. demonstrated the influence of warming on the cycles of redox-sensitive elements in ecosystems affected by permafrost. One of the biggest concerns is the positive feedback on global warming due to the release of CO2 and methane, but many other elements, such as P, N, S and Fe, are affected.
Why is it urgent to study the interdependence of different ecosystems?
The Earth is a system with many subsystems such as the biosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and tectonic system that are constantly interacting. Different ecosystems cannot be fully understood if they are studied in isolation because they are not closed systems. There is a continuous exchange of materials, energy and living matter between them and they are all connected through biogeochemical cycles.
To understand the complex relationships, processes and feedback loops within landscape changes, we need to understand how different ecosystems are connected in space and time.
The urgency to study the interdependence of different ecosystems comes to seize the current opportunities offered by the Critical Zone Exploration Network by providing locations for studies and collaborations between various experts.
What are some of the major gaps in our understanding of biogeochemical cycles where further research is needed?
Our book identifies nine major gaps, the two most important of which are: quantifying the effects of biological weathering at all scales and applying biogeochemical knowledge to solve societal problems.
Covering orders of magnitude in the spatial and temporal scales of processes is a challenge in geosciences and the addition of connected biological processes makes the understanding even more complex. The establishment of critical zone observatories and their exploration network offers opportunities to study processes at different scales in many places.
The application and transformation of knowledge to solve societal problems is becoming increasingly urgent and relevant as humans exert significant influence on the environment, including biogeochemical cycles.
The interdisciplinarity of biogeochemistry and the uncertainties existing in research results make it difficult to directly influence decision making. Increased collaborations between the fields of biogeochemistry, humanities and social sciences can deliver results and apply solutions to societal problems, such as sustainable food production, food security, carbon management and sequestration.
Biogeochemical cycles: ecological factors and environmental impact, 2021, ISBN: 978-1-119-41331-8, list price $ 199.95 (print), $ 160.00 (ebook). AGU members receive 35% off all books at Wiley.com. Log in to your AGU member profile to access the discount code.
âKaterina Dontsova ([email protected], 0000-0003-2177-8965), University of Arizona, USA; Zsuzsanna Balogh â Brunstad ( 0000-0002-5749-1213), Hartwick College, USA; and Gaël Le Roux ( 0000-0002-1579-0178), National Center for Scientific Research, France
Editor’s Note: It is AGU Publications ‘policy to invite authors or editors of newly published books to write an abstract for Eos Editors’ Vox. | https://biofera.org/evaluate-the-impact-and-scope-of-biogeochemical-cycles/ |
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Effects of climate change on Canada's Pacific marine ecosystems: a summary of scientific knowledge
Okey, T.A.; Alidina, H.M.; Lo, V.; Jessen, S.
(2014). Effects of climate change on Canada's Pacific marine ecosystems: a summary of scientific knowledge.
Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 24(2)
: 519-559.
dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11160-014-9342-1
In:
Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. Chapman & Hall: London. ISSN 0960-3166,
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Author keywords
Climate change impacts; Acidification; Deoxygenation; Climateadaptation; Cumulative impacts; Global marine hotspots
Authors
Top
Okey, T.A.
Alidina, H.M.
Lo, V.
Jessen, S.
Abstract
The marine life of Canada's Pacific marine ecosystems, adjacent to the province of British Columbia, may be relatively responsive to rapid oceanographic and environmental change associated with global climate change due to uniquely evolved plasticities and resiliencies as well as particular sensitivities and vulnerabilities, given this dynamic and highly textured natural setting. These marine ecosystems feature complex interfaces of coastal geomorphology, climate, and oceanography, including a dynamic oceanographic and ecological transition zone formed by the divergence of the North Pacific Current into the Alaskan coastal current and the California Current, and by currents transporting warm tropical waters from the south. Despite long-term warming in the region, sea surface temperatures in Canada's Pacific have been anomalously cool since 2007 with La Nia-type conditions prevailing as we enter a cool phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, possibly masking future warming. When warmer El Nio conditions prevail, many southern species invade, strongly impacting local species and reorganizing biological communities. Acidification and deoxygenation are anomalously high in the region due to the weakening ventilation of subsurface waters resulting from increased stratification. A broad spectrum of biological responses to these changes are expected. Non-climate anthropogenic stressors affect the capacity of biota to adapt to climate changes. It will be challenging to forecast the responses of particular species, and to map climate vulnerabilities accurately enough to help prioritize and guide adaptation planning. It will be more challenging to develop forecasts that account for indirect effects within biological communities and the intricate and apparently non-deterministic behaviours of highly complex and variable marine ecosystems, such as those of Canada's Pacific. We recommend and outline national and regional climate assessments in Canada and adaptation planning and implementation including integrated coastal management and marine spatial planning and management. | http://www.vliz.be/en/imis?module=ref&refid=239939 |
Climate change impacts in Scotland
The unprecedented rate of human-induced climate change threatens plants and animals unable to adapt quickly enough to its effects.
Climate change impacts in Scotland
Climate change is happening now. How we choose to respond won’t just affect the survival of individual species and our distinctive landscapes. Climate change impacts will also affect our economy, culture and lifestyles.
Climate change is the single greatest threat to Scotland’s habitats, whether they’re found on our mountain tops or our seabeds. Some habitats will be directly affected. More often, climate change will alter the intricate ecological balances that let plants and animals grow and thrive.
Many of Scotland’s species are highly adapted to specific climatic conditions, meaning that climate change will have drastic effects. Again, the impacts may be direct or indirect.
Climate influences the landform processes that shape Scotland’s mountains, rivers and coasts, and maintain our habitats, ecosystems and landscapes. Thus climate change will affect the dynamics of these processes, and in turn the rocks, landforms and soils upon which plants, animals and humans live.
Increasing ocean temperatures and ocean acidification are the main consequences of climate change and rising CO2 levels on the marine environment. These warming seas will in turn cause further catastrophic changes, like rising sea levels and loss of polar ice.
Scotland’s nature and landscapes are vital to many sectors of our economy, and these may be affected by climate change impacts. Food and energy supply security, water quality and availability, flood risk, cultural heritage, recreation and human health are all likely to be affected.
Find information on the effects of climate change on these sectors, on the Adaptation Scotland website. | https://www.nature.scot/climate-change/climate-change-impacts-scotland |
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