content
stringlengths 71
484k
| url
stringlengths 13
5.97k
|
|---|---|
Discussion of “Productivity and Taxes as Drivers of FDI”/
by A. Razin and E. Sadkain Brookings Trade Forum, 2007.
Assaf Razin and Efram Sadka have synthesized some of their recent work on productivity, taxes and FDI in this welcome contribution. Their theoretical work emphasizes how set-up costs at home and in the host country can drive a wedge between marginal and total profit conditions. This insight combines with a description of FDI decision-making that separates the decision to invest and how much to invest. Their theory leads to some intriguing results on the relationship between productivity, taxes and FDI. Their empirical work provides some support for their theoretical results.
In the Razin-Sadka setup, setup costs at home and in the host country are critical and lead to the curious results they deliver. For example, they argue that a positive productivity shock in the host country can deter entry of multinational firms. The productivity shock bids up wages and, because host country setup costs are entirely wage costs, the total profit conditions that dictate entry now are tilted toward not entering. Setup costs, and their deductible nature, also influence the role of taxes. In particular, tax rate increases at home can lead to increased outbound FDI because the value of the deductions for setup costs borne at home goes up.
Setup costs are surely important to the spread of multinational firms. But such counterintuitive results demand some motivation for the underlying mechanism. For example, what are these sizable wage-driven setup costs that are so critical to the model? Little motivation is provided for these costs and, while the results are all derived nicely, it is hard to know what to make of their importance without such motivation. I confess to having a hard time deriving any intuition or examples for such costs other than the fees paid to investment bankers and consultants upon entry in a country. I find it hard to believe that such costs are meaningful relative to the scale of the projects under consideration.
It is also not clear that such setup costs in the host country, and particularly at home, are the same every time a multinational enters a new country. When General Electric sets up operations in the nth country that they operate in, do we believe they bear considerable setup costs at home or, even for that matter, that the costs they bear in the nth country are the same as the costs borne when they first became a multinational firm? These costs would also seem to bear some relationship to market size that are not developed in the model. Similarly, it is also not clear why firms are choosing amongst projects in an exclusive, presumably reflecting some hidden financing constraints. Finally, the treatment of taxes, particularly home-country taxes, is somewhat primitive as the rich interactions of home and host country regimes that have been shown to be so important to patterns of multinational firm activity are neglected in the model.
The paper takes these intuitions from the theory and attempts to apply them to bilateral FDI flows within the OECD. Given the interest in the separability of the decision to invest and how much to invest, it would seem that it would be useful to look for data sources outside of the OECD where “zeros” (bilateral pairs where there is no FDI) are more likely to be prevalent. I was also puzzled by the treatment of Europe in some of the tables as the authors appear to not examine any FDI flows within Europe. Nonetheless, the authors report results on productivity shocks at home and taxes at home that conform to the theory’s predictions.
Of course, it is always possible to come up with alternative explanations for such results. For example, the result that increases in the source country tax rate leads to more outbound FDI because of the increased value of the deductions of the setup costs could have a simpler interpretation. The more naive interpretation of that result is that when the source country tax rate goes up, you have an incentive to go abroad with real activity to facilitate profit relocations. This alternative explanation and others like it are hard to disentangle in this empirical setting. It would be nice for the authors to attempt to take their intuitions to micro data on multinational firms as this is where their predictions would seem to have the most purchase and where most of the recent literature on multinational firms is now.
This fine paper pushes the scholarly community to take setup costs seriously in their consideration of FDI. This is surely a welcome direction for scholarship as the recent work on firm heterogeneity and patterns of trade and FDI have suggested. I look forward to further work by these scholars as they elaborate these mechanisms and provide more empirical evidence of their relevance. | http://www.mihirdesai.org/all-publications/2007/1/1/discussion-of-productivity-and-taxes-as-drivers-of-fdi |
Bermuda Hospitals Board today announces the promotion of Dr Sharon Apopa to the new position of Executive Director, Mid-Atlantic Wellness Institute (MWI), effective immediately. This position reports directly to the Chief Operating Officer, MWI, Ms Patrice Dill. The new position incorporates the previous role of Director of Child & Adolescent Services, and includes additional senior leadership responsibilities.
As Executive Director, MWI, Dr Apopa remains directly responsible for the strategic planning of Child & Adolescent Services in the hospital and community ensuring that systematic progressive service user-centred programmes are delivered. In collaboration with the COO, she will also develop MWI’s Strategic Plan, including annual goals and objectives that align with the BHB’s overall Vision and Mission. Dr Apopa will act as COO, MWI, in Ms Dill’s absence and also be responsible for Telecommunications and Transportation at MWI. Dr Apopa will also act as hospital management liaison to internal departments, community and external clinical partners as needed to facilitate patient care.
Dr Apopa has worked at MWI for 15 years. Since 2009 she has been Director of Child & Adolescent Services, and for four years prior she was the Programme Manager of the same service. Dr Apopa was Acting Chief Operating Officer at MWI from 2001-2002, and from July 1995 up until she took on the operating role she was a Social Worker and Acting Manager of Child & Adolescent Services. Prior to joining MWI, Dr Apopa worked for five years as a Guidance Counselor for Sandys Secondary School and from 1982 to 1990 she was a social worker for Child & Family Services. Outside of work, from 1990 to 2003, Dr Apopa was the Director for Counseling Services for the Women’s Resource Centre of Bermuda.
Dr Apopa has a Bachelor Degree in Sociology from Lee University, a Masters in Social Work from the University of West Virginia, a Masters in Management from Webster University and she is a Doctor of Ministry – Gordon from Conwell Theological Seminary. She has been an Executive Member of the Sexual Assault Response Team since 1999 and on the Board of Directors for the Women’s Resource Centre since 1990. She has been on the BHB’s Critical Incident Stress Debriefing Team since 2000. | http://bermudahospitals.bm/sharon-apopa-promoted-to-executive-231/ |
Abstract: Computationalism provides a framework for understanding how a mathematically describable physical world could give rise to conscious observations without the need for dualism. A criterion is proposed for the implementation of computations by physical systems, which has been a problem for computationalism. Together with an independence criterion for implementations this would allow, in principle, prediction of probabilities for various observations based on counting implementations. Applied to quantum mechanics, this results in a Many Computations Interpretation (MCI), which is an explicit form of the Everett style Many Worlds Interpretation (MWI). Derivation of the Born Rule emerges as the central problem for most realist interpretations of quantum mechanics. If the Born Rule is derived based on computationalism and the wavefunction it would provide strong support for the MWI; but if the Born Rule is shown not to follow from these to an experimentally falsified extent, it would indicate the necessity for either new physics or (more radically) new philosophy of mind. | https://arxiv.org/abs/0709.0544 |
MWI file extension
The table below provides useful information about the .mwi file extension. It answers questions such as:
- What is the .mwi file?
- What program do I need to open a .mwi file?
- How can the .mwi file be opened, edited or printed?
- How can I convert .mwi files to another format?
- Where can I find the specifications for .mwi?
- Which MIME-type is associated with the .mwi extension?
We hope you find this page helpful and a valuable resource!
1 extension(s) and 0 alias(es) found in database
Medlin Payroll Software Layout Data
MWI file is a Medlin Payroll Software Layout Data. Medlin Payroll Software is a payroll preparation software application created by Medlin Accounting for the purpose of managing payroll for a large number of employees.
Other types of files may also use the .mwi file extension.
The .mwi file extension is often given incorrectly!
According to the searches on our site, these misspellings were the most common in the past year:
Is it possible that the filename extension is misspelled?
We found the following similar file extensions in our database:
Can't open a .mwi file?
When you double-click a file to open it, Windows examines the filename extension. If Windows recognizes the filename extension, it opens the file in the program that is associated with that filename extension. When Windows does not recognize a filename extension, you receive the following message:
Table of Contents
Windows cannot open this file:
example.mwi
To open this file, Windows needs to know what program you want to use to open it...
If you don't know how to set the .mwi file association, check the FAQ.
Can I change the extension of files?
Changing the filename extension of a file is not a good idea. When you change a file's extension, you change the way programs on your computer read the file. The problem is, changing the file extension does not change the file format.
If you have helpful information about the .mwi file extension, write to us! | https://www.filesuffix.com/en/extension/mwi |
Regardless of the mode of delivery, represent a guide to the relative teaching time and student effort required to successfully achieve a particular competency/module. This may include not only scheduled classes or workplace visits but also the amount of effort required to undertake, evaluate and complete all assessment requirements, including any non-classroom activities.
Pre-requisites and Co-requisites
None
Course Description
This unit covers the outcomes required to effectively analyse the workplace in relation to environmentally sustainable work practices and to implement improvements and monitor their effectiveness.
National Codes, Titles, Elements and Performance Criteria
|
|
National Element Code & Title:
|
|
MSAENV472A Implement and monitor environmentally sustainable work practices
|
|
Element:
|
|
1. Investigate current practices in relation to resource usage.
|
|
Performance Criteria:
|
|
1.1 Identify environmental regulations applying to the enterprise.
|
|
Element:
|
|
2. Set targets for improvements.
|
|
Performance Criteria:
|
|
2.1 Seek input from stakeholders, key personnel and specialist.
|
|
Element:
|
|
3. Implement performance improvement strategies.
|
|
Performance Criteria:
|
|
3.1 Source techniques/tools to assist in achieving targets.
|
|
Element:
|
|
4. Monitor performance.
|
|
Performance Criteria:
|
|
4.1 Document outcomes and communicate reports on targets to key personnel and stakeholders.
Learning Outcomes
In this unit you will be required to develop the skills and knowledge to address processes and techniques necessary to implement and monitor environmentally sustainable work practices, including the development of processes and tools.
It includes:
• Indentifying areas for improvement
• Developing plans to make improvements
• Implementing and monitoring improvements in environmental performance
Details of Learning Activities
Assessing & understanding ethical workplace criteria, Workshop: Designing with Fairtrade materials and concepts,
current sustainability theories and practice in relation to fashion industry,
in-class workshop in creative design & recycling,
Sourcing materials & design concepts for a small collection,
Research into design philosophy and practice of one eco-focussed designer.
Teaching Schedule
Week 1:
Introduction to unit.
Assessment Requirements.
Film: An Inconvenient Truth
Week 2:
Lecture: Approaches to Sustainability
People, Planet, Profit (Triple Bottom Line)
Cradle to Cradle principles
EMS: ISO 14001 (+ ISO 19011)
Assignment hand out: FairTrade Workshop Research
Week 3:
Ethics & Fashion Production
Film: China Blue + Discussion
Human Rights and Workers Rights Issues in the industry
Fairtrade principles, CSR models
Assessment brief: Design concept Moral FairGround Event
Week 5:
Ethics & Fashion Production
Workshop
Week 6:
Ethics & Fashion Production
Workshop & Presentation (WIL)
Week 7:
Ethics & Fashion Production
Auditing for Ethics – (Worldwide Responsible Apparel Production - W.R.A.P.)
Ethical Fashion organizations & crediting organisations
Outworkers and fair wages & conditions (Speaker: Ethical Clothing Australia)
Week 8:
Fibres & sustainability
Manufactured fibres, Natural Fibres and Fibre ‘alternatives’.
New textiles and Fabric Technologies.
Assignment brief: Sourcing materials for a collection
Week 9:
Innovation in Production
Fashion on Demand & Mass customisation
Principles of Biomimicry in design.
Life Cycle Assessments
Week 10:
Fibres & sustainability
Presentation (WIL)
Week 11:
Reduce, reuse and recycle (+ rethink)
Waste management strategies, waste disposal & resource efficiency issues.
The global textile recycling chain.
Precycling, packaging & Design strategies
Reducing the impact of use-phase
MID-TERM BREAK
Week 12:
Reduce, reuse and recycle (+ rethink)
Sorting exercise at BSL
Week 13:
Re-Design: Reduce, reuse, & recycle
Workshop: Creative design possibilities with denim leftovers.
Week 14:
Rethinking Fast: Slow Fashion/Slow Design
Local and/or Global/ Bioregionalism
Traditional craftsmanship including drapery
User-Creator possibilities
Design-led alternatives, multifunctional clothes
Week 15:
Individual Designer Presentations (Folio)
Week 16:
Degrees of Sustainability?
Revision and Conclusion.
Evaluation
Learning Resources
Prescribed Texts
References
Other Resources
Recommended text: Sustainable Fashion & Textiles Design Journeys, Kate Fletcher
Recommended text: Eco-chic the fashion paradox, Sandy Black
Slow Living, Perkins
Sustainable Fashion: Why Now? Janet Hethorn & Connie Ulasewicz
Designers, visionaries & other stories, A collection of sustainable design essays, Jonathan Chapman & Nick Grant
Environmental Management Systems: A Step by Step Guide to Implementation and Maintenance, Christopher Sheldon & Mark Yoxon
Biomimicry, Janine M. Benyus
Bioregional Solutions: For living on one planet, Pooran Desai
Environmental Law (Nutshells), Brenda Short
Modern Environmentalism: An Intro, David Pepper
Overview of Assessment
Detailed course and assessment requirements and information will be made available to you first week of class. Specific details will be explained to you during scheduled classes.
This course comprises both practical and theory components. You will be expected to attend and participate in class activities.
As well as class activities you will be required to undertake research and assessment practice outside of regular class times and participate in formal assessment tasks.
PLEASE NOTE: work that has not been authenticated during class as your own work will not be considered for assessment. | http://www1.rmit.edu.au/browse;ID=c5220ohth5461c1045tafecombined |
Catalina Jitaru-Potorac is the fashion designer and owner of Catalina J brand based in Brussels. After several years of experience as a fashion designer she launched her first women wear collection in 2016 in order to build a strong visual brand identity, dedicated to modern and individual femininity. Catalina J became a brand that stands out through eco-responsible designs, innovative materials, conscious manufacturing and timeless style. Professional textile expert with a solid knowledge of the global fashion industry system, Catalina Jitaru implemented in the last years a business-model based on reuse,
recycling and circularity. Currently specialized in integration of circular practices in the value chain of the textile ecosystem she is also a freelance sustainable fashion consultant which aims to devote her activity supporting and helping different actors across the industry and collaborative structures interested in ethical and sustainable practices. | https://encatccongress.org/speaker/catalina-jitaru-potorac/ |
Our clients are a London-based build and refurbishment contractor, who work on high end residential and commercial fit out and build projects in the London area.
They are looking for a Site Manager with a strong residential and carpentry background to work on a refurbishment project they have in Baker Street up until May.
Roles /Responsibilities:
- Supervising the subcontractors on site and pushing work for completion within the set time period.
- Manage the site and ensuring the work is completed safely, on time, within budget and to the required quality by effectively organising and managing the site activities
- Identify the need for Risk Assessments / Safe Systems of work and implement in your area whilst maintaining records
- Manage and implement H&S procedures including the weekly audit process and ensuring all registers and documentation are entered correctly and in a timely manner
- Deliver changes to current working practices and procedures to provide service improvements through negotiation and consultation with recognised employee representatives, whilst ensuring effective employee relations
- Understand budgets, valuations and costs whilst recognising contractual requirements
- Ensure the timely delivery of MI, project reporting and forecasting
- Support the procurement functions in the selections of sub-contractors and suppliers and provide performance feedback
- Ensure that adequate site records are maintained including but not limited to Site Managers reports, daily diary, weekly labour, plant, materials and goods returned, progress photographs, site inductions, and health and safety records
- Ensuring staff you are responsible for understand their roles and responsibilities, and manage them accordingly by providing guidance and training as necessary
Requirements: | https://www.3dpersonnel.com/job/site-manager-52/ |
The background of GEOSS: Established in March 2001 by Julian Conrad – a South African hydrogeologist who previously worked at the CSIR, and was passionate about sustainable groundwater exploration. GEOSS has grown steadily from a “1 person business” to the well known company of expert consultants it is today. GEOSS is now employing over 24 staff members and remains under the Directorship of Julian Conrad and Dale Barrow (MSc hydrogeologist with an MBA qualification as well).
GEOSS Vision
GEOSS aims to be the most knowledgeable, capable, professional, ethical and friendliest consulting and partnering company in the African groundwater industry. GEOSS aims to improve utilisation, protection and management of groundwater resources to the benefit of society and the environment. To this end, GEOSS implements global best practices and partners with leading agencies to build a better future for us all.
GEOSS Mission
To implement global best practices in all aspects of geology and hydrogeology, GIS and remote sensing to the benefit of society and the environment whilst ensuring sustainable use of groundwater resources.
GEOSS Values and Business Ethics
As a business organisation we are committed to being UNASHAMEDLY ETHICAL accordingly, we commit:
- To be honest and ethical in all our dealings.
- To provide efficient, economic and effective products and services in an impartial manner.
- To provide all stakeholders with timely, accessible and accurate information.
- To refuse to elicit, accept or pay any bribes, and to report those who do.
- To negotiate all contracts with the utmost integrity.
- To pay taxes, and to pay all creditors on time.
- To pay reasonable salaries and wages.
- To submit ourselves to just and ethical governing authorities.
- To remember the poor by investing generously and sacrificially in the broader community.
- To collaborate with our peers to impact our community and nation. | https://geoss.co.za/geoss-values-and-background/ |
An eco-conscious London based brand dedicated to sustainable and ethical fashion for a lower impact on the environment. Through the use of innovative materials, our luxury fashion label strives to tackle the issue of waste in the fashion industry and lower the post-consumption impact of our products.
We either buy in recycled fabrics or raw, organic fabrics, we dye and hand print all of our own fabrics and also manufacture them in house to maintain our sustainability pledge. | https://www.notjustalabel.com/ashley-raynor |
This is a Temporary, Full-time position.
Province: Vancouver, British Columbia
Position: Project Coordinator – Strategic Land Programs (Term for a period of up to 2 years)
Deadline: May 31, 2022
Posted: April 20, 2022
Job Description / Duties
The Project Coordinator – Strategic Land Programs (“Project Coordinator”) is responsible for coordinating and administering the delivery of real estate projects within the Real Estate Division.
As assigned, the Project Coordinator will collect and analyze project-level information and produce reports and dashboards to help ensure coordination of inter-departmental contributions to multiple projects and the efficient and consistent planning, execution, monitoring and controlling of elements common to the projects such as risk, schedule, resources, engagement and Indigenous consultation; among others.
The Project Coordinator will also contribute to the development of the port authority’s Project Management Framework as well as identify opportunities for improvements and implement approved changes.
This role will:
Project Support - Strategic Land Program
• Write briefing papers, business cases, submissions, reports and presentations to facilitate project approvals
• Prepare requests for proposal; participate in the selection of consultants and contractors
• Collect, analyze and summarize project-level information and prepare status reports and dashboards
• Prepare high level schedules for project delivery and resource management purposes
• Coordinate the planning, execution, monitoring, controlling and reporting, and closing of project work activities, risks and budget
• Assist with the preparation of project cost estimates
• Book and facilitate meetings, record and track open action items, issues and risks and ensure timely resolution
• Coordinate and administer consultant activities, reporting on status and checking progress claims
• Support contract administration for consulting services, including development of proposal requests, submissions, coordination of contracts, and review of deliverables, as required. Engage regularly with other VFPA departments to ensure a common understanding of roles and responsibilities and to support resource management and coordination of inter-departmental contributions to projects
• Coordinate and participate in communication and consultation with project stakeholders
• Identify opportunities for process improvements and implement approved changes
Real Estate
• Provide recommendations and explore real estate strategy for the port authority, as required
• Provide real estate knowledge to the project team, as required
Project Management Framework
• Develop project document and records management plans and coordinate document control and records management
• Prepare documentation, work instructions, and other training material for project team processes, practices and tools
• Identify opportunities for improvements and implement approved changes
Qualifications / Required Skills
The successful candidate have a university degree in business, project management, or another acceptable degree from a recognized educational institution along with a minimum of three (3) years’ related experience in the concurrent delivery of projects including project planning, execution, monitoring and reporting, procurement, business requirement gathering, and process improvements within a real estate or property management environment. A PMP, CAPM or other project or program management certification or education is required. Experience in commercial real estate strategy is an asset. A high level of computer proficiency is required, including Microsoft Office. SharePoint, Visio and other presentation and database applications desirable.
This position is ideal for an individual with excellent interpersonal and communication skills and the ability to work effectively and positively with all contacts, internally and externally. Must be able to work independently, accurately and on own initiative to maintain work output with minimum supervision. Must be a highly organized and detailed-oriented individual who can manage competing priorities and perform multiple tasks as required. Must have an excellent written and verbal communication skills.
Additional Information
The health and safety of our employees is a priority and the Vancouver Fraser Port Authority is committed to ensuring a safe workplace. Vaccinations, in combination with other preventative health and safety measures, offer the best available protection against COVID-19 and that is why port authority employees are required to be fully vaccinated against COVID-19. Providing proof of vaccination against COVID-19 is a condition of employment.
Candidates may be accommodated for this requirement if they are approved for a legal exemption; accommodation may be requested only for religious and medical reasons, or other protected grounds under the Canadian Human Rights Act. If you’re seeking accommodation to the COVID-19 vaccination requirement, please indicate your request during the recruitment process.
The Port Authority offers a competitive compensation and benefits package including an Earned Time Off program.
This work is Canadian based employment and expected to be performed from our Vancouver office location.
At the port authority, we are dedicated to employment equity and a workplace reflective of the diversity of our port community.
Contact Information
https://bit.ly/3K1rH5m
Employer Profile
Join an organization that plays a critical role in Canada’s economy. At the Vancouver Fraser Port Authority, we focus on doing the incredible work it takes to become the world’s most sustainable port.
The Vancouver Fraser Port Authority is responsible for the stewardship of the Port of Vancouver, Canada’s largest and most diversified port. Our mandate as a Canada Port Authority, as set out by the Canada Marine Act, is to enable Canada’s trade objectives, ensuring goods are moved safely and responsibly through the Port of Vancouver. That means providing infrastructure and ensuring the safe and efficient movement of marine traffic and cargo within the port. It also means we carry out reviews of proposed activities and developments on federal port lands and waters to determine whether a project can go ahead without impacts to the environment and community that cannot be mitigated.
We are passionate about the work we do and what it contributes to our local communities, the region and our country. This is reflected in our values of collaboration, continuous improvement, accountability and customer responsiveness.
Be a part of a team that advances initiatives to promote economic prosperity through trade, a healthy environment and thriving communities for the future generations of Canadians. It’s a workplace where the intrinsic value of your contribution to help foster the continued growth of the Canadian economy becomes a tangible reality. Bring your unique strengths, perspectives and experiences to the port authority and join us in charting a course toward a sustainable future. | https://www.reibc.org/cgi/page.cgi/_article.html/Job_Board/Project_Coordinator_Strategic_Land_Programs_Term_for_a_period_of_up_to_2_years_-_Vancouver_Fraser_Port_Authority?utm_source=weeklybulletin&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=job_weeklybulletin&utm_id=job_weeklybulletin |
When you buy clothes made with organic fabrics, you're not just thinking about your comfort. You also play a small part in keeping our planet, the environment, and water resources clean, healthy, and protected.
5 Practical Tips to Reuse Our Packaging
In over a decade of working as an environmentally-conscious apparel brand, we have always embraced the idea of sustainability. This is mainly the reason why we incorporate eco-friendly practices into the allergy-free clothing pieces we offer and the packaging we use.
Know the Difference: Ethical vs. Sustainable
Are you confused about what certain fashion terms mean? Is there a difference between sustainable and ethical fashion? Keep reading to know more. | https://www.cottonique.com/blogs/blog/tagged/sustainable-fashion |
Creating a sustainable public sector requires going net zero, instilling a circular economy, and increasing assurance in the supply chain
Sustainability has gripped many industries in recent years as pressure grows to tackle wider planetary challenges such as resource preservation and climate change, explains Steve Haskew, Head of Sustainability at Circular Computing.
It has also become a guiding force for organisations that want to be better operators, not just to meet targets, but to futureproof our society and the environment.
We’re now seeing public sector departments, from health to defence, being mandated to update their approach to procurement and engagement with suppliers. Technology vendors are at the forefront of this and are a key means of meeting ambitious sustainability targets and transitioning towards digital operations.
So, with the amplified focus on instilling a sustainable public sector supply chain, the rapidly growing technology sector can become the perfect partner for public sector departments, if utilised correctly. With reports showing that the industry itself is growing 2.5 times the rate of the rest of the economy, the UK is primely placed to ensure that such relationships are stronger and more seamless than ever.
Futureproofing the supply chain while continuing to meet ESG targets
We’re already seeing the government recognise this potential and establish guidance focused on achieving best practices towards forging and nurturing relationships with technology suppliers. Ultimately, this means we are futureproofing the supply chain while continuing to meet ESG targets (Environmental, Social, Governance targets).
The Digital, Data and Technology (DDaT) Playbook recently issued by the Government is one such procedural guidance, highlighting best practices in procuring the IT and services the public sector needs.
The playbook is aimed at professionals across the sector, from commercial to finance, project delivery and policy, ensuring there is alignment in the planning and delivery of public sector DDaT contracts.
With the Government contracting thousands of suppliers for DDaT products and services, sustainable working practices are key to long term success. The sustainability of suppliers’ organisational practices will continue to come under scrutiny to make sure they are working towards better outcomes for citizens, as well as supporting the long-term health of the industry.
Rules of engagement and best practices for sustainability
To help guide tech suppliers towards becoming more sustainable and meeting the sustainable standards of government contracts, the Greening Government ICT and Digital Services Strategy 2020 – 2025 is an essential resource. It sets out how the government will work in partnership with the tech industry to provide ICT and digital services to help achieve the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals, implement the UK Government’s 25 Year Environment Plan and help meet the Government’s net zero obligations and commitments.
Within the greening government ICT policy, there are three business rules outlined that suppliers are asked to follow in order to support the public sector and foster healthy, sustainable relationships.
Rule 1: Going net zero in carbon emissions
With the government setting targets for other businesses to follow, ensuring it raises its own standards is essential. The current government message around reaching net zero is a target of 2050, however, continued monitoring of progress is likely to mean a growing focus as years go by.
By eliminating Scope 3 emissions where possible through its supply chain, the public sector can make huge steps towards carbon neutral processes on the way to net zero.
Suppliers can help the public sector go net zero by decarbonising their own processes and using innovative procedures such as remanufactured hardware is a key way the IT channel can do so. By adopting carbon neutral processes, suppliers can assist the public sector in reducing Scope 3 emissions by cleaning up its supply chain, as well as assisting with knowledge and expertise on their specific industry.
Using IT hardware that minimises it’s impact to the planet is a good first step, with remanufactured technology now a leading alternative to brand new.
Rule 2: Creating a circular economy
The long term success of a sustainable public sector will ultimately depend on the development of a circular economy within its supplier base. Reducing carbon emissions in the short term is a priority but the long term success will depend on a developed circular economy to reduce the stress that carbon reduction has on processes. Protecting natural resources is also a growing concern and carbon offsetting can only go so far in the long term.
Resource perseveration should be the number one overall goal of a sustainable public sector, ensuring that the natural environment is exploited as little as possible, while proloning the already scarce resources that the planet has. The circular economy is central to this by re-utilising already produced resources and materials. By creating a circular economy that the public sector can operate within, suppliers in the IT channel can improve time to delivery, reducing the growing pile up of e-waste and positively impact their own bottom line by taking in old technology to be re-used.
Rule 3: Increasing assurance in the supply chain
Lack of assurance is often a key barrier to healthy supplier relationships, with public sector organisations demanding transparency over supply chains and needing the confidence that they can meet demand.
While sustainability targets might be the most widely reported focus, cleaning up the supply chain goes beyond the E of ESG targets. Social and Governance initiatives will be looked at to ensure that forced, bonded and modern day slave labour is eradicated from supply chains, as well as assurance that products are not made from conflict minerals.
Operational resilience remains a key factor in assured supply chains to protect the critical services supplied by the sector. The global chip shortage and pandemic delays showed supply chains aren’t bulletproof and can’t always meet demand.
With global disruption likely to continue, utilising the existing resources sat in the mountain of e-waste created over the last few decades is a good place to start. And with the technology available to us to create good-as-new second life hardware, this should be at the top of every supplier’s priority list.
Collaboration is key for sustainable, long term success
Ensuring the public sector’s DDaT services are sustainable is essential for long-term success. Contracting authorities should ensure products and services comply with obligations to improve environmental, economic and social sustainability and organisational strategies must be put in place and regularly assessed to measure progress against these.
For suppliers, the road to becoming more sustainable starts with following the rules of the Greening ICT Strategy laid out above, making sure that supply chains are resilient, brand new technology is not procured for the sake of it and that a circular economy is developed to support second life technology, reducing e-waste.
There is a huge opportunity for the IT channel to be the frontrunners in sustainable engagement – the public sector needs effective, up to date technology as it undergoes digital transformation, but needs to do so sustainably and on a tight budget.
The latest innovative technology and processes, such as remanufacturing, allow resellers and suppliers to support the sector across its three rules of net zero, the circular economy and assurance. It has both short term returns of cost-saving and reliability of supply as well as long term investment into the sector through sustainability and circular economy processes.
The technology industry contributes £149 billion to the UK economy and supports almost three million jobs, making the sector a pivotal part of the nation’s future growth. By working with the public sector in a sustainable manner, tech suppliers can foster long term, healthy relationships, helping meet ESG targets and protect the longevity of their own business. | https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/why-technology-is-key-to-a-more-sustainable-public-sector/136799/ |
Gathering staff feedback is the first step on your journey to school improvement and a positive school culture; the second step is acting on it. In order for staff to truly feel as though their opinions are valid and appreciated, leadership needs to take action on the insight they are given as a result of feedback.
Although, this being said, it is not always feasible or logical to act on every piece of feedback you receive from your teachers. This article explores how to prioritize feedback and tactics you can implement to ensure all your team are kept happy, even if their ideas aren’t being actioned, fostering positive school culture by listening to teacher feedback
1) Showing appreciation
It can be a hard battle actually getting your staff to speak up when it comes to asking their opinion on school initiatives despite the benefits it can have on them. That’s why, when you do receive feedback - regardless of whether it’s actionable, negative or out of budget, it’s paramount that you show your appreciation for receiving it, otherwise teachers can become reluctant to share their opinions.
2) Act on it
Parallel to showing your appreciation for teacher participation, is actually working their ideas into your wider school improvement plans. Simply providing feedback and showing your thanks is not enough, staff need to see that their ideas are considered.
These can be strategic wins that will keep your team happy in the short term whilst you work in the background on longer term plans. If your team are requesting initiatives that can be actioned immediately such as investing in nicer coffee for the staff room or ensuring they can all leave on time on a Friday, implement these first .
These quick wins show staff you’re listening to their suggestions and also buy you time whilst you work on more complex initiatives that will work toward wider whole-school improvement.
3) Prioritize
Of course, not every suggestion you receive from your team is going to be something you can or want to implement, but for the feedback that is relevant and actionable it’s important to prioritize it in a way that is logical but will also show you’re taking action and keep your team happy.
Looking at the volume of requests for certain initiatives will give you a clear indication of what changes are most desired, then sorting them into short, middle and long term goals can help you create a timeline of when changes could be seen. However, with every suggestion and piece of feedback you receive from staff, it’s up to you to assess whether or not it is valid and will help your school to achieve the success it’s searching for, even if this means dismissing a highly popular request.
4) Broaden horizons
Ultimately, by listening to staff feedback you’re able to work better as a team and implement actions that will work for the greater good of the school. The beauty of encouraging collaboration and involvement from staff is that you get a real and honest view of their thoughts and feelings on ways the school can improve current processes - as well as new ideas that will benefit your whole-team that you previously may not have thought of. It’s also a prime opportunity for you to get insight into your team and identify who has leadership skills that can be fostered.
Your team are your greatest asset for school improvement, by listening to them you not only allow them an outlet for their views, you gain a new perspective on existing practices as well as implement changes that your staff want in turn improving their happiness, making for a more positive school culture. | https://blog.satchelpulse.com/how-teacher-feedback-impacts-on-school-culture |
This policy sets out our Practice’s approach to Clinical Governance.Implementing Clinical Governance applies throughout the Practice and is designed to ensure the safety and well-being of our patients and improve the service that they receive from us.
The Practice will always do its utmost to provide the highest quality treatment and care it can to its patients, ensuring at all times that it works with the most up-to-date clinical information and current best practice guidelines.
1.Patient involvement.
We will encourage and actively seek patient participation, ensuring there is a system in place which enables patients to provide feedback and make suggestions and be actively involved in deciding how the health services they use should develop.
This system will be supported and promoted through open dialogue, in person and / or in writing, and we give patients the opportunity to meet, exchange ideas and information to improve the running of the Practice and ensure we are listening and responding to the needs and concerns of our patients.
2.Patient experience.
We will discuss feedback received from patients and publicise both suggestions and the practice response. Whenever an identifiable patient makes a suggestion, the Practice will ensure s/he will receive a personal response.
We will view the practice from the patient perspective (in particular from formal patient survey results) and actively seek to try and implement feasible and beneficial ideas.
3.Health & Safety and Risk Control.
The Practice implements a robust framework for ensuring it adheres to Health and Safety legislation, both for staff working within the Practice premises and environment, as well as preventing harm to patients when they attend the clinic. It is all staff’s responsibility to read and keep up to date with all the health and safety related policies in place at the clinic.
Martin Clitheroe is the Practice Health & Safety Lead who has overall responsibility for ensuring the Practice Premises are a safe environment for staff and patients using the service.
We operate an open system of Significant Event Reporting which ensures we review, obtain and provide feedback and learn from such incidents. Each Significant Event is discussed in detail and agreed action documented in a Significant Event Review / Clinical Policy Review Meeting.
4.Clinical Audit.
The Practice undertakes regular clinical audits, carefully and accurately recording the results and taking appropriate action so that we are able to effectively plan for the implementation of changes / improvements for the benefit of our Patients.
Our administrative procedures are also audited on a regular basis to ensure they are operating effectively
5.Evidence-based medical treatment.
The Practice will develop, refine and maintain an awareness of the latest developments, research results and advances in physiotherapy treatment and assess the impact of this information on our established and proven methods of working.
To encourage discussion and learning, we will ensure that expertise and opinion is shared both within the Practice and between clinicians.
6. Information and its use.
The Practice is committed to making maximum use of both electronic and paper-based information in clinical and non-clinical decision making and will share best practice with others both internally and externally.
We will aim to continuously improve data quality and also encourage patients to participate in their own clinical treatment and be involved in making the decisions which affect them.
7.Staff and staff management.
To encourage team working throughout the Practice, we will operate “no-blame” learning culture which will provide all Staff with an open and equal working relationship.
We aim to work towards the “Investor in People” standard, by encouraging staff training and development whilst also supporting devolution of control and empowerment.
8.Education, Training and Continuing Professional Development (CPD).
All Practice Staff, Clinical and Non-clinical take part in an annual appraisal system which links into their personal development programme.
Physiotherapists are obliged professionally to maintain their CPD to ensure their clinical skills are as up to date as possible and they can continue to practise. All their CPD activity will be documented as an integral part of their learning portfolio in line with the Health and Care professionals council standards.
We ensure all physiotherapists benefit from CPD by undertaking revalidation, attending a variety of clinical treatment updates, physiotherapy training sessions, and resuscitation training days and organising regular in-house training and discussion around complex patients as an aid to improving clinical skills and reasoning.
All Non-clinical staff are encouraged to attend events related to their own specialism or professional development need, as identified by the appraisal system.
The Practice does in-house annual training for all staff tri-annually, including updates on basic life support, health and safety, appraisal skills, team building and information governance.
These sessions also provide the opportunity to review departmental policies and procedures, to examine any critical incidents that have occurred and to review the feedback from the annual patient survey in order to implement any changes that may be necessary as a result of its findings and recommendations.
9.Strategic approach.
We will operate a 3 year strategic plan based on projected patient needs, being mindful of both the current and projected National and Local healthcare situation.
We will actively participate in the Clinical Commissioning Group and focus on activity which creates resources to help achieve both immediate and longer term patient clinical needs.
Martin Clitheroe Practice is the Clinical Governance Lead(s) for the Practice, having responsibility for: | https://physionw6.co.uk/clinical-governance-policy/ |
As we celebrate the Kering Awards for Sustainable Fashion, we turn our attention to the 5 students shortlisted by Alexander McQueen. The house were looking for ideas that explored the role fashion can and should play in society today and in the future. Alexander McQueen were particularly interested in ideas that explored sustainable materials, the role of digital innovation as well as new business models that can support the growth of a sustainable industry. The students profiles below are both final year BA students and MA students.
I saw this program as a unique opportunity to challenge my ideas and beliefs on sustainability by confronting myself with industry experts. It was very important for me to experience and learn from the process of working closely with the brand, acknowledge the difficulties it faces and use this valuable insight to advance my work. I entered Kering Awards because I had an intention to progress and make a difference.
I imagine a world where different brands collaborate to solve together the most pressing environmental problems. I hope for the openness and common will to re-design the current system and educate each other. I believe in the industry which is not afraid to critically revise itself and look for fresh ideas outside the fashion box. I think we have all the skills and the ingenuity to drive the change and we have to empower each other to use them!
Why did you decide to submit a project for Alexander McQueen?
I decided to submit project for Alexander McQueen because I related to the foundations of the house. I’m passionate about fine craftsmanship and have a big respect for artisanal techniques which are an important part of company’s identity. I am always fascinated by innovative approach to the heritage and during my research, I felt truly inspired by brand’s unique juxtaposition of tradition and modernity.
I decided to enter the Kering Awards as a way of challenging myself as a designer to expand my way of thinking about materials and materials sourcing for fashion. Coming into the awards with a designer’s point of view meant I was able to identify an idea based specifically on the identity and heritage of the Alexander McQueen brand and think of what their customers would find desirable, but it was through the mentorship and development of the project over the awards process that taught me about the realities of creating materials more sustainably and how to overcome the challenges by thinking innovatively.
My vision of sustainability in fashion is that we all take on more responsibility now and in the future; whether it’s a customer using their spending power to buy more responsibly- made products, a designer taking a risk on a new idea as a way of embedding sustainability in the product from its inception or a large company improving their existing production and processes, we all have the power to make improvements and nurturing creative sustainable ideas is a huge part of that.
My decision to enter a project for Alexander McQueen was very much to do with the concept itself being inspired directly by the brand’s heritage of storytelling, Britishness and craft, making this a unique opportunity to combine sustainability and luxury with the romantic and feminine aesthetic of the brand in order to create an idea specifically for Alexander McQueen.
The Kering Awards was a challenge for me from the beginning for many reasons. First it was a chance for me to learn and engage with sustainability, something that eventually resulted to determine all my projects afterwards and my research and work context. Also it appeared from the beginning as a great opportunity to work in a project with Kering and so big Fashion Brands that have been great influence for me. Finally as being an extra-curriculum project it would be a way to meet and work with people I would not have had the chance to cross paths otherwise.
Since I got closer to sustainability in fashion industry through this project and started to more deeply study and discover about it, there was a big change in my practice. I conceive sustainability as a way of living, as an overall mentality and mind-set and since fashion is also part of our everyday life these things are intertwined. My vision is that people and industry will start more and more to engage with the idea of sustainable life and sustainable fashion, which I am positive that is already happening. I always believe in the power of a person and I am always amazed by the infinite human mind and personality, so my vision is that the change will come from the raising awareness and demand of consumers for sustainability in fashion. In this way I believe that the change is deeper and long lasting, it is a sustainable long term way of a change that comes from culture and personal cultivation and ethics.
Alexander McQueen has always been among the most inspirational fashion Houses and Personalities for me, so having the opportunities to work on a project with this brand was a step closer to what a fashion student would dream. Especially because of its unique storytelling identity and its bringing together of imagination, history, technology it was a brand and content very aligned with my personal work and projects that lie between practical and conceptual.
I entered the Kering Awards for two reasons. In a broader sense, it provided a space whereby my ideas could be tested in a commercial setting, that is, challenging the notion of what fashion can be, while ensuring the ideas remained viable. More specifically, it allowed me to explore the concept of luxury and how it could be redefined. I have always been fascinated by the luxury fashion industry, believing that such brands are in an incredibly influential position to create and inspire wide-scale change. In fact, my work prior to the awards had always centred around luxury.
I was looking forward to pushing what sustainability could mean beyond the current rhetoric, towards a more holistic approach that reflected the existing creativity and developing sustainability mindset within luxury, throughout the entire business model. Providing a new vision of an industry that not only places creativity, but people and the planet at its heart.
The notion of sustainability is one that inherently challenges the concept of what fashion is and can be. It not only offers new opportunities, but it is a necessary step towards making our future greater for both people and the planet. Sustainability in fashion is more than switching materials, but the beginning of a conversation whereby we can talk more broadly about the surrounding systems, how they interplay with one another, and their potential impacts. It is not about losing the essence of fashion, the excitement, the creativity, the expression, but provides room to challenge the status quo and question the underlying drivers and ideas, and whether they in itself are sustainable. How should we consume? Could we market goods differently? How could we make decisions around growth? How should we treat employees from the head office, through to the supply chain? What are the overall effects on people and the planet?
For me, sustainability needs to be holistic, fundamental, and second nature. It needs to be embedded within cultures and acted upon by every person, no matter their role. A sustainable fashion industry is one that values the people that make up the industry, and the planet where its resources come from. It is an industry that owns its position, rather than placing responsibility on the consumer or market factors. It is an industry that is adaptable and breaks down barriers. It is open and it empowers. It is kind and respectful in every sense.
It should go without saying that Alexander McQueen is truly iconic. A respected house, known globally for its creativity and ability to challenge conventions. A brand in a mighty position to inspire and influence.
Alexander McQueen is a brand that I admire, and whose legacy deserves to live on. But in order to do so, I believe that its culture needs to adapt. What if the current culture is hindering its people and their ability to think more creatively about sustainability? After all, a business is made up of people, and I believe that nurturing a culture that values and empowers, thus unlocking sustainable thought, imagination, and retention, is fundamental to the long-term success of the brand. I felt that there was not only an opportunity, but it was really necessary to explore what a value-driven mindset could look like for McQueen, and how it could be built using innovative new methods created specifically for the brand; a framework that would place imagination and creativity at its heart, through a human-centric, value-driven approach.
I decided to enter the Kering Awards because it’s an opportunity like no other. Within sustainability, collaboration is continually heralded as a key to collective success. Through this award I was able to participate in and witness true collaboration with Kering, Alexander McQueen, Center for Sustainable Fashion, scientists, and artists. It has been a priceless experience bridging academia and industry.
My vision of sustainability is parallel as with life – hopelessly positive. I believe in the power of the convergence of biology and technology in order to drive collective change towards our shared future. We’ve been given all the tools we need to challenge existing systems and with the right mindset and grit we will be able to work together to challenge the status quo, working towards better practice top to bottom.
When this years brands were announced, I immediately was excited at the possibility to collaborate with the legendary brand that is Alexander McQueen. Having studied this brand at the forefront of change for so long, I found endless inspiration in the heritage of the company. It felt as if my background in luxury tailoring combined with my current specialization in sustainability and biotechnological materials prepared me to tune into the endlessly beautiful craftsmanship of the company. Together we were able to start to imagine how to set a precedent for future practice and inspire customer engagement with innovative concepts. | http://sustainable-fashion.com/blog/alexander-mcqueen-kering-award-finalists-2018/ |
The implicit versus the explicit attitude of brand
View/
Open
mba_herchel_s_2013.pdf (1.877Mb)
Author
Herchel, Simon
Date
2013
Degree
MBA in Marketing
URI
http://hdl.handle.net/10788/1727
Publisher
Dublin Business School
Rights holder
http://esource.dbs.ie/copyright
Rights
Items in Esource are protected by copyright. Previously published items are made available in accordance with the copyright policy of the publisher/copyright holder.
Metadata
Show full item record
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to investigate if the decision making process is an automatic or deliberate practice through the theory of the implicit and explicit attitude. The rationale of this research was to underline the impact of neuro-marketing, and more especially the social-psychology through the role and influence of affective (related to implicit attitude) and cognitive (related to explicit attitude), on the brand decision making process. Another aim was to find out how a better understanding of customer behaviour, through neuro-marketing, can lead a branding strategy improvement The literature suggested that the explicit and implicit attitude were related to a deliberate and automatic decision making process. Then, the Social psychology model of Pavlovian Conditioning and APE allowed us to demonstrate and quantify the emotional and cognitive processes associated with decision-making. This distinctive dual system provided a useful framework for understanding implicit and explicit attitudes and posits that people process information through two distinct cognitive systems. The first one is propositional and operates through controlled processes, whereas the other is associative and operates through automatic processes. Furthermore the literature indicated that the explicit and implicit attitude have a mutual influence. Thank to the MODE model, we noticed two types of influence between implicit and explicit attitude, in one hand there is “Bottom-up” influences of associative on propositional processes (implicit to explicit) and on the other hand “Top-down” influences of propositional on associative processes. In terms of methodology, the research applied a deductive structured approach with a quantitative quasi-experiment method. The survey examining the cognitive aspects of the decision making process has been administrated both electronically and in person, and sixty-two responses were received. Also, the social psychology test of the Implicit Association Test was conducted to the same respondents in order to highlight the affective part. The results of the study revealed the relatively importance of the combination price and promotion in a short term to change the mind set but the advertising keep the crown jewel to deeply impact the mind in a longer term. Then, the results indicated that the explicit attitude is more favourable toward branded products and implicit one toward generic products. The principal conclusion was that the branded products users tended to follow an explicit decision making process whereas the generics one applied an implicit attitude. Author keywords: Brand decision-making process, branded products, generics products, automatic and deliberate process, cognitive, affective, conative. | https://esource.dbs.ie/handle/10788/1727 |
This preview shows half of the first page. to view the full 3 pages of the document.
INST354 Lecture 10: Definition of a Decision
A good image of what we mean by decision making is of a person pausing at a fork in the road,
and then choosing one path—to reach a desired goal or to avoid an unpleasant outcome. The
most important evolutionary situations that selected our basic decision-making capacities
probably involved physical approach or avoidance—which waterhole, field, fruit tree, cave,
stranger, mate, and so forth, to approach and which to avoid. In prehistoric times, bad decisions
were punished in a dramatic manner; as the philosopher Willard van Orman Quine (1969)
commented, “Creatures inveterately wrong in their inductions have a pathetic but praiseworthy
tendency to die before reproducing their kind” (p. 126). In other words, animals, including
humans, that make bad predictions of the future and consequently bad decisions tend to die
before they can pass their genes on to the next generation; this is one reason that we, and other
animals, are good at making survival decisions.
If we took a census of situations that we label decisions in the modern world, it would look
quite different from the list of essential decisions in primordial environments. What college
course should I enroll in next semester? Is the defendant innocent or guilty? Should I move my
retirement investments from stocks to real estate? Which car should I purchase? Some,
however, are still essential to survival and well-being: Should I marry my current partner?
Should I have surgery or chemotherapy?
Table 2.1 is compiled from several surveys of examples of “decisions” reported by students,
retired persons, academic historians, and decision textbook authors (see Allison, Jordan, &
Yeatts, 1992, for a systematic study). (We present these examples exactly as they were stated
by the sources—without any editorial changes.) It is worth noting that all of these decisions are
deliberate, conscious accomplishments, although we probably want to call some highly
automatic mental processes decisions as well. For example, it is useful to analyze automatic
driving behaviors as a sequence of decisions, and a spate of scientific papers analyze the
microsecond saccadic movements of the eyes as decisions (Newsome, 1997). However, for the
most part we focus on more deliberate, controlled decision processes in this book. In addition, | https://oneclass.com/class-notes/us/u-maryland/inst/inst-354/2371224-inst-354-lecture-10.en.html |
Warning:
more...
Fetching bibliography...
Generate a file for use with external citation management software.
Following damage to ventromedial frontal cortices, adults with previously normal personalities develop defects in decision-making and planning that are especially revealed in an abnormal social conduct. The defect repeatedly leads to negative personal consequences. The physiopathology of this disorder is an enigma. We propose that the defect is due to an inability to activate somatic states linked to punishment and reward, that were previously experienced in association with specific social situations, and that must be reactivated in connection with anticipated outcomes of response options. During the processing that follows the perception of a social event, the experience of certain anticipated outcomes of response options would be marked by the reactivation of an appropriate somatic state. Failure to reactivate pertinent somatic markers would deprive the individual of an automatic device to signal ultimately deleterious consequences relative to responses that might nevertheless bring immediate reward (or, alternatively, signal ultimately advantageous outcomes relative to responses that might bring immediate pain). As an example, activation of somatic markers would (1) force attention to future negative consequences, permitting conscious suppression of the responses leading to them and deliberate selection of biologically advantageous responses, and (2) trigger non-conscious inhibition of response states by engagement of subcortical neurotransmitter systems linked to appetitive behaviors. An investigation of this theory in patients with frontal damage reveals that their autonomic responses to socially meaningful stimuli are indeed abnormal, suggesting that such stimuli fail to activate somatic states at the most basic level. On the contrary, elementary unconditioned stimuli (e.g. a loud noise) produce normal autonomic responses.
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?uid=2288668&cmd=showdetailview&indexed=google |
We address the question why fear dominates hope in the life of individuals and collectives on the basis on the accumulated knowledge in the psychology, neurology and sociology of emotions. This knowledge suggests that fear, as primary emotion, is grounded in the experienced present and based on the memorized past, processed both consciously and unconsciously, causes freezing and conservatism, and sometimes leads to pre-emptive aggression. Hope, in contrast, as a secondary emotion, involves cognitive activity, which requires anticipation and the search for new ideas and thus is based on complex processes of creativity and flexibility. Therefore, hope is often preceded and inhibited by spontaneous, automatically activated and faster fear. Fear and hope can each become a collective emotional orientation, and as such organize society's views and direct its actions. Societies involved in intractable conflict are dominated by a collective fear orientation. This orientation is functional for society’s coping with the stressful and demanding situation,- but it may serve as a psychological obstacle to any peace process, once it starts. The case of the collective fear orientation in the Jewish Israeli society is presented as an example. The article ends with a presentation of a particular approach, suggesting that individuals and collectives can overcome their fear with much determination, and establish an orientation of hope which allows change in situations dominated by fear.
The Dominance of fear over hope
Psychology has provided impressive evidence that primary and secondary emotions, as well as negative and positive emotions function differently due to their different origin and neuro-psychological basis (Cacioppo & Berntson, 1994; Cacioppo & Gardner, 1999; Czapinski 1985, 1988; Damasio, 2004; Ekman & Davidson, 1994; Le Doux, 1996; Peeters & Czapinski, 1990). These fundamental differences lead often to the domination of the primary emotions over secondary ones and of negative emotions over positive ones (e. g., Ito, Larsen, Smith, & Cacioppo, 1998; Le Doux, 1996). In accordance, fear, as a primary negative emotion, is also activated spontaneously, automatically and on a low level of the nervous system (Damasio, 2003, 2004). Therefore, it tends to override secondary, more complex, positive emotion of hope, which is based on piecemeal cognitive processes originating in the cortical structures (Snyder, 2000a).
The differential functioning of fear and hope is well demonstrated in a situation of perceived threat. Fear, an automatic emotion based on past and present affective experiences, is processed both unconsciously and consciously, while hope is an emotion based on the cognitive activity of deliberate thinking accompanied by positive affective components. In view of this different nature and functioning of fear and hope, it is often observed that in stressful situations fear overrules hope, causing distress and misery to both, individuals and groups (see examples in Antonovsky, 1979; Jacoby & Keinan, 2003). For instance, we sometimes witness sick individuals, who are crippled by fear when they need to uphold hope, in order to cope better with their curable sickness. On the collective level, we observe groups in a conflict situation engulfed by fear of the enemy, when hope is needed to engage in peace negotiations which are supposed to bring an end to the violence. In extremely stressful situations, natural automatic mechanisms help people adapt successfully to the new conditions and to achieve psychological comfort (e.g., Czapinski, 1992). But these processes are more efficient in the case of a one-time event than in chronic situations, and in individual cases rather than in collective situations, because in the latter cases the maladaptive functioning is often maintained and reinforced by social factors of mass influence.
The objectives of this paper are multileveled. On the general level the paper intends to show how theories, conceptions and empirical findings of individual psychology can be used and applied to the analysis of macro collective situations. This analysis reflects our opinion about the desirability of including the study of societal psychological phenomena within the scope of social psychology (Bar-Tal, 2004; Bar-Tal & Saxe, 2003). On the more specific level, the goal of the paper is to elucidate major emotional forces that play a determinative role in the dynamics of conflicts, in general, and in intractable conflicts, in particular. These emotional forces were relatively disregarded in theories of conflict, which paid attention mostly to perceptual and cognitive factors. Although we realize that various emotions play a role in intractable conflicts, we decided to focus on fear and hope. The vast theoretical and empirical literature about fear, one of the primary and basic human emotions, allows us to pinpoint the crucial role that it plays in the dynamics of intractable conflicts. Of special importance is its detrimental function in the development of badly needed hope, a very valuable secondary emotion in positive human functioning, especially during the phase of peace process.
In this paper, we will present reasoning that suggests an answer to the cardinal question of why fear dominates hope in situations of threat and danger. The responses to this research question have significant implications for the well being of the individuals and collectives and therefore it is of importance to deal with it. We will draw on recent knowledge in psychology, neurology and sociology, since such integrative analysis helps to understand complex processes involved in dominance of fear over hope (Cacioppo, Berntson, Sheridan, & McClintock, 2000). We hope that although we do not provide direct supportive empirical data to the suggested explanation, we do contribute conceptual framework, stimulate conceptual discussion and suggest line of desirable research. The present paper will first describe the nature of emotions, including the different foundations of negative and positive emotions, in general, and of fear and hope, in particular, along with their consequences. This part will refer to individual psychology. The resulting conception will be applied to the collective level in an attempt to understand the basis of society's collective emotional orientation. In this analysis, we will focus on the dominance of a collective fear orientation in societies involved in intractable conflict, taking Israeli society as an example. Finally, in the section about implications, primary ideas will be presented of the mechanisms that facilitate overcoming fear.
Individuals’ Fear and Hope
In order to understand the functioning of fear and hope on both the individual and collective levels, it is necessary first to describe in general their individual emotional foundations.
Emotions, as fundamental psycho-physiological reactions to all kinds of stimulations, play a crucial role in human functioning. In essence, human emotions constitute a multifaceted phenomenon based on unconscious and conscious, biochemical, physiological, affective, cognitive and behavioral processes (Cacioppo & Gardner, 1999; Damasio 2003; Ekman & Davidson, 1994; Lewis & Haviland, 1993; Manstead, Frijda & Fischer, 2004). They evolved for their adaptive functions in dealing with basic external challenges (Johnson-Laird & Oatley, 1992; Mandler, 1975), as modes of relating to the changing demands of the environment (Damasio, 1994, 2003; Lazarus, 1991). However, they can also lead to mal-adaptation by eliciting dysfunctional reactions in certain situations, characterized by irrationality and destructiveness. Their major role is to decode the meaning of stimulation, either unconsciously or consciously. This decoding occurs not only through subception or perception, but is based also on learning and memory, due to which individuals respond with the same emotional reactions when they encounter the same or similar events (Bandura, 1986; Christianson, 1992; Damasio 2003; LeDoux, 2002; Oatley & Jenkins, 1996).
The basic processes leading to emotional reaction are biochemical and neurological in nature (Damasio, 2004). Therefore, the functioning of primary emotions is spontaneous, fast, uncontrolled and unintentional (Ekman & Davidson, 1994; Jarymowicz, 1997; LeDoux, 1996; Zajonc, 1980). Thus, in many cases emotional reactions are unconscious and come about through automatic information processing without perception and conscious experience (Killgore & Yurgelun-Todd, 2004). Furthermore, these processes directly activate effectors leading to behavior without mediation of cognitive appraisal (Damasio, 2003). Only under certain conditions does stimulation reaches cortical structures and generates conscious feeling (Buck, 1999; Damasio, 2001).
But, conscious processes are also automatic to a large extent (Bargh, 1997). Connected with people's appraisal of their environment (Frijda, 1986; Lazarus, 1991), these processes are strongly influenced by primary emotions. Emotions serve as mediators and as data for processes of feeling, judgment, evaluation, and decision making that may then lead to particular behaviors (Averill, 1980; Carver & Scheier, 1990; Elster, 1999; Frijda, 1986). More specifically, in conscious processes, emotions automatically guide attention to particular cues and information, influence the organization of memory schemas, give differential weight to specific stored knowledge, activate relevant associative networks in memory, influence the order of cognitive processing priorities, provide interpretative frameworks to perceived situations and on this basis pull towards certain objects, situations, individuals, or groups, while abstaining from others (Berridge & Winkelman, 2003; Blaney, 1986; Bower, 1992; Caccioppo & Gardner, 1999; Clore, Schwarz, & Conway, 1994; Isen, 1984; Jarymowicz, 2002a; Murphy & Zajonc, 1993; Niedenthal & Kitayama, 1994; Öhman & Wiens, 2001; Ohme & Jarymowicz, 1999, 2001; Pochwatko, 2003; Schwarz, 1990; Wyer & Srull, 1989). As indicated, only some of the human emotional processes are part of the sequence of recognition and understanding (Zajonc, 1980). Evaluations based on an appraisal process related to deliberate thinking, intellectual operations and use of cognitive evaluative standards are relatively independent of basic primary affective mechanisms (Piaget, 1970; Reykowski, 1989; Jarymowicz, 2001c). Such evaluations are linked with secondary emotions.
The work of LeDoux (1986) on fear is especially relevant to the distinction between automatic (including both unconscious and conscious) evaluation and deliberate ones. He discovered a synaptic link between thalamus and amygdala, which demonstrated the possible independence of the affective system from the cognitive one. Thus, the emotion may not be reflected in feelings or perception and as a result may not require updating of the conscious standards of evaluation (Damasio, 2004; Zajonc, 1980).
On the basis of this discovery, LeDoux (1995, 1996) made a distinction between two possible routes along which impulses might elicit emotions. The first, low road of shorter connections between receptors and the central nervous system, links the thalamus and amygdala without cortical interference, producing primary and purely unconscious affective reactions to an external stimulus- reactions of which individuals are unaware. The second, high road links the thalamus and amygdala with the cortex, where feelings and cognitive aspects of conscious emotional reactions (of which individuals are more or less aware) are formed. Obviously it should be noted that the above description does no imply that impulses have to travel along only one of these roads. In reality, some stimuli travel along both roads at the same time as a consequence of the same stimulation. But there is evidence indicating that in this case, the process of feeling, thinking and reacting is subordinated, at least to some extent, to the primary affective reaction evoked earlier (Liddel et al., 2005).
Emotional processes are not dominated by primary affect in two cases: First, when stimulation does not carry important meaning for the low level of regulation and the primary affective response is weak; second, when stimulation occurs and emotions arise not as a result of an external stimulation, but as a consequence of cognitive activity such as recalling, analyzing, interpreting, evaluating, planning, and so on (Jarymowicz, 2001b). Activation of an affect in the second case is possible due to projection from the cortex to the limbic system and the amygdala with minimal input of the low road stimulation and the primary affective reactions. In order to appraise the complexity of human emotional functioning, one has to consider the “low - high” distinction between subcortical (unconscious) and cortical (conscious) reactions. This distinction is basic for understanding mechanisms of primary and secondary types of regulation and emotions (Buck, 1999; Damasio, 1994; LeDoux, 1996; Pavlov, 1930) and it indicates that the functioning of secondary emotions is based on cognitive appraisal of a situation.
But there is also another important distinction: the “left - right” one, related to the brain’s two hemispheres. Neuro-biological evidence suggests a different anatomic localization of the negative and positive emotions: the former are linked with the right hemisphere and the latter with the left one (e.g., Grabowska, 1999; Heller, Nitschke & Miller, 1998; Kobylińska, 2003; Ornstein, 1997; Springer & Deutsch, 1998). The functions of the two hemispheres in this respect are asymmetric (Baas, Aleman & Kahn, 2004), and described in a way that seems to be coherent with the robust psychological findings about the so-called positive - negative asymmetry (Cacioppo & Gardner, 1999; Czapinski, 1985, 1988; Peeters & Czapinski, 1990; Peeters, 1991).
Thus, the functioning of the right hemisphere is presented in terms of intuitive and holistic modes of information processing, whereas the left hemisphere serves as a basis for specific human processes such as articulation and analytic thinking (Davidson & Fox, 1982; Grabowska, 1999; Ornstein, 1997). This differential localization seems to be consistent with psychological findings indicating that many negative emotions, of which fear is a prototypical example, tend to function in a way that is specific to the right hemisphere – that is without mediation of analytic conscious insight and appraisal (LeDoux, 1996). In contrast, the secondary, positive emotions, such as hope, are manifested with the involvement of conscious cognition (Snyder, 2000a), specific to the left hemisphere. This process includes an evaluation of the reality and future states, and sometimes has to be based on abstract ideas, especially when these ideas do not have a basis in past experiences.
A number of theorists (see Cacioppo & Gardner, 1999) postulate that evaluation and action are based on an input from two separate and specialized channels: one is related to negative information, and the other deal with positive information processing. The first one is threat-related, the second is appetitive. According to the model of evaluative space (Cacioppo & Berntson, 1994; Cacioppo, Gardner & Berntson, 1997) “the common metric governing approach/withdrawal is a single dimension at response stages, but is the consequence of two intervening metrics (i. e. evaluative channels) – the activation function of positivity and the activation function of negativity – at the inaugural affective processing stages.” (Cacioppo & Gardner, 1999, p. 201). The primary negativity–positivity dissociation may lead either to integration or to dominance of the negative type of activation. A line of research performed in the laboratory of the first author, based on the priming procedure developed by Murphy and Zajonc (1993) and modified by Blaszczak (2001), showed the described differential effect of negative and positive affects in different situations (Blaszczak 2001; Jarymowicz 2001a; Jarymowicz & Blaszczak 2000a, 2001b; Piotrowska, 2001; Szczerbik, 2003; Wisniowska 2003). The negative affect tends to yield dominating influence on individual’s reactions. Also, the same line of research shows that the influence of the primary implicit, nonspecific affect is diffusive. That is, without being related to any visible stimulus on the conscious level, it has impact on the explicit judgments, preferences, and automatic behavioral reactions. Thus, from this and previously reported line of studies we can infer about the strength of primary emotions such as fear.
Fear as a primary aversive emotion arises in situations of threat and danger to the organism (the person) and/or his/her environment (the society), and enables to respond to them adaptively (Gray, 1989; Öhman, 1993; Plutchik, 1980; Rachman, 1978). Threats and dangers, which can be detected in present situations or generalized from past experiences, can be related specifically to a particular individual (as stimulated by noise, darkness, a dog, or social rejection) or be evoked in collective situations (as for example political persecution, terror attack, or war). On the level of primary affect, fear is related to homeostasis. On the level of social emotions (Damasio, 2003), fear is a component of more complex reactions and feelings, such as panic, dread, anxiety, despair, caution, submission, guilt, shame, prudery, or cowardliness (Plutchik, 1980).
Fear constitutes combined physiological and psychological reactions with an objective to maximize the probability of surviving in dangerous situation. Reactions of fear may be also aroused through a conscious appraisal of the situation. But, in many cases they are activated automatically allowing unconscious processing, or dealing with danger in a routine way, regardless of intention or thinking (LeDoux, 1996). In fact it is possible to differentiate between two mechanisms of fear arousal: One via conscious appraisal and the other, primary fear, via automatic and unconscious reactions (Goleman, 1995; Oatley & Jenkins, 1996; Zajonc, 1980). The former is based on perception and evaluation of a situation as threatening and dangerous. The latter are based on either unconditioned or conditioned stimulus-reaction relations. It is important to note that the latter type can in turn be based on explicit or implicit processes of conditioning. Both types of conditioning extend the repertoire of objects, attributes and situations that indicate danger and threat and provide a basis for their further generalization. Fear thus reflects an adaptation mechanism that automatically protects homeostasis and life. At the same time it may operate irrationally and destructively because defensive reactions are not only evoked as a result of cues which directly imply threat and danger, but also by conditioned stimuli which are non-threatening in their nature (Mowrer, 1960; LeDoux, 1996; Öhman, 1993; Rachman, 1978).
In addition, as demonstrated by Grings and Dawson (1978), fear can be acquired by information received about certain objects, events, people or situations that are supposed to threaten the person or his/her society (see Rachman, 1978). Once the information about threatening, or potentially threatening stimuli, is acquired through different modes of learning, it is stored as either implicit or explicit memory about emotional situations. Subsequently, both types of memory influence appraisal of a particular situation (Lazarus, 1991). The former type of memory is particularly resilient, exhibiting little fading with the passage of time. Furthermore, LeDoux (1996) pointed out how implicit affective memory unconsciously arouses reactions of fear in view of a particular cue. Fear is especially powerful when it is based on implicit memory. Its effect is stronger than that of explicit memory, because it arouses fear spontaneously and automatically, overcoming cognitive control, rationality and logic. In fact, it dominates and controls thinking, because the connections from the limbic (affective system) to the cortical structures (cognitive system) are more numerous than those in the opposite direction, from the cognitive system to the emotional system (LeDoux, 1995, 1996; Öhman, 1993). As a result, fear floods consciousness and leads to automatic behavior, preparing the individuals to cope with the threatening situation.
But fear may be retrieved and evoked by both types of memories (Lazarus, 1991; LeDoux, 1996). It is important to note that memories are never carbon copies of the information provided by learning. Rather they are biased, modified or reconstructed on the basis of stored and absorbed information (Smith, 1998; Wyer & Srull, 1989). All this means that fear may be evoked by a wide range of cues, many of which initially did not imply either threat or danger.
A prolonged experience of fear leads to a number of observed effects. It sensitizes the organism and the cognitive system to certain threatening cues. It prioritizes information about potential threats and causes extension of the associative networks of information about threat. It causes overestimation of danger and threat. It facilitates the selective retrieval of information related to fear. It increases expectations of threat and dangers, and it increases accessibility of procedural knowledge that was effective in coping with threatening situation in the past (Clore, et al., 1994; Gray, 1989; Isen, 1990; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984; LeDoux, 1995, 1996; Öhman, 1993). It may also lead to repression and - as a consequence - to uncontrolled influence of unconscious affect on behavior (Czapinski, 1988; Jarymowicz, 1997).
Once fear is evoked, it limits the activation of other mechanisms of regulation, stalls consideration of various alternatives because of its egocentric and mal-adaptive patterns of reactions to situations that require creative and novel solutions for coping. The empirical evidence shows that fear has limiting effects on cognitive processing. It tends to cause adherence to known situations and avoidance of risky, uncertain and novel ones; it tends to cause cognitive freezing, which reduces openness to new ideas, and resistance to change (Clore, et al., 1994; Isen, 1990; Jost, Glaser, Kruglanski, & Sulloway, 2003; Le Doux, 1995, 1996; Öhman, 1993).
Finally, fear motivates defense and protection from events that are perceived as threatening. When defense and protection are not efficient, fear may lead to aggressive acts against the perceived source of threat (Bandura & Walters, 1959). That is, when in fear, human beings sometimes tend to cope by initiating fight, even when there is little or nothing to be achieved by doing so (Blanchard & Blanchard, 1984; Eibl-Eibesfeldt & Sutterlin, 1990; Jarymowicz, 2002b; Lazarus, 1991; Plutchik, 1990). | https://muhaz.org/presidential-address.html |
Emotional intelligence, self-awareness and commitment to understanding others are traits of a good leader. These leaders make sound decisions based on best available data. But what if the natural automatic workings of the mind interfere with these traits? The research of Daniel Kahneman, a psychologist and 2002 Nobel Prize winner in economics, provides useful insights to avoid cognitive traps to strengthen decision-making.
Kahneman’s best-selling book, “Thinking Fast and Slow”, provides a simple model describing two systems of the brain. Fast-thinking is impulsive, automatic, and intuitive. Slow-thinking is thoughtful, deliberate and deeply analytical. The legacy of human evolution had inherent survival advantages. Fast-thinking allowed humans to take rapid action without need for in-depth thinking. Slow-thinking activates when the mind faces a situation it can’t automatically comprehend and involves conscious mental activities such as self-control, choice and deliberate focused attention. You can improve strategic decision-making and increase self-awareness by appreciation for and avoidance of, fast-thinking cognitive traps, a number of which we discuss herein.
Snap judgments are the domain of fast-thinking. We tend to oversimplify analyses of situations, without appreciating that it is occurring. Heuristics, which are shortcuts or “rules-of-thumb”, allow for quick decisions, but we often overuse these helpful processes. With the trap of the substitution heuristic, we answer an easier question instead of the one that we need to answer. In recruiting, for example, the tough question: “Will this person be successful in the job”, which requires significant study of their background and history of success. This is replaced by the easier question of: “Does this person interview well”.
Availability heuristic overestimates the importance or probability of what is most personally relevant, recently heard or vividly remembered. Managers conducting performance appraisals from memory are more likely to recall exceptional instances of an employee’s performance (positive or negative) than general behavior and will weight that more heavily. They give more weight to performance during the three months before the evaluation than the previous nine months.
Confirmation bias is our natural unconscious tendency to seek and rely on information that confirms our beliefs and downplays or dismisses information that might change our minds. An effective group decision-making tool is to have the person proposing an option to argue against it. An opponent of the proposal can in turn, in good faith, argue for it. Moreover, research shows that unconsciously biased decisions can fit an individual’s circumstances, rather than benefit the organization as a whole. For example, managers who rotate quickly through positions tend to favor projects with short-term paybacks, when longer-term projects would create greater value.
In the endowment effect, just owning something makes it feel more valuable to the owner. In the related loss aversion effect, people would rather leave a situation as is, rather than risk a loss. Strategists are generally better at identifying the risks of new businesses, than appreciating the risks of failing to change. Analyzing existing businesses, products and operations with the same scrutiny as a new investment, will help avoid this trap.
We all too often make avoidable statistical mistakes that negatively impact decision-making; even statisticians do. One mistake, base-rate neglect, is judging probability without taking into account all relevant data. This medical test question illustrates: A serious, but rare, disease affects 1 in 1000 people. How worried should someone be with a positive result from a 95% accurate, generally administered test? Most would believe that they had a 95% chance of having the disease, as did half the Harvard medical students answering this test question. However, because the base rate is very low (1/1000), the actual likelihood is roughly 2% and the chance of a false positive is 98%.
Leaders must discern true cause and effect. Kahneman’s 1960s Israeli Air Force analyses demonstrated how considering regression towards the mean can help. People generally have an average (mean) level of skill at any given point. Through continuous learning and effective coaching, that skill level should improve over time. There are, however, always differences between the trend-line and each individual performance of that skill; some better, some worse. This variability fits expected probability distribution. Kahneman helped Air Force instructors realize that variability in pilot performance from flight to flight followed expected statistical variations. Moreover, to their surprise, their general pilot feedback after each flight had no real effect. Kahneman’s work helped instructors create a more insightful, longer-term view of feedback, coaching and training.
Kahneman’s research is extremely valuable to leaders as they seek continuous improvement in strategic decision-making. Vigilance about our own cognitive processes can make for better managers, decision-makers and, indeed, leaders. | https://eduleader.com/2017/06/12/cognitive-awareness-for-better-decisions/ |
AuthorBeer, Jennifer S.
Stallen, Mirre
Lombardo, Michael V.
Gonsalkorale, Karen
Cunningham, William A.
Sherman, Jeffrey W.
SourceNeuroImage
Volume43
Issue4
Pages775-783
Google Scholar check
MetadataShow full item record
Abstract
In order to investigate the systems underlying the automatic and controlled processes that support social attitudes, we conducted an fMRI study that combined an implicit measure of race attitudes with the Quadruple Process model (Quad model). A number of previous neural investigations have adopted the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to examine the automatic processes that contribute to social attitudes. Application of the Quad model builds on this previous research by permitting measures of distinct automatic and controlled processes that contribute to performance on the IAT. The present research found that prejudiced attitudes of ingroup favoritism were associated with amygdala, medial and right lateral orbitofrontal cortex. In contrast, prejudiced attitudes of outgroup negativity were associated with caudate and left lateral orbitofrontal cortex. Frontal regions found in previous neural research on the IAT, such as anterior cingulate, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and operculum were associated with detecting appropriate responses in situations in which they conflict with automatic associations. Insula activity was associated with attitudes towards ingroup and outgroup members, as well as detecting appropriate behavior. © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. | https://gnosis.library.ucy.ac.cy/handle/7/37116 |
process.
By Hara Estroff Marano published May 4, 2004 - last reviewed on June 9, 2016
How do we become effective human beings? It takes the right
combination of thinking, including thinking about others and action. And,
often enough, the right ways of thinking.
The ability to think, to reflect on ourselves and our behavior and
to plan ahead, may be the feature that most defines us as humans, the
crowning glory of evolution. But thinking is not an unmitigated
blessing.
Sometimes people get stuck in it. People are often consumed with
the past, ruminating about events and chewing them over and over. Others
get paralyzed thinking about what lies ahead. Both forms of overthinking
consume the brain's limited capacity for attention, bring the mind
to a halt and compromise mental health. One form is known as depression,
the other anxiety. And both conditions are rampant in our culture
today.
Intuition can be thought of as almost the polar opposite of either.
And it is a reliable way of knowing, and valuable in many
circumstances.
There are many ways to define intuition, but all present a kind of
conundrum. The act of reflecting on intuition is precisely what intuition
isn't. Intuition is really your brain on autopilot, performing its
actions of processing information outside of your awareness that
it's operating. It's nonconscious thinking.
Can you trust intuition? It helps to know that the kind of
automatic information processing that underlies intuition is something
you probably experience all the time.
Consider that phenomenon known as "highway hypnosis."
You drive the car for miles without a conscious thought. You're
steering the car, reacting to road conditions and the actions of other
cars, so obviously your brain is processing incoming information.
You're just not aware of yourself. Or you walk down a street, get
lost in thought and find yourself at your destination without awareness
of the processes that got you there.
It's often safe to rely on automatic nonconscious processes
for rote tasks, but what about more complex situations?
Nonconscious processes operate all the time in complex
decision-making. Often enough, we just don't give them credit.
Often we cite rational-sounding criteria for our feelings and actions and
do not disclose the subjective preferences of feelings that arise
spontaneously.
Sometimes we override our intuitive gut-level reactions altogether,
ignoring our native responses in favor of ways we think, for external
reasons—such as to coincide with the judgments of others—we
should be reacting. Studies have shown that we are capable of making
sound judgments about food and, often, people based on nonconscious
processes, but if we deliberately think about our preferences and
decisions we can actually make them worse. The truth is that all of the
factors that influence our reactions just aren't available to our
conscious selves.
There is no substitute for gathering information about any task or
situation before us. But neither should we be afraid of not knowing every
reason why we feel the way we do in every situation. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/articles/200405/trusting-intuition-0 |
What do you think it is that makes HSPs so self-reflective? We inherently have the internals for deep processing, deep reflection, and deep emotional churn, but is this all that is at play here? Is this a sufficient explanation?
In reading Michael Pollen’s book, How to Change Your Mind: What the New Science of Psychedelics Teaches Us About Consciousness, Dying, Addiction, Depression, and Transcendence, I discovered a term that intrigued me. He speaks of the default mode network (DMN) and how psychoactive plants and drugs interfere with the function of the default mode network in the human brain. The DMN is a brain network of various brain structures instrumental in creating moments of self-reflection and daydreaming when the brain is engaged in a task-negative state. It is where our minds go when we are not in goal-seeking, active task mode.
It made me wonder if this is a state that HSPs are prone to enter more than non-HSPs. This type of reverie and disengaged self-reflection reminds me of the rumination many HSPs get caught up in regularly. If so, does this explain our tendency for long periods of deep reflection, and are we naturally drawn to this state because of our deep processing capabilities and the need for self-reflection?
What is the Default Mode Network?
Hans Berger first proposed a default mode network, the inventor of the electroencephalograph (EEG), to account for his observation that the brain, even at rest, is busy. Marcus Raichle of the Washington University School of Medicine later coined the term default mode network. DMN is characterized by daydreaming, future-looking thoughts, gauging other’s perspectives, and especially with self-reflection. An output of DMN state is often spontaneous thinking which can lead to creative thinking. DMN seems to begin developing in the human brain around ages nine to twelve.
DMN may also be implicated with disorders such as Alzheimer’s, Autism and Schizophrenia, by reduced activity of the DMN. Even in the DMN state, the brain consumes about 20 % of the body’s energy, much more than any other organ. DMN is not still fully understood.
The Purpose of the DMN
The DMN is now often associated with the social brain and the social understanding of others. It appears to be involved with emotion perception, empathy, theory of mind, and morality. This leads to aiding in understanding others, understanding self, controlling self, and processes that control the social interface between self and others. Its tie to memory also aids in making predictions about the behavior of others and provides a framework for moral judgments of other’s behaviors.
It is also most notably tied to the notion of ego or self-identity. The ego is our self-definition of who we think we are, regardless of how subjective and incorrect that definition may be. In other words, when the brain is not task busy, it often turns inward to think of itself. The operative word here is daydreaming, something that HSPs do regularly. Another reason to suspect that DMN has special meaning for highly sensitive people.
To me, this sounds much like a type of twilight thinking mode, a reverie state, much like twilight sleep, that few moments of in and out of consciousness we experience just before bedtime. This mode of thinking sees the world through our perceptions and ideals, sometimes to exclude external feedback. I have often mentioned this in the blogs and my book, Confessions of a Sensitive Man. As deep-thinking individuals, we often create ideas of ourselves that have no social confirmation because we hold them tightly to our vests. We lock ourselves in these self-contained prisons and never test our theories in the outside world. We are, perhaps, locked in our DMN based logical loops.
What is the relevance to HSPs?
Are we more prone to activation of this state than most of the population? Just following anecdotal social media discussion group conversations would indicate that this may be the case. Many HSPs, especially introverted HSPs, would find comfort in this type of state – brain at rest, task neutral and reflecting on self, and predicting the behaviors of others. A controlled state of mind, where outcomes are constantly evaluated in a safe place, evaluating memories (rumination) and developing strategies of future behavior. A staging ground in facing the world.
I am not placing a value judgment on this, simply looking at the likelihood that this would be something that many HSPs, myself included, would find comforting in our downtime. It is also a place of spontaneous idea generation, resulting in some very creative ideas and could explain our tendency towards creativity. Conversely, it could lead to too much rumination, which is often the antecedent to depression and anxiety.
Can this state be induced and controlled?
Since the brain “defaults” to this mode when we are not actively engaged in task-positive activities or goal-seeking activities, whenever we remain in a task-negative situation, we are going to be in DMN, unless, of course, we are asleep. The extent that we are more “active” or “non-active” may be the determining factor as to whether we are in DMN or not. It is interesting to note that meditation, a task that would seem task neutral, helps facilitate the entering of DMN and can positively affect both DMN and TPN modulation.
In a Buddhist sense, the DMN can be like the monkey mind, scattered and full of intrusive random thinking. Meditation is a way to help harness the monkey by applying mindfulness to aid in controlling daydreaming for purposeful pursuits. Daydreaming can be positive constructive (creativity seeking), or guilty dysphoric (obsessive anxiety), or attentionally out of control (scatterbrained). If we use the DMN for constructive pursuits, we are fully utilizing its positive capacity.
Since the DMN is both forward and backward seeking (attachment to memory), it can keep us from staying in the present moment. It can also take us down well-worn neural pathways that can lead us to anxiety, worry, and pessimism. The DMN can be overactivated, leading to hyperconnectivity, which sounds like something many HSPs should be familiar with, much like our overstimulation.
How do we control this? For one, we can alter our consciousness with mindfulness mediation. What has also been suggested is the use of mind-altering plant medicines (i.e., psilocybin, mescaline, ayahuasca, et al.) Psychedelic drugs deactivate the DMN’s integration function within the brain, a homeostatic state that leaves us in a state of “baby “consciousness, a primitive functioning state. I’ll leave that for another day’s discussion but mounting research in the use of psychoactive plants is showing promise for this in a controlled way with therapeutic supervision.
Another option is to change the neural pathway route by invoking TPN-related tasks. This is essentially leaving DMN mode by thinking outside of the box, in essence creating new thoughts. This may lead to another option that utilizes unfettered creative thinking. Thinking abstractly, like purposeful playfulness, opens the door to new ideas and breaks the sameness of DMN thinking. I liken this to hopeful, optimistic thinking. Finally, we can change the channel by focusing on the positive past versus the negative past. Focus on successes and not dwell on failures.
A recent study highlights the observation that tactile stimulation appears to deactivate the DMN as well as does the use of visual and auditory stimulation. So, get out there and hug someone, with their permission, of course. Watch a movie or listen to some meaningful music if you get trapped in DMN no man’s land.
Are there any benefits to this state?
It appears that DMN is part of the standard equipment with human brains. It has both positive and negative attributes, which we should all be mindful of. It seems clear that harnessed with mindfulness being in DMN mode can lead to moments of creativity and reverie. Its use of memory to look backward and forward can, without your control, lead to depression or anxiety or positivity and confidence, depending on your controlling the focus.
It appears to some extent to be a gateway to the unconscious or at least unconscious long-term memory. That can be good or bad, depending on what is retrieved. And it appears to be a fine line between states of dementia, PTSD, depression, and Autism. Nevertheless, we should be aware of when we are in DMN and how it is affecting us. By reducing unbridled DMN thought creating, we can allow ourselves to experience the present moment with greater objectivity, which Shapiro calls “re-perceiving.”
With focused attention via mental training to reduce competitive distraction and daydreaming, we can spend some of the negative DMN time on something more optimistic and positive. Although I must be honest, I do love my daydreaming time.
Please share your thoughts in the comment section.
A Blog about Sensory Processing Sensitivity from the Worldview of a High Sensing Male
One of the big four traits of Highly Sensitive People is the propensity for overstimulation, often referred to as overwhelm. Sensory inputs become too much to handle, and the finely tuned HSP systems begin to shut down or, at the very least, require downtime. This time is essential for HSPs to regroup, recover and restore. All HSPs will experience this at some time or another. Many in difficult work or home environments experience this frequently.
For some of us, this overwhelm is embarrassing, especially for HSP males, who struggle with their masculine pride to admit that emotions, environments, and engagements can cause us to go into shutdown mode. We have been socialized to believe that this type of reaction is a sign of weakness-- not being able to tough it out and press on. But can we control overwhelm? Head it off at the pass at the first sign of onset? And more importantly, should we? Is overwhelm a sign of an undisciplined mind?
Let’s see.
What is overwhelm?
What happens to the highly sensitive mind when it reaches overwhelm? Because HSPs process stimuli at a much deeper level both internally and externally, they often get caught in cycles of strong visceral and mental reactions, leading to depletion, exhaustion, and overstimulation. With poor coping skills or lack of support, many HSPs find themselves caught in a vicious cycle of overstimulation, shutdown, and then overstimulation again. This cycle is exceedingly exhausting and leads many HSPs into avoidant or withdrawn behavior. This behavior compounds personal and socially derived stress and stigmatizes the HSP into feeling negative about themselves and their ability to cope. And emotional reaction is often the root cause of overstimulation.
Without getting too much in the weeds about the anatomy or dynamics of emotions, emotions play a large part in human behavior, and for HSPs, emotions are our currency. Much has been said about the limbic system, particularly the amygdala, in driving emotional response. The amygdala is most often associated with fear response and plays an essential role in alerting to danger, including fight or flight.
However, there appears to be a three-tiered model for the emotional function that works above and below the limbic system or the midbrain. At the base, the brain stem contains a primary stimulus-response adaptive reaction. From there, emotion moves up to the more complex reactivity within the hypothalamus and thalamus, followed by memory and cognition of the limbic/cortex neural networks. Each level represents more complexity of the emotional response to the environment. From an evolutionary standpoint, the continued higher-level function extends and expands the brain functioning not to replace earlier, more superficial structures but to enhance them. The use of memory paired with emotion allows for past experiences reference to determine future action. This apparatus is key to enhancing recall by pairing memory with emotion to provide a more robust memory encoding.
This encoding of memory energized by emotion makes recall of important data significant for survival. The use of cortical influence on the limbic system to throttle emotional response signifies the importance of these higher-order facilities to allow, especially in primates, to moderate, simple stimulus-response towards more directed goal-oriented behaviors that may serve a broader and more adaptive reaction. In short, this means that we as humans can use our critical thinking capacity to redirect automatic emotional responses with more directed thoughtful actions. This ability is vital to when thinking about our ability to regulate emotional overwhelm.
Emotions may be triggered both bottom-up, which generally follows the stimulus-response model, much of which is reactive and spontaneous, or top-down, a self-created stimulus that causes the rudimentary response of the lower level to fire. This suggests that our emotions can be created automatically and instinctively or through self-initiated and controlled processes. The point is that we can control our emotional response, which leads us to the idea of emotional regulation.
The Benefits of Emotional Regulation for HSPs
Emotional regulation, which is often advocated by Dr. Aron to alleviate emotional overload, has many benefits for HSPs. Emotional regulation is the ability to respond to the demands of a wide range of human emotions with socially tolerable responses that allow for both spontaneity and restriction of emotion when warranted. It covers a wide range of processes that include feelings, physiological responses, thoughts, and bodily actions.
This capacity to regulate our emotions can aid in maintaining clear vision, focused and appropriate responses, and developing a calm mind. Part of the strategy of handling emotions is to allow the emotional experiences to flow through you and not overwhelm you. Understanding that you can override what would appear to be an automatic reaction with a thoughtful strategy will allow you to “flip the bit” in your mind turning from a panicked response to calm and thoughtful action. Putting the attention on the control and not on what would ordinarily be an automatic response. A process model suggests several strategies used for emotional control, not all of which are ideal.
So, as highly emotional creatures, how do we get to the point where emotional regulation is natural and easy for us. It so often seems that we react without much thought to emotional stimulus and create overwhelming situations that drive us to shut down and then downregulate to achieve a sense of calm. This seems quite natural for many HSPs, but is it necessary? Is this just a matter of learning to discipline our minds or, better yet more efficiently use them?
How can we train our minds not to overreact? Aside from some of the other strategies suggested above, can we retrain our minds to bypass the emotion => overreaction => overwhelm cycle automatically? In short, I believe we can.
One of the first things in changing behaviors is to become mindful of the behavior. Start by looking for triggering events; these usually happen in patterns. What triggers you? We all have our buttons, and to control the reaction, you must first identify the trigger. We do this by observing our patterns. We all have patterns. Humans are notoriously creatures of habit. If you follow the patterns, you will be able to observe the triggers and reactions. Many of our patterns are automatic behaviors, also known as automaticity. These behaviors often operate below conscious awareness and can seem to pop out of nowhere. By being mindful, we can trace back to the trigger and response to find and observe the pattern at beginning of the reaction.
The idea is to disrupt the pattern by use of explicit attention by the conscious mind, altering the outcome. The disruption of the pattern breaks off the response, allowing you to deconstruct what happened. Understanding the mechanics, without necessarily exploring the deep roots, will at least give you the ability to create a different state, perhaps, one of calm detachment. Now, aware of the pattern, you can deploy one of the process model strategies suggested or create your own. Deep seeded issues will need to be pursued with a qualified therapist. Still, for everyday emotional problems, this can aid in regulating your emotional responses and even increase your Emotional Intelligence. Learning to perceive, use, understand and manage your emotions can empower you to take control of what we often see as the uncontrollable fire hose of emotional reaction. It may simply be training, control, and discipline.
Towards creating the foundation for mindfulness awareness of our emotional patterns, we must first engage in activities that create that calm mind necessary to do self-examination. This state of relaxation is portable and can travel beyond the meditation mat. Each exercise in the real world of calm detachment requires repetition, one of the critical elements of any learning. Practice this in the real world. Seek out situations where you can practice a calm mind in choppy waters. Invoke calmness and observe the flow. Doing this will require your full attention . A study showed that this ability aids in emotional regulation.
I highly recommend using neurofeedback training to create a trained pattern of calm and learned resiliency in the brain. A recent study found that the experimental group more easily controlled top-down connectivity as measured by MRI neurofeedback. My personal experiences with neurofeedback systems, such as Neuroptimal from Zengar, on an anecdotal level did increase my brain resilience in stressful situations. As this technology becomes more personal and interactive, this approach is more available to the masses.
See my earlier post on readily available brain hacks to promote relaxation. The bottom line is finding your path to greater self-regulation.
The Benefits of a Disciplined Mind
My top five benefits of a disciplined, self-regulated mind are:
Please share your thoughts in the comment section.
|
|
Author
Bill Allen currently lives in Lutz, Florida. He previously lived in Bend, Oregon. He is a certified hypnotist and brain training coach at BrainPilots.com. He believes that male sensitivity is not so rare, but it can be confounding for most males living in a culture of masculine insensitivity which teaches boys and men to disconnect from their feelings and emotions. His intent is to use this blog to chronicle his personal journey and share with others. | https://www.thesensitiveman.com/blog/archives/05-2021 |
focus on learning about what happens in the brain, nervous system, and other aspects of the body.
question
Self-Parts of self
answer
The psychology of self is the study of either the cognitive, conative or affective representation of one’s identity or the subject of experience. The earliest formulation of the self in modern psychology derived from the distinction between the self as I, the subjective knower, and the self as Me, the object that is known. Current views of the self in psychology position the self as playing an integral part in human motivation, cognition, affect, and social identity. It may be the case that we can now usefully attempt to ground experience of self in a neural process with cognitive consequences, which will give us insight into the elements of which the complex multiply situated selves of modern identity are composed. The self has many facets that help make up integral parts of it, such as self-awareness, self-esteem, self-knowledge, and self-perception. All parts of the self enable people to alter, change, add, and modify aspects of themselves in order to gain social acceptance in society. “Probably the best account of the origins of selfhood is that the self comes into being at the interface between the inner biological processes of the human body and the sociocultural network to which the person belongs.”
question
Max Ringelman
answer
founder of social psychology. measured others effects on you. found that as group size increased, individual effort decreased. performed this experiment
question
What is Social Psychology
answer
Scientific study on how individuals interact with the outside world. Study how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are affected/influenced by others.
question
What is Psychology
answer
the study of human behavior
question
What do social psychologists do?
answer
Social psychology is concerned with the effect of other people on human beings’ thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Social psychology focuses especially on the power of situations study the effects of personal and situational influences on the ABC triad Affect Behavior Cognition
question
Psychology and experimental philosophy
answer
connection applying scientific method to philosophical ideas
question
hypothesis
answer
educated guess formulated testable as a tentative solution to the problem in the scientific method. the second step of scientific method. an idea about the possible nature of reality; a prediction tested in an experiment
question
Common sense
answer
common sense can be mistaken.
question
Little Brenda
answer
was not told about the botched circumcision of the gender switch. She grew up wearing long hair and dresses and being introduced to the female sex role. The girl never fit in and when she found out her real identity she transformed but happiness proved elusive when he switched to a man and he killed himself. This is evidence that sex roles are entirely due to socialization and Brenda was described as a normal health girl but problems emerged later suggested that the differences between male and female are partly innate.
question
Nature vs. Nurture
answer
Nature is the physical world around us, including its laws and processes vs. culture as an information based system in which many people work together to help satisfy their biological and social needs. culture is what a group of people have in common including shared beliefs, meanings and doing things. Nature has prepared humans to use ideas.Nature makes us selfish, culture requires us to resists selfish impulses. Nature is the physical world around us.
question
Culture
answer
an information-based system that includes shared ideas and common ways of doing things
question
Duplex mind
answer
the idea that the mind has two processing systems (deliberate and automatic) deliberate: the part of the mind that performs complex operations. Guided by intention, “figure it out”, reasoning. automatic: the part of the mind outside of consciousness that performs simple operations. “Go with your gut feeling”, effortless, fast.
question
Automatic System
answer
the part of the mind outside of consciousness that performs simple operations
question
Deliberate System
answer
the part of the mind that performs complex operations
question
Self enhancement motive
answer
the desire to learn favorable or flattering things about the self
question
Consistency motive
answer
a desire to get feedback that confirms what the person already believes about himself or herself
question
Appraisal motive
answer
the simple desire to learn the truth about oneself, whatever it is.
question
Self-presentation
answer
any behavior that seeks to convey some image of self or some information about the self to other people. any behavior that is intended (even unconsciously) to make an impression on others is included.(I forgive, but i don’t forget) how you dress, what car you drive.
question
Intrinsic rewards
answer
inner state rewards that do not involve money and for the sake of rewarding the self without extrinsic reward so to perform an impression on an audience.
question
Intrinsic motivation
answer
wanting to perform an activity for its own sake. Few people have an intrinsic desire to collect garbage, pay taxes, or go to court, but many people people do these things because of extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation is found in most animal species.
question
Social comparison
answer
examining the difference between oneself and another person
question
Interdependent self
answer
(public self) the image of the self that is conveyed to others
question
The looking-glass self
answer
the idea that people learn about themselves by imagining how they appear to others
question
Self-regulation
answer
The process by which we seek to control or alter our thoughts, feelings, & behavior w/goal of producing a desired outcome -process is purposive -self-corrective judgments taking place -corrective adjustments originate from w/in self
question
Self reference effect
answer
the finding that information bearing on the self is processed more
question
Self esteem
answer
how favorably someone evaluates himself or herself
question
Gender gap and self esteem
answer
Women’s self esteem is only slightly below that of men’s . Women and girls tend to be critical of their bodies, whereas boys and men think their bodies are just fine, and this discrepancy probably accounts for most if not all of the gender differences in self-esteem.
question
Self concepts
answer
Your body is continuous, but it changes too, first growing taller and stronger, then often growing fatter and less flexible, and finally developing wrinkles, shrinking, and acquiring other signs of old age. People change so much that they could revise their self-concept. You can simply decide to change how you think about yourself, and your actions will come around to reflect the new you. Or you can decide to change your behavior, and a change in self-concept will follow. -Revising self-knowledge -changing the looking glass -promoting change -new self, new story self knowledge, interpersonal self or public self
question
Risk aversion
answer
in decision making, the greater weight given to possible losses than possible gains
question
Temporal discounting
answer
in decision making, the greater weight given to the present over the future finding that the present is more important than the future in decision making. The further in the future something lies, the less influence it has on the decision.
question
Status quo bias
answer
the preference to keep things the way they are rather than change
question
Certainty effect
answer
in decision making, the greater weight given to definite outcomes than to probabilities. Tendency to place too much emphasis on definite outcomes
question
Visualization
answer
is a cognitive tool accessing imagination to realize all aspects of an object, action or outcome. This may include recreating a mental sensory experience of sound, sight, smell, taste, and touch
question
Omission bias
answer
the tendency to take whatever course of action does not require you to do anything (also called the default option)
question
Temporal gain
answer
gain now, lose later Studies on temporal discounting typically involve choosing between two outcomes of the same sign, i.e., positive or negative. For example, participants often are given a choice between a smaller, sooner gain and a larger, but later gain, or (less commonly) the options may be a sooner, larger loss and a later, but smaller loss.
question
Reactance
answer
an unpleasant emotional response that people often experience when someone is trying to restrict their freedom
question
Panic button effect
answer
reduction in stress or suffering due to a belief that one has the option of escaping or controlling the situation, even if one doesn’t exercise it
question
Hierarchy of goals
answer
People usually have this with short-term or proximal goals that operate as stepping-stones toward long term or distal goals. The person who has hierarchy of goals, with many steps leading up to the ultimate distal goal, is far more likely to be successful.
question
Self regulation
answer
the process people use to control and change their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
question
Self defeating behaviors
answer
any action by which people bring failure, suffering, or misfortune on themselves
question
Fear of success
answer
theory death drive that impels to pursue own downfall and death. Young women believed that if they became too successful in their world they would end up lonely, rejected, and unable to find romantic partners. Because of this fear of success, many women sabotage their careers. theory proposed by Matina Horner
question
Cognitive miser
answer
term used to describe people’s reactance to do much extra thinking. Tries to avoid thinking too hard or too much.
question
Non conscious/ conscious processing
answer
Some thinking proceeds by automatic means, whereas other thinking relies on conscious control. At least 5 elements distinguish automatic from deliberate processes: awareness intention control effort efficiency
question
Stroop test
answer
a standard measures of effortful control over responses, requiring participants to identify the color of a word (which may name a different color) Name color of rectangle as quickly as can examples also include color and word of color that is different.
question
Schemas
answer
knowledge structures that represent substantial information about a concept, its attributes, and its relationships to other concepts mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world around themes of subjects and that influence the information people notice, think about, and remember 3 schemas can become accessible: • Past experience • Related to a current goal • Recent experience
question
Scripts
answer
knowledge structures that define situations and guide behavior culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations; we all have a script for what typically happens at a wedding
question
Heuristics
answer
mental shortcuts that provide quick estimates about the likelihood of uncertain events. Representativeness: tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the extent to which it resembles the typical case. (coin toss) Availability: tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the ease with which relevant instances come to mind. (overestimating) Simulation: tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the ease with which you can imagine it. (When people imagine what might have been, emotional reactions to events are intensified) Anchoring and adjustment: tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by using a starting point and than making adjustments up or down.
question
Priming
answer
activating an idea in someone’s mind so that related ideas are more accessible the process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept. Such as the name of someone you hated in middle school, then you meet someone with that name and you automatically hate that person
question
Attribution theory
answer
the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition; studied by Fritz Heider
question
Self serving bias
answer
The tendency to attribute successes/positive events to one’s own internal factors/character while attributing failures/negative events to external factors/environment in order to protect one’s self-esteem.
question
Mood
answer
feeling state that is not clearly linked to some event. You may not know why you are in a good or bad mood, but you do know that you feel happy or sad.
question
Emotion
answer
a conscious evaluative reaction that is clearly linked to some event. a reaction to something and the person who has the emotion knows it.
question
Affect
answer
the automatic response that something is good (Positive affect) or bad (negative affect)
question
Response
answer
Positive affect encompasses all good emotions. Negative affect encompasses all bad emotions.
question
Affective reactions
answer
can occur without consciousness. You can have a quick positive or negative feeling about something as simple as a word without being fully conscious of it.
question
Facial feedback
answer
the idea that feedback from the face muscles evokes or magnifies emotions
question
Basic arousal states
answer
Schachter-Singer theory allows for arousal states to be disabled or relabeled. Arousal may arise for one reason but get another label, thereby producing a different reaction. The mind then searches for a label to make sense of the emotional state. Arousal serves to narrow and focus attention. Some arousal is better than none, but too much arousal can hurt performance.
question
Affect as information
answer
the idea that people judge something as good or bad by asking themselves “How do i feel about it?” Research has shown that mood effects are eliminated when people misattribute their mood to an irrelevant source, such as the weather.
question
Affect forecasting
answer
the ability to predict one’s emotional reactions to future events
question
Dual attitude theory
answer
different evaluations of the same attitude object held by the same person (perhaps one deliberate, the other automatic) automatic: very fast evaluative, “gut level” responses that people don’t think a great deal about. deliberate: reflective responses that people think more carefully about.
question
Attitudes
answer
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events. helpful in making choices. Possessing one increases the ease, speed, and quality of decision making
question
Cognitive coping
answer
the idea that beliefs play a central role in helping people cope with and recover from misfortunes
question
Social media and career searches/ applicants
answer
Students place information on their Facebook page that employers might find inappropriate. Almost half of prospective employers use social networks sites to check out job applicants, and they use Facebook more than LinkedIn. About 35% of applicants are rejected because of information employers find posted on their Facebook page.
question
Classical conditioning
answer
a type of learning in which, through repeated pairings, a neutral stimulus comes to evoke a conditioned response Meat powder (unconditioned stimulus) makes the dog’s mouth water (unconditioned response). The first time a researcher rings a bell (neutral stimulus), the dog’s mouth does not water. However, if the researcher rings the bell every time the dog gets meat powder, the dog begins to respect that every time it hears the bell it will be fed, and the bell becomes a conditioned stimulus. Eventually the sound of the bell alone will make the dog’s mouth water (conditioned response), even with no food around.
question
Instrumental learning
answer
(operant conditioning) participants are more likely to repeat behaviors that have been rewarded and less likely to repeat behaviors that have been punished. Parents, teachers, and other adults often use operant conditioning by praising children for expressing what they consider to be socially desirable attitudes.
question
Associative learning
answer
(social learning, observational learning imitation, vicarious learning) People learn how to behave by observing and imitating others. The idea is that people do not imitate the specific social behaviors they see, but make cognitive inferences based on their observations, and these inferences lead to generalizations in behavior. | https://studyhippo.com/social-psychology-midterm-chapter-1-7/ |
When to use slow cognition versus fast intuition to make a decision.
Traditional economics does an excellent job explaining human decision-making in situations where people have all the facts and are thinking logically. Nevertheless, in our everyday lives, we often do not have complete information and decisions can have an emotional impact as well. Dealing with these uncertain and risky day-to-day decisions can often lead to bias, require emotional regulation, and may result in habit formation too.
Therefore, to help explain these choices under uncertainty and risk, the discipline of behavioral economics taps into theories and research from various domains within psychology. Together, they offer some unique insights into how we can make better day-to-day decisions (and “nudge” the choices of other people too).
To begin to understand and apply those insights, we must first start with a basic premise—that we don’t always think about our choices and decisions the same way. Sometimes, we may think about things in more of a fast and automatic way. At other times, we may consider things more slowly and deliberately. In turn, each of these ways of making choices has its own pros-and-cons.
Thinking Fast and Slow
In his book, Thinking, Fast and Slow, behavioral economist Daniel Kahneman discusses these finer points of thinking in detail. Specifically, he uses the framework of two “systems” of cognition. Kahneman (2011) explains:
“System 1 operates automatically and quickly, with little or no effort and no sense of voluntary control.
System 2 allocates attention to the effortful mental activities that demand it, including complex computations. The operations of System 2 are often associated with the subjective experience of agency, choice, and concentration” (p. 20-21).
In the rest of the book, Kahneman (2011) goes into detail about the differences between these two general processes of thinking and their impact on various types of decision-making. Particularly, he notes that, while System 1 thinking may be fast and effortless, it often jumps to the wrong conclusions, relies on hunches and biases, and may be overconfident. In contrast, System 2 thinking is usually more balanced, acquiring greater information and using more reliable decision-rules—but requires attention and effort (which is often limited). Taken together then, making the most of our decision-making capacity is often about balancing and managing when we are thinking fast versus when we are thinking slow.
Simple Rules for Better Decision-Making
Given the above, a few general tips can help improve your decision-making.
1) Rest or Sleep on It
When you have to make a big and important decision, it may be best to do it when you are rested, focused, and motivated. According to Kahneman (2011) complex and effortful thinking (system 2) requires attention, motivation, and self-control. All of those resources are more limited and depleted when we are already busy, stressed, and tired.
Although there have been some challenges to this idea, a recent review by Baumister, Tice, and Vohs (2018) noted the negative effects of such depletion on the decision-making of children in academic settings, hospital staff, judges, and voters. Therefore, when possible, think through important decisions when you are well rested, clear-headed, and have the energy and motivation to dedicate to the task. Your mother telling you to “sleep on it and decide in the morning” was probably good advice.
2) Take Your Time
Thinking clearly and logically takes time too. When we are under time pressure and short deadlines, our fast-thinking (system 1) takes over instead. For example, according to research on financial decisions by Kirchler and associates (2017), individuals are more likely to make risky choices under such time pressure.
Thus, when we are in a rush, we jump to a quick conclusion that may be full of biases and hunches, rather than carefully thinking through the facts and information. Therefore, quick thinking might be helpful for small, habitual, everyday decisions that don’t require much deliberation—or have much risk involved. Nevertheless, if the decision is more complex and important, then take the time to think it through thoroughly.
3) Gather The Facts
Beyond having the time and energy to think clearly, our decisions are only as good as the information we have about our choices and options. We can ponder a choice for hours, but if the information we mull over is very limited, or of poor quality, then all that effort and thought will be much less effective. In the end, with such uncertain decisions, we’re left to rely on our biases and hunches to fill in the gaps anyway (system 1). Therefore, the more reliable facts and information we can gather and consider about a decision, the more we can reduce our uncertainty and make better choices. For example, work by Ariely (2000) notes that the more customers are in control of the flow of information they receive about a consumer decision, the better they can match their preferences, improve their knowledge about the domain, and increase confidence in their judgments.
Nevertheless, there is no such thing as “perfect” information—and endless evaluation is not effective either (sometimes called analysis paralysis). Ariely (2000) also notes that controlling the information flow is demanding and taxing. Given that, the trick is to balance the information with the importance of the decision. So, when you are considering something big and important, feed your system 2 processes with more of the facts to help you make a better choice.
4) Stay Open to All Possibilities
Sometimes, our quick thinking biases how we consider facts, information, and options along the path of decision-making—not just at the final decision. Particularly, as noted by Gilbert (1991), we often automatically accept things as “true” before we carefully deliberate about them. Also, according to Kunda (1990), our reasoning about an issue may be motivated by a “directional bias”, leading us to selectively review only the information and facts that support what we already want to believe.
Given that, we can often jump to conclusions, or be biased to confirm something that we want to believe, rather than honestly looking at what all of the information and facts are really telling us. Therefore, when making important decisions, it is helpful to stay open to all of the facts and possibilities (especially to the ones you don’t want or like). While more challenging and perhaps uncomfortable at times, this mindset can help you avoid making those decisions that may “feel good” in the moment, but blow up in your face later too.
5) Create Rules
Even the best decision-makers are still human. We all get tired, unmotivated, rushed, stressed, and emotional at times. Beyond that, gathering every fact and carefully thinking through every decision is impossible—especially as we move through our day-to-day lives. That is why, when they are thinking clearly, more effective decision-makers often set up simple rules and formulas to make better choices—even when they are rushed at a later date. In Thinking, Fast and Slow, Kahneman (2011) notes that using such strategies, formulas, and algorithms are often superior to intuitive decision-making in a number of fields. Also, in a review article on behavioral finance, Ricciardi and Simon (2000), advise investors to set up an investment checklist as part of a “disciplined trading strategy”, in order to minimize the effect of emotional biases that can impact buying-and-selling decisions in the moment too.
Looking at more everyday examples, an individual might make a grocery list at home while considering what they really need (and stick to it at the store), rather than being tempted by immediate hunger or expensive sweets. Alternatively, they might set a firm upper limit for a big purchase, as they dispassionately consider what they can comfortably afford (rather than getting swept away by “falling in love” with a house or car that they struggle to pay for later). In short, even in situations where we might get caught up in biased and emotional thinking, we can often set up rules or formulas ahead of time to see us through. | http://ummahlink.org/5-tips-for-better-decision-making/ |
King, Rosemary (2008) Cognitive mechanisms underlying emotion regulation. PhD thesis, University of Leeds.
|
Text
|
uk_bl_ethos_491807.pdf
Download (29Mb)
Abstract
Traditional theories of emotion have emphasised the automatic and unconscious nature of emotion generation and hence emotion regulation via antecedent and response focused strategies. Response strategies either inhibit the expression of an emotional response or modulate it via cognitive reappraisal. Antecedent strategies involve avoidance behaviour i. e. avoiding situations in which the emotional response is likely to occur. Recent evidence has now demonstrated, however, that the cognitive and emotional systems are highly interactive and that conscious attention may be necessary to generate emotion. Conscious attention can be controlled via executive functioning and the requirements of immediate goals. This evidence opens up the possibility of regulating emotions by executive functioning on-line i. e. as they occur. The aim of this thesis was to investigate on-going emotion generation and the mechanisms and processes that regulate it. A series of experiments manipulated cognitive functioning via direct instructions to Feel and Not Feel emotional responses to negative and neutral pictures and, indirectly, by manipulating cognitive resources available for processing the pictures. Participants in the latter experiments were required to maintain visual attention to the stimuli in order to rate the strength of their emotional responses to them whilst simultaneously holding in mind pictures or words requiring a subsequent same-different decision to a following item. It was believed that depleting cognitive resources could attenuate emotional responses. Results from the experiments showed that emotional responses can be attenuated by depleting cognitive resources available for processing emotional stimuli; an explanation that can explain both direct and indirect manipulations of cognitive functioning. It was not clear, however, whether emotion generation is not automatic or whether automatic processing requires some input from cognitive resources. Further research is also required to discover whether the cognitive resources required to generate emotions involve executive functioning for visual attentional processing, to maintain conscious attention for higher order processing, or for low level cognitive appraisals.
|Item Type:||Thesis (PhD)|
|Academic Units:||The University of Leeds > Faculty of Medicine and Health (Leeds) > Institute of Psychological Sciences (Leeds)|
|Identification Number/EthosID:||uk.bl.ethos.491807|
|Depositing User:||Ethos Import|
|Date Deposited:||11 Feb 2010 15:38|
|Last Modified:||08 Aug 2013 08:44|
|URI:||http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/307|
You do not need to contact us to get a copy of this thesis. Please use the 'Download' link(s) above to get a copy.
You can contact us about this thesis. If you need to make a general enquiry, please see the Contact us page. | http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/307/ |
However, these are essential decision-making techniques that would aid you in taking proper decisions in your personal as well as professional life. Emotions are possible signals from the subconscious that provide information about what we really choose.
Monitoring of solutions since early stage may also help you to alter your decisions, if you notice deviation of results from your expectations. Decision making solutions must address emotional and rational elements of our being If your mind is distracted with an overload of information, too many priorities and no time to debate, the likelihood that the emotional brain will overrule the rational one increases.
With this technique, participants never meet, but a group leader uses written questionnaires to conduct the decision making. However, How an effective decision making process are essential decision-making techniques that would aid you in taking proper decisions in your personal as well as professional life.
Here are some examples: Here are some of the characteristics of a longer-range developmental process: Small businesses that are able to perceive the problem, gather and present data, intelligently discuss the data, and implement the decision without succumbing to emotionalism are apt to make How an effective decision making process ones that will launch the firm on a prosperous course.
Organization Theory and Design. Plurality and dictatorship are less desirable as decision rules because they do not require the involvement of the broader group to determine a choice.
This happens when certain members of the group have information that is not known by all of the members in the group.
Averaging responses will cancel out extreme opinions, but the final decision might disappoint many members. To avoid such problems, it is necessary to take decisions in an organized way.
Board members should also be asked if there are any factors that have helped or hindered their performance. Decision making is a simple process when approached in a logical and purposeful manner.
In a time of rapid change, the presence of new people who bring a new perspective will promote creativity and innovation in board decision-making. Just-in-time Board Orientation Another component of board effectiveness is training and orientation provided in a timely manner.
A lack of sleep slows down your decision making in crisis situations according to research from Washington State University. An executive committee meeting agenda planning form can be found at the end of the article.
So, are two or more heads better than one. What is selected as possible or not possible, acceptable or unacceptable, negotiable or non-negotiable depends upon the culture of the firm itself and its environment. However, there is also a high cost to delay.
It will still be important to provide for meeting space that matches the needs of the group, a written meeting agenda and any necessary information mailed out to members in advance of the meeting.
Delegation saves time and is a good method for less important decisions, but ignored members might react negatively. Listen to your own intuition, too, and quietly and methodically test assumptions and decisions against your own experience. These steps will also help enhance your decision-making skills for different types of decision making.
In order to maximize board member commitment to the process, it is important that they are actors in the assessment process, rather than the passive recipients of someone else's evaluation of their performance. As a result, cognitive and motivational biases can often affect group decision-making adversely.
The Executive Committee plays three critical roles: It truly is a year-round function: This effect states that an overall perception of a person may be impacted by their ability in one area e.
These votes are then used to select a decision, either by simple majority, supermajority or other more or less complicated voting system. The next element of committee effectiveness is members who have been thoughtfully appointed. Participants in decision making meetings are sometimes unsure about various facets of the decision arrived at.
This uses cycles of anonymous, written discussion and argument, managed by a facilitator. How to Make a Decision in Six Steps The first step towards a decision-making procedure is to define the problem. Random The group leaves the choice to chance. Committees also give members the chance to freely and discuss issues in an informal setting.
Prior decision making work in rational decision making focused on models that reduce or eliminate emotional bias. They can help reduce the risk of human errors. In the wider process of problem-solving, decision-making involves choosing between possible solutions to a problem.
Decisions can be made through either an. Effective Decision-Making: How to make better decisions under uncertainty and pressure - Kindle edition by Edoardo Binda Zane.
Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading Effective Decision-Making: How to make better decisions under uncertainty and pressure.
7 STEPS TO EFFECTIVE DECISION MAKING Decision making is the process of making choices by identifying a decision, gathering information, and assessing alternative resolutions. Using a step-by-step decision-making process can help you make more deliberate, thoughtful decisions by organizing relevant information and de˜ning alternatives.
Emotional decision making can improve decisions when managed as part of the process. Research in the last few decades has started to look at emotional decision making with a new perspective. D ecisions shape our lives. | https://gikihozyxi.degisiktatlar.com/how-an-effective-decision-making-process-35758fc.html |
Badly behaved finance
Last year was the worst year for mainstream investors since 2008. As 2019 looms ahead, investors, asset managers and advisers work overtime to make sense of why it all happened as it did. It also involves its fair share of personal and psychological soul-searching.
We’re all predictably irrational. Evolution gave us a set of reflexes for fast decision-making that override our thought processes, largely because these reflexive responses have strong emotive content.
These hard-wired psychological biases are something advisers and managers simply must understand if they’re to be able to guide clients to good solutions, because they’re the real source of the fear-greed dynamic that drives financial markets.
The instincts that helped us avoid being eaten by the sabre-toothed tiger evolved to include overrides, just like what happens when you jump out of the way of a bus before you start to think. But we apply gut-driven heuristics (rules of thumb) to all sorts of things that didn’t exist on the African savannah, including stock markets, where relying on instinctive-emotive responses can result in being skinned rather than being saved.
Man is naturally poor at assessing probabilities, instead relying on gut responses to decide whether something’s risky. We use single reference points (useful for running away from danger) to assess complex situations, where they just don’t work. We value what we’ve got far higher than what we haven’t (on the savannah, the meal in the hand was worth many meals in the bush), so the ‘endowment effect’ biases our investment decisions. And so on.
However hard we try to be rational, we still get carried along by the wave.
So, for financial advisers and managers, the behavioural finance problems are twofold. One: identifying biases in your clients and trying to prevent them from severely damaging the client’s interests. Two: trying to identify areas in which you are being affected by herding and other reality-bending mental quirks.
Behavioural finance isn’t some new box of tricks nor one that contains any magic bullets. Charlie Munger, Warren Buffett’s long-term partner at Berkshire Hathaway, has been saying for the last 40 years that identifying your own biases and correcting them is the most difficult and rewarding thing you can do as an investor.
Before tackling that issue, my advice for you is to assess your own ‘irrationality’ and work out what you have to do to correct it. Then think about how you can apply that to your own adviser or manager. You’ll probably discover that many of them are less irrational than you are.
This article is intended to provide a general review of certain topics and its purpose is to inform but NOT to recommend or support any specific course of action. | https://www.portugalresident.com/2019/01/31/badly-behaved-finance-2/ |
Slow thinking can keep kids out of trouble.
- By
- May 22, 2016
- CBR - Behavioral Science
If you’re driving and see a red light ahead, you hit the brakes.
That’s an example of automaticity, or an automatic response you have to a familiar situation. While stopping a car can keep you safe, other automatic responses can be dangerous—particularly for at-risk youth. Research suggests that teaching disadvantaged teens to recognize and counter their automaticity can help keep them in school and out of prison.
The six researchers—University of Pennsylvania’s Sara B. Heller, Chicago Booth’s Anuj K. Shah, Northwestern University’s Jonathan Guryan, Chicago Harris’s Jens Ludwig, Harvard University’s Sendhil Mullainathan, and University of Chicago’s Harold A. Pollack—write that automatic responses can be shaped by the situations we’re in, which in turn may depend on our socioeconomic group.
Consider two teenagers, one growing up in a middle-class neighborhood and the other in a disadvantaged one. Their automatic responses to figures of authority look different, which makes sense when you consider what is likely to be a stark contrast in their environments. A middle-class youth is likely to respond to authority figures, such as his teachers, with compliance, while an at-risk youth’s automatic response is likely to be retaliation.
For that at-risk youth, retaliation is a coping mechanism that may aid him on the streets but will harm him in the classroom. “Being told by a teacher to sit down and be quiet so class can start may at first glance feel like one’s reputation is at stake. This creates problems because in poor areas the response that is adaptive outside of school has negative consequences if deployed in school,” the researchers write.
But at-risk teens benefit from learning to act less automatically and instead assess situations and respond appropriately. The researchers looked at three large-scale interventions that aim to teach this kind of slow thinking. Two involved the Becoming a Man (BAM) program, offered in Chicago Public Schools, while the third was run at the Cook Country Juvenile Detention Center. The data from three randomized controlled trials suggest that such interventions can have drastic effects.
The first trial involved 2,740 young men in 7th through 10th grade in 18 public schools on the poorer south and west sides of Chicago. For one academic year, some teens were offered weekly, in-school sessions with BAM, where they learned to use techniques—including counting backward and deep breathing—that would help them act less automatically. Others participated in after-school sports where they learned some of the same techniques. The researchers find that during the program year, participation in BAM or related programs reduced arrests for violent crimes by 44 percent, and for other crimes by 36 percent. The BAM intervention, they estimate, could translate into graduation rate gains of up to 22 percent.
In a second trial involving BAM, focused on high schools, arrests fell by 31 percent. Using a game that provoked participants to retaliate against unfair behavior, the researchers also determined that BAM increased by 79 percent the time teens spent thinking before they acted.
A third trial, conducted at the juvenile detention center, reduced return rates to the center by about 21 percent, according to the study.
“These programs do not tell youth what their responses should be (‘fight’ or ‘don’t fight’),” write the researchers. “Instead these programs help youths more deliberately choose what they feel is the appropriate response.”
The interventions, they note, are distinct from other types of services that have been evaluated previously, including vocational education, job training, cash or in-kind transfers, and early childhood education. “The interventions we study look different from the most common strategies tried with disadvantaged youth, and seem to be more effective.”
Sarah B. Heller, Anuj K. Shah, Jonathan Guryan, Jens Ludwig, Sendhil Mullainathan, and Harold A. Pollack, "Thinking, Fast and Slow? Some Field Experiments to Reduce Crime and Dropout in Chicago," Working paper, May 2015.
Your Privacy
We want to demonstrate our commitment to your privacy. Please review Chicago Booth's privacy notice, which provides information explaining how and why we collect particular information when you visit our website. | https://www.chicagobooth.edu/review/powerful-tool-risk-youth |
For a board of directors to deliberate effectively, there’s often some amount of “ice” to be broken with regards to receiving honest feedback. In the last installment of our two-part series, Cut to the Candor: Breaking the Ice for Honest Insights, we discussed some of the many reasons someone contributing to board decision-making (either in the Evaluation or the Deliberation Phase) might reserve their candid opinions. Finding the source of hesitation plays an important role in the subject of our final installment: guiding board feedback to preserve candor.
Breaking the Ice
By “breaking the ice”, we really mean “breaking any barriers to candor”. Hesitance, in these situations, often vanishes once that initial barrier has been broken. Ultimately, anonymity is one of the best tools for getting honest feedback from a group. There are very few situations for which anonymous voting or the submission of anonymous feedback does not effectively remedy a hesitant response. However, setting up an anonymous voting or response submission method is time-consuming and may not always be an option. Best practice dictates that a group of decision-makers should be kept small. Preserving anonymity in a small group may not be a realistic option (i.e. group of five decision-makers will likely know who an anonymous response is coming from). In most cases, anonymity only serves as a band-aid; a temporary fix. It’s only one of the best tools for collecting honest feedback because it avoids having to confront or acknowledge the existence of hesitance. Given the weaknesses and vulnerabilities in using anonymity to promote candor, we have to consider more stalwart solutions.
Addressing it Outright
Taking a moment at the top of the meeting to address the effort to promote honest discussion may be enough to break the ice in a small handful of cases. However, it primarily serves to soften the blow of future attempts to break the ice. It can also provide an excuse. If you wait too long before calling for candor, your group may associate your timing with a specific response. This may deepen the level of discomfort and place candid feedback even farther out of reach. Addressing the need for candor early on shifts the motive for reinforcing this need to your earlier remarks rather than the preceding response.
Asking for Criticism
As mentioned in the previous method, shifting the motive, or potential for social awkwardness onto the desire to maintain an honest, objective, and critical discussion significantly contributes to your effectiveness in breaking the ice. Sometimes the best way to make that shift is by asking for criticism directly. If you sense that a board member is being reserved in their responses towards a given topic, asking the group to pick the topic apart through a critical lens may give the hesitant contributor an opportunity to voice their concerns.
You may detect hesitation surrounding topics for which the group appears to be in consensus. This can make it harder to shift the motives behind your call for candor. In these situations, you’ll need to demand criticism “solely” for the sake of maintaining a critical eye throughout the decision-making process. The best option would be to call for criticism or a discussion of risks and vulnerabilities for every idea brought before the group. This makes asking for it directly after sensing hesitation seem less out of the ordinary.
Using Careful Wording
Being mindful of your wording is an easy way to chip away at the psychological barriers to offering honest feedback. Consider the following when deciding how to phrase a request for criticism:
- Is your request specific and unambiguous?
- Does your request for criticism appear to be motivated by the desire to prompt a group member into offering their honest insights? (This should be avoided.)
- Does your request make it clear that you’re looking for criticism from each group member?
When you sense someone holding out on offering a candid critique, asking for “criticism” (as opposed to “feedback”) invites criticism specifically. People don’t want to single themselves out in offering criticism. Asking for “feedback”, “thoughts”, etc. does nothing to strip away that mental blockade. Group members will still be perceived as having chosen to offer genuine criticism. This is where a little strategic verbiage can go a long way. Think about what careful wording achieves in this question:
“Can we all try to poke some holes in our logic here just to make sure we’re thinking critically?”
It asks, specifically and unambiguously, for group members to offer their criticisms. Saying “we all” implies the involvement of each group member. Adding a “just” makes the request sound less imposing and implies that the request is being made for no other reason than to “make sure we’re thinking critically” (which also serves to shift the motive).
Making a Targeted Request
There are certain situations in which directly asking a group member for their honest input is all it takes to break the ice. For example, if an employee is deliberating at the same table as their direct supervisor, it’s understandable that they sugar coat their responses so as to not rock the boat. However, if their supervisor is on the same page — that candor is more valuable than how it may make another person or department look — it’s often best to directly address the employee’s reservations. Even if a group member is unwilling to offer their full, honest opinion, asking for it directly may coax out a response that hints at their true concerns.
Turning the Criticism On Yourself
Sometimes the fastest way to break the ice is over your own head. Asking group members to challenge your ideas can be effective in snowballing the energy and willingness towards engaging in an honest dialogue. This method can be made more effective by asking for criticism immediately after the idea has been explained and all clarifications have been offered. Making the request for criticism very deliberate communicates to others in the group that you’d like them to follow suit.
· · ·
As a best practice in breaking the ice, make sure that any method you choose is implemented as early in the decision-making process as possible. This includes both the Evaluation and the Deliberation Phase.
Breaking the ice and cutting to the candor isn’t always easy. It requires the emotional intelligence to (1) detect that someone is withholding their candor, (2) understand why they might be withholding it, and (3) initiate methods of breaking the ice to open them up for an honest dialogue. Successfully breaking the ice can make a world of difference in the efficiency and effectiveness of board decision-making.And, while we’re on the subject of helping your board of directors make more effective decisions, have you heard about Directorpoint’s board management software? Our powerful, easy-to-use platform keeps board members engaged and organized; making your communication more effective, your meetings more efficient, and your documents more secure. Schedule a demo today to learn how Directorpoint is helping organizations make better decisions… across the board! | https://landing.directorpoint.com/blog/guiding-board-feedback-to-preserve-candor-cut-to-the-candor-part-two/ |
In social species like humans, the information we have about group members and the nature of their relationships can help us make decisions about how to interact with each other. This process impacts our decisions about whom to fight and when to cooperate. Scientists have studied aspects of how people process information in social situations through controlled lab experiments. However, to more comprehensively understand the interplay of sociality, decision-making, and information, we need more complex models that incorporate dynamics of real-world interactions.
A working group meeting February 4-6 is developing a generalizable theory about the role of information in group conflict. The meeting is part of a grant from the Army Research Office, funding a project led by SFI External Professor Simon DeDeo (Carnegie Mellon), ASU-SFI Fellow Elizabeth Hobson, and Dan Mønster, Associate Professor at Aarhus University and a recent sabbatical visitor at SFI.
At the heart of their project is a networked computer game developed by Mønster. As people play the game in the lab, the team can adjust the amount and type of information each player receives about others, and monitor how every individual’s decisions change in relation to the information they have. The researchers detect signatures of these decision-making processes using new computational tools.
The team hopes the working group will develop new connections for linking lab results and real-world data and identify other systems in which networked computer games may be useful for understanding social decisions.
Read more about the working group "The role of information in complex conflict." | https://santafe.edu/news-center/news/fight-or-cooperate-working-group-study-dynamics-sociality-decision-making-and-information |
A cyclotron is a type of particle accelerator invented by Ernest O. Lawrence in 1929-1930 at the University of California, Berkeley, and patented in 1932. A cyclotron accelerates charged particles outwards from the center of a flat cylindrical vacuum chamber along a spiral path. The particles are held to a spiral trajectory by a static magnetic field and accelerated by a rapidly varying (radio frequency) electric field. Lawrence was awarded the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics for this invention.
Cyclotrons were the most powerful particle accelerator technology until the 1950s when they were superseded by the synchrotron, and are still used to produce particle beams in physics and nuclear medicine. The largest single-magnet cyclotron was the 4.67 m (184 in) synchrocyclotron built between 1940 and 1946 by Lawrence at the University of California, Berkeley, which could accelerate protons to 730 mega electron volts (MeV). The largest cyclotron is the 17.1 m (56 ft) multimagnet TRIUMF accelerator at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, which can produce 500 MeV protons.
Close to 1500 cyclotrons are used in nuclear medicine worldwide for the production of radionuclides.
Hungarian Leo Szilard was the first who invented and patented the linear accelerator (1928) and the cyclotron in Germany in 1929. The first American cyclotron was developed and patented by Ernest Lawrence in 1932 at the University of California, Berkeley. He used large electromagnets recycled from obsolete Poulsen arc radio transmitters provided by the Federal Telegraph Company. A graduate student, M. Stanley Livingston, did much of the work of translating the idea into working hardware. Lawrence read an article about the concept of a drift tube linac by Rolf Widerøe, who had also been working along similar lines with the betatron concept. At the Radiation Laboratory of the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence constructed a series of cyclotrons which were the most powerful accelerators in the world at the time; a 69 cm (27 in) 4.8 MeV machine (1932), a 94 cm (37 in) 8 MeV machine (1937), and a 152 cm (60 in) 16 MeV machine (1939). He also developed a 467 cm (184 in), 730 MeV synchrocyclotron (1945). Lawrence received the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics for this work.
The first European cyclotron was constructed in Leningrad (then Soviet Union) in the physics department of the Radium Institute, headed by Vitaly Khlopin. This Leningrad instrument was first proposed in 1932 by George Gamow and Lev Mysovskii and was installed and became operative by 1937. In Nazi Germany a cyclotron was built in Heidelberg under supervision of Walther Bothe and Wolfgang Gentner, with support from the Heereswaffenamt, and became operative in 1943.
A cyclotron accelerates a charged particle beam using a high frequency alternating voltage which is applied between two hollow "D"-shaped sheet metal electrodes called "dees" inside a vacuum chamber. The dees are placed face to face with a narrow gap between them, creating a cylindrical space within them for the particles to move. The particles are injected into the center of this space. The dees are located between the poles of a large electromagnet which applies a static magnetic field B perpendicular to the electrode plane. The magnetic field causes the particles' path to bend in a circle due to the Lorentz force perpendicular to their direction of motion.
If the particles' speeds were constant, they would travel in a circular path within the dees under the influence of the magnetic field. However a radio frequency (RF) alternating voltage of several thousand volts is applied between the dees. The voltage creates an oscillating electric field in the gap between the dees that accelerates the particles. The frequency is set so that the particles make one circuit during a single cycle of the voltage. To achieve this, the frequency must match the particle's cyclotron resonance frequency
where B is the magnetic field strength, q is the electric charge of the particle and m is the relativistic mass of the charged particle. Each time after the particles pass to the other dee electrode the polarity of the RF voltage reverses. Therefore, each time the particles cross the gap from one dee electrode to the other, the electric field is in the correct direction to accelerate them. The particles' increasing speed due to these pushes causes them to move in a larger radius circle with each rotation, so the particles move in a spiral path outward from the center to the rim of the dees. When they reach the rim a small voltage on a metal plate deflects the beam so it exits the dees through a small gap between them, and hits a target located at the exit point at the rim of the chamber, or leaves the cyclotron through an evacuated beam tube to hit a remote target. Various materials may be used for the target, and the nuclear reactions due to the collisions will create secondary particles which may be guided outside of the cyclotron and into instruments for analysis.
The cyclotron was the first "cyclical" accelerator. The advantage of the cyclotron design over the existing electrostatic accelerators of the time such as the Cockcroft-Walton accelerator and Van de Graaff generator, was that in these machines the particles were only accelerated once by the voltage, so the particles' energy was equal to the accelerating voltage on the machine, which was limited by air breakdown to a few million volts. In the cyclotron, in contrast, the particles encounter the accelerating voltage many times during their spiral path, and so are accelerated many times, so the output energy can be many times the accelerating voltage.
Since the particles in a cyclotron are accelerated by the voltage many times, the final energy of the particles is not dependent on the accelerating voltage but on the strength of the magnetic field and the diameter of the accelerating chamber, the dees. Cyclotrons can only accelerate particles to speeds much slower than the speed of light, nonrelativistic speeds. For nonrelativistic particles, the centripetal force required to keep them in their curved path is
where is the particle's mass, its velocity, and is the radius of the path. This force is provided by the Lorentz force of the magnetic field
where is the particle's charge. The particles reach their maximum energy at the periphery of the dees, where the radius of their path is the radius of the dees. Equating these two forces
So the output energy of the particles is
Therefore, the limit to the cyclotron's output energy for a given type of particle is the strength of the magnetic field , which is limited to about 2 T for ferromagnetic electromagnets, and the radius of the dees , which is determined by the diameter of the magnet's pole pieces. So very large magnets were constructed for cyclotrons, culminating in Lawrence's 1946 synchrocyclotron, which had pole pieces 4.67 m (184 in) (15.3 feet) in diameter.
In the non-relativistic approximation, the cyclotron frequency does not depend upon the particle's speed or the radius of the particle's orbit. As the beam spirals outward, the rotation frequency stays constant, and the beam continues to accelerate as it travels a greater distance in the same time period.
In contrast to this approximation, as particles approach the speed of light, the cyclotron frequency decreases proportionally to the particle's Lorentz factor. A rigorous proof of this fact (starting from Newton's second law) is given here: Relativistic_mechanics#Force. Acceleration of relativistic particles therefore requires either modification to the frequency during the acceleration, leading to the synchrocyclotron, or modification to the magnetic field during the acceleration, which leads to the isochronous cyclotron. The relativistic mass can be rewritten as
where
The relativistic cyclotron frequency and angular frequency can be rewritten as
where
The gyroradius for a particle moving in a static magnetic field is then given by
because
where v would be the (linear) velocity.
A synchrocyclotron is a cyclotron in which the frequency of the driving RF electric field is varied to compensate for relativistic effects as the particles' velocity begins to approach the speed of light. This is in contrast to the classical cyclotron, where the frequency was held constant, thus leading to the synchrocyclotron operation frequency being
where is the classical cyclotron frequency and again is the relative velocity of the particle beam. The rest mass of an electron is 511 keV/c2, so the frequency correction is 1% for a magnetic vacuum tube with a 5.11 kV direct current accelerating voltage. The proton mass is nearly two thousand times the electron mass, so the 1% correction energy is about 9 MeV, which is sufficient to induce nuclear reactions.
An alternative to the synchrocyclotron is the isochronous cyclotron, which has a magnetic field that increases with radius, rather than with time. Isochronous cyclotrons are capable of producing much greater beam current than synchrocyclotrons, but require azimuthal variations in the field strength to provide a strong focusing effect and keep the particles captured in their spiral trajectory. For this reason, an isochronous cyclotron is also called an "AVF (azimuthal varying field) cyclotron". This solution for focusing the particle beam was proposed by L. H. Thomas in 1938. Recalling the relativistic gyroradius and the relativistic cyclotron frequency , one can choose to be proportional to the Lorentz factor, . This results in the relation which again only depends on the velocity , like in the non-relativistic case. Also, the cyclotron frequency is constant in this case. | http://www.popflock.com/learn?s=Cyclotron |
Dear Fermi Lab,
My name is Riley (Buddy) Martin Cumberland. I'm writing to say I've thought of a way to accelerate subatomic particles that have a charge to about the speed of light without a lot of electricity. I'm 10 years old but when I was 9, I thought of this. My birthday is NOV. 7, 1987 just for my id.
(signed)
Dear Riley (Buddy) Martin Cumberland,
This is Dr. G. William Foster, a physicist on the staff of Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. I got my Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1984 and have been working for Fermi Lab, building experiments and particle accelerators ever since. I was delighted to see someone of your age working on a problem as tough as the one in your letter. Did you really come up this idea when you were nine? As far as I can tell you have many of the aspects figured out right, and (not too surprisingly) there are some engineering problems to solve before you get a working device!
One of the first things that you got right is that you need to have charged particles to really accelerate them. Except for electric (and magnetic) fields, there isn't any other good "handle" to grab on to subatomic particles with. For example, if you tried to use gravity to accelerate particles by dropping them out of the window of a building, they would accelerate alright but they would only be going fifty or sixty miles an hour (mph) when they hit the ground. [Actually when we get serious in physics, we usually use the metric system so I would be telling you that they would be going 100 kilometers per hour when they hit the ground... so when they make you study the metric system in school, PAY ATTENTION!] There are other ways to grab onto particles, called the Strong Nuclear Force and Weak Nuclear Force. The problem with these forces is they tend to rip the particles apart (or absorb them) instead of just accelerate them. So, as you correctly figured out, we are basically stuck with electric and magnetic fields.
Another thing that you have figured out is that you have to get the timing right of the electric fields, and that you have to reverse the electric fields if you are going to switch between positive particles (like protons) and negative particles (like antiprotons or electrons). Actually, there is a trick that we use around here which is to use an electric field which reverses back and forth really fast. Then when the electric field can go positive then the protons go by to get accelerated, and then it goes negative when it is time for the antiprotons to go by to get accelerated. This way, we can use the same electric fields to accelerate BOTH protons and antiprotons in the same machine! (Did you know that Fermilab has the worlds biggest "Antiproton Source" which is used to manufacture antimatter for high energy physics experiments?).
Now let's talk about some of the problems, the first problem is a "dumb" problem, and is easy to fix. The pipe that you have is a PVC pipe (PVC stands for Poly Vinyl Chloride) and is basically a good engineering plastic for most purposes. The problem with using it as the pipe for particles to travel down (high energy phyicists call this the "Beam Pipe") is that you have to pump out all the air so that the subatomic particles don't hit the air. You have to do a really good job of this... for example, the storage ring that we store our antimatter in has to have a better vacuum than the moon! Now, the problem with using PVC for the beam pipe is that when you try to pump it down, atoms of PVC and other stuff keep jumping off the surface of the pipe and puking up the vacuum. So, we gotta use glass or aluminum or stainless steel usually. However, I love the idea of figuring out ways to make high energy accelerators cheaper... maybe we could try putting a thin metal coating on the inside of the PVC pipe and come up with something cheap that still does the job? Keep me posted on your ideas.
The second problem that I worry about with your idea is that the electrical voltage to get the particle moving near the speed of light will get to be so big that it will spark (like lightning!) instead of accelerating the particle. People have tried some things that are not too different than your design and they often have found problems with things sparking. One trick that we use at Fermilab is to use magnets. The magnets don't accelerate the particles, but they do bend the particles around in a circle. Then, each time the particles go around, we use an electric field (similar to your design) to tap the particles forward and make them go a little faster. Then the particles go faster and faster as they go around in circles ... over a million times around the ring, the particles can get millions of times more energy, and you only need the one dinky, little, electric field! Do you think that your idea could be adapted to this?
Well, anyway, I really appreciate your letter, and feel free to write me back again. If your school (or your house) has a connection to the Internet, you can learn all about Fermilab at the Web site: http://www.fnal.gov. In case it doesn't, I've enclosed some information about Fermilab and its particle accelerators.
and KEEP INVENTING! | https://www.fnal.gov/pub/inquiring/questions/accel_newconc.html |
In the particle physics, the particle accelerators are used to accelerate the electrons in a tube for performing experiment on them or to understand their behavior under certain conditions.
The Electrostatic Accelerators are primitive one used for experimental purposes. These accelerators used single source of high voltage to accelerate the particle in the tube. The main disadvantage of these accelerators is the large energy requirement and the distance traveled by the accelerated particles is very less.
The Oscillating Field Accelerators are the type of particle accelerators, several low energy but oscillating high voltage sources are used to accelerate the particles. In these types of particle accelerators the electrode are arranged either in the linear manner or in the circular manner to accelerate the particle linearly or circularly depending upon the type of experiment required. There are various types of Oscillating Field Accelerators.
The most common of these are Linear Particle Accelerators or Circular (or cyclic) Accelerators. Let us study about this Linear Particle Accelerator in this section.
The Linear Accelerator was invented separately by two scientists Physicist Rolf Wideroe's and Leo Szilard nearly at the same time.
The Linear Accelerator is the type of oscillating field accelerators. It accelerates a charged particle by making the charged particle pass through the various oscillating voltage sources.
The passage is linear that is the reason why this accelerator is known as linear accelerator. It is also termed in short as Linac.
The operation of this device is very simple. It has several voltage plates. When a particle approaches it the voltage at the plate is set such that they attract the particles. The particles accelerated towards the plate cavity. As they approach near the plate cavity, the voltage polarity of the plate is switched such that now they repel particle towards the next plate. In this whole process the particles are greatly accelerated.
These devices accelerate the particle nearly to the speed of the light, for this reason the cavity are mostly microwave cavities.
These devices have completely replaced Cobalt 60 devices which were used previously for radio treatment of the tumors and cancerous tissues.
These devices found there use in various applications like used as the feeder device for the circular accelerators and also used in radiotherapy for curing the tumors in the human body or in radio surgery.
The linear particle accelerator is also termed as linear accelerator. The name is evident from the fact that these devices are cylindrical in shape and particles are accelerated in the straight paths unlike in some accelerators where the particles accelerate and move in circular fashion.
The largest linear accelerator is SLAC (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center). This device is 3 kilometers long and is capable of accelerating the charged particle up to 25 GeV.
The particle source is used to produce a particle which needs to be accelerated. The particle source depends on the type of particle, for electron cathodes are used, for protons ion sources are used.
The high voltage source is required to inject these particle into the linear accelerator.
The length of hollow pipe vacuum chamber depends on the purpose of the use of linear accelerator. The length of hollow pipe varies from 0.5 meters to tens of meters.
In the hollow chamber the electrodes are placed such that the particle is accelerated at the desired acceleration towards the target. The lengths of the electrodes are depending on the type of particle to be accelerated. The length of the electrodes near the source of particle is small, while the length of electrodes near the target is large.
To energize the electrodes, radio frequency source are used. The radio frequency sources should be operated at correct voltage, right frequency and phase so as to get the maximum device efficiency.
The target materials used depends upon the type of examination and the particle used in the process. If X – rays are produced by the accelerating electron then the target is water cooled tungsten.
The Magnetic Linear Accelerator is also termed as Gauss rifle or Coil Gun. This device is made up of more than one electromagnetic coil. The alternating electric current is passed through them so that they switch there polarity frequently. When a magnetic body is passed between these coils, it gains very high velocity due to the oscillating magnetic field it produces.
The operation of the magnetic linear accelerator is similar to the linear accelerator.
It has series of coil arranged in the linear fashion along a barrel. A ferromagnetic ball is placed at one end of the barrel, the current is passed to the first coil near to that end. Due to this current flowing in the coil, a magnetic field is induced which attracts the ferromagnetic ball. The ball accelerates and as it approaches near to the center of that coil, the current to that coil is switched off and current to the next coil is switched on. Now the accelerated ferromagnetic ball is attracted towards the next coil and this process keeps on repeating. Due to this process the ball achieves very high velocity.
In military to launch the projectile over the hostile territory with less energy and more precision.
Electromagnetic Gun used in military: These gun are silent and of long range.
They Can be used in metro rails and in civil rail transport system. | https://physics.tutorvista.com/modern-physics/linear-accelerator.html |
Scientists investigating particle collisions at DOE’s Brookhaven National Laboratory’s Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), a US Department of Energy Office of Science user facility for nuclear physics research, have found solid evidence for two physics events predicted more than 80 years ago. The findings were published in Physical Review Letters after a comprehensive examination of more than 6,000 pairs of electrons and positrons generated in glancing particle collisions at RHIC.
The main discovery is that colliding highly energetic photons, which are quantum “packets” of light, may directly produce pairs of electrons and positrons, matter, and antimatter particles. The renowned E=mc2 equation says that energy and matter (or mass) are interchangeable. This conversion of energetic light into the matter is a direct result of Einstein’s famous E=mc2 equation. Matter is converted into energy by nuclear reactions in the sun and in nuclear power plants on a regular basis. Scientists have now successfully turned light energy into the matter in a single step.
The second finding indicates that depending on how light is polarized, the path of light moving through a magnetic field in a vacuum bends differently. When light travels through certain materials, it exhibits polarization-dependent deflection (known as birefringence). (This works in the same manner as wavelength-dependent deflection divides white light into rainbows.) However, this is the first time polarization-dependent light bending has been demonstrated in a vacuum.
Both discoveries rely on the Solenoid Tracker at RHIC’s STAR detector’s capacity to monitor the angular distribution of particles generated in glancing collisions of gold ions traveling at almost the speed of light.
Colliding clouds of photons –
When scientists Gregory Breit and John A. Wheeler proposed the idea of colliding light particles to produce pairs of electrons and their antimatter counterparts, known as positrons, in 1934, such capabilities didn’t exist.
“In their paper, Breit and Wheeler already realized this is almost impossible to do,” said Brookhaven Lab physicist Zhangbu Xu, a member of RHIC’s STAR Collaboration. “Lasers weren’t even invented yet! Breit and Wheeler, on the other hand, advocated a different approach: accelerating heavy ions. And their alternative is just what RHIC is doing.”
Ions are atoms that have been stripped of their electrons. With 79 protons, a gold ion has a strong positive charge. When a charged heavy ion is accelerated to extremely high speeds, it creates a strong magnetic field that spirals around the moving particle-like current running through a wire.
“If the speed is high enough, the strength of the circular magnetic field can be equal to the strength of the perpendicular electric field,” Xu said. And a photon is a quantized “particle” of light that is made up of perpendicular electric and magnetic fields of equal intensity. “As a result, as the ions approach the speed of light, a cloud of photons surrounds the gold nucleus and travels with it like a cloud.”
At RHIC, scientists accelerate gold ions to 99.995% of the speed of light in two accelerator rings.
“We have two clouds of photons moving in opposite directions with enough energy and intensity that when the two ions graze past each other without colliding, those photon fields can interact,” Xu said.
The interactions were monitored by STAR scientists, who sought for the expected electron-positron couples. However, at RHIC, such particle pairs can be produced by a variety of processes, including “virtual” photons, which are a type of photon that lives for a short time and has an effective mass. To be confident that the matter-antimatter couples came from actual photons, scientists must show that the input of “virtual” photons has no effect on the experiment’s conclusion.
To do so, the STAR researchers looked at the angular distribution patterns of each electron in relation to its positron companion. These patterns differ between pairings created by actual photon interactions and pairs formed by virtual photon interactions.
“We also measured all the energy, mass distributions, and quantum numbers of the systems. They are consistent with theory calculations for what would happen with real photons,” said Daniel Brandenburg, a Goldhaber Fellow at Brookhaven Lab, who analyzed the STAR data on this discovery.
Other researchers have attempted to produce electron-positron couples from light collisions by employing strong lasers to concentrate intense light beams. Individual photons inside those strong beams, however, do not yet have enough energy, according to Brandenburg.
In 1997, a nonlinear method was used in a successful experiment at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. The energy of the photons in one laser beam has to be increased first by colliding it with a strong electron beam. Matter and antimatter were generated when enhanced photons collided with numerous photons at the same time in a huge electromagnetic field created by another laser.
“Our results provide clear evidence of direct, one-step creation of matter-antimatter pairs from collisions of light as originally predicted by Breit and Wheeler,” Brandenburg said. “We can examine all of the kinematic distributions with high statistics to verify that the experimental results are really compatible with genuine photon collisions, thanks to RHIC’s high-energy heavy-ion beam and the STAR detector’s huge acceptance and precise measurements.”
Bending light in a vacuum –
The researchers were able to examine how light particles interact with the strong magnetic fields formed by the accelerated ions because to STAR’s capacity to monitor the small deflections of electrons and positrons produced nearly back-to-back in these occurrences.
“The cloud of photons surrounding the gold ions in one of RHIC’s beams is shooting into the strong circular magnetic field produced by the accelerated ions in the other gold beam,” said Chi Yang, a long-time STAR collaborator from Shandong University who spent his entire career studying electron-positron pairs produced from various processes at RHIC. “We can tell how polarized light interacts with the magnetic field by looking at the distribution of particles that come out.”
In 1936, Werner Heisenberg and Hans Heinrich Euler predicted that a vacuum of empty space could be polarized by a powerful magnetic field and that such a polarized vacuum would deflect photon paths depending on photon polarization, and in the 1950s, John Toll predicted that a vacuum of empty space could be polarized by a powerful magnetic field and that such a polarized vacuum would deflect photon paths depending on photon polarization. Toll’s thesis also explained how polarization affects light absorption by a magnetic field and how it relates to the refractive index of light in a vacuum. Birefringence, or polarization-dependent deflection, has been seen in a variety of crystals.
There was also a report recently of light from a neutron star bending in this direction, probably due to interactions with the star’s magnetic field. In a vacuum, however, no Earth-based experiment has discovered birefringence. The scientists at RHIC looked at how the polarization of light influenced whether it was “absorbed” by the magnetic field.
According to Yang, this is analogous to how polarized sunglasses prevent some photons from getting through if they don’t match the polarization of the lenses. In the instance of the sunglasses, you might theoretically detect a rise in the temperature of the lens material as it absorbs the energy of the blocked light, in addition to seeing less light come through. The electron-positron couples are formed at RHIC by the absorbed light energy.
“When we look at the products produced by photon-photon interactions at RHIC, we see that the angular distribution of the products depends on the angle of the polarization of the light. This indicates that the absorption (or passing) of light depends on its polarization,” Yang said.
This is the first Earth-based experimental evidence that polarization impacts light-magnetic field interactions in the vacuum, as predicted by vacuum birefringence in 1936. | https://www.assignmentpoint.com/science/physics/scientists-researching-particle-collisions-have-found-irrefutable-proof-of-two-physics-events-predicted-more-than-80-years-ago.html |
When using accelerators in industry and medicine, important are the dimensions of the device used, especially the radial ones. In the linear electron accelerators based on a biperiodic retarding structure, which operates in the standing wave mode, there is a possibility to provide focusing of the accelerated particles with the help of high-frequency fields without the use of external focusing elements. In the accelerating cell, due to the presence of the far protruding drift sleeves, the electric field lines become strongly curved, which leads to the appearance in the regions adjacent to these sleeves of a substantial in magnitude radial component of the electric field. The particles entering the accelerating gap experience the action of a force directed toward the axis of the system, and at the exit, of a force directed away from the axis. Under certain conditions, alternation of the focusing and defocusing fields can lead to a general focusing effect. In the paper we study the focusing properties of a modified biperiodic structure with standing wave. The main attention is paid to the possibility of using the focusing properties of the electromagnetic accelerating field for guiding the electron beam through the aperture of the accelerating system, which will lead to a significant reduction in the accelerator sizes. The proposed method can be applied in the calculation and design of linear electron accelerators.
Keywords
acceptance structures, beam emittance, biperiodic retarding system, drift sleeve, electromagnetic field of the cell, electron linear accelerator, particle dynamics, standing wave, the drift channel aperture.
Full Text:PDF
DOI: http://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i2.pp741-747
Total views : 155 times
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. | http://ijece.iaescore.com/index.php/IJECE/article/view/6419 |
A cyclotron is a type of particle accelerator invented by Ernest O. Lawrence in 1929–1930 at the University of California, Berkeley, and patented in 1932. A cyclotron accelerates charged particles outwards from the center of a flat cylindrical vacuum chamber along a spiral path. The particles are held to a spiral trajectory by a static magnetic field and accelerated by a rapidly varying (radio frequency) electric field. Lawrence was awarded the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics for this invention.
Cyclotrons were the most powerful particle accelerator technology until the 1950s when they were superseded by the synchrotron, and are still used to produce particle beams in physics and nuclear medicine. The largest single-magnet cyclotron was the 4.67 m (184 in) synchrocyclotron built between 1940 and 1946 by Lawrence at the University of California, Berkeley, which could accelerate protons to 730 mega electron volts (MeV). The largest cyclotron of its kind is the 17.1 m (56 ft) multimagnet TRIUMF accelerator at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, which can produce 520 MeV protons.
Close to 1500 cyclotrons are used in nuclear medicine worldwide for the production of radionuclides.
In 1928 Hungarian physicist Leo Szilárd invented and patented the linear accelerator. In January 1929, Szilárd became the first person to discuss the resonance condition (what is now called the cyclotron frequency) for a circular accelerating apparatus, in a patent application in Germany. He also invented and patented the first cyclotron and betatron too. A couple months later, in the early summer of 1929, Ernest Lawrence came up with the cyclotron idea when he read a paper by Rolf Widerøe describing a drift tube linac. He published a paper in Science in 1930, and patented the device in 1932. He used large electromagnets recycled from obsolete Poulsen arc radio transmitters provided by the Federal Telegraph Company. A graduate student, M. Stanley Livingston, did much of the work of translating the idea into working hardware. At the Radiation Laboratory of the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence and his collaborators constructed a series of cyclotrons which were the most powerful accelerators in the world at the time; a 69 cm (27 in) 4.8 MeV machine (1932), a 94 cm (37 in) 8 MeV machine (1937), and a 152 cm (60 in) 16 MeV machine (1939). He also developed a 467 cm (184 in), 730 MeV synchrocyclotron (1945). Lawrence received the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it.
The first European cyclotron was constructed in Leningrad (then Soviet Union) in the physics department of the Radium Institute, headed by Vitaly Khlopin. This Leningrad instrument was first proposed in 1932 by George Gamow and Lev Mysovskii and was installed and became operative by 1937.
In Nazi Germany a cyclotron was built in 1937, in Otto Hahn laboratory in Berlin-Dahlem (Kaiser Wilhelm Institure), also used by Rudolf Fleischmann. It was the first cyclotron with a Greinacher multiplier to rise the voltage to 2.8 MV and 3 mA current. A second cyclotron ws built in Heidelberg under supervision of Walther Bothe and Wolfgang Gentner, with support from the Heereswaffenamt, and became operative in 1943.
A cyclotron accelerates a charged particle beam using a high frequency alternating voltage which is applied between two hollow "D"-shaped sheet metal electrodes called "dees" inside a vacuum chamber. The dees are placed face to face with a narrow gap between them, creating a cylindrical space within them for the particles to move. The particles are injected into the center of this space. The dees are located between the poles of a large electromagnet which applies a static magnetic field B perpendicular to the electrode plane. The magnetic field causes the particles' path to bend in a circle due to the Lorentz force perpendicular to their direction of motion.
If the particles' speeds were constant, they would travel in a circular path within the dees under the influence of the magnetic field. However a radio frequency (RF) alternating voltage of several thousand volts is applied between the dees. The voltage creates an oscillating electric field in the gap between the dees that accelerates the particles. The frequency is set so that the particles make one circuit during a single cycle of the voltage. To achieve this, the frequency must match the particle's cyclotron resonance frequency
where B is the magnetic field strength, q is the electric charge of the particle and m is the relativistic mass of the charged particle. Each time after the particles pass to the other dee electrode the polarity of the RF voltage reverses. Therefore, each time the particles cross the gap from one dee electrode to the other, the electric field is in the correct direction to accelerate them. The particles' increasing speed due to these pushes causes them to move in a larger radius circle with each rotation, so the particles move in a spiral path outward from the center to the rim of the dees. When they reach the rim a small voltage on a metal plate deflects the beam so it exits the dees through a small gap between them, and hits a target located at the exit point at the rim of the chamber, or leaves the cyclotron through an evacuated beam tube to hit a remote target. Various materials may be used for the target, and the nuclear reactions due to the collisions will create secondary particles which may be guided outside of the cyclotron and into instruments for analysis.
The cyclotron was the first "cyclical" accelerator. The advantage of the cyclotron design over the existing electrostatic accelerators of the time such as the Cockcroft-Walton accelerator and Van de Graaff generator, was that in these machines the particles were only accelerated once by the voltage, so the particles' energy was equal to the accelerating voltage on the machine, which was limited by air breakdown to a few million volts. In the cyclotron, in contrast, the particles encounter the accelerating voltage many times during their spiral path, and so are accelerated many times, so the output energy can be many times the accelerating voltage.
Since the particles in a cyclotron are accelerated by the voltage many times, the final energy of the particles is not dependent on the accelerating voltage but on the strength of the magnetic field and the diameter of the accelerating chamber, the dees. The classic cyclotron can only accelerate particles to speeds much slower than the speed of light, nonrelativistic speeds. For nonrelativistic particles, the centripetal force required to keep them in their curved path is
where is the particle's mass, its velocity, and is the radius of the path. This force is provided by the Lorentz force of the magnetic field
where is the particle's charge. The particles reach their maximum energy at the periphery of the dees, where the radius of their path is the radius of the dees. Equating these two forces
So the output energy of the particles is
Therefore, the limit to the cyclotron's output energy for a given type of particle is the strength of the magnetic field , which is limited to about 2 T for ferromagnetic electromagnets, and the radius of the dees , which is determined by the diameter of the magnet's pole pieces. So very large magnets were constructed for cyclotrons, culminating in Lawrence's 1946 synchrocyclotron, which had pole pieces 4.67 m (184 in) (15.3 feet) in diameter.
The cyclotron has evolved in a number of different forms
In the non-relativistic approximation, the cyclotron frequency does not depend upon the particle's speed or the radius of the particle's orbit. As the beam spirals outward, the rotation frequency stays constant, and the beam continues to accelerate as it travels a greater distance in the same time period.
In contrast to this approximation, as particles approach the speed of light, the cyclotron frequency decreases proportionally to the particle's Lorentz factor. A rigorous proof of this fact (starting from Newton's second law) is given here: Relativistic mechanics#Force. Acceleration of relativistic particles therefore requires either modification to the frequency during the acceleration, leading to the synchrocyclotron, or modification to the magnetic field during the acceleration, which leads to the isochronous cyclotron. The relativistic mass can be rewritten as
where
The relativistic cyclotron frequency and angular frequency can be rewritten as
where
The gyroradius for a particle moving in a static magnetic field is then given by
because
where v would be the (linear) velocity.
A synchrocyclotron is a cyclotron in which the frequency of the driving RF electric field is varied to compensate for relativistic effects as the particles' velocity begins to approach the speed of light. This is in contrast to the classical cyclotron, where the frequency was held constant, thus leading to the synchrocyclotron operation frequency being
where is the classical cyclotron frequency and again is the relative velocity of the particle beam. The rest mass of an electron is 511 keV/c2, so the frequency correction is 1% for a magnetic vacuum tube with a 5.11 kV direct current accelerating voltage. The proton mass is nearly two thousand times the electron mass, so the 1% correction energy is about 9 MeV, which is sufficient to induce nuclear reactions.
An alternative to the synchrocyclotron is the isochronous cyclotron, which has a magnetic field that increases with radius, rather than with time. Isochronous cyclotrons are capable of producing much greater beam current than synchrocyclotrons, but require azimuthal variations in the field strength to provide a strong focusing effect and keep the particles captured in their spiral trajectory. For this reason, an isochronous cyclotron is also called an "AVF (azimuthal varying field) cyclotron". This solution for focusing the particle beam was proposed by L. H. Thomas in 1938. Recalling the relativistic gyroradius and the relativistic cyclotron frequency , one can choose to be proportional to the Lorentz factor, . This results in the relation which again only depends on the velocity , like in the non-relativistic case. Also, the cyclotron frequency is constant in this case.
The transverse de-focusing effect of this radial field gradient is compensated by ridges on the magnet faces which vary the field azimuthally as well. This allows particles to be accelerated continuously, on every period of the radio frequency (RF), rather than in bursts as in most other accelerator types. This principle that alternating field gradients have a net focusing effect is called strong focusing. It was obscurely known theoretically long before it was put into practice. Examples of isochronous cyclotrons abound; in fact almost all modern cyclotrons use azimuthally-varying fields. The TRIUMF cyclotron mentioned below is the largest of its kind with an outer orbit radius of 7.9 metres, extracting protons at up to 510 MeV, which is 3/4 of the speed of light. The PSI cyclotron reaches higher energy and higher intensity but is smaller because of using a higher magnetic field.
For several decades, cyclotrons were the best source of high-energy beams for nuclear physics experiments; several cyclotrons are still in use for this type of research. The results enable the calculation of various properties, such as the mean spacing between atoms and the creation of various collision products. Subsequent chemical and particle analysis of the target material may give insight into nuclear transmutation of the elements used in the target.
Cyclotrons can be used in particle therapy to treat cancer. Ion beams from cyclotrons can be used, as in proton therapy, to penetrate the body and kill tumors by radiation damage, while minimizing damage to healthy tissue along their path. Cyclotron beams can be used to bombard other atoms to produce short-lived positron-emitting isotopes suitable for PET imaging. More recently some cyclotrons currently installed at hospitals for radio isotopes production have been retrofitted to enable them to produce technetium-99m. Technetium-99m is a diagnostic isotope in short supply due to difficulties at Canada's Chalk River facility.
The cyclotron was an improvement over the linear accelerators (linacs) that were available when it was invented, being more cost- and space-effective due to the iterated interaction of the particles with the accelerating field. In the 1920s, it was not possible to generate the high power, high-frequency radio waves which are used in modern linacs (generated by klystrons). As such, impractically long linac structures were required for higher-energy particles. The compactness of the cyclotron reduces other costs as well, such as foundations, radiation shielding, and the enclosing building. Cyclotrons have a single electrical driver, which saves both money and power. Furthermore, cyclotrons are able to produce a continuous stream of particles at the target, so the average power passed from a particle beam into a target is relatively high.
The spiral path of the cyclotron beam can only "sync up" with klystron-type (constant frequency) voltage sources if the accelerated particles are approximately obeying Newton's laws of motion. If the particles become fast enough that relativistic effects become important, the beam becomes out of phase with the oscillating electric field, and cannot receive any additional acceleration. The classical cyclotron is therefore only capable of accelerating particles up to a few percent of the speed of light. To accommodate increased mass the magnetic field may be modified by appropriately shaping the pole pieces as in the isochronous cyclotrons, operating in a pulsed mode and changing the frequency applied to the dees as in the synchrocyclotrons, either of which is limited by the diminishing cost effectiveness of making larger machines. Cost limitations have been overcome by employing the more complex synchrotron or modern, klystron-driven linear accelerators, both of which have the advantage of scalability, offering more power within an improved cost structure as the machines are made larger.
One of the world's largest cyclotrons is at the RIKEN laboratory in Japan. Called the SRC or Superconducting Ring Cyclotron, it has six separated superconducting sectors, and is 19 m in diameter and 8 m high. Built to accelerate heavy ions, its maximum magnetic field is 3.8 T, yielding a bending ability of 8 T·m. The total weight of the cyclotron is 8,300 t. The Riken magnetic field covers from 3.5 m radius to 5.5 m with the maximum beam radius of about 5 m (200 in). It has accelerated uranium ions to 345 MeV per atomic mass unit.
TRIUMF, Canada's national laboratory for nuclear and particle physics, houses the world's largest cyclotron of its kind. The 18 m diameter, 4,000 t main magnet produces a field of 0.46 T while a 23 MHz 94 kV electric field is used to accelerate the 300 μA beam. The TRIUMF field goes from 0 to 813 cm (0 to 320 in) radius with the maximum beam radius of 790 cm (310 in). Its large size is partly a result of using negative hydrogen ions rather than protons; this requires a lower magnetic field to reduce EM stripping of the loosely bound electrons. The advantage is that extraction is simpler; multi-energy, multi-beams can be extracted by inserting thin carbon stripping foils at appropriate radii. TRIUMF is a non-profit incorporation with charitable status located at the University of British Columbia.
The spiraling of electrons in a cylindrical vacuum chamber within a transverse magnetic field is also employed in the magnetron, a device for producing high frequency radio waves (microwaves). The synchrotron moves the particles through a path of constant radius, allowing it to be made as a pipe and so of much larger radius than is practical with the cyclotron and synchrocyclotron. The larger radius allows the use of numerous magnets, each of which imparts angular momentum and so allows particles of higher velocity (mass) to be kept within the bounds of the evacuated pipe. The magnetic field strength of each of the bending magnets is increased as the particles gain energy in order to keep the bending angle constant.
The United States Department of War famously asked for dailies of the Superman comic strip to be pulled in April 1945 for having Superman bombarded with the radiation from a cyclotron. In 1950, however, in Atom Man vs. Superman, Lex Luthor uses a cyclotron to start an earthquake.
In Ghostbusters a miniature cyclotron forms part of the proton pack used for catching ghosts. | https://www.knowpia.com/knowpedia/Cyclotron |
The charged particles, injected near the center of the magnetic field Bz, accelerate only when passing through the gap between the electric field Ey electrodes with increase in kinetic energy. The perpendicular magnetic field Bz bends moving charges into a semicircular path between the magnets with no increase in kinetic energy. The magnetic field causes the charge to follow a half-circle that carries it back to the gap. While the charge is in the gap the electric field Ey is reversed, so the charge is once again accelerated across the gap. The cycle continues with the magnetic field in the dees continually bringing the charge back to the gap. Every time the charge crosses the gap it picks up speed. This causes the half-circles in the dees to increase in radius, and eventually the charge emerges from the cyclotron at high speed.
The combined motion is a result of increasing energy of the particles in electric field Ey and the magnetic field Bz forces the particles to travel in an increasing radius of the circle after each entry into the other magnetic field. This results in a spiral path of which the particles than emerged at a higher speed than when it was injected into the center of the magnetic field Bz.
Cyclotrons accelerate particles in a spiral path. Therefore, a compact accelerator can contain much more distance than a linear accelerator, with more opportunities to accelerate the particles.
Cyclotrons produce a continuous stream of particles at the target, so the average power is relatively high.
The Cyclotron Model was created by Fu-Kwun Hwang, customized by Loo Kang Wee using the Easy Java Simulations (EJS) version 4.2 authoring and modeling tool. An applet version of this model is available on the NTNU website < http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/ntnujava/ >.
The learning from this optional activity demonstrate student's learning in performance tasks. 5 stars!
There are many activities that can be design in this simulation.
1. Early years scientists accelerate particle in linear accelerators but they face a problem of the need for a long linear path to accelerate the particle. Can you think of a way to reduce the need for a long path?
hint: look at the running track of a stadium, can you think of a way to bend the particle with the magnetic field and accelerate with electric field?
After some discussions, students can share their ideas through oral/verbal presentation.
Teacher can praise some of the ideas and point them to Ejs as a means to test out their ideas using this Ejs simulation codes as templates for implementation.
1. Explore the simulation, this simulation is designed with a charge particle in a system of magnetic fields in z direction.
3 select Bz =0 (key in the value 0 follow by "enter" on keyboard), Ey =0, vy = 60, and play the simulation. Notice that the path of the particle in a straight line in the y direction. What is the physics principle simulatted here.
6 explore the slider x, y, and z. what do these sliders control?
7 explore the slider vx, vy, and vz. what do these sliders control?
8 by leaving the cursor on the slider, tips will appear to give a description of the slider. you can try it the following sliders such as the charge q, mass m, radius of dee(magnets) R.
9 there are some values radius of circular path r, kinetic energy of particle KE, resultant velocity vr and resultant force F on the m.
12 using the values(Bz =1, Ey=0, Vy=60, Ey =10. observe the difference in the introduction of Ey in the gaps.
13 notice that the Ey field is alternating, explain the purpose of this Ey in this simulation.
14 propose the logic deployed by this simulation to time the switching of Ey. Can you think of other swtiching logic?
15 note the first time the charge crosses the whole gap its kinetic energy increases by an amount ΔK. determine this value from looking at the value bar of KE, you may select the checkbox to view the scientific graph of KE vs t.
16What is the change in kinetic energy associated with just moving in each half-circle in a dee (the magnetic field).
hint: look at the value bar of KE, you may select the checkbox to view the scientific graph of KE vs t.
16 explain why this it is so?
hint: In the dee(magnetic field) the force on the charge comes from the magnetic field, so the force is perpendicular to the velocity. The speed, and hence the kinetic energy, stays constant, so the change is zero.
17 The first time the charge crosses the gap its kinetic energy increases by an amount ΔK say 400 J. Assuming the electric field in the gap is the same magnitude at all times but in opposite direction to earlier time, what is the change in kinetic energy the second time the charge crosses the gap?
answer: the exiting from magnetic field causes the vx to be slightly bigger than 0, thus the resultant velocity is increased very slightly.
19 A scientist ask a question "To increase the speed of the particles when they emerge from the cyclotron. Which is more effective, increasing the electric field Ey=-Vy/dy across the gap or increasing the magnetic field Bz in the dees? " play the simulation for different initial condition and design an experiment with tables of values to record systematically, determine what is the more "effective" method. State your assumptions made.
hint: assumption is outside physical radius of dee = R is fixed.
Toggling the combo box will select their respective functions.
Selecting world, graphefield and graphke will toggle their respective world view.
Toggling the other two will toggle their respective visibility.
Note that it only works if the simulation is Paused. | https://iwant2study.org/ospsg/index.php/interactive-resources/physics/05-electricity-and-magnetism/08-electromagnetism/706-chargeinnscyclotronwee |
Scientific American features an interesting article on the Large Hadron Collider, a particle accelerator being built 100 meters underground near Geneva, Switzerland.
When complete, the particle accelerator will enable physicists to study sub-atomic particles, explore new forms of matter, and test theories about our universe and the fundamental physical laws of nature. You can learn more about the United States' involvement in this international project at this beautiful website.
How does a particle accelerator work? From the LHC website: "Inside the accelerator, two beams of particles travel at close to the speed of light with very high energies before colliding with one another. The beams travel in opposite directions in separate beam pipes – two tubes kept at ultrahigh vacuum. They are guided around the accelerator ring by a strong magnetic field, achieved using superconducting electromagnets. These are built from coils of special electric cable that operates in a superconducting state, efficiently conducting electricity without resistance or loss of energy. This requires chilling the magnets to about ‑271°C – a temperature colder than outer space! For this reason, much of the accelerator is connected to a distribution system of liquid helium, which cools the magnets, as well as to other supply services."
Closer to home, Fermi National Laboratories operates a particle accelerator in Batavia, IL. The Fermilabs website has information on tours and outreach events. | https://helix.northwestern.edu/blog/2008/01/coming-revolutions-particle-physics |
Cosmic Rays 3 The Discovery of Antimatter! In 1932 Carl Anderson studied cosmic rays using a “cloud chamber”. Charged particles produced in cosmic rays would enter the chamber and leave “tracks”. The tracks would bend in circles because the chamber was placed in a strong magnetic field Positive particles bend one way Negative particles bend the other way He found equal numbers of positive and negative particles Maybe the negative particles were electrons? (YES!) Maybe the positive particles were protons? (NO!) By studying how much energy the positive particles lost, he figured out that they had the same mass as the electrons! Positive electrons! Antimatter! Nobel Prize! What are cosmic rays made of? • What are Cosmic Rays? The term "Cosmic Rays" refers to elementary particles, nuclei, and electro-magnetic radiation of extra-terrestrial origin. These may include exotic, short-lived particles such as muons, pi-mesons or lambda baryons. • In the energy range of 1012-1015 eV, cosmic rays arriving at the edge of the Earth's atmosphere have been measured to consist of: • Protons alpha particles (helium nuclei) C/N/O nuclei electrons gammas Solar Wind • The sun produces a constant stream of particles (mostly electrons and protons) called the solar wind – In fact, 1 million tons of particles come from the Sun every second! This stream of particles is called the solar wind • Solar wind shapes the Earth's magnetosphere, and magnetic storms are illustrated here as approaching Earth. These storms, which occur frequently, can disrupt communications and navigational equipment, damage satellites and even cause blackouts. The magnetic cloud of plasma can extend to 30 million miles or 50 million km wide by the time it reaches Earth. • The solar wind is very thin. Near the Earth, the plasma is only about 6 particles per cubic centimeter (compared to ~1019 molecules/cm^3 at sea level due to the atmosphere The white lines represent the solar wind; the purple line is the bow shock line; and the blue lines surrounding Earth represent its protective magnetosphere. Low Energy Cosmic Rays the solar wind consists of protons and electrons ejected from the sun's corona and from solar flares. Almost all these solar cosmic rays, however, have a very low energy and except for a minute fraction they are all deflected by the earth's magnetic field and absorbed in the atmosphere. They have enough energy to ionize the various gasses in the upper atmosphere, which then causes beautiful displays known as the Aurora. More specifically, in the northern hemisphere it is called the Aurora Borealis, also known as Northern Lights, while in the southern hemisphere it is called Aurora Australis. Images of the aurora australis and aurora borealis from around the world, including those with rarer red and blue lights Cosmic Rays at the Earth Surface • A proton from outer space (yellow) hits the upper atmosphere, and produces a shower of other particles (green). Some of these particles (mostly pions) decay into muons (red). Only a small fraction of the muons reaches the earth's surface, because most decay in flight. Therefore, at higher altitudes there are more muons, because fewer have decayed. At sea level, one muon goes through an area the size of your fingernail about every minute! Cosmic Rays and Relativity • In these high-energy collisions many secondary particles are produced, including lots of high-energy particles called pions. Pions decay rapidly but some may first interact and make even more (somewhat lower energy) pions. • A high-energy (charged) pion decay makes a high-energy muon and two (unseen) neutrinos . Muons have two properties that allow them to reach the earth's surface: – Muons decay relatively slowly compared to pions (but the muon lifetime is only 2 microseconds!) – Muons penetrate large amounts of material without interacting. – Muons, unlike pions, have no strong interaction properties and unlike electrons they are too massive to be significantly deflected by atomic electric fields that they encounter. • But how do the muons make it to earth? A muon would travel 0.66 km on average before decaying. As cosmic ray muons are created at about 60 km, this implies that almost no muons should reach sea level. • But a significant fraction do reach sea level. Special Relativity explains how muons with total energy 3 GeV (as detected at sea level) can travel about 20 km on average before decaying. Cosmic rays and the weather Cosmic rays and the weather • While low-energy cosmic rays such as the solar wind cause ionization in the upper atmosphere, muons cause most of the ionization in the lower atmosphere. When a muon ionizes a gas molecule, it strips away an electron, making that molecule into a positive ion. The electron is soon captured, either by another gas molecule turning it into a negative ion, or it may find an already ionized positive ion and neutralize it (this is called recombination). There is a balance between ionization and recombination, and so there is a fairly constant density of positive and negative ions in the atmosphere. But there is a difference between the types of molecules that become negative ions and the ones that are positive. On average, the negative ions are more "mobile" than the positive ones, and this results in the fact that there is an electric field in atmosphere. On a normal quiet day, this electric field is about 100 Volts per meter. When a thunder shower forms, there is an as yet not completely understood mechanism that tends to lift the negative ions up while pushing the positive ones down. This changes the electric field strength to tens of thousands of Volts/meter. When the field strength becomes to high, a discharge occurs: lightning. Clearly, without ionization, thunder and lightning would not happen, so cosmic rays have a direct influence on the types of weather we can have on earth An Air Show Caused by a Cosmic Ray • When a high-energy cosmic ray enters the atmosphere it loses its energy via interactions with the nuclei that make up the air. At high energies these interactions create particles. These new particles go on to create more particles, etc. This multiplication process is known as a particle cascade. This process continues until the average energy per particle drops below about 80 MeV At this point the interactions lead to the absorption of particles and the cascade begins to die. This altitude is known as shower maximum. The particle cascade looks like a pancake of relativistic particles traveling through the atmosphere at the speed of light. Though the number of particles in the pancake may be decreasing, the size of the pancake always grows as the interactions cause the particles to diffuse away from each other. When the pancake reaches the ground it is roughly 100 meters across and 1-2 meters thick. If the primary cosmic ray was a photon the pancake will contain electrons, positrons, and gamma rays. If the primary cosmic ray was a nucleus the pancake will also contain muons, neutrinos, and hadrons (protons, neutrons, and pions). The number of particles left in the pancake depends upon the energy of the primary cosmic ray, the observation altitude, and fluctuations in the development of the shower. This particle pancake is known as an extensive air shower (or simply an air shower). Detecting Cosmic Rays Detecting Cosmic Rays • Detecting an Extensive Air Shower • This leads to two different methods that can be used to detect the passage of an extensive air shower: one can look for the particles in the pancake directly, or one can look for the Cherenkov light generated by the particles in the atmosphere. The figure below illustrates both techniques. • On the left is an air Cherenkov telescope (ACT). These are large mirrors that focus the Cherenkov light generated by the air shower onto an array of photomultiplier tubes PMTs, which form an image of the air shower. Properties of the image are used to distinguish between air showers generated by gamma-ray primaries and nuclear primaries. Though very few particles may survive to the ground, the Cherenkov light will reach the ground. Thus, air Cherenkov telescopes can detect lower energy cosmic rays than extensive air shower arrays. However, since they are optical instruments they can only operate on clear moonless nights and they can only view a small piece of the sky at a time. • On the right is an extensive air shower array (EAS array). An EAS array has traditionally been composed of a sparse array of plastic scintillators. The scintillators detect the passage of charged particles that travel through them. They are very inefficient detectors of the gamma rays in the EAS. Since gamma rays outnumber electrons and positrons by a ratio of roughly 4:1 and the scintillator covers less then 1% of the total area of the array, traditional EAS arrays have rather high energy thresholds. Unlike ACTs EAS arrays can operate under all conditions, night or day, and can view the entire overhead sky continuously. By using buried counters they can detect the muons in air showers generated by cosmic-ray nuclei. However, this method of distinguishing between gamma rays and nuclear cosmic rays is not as efficient as the imaging method used by ACTs. Air Fluorescence • The passage of charged particles in an extensive air shower through the atmosphere results in the ionizationand excitation of the gas molecules (mostly nitrogen). Some of this excitation energy is emitted in the form of visible and UV radiation. This is luminescence , but is referred to as air Fluorescence • This figure shows a schematic of a fluorescence air shower detector. The scintillation light is collected using a lens or a mirror and imaged on to a camera located at the focal plane. The camera pixelizes the image and records the time of arrival of light along with the amount of light collected at each pixel element. This technique can be made to work on clear, moonless nights, using very fast camera elements to record light flashes of a few microseconds in duration. Many charged particles are expelled from a nuclear explosion, and these particles will also produce scintillation light as they pass through air. The amount of light collected can then be use to estimate the total energy released from the device. The Fly’s Eye(s) located in the West Desert of Utah, within the United States Army Dugway Proving Ground (DPG). The detectors sit atop Little Granite Mountain. Dugway is located 160 km southwest of Salt Lake City. The Highest Energy Particle Ever Recorded • In November of 1991, The FE1 detector at HiRes observed an air shower with an energy of 3.2x1020 eV. This corresponds to ~50 joules or ~12 calories, or roughly the kinetic energy of a well-pitched baseball. As of the year 2000, this remains the highest energy particle ever recorded from any source. A display of the event is shown below, where the xand z-direction cosines of the hit pixels are circled. The Energy Spectrum of Cosmic Rays Scales of Energy • Scientists measure the energies of fastmoving particles like those in cosmic rays and particle accelerators in units called electron volts, abbreviated eV. An electron volt is the amount of energy that one electron gains when it is accelerated by an electrical potential of one volt. (A flashlight battery has about 1.5 volts.) Electrons in a television set are accelerated by the picture tube to an energy of about 50,000 electron volts. When they strike the screen, they make it glow. • The most powerful man-made particle accelerator, Fermilab's Tevatron, can accelerate protons to nearly one trillion electron volts. The highest-energy cosmic ray particle ever observed had an energy 300 million times higher than the protons at the Tevatron. Scientific notation, shown below, saves writing out the many zeros required for such large numbers. Pierre Auger • That we know anything about such extraordinary particles is because of searches that were started for the origin of much lower energy cosmic rays many years ago. In 1938, the French scientist, Pierre Auger, discovered serendipitously that showers of particles, secondary created in the atmosphere by an incoming cosmic ray, were spread out over distances of 300 m at ground level. The energy of the initiating particles was estimated to be about 10^15 eV. The particles making up the showers travel through the atmosphere at the velocity of light and are confined to a relatively thin disc, rather like a giant dinner plate. By measuring the relative arrival times of the shower disc at detectors placed on a widely spaced grid, the direction of the incoming primaries can be found to about one degree, so cosmic ray astronomy can be contemplated. A shower produced by a cosmic ray of 10^20 eV contains about 10^11 particles at ground level spread out over an area of about 20 km2. The Pierre Auger Observatory • Mendoza Province, Argentina • 1600 water Cherenkov detectors 1.5 km grid • 4 fluorescence eyes -total of 30 telescopes each with 30o x 30o FOV The Pierre Auger Observatory • Auger will detect the shower in two ways. Twenty four hours a day, an array of over 1600 particle detectors will measure shower particles as they hit the ground, which will allow a reconstruction of the shower providing measures of the original cosmic ray's energy, arrival direction, and mass. During clear, moonless nights, the showers will be viewed as they traverse the atmosphere. The passage of the showers will cause the atmosphere to fluoresce, and the faint UV light is detected by arrays of large mirrors equipped with fast photomultiplier image arrays Cosmic Rays Acceleration • Cosmic Ray Energies and Acceleration: The energy of cosmic rays is usually measured in units of MeV, for mega-electron volts, or GeV, for giga-electron volts. (One electron volt is the energy gained when an electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 1 volt). Most galactic cosmic rays have energies between 100 MeV (corresponding to a velocity for protons of 43% of the speed of light) and 10 GeV (corresponding to 99.6% of the speed of light). The number of cosmic rays with energies beyond 1 GeV decreases by about a factor of 50 for every factor of 10 increase in energy. • It is believed that most galactic cosmic rays derive their energy from supernova explosions, which occur approximately once every 50 years in our Galaxy. To maintain the observed intensity of cosmic rays over millions of years requires that a few percent of the more than 1051 ergs released in a typical supernova explosion be converted to cosmic rays. There is considerable evidence that cosmic rays are accelerated as the shock waves from these explosions travel through the surrounding interstellar gas. The energy contributed to the Galaxy by cosmic rays (about 1 eV per cm3) is about equal to that contained in galactic magnetic fields, and in the thermal energy of the gas that pervades the space between the stars. Cosmic Ray Composition • Cosmic Ray Composition: Cosmic rays include essentially all of the elements in the periodic table; about 89% of the nuclei are hydrogen (protons), 10% helium, and about 1% heavier elements. The common heavier elements (such as carbon, oxygen, magnesium, silicon, and iron) are present in about the same relative abundances as in the solar system, but there are important differences in elemental and isotopic composition that provide information on the origin and history of galactic cosmic rays. For example there is a significant overabundance of the rare elements Li, Be, and B produced when heavier cosmic rays such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen fragment into lighter nuclei during collisions with the interstellar gas. The isotope 22Ne is also overabundant, showing that the nucleosynthesis of cosmic rays and solar system material have differed. Electrons constitute about 1% of galactic cosmic rays. It is not known why electrons are apparently less efficiently accelerated than nuclei. Cosmic Rays in the Galaxy • : Because cosmic rays are electrically charged they are deflected by magnetic fields, and their directions have been randomized, making it impossible to tell where they originated. However, cosmic rays in other regions of the Galaxy can be traced by the electromagnetic radiation they produce. Supernova remnants such as the Crab Nebula are known to be a source of cosmic rays from the radio synchrotron radiation emitted by cosmic ray electrons spiraling in the magnetic fields of the remnant. In addition, observations of high energy (10 MeV - 1000 MeV) gamma rays resulting from cosmic ray collisions with interstellar gas show that most cosmic rays are confined to the disk of the Galaxy, presumably by its magnetic field. Similar collisions of cosmic ray nuclei produce lighter nuclear fragments, including radioactive isotopes such as 10Be, which has a half-life of 1.6 million years. The measured amount of 10Be in cosmic rays implies that, on average, cosmic rays spend about 10 million years in the Galaxy before escaping into inter-galactic space. Cosmic Rays in the Solar System • : Just as cosmic rays are deflected by the magnetic fields in interstellar space, they are also affected by the interplanetary magnetic field embedded in the solar wind (the plasma of ions and electrons blowing from the solar corona at about 400 km/sec), and therefore have difficulty reaching the inner solar system. Spacecraft venturing out towards the boundary of the solar system they have found that the intensity of galactic comic rays increases with distance from the Sun. As solar activity varies over the 11 year solar cycle the intensity of cosmic rays at Earth also varies, in anti-correlation with the sunspot number. • The Sun is also a sporadic source of cosmic ray nuclei and electrons that are accelerated by shock waves traveling through the corona, and by magnetic energy released in solar flares. During such occurrences the intensity of energetic particles in space can increase by a factor of 102to 106 for hours to days. Such solar particle events are much more frequent during the active phase of the solar cycle. The maximum energy reached in solar particle events is typically 10 to 100 MeV, occasionally reaching 1 GeV (roughly once a year) to 10 GeV (roughly once a decade). Solar energetic particles can be used to measure the elemental and isotopic composition of the Sun, thereby complementing spectroscopic studies of solar material. • A third component of cosmic rays, comprised of only those elements that are difficult to ionize, including He, N, O, Ne, and Ar, was given the name "anomalous cosmic rays" because of its unusual composition. Anomalous cosmic rays originate from electrically-neutral interstellar particles that have entered the solar system unaffected by the magnetic field of the solar wind, been ionized, and then accelerated at the shock wave formed when the solar wind slows as a result of plowing into the interstellar gas, presently thought to occur somewhere between 75 and 100 AU from the Sun (one AU is the distance from the Sun to the Earth). Thus, it is possible that the Voyager 1 spacecraft, which should reach 100 AU by 2007, will have the opportunity to observe an example of cosmic ray acceleration directly. | https://studyres.com/doc/1251447/cosmic-rays-3---zainab |
A cyclotron is a type of particle accelerator in which charged particles accelerate outwards from the center along a spiral path. The particles are held to a spiral trajectory by a static magnetic field and accelerated by a rapidly varying (radio frequency) electric field.
with the relativistic mass m and its charge q. This frequency is given by equality of centripetal force and magnetic Lorentz force. The particles, injected near the centre of the magnetic field, increase their kinetic energy only when recirculating through the gap between the electrodes; thus they travel outwards along a spiral path.
Their radius will increase until the particles hit a target at the perimeter of the vacuum chamber, or leave the cyclotron using a beam tube, enabling their use e.g. for particle therapy. Various materials may be used for a target, and the collisions will create secondary particles which may be guided outside of the cyclotron and into instruments for analysis. | https://faculty.mu.edu.sa/aabokhalil/Cyclotron |
Electromagnetic radiation, in classical physics, the flow of energy at the universal speed of light through free space or through a material medium in the form of the electric and magnetic fields that make up electromagnetic waves such as radio waves, visible light, and gamma rays.
What are electromagnetic waves kid definition?
Electromagnetic waves are a form of energy waves that have both an electric and magnetic field. Electromagnetic waves are different from mechanical waves in that they can transmit energy and travel through a vacuum. Electromagnetic waves are classified according to their frequency.
What are the 4 types of electromagnetic radiation?
The electromagnetic spectrum
- Gamma radiation.
- X-ray radiation.
- Ultraviolet radiation.
- Visible light.
- Infrared radiation.
- Microwave radiation.
- Radio waves.
What is electromagnetic radiation answer?
Electromagnetic radiation is a stream of photons that travels in a wave-like pattern, carrying energy, and moving at the speed of light. The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all types of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, infrared light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, and gamma rays.
What are the 7 types of electromagnetic radiation?
The EM spectrum is generally divided into seven regions, in order of decreasing wavelength and increasing energy and frequency. The common designations are: radio waves, microwaves, infrared (IR), visible light, ultraviolet (UV), X-rays and gamma rays.
What are the 7 types of electromagnetic waves and their uses?
Though the sciences generally classify EM waves into seven basic types, all are manifestations of the same phenomenon.
- Radio Waves: Instant Communication. …
- Microwaves: Data and Heat. …
- Infrared Waves: Invisible Heat. …
- Visible Light Rays. …
- Ultraviolet Waves: Energetic Light. …
- X-rays: Penetrating Radiation. …
- Gamma Rays: Nuclear Energy.
What are the 2 types of radiation?
There are two kinds of radiation: non-ionizing radiation and ionizing radiation. Non-ionizing radiation has enough energy to move atoms in a molecule around or cause them to vibrate, but not enough to remove electrons from atoms. Examples of this kind of radiation are radio waves, visible light and microwaves.
What are the 5 types of radiation?
The radiation one typically encounters is one of four types: alpha radiation, beta radiation, gamma radiation, and x radiation. Neutron radiation is also encountered in nuclear power plants and high-altitude flight and emitted from some industrial radioactive sources.
How do you identify radiation type?
To determine the type of radiation (alpha, beta or gamma), first determine the background count rate, then the source count rate with no absorber. Next, place a sheet of paper between the source and the monitor. If the counts are significantly reduced, the source emits alpha particles.
What are two natural sources of electromagnetic radiation?
Stars and lightning are natural sources of radio waves, but these are also produced by the antenna on a radio transmitter. Many sources of electromagnetic radiation come from man-made technology. On the other side of the spectrum, we have ultraviolet radiation, which is emitted by black lights and fluorescent lamps.
What are the characteristics of electromagnetic radiation?
Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation
These magnetic and electric waves travel perpendicular to each other and have some characteristics like wavelength, amplitude, and frequency.
How electromagnetic waves are produced?
Electromagnetic waves are created by oscillating charges (which radiate whenever accelerated) and have the same frequency as the oscillation. Since the electric and magnetic fields in most electromagnetic waves are perpendicular to the direction in which the wave moves, it is ordinarily a transverse wave.
What types of radiation are not harmful?
Alpha, beta, and gamma rays also cause damage to living matter, in varying degrees. Alpha particles have a very small absorption range, and thus are usually not harmful to life, unless ingested, due to its high ionizing power.
Which radiation has the highest energy?
Gamma rays
What are the 3 types of radiation?
The three most common types of radiation are alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. | https://klikyballs.com/electromagnetism/you-asked-what-is-electromagnetic-radiation-simple.html |
Context. The strong electric fields associated with magnetic reconnection in solar flares are a plausible mechanism to accelerate populations of high energy, non-thermal particles. One such reconnection scenario, in a fully 3D geometry, occurs at a magnetic null point. Here, global plasma motion can give rise to strong currents in the spine axis or fan plane.
Aims. We aim to understand the mechanism of charged particle energy gain in both the external drift region and the diffusion region associated with 3D magnetic reconnection. In doing so we aim to evaluate the efficiency of resistive spine and fan models for particle acceleration, and find possible observables for each.
Methods. We used a full orbit test particle approach to study proton trajectories within electromagnetic fields that are exact solutions to the steady and incompressible magnetohydrodynamic equations. We studied the acceleration physics of single particle trajectories and found energy spectra from many particle simulations. The scaling properties of the accelerated particles with respect to field and plasma parameters was investigated.
Results. For fan reconnection, strong non-uniform electric drift streamlines can accelerate the bulk of the test particles. The highest energy gain is for particles that enter the current sheet, where an increasing “guide field” stabilises particles against ejection. The energy is only limited by the total electric potential energy difference across the fan current sheet. The spine model has both slow external electric drift speed and weak energy gain for particles reaching the current sheet.
Conclusions. The electromagnetic fields of fan reconnection can accelerate protons to the high energies observed in solar flares, gaining up to 0.1 GeV for anomalous values of resistivity. However, the spine model, which gave a harder energy spectrum in the ideal case, is not an efficient accelerator after pressure constraints in the resistive model are included.
Key words: Sun: flares / Sun: particle emission / Sun: X-rays,γ-rays / magnetic reconnection / acceleration of particles / Sun: corona
© ESO, 2012
Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.
Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.
Initial download of the metrics may take a while. | https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2012/06/aa18857-12/aa18857-12.html |
PAT COLESTOCK. All particle accelerators start from the principle that electrically charged objects experience a force in an electric field. An electric field exerts a force on a charged particle such as a proton, giving it a boost in energy . Electric fields can be steady, like those produced by a battery, or they can oscillate, like the alternating currents that power the electrical machinery around us. Electric currents at higher frequencies generate radio or television waves, as well as microwaves like those that heat food in a microwave oven.
A major accelerator breakthrough in the 1920s came with the introduction of alternating electric fields in the radio frequency range, making possible the first high-energy circular accelerators. Since then, rf power has been at the heart of virtually every accelerator.
We can produce an electric field simply by connecting a battery to two electrodes. Charged particles between the electrodes will accelerate to the voltage of the battery; a 1.5 volt battery producing 1.5 electron-volts of energy, and so on. However, an accelerator based on this concept would be prohibitively large and costly. For instance, the Tevatron would require nearly a trillion batteries, at a cost approaching the national debt. Instead, accelerator physicists conceived the clever idea of making charged particles travel in a circle, experiencing a relatively small electric field at one point in the circle many times over, receiving a boost in energy with each revolution.
However, we can't use a steady electric field to accelerate the particles in a circular accelerator, because a steady electric field would necessarily point in the wrong direction for part of the particles' circuit-producing no net acceleration. Instead, accelerators use an alternating electric field, with oscillations precisely timed to the revolution of the particles around the ring. Thus, each particle feels only an electric field pointing in the right direction for acceleration.
As a consequence of this alternating field approach, only part of the circumference of the ring at any point in time has the electric field pointing in the right direction. This is why we must accelerate protons not in continuous streams but in bunches, and we must precisely time the bunches to be in phase with the oscillating electric field.
In the Tevatron and Main Ring, the rf systems are all located at the FZero service building. It houses the radio transmitters that produce the rf power that we apply to the beam. To produce the highest possible electric fields for a given available rf power, we use a highly evolved device called an rf cavity-typically a copper, barrel-shaped box with dimensions precisely chosen to exactly confine a radio wave between its walls. As the radio waves bounce back and forth between the walls of the box, the electric fields build up with each reflection, producing voltages up to 120 KV (120 thousand volts) across a short space that intersects the beam particles. Typically we use a series of these cavities, adjusting the timing of the oscillating electric fields in each cavity to coincide with the arrival of a proton bunch, producing an effective electric field wave traveling along with the protons, as surfers ride a wave.
We use a complex network of signal processing to maintain precise timing between the arrival of the beam and the cavity electric fields. Antennas installed near the passing beam sense the location of the protons, sending signals to adjust the timing of rf oscillations in the cavities. Such feedback loops, essential to every rf system, ensure the required precision for acceleration in the Tevatron. Much of the complex nest of equipment that confronts a visitor to the rf building belongs to a series of interrelated feedback loops for the rf systems.
In the future, pushing the energy frontier of high-energy physics will require the development of new methods to generate intense electric fields, to achieve higher energies with more compact, less power-consuming devices. Research on these new ideas has begun at Fermilab, and elsewhere, in the hope that at least one of them will someday usher in a new age in particle acceleration. | https://ed.fnal.gov/painless/htmls/rf.html |
Search results with tag "Theorem"
Lesson 19: The Remainder Theorem - EngageNYwww.engageny.org
Lesson 19: The Remainder Theorem Student Outcomes Students know and apply the remainder theorem and understand the role zeros play in the theorem. Lesson Notes In this lesson, students are primarily working on exercises that lead them to the concept of the remainder theorem, the
The Fundamental Theorem of Galois Theorywww.math.ucsd.edu
The Fundamental Theorem of Galois Theory Theorem 12.1 (The Fundamental Theorem of Galois Theory). Let L=Kbe a nite Galois extension. Then there is an inclusion reversing bijection between the subgroups of the Galois group Gal(L=K) and in-termediary sub elds L=M=K.
Green's Theorem and Parameterized Surfaces - Penn Mathwww.math.upenn.edu
Using Green’s theorem to calculate area Example We can calculate the area of an ellipse using this method. P1: OSO ... (e.g. S, T) to represent the underlying surfaces. Green’s Thm, Parameterized Surfaces Math 240 Green’s Theorem Calculating area Parameterized Surfaces Normal vectors Tangent planes Parameterized surfaces Examples
LECTURE NOTES ON DONSKER’S THEOREM - Mathwww.math.utah.edu
LECTURE NOTES ON DONSKER’S THEOREM DAVARKHOSHNEVISAN ABSTRACT.Some course notes on Donsker’s theorem. These are for Math7880-1(“TopicsinProbability”),taughtattheDeparmentofMath-
On the Markov Chain Central Limit Theorem - Statisticsusers.stat.umn.edu
On the Markov Chain Central Limit Theorem Galin L. Jones School of Statistics University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA [email protected] Abstract The goal of this paper is to describe conditions which guarantee a central limit theorem for functionals of general state space Markov chains. This is done with a view towards Markov
The Chinese Remainder Theoremhomepages.math.uic.edu
The Chinese Remainder Theorem Chinese Remainder Theorem: If m 1, m 2, .., m k are pairwise relatively prime positive integers, and if a 1, a 2, .., a
Mathematical Tools for Physics - Miamiwww.physics.miami.edu
Gauss’s Theorem Stokes’ Theorem Reynolds Transport Theorem Fields as Vector Spaces 14 Complex Variables 347 ... Does it take extra time? Of course. It will however be some of the most valuable extra time you ... In line integrals it is common to use dsfor an element of length, and
THE CHINESE REMAINDER THEOREM - UCONNwww.math.uconn.edu
The Chinese remainder theorem says we can uniquely solve any pair of congruences that have relatively prime moduli. Theorem 1.1. Let m and n be relatively prime positive integers. For any integers a and b, the pair of congruences x a mod m; x b mod n
6 Sturm-Liouville Eigenvalue Problemspeople.uncw.edu
show that Equation (6.1) can be turned into a differential equation of Sturm-Liouville form: d dx p(x) dy dx +q(x)y = F(x). (6.5) Another way to phrase this is provided in the theorem: Theorem 6.1. Any second order linear operator can be put into the form of the Sturm-Liouville operator (6.2). The proof of this is straight forward, as we shall ...
Finding All the Roots: Sturm’s Theoremweb.math.ucsb.edu
So this process generates a Sturm chain, as claimed. 1.2 Stating and Proving Sturm’s Theorem Sturm chains are pretty odd things; from their construction, it’s not immediately obvious
The Chinese Remainder Theorem - Loyola University Chicagogauss.math.luc.edu
The Chinese Remainder Theorem We now know how to solve a single linear congruence. In this lecture we consider how to solve systems of simultaneous linear congruences.
Historical development of the Chinese remainder theoremwww.math.harvard.edu
The Chinese Remainder Theorem 291 where a, b, c are natural numbers, was the same as the congruence ax ~- b (mod c). Therefore the system of congruences in Example 2 may be converted into 100x ~ 32 (mod 83) ~ 70 (rood 110) ~ 30 (mod 135), and that in …
The Integral Form of the Remainder in Taylor’s Theorem ...www.math.umd.edu
The Integral Form of the Remainder in Taylor’s Theorem MATH 141H Jonathan Rosenberg April 24, 2006 Let f be a smooth function near x = 0. For x close to 0, we can write f(x) in terms of
Volume 3, Issue 1, July 2013 A Common Fixed Point Theorem ...www.ijeit.com
Volume 3, Issue 1, July 2013 505 A Common Fixed Point Theorem in Dislocated Metric Space Surjeet Singh Chauhan1 2(Gonder) , Kiran Utreja Deptt. Of Applied Science and Humanities, Chandigarh University, Gharuan Deptt. Of Applied Science and Humanities, GNIT, Mullana Abstract: In this Def.2.4paper, we prove a common fixed point
Liouville’s Theorem - Inside Minesinside.mines.edu
Thus, Liouville’s theorem states that the phase space density of a certain element as it moves in phase space is xed, df=dt= 0. One can return to the geometric …
Why certain integrals are ``impossible'.users.humboldt.edu
Introduction Elementary Functions and fields Liouville’s Theorem An example Probability Central Limit Theorem Φ(x)=1 √ 2π! x e−u2/2 du For probability applications, we needΦ(∞) = 1.This is not proved by finding a formula forΦ(x) (by findingan explicit antiderivative of e−u2/2) and taking the limit as x →∞.
Pythagoras’ Theorem - Nuffield Foundationwww.nuffieldfoundation.org
Nuffield Free-Standing Mathematics Activity ZPythagoras Theorem [ Student sheets Copiable page 2 of 4 © Nuffield Foundation 2012 downloaded from www.fsmq.org
„Wahrscheinlichkeiten, Bayes-Theorem und statistische ...www.werner-gleissner.de
FA 738 Veröffentlicht in Controller Magazin 2 / 2014 „Wahrscheinlichkeiten, Bayes-Theorem und statistische Analysen“ S. 68 - 74 Mit freundlicher Genehmigung der
Geometry - Definitions, Postulates, Properties & Theoremsd2ct263enury6r.cloudfront.net
Geometry - Definitions, Postulates, Properties & Theorems Geometry – Page 2 Chapter 3 – Perpendicular and Parallel Lines Definitions 1. Parallel Lines …
The Existence and Uniqueness Theorem (of the solution a ...www.math.ucsd.edu
© 2008, 2012 Zachary S Tseng A-1 - 24 The Existence and Uniqueness Theorem (of the solution a first order linear equation initial value problem) Does an initial ...
New SA Created for the SAT - Glassboro Public Schoolswww.gpsd.us
Chapter 2: Solving Linear Equations 19 2-1 Writing Equations 19 ... 13-2 Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorem 215 13-3 Radical Expressions 217 ... ⊙ Each lesson includes a set of practice problems for the lesson. Each chapter includes a practice .
NETWORK ANALYSIS & SYNTHESIS - VSSUTvssut.ac.in
Maximum Modulus Theorem, Properties of Hurwitz Polynomials, The Computation of Residues, Even and Odd functions, Sturm’s Theorem, An alternative Test for Positive real functions. Module-VI DRIVING-POINT SYNTHESIS WITH LC ELEMENTS: Elementary Synthesis Operations, LC Network Synthesis, RC and RL networks.
Appendix C MiddlebrookÕs Extra Element Theoremece-www.colorado.edu
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 6 Appendix C: MiddlebrookÕs Extra Element Theorem Finding Z N ZN is the impedance seen at the port when the output is nulled. In the presence of the input vin(s), a current i(s) is injected at the port.This current is adjusted such that the output vout(s) is nulled to zero.Under these conditions, ZN(s) is the ratio of v(s) to i(s).
Syllabus MATHS (Subject Code: P03) Unit-I - Algebra Unit ...trb.tn.nic.in
2 work analysis - Directed net work - Max flowmin cut theorem - CPM-PERT - Probabilistic condition and decisional network analysis. Unit-VI - Functional Analysis
2.1.5 Gaussian distribution as a limit of the Poisson ...www.roe.ac.uk
2.1.5 Gaussian distribution as a limit of the Poisson distribution A limiting form of the Poisson distribution (and many others – see the Central Limit Theorem
Su–cient Statistics and Exponential Family 1 Statistics ...people.missouristate.edu
3 2 Factorization Theorem The preceding deflnition of su–ciency is hard to work with, because it does not indicate how to go about flnding a su–cient statistic, and given a candidate statistic, T, it would typically be very hard to conclude whether it was su–cient statistic because of the di–culty
MSc. Mathematics Entrance Syllabuswww.math.dauniv.ac.in
MSc. Mathematics Entrance Syllabus Analysis Riemann integral. Integrability of continuous and monotonic functions, The fundamental theorem of
Down with Determinants! Sheldon Axlerwww.axler.net
det 3 Theorem 2.1 Every linear operator on a finite-dimensional complex vector space has an eigenvalue. Proof. To show that T (our linear operator on V) has an eigenvalue, fix any non- zero vector v ∈ V.The vectors v,Tv,T2v,...,Tnv cannot be linearly independent, because V has dimension n and we have n + 1 vectors. Thus there exist complex numbers a0,...,an, not all 0, such that
Michael Spivak - Strange beautifulstrangebeautiful.com
Preface ix It is entirely reasonable to suppose that the difficulties so far avoided must be hidden here. Yet the proof of this theorem is, in the mathematician's sense, an utter triviality-a straight
BASIC SURVEY MATH - Caltranswww.dot.ca.gov
Basic Survey Math . Plane Geometry • Angles • Geometrical theorems • Geometrical figures • Polygons • Triangles . Trigonometry • Right triangles
5.1 The Remainder and Factor Theorems.doc; Synthetic Divisionusers.math.msu.edu
Page 2 (Section 5.1) Example 4: Perform the operation below. Write the remainder as a rational expression (remainder/divisor). 2 1 2 8 2 3 5 4 3 2 + − + + x x x x x Synthetic Division – Generally used for “short” division of polynomials when the divisor is in the form x – c. (Refer to page 506 in your textbook for more examples.)
SYLLABUS For Three Year B. A./B.Sc. (Honours ) Courses of ...www.buruniv.ac.in
Characteristic equation, statement of Caley-Hamilton theorem and its application like inverse and powers of a non-singular matrices, eigen values, eigen vectors, similar matrices, similarity
www.kkuniyuk.comwww.kkuniyuk.com
(Section 2.6: The Squeeze (Sandwich) Theorem) 2.6.3 In Example 2 below, fx() is the product of a sine or cosine expression and a monomial of odd degree. Example 2 …
The Chinese Remainder Theorem - UC Denverwww-math.ucdenver.edu
by 3, and remainder 3 when divided by 7. We are looking for a number which satisfies the congruences, x ≡ 2 mod 3, x ≡ 3 mod 7, x ≡ 0 mod 2 and x ≡ 0 mod 5.
The Remainder Theorem - Kuta Software LLCcdn.kutasoftware.com
©2 R2w081s2 K QKdu utka t TSQoCfyt RwWaKr4eu eLULrC4.X G eA nlal G crUimglh Ftts 7 cr mers oe Lr Uv 0esd B.C Z pMcaLdHeu YwviAtFh h yIcnQfhiqn zi7t9e1 uA Hltg peEb OrJag k2 q.B Worksheet by Kuta Software LLC
Signal Transmission through LTI Systemswww.ee.ic.ac.uk
PYKC 20-Feb-11 E2.5 Signals & Linear Systems Lecture 12 Slide 9 Parseval’s Theorem The energy of a signal x(t) can be derived in time or frequency domain:
Tutorial 7 - Samplingwww.ee.ic.ac.uk
PYKC – 11 Feb 08 2 E2.5 Signals & Linear Systems Tutorial Sheet 7 – Sampling (Lectures 12 - 13) 1.* By applying the Parseval’s theorem, show that
Theory of functions of a real variable.www.math.harvard.edu
3 the spectral theorem to quantum mechanics and quantum chemistry. Chapter XIII is a brief introduction to the Lax-Phillips theory of scattering.
8-The Pythagorean Theorem and Its Converse - Kuta …cdn.kutasoftware.com
©P t2p0 j1B2 1 cK Du6tAaL wS6o pf it vwRakr Cey NLWLUC3.A C lA Dlnlx DrUitg th 1tUst ur ueBsNeYr av 6eqd1. X b 7M fa cd geh cw ki7t 9hA 1Ivn NfFiMnniFtDea VGqe ko UmCeZt2r Hy v.6 Worksheet by Kuta Software LLC
SSON 27 on the Coordinate Plane Applying the Pythagorean ...mrlsroom.weebly.com
Lesson 27: Applying the Pythagorean Theorem on the Coordinate Plane 147 Duplicating any part of this book is prohibited by law. EXAMPLE B What is the distance between points R and S? x y 1 –2 –3
The Pythagorean Theorem Date Period - Kuta Software LLCcdn.kutasoftware.com
©K 12 p0W1y29 yK qu BtaE ZSMoyf0t swNaxr 0eF 2L 7LiCR. 1 S RAulMl6 yrki ZgPh HtZss 2r0e vs Ze zrQvxe vd P.U u JMfa odNeC lw 7i6tHhe gI EnqfziInsi rt 8eC cP Or Te L- yA Dllg 0eVbhrMaT. k Worksheet by Kuta Software LLC
1 Fund theorems - Columbia Universitywww.columbia.edu
1.4 Determining F To find F we simply need to find the fund (β 1,...,β n) that corresponds to the pair (γ,m) that maximizes the slope (1). In other words we must maximize the function f(β
Introduction to Algorithms, Third Editionbayanbox.ir
31.5 The Chinese remainder theorem 950 31.6 Powers of an element 954 31.7 The RSA public-key cryptosystem 958? 31.8 Primality testing 965? 31.9 Integer factorization 975 32 String Matching 985 32.1 The naive string-matching algorithm 988 32.2 The Rabin-Karp algorithm 990 32.3 String matching with finite automata 995? 32.4 The Knuth-Morris ... | https://pdf4pro.com/tag/47be/theorem.html |
In this article:
What is a Human Development Degree?
Human development practitioners understand how humans grow and develop throughout the lifecycle. While they apply their knowledge in a wide variety of settings, their goal is always the same – to support the health and wellbeing of individuals and families in diverse communities.
Degree programs in this field explore physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development through each stage of human life – prenatal, infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, late adulthood, and death and dying.
The physical domain is concerned with growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness. Cognitive human development comprises learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. Psychosocial development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships. Students learn how these three domains of human development influence and impact every aspect of our lives – from self-respect and self-esteem to how we interact with family, peers, and society at large.
Program Options
It is important to note that some schools do not offer a standalone human development degree. In these cases, human development may be offered as one of the concentrations available within the developmental psychology, family studies, or sociology department.
Bachelor’s Degree in Human Development – Four Year Duration
At the undergraduate level, human development majors typically complete preparatory/foundational courses in anthropology, general biology, physiology, genetics, history, philosophy, psychology, and statistics. Programs generally include at least one internship in a community or institutional/educational setting.
The following are examples of courses which make up the core human development curriculum:
• Human Sexuality – terminology, structure, and function of the reproductive system; sexual response; prenatal development, pregnancy, and childbirth; development of sexuality; rape and sexual assault; birth control; sexually transmitted diseases; homosexuality; establishing and maintaining intimacy; sexual dysfunctions; cultural differences in attitudes towards sexuality
• Infancy and Early Childhood – biological, social, and cultural influences in the psychological growth and development of children, prenatal through age six
• Middle Childhood and Adolescence – biological, social, and cultural factors in the emotional, cognitive, and social development from middle childhood through adolescence
• Adulthood and Aging – biological, cognitive, and psychosocial aspects of adult development; patterns of ‘successful aging’
• Cognitive Development – theories, methodologies, evidence, and debates in the field of cognitive development: nature/nurture, constraints on learning, adaptability/plasticity; attention, memory, concepts of the physical and social world, and language
• Social and Personality Development – social and personality development of children, infancy through adolescence: development of personality, achievement motivation, self-understanding, sex-role identity, and anti-social behavior
• Cross-Cultural Study of Children – cross-cultural studies of children in developing countries and among minority groups in the US
• Children in Families, Schools, and Communities – children’s social contexts from birth through adolescence: family, peers, school, neighborhood, community culture; development and environmental challenges from birth through adolescence: poverty, maltreatment
• Families in Communities – family member’s roles, interactions, and development; how families are impacted by the larger community and society in which they live; topics and issues addressed include gender, race/ethnicity, parenting, marriage, grandparents, divorce, cultural assimilation, and migration
• Contemporary American Family – factors influencing the contemporary American family: changing economic conditions, changing sex roles, divorce, and parenthood
Other possible undergrad classes include:
• Family Stress and Resilience
• Longevity
• Research Methods in Human Growth and Development
• Psychological Assessment
• Developmental Psychopathology (Mental Disorders)
• Individual Differences in Cognition
• Health Behaviors across the Lifespan
• Communication and Interaction with Young Children
• Field Study with Children and Adolescents
• Field Study with Emotionally Distressed Children and Adolescents
• Field Study with the Elderly
• Social Aspects of Aging
• Cognitive Neuropsychology in Adulthood and Aging
• Development in Adulthood
• Adolescent Behavioral and Emotional Development
• Theories of Behavioral Development
• Physiological Parallels of Behavioral Development
• Cognition and Aging
• Children’s Learning and Thinking
• Peer Relationships during Adolescence
Master’s Degree in Human Development – Two to Three Year Duration
The master’s degree is the most common credential in the field of human development. At this level students can design their program in consultation with a faculty member, to focus on their particular area of interest. Because of the breadth of the human development discipline, students have a variety of areas from which to choose a concentration. To review the field’s principal subject areas, please refer to the bachelor’s curriculum above. An internship is often a component of a master’s program in human development. The program’s culminating requirement is a thesis based on original research.
Below are some examples of master’s level courses. These will vary depending on each student’s chosen area of focus.
• Human Development, Learning, and Diversity
• Cultivating Supportive School and Classroom Environments
• Cognition, Language, and Literacy Processes in Education
• Cultural Perspectives on Learning, Development, and Media
• Fostering Self-Regulated Learning
• Motivation in Education
• Social and Emotional Development in Education
• Legislation and Policy in Human Development
• Program Planning and Evaluation in Human Development
• Grant Development in Human Development
Doctoral Degree in Human Development – Four to Five Year Duration
The master’s program involves a lot of taught courses. It emphasizes the transition from pure subject learning to independent research. On the other hand, the doctoral degree is like a very long dissertation project. Ph.D. students have a great deal of independence. They have the benefit of supervision from a faculty advisor and may complete some taught classes, but their focus is on their independent research, on contributing original – new – knowledge to the field of human development.
The Ph.D. in human development is aimed at students who aspire to high-level careers as researchers, educators, program developers, and policy makers.
Here is a sampling of doctoral research areas in the field:
• Risk, Resilience, and Developmental Psychopathology
• Treatment, Intervention, and Prevention Science
• Emotional Development, Self-Regulation, and Emotion Regulation
• Adult Development and Aging
Degrees Similar to Human Development
Child Care Management
Degree programs in child care management prepare students to work at and manage day care centers, preschools, and other child care services. The typical curriculum covers child psychology, education theories, health and safety, staff management and administration, and budgeting.
Child Psychology
Degree programs in child psychology prepare students to work in one or more of the three main concentrations in the field. Adolescent psychology is focused on issues relevant to children and youth between the ages of 12 and 18. These issues include behavioral problems, learning disabilities, depression, and eating disorders. Developmental child psychology is concerned with the emotional and cognitive developments that impact children as they age. Among these developments are language, formation of identity, and understanding of morality. Abnormal Child Psychology focuses on the treatment of children and adolescents dealing with atypical issues like physical abuse, trauma, personality disorders, and sociopathy.
Early Childhood Education (ECE)
A degree in early childhood education provides students with ECE fundamentals and helps them develop leadership and advocacy abilities, as well as the administrative skills required to work in the field. Typical coursework in degree and certificate programs focuses on child growth and development, behavior guidance, supporting children and families, children with exceptionalities, and effective curriculum planning.
Education
Students who major in education study the learning and teaching processes. Among the courses they take are educational psychology and teaching techniques.
Family and Consumer Science
Family and consumer science education programs teach students how to help people make informed decisions about their wellbeing and relationships. Topics included in the curriculum include human development, family studies, food science and human nutrition, health and wellness, personal finance, and design and merchandising.
Gerontology
Gerontology is the study of the human aging process, from the physical, mental, and sociological perspectives. Programs look at how adults change as they age, how an aging population changes society, and how this information is used to develop and implement policies and programs for older adults.
Psychology
The scientific study of the mind and behavior is the focus of psychology degree programs. In simple terms, psychology students study the way that humans and animals act, feel, think, and learn.
Social Work
Social work is about helping people solve and cope with problems and challenges in their everyday lives. Students who pursue a degree in the field gain the knowledge and skills, as well as the ethics and values, to work for social justice for individuals, families, organizations, and communities. The typical curriculum examines issues such as child welfare, mental health, poverty, aging, domestic violence, and marginalized groups.
Sociology
Degree programs in sociology are focused on studying groups, from two people and beyond. Sociology students examine human behavior patterns and relationships at both the micro-level and the macro-level. They study interactions between individuals as well as in families, peer groups, cultural groups, gender groups, racial groups, religious groups, and social classes.
Special Education Teaching
Graduates with a degree in special education are qualified to teach students with physical or mental disabilities. They help students develop basic life skills and must be prepared to adapt their curriculum to do so.
Skills You'll Learn
• Awareness of and sensitivity to diversity and human differences
• Better understanding of children
• Better understanding of one’s self and of others
• Deeper understanding of what is normal and what is not
• Greater appreciation of development throughout life
• Personal development tools
• Understanding of how to interact with kids
In addition to these human development competencies, which help people in every aspect of their lives, graduates of the field also learn:
• Research and Research Design Skills:
Defining issues and designing research questions and surveys are fundamental processes of human development study. These skills are also valued by companies and organizations that need studies designed to find answers to the challenges they face.
• Communication:
Students who successfully complete a human development degree program learn how to break down subjects and conversations into digestible, understandable pieces – an ability that is valued in virtually all professional and social circles.
What Can You Do with a Human Development Degree?
How we grow and develop has implications for every aspect of our lives. It is not surprising, therefore, that human development practitioners are called upon to apply their knowledge in a variety of roles and settings within the public and private human services sector:
• Adolescent counseling centers
• Adult day care centers
• Child care centers
• Child Protective Services
• Crisis nurseries
• Domestic violence services / battered women’s shelters
• Early childhood education centers
• Family crisis centers
• Government agencies
• Group foster homes
• Hospice and bereavement
• Hospitals
• Mental health clinics and agencies
• Non-profit organizations
• Nursing homes
• Parent education organizations
• Parks and recreation programming
• Pre-schools
• Public health
• Public policy
• Rehabilitation centers
• Schools
• Senior centers
• Social work
• Special education centers
• Special needs services / home care services
• The criminal justice system / correction services
• The juvenile justice system / probation offices
• Youth programs
For many students, a degree in human development lays the foundation to pursue an advanced degree in behavioral and social sciences, education, social work, family law, or health sciences. | https://www.careerexplorer.com/degrees/human-development-degree/overview/ |
As the child grows into their adolescence, a stage in which self-identification and social standing become
Although teenagers has developed some reasoning skills similar to an adult brain, more sophisticated cognitive skills, such as the ability to plan for the future and to evaluate the consequences of a decision, does not fully develop until late adolescence or young adulthood. Developmental Psychologist Erik Erikson conducted further research and uncovered an eight stage of personality development model; Erickson defined the adolescence stage as, “Identity vs. Identity Confusion.” At this stage of personality development, the youth in the process of testing, experimenting and trying on different identities in search of their true self. Thus, it is imperative that parent play an active role in their child’s life especially in their teens.
As previously stated, Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Developments depend on the outcome of the preceding stage in order for the current stage to develop any specific way. In the Identity versus Role Confusion stage, the adolescent begins to comprehend themselves in multiple facets due to experimentation throughout this stage (Editorial Board, 2014). Erikson theorized that the adolescent’s identity would focus on two major perspectives: sexual and occupational (McLeod, 2013). The adolescent must accept and be comfortable with the many sides of which they are and apply those features to formulate an identifiable self (Editorial Board, 2014). They strive to belong to a specific society and fit in with others (McLeod, 2013). The adolescent starts thinking in the future sense of careers, family, relationships etc. and go on to search for someone to inspire themselves so they can systematically develop a set of ideals that assist in their desire to belong (Child Development Institute, 1999). Success in this stage produces the attribute of fidelity (McLeod,
Adolescence is popularly known to be a very tumultuous stage in a person’s life. In the adolescent stage (also coined the identity vs. role confusion stage by theorist Erik Erikson) bodies are changing rapidly, emotions are unfamiliar and unexplainable, and refraining from succumbing to peer pressure is more challenging than ever.
Adolescence is a time when everything we've ever known is being changed. Relationships, friends, thoughts, and other things that shape who we are become more awkward and confusing and are changed from what they have been in the past. Consequently, we will change also because all these things shape who we are. During a period of such change, it's hard to know who we really are. Adolescence is the time when we find out who we truly are, but not until we know who we aren't. Adolescents use common words, actions, and rivalries to try to define their unique personalities, goals, and ideas. They label
Peers have a major role in shaping a person's identity. Children tend to have a similar identity as their peers. “Similarity among friends. Strong correlations were found.” If a friend is doing something it makes the child feel pressured into doing it to. Adolescents tend to “rebel” against their parents in their teen years and that’s when peers become a huge influence on shaping the teen’s identity. For example if a persons friends are doing drugs he or she may feel peer pressured. Peer pressure is influence from members of one's peer group. If his or her friends do good things, for example, pick up trash or treat others with respect it helps the adolescent to not liter and pick up after themselves and treat people with respect. A lot of adolescents feel peer pressure every day if they are not fitting in with the right peer group. Peers could shape the teens identity into a good one or a bad one depending on their friends personalities and
Culture, ethnicity, family, sexuality, and society are all factors that can influence a person’s identity. A combination of all these elements usually result in the successful discovery of self-identity. Preadolescents and adolescents often find themselves in a constant battle attempting to find who they are or who they want to be. Adolescents are faced with questions like, What do you want to be when you grow up? What colleges are you looking into? What are your plans after high school?. In a normal process of growth, teens experiment with new activities in order to find their identity, but this is not the case for every teen. Some adolescents do not go through the normal process of experimentation for various reasons.
This is a time where there will be an urge to become closer to peers and become more social with people outside of the usual. This is also a time when notable changes in attitude may be seen. Burnett and Blakemore found that teenagers will are more susceptible to peer pressure, but they also become more resilient to it, especially between the ages of 14 and 18. Teens become more self aware of their ability to refuse peer pressure and make decisions for themselves. Through learning to reject certain people and behaviors, there is also a period of learning who enhances one’s personality. This learning stage brings attention to self-identity and group identity. People usually find a difference in the actions that they would do alone when compared to when peers are involved; this is also called Social Psychology, which is the understanding of individuals behavior in social situations (McLeod). Attitudes and emotions may become impacted by who is interacting with a person and there may be a willingness to do things that originally wouldn’t happen. The difference in personality and interactions is to prepare people for when they leave the stage of adolescence- Hopefully, humans emerge capable of socializing with others and communicating emotions- Even as the human brain continues to socially develop (Blakemore
The period of adolescence is crucial in the development of identity and social integration, and for many teens can be very trying. From the moment children begin attending programs such as daycare and elementary schooling, they are transferred from an environment that no longer exclusively contains their parents, to one where they are integrated with other children who are similar in age; also known as peers. In the United States, adolescents spend twice the amount of time within peer groups from a day to day basis than with their parents (Dijkstra & Veenstra 2011). The socialization that occurs within these peer groups plays a large role in influencing the behaviors of adolescents during this developmental period; whether reinforcing positive behaviors such as academic achievement or encouraging questionable behavior and delinquency. The importance of peer groups in contemporary society is accurately represented in the 2004 movie Mean Girls, adapted from self-help book The Queen Bee’s and Wannabees, depicting the life of a young adolescent who struggles to prove herself worthy of being accepted by the dominant social group. Whether it is deciding on identifying with the ‘Brains’ or choosing to imitate the ‘Cheerleaders’ in hopes of obtaining status, overall adolescent behavior is greatly influenced by their peer groups.
Two of the most elusive components of adolescent development are identity and sexuality. The discovery of identity is a puzzling and frustrating experience, especially during adolescence. The pressure to conform is constant and sometimes inescapable. Unfortunately, many young adults collapses under the peer pressure and it takes years for them to find their own uniqueness and individuality.
Adolescence most important task is to develop an identity separate from one’s parents, a social and sexual role that supports their life. As an adolescence, peers are one factor that shapes you into who you are. However, it is easy to get caught up in the wrong crowd, experience insecurity, anxiety, depression, and have an increasingly high expectations of others. Biologically the changes during
The age of adolescents is generally a time of great change within a person's life. Between the ages of twelve and eighteen, adolescents do not only experience rapid physical change, but also begin to find their own unique personality by completing cognitive, behavioral, moral and social stages. These stages were defined by different theorists such as Erik Erikson, Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg. After completing these stages an adolescent should be able to develop into a healthy and happy adult who can think abstractly and has their own set of morals and identity (Berk, 2014, pg. 402). | https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Support-System-In-Establishing-Ones-Identity-FCHTK3CZNV |
4 Main Components Social Structure
The world we live in today is governed by different sets of rules and regulations almost everywhere we turn. From when and how we brush our teeth, to how we drive our cars, our world is in a way, very predictable. This is all due to the social structure that resides in our society and holds together everything in place. Social structure is the mainframe of how and why we do the things that we do every day of our lives. Without it, humanity would be in complete chaos, and anarchy would take control. The social structure guides us to do our everyday tasks but also gives us direction in how we should perform those tasks. It is divided into smaller elements that have different tasks and functions in the bigger picture.
The social structure today has 4 main components: status, roles, groups, and institutions. Each one of these components plays out a different action in how we behave within the main framework that is being created. The statuses we have are basically positions that we occupy in society and are associated with particular rights and obligations (Elements). Each status that we are defined by comes with a set of expectations that define our identity (Mooney). These statuses can be either achieved or ascribed. Achieved statuses are ones that we usually have control over and are able to direct where they go (Ferris 141). Examples of these types of achieved statuses can be seen every day in almost any environment. From people that have become doctors, to people who are now parents, achieved statuses are usually earned by hard work and diligence. This is not always the case in negative statuses such as convicts and felons.
Writing service
Conditions
Website
[Rated 96/100]
Prices start at $12
[Rated 94/100]
Prices start at $11
[Rated 92/100]
Prices start at $14
[Rated 91/100]
Prices start at $12
The other type of status, ascribed, is one that you are usually born into and can be very hard to change (Ferris 142). Examples of this are a person’s race, cultural background, and sexuality. In society today, people have numerous statuses which are a combination of both ascribed and achieved, but there is always one status that is considered the master status. It is the status that most people view an individual by, and is considered the one that overrides all other statuses (Ferris 142). This master status is usually in some way related to a person’s occupation (Mooney). If you are a full-time student and a son, then you would be considered as a “student” in society, and if you are a law enforcement agent as well as a father, you would most likely be viewed as a “cop” rather than a father. These statuses that we occupy every day of our lives are accompanied by certain actions that we must perform in order to keep those statuses.
Statuses come with a set of obligations and expectations that define that certain status and the behaviours and actions that must be presented with each one are called social roles (Elements). These roles guide our behaviours and help us predict the behaviours of people around us. For example, as a student, I am expected to listen and take notes in class, take tests, and study at home. These are the roles that are associated with having a status of a student. All of these roles that are attached to a single status are considered to be a role set (Mooney). By being a student I can also predict certain things from my teachers who must act their roles of teachers. Because I know what the role of a teacher involves, I can predict that my teacher will lecture, give exams, and assign homework. These real-life examples can be seen every day of our lives, and are the basis for the way of how our society functions as a whole. When multiple roles collide, role conflict occurs and presents a dilemma to the individual (Ferris 142).
For instance, if a student has to go to work for an emergency, he is faced with the decision of whether to study for the next day’s exam or go to work and not risk being fired. These decisions that we make help build who we are and our identity in society. Certain roles can be hard to accomplish and may result in role strain. Role strain occurs in occasions where there are contradictory “expectations with the same role “(Ferris 142). This can happen in parenting when a parent is forced to either discipline a child or nurture it. The same concept can be seen in work environments when bosses are faced to discipline co-workers even though they might be close friends. Sometimes, people are also forced to perform role exits when they no longer need to fulfill a certain status. A student that has graduated from college has no longer the status of a student, but of a worker in society.
Status changes result in role changes, and these roles and statuses help shape our individual identities and who we are in our society today. Social structure has another basic block that combines these individuals with their statuses into one united form. Social groups are defined as “two or more people who have a common identity, interact, and form a social relationship” (Mooney). These groups are just as important to society, as the individual person is. Groups can be seen everywhere and all the time. From families to soccer teams, groups are an inevitable part of our social structure. Primary groups are comprised of the people who are most important to a person and have ongoing “face-to-face” interactions which contribute to a strong sense of belonging and attachment (Ferris 152). An example of this type of group is the family, in which people are blood-related and function together in unity on a daily basis.
Close friends can also be considered a part of this group, even though other people can be in it as well. On the other hand, secondary groups are larger, less intimate groups that are usually formed around a specific activity or formed in order to accomplish a specific task (Ferris 153). From a macro-sociological perspective, through these groups, individuals can form a new sense of identity and status, which in turn helps them become more productive members of society. This helps strengthen society as a whole by creating more social cohesion. When people feel part of a group, they feel a sense of belonging and identity which helps the individual build a stronger personality and also a larger social network. This social network ties people directly and indirectly and forms stronger bonds between the individuals (Ferris 153). Groups are also directly tied to the last structure block in our society.
Institutions are establishments in our social structure that govern our behaviours and actions through a system that has standardized patterns of rules and regulations (Elements). The main five institutions in our society are family, religion, politics, economics, and education (Mooney). Each one of those institutes provides a specific concept that is followed by the majority of the population and results in an organized and structured society. These social concepts and practices involve members of society by having them follow these regulations and rules in order to maintain peace. For example, if a member of society chooses to go against the institution of law and commit a crime, he/she puts himself at risk of being detained and sentenced to do jail time. Unlike this example, most people do follow the rules and conducts of these institutions and are rewarded for it.
These significant factors in a society’s identity are important for understanding the society and integration into the society. An outsider normally has to become aware of these social institutions to gain acceptance and credibility in the host society (Mooney). That is why learning how these institutions function and the guidelines that they provide are crucial to having a strong place in society. The way we present ourselves to others almost always involves some kind of acting and/or presentations. Based on the teachings of Erving Goffman, the dramaturgical approach to life has been greatly valued by sociologists and people today (Ferris 131). It involves a way of perceiving things as if all people are in a way, “acting”. Everyone goes on through their day and acts upon the roles to which they have attached a certain status without realizing that they are constantly sending out messages and trying to impress the people around them. Goffman called this impression management (Ferris 31). It is a way of viewing the world and society as a movie set, and the people that are involved in this movie are just mere actors.
Although unorthodox, this perspective makes a lot of sense when everyday situations are presented, and the way people behave is analyzed. Most people do not act the same in a working environment as they do at home or when they are with friends or family. This front that people put for different occasions varies from situation to situation and from group to group. This exact way of thinking explains why people behave the way they do when they are acting upon different roles and statuses. To sum up, it is notable that these social structures exist for the good of all people regardless the gender, colour of the body, sex among other personal attributes. It is through these exact building blocks that society develops well-behaved and intelligent citizens, thereby giving hope for the future. Each different culture varies its importance on certain aspects of society, but as a whole, all these structures can be seen in every society around the world and are vital to the existence of mankind.
Works Cited
- “Elements of Society: Social Structure.” SparkNotes.com. Web. 18 Mar. 2012.
- <http://sparkcharts.sparknotes.com/gensci/sociology/section5.php>. | https://essayscollector.com/essays/4-main-components-social-structure/ |
After an extended and thorough search at the South Pole using a particle detector, scientists are almost certain that the sterile neutrino does not exist. This result comes in spite of a collection of hints and clues of the existence of such a particle resulted from various experiments.
A neutrino is one of the fundamental particles of the universe. They similar to electrons but they don’t carry an electric charge and are only affected by the weak sub-atomic force and gravity. Thanks to these characteristics, they are able to pass through all sorts of matter even humans. There are currently three known types of neutrinos: electron, muon, and tau depending on the charged particle they relate to.
The existence of a sterile neutrino could have led to a complete rethinking of the Standard Model of particle physics, which establishes how subatomic particles interact with one another. But the study published in the scientific journal Physical Review Letter by a team of researchers from the Niels Bohr Institute found that the sterile neutrino has a very low chance of actually being real.
The research team examined thousands of neutrinos in the IceCube Neutrino Observatory using a large particle detector embedded in the ice of the South Pole. According to Francis Halzen, a physics professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and the leader of the research team:
“Sterile means it doesn’t interact with matter itself, although it can dramatically interfere with the way conventional neutrinos do.”
Since the theoritical neutrino could not be detected directly, the scientists’ only hope was to observe as it was in the process of interfering with other particles and transforming into another type (flavor) of neutrino. They analyzed neutrinos formed when cosmic rays collide with particles in the Earth’s atmosphere. Sterile neutrinos were thought to form after normal ones pass through dense matter such as the Earth’s core.
After an extended analysis of two independent sets of data, each consisting of around 100, 000 neutrino events and, the research team did not find any evidence for the theoretical sterile neutrino. Though, the lack of evidence from even this type of thorough search isn’t enough to convince scientists to abandon their efforts. It just means that there’s a chance that sterile neutrinos are actually extremely elusive. | https://www.wallstreethedge.com/scientists-sterile-neutrinos/210650/ |
‘Ghostly’ neutrino from star-shredding black gap reveals cosmic particle accelerator of epic proportions
Scientists investigated a type of subatomic particle generally known as a neutrino, which is generated by nuclear reactions and the radioactive decay of unstable atoms. Neutrinos are terribly light-weight — about 500,000 occasions lighter than the electron.Neutrinos possess no electrical cost and solely hardly ever work together with different particles. As such, they will slip by means of matter simply — a light-year’s price of lead, equal to about 5.8 trillion miles (9.5 trillion kilometers) would solely cease about half of the neutrinos flying by means of it.
Nonetheless, neutrinos do often strike atoms. When that occurs, they offer off telltale flashes of sunshine, which scientists have beforehand noticed to substantiate their existence.
Within the new research, researchers examined an especially high-energy neutrino they noticed on Oct. 1, 2019, utilizing the IceCube Neutrino Observatory on the South Pole.
“It smashed into the Antarctic ice with a outstanding power of greater than 100 tera-electronvolts,” research co-author Anna Franckowiak, now on the College of Bochum in Germany, stated in an announcement. “For comparability, that is at the very least 10 occasions the utmost particle power that may be achieved on the earth’s strongest particle accelerator, the Giant Hadron Collider.”
Video: Neutrino traced again to black gap shredding a star
Associated: Bizarre neutrino conduct might clarify longstanding antimatter thriller
To find the origins of such a robust neutrino, the scientists traced its path by means of area. They discovered it doubtless got here from the galaxy designated “2MASX J20570298+1412165” within the constellation Delphinus, the dolphin, and is positioned about 750 million light-years from Earth.
About six months earlier than scientists detected the high-energy neutrino, astronomers witnessed a glow from this galaxy utilizing the Zwicky Transient Facility on Mount Palomar in California. This mild doubtless got here from a black gap shredding a star, a so-called tidal disruption occasion dubbed “AT2019dsg.”
The researchers recommend a star got here too near a supermassive black gap on the middle of the galaxy 2MASX J20570298+1412165, one about 30 million occasions extra huge than the solar. It then received ripped aside by the black gap’s colossal gravity, an excessive model of the way in which through which the moon causes tides to rise and fall on Earth.
The scientists famous that about half the star’s particles was hurled into area, whereas the opposite half settled right into a swirling disk across the black gap. As matter from this dismantled star fell into this disk, it received hotter and shone brightly sufficient for astronomers to see from Earth.
The researchers estimated this neutrino solely had a 1 in 500 probability of coinciding with the occasion. This recommended that scientists have doubtless detected the primary particle traced again to a tidal disruption occasion.
“It was lengthy predicted by theoretical work that neutrinos would possibly come from tidal disruption occasions,” research lead writer Robert Stein, a multimessenger astronomer on the German Electron Synchrotron (DESY) in Zeuthen, Germany, instructed House.com. “This work is the primary observational proof to help that declare.” He and his colleagues detailed their findings on-line Feb. 21 within the journal Nature Astronomy.
These new findings make clear tidal disruption occasions, about which a lot stays unknown. Particularly, the researchers recommended the neutrino got here from jets of matter blasting out from close to the black gap’s accretion disk at almost the velocity of sunshine, Cecilia Lunardini, a particle astrophysicist at Arizona State College, instructed House.com. She and research co-author Walter Winter at DESY detailed their findings on-line Feb. 22 in a companion research within the journal Nature Astronomy.
Though these relativistic jets doubtless spewed out many alternative sorts of particles, these had been principally electrically charged particles, that are deflected by intergalactic magnetic fields earlier than they will attain Earth. In distinction, neutrinos (which don’t have any cost) can journey in a straight line like mild rays from the tidal disruption occasion.
This discovery marks solely the second time scientists have traced a high-energy neutrino again to its supply, Stein stated. The primary time, in 2018, astronomers tracked such a neutrino again to the blazar TXS 0506+056, an enormous elliptical galaxy with a fast-spinning supermassive black gap at its coronary heart.
“Realizing the place high-energy neutrinos come from is an enormous query in particle astrophysics,” Stein stated. “Now we’ve got extra proof they will most likely come from tidal disruption occasions.”
One unusual side of this discovery was how the neutrino was not detected till a half-year after the black gap started gobbling the star. What this implies is that the tidal disruption occasion can act like an enormous cosmic particle accelerator for months, Stein stated.
Though the researchers solely detected one neutrino from this tidal disruption occasion, “for us to detect even one, there should have been billions and billions it was producing,” Stein stated. “We received fortunate to see one.”
Comply with us on Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Fb. | https://newsnationglobal.com/2021/02/23/ghostly-neutrino-from-star-shredding-black-gap-reveals-cosmic-particle-accelerator-of-epic-proportions/ |
A decades-long experiment to search for a new particle called the sterile neutrino has been dealt a blow, according to four analyses conducted by a bevy of scientists, including University of Michigan physicists.
New results from the MicroBooNE experiment at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory show no sign of the sterile neutrino, a proposed particle that has remained a promising explanation for anomalies seen in earlier physics experiments. Finding a new particle would be a major discovery and a radical shift in our understanding of the universe.
However, the four complementary analyses released by the international MicroBooNE collaboration and presented during a seminar today all did not find evidence of the sterile neutrino. Instead, the results align with the Standard Model of Particle Physics, scientists’ best theory of how the universe works. The data is consistent with what the Standard Model predicts: three kinds of neutrinos—no more, no less.
“We have had hints that there’s a fourth or more type of neutrino, and the discovery of a new particle has enormous implications for how the universe evolved, how galaxies clump together, how stars explode, and why we live in a matter-dominated universe,” said U-M physicist Joshua Spitz, one of the founding collaborators of the MicroBooNE experiment. “In all the different ways we looked, we didn’t see evidence for an excess, which would be indicative of a new type of fundamental particle.”
MicroBooNE is a 170-ton neutrino detector roughly the size of a school bus that has operated since 2015. The international experiment has close to 200 collaborators from 36 institutions in five countries. They used cutting-edge technology to record spectacularly precise 3D images of neutrino events and examine particle interactions in detail—a much-needed probe into the subatomic world.
Neutrinos are one of the fundamental particles in nature. They’re neutral, incredibly tiny and the most abundant particle with mass in our universe—though they rarely interact with other matter.
They’re also particularly intriguing to physicists, with a number of unanswered questions surrounding them. These puzzles include why their masses are so vanishingly small and whether they are responsible for matter’s dominance over antimatter in our universe. This makes neutrinos a unique window into exploring how the universe works at the smallest scales.
MicroBooNE’s new results are an exciting turning point in neutrino research. With sterile neutrinos further disfavored as the explanation for anomalies spotted in neutrino data, scientists are investigating other possibilities. These include things as intriguing as light created by other processes during neutrino collisions or as exotic as dark matter, unexplained physics related to the Higgs boson, or other physics beyond the Standard Model.
First hints of sterile neutrinos
Neutrinos come in three known types—the electron, muon and tau neutrino—and can switch between these flavors in a particular way as they travel. This phenomenon is called “neutrino oscillation.” Scientists can use their knowledge of oscillations to predict how many neutrinos of any kind they expect to see when measuring them at various distances from their source.
Neutrinos are produced by many sources, including the sun, the atmosphere, nuclear reactors and particle accelerators. Starting around two decades ago, data from two particle beam experiments threw researchers for a loop.
In two previous experiments, including one called MiniBooNE, scientists also saw more particle events than calculations predicted. These strange neutrino beam results were followed by reports of missing electron neutrinos from radioactive sources and reactor neutrino experiments.
Sterile neutrinos emerged as a popular candidate to explain these odd results. While neutrinos are already tricky to detect, the proposed sterile neutrino would be even more elusive, responding only to the force of gravity. But because neutrinos flit between the different types, a sterile neutrino could impact the way neutrinos oscillate, leaving its signature in the data.
The MiniBooNE detector had a particular limitation: It was unable to tell the difference between electrons and photons (particles of light) close to where the neutrino interacted with an atom inside of the detector. If MiniBooNE were truly seeing more electrons than predicted, it would indicate extra electron neutrinos causing the interactions. That would mean something unexpected was happening in the oscillations that researchers hadn’t accounted for: sterile neutrinos. But if photons were causing the excess, it would likely be a background process rather than oscillations gone wild and a new particle.
It was clear that researchers needed a more nuanced detector. In 2007, the idea for MicroBooNE was born.
MicroBooNE: Precision detector
The MicroBooNE detector is built on state-of-the-art techniques and technology. It uses special light sensors and more than 8,000 painstakingly attached wires to capture particle tracks. It’s housed in a 40-foot-long cylindrical container filled with 170 tons of pure liquid argon. Neutrinos bump into the dense, transparent liquid, releasing additional particles that the electronics can record. The method, pioneered by Spitz, an associate professor of physics at U-M, results in pictures that show detailed particle paths and, crucially, distinguish electrons from photons.
Spitz’s group at U-M had a number of leading roles on the experiment. The group’s primary work involved calibrating the detector, developing software for making sense of the neutrino images collected and understanding how neutrinos interact with the argon atoms inside the detector. The group’s work helped produce the result found by the analyses.
MicroBooNE’s first three years of data show no excess of electrons—but they also show no excess of photons from a background process that might indicate an error in MiniBooNE’s data.
“We’re not seeing what we would have expected from a MiniBooNE-like signal, neither electrons nor the most likely of the photon suspects,” said Fermilab scientist Sam Zeller, who served as MicroBooNE co-spokesperson for eight years. “But that earlier data from MiniBooNE doesn’t lie. There’s something really interesting happening that we still need to explain.”
While the first analyses weighed in on the sterile neutrino, additional analyses could provide more information about exotic explanations, including dark matter, axion-like particles, the hypothetical Z-prime boson and beyond. There’s even a chance it could still be a sterile neutrino, hiding in even more unexpected ways.
Future neutrino exploration
Neutrinos are surrounded by mysteries. The anomalous data seen by the earlier MiniBooNE and LSND experiments still need an explanation. So, too, does the very phenomenon of neutrino oscillation and the fact that neutrinos have mass, neither of which is predicted by the Standard Model. There are also hints that neutrinos could help explain why there is so much matter in the universe, as opposed to a universe full of antimatter or nothing at all.
MicroBooNE is one of a suite of neutrino experiments searching for answers. Crucially, it’s also a long-running testbed for the liquid argon technology that will be used in upcoming detectors.
Spitz’s group at U-M working on MicroBooNE has included doctoral students Chris Barnes and Rory Fitzpatrick, as well as former postdoctoral fellow Joel Mousseau. Undergraduates, including those who have since graduated, include Polina Abratenko, Nick Kamp and Alexis Metzler.
MicroBooNE is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. National Science Foundation, Swiss National Science Foundation, U.K. Science and Technology Facilities Council, U.K. Royal Society and European Union’s Horizon 2020. | https://scienceblog.com/526287/microboone-experiments-first-results-show-no-hint-of-a-sterile-neutrino/ |
The Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility, home to the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment, will send particles 1,300 kilometers (800 miles) through the earth from Chicago to a mile-deep detector in South Dakota.
On Friday, July 21, a new era of physics in the United States will officially begin.
That’s when a group of dignitaries will join scientists, engineers and others from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, the Sanford Underground Research Facility and their partners around the world nearly a mile under the earth to break ground on a massive global physics experiment. Once the first shovel full of earth is turned, crews will be ready to excavate more than 800,000 tons of rock—approximately the weight of eight aircraft carriers—to create huge underground caverns for the assembly of enormous particle detectors, all to better understand a mysterious particle called a neutrino.
The invitation-only groundbreaking ceremony for the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) will be held simultaneously at 3 pm CDT/2 pm MDT at Sanford Lab in South Dakota and at Fermilab in Illinois. Reporters interested in attending the ceremony should contact Andre Salles, Fermilab, at [email protected], or Constance Walter, Sanford Lab, at [email protected]. The ceremony will also be simulcast online for the public.
LBNF will be constructed over the next decade, and will be home to the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). Fermilab will send a beam of neutrinos 1,300 kilometers (800 miles) through the earth to a detector that stands nearly four stories tall, built nearly one mile underground and filled with liquid argon. Scientists will study the interactions neutrinos make with argon atoms in a quest to learn more about these elusive yet abundant particles. | http://sanfordlab.org/press-release/groundbreaking-global-mega-science-experiment-set-july-21 |
Tracing again a ghostly particle to a shredded star, scientists have uncovered a huge cosmic particle accelerator. The subatomic particle, referred to as a neutrino, was hurled in direction of Earth after the doomed star got here too near the supermassive black gap on the middle of its house galaxy and was ripped aside by the black gap’s colossal gravity. It’s the first particle that may be traced again to such a ‘tidal disruption occasion’ (TDE) and gives proof that these little understood cosmic catastrophes might be highly effective pure particle accelerators, because the crew led by DESY scientist Robert Stein reviews within the journal Nature Astronomy. The observations additionally exhibit the facility of exploring the cosmos through a mix of various ‘messengers’ comparable to photons (the particles of sunshine) and neutrinos, also referred to as multi-messenger astronomy.
The neutrino started its journey some 700 million years in the past, across the time the primary animals developed on Earth. That’s the travel time the particle wanted to get from the far-away, unnamed galaxy (cataloged as 2MASX J20570298+1412165) within the constellation Delphinus (The Dolphin) to Earth. Scientists estimate that the large black gap is as huge as 30 million suns. “The pressure of gravity will get stronger and stronger, the nearer you get to one thing. Meaning the black gap’s gravity pulls the star’s close to facet extra strongly than the star’s far facet, resulting in a stretching impact,” explains Stein. “This distinction is known as a tidal pressure, and because the star will get nearer, this stretching turns into extra excessive. Finally it rips the star aside, after which we name it a tidal disruption occasion. It is the identical course of that results in ocean tides on Earth, however fortunately for us the moon does not pull onerous sufficient to shred the Earth.”
About half of the star’s particles was flung into area, whereas the opposite half settled on a swirling disc across the black gap. This accretion disc is considerably much like the vortex of water above the drain of a tub. Earlier than plunging into oblivion, the matter from the accretion disc will get hotter and warmer and shines brightly. This glow was first detected by the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) on Mount Palomar in California on 9 April 2019.
Half a yr later, on 1 October 2019 the IceCube neutrino detector on the South Pole registered a particularly energetic neutrino from the route of the tidal disruption occasion. “It smashed into the Antarctic ice with a outstanding power of greater than 100 teraelectronvolts,” says co-author Anna Franckowiak from DESY, who’s now a professor on the College of Bochum. “For comparability, that is no less than ten instances the utmost particle power that may be achieved on this planet’s strongest particle accelerator, the Giant Hadron Collider on the European particle physics lab CERN close to Geneva.”
Excessive light-weight
The extraordinarily light-weight neutrinos hardly work together with something, in a position to move unnoticed by means of not simply partitions however complete planets or stars, and are therefore sometimes called ghost particles. So, even catching only one high-energy neutrino is already a outstanding remark. Evaluation confirmed that this specific neutrino had solely a one in 500 likelihood of being purely coincidental with the TDE. The detection prompted additional observations of the occasion with many devices throughout the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves to X-rays.
“That is the primary neutrino linked to a tidal disruption occasion, and it brings us worthwhile proof,” explains Stein. “Tidal disruption occasions will not be effectively understood. The detection of the neutrino factors to the existence of a central, highly effective engine close to the accretion disc, spewing out quick particles. And the mixed evaluation of knowledge from radio, optical and ultraviolet telescopes provides us further proof that the TDE acts as a huge particle accelerator.”
The observations are finest defined by an brisk outflow of quick jets of matter taking pictures out of the system, which can be produced by the central engine and that final for a whole bunch of days. That is additionally what is required to elucidate the observational information, as Walter Winter, head of the theoretical astroparticle physics group at DESY, and his colleague theorist Cecilia Lunardini from Arizona State College, have proven in a theoretical mannequin revealed in the identical situation of Nature Astronomy. “The neutrino emerged comparatively late, half a yr after the star feast had began. Our mannequin explains this timing naturally,” says Winter.
The cosmic accelerator spews out several types of particles, however aside from neutrinos and photons, these particles are electrically charged and thus deflected by intergalactic magnetic fields on their journey. Solely the electrically impartial neutrinos can journey on a straight line like mild from the supply in direction of Earth and so change into worthwhile messengers from such methods.
“The mixed observations exhibit the facility of multi-messenger astronomy,” says co-author Marek Kowalski, head of neutrino astronomy at DESY and a professor at Humboldt College in Berlin. “With out the detection of the tidal disruption occasion, the neutrino can be simply one among many. And with out the neutrino, the remark of the tidal disruption occasion can be simply one among many. Solely by means of the mixture might we discover the accelerator and study one thing new in regards to the processes inside.” The affiliation of the high-energy neutrino and the tidal disruption occasion was discovered by a classy software program bundle referred to as AMPEL, particularly developed at DESY to seek for correlations between IceCube neutrinos and astrophysical objects detected by the Zwicky Transient Facility.
Tip of the iceberg?
The Zwicky Transient Facility was designed to seize a whole bunch of hundreds of stars and galaxies in a single shot and might survey the evening sky significantly quick. At its coronary heart is the 1.three m diameter Samuel-Oschin Telescope. Due to its massive discipline of view, ZTF can scan your complete sky over three nights, discovering extra variable and transient objects than some other optical survey earlier than it. “Since our begin in 2018 we now have detected over 30 tidal disruption occasions to date, greater than doubling the recognized variety of such objects,” says Sjoert van Velzen from Leiden Observatory, co-author of the research. “Once we realized that the second brightest TDE noticed by us was the supply of a high-energy neutrino registered by IceCube, we had been thrilled.”
“We’d solely be seeing the tip of the iceberg right here. Sooner or later, we look forward to finding many extra associations between high-energy neutrinos and their sources,” says Francis Halzen, Professor on the College of Wisconsin-Madison and Principal Investigator of IceCube, who was in a roundabout way concerned within the research. “There’s a new technology of telescopes being constructed that can present higher sensitivity to TDEs and different potential neutrino sources. Much more important is the deliberate extension of the IceCube neutrino detector, that might enhance the variety of cosmic neutrino detections no less than tenfold.” This TDE marks solely the second time, a high-energy cosmic neutrino could possibly be traced again to its supply. In 2018, a multi-messenger marketing campaign offered an lively galaxy, the blazar TXS 0506+056, as the primary ever recognized supply of a high-energy neutrino, recorded by IceCube in 2017.
A tidal disruption occasion coincident with a high-energy neutrino, Nature Astronomy (2021). DOI: 10.1038/s41550-020-01295-8 , www.nature.com/articles/10.1038/s41550-020-01295-8
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron
Quotation:
Ghost particle from shredded star reveals cosmic particle accelerator (2021, February 22)
retrieved 23 February 2021
from https://phys.org/information/2021-02-ghost-particle-shredded-star-reveals.html
This doc is topic to copyright. Aside from any truthful dealing for the aim of personal research or analysis, no
half could also be reproduced with out the written permission. The content material is offered for info functions solely. | https://silentgarden.net/astronomy/ghost-particle-from-shredded-star-reveals-cosmic-particle-accelerator/ |
NAME:
University of Cambridge
HOME TOWN:
Cambridge, England
MASCOT:
In physics: the Cavendish Laboratory crocodile
SCHOOL COLORS:
Cambridge blue
PARTICLE PHYSICS COLLABORATIONS:
ATLAS, LHCb, MINOS and a future linear collider
EXPERIMENTS AT FERMILAB:
MINOS
SCIENTISTS AND STUDENTS AT FERMILAB:
Currently one professor, one postdoc and two graduate students
COLLABORATING AT FERMILAB SINCE:
2000
MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO FERMILAB EXPERIMENTS:
Many contributions to the MINOS experiment, including: DAQ run control software, detector commissioning, data monitoring and validation; high-and-low level reconstruction and calibration software and analysis of neutrino oscillations, with a leading role in the study of atmospheric neutrinos.
PARTICLE PHYSICS RESEARCH FOCUS:
We have a broad range of interests in the experiments we work on: searching for new physics and performing precision tests of the Standard Model at ATLAS; studying rare B decays and CP violation at LHCb; constraining neutrino oscillations at MINOS. We are also interested in a range of theoretical problems with a phenomenological emphasis, and the development of detectors for a future linear collider.
WHAT SETS PARTICLE PHYSICS AT CAMBRIDGE APART?
The Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge has a rich history of research and discovery in the field of particle physics. For example, the discovery of the electron by J.J. Thomson at Cambridge helped to usher in the era of modern physics. Today we are gearing up for the new discoveries we hope will emerge in the coming decade.
FUNDING AGENCY:
UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)
FAVORITE NATIONAL LABORATORY:
Fermilab, for its current leading role in experimental particle physics.
Cambridge University physicists at the Cavendish Laboratory. From left: postdocs John Chapman and John Marshall, student Ruth Toner, Professor Mark Thomson, student Jess Mitchell, postdoc Andy Blake and Cambridge undergraduate Rob Raine. | https://www.fnal.gov/pub/today/universities/university_of_cambridge.html |
When physicists finally detected the Higgs boson in 2012, they validated a theoretical prediction made some 50 years earlier. But not every particle that physicists are searching for has such a history. Several experiments are on the hunt for a particle that theory never demanded—but that could wind up answering several open questions in particle physics.
Known as a sterile neutrino, the particle is an even sneakier version of the ghostly neutrino. Neutrinos stream through other matter almost completely unnoticed; about 100 trillion of them pass through your body every second, though only a few will interact in your body over your entire lifetime.
According to the Standard Model of particle physics, neutrinos were originally thought to have no mass. But in 1998, physicists found clear evidence that the three known types of neutrinos—electron, muon and tau—can oscillate, or change, among each other, which is possible only if the particles have mass. (This discovery earned them the 2015 Nobel Prize for Physics.)
The discovery of neutrino mass opened up another possibility: a right-handed neutrino. In particle physics, handedness is a quality that emerges from a particle’s mass and spin. As massless particles, neutrinos wouldn’t be able to change their handedness—but with mass, they can.
Until now, scientists have only observed left-handed neutrinos, but the right-handed version might be lurking out of sight. And while left-handed neutrinos interact in two ways (through gravity and the weak force), right-handed neutrinos are even trickier, interacting perhaps only through gravity.
“Sterile neutrinos were always out there as an idea, but we didn’t have to worry about it because we didn’t even know neutrinos had mass. So we just ignored them,” says Richard Van de Water, a physicist with the US Department of Energy’s Los Alamos National Laboratory. “We now say neutrinos have mass. That means there can be this right-handed, sterile neutrino.”
One in a trillion
Experimentalists found the first hint of the existence of sterile neutrinos two decades ago. If there are three neutrino states, as described in the Standard Model, then there are three different kinds of oscillations that can be measured. Any two measurements should allow scientists to predict the third.
By the early 2000s, physicists thought they had two figured out. They had hoped to confirm the last measurement with experiments run at Los Alamos’ Liquid Scintillator Neutrino Detector. But in 1995, LSND had picked up excess neutrino oscillations where theory predicted there should be none.
“The fact that they saw something says that you can’t put all these different measurements together in a coherent neutrino picture that has only three neutrinos,” says Matt Toups, a neutrino physicist at DOE’s Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. “That’s why people now talk about sterile neutrinos.”
LSND’s results were so surprising that physicists built a new detector at Fermilab to check their findings. Dubbed MiniBooNE—BooNE stands for Booster Neutrino Experiment—the detector picked up an excess of electron neutrinos in 2006 that conflicted with LSND’s results but still indicates the possibility of sterile neutrinos. (Later runs were more consistent with LSND.)
To further probe these excesses, physicists need to look at interactions in multiple detectors set at different distances from the neutrino source, such as the liquid-argon detectors in Fermilab’s Short-Baseline Neutrino Program. MicroBooNE, the first of three short-baseline detectors to be installed, saw its first neutrino interactions in November.
Even with these new detectors, finding definitive evidence of the existence of sterile neutrinos will be a challenge. The “sterile” in their name comes from their inability to interact with other matter through any of the forces in the Standard Model other than perhaps gravity. That means they can be observed only through their oscillations into active neutrinos, which are themselves incredibly difficult to detect. At LSND, fewer than one in 1 trillion neutrinos will interact with another particle, leaving a footprint for scientists to measure.
“Just detecting neutrinos is difficult,” Van de Water says. “By extension, that makes interpreting the effects of sterile neutrinos on neutrino oscillations difficult.”
An unexpected guest
Because theorists had so long predicted the existence of the Higgs boson, discovering that it didn’t exist would have rewritten the path of particle physics. That’s not the case with sterile neutrinos, which would be a much more unexpected discovery.
“There are all these models that exist out there that tell us we’re not supposed to find any sterile neutrinos,” says André de Gouvêa, a theoretical physicist at Northwestern University. “If you don’t see one, the world doesn’t change.”
Still, the search for these odd particles is gaining momentum, in part because of the many unanswered questions to which sterile neutrinos could be linked. It’s possible they hold the explanation for the source of neutrino mass, one of the biggest puzzles in particle physics today. They could be important in cosmology, lending new insights into the formation of the early universe. And some physicists think that sterile neutrinos could be the particles that make up dark matter, which, like sterile neutrinos, seems to be impervious to all known forces save gravity.
“We know there’s this whole 95 percent of the universe out there we don’t understand,” says Van de Water. “What better way to connect to that than through a particle that hardly interacts with the Standard Model itself? What better way to hide all that physics out there than through a sterile neutrino? It could potentially be a portal to the dark sector, and maybe this is what we’re starting to find.”
No matter what they are, their existence would be solid evidence of physics beyond the Standard Model, Van de Water says. Discovering them would require physicists to fit them into existing theories about the universe and would doubtless create many new questions for physicists to answer. | https://www.symmetrymagazine.org/article/the-hidden-neutrino |
One of the ironies of modern science is that increasingly bigger experiments are required to better understand the smallest of particles. That's the case with a new machine at Fermilab in far west suburban Batavia. Physicists there have just completed installing one of the largest particle detectors in the world, and it's working in conjunction with another detector 500 miles away to try to unlock the mysteries of the neutrino.
Weighing in at nearly 13 tons, it took scientists and technicians at Fermilab more than a little effort to get a massive block into place. They had to make adjustments, realignments, and do a bit of finagling to get it in the right spot.
But when they eventually got it there, they completed a machine containing six other equally gigantic blocks. All together, they form a particle detector that soon will try to unravel one of the great mysteries of the universe.
“Right now, as far as we know, our universe is completely made of matter,” said Fermilab Physicist Bill Lee. “We don't see any evidence of having large amounts of antimatter that should have been made in the Big Bang. We think that there must be some mechanism that there's a propensity for having matter, and we're wondering if that can be the neutrino.”
- Visit Web Extra: Fermilab Tour for a behind-the-scenes blog and a slideshow.
Neutrinos are one of the least understood of subatomic particles. They're generated by the nuclear reaction of stars -- including the sun -- and are billions of times more abundant in the universe than all other particles. Trillions of them pass through your body every second, and they're the only known particle that can change into several different forms; something scientists call oscillation.
“None of the other fundamental particles, electrons, quarks, they don't oscillate from one type to another,” said Lee. “Neutrinos do, and that makes them very interesting to study.”
They are also very difficult to capture, and that's why the detectors need to be enormous. Because of their size and complexity, the massive blocks that make up Fermilab's neutrino detector had to be constructed above ground. They were then lowered through a 350-foot deep shaft specially constructed for the project before being assembled in their custom cavern.
The detector requires a subterranean shelter to minimize interactions with naturally occurring neutrinos. For their study, Fermilab scientists will generate a neutrino beam using its main injector particle accelerator, and that beam will have two targets: the Fermilab detector, and one 500 miles to the northwest in Northern Minnesota.
“We're looking for an appearance, and so we have to know what the state of the beam is here, so that's why we want to have a near detector,” said Lee. “And then, we need the distance for those neutrinos to have the chance to oscillate, and so that's why we put a detector all the way in Minnesota.”
The far detector near the Canadian border is also sizeable. Fermilab claims that it's the largest freestanding plastic structure in the world, measuring as wide as a basketball court and twice as long. The neutrino beam that hits it will travel unabated through the earth. At the very basic level, scientists hope to discover the exact mass of each of the three so-called flavors of neutrinos. But there's a much, much bigger question that the neutrino experiment could answer.
“Our understanding of neutrinos will help us understand the universe. It will help us understand the creation of the universe,” said Lee. “We are hoping that by studying the properties of neutrinos, we may even learn a little bit about why our universe exists as it does, why we have a preponderance of matter as opposed to antimatter in our universe.”
Neutrinos should not be confused with the Higgs boson particle. The Higgs was first proposed in the early 1960s and confirmed to exist only two years ago after experiments at the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland. Neutrinos have been known about since the 1930s.
Both particles, however, hold the keys to big mysteries. Fermilab scientists hope to start unraveling some of those mysteries later this year. | https://news.wttw.com/2014/01/14/fermilab-s-nova-experiment |
Queen’s professor Arthur McDonald has accepted the internationally renowned Giuseppe and Vanna Cocconi prize from the European Physical Society for the research work of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) scientific collaboration, of which he is the Director.
The prize is awarded every two years at the European Physical Society-High Energy and Particle Physics (EPS-HEPP) Division Conference for outstanding contributions to the field of particle astrophysics and cosmology.
The SNO experiment took place two kilometres underground in an active nickel mine near Sudbury, Ont. The large neutrino detector is filled with 1000 tonnes of heavy water. Researchers observed neutrinos produced by nuclear reactions that power the sun and provided a clear indication that neutrinos change from one type to another before reaching the earth.
A neutrino is an elusive neutral subatomic particle with a mass close to zero.
The SNO results also provided accurate confirmation of detailed models for energy generation in the sun. The SNO collaboration included scientists from the Canadian universities Carleton, Laurentian, Guelph and UBC as well at the TRIUMF laboratory and international scientists from the US, UK, Portugal and Germany.
Presently, the SNO detector is being modified for future measurements of neutrinos and rare radioactive decays as part of the expanded SNOLAB underground science facility. The new SNO+ detector will provide one of the most sensitive measurements on the world of a rare form of radioactivity relevant to the processes that form matter in the early universe.
Queen’s students and scientists are participating in other experiments at SNOLAB that seek to observe elusive dark matter particles created in the Big Bang and known to make up about 25 per cent of the Universe. | https://www.queensu.ca/gazette/content/physics-professor-art-mcdonald-accepts-international-award-research-neutrinos |
Of all the particles in the world of particle physics, neutrinos are by far the shyest. They don't like to socialize with other particles, and generally keep to themselves. A hundred trillion neutrinos pass through you every second, but it would take a week for just one to interact with a single particle in your body. That's too bad, because neutrinos are important for our understanding of the universe — they make up a lot of the energy from supernovas, for one thing, and knowing more about them might teach us important things about the mysterious substance scientists call dark matter. But physicists are on the case, and in August 2017, a team announced that they had detected a rare neutrino interaction. Even better, instead of using a building-sized detector buried deep underground, the researchers did it with a device the size of a fire extinguisher.
The Antisocial Particle
Confirming A 40-Year-Old Theory
Physicist Helps Create World's Smallest Neutrino Detector
What Is A Neutrino?
Written by Ashley Hamer August 25, 2017
Wake up with the smartest email in your inbox.
Our Best Articles Daily | https://curiosity.com/topics/physicists-caught-a-rare-neutrino-interaction-with-the-smallest-detector-ever-curiosity |
Batavia, Ill. – Scientists of the Booster Neutrino Experiment collaboration announced this week that a new detector at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory has observed its first neutrino events. The BooNE scientists identified neutrinos that created ring-shaped flashes of light inside a 250,000-gallon detector filled with mineral oil.
The major goal of the MiniBooNE experiment, the first phase of the BooNE project, is either to confirm or refute startling experimental results reported by a group of scientists at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. In 1995, the Liquid Scintillator Neutrino Detector collaboration stunned the particle physics community when it reported a few incidences in which the antiparticle of a neutrino had presumably transformed into a different type of antineutrino, a process called neutrino oscillation.
“Today, there exist three very different independent experimental results that indicate neutrino oscillations,” said Janet Conrad, a physics professor at Columbia University and cospokesperson of the BooNE collaboration. “Confirming the LSND result would suggest the existence of an additional kind of neutrino beyond the three known types. It would require physicists to rewrite a large part of the theoretical framework called the Standard Model.”
Over the next two years, the BooNE collaboration will collect and analyze approximately one million particle events to study the quantum behavior of neutrinos. Although these ghost-like particles are among the most abundant particles in the entire universe, little is known about their role in nature.
“It is an exciting time for neutrino physics,” said Department of Energy Office of Science Director Raymond Orbach. “In the past few years experiments around the world have made extraordinary neutrino observations, shattering the long-standing view that neutrinos have no mass. The MiniBooNE experiment has the potential for advancing the revolution of our understanding of the building blocks of matter.”
The MiniBooNE experiment, under construction from October 1999 to May 2002, relies on an intense beam of muon neutrinos created by the Booster accelerator at Fermilab. About 1,500 feet from its production point, the neutrino beam traverses a 40-foot-diameter tank filled with ultraclean mineral oil. The tank’s interior is lined with 1,520 light-sensitive devices, called photomultiplier tubes, that record tiny flashes of light produced by neutrinos colliding with carbon nuclei inside the oil.
“We will operate the experiment 24 hours a day, seven days a week,” said Bill Louis, a Los Alamos scientist and cospokesperson of the BooNE collaboration. “We will be looking for oscillations of muon neutrinos into electron neutrinos. If nature behaves as LSND suggests, our detector will collect about one thousand electron neutrino events over the next two years. If not, we won’t see any electron neutrinos. Either way, we’ll get a definite answer.”
The BooNE collaboration comprises 66 scientists from 13 institutions from across the United States. The 19-million-dollar MiniBooNE experiment has received funding both from DOE’s Office of Science and the National Science Foundation.
“In addition to the importance of the science, MiniBooNE is an example of a successful partnership among federal agencies, universities and national laboratories,” said Marvin Goldberg of the National Science Foundation. “The project has also set new standards for education and public outreach in the field of high-energy physics. The small scale of the project allows undergraduate and graduate students to participate fully in all of the experimental components.”
Fermilab is a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory, operated under contract by Universities Research Association, Inc.
The BooNE website
Why is the MiniBooNE detector filled with baby oil? | https://news.fnal.gov/2002/09/new-neutrino-experiment-fermilab-goes-live/ |
A powerful planned neutrino experiment gains new members, new leaders and a new name.
The neutrino experiment formerly known as LBNE has transformed. Since January, its collaboration has gained about 50 new member institutions, elected two new spokespersons and chosen a new name: Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment, or DUNE.
The proposed experiment will be the most powerful tool in the world for studying hard-to-catch particles called neutrinos. It will span 800 miles. It will start with a near detector and an intense beam of neutrinos produced at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Illinois. It will end with a 10-kiloton far detector located underground in a laboratory at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in South Dakota. The distance between the two detectors will allow scientists to study how neutrinos change as they zip at close to the speed of light straight through the Earth.
“This will be the flagship experiment for particle physics hosted in the US,” says Jim Siegrist, associate director of high-energy physics for the US Department of Energy’s Office of Science. “It’s an exciting time for neutrino science and particle physics generally.”
In 2014, the Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel identified the experiment as a top priority for US particle physics. At the same time, it recommended the collaboration take a few steps back and invite more international participation in the planning process.
Physicist Sergio Bertolucci, director of research and scientific computing at CERN, took the helm of an executive board put together to expand the collaboration and organize the election of new spokespersons.
DUNE now includes scientists from 148 institutions in 23 countries. It will be the first large international project hosted by the US to be jointly overseen by outside agencies.
This month, the collaboration elected two new spokespersons: André Rubbia, a professor of physics at ETH Zurich, and Mark Thomson, a professor of physics at the University of Cambridge. One will serve as spokesperson for two years and the other for three to provide continuity in leadership.
Rubbia got started with neutrino research as a member of the NOMAD experiment at CERN in the ’90s. More recently he was a part of LAGUNA-LBNO, a collaboration that was working toward a long-baseline experiment in Europe. Thomson has a long-term involvement in US-based underground and neutrino physics. He is the DUNE principle investigator for the UK.
Scientists are coming together to study neutrinos, rarely interacting particles that constantly stream through the Earth but are not well understood. They come in three types and oscillate, or change from type to type, as they travel long distances. They have tiny, unexplained masses. Neutrinos could hold clues about how the universe began and why matter greatly outnumbers antimatter, allowing us to exist.
“The science is what drives us,” Rubbia says. “We’re at the point where the next generation of experiments is going to address the mystery of neutrino oscillations. It’s a unique moment.”
Scientists hope to begin installation of the DUNE far detector by 2021. “Everybody involved is pushing hard to see this project happen as soon as possible,” Thomson says.
Contact Information
Andre Salles
Media Relations Specialist
[email protected]
Phone: 630-840-6733
Andre Salles | newswise
Further information:
http://www.fnal.gov
Further reports about: > Accelerator > CERN > ETH Zurich > Earth > Fermi > Fermilab > Laboratory > detector > high-energy physics > neutrino oscillations > physics > planning process > powerful tool > speed of light > underground
NASA detects solar flare pulses at Sun and Earth
17.11.2017 | NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
Pluto's hydrocarbon haze keeps dwarf planet colder than expected
16.11.2017 | University of California - Santa Cruz
The formation of stars in distant galaxies is still largely unexplored. For the first time, astron-omers at the University of Geneva have now been able to closely observe a star system six billion light-years away. In doing so, they are confirming earlier simulations made by the University of Zurich. One special effect is made possible by the multiple reflections of images that run through the cosmos like a snake.
Today, astronomers have a pretty accurate idea of how stars were formed in the recent cosmic past. But do these laws also apply to older galaxies? For around a...
Just because someone is smart and well-motivated doesn't mean he or she can learn the visual skills needed to excel at tasks like matching fingerprints, interpreting medical X-rays, keeping track of aircraft on radar displays or forensic face matching.
That is the implication of a new study which shows for the first time that there is a broad range of differences in people's visual ability and that these...
Computer Tomography (CT) is a standard procedure in hospitals, but so far, the technology has not been suitable for imaging extremely small objects. In PNAS, a team from the Technical University of Munich (TUM) describes a Nano-CT device that creates three-dimensional x-ray images at resolutions up to 100 nanometers. The first test application: Together with colleagues from the University of Kassel and Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht the researchers analyzed the locomotory system of a velvet worm.
During a CT analysis, the object under investigation is x-rayed and a detector measures the respective amount of radiation absorbed from various angles....
The quantum world is fragile; error correction codes are needed to protect the information stored in a quantum object from the deteriorating effects of noise. Quantum physicists in Innsbruck have developed a protocol to pass quantum information between differently encoded building blocks of a future quantum computer, such as processors and memories. Scientists may use this protocol in the future to build a data bus for quantum computers. The researchers have published their work in the journal Nature Communications.
Future quantum computers will be able to solve problems where conventional computers fail today. We are still far away from any large-scale implementation,...
Pillared graphene would transfer heat better if the theoretical material had a few asymmetric junctions that caused wrinkles, according to Rice University... | http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/physics-astronomy/the-dawn-of-dune.html |
An international collaboration of scientists at the Department of Energy's Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory have observed the disappearance of muon neutrinos traveling from the lab's site in Illinois to a particle detector in Minnesota. The observation is consistent with an effect known as neutrino oscillation, in which neutrinos change from one kind to another.
Neutrinos are ghost-like particles and rarely interact with matter. In this experiment, they travelled 450 miles straight through the earth from Fermilab to Soudan. They needed no tunnel because they do not interact with matter. The Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search (MINOS) experiment studies the neutrino beam using two detectors. The MINOS near detector, located at Fermilab, records the composition of the neutrino beam as it leaves the Fermilab site. The MINOS far detector, located in Minnesota, half a mile underground, again analyzes the neutrino beam. This allows scientists to directly study the oscillation of neutrinos among its 3 types: muon neutrinos, electron neutrinos or tau neutrinos under laboratory conditions.
The abundance of neutrinos in the universe, produced by stars and nuclear processes, may explain how galaxies formed and why antimatter has disappeared. Ultimately, these elusive particles may explain the origin of the neutrons, protons and electrons that make up all the matter in the world around us. The MINOS experiment revealed a value of delta m^2 = 0.0031 eV^2, a quantity that plays a crucial role in neutrino oscillations and hence the role of neutrinos in the evolution of the universe. An accurate measurement of this quantity is essential for understanding quantitatively how neutrinos behave and determine the fate of the universe in certain ways.
The MINOS experiment includes about 150 scientists, engineers, technical specialists, and students from 32 institutions in six countries, including Brazil, France, Greece, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
Further study: | http://www.2physics.com/2006/04/neutrino-oscillation.html |
Léo RamosSince September 2013, when he assumed the position of director of Fermilab, the main U.S. particle physics lab, Nigel Lockyer, a Scottish-American physicist raised in Canada, has dedicated much of his time to attracting new international partners for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), a billion dollar megaproject that will try to discover new properties of neutrinos, a slippery almost-massless elementary particle that travels at very close to the speed of light. Although they are considered the second most abundant particle in the Universe, second only to photons, neutrinos are extremely difficult to detect because they barely interact with other particles.
The DUNE project provides for the construction of an underground source emitting a beam of neutrinos at Fermilab, outside Chicago. This particle beam will travel underground and be observed by two detectors: one at a depth of 600 meters, located at Fermilab, and a second, larger detector at a depth of 1.47 kilometers, at the Sanford Laboratory, in Lead, South Dakota, 1,300 kilometers from Chicago. The physicists hope that, on this long journey far from the atmosphere, the neutrinos will provide clues as to their most elementary characteristics and perhaps help us understand why the Universe has more matter than antimatter. “Fermilab is a large laboratory that needs a large project, involving the best scientists, that really broadens our knowledge,” says Lockyer, former director of TRIUMF, the Canadian particle physics laboratory. He recognizes that the United States became less relevant in particle physics after the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) launched the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the largest particle accelerator in the world, on the outskirts of Geneva in 2008.
In 2014, what is known as the P5 report, produced by a group of particle physics specialists, recommended that the United States concentrate its efforts in the area and develop a large neutrino experiment, in addition to collaborating closely with the LHC and supporting the construction of a linear particle collider in Japan. DUNE is the large neutrino project. This is the first time that the United States has proposed basing a huge international project on its home soil. In this interview, granted during a visit to FAPESP in August 2015, Lockyer talks about the plans to set up the experiment and possible Brazilian participation in the project.
What is the purpose of your visit to Brazil?
The main reason is to discuss the neutrino physics that will be studied through DUNE, which we see as the future of the particle physics research program in the United States. DUNE is just starting. From the beginning I have discussed with [Carlos Henrique de] Brito Cruz [FAPESP’s scientific director] the possibility of Brazil participating in this project, contributing to selecting the technologies that will be used. I wanted to meet with him in person. Until then we had only talked on the phone, the last time during the 2014 World Cup.
How is the international collaboration to implement DUNE coming along?
Twenty-six countries are already involved, most from Europe. In the Americas, Brazil is the country that has shown the most interest. Some researchers from São Paulo State are already working on experiments at Fermilab, both with neutrino beams and with electrically charged particle beams, which are a platform for development and evaluation of ideas for DUNE. The basic idea is to create a neutrino beam at Fermilab and, since the Earth is curved, point it downward and make it emerge in the right place. We are building an experiment in an old gold mine called Homestake in South Dakota, about 1 mile down. Since it is at a depth of 4,850 feet [1.47 km], we call this site level 4850. We will build a cryogenic detector containing liquid argon, with a total mass of 70,000 metric tons. It will be incredibly large.
The project budget is $1.5 billion?
That is just the United States’ contribution. We don’t talk about the total so as to avoid scaring people. The project has not been defined yet. We are inviting everyone to participate in the project from the beginning and we ask all contributors what they would like to do. I’m putting all the possibilities on the table. We have closely followed the LHC governance structure because we have seen that it is a successful model. Relying on research funding agencies for each decision is important. But we need to have a board, like CERN does, to arbitrate when necessary. At the same time, the U.S. government wants a single person in command, who can be consulted when there is some problem.
Isn’t this international focus different from that usually adopted by the U.S., which tends to carry out its projects more independently?
Yes, very different. This is the first time that the United States has proposed basing a huge international project on its home soil. It is also the first time that CERN will invest in a project in another country. We promised to help them with the LHC and they promised to help us with neutrinos.
Is this new scenario the result of successful work at the LHC as well as the lack of financing for research, and not only in the U.S.?
I strongly believe in global planning for particle physics. The projects are very large. We have the European plan, the U.S. plan and the Asian plan. Little by little we need to reconcile the plans, because we will need an even larger structure in the future. We must learn to work together from the beginning. The director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, John Holdren, has shown a good deal of interest in DUNE. He says that this is how we should do things in the future. Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz has a background in neutrino physics and really understands what we are trying to do.
What are the difficulties expected in carrying out this new neutrino experiment?
The hard part is convincing the U.S. government to start DUNE before knowing if other countries will participate in the project. But I often say that if we start, others will join us. Everyone is involved, but investment agreements take years. We are hoping for an agreement with CERN, which will give the government confidence that other countries will participate. CERN represents the funding agencies of 21 countries. The European organization will vote on the budget in September 2015. A year earlier, CERN approved funding to build a development platform that would allow it to work together with any country on a neutrino research program. Whether the country would be the United States or Japan was left open. This, however, allowed European physicists working at CERN to develop prototypes of neutrino detector components.
Is Japan also considering investing in a large neutrino experiment that would compete with DUNE?
Certainly. They can choose to build an extension for their current neutrino detector, the Super-K, which currently has a 50,000 metric ton tank of water. They have been talking about increasing it to 1 million metric tons of water, which is unbelievable. But this expansion will depend on the decision they make with respect to building the International Linear Collider. Of course we would like Japan to join us. We’ll have to wait and see what their position is. I don’t think that they can pursue projects, the collider and a neutrino experiment.
What kind of partnership in DUNE are you proposing for Brazil?
We are trying to motivate Brazilian physicists interested in our program to, first, become part of the Fermilab community through collaboration. They should say what they want to do, indicate what part of the detector they would want to be responsible for. All groups are working that way. Then would come the research funding part. I have not yet been in any other country in South America, but there are signs of interest from others. There are physicists here who have already participated in Fermilab experiments to carry out their research. We would like Brazil to think about the possibility of forming a group with 10 leading researchers, with a critical mass focused in one area. That is what we do in Canada: we focus on specific areas in order to have an impact in the field. Brazilian physicists were interested in the light collection area. When an electrically charged particle passes through liquid argon, it emits light at different frequencies. In this case, the most obvious thing would be to build detectors in the far ultraviolet range to record very fast information, since it is light. In DUNE, we’ll be looking at the properties of neutrinos coming from a particle beam created at Fermilab, neutrinos arising from the collision of cosmic rays in the upper atmosphere, which creates a shower of particles, and also neutrinos coming from the explosion of stars, like supernovas. The liquid-argon detector will allow us to identify and separate the different types of neutrinos. It will be possible to see the details of the formation of a neutron star. If we are lucky, this neutron star will form a black hole, whose signals we will be able to see.
Is it true that particle physicists in the United States, Europe and Japan will divide up the different lines of research in this field of knowledge, given that there is not enough funding for all them to focus on all lines?
It is the funding agencies that say that you cannot do everything everywhere. Physicists would never say this, because we like to do everything everywhere! But, in fact, you cannot work like that, it would require a lot of money. DUNE is a huge project. No one will build a similar project in a different location. It would make no sense. We need to bring together all of the world’s specialists to build the equipment for DUNE. And we have to make it work. Fermilab worked on high-energy particle collisions for more than 20 years [before the LHC, the largest particle accelerator was the Fermilab Tevatron that operated from 1987 to 2011]. The United States began to build a supercollider in Texas, which was to be larger and more powerful than the LHC, but the project was canceled in the early 1990s for financial reasons. The LHC wasn’t. The question then arose: who would like to build a linear collider, which is a machine to study particles more precisely? Europe already has the LHC. The United States could build a linear collider. But it is too expensive. When I arrived at Fermilab, I said that they should invest in a neutrino beam jointly with other countries. There is no reason to do it alone. Things don’t work that way nowadays. CERN will not have a neutrino beam. Their priority is to take advantage of the LHC and do neutrino research somewhere else. Thus, what we are doing is asking for help. We can do more if partners want to contribute to the project. In neutrino physics, it is the total mass that matters. Few neutrinos will interact with the detector each day, maybe even only one. Thus, if we can double the size of the detector, we would have two neutrinos interacting.
After the LHC, is it no longer worth it to build small machines to make discoveries in particle physics?
Some things will be small, but there will be mega-science projects, and these will be increasingly larger. The accelerator that will succeed the LHC has been called the Future Circular Collider (FCC). We say, jokingly, that FCC could stand for Future CERN Collider, Future Chicago Collider or Future China Collider. The meaning of the acronym will depend on where the accelerator will be housed. It could have a circumference of up to 100 kilometers. The world wants to build this machine, but, ironically, no country has enough resources. So the FCC will be a global machine. There is no doubt about this. No one knows, either, where neutrino physics will go. It is a new area to be explored, in some ways.
When do you expect that the DUNE neutrino detector will begin operating?
In 2021 or 2022 we intend to commission its first module. We talk about two numbers: total mass and fiducial [reference] mass. The total mass is 17,000 metric tons and the fiducial mass is 10,000 metric tons. Part of the mass is used as a shield, protecting the detector from rocks and cosmic rays. The mass that really matters is the 10,000 metric tons. This technology was already chosen through collaboration [with researchers in other countries], but other things have not yet been decided and we can choose to do them a little differently.
How many physicists and researchers will participate in DUNE?
Currently, 775 principal investigators have signed the proposal to participate. But the number is expected to double. It is a large group. There are also post-doctoral researchers, students and others.
Could you say that, with the LHC, leadership in the field of particle physics was lost to Europe?
Yes, it’s fair to say that. That’s my job, to fix this problem. The first thing we need to do is start digging a hole in South Dakota. This is the plan. It will be the strongest sign that the United States could give that we are moving forward with the project. We hope that this starts during the 2017 fiscal year, since it is in the budget that we are discussing now. Thus, funding would begin in October 2016, a year from now. The project team itself has until 2019 to decide what will actually be built. The definition of how best to build the first of the four neutrino detector modules, via CERN and Fermilab prototypes, will require two or three years of heavy development. We need to work quickly. | https://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/en/the-physics-of-alliances/ |
Custom Clothing Orders Are made by Private Appointment Only...
Detail...
We take a tally of up to 32 measurements in order to cut a personalised pattern for every garment that you have made.
Fabric Selection
The Prefecture uses multiple wholesale fabric suppliers who are agents for reputable international fabric mills from Italy, Turkey, England, France etc.
Design Language...
Largely comprised of linens, we use cotton voile, bamboo and Japanese silk- fabrics that not only add aesthetic ease to the silhouette but also express it in textures throughout our designs. | https://theprefecture.com/pages/tropicaltailoring |
Fanny Holst is a Norwegian fashion designer that is based in Paris. She graduated from Paris College of Art (former École Parsons à Paris) in May 2015 with a BFA in fashion design.
Her work is influenced by her Norwegian background with a minimalistic design aesthetic mixed with the French art of couture. These contrasting elements give her designs a modern sophistication. One of her main focuses in her designs is a strong concentration on the contrast and mix of drape and tailoring.
In addition to the love of draping in her recent collection she is focusing more on the mixture of textures with a greater research on surface treatments and finishings. Its all about the different techniques and the handcraft that goes into making every garment, having the wearer feel and see the human touch and craftsmanship in the garments.
Fanny Holst will be showcasing her collection at the Zeitgeist catwalk show on Friday 16th October. | http://www.brightonfashionweek.com/genieve/ |
Featuring 16 diverse pieces, Almirah collection for PHBCW 2021 is an amalgamation of the versatile and contrasting design movements of East and West. The collection is inspired by the Baroque art movement of Europe an and Mughal Art of the subcontinent Each article features the intricacy and organic feel of the Mughal aestheticism elevated by the grandeur and magnificence of the Baroque aesthetic style. Subtle floral motifs are blended with bold and ornamental motifs and are designed on modern cuts to create a collection that fits the requirement of a modern day. The palette consists of golden hues with rich browns and deep blacks contrasted by accents like maroons and blues to break the monotony.
The fabrics used are sheer, lightweight, and textured to bring airiness into the pieces and break away from stiffness of the structure. Further texture is added to the garments through the use of embroideries. Each garment intentionally employs two to three different types of fabrics as a play of textures.
The collection showcases everything from formal kurtas, waistcoats, prince coats, and sherwanis. | https://fashiontimesmagazine.com/almirah-collection-for-phbcw-2021/ |
Fashion in the period 1550–1600 in Western European clothing was characterized by increased opulence. Contrasting fabrics, slashes, embroidery, applied trims, and other forms of surface ornamentation remained prominent. The wide silhouette, conical for women with breadth at the hips and broadly square for men with width at the shoulders had reach its peak in the 1530s, and by mid-century a tall, narrow line with a V-shaped waist was back in fashion. Sleeves and women's skirts then began to widen again, with emphasiis at the shoulder that would continue into the next century. The characteristic garment of the period was the ruff, which began as a modest ruffle attached to the neckband of a shirt or smock and grew into a separate garment of fine linen, trimmed with lace, cutwork or embroidery, and shaped into crisp, precise folds with starch and heated irons. | http://www.primidi.com/1550%E2%80%931600_in_fashion |
WHO WE ARE
The whole concept was founded on the basis to think creatively and to design classic pieces that bear utility, are natural and remain for years to come. We cut each piece by hand and ensure all seams are sewn in a way to help withstand the test of time.
All products are made in Montreal, Quebec and uses fabrics that are sourced from businesses either locally or within Canada. Here, we love the overall aesthetic of quality sustainable materials and plan to continue this path for the long-haul.
PHILOSOPHY
Making simple quality products that are handmade in Canada using natural fibres.
THE WORKSHOP
Located in the Mile-Ex area of Montreal. We are dog friendly and welcome you to come-by and visit our little workshop to see our products and process. | https://www.colenti.com/pages/about-us |
We are INAYAH, a leading global on-line fashion brand for women who choose to adopt a modest dress code into their lifestyle.
We design and create beautiful modest clothing, with a minimal and contemporary style, using high quality fabrics and unique textures, allowing women to dress with confidence and sophistication.
You will be working closely with the Head of Design to research, develop and deliver all products across the INAYAH collection, bringing new and original ideas to the table to create a constant flow of new product for our customer. Working as part of a small team you will contribute to all aspects of the design process including sketching and illustrating product ideas, sourcing manufacturers, providing costings in line with budgets and supporting the Garment Technologist with product development and quality analysis.
As an individual you will be highly organised and precise in all tasks, friendly and outgoing with a positive approach to succeed in a busy and varied role. You must also be willing to travel overseas for at least 6 weeks of the year. | https://www.drapersjobs.com/job/2790730/womenswear-designer/?LinkSource=SimilarJobPlatform |
Jamie Wei Huang is a contemporary womenswear label which combines conceptual ideas with modern silhouette. The label is founded by Jamie Wei Huang after graduating from Fashion Design Womenswear at Central Saint Martins Art and Design College in London.
The label is based on the principle of bringing out the character in contemporary women. The ideas of fashion is the language of exploration the inner self by materials and silhouette, developing the concept of garments but refine it in cutting and details. The essential components of the label is simplistic with clean refined outline, masculine in a way into details.
Starting with the idea of Op Art, Jamie began to work with dots and metallic fabrics combined with rounded, geometric forms. “I was searching for something futuristic that is very simple at the same time. And I wanted to create something that is in a way masculine but without too much volume”, she explains the idea behind the aesthetic of her collection. | https://amsterdamfashiontv.com/archives/17276 |
The late 19th century was a time of significant social change. For Dalhousie, it marked the very first step toward gender equality in academia with the admittance of the university’s first female students in 1881.
Four years later, Margaret Florence Newcombe earned a Bachelor of Arts and became the first woman to graduate from Dalhousie.
Newcombe did just that, becoming a teacher and later receiving a master’s degree in Art History.
Each year, McKay’s class of graduating Costume Studies students are tasked with recreating a garment of their choice from a period in history, often focusing on a historical event.
Being the 200th anniversary of Dalhousie, 1818 seemed like the logical choice. However, since women did not join the Dalhousie community until 63 years later, 1881-1885 was chosen and students were tasked with honoring the first female students of Dalhousie.
Over the course of the term, students used photos or drawings for inspiration and recreated their choice of dress in full using different fabrics and stitching techniques learned throughout the program.
Each dress was modeled at a Saturday evening event earlier this month in the Great Hall at the Dalhousie University Club, with proceeds from the event going toward the Costume Studies Scholarship Fund.
“While the work you see tonight is from just one class, it is the culmination of four years of hard work and dedication to the costume program,” said McKay at the event.
The exhibit featured a selection of 10 day dresses, dinner dresses, ball gowns, and suits all tailored by the students.
Each dress served a purpose. Day dresses were worn to the park, or to “be seen” out with a significant other. The hems were shorter to be worn outside, and the styles often reflected the class or marital status of the wearer. Dinner dresses, a more formal garment, were worn to evening events such as dinner parties. Finally, ball gowns boasted longer trains and flashier elements and were worn to formal events.
The process of “dressing” was highly technical, and often required more than one helper. Saturday’s event began with a demonstration of the dressing process, from corset to gloves.
Bethley Morrison, a Costume Studies student in her final year of studies chose to recreate a day dress from 1883.
“It’s the type of dress a young university student may be seen in,” says Morrison. Drawn to the unique pattern and contrasting colours, she had to design and print her own custom fabrics to create the dress.
In contrast to the bold silhouette of Morrison’s dress, Melissa Margolese chose a military inspired day dress from 1884. Margolese used only natural materials where possible, and accented the simple bodice with 45 antique mother of pearl buttons.
The event coincided with 200 Years of Dress, an exhibit curated by the Dalhousie Costume Society showcasing the evolution of fashion since Dalhousie’s inception. The two events celebrated the success of the Costume Studies program at Dalhousie, and those who have contributed to making it a special place to learn. | https://www.dal.ca/news/2018/04/30/celebrating-dal_s-first-female-students-in-dress.html |
My work is my life. Though social amd historical aspects at times influences my work, the vast majotity of the time my artwork is centered upon what I personally consider the aesthetic pleasing. This will include, good balance, color, formes and shapes, textures and the overall composition, which when finished and hung, will also repeat aspects of the overall design, in various shadows upon the wall.
Read more about this pro
There are no reviews yet
Ask them their desire's regarding art knowledge, technique's artist's work they enjoy and may desire to emulate
I have received a B.S. degree in art education, with honers and over 230 credit hours, an MFA degree (2 years) from the University of Michigan, graduating Magna cum laude, 1 year post graduate work at Parsons Sch. of Design, NYC. I have also taken course work from MCC in computers, design, mathematics and building code's. | https://lessons.com/az/gilbert/photography-classes/fredricfrankmyers-artist |
Cheryl Deene Hurd is a textile and fiber artist. Her career in the sewing arts has been a lifetime of passion for textiles and design. Cheryl is a garment designer, custom clothier and sewing teacher for over thirty years. Cheryl wanted to create more interest in her garments. This was accomplished by using techniques applied to quilt making. She has been making traditional, improvisational, abstract and art quilts for 30 years. Combining quilting and garment making began the development into Wearable Art and Fashion. Her attraction to quilts and the quilted surface is the texture created by piecing and layering fabrics together and the added dimension of the stitch. Cheryl's cloth creations have come full circle, to cover the body, the bed, and the wall. Her craft is fiber art. Her medium is fabric. Her tools are limitless.
In my world quilting and surface design are complementary elements for transforming cloth. It is the quilted surface that is my canvas. I like to use a variety of media and techniques creating visual and tactile textures in the cloth. These are the elements that alter the surface, add richness and depth, and will most effectively convey my ideas. | https://www.artimpactinternational.org/urbanization-and-health-artist/cheryl-deene-hurd |
Living Room / January 27, 2018 / Amelia Cao.
The most important gathering haven in every home is the living room, which has to be made uniquely comfortable and pleasant, starting with the room decoration and the overall setting of the space. Very often, the house interior design spaces are organized around this area. The most common choice when it comes to living room design is to choose a sophisticated and personalized decor scheme, which is both nice to watch and comfortable to use. Most of all, the living room has to be enabled to accommodate more people. Living room interiors are as complex sometimes as the family dynamics may be.
When it comes to choosing something elegant, homeowners are not supposed to look for a particular concept, style, or period, but rather to combine the elements they already have in a cohesive and aesthetically appealing manner. The house interior is greatly influenced by the balance and organization of the living room.
It may sound counter-intuitive, but formal settings can still be comfortable. The modern interior design shall not be too complicated or sophisticated, in fact.You will confirm that by mixing your modern furniture and mid-century lighting fixtures with bold fabrics and natural textures, as for instance glass tables with soft upholstery, or silk curtains with fluffy and colorful pillows. Sometimes, you only need the latest sofa designs for living room and the rest is just a matter of matching fabrics and the pillows patterns.
What makes living room designs so unique is the nostalgia that reappears in the focal heirloom pieces. The living rooms are where the families are gathering together and therefore, memories are all around the corners of the room.
About Simply Living Fair - Contact Us -
© 2018 Simply Living Fair. All rights reserved. | http://simplylivingfair.org/zewjtt4310/ |
Although the Vistosi Assiba light fixture seems to have a very vibrant pasta presence, it was actually inspired by thoughts of nature, its colors and amorphous lines reminiscent of a flower, an animal or a fish. Like an abstract sculpture, the Vistosi Assiba light fixture features sweeping lines, contrasting textures and an overall artistic aesthetic that will make it the centerpiece of any space.
Created through the skilled hands of Mauro Olivieri, the Vistosi Assiba light fixture is made out of glossy blown glass. Available in two sizes, it comes in a variety of different combinations and shades, not to mention table, wall and ceiling options as well. Completely contemporary, it is perfect for the modern home. | https://www.trendhunter.com/trends/vistosi-assiba |
Dark poetry and Patti Smith’s rocker flair are clear comfort zones for Ann Demeulemeester. This season she revisited them beautifully through an art nouveau lens.
Effectively picking up on the same theme as her spring men’s wear collection, the designer artfully draped and layered fabrics with striking pattern play. The latter came via a floral art nouveau motif that she used, for example, on a top and pair of fluid pants teamed with a cool black redingote coat. Demeulemeester played the visual across several textures — in dévoré for pants, flocked velvet for tailored jackets and as bold motifs on stockings. When all three elements made it into the same silhouette, in fiery red or with bold stripes, the soft aesthetic was overpowered. Such decorative statements were best when worked with restraint and subtlety.
However the oversize mesh hats — draping around the model’s heads like moody veils — added to the romantic feel. | https://wwd.com/runway/spring-ready-to-wear-2014/paris/ann-demeulemeester/review/ |
A vexing question facing all countries is how they can best reduce crime and improve public security? A common response is to deploy police, including sending officers to work in affected communities. Yet new research published on 26 November in one of the world’s leading scientific journals, Science, suggests that “community policing” may not deliver the intended outcomes. The study, to which the Igarape Institute contributed, examines the experiences of six community policing efforts around the world. The authors found that community policing interventions increased police compliance, but did not appreciably reduce crime and rarely improved citizen trust in law enforcement.
The article – “Community Building and Policing in the Global South” – was a joint initiative involving over two dozen researchers. It features findings from six randomized-control trials of community policing initiatives in Santa Catarina, Brazil; Medellín, Colombia; Monrovia, Liberia; Sorsogon Province, Philippines; selected rural sites in Uganda; and two Punjab province districts, in Pakistan. In each case, authors collaborated with law enforcement agencies to help design and implement appropriate community policing programs. According to one of the authors, Chief Innovation Officer at Igarape Institute Dr. Robert Muggah, “there appears to be no reduction in crime or improvement of trust in police in areas receiving community policing”.
There are several reasons why community policing – including local officer recruitment and training, neighborhood foot patrols, town hall meetings and problem-oriented interventions – seem to fail. The causes are varied, but tend to concentrate around issues of limited resources, a lack of prioritization for reform and the rapid rotation of officers. According to Dr. Muggah, “these factors undermine the implementation of community policing, in contrast to other parts of the world where it has been successful, including North America and Western Europe.” The article is one of the largest of its kind, drawing on interviews with over 18,300 citizens and more than 870 police officers over a six year period.
In Brazil, the article examined community policing in the relatively wealthy southern state of Santa Catarina. Citizens there reported persistently high crime rates as well as overly aggressive actions by the military police force. While there have been some effective policing activities in the state, it appears that community policing has generated less obvious impact. Community policing is hardly new to Brazil: it has been implemented in eight states and the capital, Brasilia, since 1985. “The results of the study suggest that community policing requires data-driven and evidence-based monitoring and evaluation, including in areas where it is considered a resounding success”, says Dr. Muggah. Additional researchers from the Igarape Institute involved in the study include Thiemo Fetzer, Barbara Fernandes Silva, and Pedro Souza.
The article identifies several disconcerting outcomes of community policing. In contrast to “hot spot policing”, community policing not only has limited impact on crime, it also appears to displace crime to adjacent neighborhoods. What is more, the duration of police intervention appears to have generated limited effect on overall crime rates. For example, the authors detected no differences in crime reduction in communities with short term community policing (Pakistan, 6 months) compared to those with longer interventions (Philippines, 17 months).
These null findings were consistent across varying crime landscapes: community policing did not lead to the expected changes in any of the six sites surveyed. However, the authors did find some evidence that community policing brought residual improvements in public attitudes toward the police. In Liberia and Pakistan, for instance, community policing improved the visibility of law enforcement efforts, while citizens of Colombia saw greater police capacity.
The historical record on the efficacy of community policing initiatives is mixed. Studies in North America and Western Europe typically show positive effects, including measurable crime reduction. The Community Policing Metaketa initiative, which supported the research with funding from the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, seeks to dig deeper by coordinating six research projects in varying global communities. The goal is to test whether an informal model of police-community interaction could raise the level of trust in the police, increase police-community cooperation, and drive down crime rates.Read the article
To learn more about the Brazil case study go to: Access Brazil case study
For interviews, please contact: [email protected]
About Igarapé:
The Igarapé Institute is a leading independent think and do tank focused on public, climate and digital security. The Institute is committed to proposing data-driven and evidence-informed solutions and strategic partnerships to deliver progressive change. The organization drives positive transformation through applied research, the design of new technologies and proactive communication to shape public policy and influence decision-makers . The Institute works with governments, the private sector and civil society to design data-based solutions. Prospect Magazine designated the Institute the world’s best Human Rights NGO in 2018 and the top think tank working on social policy in 2019.The Institute has also been cited as among the top NGOs in Brazil for several years. | https://igarape.org.br/en/community-policing-in-multiples-developing-countries-can-improve-police-compliance-but-does-little-to-reduce-crime-a-new-study-shows/ |
Skip to main content
Skip to "About this site"
Skip to section menu
Canada.ca
Services
Departments
Language selection
Français
Search and menus
Search and menus
Public Safety Canada
Search
Search website
Search
Topics menu
National Security
Counter-Terrorism
Connecting with Canadian Communities
Counter Proliferation
Critical Infrastructure
Cyber Security
National Security – More
Border Strategies
Beyond the Border
Border Law Enforcement
Immigration Enforcement
Preclearance in Canada and the United States
Canada-US Cross Border Crime Forum
Border Strategies – More
Countering Crime
Policing
Crime Prevention
Corrections and Criminal Justice
Organized Crime
Illicit Drug
Contraband Tobacco
Child Sexual Exploitation on the Internet
Human Trafficking
Human Smuggling
Firearms Legislation For Safer Communities
Gun and Gang Violence
Memorial Grant Program for First Responders
Countering Crime – More
Emergency Management
Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
Emergency Preparedness
Natural Hazards of Canada
Responding to Emergency Events
Recovery from Disasters
Memorial Grant Program for First Responders
Emergency Management – More
Resources
Acts and Regulations
Canadian Disaster Database
Frequently Asked Questions
Help
Library and Information Centre
News Releases
Publications and Reports
Service Standards for Transfer Payment Programs
Resources – More
You are here:
Home
Countering Crime
Policing
Economics of Policing
Index of Policing Initiatives
Synopsis
Intelligence-Led Policing (Synopsis)
Royal Newfoundland Constabulary
Description:
The Royal Newfoundland Constabulary implemented intelligence-led policing in 2011 as a business model and managerial philosophy. Intelligence-led policing uses data and crime intelligence to support objective, informed decision making that maximizes police efficiency. The approach has been adopted as a best practice in many police organizations around the world.
Intelligence-led policing is intended to foster safer communities. It focuses on reducing and preventing crime through targeted initiatives that disrupt prolific and serious offenders operating in communities. This method of policing puts more focus on proactive crime-prevention strategies rather than a primarily reactive approach.
Objective:
The Royal Newfoundland Constabulary introduced intelligence-led policing with several objectives: provide intelligence-led policing education; enhance responses to domestic violence; enforce judicial release conditions; improve internal communication; and operationalize the provincial threat assessment on organized crime. The aim is to improve the effectiveness of police services by refocusing resources on an evidence-based approach to policing.
Outcomes:
The Royal Newfoundland Constabulary has successfully provided education and training on intelligence-led policing to investigators and officers. This training has enhanced the response to domestic violence and improved internal intelligence-sharing communication. The new approach addresses the provincial threat assessment on organized crime. The enhanced enforcement of judicial release conditions is currently underway in partnership with Probation Services, Parole Services and provincial Crown attorneys. In support of this initiative, the Constabulary has made educational and infrastructural changes within the organization. The Constabulary expects to complete an internal evaluation of this initiative by spring 2013.
Resources:
The implementation of intelligence-led policing did not require additional human resources. Officer-hours from existing staff levels have been assigned to the implementation and administration of this initiative.
Pillars:
Efficiencies within Police Services
New Models of Community Safety
Efficiencies within the Justice System
Province:
Newfoundland and Labrador
Keywords:
intelligence-led policing
business model
proactive
organizational change
evidence-based crime prevention
domestic violence
education
training
organized crime
Record Entry Date:
2013-08-01
View Details
Date modified: | https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/cntrng-crm/plcng/cnmcs-plcng/ndx/snpss-en.aspx?n=37 |
He thought that if the police then change back to law enforcement to get the job done, then the community will feel that community policing was abandoned. Programs such as Neighborhood Watch aid community policing by joining citizens and law enforcement in the common interest to fight crime. The philosophy of community policing focuses on what has to be done, how it is done and whether modern management practices technique and technology increase efficiency and effectiveness. Hopefully the police will be able to uphold law and order while respecting the rights of individuals at the same time. With few exceptions ; these studies also find that perceptions of legitimacy are negatively associated with self-reported offending or intentions thereof ; ;.
This form of policing tends to involve specialist squads within the force who target specific criminals such as drug dealers or fraudsters. An extra credit assignment must be submitted in the same timeframe as the required assignment. Consistent with this strategy as described in of this report , in these programs the police are not the sole implementers of the selected proactive practice. Whether Eikka can or cannot perform that job does not absolve those, whose job it is, of doing it correctly. Identification Direct community involvement provides officers with intimate knowledge in order to be able to identify and analyze crime patterns. Provide links to the internet sites you researched.
Their analysis of outcomes in treated and control tracts found that whereas paired tracts were very similar on burglary rates prior to the intervention, those that received the crime prevention program had significantly lower burglary rates post-intervention 2. While these results follow the general logic model for hot spots policing, actual field experiments are needed to draw strong inferences about areawide impacts of the approach. Effects for violent crime overall and violent property crime were less consistent. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. Researchers from the Center for Crime Prevention Studies at Rutgers University teamed with the Jersey City Police Department to evaluate a problem-oriented policing intervention targeting locations with high rates of violent crimes.
Mastery is typically defined as a state of mind in which an individual feels autonomous and experiences confidence in his or her ability, skill, and knowledge to control or influence external events. Across the political spectrum there is recognition that the social and economic cost of incarceration at its present scale is not affordable. Evaluations of these focused uses of enforcement tactics that have included pedestrian stops report meaningful and statistically significant crime reductions at targeted locations, though the estimated jurisdictional impact when measured has been modest. The crime reduction value of deterrence is influenced not only by the perceived risk of apprehension a cost , but also relatedly from a rational calculation of a multitude of costs and benefits associated with that criminal opportunity see ;. You were asserting that proactive policing involves police only engaging known criminals. For example, the Matrix includes neither evaluations that use time series studies without comparison groups nor studies that compare an intervention in a neighborhood with larger, noncomparable units, such as the rest of the jurisdiction see, for example, , which is included in the review but not in the Matrix. Sorting out the extent to which each party is reacting to the other in this context is extremely difficult.
The authors noted a number of differences related to implementation and dosage. Problem-solving interventions often focus on attending to these opportunities or potential crimes to stop offending before it occurs. This study evaluated the effect of directed patrol and self-initiated enforcement efforts conducted at firearm violence hot spots in St. Based on the observations of trained researchers, the treatment hot spots received two to three times as much police patrol presence when compared to the control hot spots. However, one should not ignore the safety aspects of nuclear energy and the danger if its goes into the hands of criminal elements and terrorists. From there, the discussion turns to hot spots policing—a proactive philosophy that certainly aligns with the problem-oriented approach but worthy of separate consideration.
These gang members kill just for the fun of it and need to do so on a regular basis just to maintain there status. Property owners in one treatment group received a letter from police describing enforcement action and offering assistance; property owners in the other treatment group met with a narcotics detective and were threatened with nuisance abatement. The Broken Windows theory was first articulated in a 1982 article by James Q. Of course, the level of jurisdictional impacts would depend on the scope of the hot spots policing program. That study did identify distal displacement to areas farther from hot spots, though the distal displacement impacts were small. Thirty-two violent crime hot spots were randomly allocated to two different treatment conditions directed patrol only, directed patrol with enforcement activities , as well as one control condition no special treatment. Problematically, over 80% of these citizens were innocent of any crime.
But here is where you an I depart. Another benefit is that it allows those people wrongly suspected of a crime to be eliminated from police enquiries. They also needlessly scar the records of those who are arrested in ways that limit their future employability and expose them to increased legal risk. Explore further: More information: Christopher M. They evaluate results and revise practices to improve policing. For driving while black, for being female, for juvenile skylarking in their own neighborhoods, for being a noisy badly-dressed adolescent.
However, all but one of the crime-displacement and benefit-diffusion tests were limited to examining spatial displacement and diffusion effects that were proximal to the targeted area in space and time. The cops and the department could get on just fine without them, except for the fact that the taxpayers expect them to be out there doing things like proactive patrols. So much has been said by so many police officials, policy analysts, researchers, and theoreticians that one sometimes wonders if they are talking about the same thing. With cooperation from the Minneapolis Police Department they developed a large experimental field study to challenge the conclusions of the well-known Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment that varying the levels of police patrol at places has little value in preventing or controlling crime. Citizens who have had negative encounters with law enforcement are not likely to assist them. The effort is focused on the crime itself rather than the criminal that did it, and the paperwork ties up the officers and prevents them from doing proactive work, which is needed to identify and apprehend the prolific criminals. Plus there's all the reports about other corruption, such as confiscating the cash you're carrying for no reason in a traffic stop. | http://keplarllp.com/advantages-of-proactive-policing.html |
The murders of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor have put police departments across the country under unprecedented scrutiny; calls to reform, defund, and abolish the police have been at the forefront of protests and national media. Americans are beginning to rethink law enforcement's role in society, including many practices within departments that have gone unquestioned for decades.
Regardless of what changes are made, conversations regarding the future of policing must analyze the economics of policing. While policing is most commonly linked to the criminal justice system, it plays a significant role in the economy. From departments' budgets to economic inequality in communities, there are many important areas for research that can inform future decisions.
Funding
Police departments garner funds from multiple sources, including federal, state, and local governments. However, the vast majority of funding comes from local governments, composing 86% of total funding in 2017. Funds from the state tend to focus on highway patrols, while local funding is directed to departments (salaries, operations, equipment, etc.). Most data concerning police funding focuses on the general funds for cities and towns.
Where do those funds come from? The primary sources of revenue for general funds at both the local and state levels are taxes, with sales taxes and property taxes being the top two sources. However, a growing portion of revenue comes from fees and fines generated from "traffic stops, jaywalking… appearances in court," and other sources. For example, in Minneapolis, "other revenues, aids, and user fees" composed 33.6% of the 2016 general fund budget. Police departments, in particular, have increasingly relied on fees and fines as a result of uncertainty regarding tax cuts; unsurprisingly, this can result in a change in policing practices, where even minor offenses, such as not wearing a seat belt or speeding, can accumulate thousands of dollars in fees and fines. These charges are not distributed equally, with Black and low-income individuals paying the brunt of them. The result can be a vicious cycle where police forces prioritize money over justice, and fees and fines hamper individuals who were already in bad economic situations.
When comparing the police budgets of major cities, it is important to remember what specific measurements can and cannot tell us; the crime rate in a city, for example, cannot be reliably predicted based on local police expenditure per capita (this can vary significantly due to average salaries in a state). It is also inaccurate to compare cities based on total dollars spent on policing, as budget sizes vary considerably. One possible way to compare cities is by the percentage of their general fund spent on policing. The Center for Popular Democracy has gathered data from 2017 and 2020 outlining the discretionary funds that major cities allocated to police departments (this data was also used in a Statistica report). Although there was an increase in dollars spent on policing between 2017 and 2020, the percentage of the general fund spent on policing remained consistent for most cities.
Past reforms have largely avoided the question of reducing police budgets, opting instead for increased accountability in the form of body cameras and new training practices. Understanding the source of funds and their uses will be a critical step in future changes to policing.
Racial Discrimination
Law enforcement and systemic racism are inextricably tied. While this can be seen from tragedies such as the deaths of unarmed Black Americans, discrimination is also prevalent in economic opportunities.
Disparities in incarceration rates, police stops, and many other areas between white Americans and Black Americans contribute to economic inequality, with Black Americans facing generational wealth gaps and wage gaps. In particular, policing can hinder communities from gaining many skills, jobs, and assets that can improve their economic situations.
What specific tools are to blame? Predictive policing algorithms have taken law enforcement agencies by storm in recent years; over 60 major departments contract companies to implement algorithms. However, multiple studies have found that the data sets used to predict which individuals are likely to commit a crime or what location a crime will be committed are filled with racial bias. Models rely on arrest rates, information regarding the socioeconomic background of individuals, and other factors informed by the racist actions of officers and institutions rather than actual crime reports. This creates a feedback loop when machine learning models base future predictions on flawed historical data, constantly reinforcing biases in the algorithms.
At a larger scale, "taste-based racial discrimination" in policing, which includes predictive policing algorithms, can create a cycle of economic inequality. When individuals are in bad financial situations, they live in neighborhoods with low-quality schools, a lack of public services, and higher pollution, all of which decrease economic opportunity and strengthen racial profiling amongst police officers.
Future Steps
Activists, police watchdog groups and legal experts have all proposed solutions to combat police violence and discrimination. In the case of predictive policing, a community organizer named Hamid Khan called out the LAPD for relying on problematic data sets. Liability insurance companies, who insure many departments for police brutality claims, could raise premiums or end coverage. Rather than having taxpayers pay for police misconduct, payouts could come directly from department budgets.
As the nation grapples with police brutality, understanding the economic impact of policing will help us formulate effective solutions. Policing is a complicated and multi-faceted issue, but further research can provide much-needed information to guide future decisions. | https://www.economicsreview.org/post/the-economics-of-policing |
Entrust this critical assignment to Hillard Heintze. We provide expert guidance on addressing assessment findings and structuring transformative actions that bring about positive change. As law enforcement consulting experts, we help mayors, city councils, chiefs of police and other senior law enforcement leaders capture and document a high-level, risk-driven, multi-year strategy by providing support in the following areas.
Strategic focus on creating or improving police department program development, particularly with respect to critical areas such as leadership and supervision, community policing; internal affairs; investigations; patrol; policy, procedures and training; technology; and ethics and community-focused conduct.
Independent, third-party review of an existing law enforcement agency strategy or comparable police strategic planning document. Comparison of the guidance, content and structure with best practices in police department strategy roadmaps and action plans. Validation of the strategy’s strengths and recommendations on where the most important opportunities to improve the strategy lie.
Focus on other areas such as mission, vision and principles; organizational charts and an overview of each major departmental component; master planning schedule; responsibility by leader, division or team; defined formal and informal reporting requirements for the full duration of the multi-year strategy; metrics and guidelines to track and measure achievement against goals and objectives; and process to assess and update the strategy two to three times per year to accommodate changes in resources and requirements.
Placement of an Interim Police Chief and temporary delivery of services under the explicit authority of city or law enforcement leaders when an agency is in crisis or its leadership leaves in the midst of an independent assessment. This allows agency to continue to deliver police services during periods of transition. Can also include identifying suitable police chief candidates once a new roadmap and objectives have been identified.
Guidance, direction and support in helping government and police leaders position a police department to become more proactive in how it interacts with and police communities and engages use of force.
Assistance in building strategies to address community engagement, de-escalation of force and constitutionally guided policing.
Independent, third-party reviews and the on-demand provision of subject-matter experts for support on crime reduction issues.
Issues can include family violence; domestic abuse; crimes against children, women or the elderly; hate crimes; repeat offenders; and targeted violence and crime in schools.
Issues can also include mass demonstrations and uprisings; traffic stop policies and practices; hostage scenarios; suicide bomb threats; crime mapping; race-neutral profiling; and, drugs and gang violence. | https://www.hillardheintze.com/law-enforcement-consulting/law-enforcement-strategic-planning-development/ |
Thank you, Chief [John] Dixon for that kind introduction, for your leadership as First National Vice President of NOBLE, and for your dedicated service as Chief of Police for Petersburg, Virginia. I’d also like to thank Assistant Chief Bryant, Interim Executive Director Akers, and NOBLE’s entire executive board and staff for their commitment to advancing this organization’s important mission.
It is a pleasure to join you all in Pittsburgh today. I am honored to be among so many distinguished members of the law enforcement community and extend my congratulations and gratitude to today’s award recipients for their exemplary service.
I also bring greetings and congratulatory wishes from Attorney General Eric Holder, who values NOBLE’s steadfast partnership with the Department of Justice and appreciates the sacrifices you each make every day to ensure public safety and improve the communities you serve.
This week, you have all gathered under the theme of “Bridging the Pathway to Justice and Equality. As a prosecutor, I have had the privilege of working with law enforcement professionals like you who understand that the bridge to justice and equality is not simply built on arrests, drug busts, and takedowns. Indictments, convictions, and prison sentences are an indispensable part of what we do, but it is not the sum total of our purpose.
This is a something I learned nearly 20 years ago as a young attorney at the Department of Justice. Back then, I had the good fortune of doing much of my work for Attorney General Janet Reno, and just before I left Main Justice to return to my home state of California to join the U.S. Attorney’s Office as a federal prosecutor, the Attorney General asked to see me one-on-one. And during that meeting, she showed me an inscription on the wall just outside her private office. It reads, and I’m paraphrasing, “The Government wins its case when justice is done.” And Attorney General Reno told me that my job as a prosecutor was not to win as many cases as I could but to do justice in every case I handled.
Likewise, our purpose, as NOBLE’s own mission states, is to do justice by action. We know that the bridge to justice is stronger when it rests on beams of innovation, collaboration, and community engagement; that it’s stronger when all the people we protect and serve are involved in the common cause of keeping our families, friends, and neighbors safe and our communities strong.
This philosophy is not new to NOBLE. Since your founding days, you have promoted an approach to law enforcement that is community-oriented, service-driven, and justice-directed. To you, community policing is not a passing fad or experimental strategy; to you, police-led community building is a primary objective.
It must be a primary objective because community policing is smart policing. That’s why, in the nearly 20 years since the creation of the COPS Office, the Justice Department has invested more than $13 billion in COPS grants to promote community policing through hiring additional officers, developing and delivering training resources, promoting safer schools, and researching cutting-edge technology.
And as we move toward the third decade of the 21st century, we must continue to challenge past practices and recalibrate our approach to public safety in ways that will allow us to make our neighborhoods safer and the bridge to justice and equality stronger. So, today, I’d like to offer three principles for smarter, more effective law enforcement in this new age.
First, our law enforcement practices must rely upon data-driven innovation, which is not only smart, but absolutely necessary given that unprecedented cuts to law enforcement staff and services, layoffs and hiring freezes have forced many public safety agencies to maintain services with depleted rosters.
In the face of this adversity, agencies have been both progressive and proactive in their adaptation, implementing strategies that use advanced technologies and proven practices to intelligently and efficiently deploy staff.
For instance, while it is not a panacea, research has shown that when police departments use data, analytics, and crime mapping to focus their shrinking resources on “hotspots” – those geographic areas within a jurisdiction that account for most of the crime – the results can be significant reductions in crime, drug trafficking, and disorder. In Los Angeles, for example, one LAPD Division reduced homicides by an extraordinary 56% through the effective use of hotspot targeting in an area that had historically be defined by gang, gun and drug activity.
Four hundred miles north, in East Palo Alto, California, Chief Ron Davis’ police department is using data from a gunshot detection system to identify specific shooting hotspots and reduce gun violence. Through the Justice Department’s Bureau of Justice Assistance Smart Policing Initiative, East Palo Alto will use data mined from the system to obtain a more comprehensive understanding about the number, nature, location, duration and circumstances surrounding the incidents of shootings in that community – data that will help law enforcement develop and deploy hotspot-specific strategies, tactics, and responses.
At a time when all of our resources are shrinking, innovation goes hand in hand with a second principle for smart policing – effective collaboration among local, state, and federal agencies.
Nowhere is this more important than in our collective efforts to protect the homeland. At the Justice Department, we have worked hard to build trust with communities, to effectively address citizen concerns while at the same time improve information-sharing that will facilitate our counterterrorism efforts. Working closely with the Department of Homeland Security, we have collaborated with cities like Miami, Boston, Austin, and Seattle, and have developed best practices on community engagement in our overall counterterrorism efforts – best practices that can be shared with other cities and communities across the country.
For example, our COPS Office is partnering with the Boston Police Department to draft a comprehensive after-action report detailing the steps taken to apprehend the Boston Marathon Bombing suspect. This operation involved federal and state law enforcement, with cooperation from schools, businesses, and municipalities through the Boston area. And officials at all levels of government, both within and outside the law enforcement community, have rightfully lauded Commissioner Ed Davis and the Boston Police Department for the collaborative approach they pursued following the violent attack on their city.
From this tragedy flow several important lessons that will augment our continuous efforts to better identify extremist behaviors, prevent attacks on American soil, and improve our ability to identify and capture perpetrators if such an attack were to happen.
Effective collaboration among local, state, and federal partners is also critical as our nation undertakes comprehensive immigration reform. From Charlotte, North Carolina, to Nashville, Tennessee, to Lincoln, California, a rising number of immigrants are becoming integral to neighborhoods across the country. Our growing multicultural society presents new challenges and opportunities for law enforcement, as recent immigrants can frequently be among the most vulnerable to crime yet the least likely to report it. This puts a premium on our ability to build bridges into and collaborate effectively with the immigrant communities we serve so that we can better detect and deter crime, offer protection, effectively gather evidence, and maintain public safety.
That's why the work that you all do to foster positive police-immigrant relations is so vital to creating partnerships central to smart policing. Three years ago, COPS funded the Vera Institute of Justice to take a comprehensive look at how law enforcement agencies developed effective police-immigrant relations and to document those practices for the policing field. As a result, we now have practical information for law enforcement agencies and community partners who are looking to enhance their work with immigrant communities – resources including publications highlighting the best practices of certain policing agencies, an online toolkit, and podcasts featuring law enforcement personnel.
In addition, the Department’s Community Relations Service – or CRS – has worked to assist state and local law enforcement in preventing and resolving racial and ethnic tensions, incidents, and civil disorders. CRS offers a wide variety of services, including conciliation, mediation, and cultural competency training for police officers to help strengthen their connection to immigrant communities within their jurisdictions, thereby improving their ability to both prevent and respond to crime.
Collaboration is also vital for the third principle of smart policing in the 21st century – meaningful reentry for inmates returning to our communities.
Every year, some 700,000 people are released from America’s prisons, and millions more cycle through local jails. And if they’re not prepared, studies show that they’re likely to re-offend and be re-arrested. In fact, the last major study of recidivism rates found that two out of three released prisoners were re-arrested for a new offense, and about half were re-incarcerated. This has a profound impact on the communities to which these inmates return. Because when reentry fails, the costs – both societal and economic – are high.
That’s why, under the Second Chance Act, the Department of Justice has made more than 400 awards totaling over $300 million to support adult and juvenile reentry programs. These programs support substance abuse treatment, housing assistance, job training, family reunification, and a host of other services designed to help former inmates make the transition back into their communities. They form an overall community framework that focuses on reducing crime and recidivism through collaborative partnerships that include law enforcement, corrections, faith-based and community organizations, families, victim services, and other community stakeholders.
Reentry is also at the heart of the Justice Reinvestment Initiative underway in 34 jurisdictions. The Department’s Bureau of Justice Assistance in coordination with the Pew Center on the States, supports a data-driven approach to criminal justice reform designed to generate cost savings that can be reinvested in high-performing public safety strategies.
One example of this strategy is found right here in Pennsylvania. In October 2012, the state enacted comprehensive legislation designed to increase public safety by reducing the prison population, the growth of which had become a fiscal anchor that was dragging down the rest of the state's budget. Once implemented, funds will be re-directed from corrections to community-based alternatives, and the savings generated will be invested to support crime victims’ services, law enforcement, probation, parole, and the expansion of release risk and needs assessment efforts. And it is estimated that taxpayers will obtain cumulative savings of up to $253 million over five years due to this approach.
So meaningful reentry is not only smart on crime; it can also be smart for our public budgets. There is no inconsistency between holding people accountable and improving public safety on the one hand, and on the other, saving taxpayer dollars and fostering more stable neighborhoods and stronger families by facilitating the ability of those who have served their time to obtain work, secure housing, and be productive, contributing members of our communities.
These three principles — data-driven innovation, effective collaboration, and meaningful reentry — certainly are not the only approaches to smarter policing in this new century, but they are important as we continue to build the bridge to justice and equality in this challenging climate of contraction, subtraction, and sequestration.
And, of course, no strategy or approach -- no matter how innovative or well-researched or exhaustively documented – will succeed without dedicated law enforcement professionals to champion them, in both good times and bad; to take them off the novelty shelf and weave them into the fabric of policing in departments throughout this country. That’s why we need you – each and every one of you – to make real the promise of smart policing in the 21st century.
Thank you for allowing me to share this day with you, and thank you for the sacrifices you make each day to keep our communities safe. | https://www.justice.gov/opa/speech/associate-attorney-general-tony-west-delivers-remarks-annual-awards-luncheon-national |
Chapter Seven focuses on police field operations. This involves the patrol function of the police. The goals of patrol include crime prevention and deterrence, apprehension of offenders, creating a sense of community security and satisfaction, and traffic control. Two critical developments occurred in the 1930s that changed the nature of the patrol officer. One was the increased use of the patrol car. The other was the development of the Uniform Crime Reports. The police have gone from a proactive approach to reactive approach. The police respond when called.
The two most dominant methods of patrol are by automobile and by foot. Controversy exists concerning the use of one-person or two-person patrol cars. Studies indicate that one-person cars make more arrests, filed more formal crime reports, received fewer citizen complaints, and were less expensive. The 1970s and 1980s saw a resurgence of foot patrol. The officers had been removed from contact with the citizens because of the patrol car. For foot patrol to be successful, it must be implemented in areas in which officers can interact with citizens. The size of the foot patrol beat should be small enough that it may be covered once or twice per shift.
One method used to determine the appropriate number of police personnel for a city is the comparative approach. This approach involves comparing one or more cities, using a ratio of police officers per 10,000 population unit. This method is the most frequently used. In allocating resources, location and time are the most important variables. Once these variables are known, then the department would know how best to deploy personnel. Computerized mapping assists some departments in helping officers focus on problem solving.
Police time may be better spent focusing on directed patrol and hot spots. Directed patrol is more proactive, using uncommitted time for a specified activity, and is based on crime and problem analysis. The police may use their time more effectively by focusing on hot spots, places where most crimes occur, and hot times, the times when the crimes may occur. The police will have to rely on research to establish the spots and times.
The police may be more proactive and initiate more contact with citizens. Crackdowns would be a way for the police to be more proactive. Crackdowns may be more effective if they are limited in duration and rotated across crime targets and target areas. The evidence appears to support the notion of an initial deterrent effect on some offenses, as well as support for the notion of residual deterrence. This occurs when crime reduction continues even after the crackdown has ended.
Another area of proactive enforcement by the police was with guns and gangs. Several studies have been conducted with the police cracking down on illegal weapons and violent behavior by gangs. Quality-of-life policing is based on the broken-windows theory. The police will not tolerate even minor crimes. This should improve the quality-of-life in the neighborhoods and indirectly lead to a lower rate of serious crime.
Analysis of police pursuits have also called for agencies to adopt policies regarding when to pursue and when to back away. Police departments are encouraged to develop proper policy and guidelines regarding police pursuits, either on foot or in a vehicle. Some departments have a violent felony only pursuit policy. Others utilize a restrictive policy or a judgmental policy. A few agencies discourage all vehicle pursuits.
In addition to the patrol function, the police have an investigative function. The patrol officers may conduct the initial investigation but it is the detective, or investigator, that handles the follow-up investigation. The detective is to determine if a crime has been committed, to identify the perpetrator, apprehend the perpetrator, and to provide evidence to support a conviction in court. Investigations must change to some extent with respect to the threat of terrorism. Police investigation may need to become more proactive. Also, investigation units need to integrate themselves with the rest of the department and redirect their functional focus. Detectives should abandon crime control through apprehension as a principle goal of investigations. They should focus on justice. Detectives should look for clear crime patterns and utilize problem solving strategies to prevent crime. | https://learninglink.oup.com/access/content/novak8e-student-resources/novak8e-chapter-7-chapter-summary |
The thesis is that law enforcement agencies have been forced to divert resources from normal policing to patrolling demonstrations. And even as the anti-police protests have abated, police officers have scaled back on proactive or officer-initiated law enforcement, such as street stops and other forms of policing designed to prevent firearms crimes. If this thesis is correct, it is reasonable to estimate that, as a result of de-policing during June and July.
“A close analysis of the emerging crime patterns suggests that American cities may be witnessing significant declines in some forms of policing, which in turn is producing the homicide spikes,” Cassell said. “Crime rates are increasing only for a few specific categories, namely homicides and shootings. These crime categories are particularly responsive to reductions in proactive policing. The data also pinpoint the timing of the spikes to late May 2020, which corresponds with the death of George Floyd while in police custody in Minneapolis and subsequent anti-police protests — protests that likely led to declines in law enforcement.”
READ: Minneapolis residents see a spiritual “war”
Many protests have been calling for the abolishment of police departments across the country.
He compared the situation to the earlier “Ferguson effect” in suburban St. Louis. | https://metrovoicenews.com/law-professor-attributes-soaring-homicide-rates-to-minneapolis-effect/ |
Community policing in Virginia schools represents a significant departure from the era of traditional policing. Today, carefully selected, specially trained, and properly equipped law enforcement officers with sworn law enforcement authority, called School Resource Officers (SROs), integrate directly in the educational setting. SROs use collaborative, proactive community-oriented policing concepts to support the school community. SROs are caring adults who build trust within the school community and help students navigate challenging situations on and off campus.
Leveraging the tremendous value of SROs in a school community, the Louisa County Public Schools Safe Schools Task Force in 2017 made the recommendation to expand the existing three-person SRO team. As a result, four additional deputies were selected and assigned as SROs in each elementary school for the 2018-19 academic year. Louisa became one of the only counties in the Commonwealth to have SROs assigned full-time every school day to grades PK – 12. The vibrant school division-Sheriff’s Office partnership continues today with SROs assigned to all Louisa County Public Schools (2 at LCHS, 1 at LCMS, 1 at MNES, 1 at TJES, 1 at TES, and 1 at JES).
With a community policing approach as the foundation of the partnership, the school division and Sheriff’s Office engage in ongoing collaboration to address not only issues of concern, but also initiatives to create a safe, supportive, and welcoming school environment. Doing so extends the role of the SRO beyond law enforcement and incident response to include school safety assessments, emergency response planning, crime prevention activities, law-related education, mentoring, and diversion from the criminal justice system that contributes to positive outcomes for youth. With the same SRO working their assigned school each day, the SRO becomes not only a protector, but a valued ally and resource to students, staff, and parents. In Louisa County, seeing a Sheriff’s Office vehicle in front of a school is not a sign of trouble, but a visible sign of caring and support for each and every member of the school community.
The SRO mission is simple—build positive relationships and trust to maximize student potential every day. We do this by striving to achieve two important goals: (1) assist in creating a safe, secure, and welcoming school environment; and (2) assist in promoting a positive, supportive, and inclusive school climate. Key objectives supporting these goals include:
- Bridge the gap with school community
- Increase law-related education
- Expand school safety and security efforts
- Reduce and prevent crime, violence, and victimization
- Reduce conflict
- Support effective interventions for students
- Minimize student involvement with the juvenile and criminal justice systems
- Be accessible to the school community 24/7/365
To achieve these ends, SROs fulfill three principle roles in the school community. These roles include:
Law Enforcement Officer
As a sworn law enforcement officer, the SRO’s primary role in school is as a law enforcement officer. The SRO assumes primary responsibility for responding to requests for assistance from administrators and coordinating the response of other law enforcement resources to the school, if necessary. The SRO works with school administrators in problem solving to prevent crime and promote safety in the school environment. The SRO collaborates with school personnel to reduce student engagement with the juvenile justice system and divert students from the courts, when possible
Informal Counselor and Community Liaison
SROs serve as informal counselors who provide guidance to students and act as a link to support services both inside and outside the school environment. The SRO is aware of community resources and contacts that can be helpful in solving many problems. Some of these community resources include mental health services, substance abuse assessment and treatment providers, child protective services, runaway shelters, domestic violence services, and family counseling agencies.
Law-related Educator
As a law-related educator, the SRO helps students develop the knowledge and skills to become responsible citizens in their school and local communities. In addition to building awareness of law enforcement practices, school safety strategies, and crisis response procedures, the SRO provides age-appropriate instruction emphasizing social competence, making good choices, and self-esteem. The cornerstone of law-related education is the Louisa County Sheriff’s Office Learn and Win (LAW) program. The LAW program is provided to students in grades PK - 12. In addition, the SRO provides training and education to staff in areas such as critical incident response, gang awareness, substance abuse, and other topics of interest.
Underpinning all three roles, SROs serve as positive role models for many youth who may not be exposed to such role models in today’s society. Some ways the SRO acts as a positive role model include: setting limits by being clear about what is acceptable and unacceptable; setting an example; being honest; being consistent with students, staff, and parents; encouraging responsibility; and showing respect for students, faculty, and staff.
It is the policy of the Louisa County Sheriff’s Office to endorse and support through staffing the creation of positive interaction between law enforcement and the school community. This endeavor is a partnership between education and law enforcement, which supports a collaborative, problem solving approach to issues of crime and violence in schools.
SROs are here for every member of the school community--students, staff, and parents/guardians. If you have a question, comment, or concern, please contact us at any time. SROs may be reached in one of the following ways:
- Email (available in the staff directory of each school’s home page)
- Calling each school’s main office during school hours
- Calling the Sheriff’s Office at (540) 967-1234 after school hours. | https://www.louisacounty.com/443/School-Resource-Officer-SRO-Program |
Policing strategies have evolved and experienced elaboration over time. During the political era of American policing, decentralized organizational structures were favored over centralized ones. In big-city police departments, the real power and authority belonged to precinct captains, not to chiefs or commissioners. Detectives usually reported to these precinct captains, rather than to a chief of detectives at headquarters. The reason for this decentralized approach was to protect local political influence over the police. Local political leaders (”ward bosses”) picked their own precinct captains, who were in turn expected to be very responsive to the bosses’ needs and demands. A strong central headquarters might have interfered with this politically based system.
Patrol officers operated on foot and without direct communication with the precinct house or police headquarters. Because of the difficulty of communicating with patrol officers in the field, special squads responding from the precincts were often used to conduct raids and react to major crimes. Police training was nearly nonexistent and personnel standards in general were minimal. Little supervision was provided. Police work was seen as nontechnical physical labor and as suitable reward for political loyalty, not as a profession or even a skilled craft.
From the Political Era to the Professional Model
Although complaints about police abuses and inefficiency were common in the 1800s, widespread criticism of the political model of policing, including its decentralization and acceptance of mediocre personnel, did not emerge until the beginning of the twentieth century. Since then, however, police practitioners, academics, and investigating commissions have decried the poor quality of police personnel; pointed out the need for intelligence, honesty, and sensitivity in police officers; called for stricter organizational controls; implemented preservice and in-service training; and significantly upgraded police technology.
Standard operational elements came into place in the professional model that remain relevant to this day. Most police officers are assigned to the patrol function. At the beginning of their workday, they are assigned to patrol areas, often called beats. Each officer patrols his or her beat, usually in a patrol car, until assigned a call by the police dispatcher. The officer responds promptly to the call; it could be a crime, a traffic accident, or a neighborhood dispute. The officer is expected to handle the call. This may involve writing a report, conducting a preliminary investigation, giving first aid, directing traffic, arresting or ticketing a citizen, breaking up an argument, giving advice, providing information, or even getting the proverbial cat out of a tree. As soon as the officer finishes handling the call, he or she returns to patrolling until the next call. If the call involves a crime or other serious matter, sometime later a detective may conduct a follow-up investigation to try to identify and arrest a perpetrator or recover stolen property. This brief description includes the three cornerstones of the professional police strategy for dealing with crime: preventive patrol, immediate response to calls, and follow-up investigation.
These three operational components were subjected to evaluative research in the 1970s and 1980s and were found to be less than effective. The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment found that altering levels of routine patrolling between no patrol and two to three times the normal level of patrol had no effect on reported crime, victimization, fear of crime, citizen perceptions, or anything else that was measured. Studies of rapid response found that it rarely leads to on-scene arrests, mainly because most crimes are not discovered until after the fact, and even when citizens are aware of crimes while they are in progress, those citizens typically delay several minutes before calling the police. Studies of criminal investigation revealed that most crimes are never solved, most crime-solving success is more attributable to victims and witnesses than to detectives, and most detective work is mainly clerical.
The lack of effectiveness of its operational components was a tough blow to the professional model. In addition, reported crime rose throughout the 1970s during the very time period when the professional approach was in its heyday. Also, questions began to arise about whether the professional model might have a tendency to isolate the police from the community. In the 1950s and 1960s, many police departments established community relations units in response to perceived problems in police-community relations. Initially, these community relations units engaged mostly in public relations by presenting the police point of view to the community. This one-sided approach was soon recognized as inadequate and expanded to provide the community with a forum for expressing its views to the police. The two-way police-community relations philosophy emphasized the importance of communication and mutual understanding.
In the 1970s it became apparent that police-community relations officers and units were not effective in guaranteeing smooth relations between a community and its police department. A community experiences its police department through the actions of patrol officers and detectives more so than through the presentations of a few community relations specialists. Efforts were undertaken to train patrol officers in community relations and crime prevention techniques and to make them more knowledgeable about community characteristics and problems. Team policing programs were also implemented, in part, as a means of improving police responsiveness to community concerns.
From Professional to Community Policing
Many observers now believe that the abandonment of foot patrol by most American police departments by the mid-1900s changed the nature of police work and negatively affected police-citizen relations. Officers assigned to large patrol car beats do not develop the intimate understanding of and cordial relationship with the community that foot patrol officers assigned to small beats develop. Officers on foot are in a position to relate more intimately with citizens than officers driving by in cars.
The results of two research studies, together with the development of small police radios, gave a boost to the resurgence of foot patrol starting in the 1980s. Originally, the police car was needed to house the bulky two-way radio. Today, foot patrol officers carry tiny, lightweight radios that enable them to handle calls promptly and to request information or assistance whenever needed. They are never out of touch and they are always available.
An experimental study conducted in Newark, New Jersey, was unable to demonstrate that either adding or removing foot patrol affected crime in any way. This finding mirrored what had been found in Kansas City regarding motorized patrol. Citizens involved in the foot patrol study, however, were less fearful of crime and more satisfied with foot patrol service than with motor patrol. Also, citizens were aware of additions and deletions of foot patrol in their neighborhoods, a finding that stands in stark contrast to the results of the Kansas City study, in which citizens did not perceive changes in the levels of motorized patrol. A second major foot patrol research program in Flint, Michigan, reported findings that were similar to the Newark findings, except that crime decreased, too.
These studies were widely interpreted as demonstrating that, even if foot patrol did not decrease crime, at least it made citizens feel safer and led to improvements in police-community relations. Why the difference between motorized patrol and foot patrol? In what has come to be known as the broken-windows thesis, foot patrol officers pay more attention to disorderly behavior and to minor offenses than do motor patrol officers. Also, they are in a better position to manage their beats, to understand what constitutes threatening or inappropriate behavior, to observe it, and to correct it. Foot patrol officers are likely to pay more attention to derelicts, petty thieves, disorderly persons, vagrants, panhandlers, noisy juveniles, and street people who, although not committing serious crimes, cause concern and fear among many citizens. Failure to control even the most minor aberrant activities on the street contributes to neighborhood fears. Foot patrol officers have more opportunity than motor patrol officers to control street disorder and reassure ordinary citizens.
Geography plays a large role in determining the viability of foot patrol as a police strategy, of course. The more densely populated an area, the more the citizenry will travel on foot and the more street disorder there will be. The more densely populated an area, the more likely that foot patrol can be effectively used as a police strategy. Although foot patrol may never again become the dominant police strategy it once was, it can play a large role in contributing police services to many communities.
Starting in the 1980s an even broader approach than community relations and foot patrol began developing. More and more police departments began employing foot patrol as a central component of their operational strategy, rather than as a novelty or as an accommodation to downtown business interests. Crime prevention programs became more and more reliant on community involvement, as in neighborhood watch, community patrol, and crimestoppers programs. Police departments began making increased use of civilians and volunteers in various aspects of policing, and made permanent geographic assignment an important element of patrol deployment. This came to be called community policing, entailing a substantial change in police thinking involving increased citizen involvement, engagement, partnerships, and tailoring of policing to neighborhood needs and preferences.
Research on the effectiveness of community policing has yielded mixed results. Foot patrol seems to make citizens feel safer, but it may not have much of an effect on the amount of crime. A small study in Houston, Texas, which involved patrol officers visiting households to solicit viewpoints and information, did report both crime and fear decreases in the study area. A study of community constables in England, however, found that the constables actually spent very little of their time in direct contact with citizens, despite role expectations that emphasized community contact. An ongoing study of department-wide community policing in Chicago has similarly discovered some officer resistance to working closely with citizens, but nevertheless has yielded promising effects on public satisfaction, fear, disorder, and crime.
From Professional to Strategic Policing
Community policing has not been the only stream of development in the wake of dissatisfaction with the professional model. Another alternative that has developed is strategic policing, represented by operational refinements and increased technical sophistication. In the patrol arena, strategic policing incorporates directed patrol, saturation patrol, targeted patrol, crackdowns, hot-spot policing, and other techniques designed to apply patrol resources and energy in a more focused manner. Call-driven 911 policing has been replaced by differential responses, in which rapid response is reserved for in-progress situations, while other calls are handled through delayed response, telephone reporting, non-sworn personnel, and a variety of other methods. Traditional criminal investigations have been refined through the use of solvability factors, case screening, major crime teams and task forces, and a more managed approach to detective work.
One of the most celebrated manifestations of strategic policing has been COMPSTAT, a system developed by the New York Police Department primarily to establish command accountability. Headquarters staff utilize up-to-date crime data and crime maps in order to hold area commanders (precinct captains) accountable for having identified and responded to current crime problems. Commanders are encouraged to use their resources strategically to address immediate problems, instead of merely spreading their officers around the community and waiting for calls and crimes to happen.
The latest development in strategic policing is intelligence-led policing. This approach seems to have had several sources: (1) COMPSTAT; (2) the growing availability of crime analysis, crime mapping, data mining, and similar tools; (3) impressive national-level police initiatives in England and Australia; and (4) renewed police emphasis on intelligence collection and analysis in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Intelligence-led policing, perhaps better termed information-led policing, calls for all police resources to be deployed and directed on a continuous, real-time basis according to careful analysis of the latest intelligence and other data. It is a much more command-directed and demanding approach to police management than the traditional approach of assigning each officer to a beat and reminding him or her to ”be careful out there.”
The evidence in support of directed and focused policing is fairly strong. When police patrols and other resources are carefully targeted at hot spots and similar problems, crime is typically reduced. Some of the impact may be mere displacement, but some usually represents real reductions, and the bonus of diffusion of benefits is also frequently experienced. Targeted policing seems clearly superior to nontargeted policing, all other things being equal. COMPSTAT and intelligence-led policing, though, have not been adequately evaluated in their own rights to determine what additional benefits they provide, if any.
From Professional to Problem-Oriented Policing
The third major contemporary strategy to develop in the wake of the professional model is problem-oriented policing. Simply put, problem-oriented policing (POP) posits that police should focus more attention on problems, as opposed to incidents. Problems are defined either as collections of incidents related in some way (if they occur at the same location, for example) or as underlying conditions that give rise to incidents, crimes, disorder, and other substantive community issues that people expect the police to handle. By focusing more on problems than on incidents, police can address causes rather than mere symptoms, and consequently have a greater impact. The public health analogy is often used to illustrate this difference in conceptualizing the police role, with its emphasis on prevention and taking a proactive approach. This analogy is useful, too, because it reminds us that even with a strong public health approach, people still get sick and need medical attention— that is, police still need to respond to calls and make arrests, even as POP prevents some problems and reduces the demand for reactive policing.
One of the fundamental tenets of POP is that law enforcement, that is, using the criminal law, should be understood as one means of policing, rather than as the end or goal of policing. This is much more than a subtle shift in terminology. It emphasizes that police pursue large and critically important societal goals: controlling crime, protecting people, reducing fear, maintaining order. In every instance, police should choose those lawful and ethical means that yield the most efficient and effective achievement of these ends. Sometimes this may involve enforcement of the criminal law, and sometimes it may not. Thus, the words policing and law enforcement are not synonymous, and law enforcement is not the only, or even necessarily the principal, technique of policing.
In place of overreliance on the criminal law, POP recommends a rational and analytical approach to problem solving using a process best known in police circles as the SARA model (scanning, analysis, response, assessment). According to this approach, police should continually scan their areas of responsibility, drawing on a variety of sources of information, in order to identify apparent problems. Next, they should carefully analyze those problems, in order to verify, describe, and explain them. Only after this analysis stage should police turn their attention to responses, and when they do, they should identify and consider a wide range of responses before narrowing their focus down to the most promising alternatives. After implementing these responses, they should then carefully assess impact, in order to determine whether they need to try something else, and also to document lessons learned for the benefit of future problem-solving efforts.
Evaluations of the impact or effectiveness of POP have been generally positive, although most such evaluations have used rather weak research designs. Countless individual case studies have been completed with fairly convincing evidence that the problems that were targeted were substantially reduced. In some instances, it is clear that POP analysis led to a new understanding of the problem, and subsequently to innovative responses, which apparently “caused” the beneficial effect on the problem. In many other cases, however, the problem got better but it is not clear that it was careful analysis or innovative and tailor-made responses that made the difference. Often, in these cases, responses rely primarily on enforcement, and it seems that the POP terminology and process are merely used to “dress up” or legitimize a much more traditional approach to policing.
The most consistent criticism of POP-as-practiced is that analysis is often cursory or nonexistent. In the same vein, few documented POP projects reflect anything more than the most superficial assessment of impact. Even simple before-and-after comparisons are often omitted, and the utilization of any type of comparison or control group is rare. It is perhaps not surprising that POP-in-practice is not as analytical or scientifically rigorous as its proponents would like—most police officers are probably more prone to action than to research.
Even in the arena of action, though, there is some disagreement over whether the implementation stage of POP, that is, the identification and selection of responses, is as wide ranging and creative as it ought to be. Some observers have been disappointed that POP responses often emphasize enforcement and other conventional police practices. One careful study, though, found that most POP examples utilize multiple responses (five on average) and that enforcement is often employed to supplement more innovative responses, rather than as the main response.
One last major criticism of POP-in-practice is that it has lost focus and become trivialized under the umbrella of community policing. Under community policing, POP has drifted in two ways. First, in keeping with the broad mission of community policing, it has often been used to address the whole panoply of a neighborhood’s problems—crime, fear, disorder, and so on—thus blunting the preferred sharp focus on a specific problem. Second, in keeping with the notion of empowering individual police officers to effectively serve their communities, POP has gradually migrated to ”problem solving,” something that individual police officers do, hopefully in conjunction with their constituents. Problem solving, in turn, has often come to be seen as what good police officers do when confronted with a particularly challenging complainant, call for service, or address. Thus, problem solving often amounts to creative handling of individual incidents, a far cry from taking a problem-oriented approach to a substantive problem of some significance. To be sure, this kind of problem solving probably represents improved police practice, but in scope of the problem, depth of analysis, or breadth of responses, it pales in comparison to ideal conceptions of POP.
The Contemporary Situation
Community policing, strategic policing, problem-oriented policing, and even the professional model all have their adherents and supporters today. Many police agencies would say that they implement all four of these strategies. In a situation of limited resources, however, agencies must inevitably emphasize one or two strategies over the others. In the current era of heightened concern about terrorism and weapons of mass destruction, strategic policing seems to have a certain advantage because of its connection to intelligence and its emphasis on enforcement and ”no-nonsense” techniques. However, many police executives have asserted that community policing is the strategy most likely to produce the community-based intelligence that will identify hidden terrorists, as well as the strategy best suited to striking the difficult balance between civil liberties and safety from terrorism. Not to be overlooked is problem-oriented policing. Its analytical and preventive approach may be best suited to reducing the risks of both terrorism and ordinary crime.
The individual police agency may want to choose its primary strategy based on a careful analysis of the needs of its community. For the police field as a whole, it may be some years before experience and further research lead to additional elaboration or sorting out of the contemporary repertoire of policing strategies. | http://what-when-how.com/police-science/policing-strategies/ |
explored the recent drop in arrest rates, both in Los Angeles and across the state, stating it was "unclear" why arrest rates have dropped as crime has risen. While we can't speak for other agencies, we can inform the public about some reasons for the arrest rate decline in jurisdictions patrolled by the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department.
One key factor is the lack of unobligated patrol time due to short staffing in our patrol functions. As detailed in a National Institute of Justice report,
"Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising"
proactive policing, where deputies interact with the public and investigate suspicious activity and persons, produces arrests and deters crime. However, instead of engaging in those functions, deputies now spend time racing from call to call, leaving little time for proactive patrol.
In addition,
short staffing
of the Department leads to patrol deputies being forced to work multiple overtime shifts in a week, which often lengthens a shift to 16 hours. Additionally, deputies are being ordered to work on regularly scheduled days off. The fatigue factor of long shifts and the realization that an arrest towards the end of a shift will lead to multiple hours in paperwork and additional hours in processing if a booking takes place, combined with compression of work weeks, is certainly a discouragement to making an arrest. In addition, making an arrest often requires backup, the availability of which many times is in question due to short staffing.
It is not, however, just a lack of resources which have led to a drop in arrest rates. While the article implies a decrease in conjunction with a rising crime rate means crimes are not being solved and suspects identified, that is overstated. Since arrests are most often discretionary acts, a deputy may simply write a report documenting the crime, leaving it to prosecutors to file charges and send a notification letter to the defendant with an appearance date for arraignment. An arrest simply jump starts this process. This then raises the question: Why would a deputy forego an arrest and instead only write a report? Simple. Making an arrest presents an opportunity for second guessing by the Department, politicians, and the public.
The Department has instituted a culture that emphasizes discipline not praise for hard working patrol deputies, with a singular focus on looking for the "bad" in every arrest or public contact. The default response of line supervisors and higher-ups is to second guess deputies and look for "bad tactics" or outcomes, instead of supporting proactive deputies, or praising them as examples to be followed. Since discretion allows a deputy to solve a crime and document it with a report, the understandable human behavior is to avoid making an arrest if that will simply invite second guessing and undue scrutiny.
Then, of course, there is the politics of law enforcement; that is, politicians. The lack of support for deputies doesn't just exist within the Department but is amplified by politicians eager to grab the limelight and slam rank-and-file law enforcement whenever an incident does not end in textbook fashion. Former NYPD Commissioner and LAPD Police Chief Bill Bratton
once observed
, "Police work is not
always
pretty. In my years in law enforcement, I've learned not to make a judgment until I have all the facts." Sadly, that is not the case with many politicians. Far beyond just a lack of support, the willingness of elected and self-appointed experts to rush to the cameras and pass judgment on rank-and-file law enforcement officers for incidents where they scarcely know the details--and what "details" they often know later prove to be false--certainly causes pause in engaging in arrests or proactive law enforcement.
Further, whether it is simply a vocal minority receiving outsized attention on their views of law enforcement, or in fact a larger segment of society, it is unquestionable that as a whole there is less civility towards law enforcement by the general public. Society has become impatient, rude, judgmental and sanctimonious towards law enforcement, and it should be no wonder why deputies are hesitant to engage in actions such as arrest which leads to second guessing.
A recent survey in a leading law enforcement publication found the
major decrease in proactive policing
across the nation was in large part because of "significant correlations between leadership, media, community relations, and training to their individual effects upon decreased proactivity." As mentioned above, the decrease in arrests and a rising crime rate does not mean that crimes are not being solved and suspects identified. However, if one wants to start searching for the reasons for a decrease in arrests while there has been an increase in crime, the responses of nearly 500 officers and deputies in this survey and the issues detailed in this blog provide a solid starting point.
The
Association for Los Angeles Deputy Sheriffs
(ALADS) is the collective bargaining agent representing more than 7,900 deputy sheriffs and district attorney investigators working in Los Angeles County.
# # #
If you have friends who would like to receive ALADS Email Blasts
click here
.
ALADS Facility: 2 Cupania Circle, Monterey Park, CA 91755
www.alads.org
See what's happening on our social sites! | https://myemail.constantcontact.com/Why-Law-Enforcement-Arrests-Are-Declining-as-Crime-Rises.html?soid=1119707513166&aid=1uR30zIlES4 |
Using the 2014 New York Police Department slowdown as a natural experiment, the authors show that civilian complaints of major crime decreased during and after reductions in proactive policing, which challenges existing research on the topic.
Factors affecting crime, fear of crime and satisfaction with police: focusing on policing and the neighborhood context
- Law
- 2020
The purpose of this study is to explore factors affecting police performance, such as violent crime, fear of crime and satisfaction with police, using objectively measured policing and neighborhood…
Disorder Oriented Policing: A Revealing Case Study of a Special Differential Response Unit in the Houston Police Department
- LawCrime & Delinquency
- 2021
Proactive policing has been a preferred approach among American law enforcement agencies for decades. While most of the systematic studies done in this area focus on the effect of proactive policing…
What Works in Crime Prevention and Rehabilitation: An Assessment of Systematic Reviews
- Law, Psychology
- 2016
This article summarizes what is known in seven broad criminal justice areas by drawing on 118 systematic reviews, providing persuasive evidence of the effectiveness of programs, policies, and practices across a variety of intervention areas.
Race, Place, and Effective Policing
- LawAnnual Review of Sociology
- 2019
The police need public support and cooperation to be effective in controlling crime and holding offenders accountable. In many disadvantaged communities of color, poor relationships between the…
References
SHOWING 1-10 OF 85 REFERENCES
POLICING CRIME AND DISORDER HOT SPOTS: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL*
- Law, Psychology
- 2008
Dealing with physical and social disorder to prevent serious crime has become a central strategy for policing. This study evaluates the effects of policing disorder, within a problem-oriented…
Problem-oriented policing in violent crime places: A randomized controlled experiment
- Law
- 1999
Over the past decade, problem-oriented policing has become a central strategy for policing. In a number of studies, problem-oriented policing has been found to be effective in reducing crime and…
Understanding the Mechanisms Underlying Broken Windows Policing
- Psychology
- 2015
Objectives: We argue that the model underlying broken windows policing requires a developmental sequence involving reductions in fear of crime and eventual enhancement of community social controls.…
Legitimacy, Fear and Collective Efficacy in Crime Hot Spots: Assessing the Impacts of Broken Windows Policing Strategies on Citizen Attitudes
- Law
- 2010
The aim of this study was to examine the impacts of broken windows policing at crime hot spots on fear of crime, ratings of police legitimacy and reports of collective efficacy among residents of…
Policing the homeless: An evaluation of efforts to reduce homeless-related crime
- Law
- 2010
Research Summary Police officials across the United States are increasingly relying on place-based approaches for crime prevention. In this article, we examine the Safer Cities Initiative, a…
Have Changes in Policing Reduced Violent Crime? An Assessment of the Evidence
- Law
- 2005
The police do not prevent crime. This is one of the best kept secrets of modern life. Experts know it, the police know it, but the public does not know it. Yet the police pretend that they are…
An Ex Post Facto Evaluation Framework for Place-Based Police Interventions
- PsychologyEvaluation review
- 2011
The SST program was associated with a statistically significant reduction in violent index crimes at the treatment places relative to the comparison places without displacing crime into proximate areas. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Can-Policing-Disorder-Reduce-Crime-A-Systematic-and-Braga-Welsh/563449ae01532e8dfeacb4e2c1a249acc51975da |
In this organizational management and operations paper the student will identify, compare, and contrast the policing function at the local, state, and federal organizational levels. The student will analyze how organizational, management, administration, and operational functions at these three organizational levels. The student will identify in what ways the different organizational levels are similar or different and why. Finally, the leadership characteristics and responsibilities pertaining to each organizational level will be identified.
Don’t waste time Get a verified expert to help you with Essay
Local Law Enforcement
There are many roles in which local law enforcement agencies take part in. The duties, functions, and responsibilities of local law enforcement agencies are broken down into many different roles. Local law enforcement agencies are in place to provide routine patrol of the communities within their jurisdictions. They provide emergency services, and uphold traffic enforcement laws. They conduct criminal investigations/planning and analysis. They provide detention for adults and juveniles, offer community services, crime prevention communications, community relations, and much more.
State Law Enforcement
State law enforcement consists of state police departments and highway patrol. State law enforcement is like a local or county police department, only with a much larger jurisdiction. State police departments usually have many specialized units, such as investigative branches, aviation units, and tactical teams. Highway Patrol Officers, on the other hand, usually are tasked with ensuring the safety of the roadways of the state. Many states also have additional specialized state agencies. Some states with highway patrols have a separate state investigative agency. For instance, Florida’s FDLE conducts statewide investigations and assists local and county agencies with complex investigations of their own. One may think of this like a “state FBI.”
Federal Law Enforcement
There are two different types of federal agencies, uniformed agencies and investigative agencies (although some do both). They provide uniformed law enforcement services for a specific location, such as The White House, United States Capital, FBI Building, US Parks, Supreme Court, various federal buildings. The other main type of federal agency is the investigative agency. These agencies have an assigned section of the United States Code that they enforce. For example, the DEA deals with drug laws, and the Secret Service focuses on crimes involving currency. In addition to the common agencies, all federal departments have an Office of the Inspector General that employs criminal investigators to investigate fraud within the department. On the negative side, working for the federal government can mean that one is at their beck and call when concerning relocation. While obviously not a concern with some of the uniformed agencies, relocation can be a concern if one works for the more nationalized federal agencies.
For the most part local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies share the same directives as well as support and oversee the same laws of the land. The only obvious differences that these three agencies have are their jurisdictions, resources, staffing, funding, budgets, support, and operations. In today’s society the roles and duties that are assigned to law enforcement will continue to change every day.
Organizational Management
In the early 1990s the New York Police Department (NYPD) was as “paralyzed” basically reluctant to act out of fear of making mistakes. As an organization the NYPD suffered with productivity from the officers up to and including the chief (Harvard Kennedy School, 2013). The crime reporting system used was extremely dated hence the creation of a new software system that analyzed crime data entered into a computer, which maintained statistics (COMPSTAT). This data was evaluated regularly, which offered commanders the ability to develop strategies for awareness, patrol, and resource allocation, solving crimes, and quality of life improvement for the citizens in the jurisdiction. If the data is entered in COMPSAT properly, estimates of crimes can be made to include what type, times of day, and locations (Harvard Kennedy School, 2013).
This valuable management tool allows chiefs, sheriffs, and commanders with a graphic representation of what is occurring in an area of responsibility, which will assist with organizational management. Developing awareness of when and where crimes are likely to be committed allows supervisors to allocate resources in those potentially affected areas to aid in crime reduction. This tool helps with long-term (proactive) planning by knowing how many patrols are needed in certain areas and what times they need to be present (Harvard Kennedy School, 2013). The COMPSTAT predictions also can be beneficial when projecting operational and functional budgets for the fiscal budget. The COMPSTAT data blended with actual crime reporting can justify resource allocation both for personnel and money. Finally the principles of COMPSTAT are only beneficial if the officers, patrols, and supervisors conduct follow-up assessments to ensure the desired results are actually achieved. COMPSTAT is a proven tool for organizational management, but like any tool if not used properly it could be more harmful than valuable (Harvard Kennedy School, 2013).
Administration and Operational Aspects
Within any law enforcement agency, the administration section is a paramount tool. Some of the many duties that fall under the task of the administration section include training (includes sworn officers and civilians), computer systems, departmental forms, budgets, and records just to name a few (Police Administration Division, 2013). The responsibility of this section will usually lie in the hands of a Lieutenant or Sergeant who will answer to the Chief or Sheriff. The agency relies heavily on this section for up to date information. If there is a lapse in judgment or something is forgotten, it can have a drastic impact. For example, if records are not maintained properly, officers will have issues with they stop someone and run their information. That person could be wanted for murder and the officer would never know.
Law enforcement is always expanding and looking to improve on how operations are conducted. It is essential that the agency keeps an open mind and looks to make changes when needed. For example, if the agency hires a transfer from another department and that officer thinks there is a better way to handle a specific aspect of law enforcement, the agency should consider what that officer is saying. The department that the officer came from may have some technology or information that the new agency does not.
Leadership Characteristics and Responsibilities
The leadership characteristics and responsibilities at the different levels are very similar. Leaders are born, not made. The leadership traits are developed through education, training and hard work. Leaders inspire others by setting an example. They show others that they care and have compassion for those that they lead. Leaders accept the fact that mistakes happen and a part of the job. They prevail against the odds not letting the obstacles get in the way. A leader’s since of duty calls them toward quality not quantity. They believe in the people they lead. Effective leadership encompasses both tactical and technical proficiencies. Leaders do not forget where they came from, regardless of rank. Higher ranking officers have a unique responsibility to demonstrate leadership and this is their primary operational function. (Gonzalez, 2014)
Conclusion
With the onset of a new millennium, American police agencies face new challenges. The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon changed the way in which law enforcement collectively thinks about public safety and security. Priorities for training at all levels, equipment, strategies, and funding have transformed policing once again this time focusing on homeland security history of American police systems from the English heritage through the last years of the 20thcentury. A number of present-day issues have roots in different epochs of American history. For example, the idea of community policing is traced to the colonial period and to medieval England. Preventive patrol, legitimacy, authority, and professionalism are 18th and 19th century concepts. Riots, disorders, and corruption are not new to American policing, similar events occurred in the 19th century. Thus by virtue of studying history, this can give contextual meaning to current police problems, ideas, and situations. Looking at the past, present-day events can be better understood.
References
Bechtel, H. K. (1995). State Police in the United States. Westport conn: Greenwood Press. Bryan Vila, C. M. (1994). Police in Contradiction: The Evolution of the Police Funtion in Society. Westport: Greenwood Press. Bryan Vila, C. M. (1999). The Role of Police in American Society. Westport: Greenwood Press. Gonzalez, R. (2014). 10 key qualities of law enforcement leaders. Retrieved April 20, 2014, from Police One.com: http://www.policeone.com/news/1204313-10-key-qualities-of-law-enforcement-leaders/
Harvard Kennedy School. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.innovations.harvard.edu/awards.html?id=3716 Police Administration Division. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.mysanibel.com/Departments/Police-including-Emergency-Management/Police-Administrative-Division Roberts, D. J. (2013). Technology Is Playing an Expanding Role in Policing. The Police Chief, Retrieved from http://www.policechiefmagazine.org/magazine/index.cfm?fuseaction=display&issue_id=12011&category_ID=4
Uchida, C. D. (2004). Justice and Security Stratagies. Inc . | https://studyscroll.com/organizational-management-and-operations-paper-essay |
The MetroLink Task Force Incident Report for Quarter 3 (July – September 2022) was recently released and it indicates that greater security presence across the entire Metro Transit system is continuing to create a safer transit environment for public transit customers in the St. Louis region, according to Metro Transit's news release.
Operators of the Metro Transit system and its law enforcement partners at St. Louis County Police, St. Louis Metropolitan Police and St. Clair County Sheriff’s Department, and its contracted security partners at Allied Universal continue to work together to provide a proactive approach to policing. This approach has resulted in an increased number of incidents being addressed this year over last year, according to the report.
This proactive approach is contributing to increased MetroLink ridership, with boardings up another 7% from Quarter 2 of 2022 to Quarter 3 of 2022.
Proactive policing deters crime, reduces disorder, reduces fear of crime, or remedies specific concerns in a given area, through police efforts that occur before a crime is committed. The shared commitment to this proven approach is translating into a majority (62%) of incident reports on the MetroLink system being self-initiated and generated by Metro Transit’s police partners.
This alternative community policing approach also includes creating a safer, more secure transit environment by incorporating mental health and drug treatment resources on the Metro Transit system through a partnership with Chestnut Health Systems.
In addition, law enforcement partners and the contracted security team support and endorse Metro Transit’s Rider Code of Conduct.
“The effectiveness of proactive policing comes from its ability to deter crime as our law enforcement partners take action prior to a crime being committed, allowing riders to feel safer while on the MetroLink,” said Kevin Scott, GM of security at Bi-State Development. “With more secondary officers assisting full-time police officers and deputies, as well as Metro Transit Security Specialists and contracted Allied Universal security officers assigned to MetroLink, we have the right team in place to continue to ensure the positive trends continue.”
A total of 178 incidents were reported in the third quarter, consistent with the 177 reported in Quarter 2 and up from 153 reported in Quarter 3 of 2021. Incidents per MetroLink boardings during Quarter 3 also were on par with Quarter 2 at 10 per 100,000 boardings (.0001). Nearly a third (28%) of Task Force incidents were warrant arrests, helping to remove known offenders from the system.
Security will be further bolstered after gated entrances are added to all 38 MetroLink stations on the light rail system as part of a $52 million Secure Platform Plan. More than $10 million in private funding has been committed to the project, which also has the support of St. Louis Mayor Tishaura Jones, St. Louis County Executive Sam Page, and St. Clair County Board Chairman Mark Kern.
All three local government entities help fund Metro Transit operations through sales tax collections. HNTB is currently working on the design of the new access gates, with construction expected to begin in 2023. It is expected to take 24 to 30 months to complete the project once it is underway.
“The progress we’re seeing with each quarterly Task Force Report is being driven by the continued collaboration between Metro Transit and its dedicated partners as we work in tandem to deliver a safe transit system and serve our growing customer base,” said Taulby Roach, Bi-State Development president/CEO. | https://www.metro-magazine.com/10189861/metrolink-task-force-report-shows-continued-progress |
The Gauteng Department of Community Safety is taking a proactive stance against social ills affecting the province. With gender-based violence, crime, drug and substance abuse, and corruption in law enforcement as examples of some of the challenges facing the province, the department understands that it must tackle these problems with force, while also demonstrating care for communities.
Gauteng Community Safety
MEC Sizakele Nkosi-Malobane has promised to reduce crime in the province by 50 percent by 2019, saying that there is a collective commitment by provincial government, the South African Police Service, law enforcement agencies and community policing forums (CPFs) to work towards this goal.
To achieve this, the department has put in place several strategies to make public and private spaces in the province safer for
everyone.
Improving policing
MEC Nkosi-Malobane said the department has prioritised improving the performance of police stations and enhancing police visibility in various communities.
“We have identified 40 poor performing police
stations around the province, which have contributed to the high crime rate in these areas,” she said, explaining that safety kiosks will be established at these high-risk precincts to improve police visibility and community involvement in fighting crime.
In its oversight role, the department will pay regular visits to all 142 police stations in the province, using the opportunity to evaluate each station's monthly performance in service delivery, auditing and frontline service delivery.
In addition, quarterly review sessions will be held to analyse the impact of the Provincial Integrated Policing Plan across all law enforcement agencies and develop the necessary interventions to strengthen the coordination of resources in the province.
MEC Nkosi-Malobane stressed the importance of communities and the police building good relationships.
“As part of building a social movement against crime, the department intends to position CPF structures as necessary vehicles to assist with the coordination of social crime
prevention and policing oversight at a local level,” she said.
Tackling challenges
The murder rate in Gauteng is one of the major concerns of the department.
“Murder cases have increased by 30 percent in three policing precincts in eastern Johannesburg. This is an increase from
136 murders to 177 murders from April 2016 to February 2018.The department is deeply concerned about this phenomenon and has instructed Provincial Police Commissioner Deliwe De Lange to work around the clock to ensure that this is improved upon,” said MEC Nkosi-Malobane.
She added that the lack of resources and staff were contributing factors to the rise in the murder rate.
“One of the immediate interventions for this financial year is the procurement of 10 new vehicles for Jeppe Police Station, three for Cleveland Police Station, one for Yeoville and two for Sandringham,” said MEC Nkosi-Malobane.
Newly graduated police academy students have also been deployed to Jeppe, Cleveland and Yeoville police stations.
Gender-based violence
MEC Nkosi-Malobane acknowledged that the most pressing issue facing the department is that of gender-based violence.
“We have witnessed some of the most horrific murders of young women in Gauteng in the past year.The cases of Karabo Mokoena and Lerato Moloi, to mention a few, have caused public outrage and debate. A total of 65 women were killed in the past year because of gender-based violence and the police have done a sterling job thus far by arresting 65 people in connection with these murders,” she said.
The MEC is pleased that harsher sentences are meted out to perpetrators of gender-based violence.
“Karabo's murderer Sandile Mantsoe was sentenced to an effective 32 years in custody. The criminal justice system has also managed to restore some hope with the sentencing of serial rapist Nothile Dlamini. Dlamini raped, kidnapped, robbed and terrorised taxi passengers around the Booysens, Soweto and the Roodepoort policing precinct last year,” she noted.
A crucial instrument in helping victims of violence is Ikhaya Lethemba, a victim empowerment centre for women started by the department in Braamfontein. It is a sanctuary for victims of genderbased violence, said the MEC.
“Ikhaya Lethemba is a holistic psycho-social service that includes crisis support programmes, counselling and therapeutic interventions. Interventions such as skills development, recreation and life skills, case tracking and a support system within the criminal justice system are linked to long-term empowerment strategies that strengthen gender equality and respect women as active agents in the rebuilding of their own lives.”
The department also offers other empowerment platforms such as its shelter network, a sexual offences forum and seminars for sexual offence survivors.
Substance abuse
MEC Nkosi-Malobane said that substance abuse is often at the heart of crimes.The department has partnered with stakeholders within the private and public sector to address the problem, especially among the youth.
The department works closely with the Department of Social Development and non-governmental organisations to help addicts. It recently partnered with Rainbow FM in a drug awareness campaign in Florida and has embarked on door-to-door campaigns in a few areas to create a platform for youth and their parents to communicate and seek help.
“We are addressing drug abuse through the Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Programme. Through this, we are cleaning up hot spots where the youth hang out and do drugs.
The department recently extended its operations to Heidelberg, where a former drug addict, gang leader and ex-convict is spearheading dialogue programmes to mobilise the youth in the area. This leader was reformed through a youth dialogue programme in the area,” said the MEC.
The department also carries out law enforcement raids in drug hotspots, but it has focused its efforts on prevention and the empowerment of communities to take charge of their situation.
She said that communities in Soshanguve, Garankuwa Pretoria Central, Rietgat, Temba, Duduza, Windmill Park, Tembisa South, Norkem Park, Kempton Park, Ratanda, Sebokeng, Evaton, Germiston and Ivory Park are deeply affected by drug addiction.
“The department is helping these areas get involved in community safety structures so that they can become active citizens. We are encouraging the youth and women to become safety promoters and community patrollers, and to join CPFs,” she said.
Helping the youth
With the youth in the spotlight this month, MEC Nkosi-Malobane said the department has several tools to help young people and prevent them from engaging in criminal activities.
“Programmes such as the Tertiary Institution Safety Indaba, which includes 150 student leaders, is geared towards addressing challenges encountered by students on and off the campus. There is a special focus on gender-based violence, substance abuse, safety and security,” the MEC explained.
The department also conducts a Young Women's Leadership
Boot Camp for 200 volunteers.The camp focuses on the empowerment and capacity building of young female volunteers, who help to mobilise communities to assist with crime reduction. A Youth Safety Summit at which the youth come together to discuss crime and find solutions is also held.
Providing young people with employment opportunities is a successful crime deterrent.The department conducts the Tshepo 1 000 000 Programme, which helps youth between the ages of 18 and 35 find work.
Rooting out corruption
MEC Nkosi-Malobane stressed that the department will continue its tough stance against corruption within its ranks, saying it is a serious contravention of the ethics and code of conduct for those employed in the law enforcement fraternity.
“Law enforcement officers are supposed to display the highest level of integrity in discharging their duties. As government, we will continue with our mandate to root out this immoral behaviour and ensure that anyone found guilty faces the full might of the law. No one will be allowed to tarnish the image of law enforcement under our watch,” she said.
Gauteng Community Safety MEC Sizakele Nkosi-Malobane.
Gauteng Community Safety MEC Sizakele Nkosi-Malobane leads a substance abuse campaign in Burgershoop in Mogale City. | http://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/public-sector-manager/20180601/281496456995990 |
Ā tātou taonga tuku iho ahurea
Cultural heritage is the term used to describe the ways of living developed by a community and passed on from generation to generation.
These include:
It is also the legacy of knowledge, things and intangible attributes of a group or society passed from generation to generation. Cultural heritage includes:
Auckland's cultural heritage is rich and diverse and includes Māori and non-Māori heritage.
It includes the Auckland War Memorial Museum / Tāmaki Paenga Hira and the Auckland Domain/Pukekawa.
It encompasses the extensive archaeological landscapes of
It includes post-war architecture such as the Group Architect houses, engineering feats such as the Grafton Bridge, and our Victorian and Edwardian buildings.
Our cultural heritage places comprise sites, features, areas, townscapes, streetscapes, landscapes, settlements, and other historical places.
Many Aucklanders are passionate about our cultural heritage.
Our cultural heritage adds to the richness of our lives by reinforcing our sense of history and identity, and helps define what is distinctive about Auckland.
It enriches our environment, provides authenticity to our spaces, and continuity in our communities. Our cultural heritage is a source of pride.
Cultural heritage is of fundamental importance to tangata whenua, their culture and traditions.
Cultural heritage is addressed in a number of parts of the Auckland Plan 2050.
Recognising the value of our cultural heritage and the importance of its protection is a core component of the Environment and Cultural Heritage outcome.
The key role that our shared cultural heritage plays in building cohesive and connected communities is addressed in the Belonging and Participation outcome. The specific role of built heritage in shaping our homes, places and spaces is addressed in the Homes and Places outcome.
Managing heritage comprises three key phases:
The connection between understanding, investing/empowering and valuing/sharing.
Is the information on this page helpful?
Thanks for your feedback
To ask for help or report a problem with our services or facilities, contact us. | https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/plans-projects-policies-reports-bylaws/our-plans-strategies/auckland-plan/environment-cultural-heritage/Pages/our-cultural-heritage.aspx |
R.1: The nomination file demonstrates that avalanche risk management constitutes intangible cultural heritage and, as an inseparable part of their lives, provides local communities with a sense of identity and serves many different social and cultural functions. The element is mainly transmitted institutionally via research institutes, forecasting services, local authorities and museums. However, the informal dissemination of knowledge still plays an important role in local settings. The collective effort strengthens people’s sense of belonging to their community, whose survival depends on their capability to address problems collectively, fostering closer ties between various social groups.
R.2: The know-how needed to live in a hostile environment and knowledge concerning natural hazards and their prevention are significant aspects of intangible cultural heritage, whose importance would be highlighted by the inscription. Inscription of the element would draw closer attention to the cultural aspects of natural hazard prevention and strengthen the linkages between intangible cultural heritage and natural sciences, with a reminder that new technologies and scientific research complement empirical knowledge and local realities. Following the inscription, contacts with communities facing similar or other dangers would be strengthened. Respect for cultural diversity and human creativity would be promoted, as the element is closely connected with local circumstances.
R.3: The proposed safeguarding measures are clearly described in terms of concrete engagements; they will be implemented by civil society, regional and national authorities, and will count on established volunteering and professional commitment across the two nations and all strata of their societies. The safeguarding measures reflect different aspects of the element relating to the knowledge and practice concerning avalanche risk management, as well as its cultural dimension. Regulations regarding the handling of avalanches are enshrined in national laws in both countries, and the two States Parties will work to safeguard the element side by side. Knowledge bearers, often members of institutions and organizations directly and continually involved in the practice of the element, participated in the preparation of the safeguarding measures.
R.4: Both States Parties prepared the nomination file in close collaboration with the communities and stakeholders concerned. Austrian and Swiss bearers and practitioners of the element met with national experts several times to discuss the nomination file in their respective countries. In 2016 and 2017, two joint meetings were organized in Switzerland to exchange views and ideas, strengthen contacts and validate the final version of the file. Free, prior and informed consent was obtained through information sharing within networks of practitioners at different levels.
R.5: The element is included in the List of Living Traditions in Switzerland (2012) and the National List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Austria (2016), which are managed, respectively, by the Federal Office for Culture and the Austrian Commission for UNESCO. The description of both national inventories, the participation of communities in the inventorying process and the updating routines are clearly described.
Inscribes Avalanche risk management on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. | https://ich.unesco.org/ar/decisions/13.COM/10.B.35?dec=decisions&ref_decision=13.COM |
A roots journey to Ethiopia
Kedma Youth Village members take part in a roots journey to Ethiopia - an exciting and powerful experience in discovering their roots and culture. The program is based on the strengthening of the feeling of belonging and connection to their heritage, values and to one another.
During the journey the pupils take part in the various activities and the programs of the journey, which include meeting the paths of childhood in the villages where their parents grew up. The journey follows the Jewish villages and creates a meeting with the lives of their ancestors, their families and the local inhabitants. The journey ends in Jerusalem, at the Western Wall, where many generations of Ethiopian Jews have prayed to reach.
The main goal of the project is to bridge between the 12th graders from the Kedma Youth Village and their families, in order to empower them and unite their personal and group identity as part of Israeli society and to bring them to their full potential, aspiring to excellence in any path they choose, while integrating them into meaningful roles in Israeli society and the IDF, emanating from stories of heroism in the aliyah to Israel.
The goals of the journey:
-
Familiarity with the culture of Ethiopia and Ethiopian Jewry - during the journey we wish to know the heritage and culture of Ethiopia and recognize its honorable place.
-
Strengthening the sense of belonging to their sources – during the journey, the pupils experience Ethiopian history and Ethiopian Jewry, as well as familiarity with stories of heroism and aliyah to Zion. Therefore, our goal is to bring our pupils closer to their heritage and to make it the object of pride and strength for them.
-
Empowering Ethiopian identity as part of strengthening of the Israeli identity - as a result of strengthening the sense of belonging to Ethiopian heritage and culture, our pupils will be able to adopt an identity with a strong affinity to their origin. Israeli society is a mosaic of identities composed of Judaism, Zionism, origin, and more. Strengthening these backgrounds on the journey will lead to a sense of greater unity and acceptance of their identity, and a better integration into Israeli society.
-
Encountering another culture - As part of a long process that the pupils experience in Kedma, the journey is another milestone in the process of growing up. We see an importance in that all the pupils of the class go on a journey regardless of their origin, out of an understanding that this is not only the story of the Ethiopian community, but of all of the Israeli society. We are certain that the journey constitutes a significant anchor in the development of their independence and maturity, as well as the formulation of their values and personality. | https://en.kedmavillage.co.il/etheopia |
The link between shared identity and how organisations respond to natural disasters - Diversity & Inclusion | Deloitte Australia has been saved
Organisations are under increasing pressure to act responsibly and take meaningful action following crisis situations in the communities they serve. Previous research on organisational responses to natural disasters has largely focused on recovery at the individual firm level. Less explored is the way in which organisations interact with diverse external stakeholders during a crisis, and the mechanisms that strengthen the effectiveness of a collective response. Researchers Battaglia (University of Rome), Zhou (University College London), and Frey (Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies) sought to investigate the link between identity and crisis situations (e.g. natural disasters), through the lens of a shared identity between individuals, organisations, and communities. Their findings suggest that the strength of a relationship between an organisation and its external stakeholders (suppliers, customers, governments), defines the extent and speed to which the community and organisation recovers. Moreover, their findings imply that organisations play a pivotal role in shaping community cohesion, and thus a crisis offers a moment to redefine relationships between stakeholders, reduce polarisation amongst diverse groups, and foster a more inclusive society.
The aim of this qualitative study was to understand the link between the shared identity of individuals, organisations, and their stakeholders in the aftermath of natural disasters.
Researchers conducted 11 semi-structured exploratory interviews with leaders and key external stakeholder representatives from a multi-utility organisation (AIMAG) which experienced earthquakes in Italy 2012. Interview data was supported by secondary archived data (e.g. reports and newspaper articles).
Questions to leaders of the organisation covered:
Questions to key external stakeholders covered:
This research produced three key insights relating to the shared identity between organisations and communities following natural disasters:
Insight 1 - Shared commitment: Leaders who believed they were socially responsible, capable, and ethical demonstrated highly collaborative and motivated behaviours in responding to the disaster. The perception that the organisation’s services were important to their community created an increased sense of awareness and shared responsibility.
Insight 2 – Shared identity: Self-reflexive learning (choosing responsible decisions in uncertain situations) triggered by the crisis reaffirmed the organisation’s identity and increased its sense of responsibility towards the citizens it serves. The identity of both the organisation and external stakeholders reflected the shared identity of being responsible, trustworthy, and collaborative. This shared sense of belonging enhanced community perception of the organisation and enabled the community to find suitable solutions in a high-pressure situation.
Insight 3 – Reinforced connection: The response of the community influenced the actions of the organisation during and following the disaster, reinforcing the shared sense of identify between the stakeholders. This influenced the behaviours of external stakeholders who invested in supporting the organisation in their recovery efforts as they were perceived as a key contributor to the community.
The research provides a case study of how individuals’, organisations’, and communities’ sense of shared identity is linked to the speed and support that organisations provide during and following natural disasters. Beyond insights about the role of shared identity during a crisis, this research points to the pivotal role an organisation can play in fostering connection between stakeholders. Given the trend towards fracture and polarisation of communities around the world, this research suggests that organisations which step up during a crisis can help to facilitate inclusion in the longer term.
Key takeaways include:
With the increasing frequency and intensity of natural disasters there is a growing expectation that organisations will play visible and important roles in disaster recovery within communities. This research highlights the important link between a shared community identity and disaster recovery, and the influence on community resilience. It also points to the pivotal role organisations can play in fostering connections between diverse stakeholders in the longer term and building more inclusive communities.
To read the full article see: Battaglia, M., Zhou, S. and Frey, M. (2019). Linking inside and outside: “identity” in crisis situations. Journal of Organisational Change Management, 32(4), pp.457-472.
Grace is a Consultant in our Human Capital Consulting division in Perth. She is passionate about promoting Diversity & Inclusion in the workplace, advocating the value of inclusive leadership in fostering collaboration and enhancing productivity. | https://www2.deloitte.com/au/en/blog/diversity-inclusion-blog/2020/link-between-shared-identity-how-organisations-respond-natural-disasters.html |
- Author:
- Noam Pianko
- Publisher: Rutgers University Press
- Date: 2015
Although fewer American Jews today describe themselves as religious, they overwhelmingly report a strong sense of belonging to the Jewish people. Indeed, Jewish peoplehood has eclipsed religion—as well as ethnicity and nationality—as the essence of what binds Jews around the globe to one another. In Jewish Peoplehood, Noam Pianko highlights the current significance and future relevance of “peoplehood” by tracing the rise, transformation, and return of this novel term.
The book tells the surprising story of peoplehood. Though it evokes a sense of timelessness, the term actually emerged in the United States in the 1930s, where it was introduced by American Jewish leaders, most notably Rabbi Stephen Wise and Rabbi Mordecai Kaplan, with close ties to the Zionist movement. It engendered a sense of unity that transcended religious differences, cultural practices, geographic distance, economic disparity, and political divides, fostering solidarity with other Jews facing common existential threats, including the Holocaust, and establishing a closer connection to the Jewish homeland. But today, Pianko points out, as globalization erodes the dominance of nationalism in shaping collective identity, Jewish peoplehood risks becoming an outdated paradigm. He explains why popular models of peoplehood fail to address emerging conceptions of ethnicity, nationalism, and race, and he concludes with a much-needed roadmap for a radical reconfiguration of Jewish collectivity in an increasingly global era.
Innovative and provocative, Jewish Peoplehood provides fascinating insight into a term that assumes an increasingly important position at the heart of American Jewish and Israeli life. | https://jsis.washington.edu/publication/jewish-peoplehood/ |
Stuart Hall was a prominent cultural theorist who made significant contributions to the fields of cultural studies and critical theory. One of his key ideas was the concept of cultural identity and diaspora, which he developed as a way of understanding how people's sense of identity is shaped by the cultural, social, and historical contexts in which they live.
According to Hall, cultural identity is a dynamic and constantly evolving concept that is shaped by multiple factors, including race, ethnicity, nationality, language, religion, and class. These factors interact with one another and with broader social and cultural forces to create a sense of identity that is both individual and collective.
For Hall, the concept of diaspora was central to understanding how cultural identity is formed and maintained. Diaspora refers to the scattered or dispersed nature of certain groups of people, who may live in different parts of the world but still feel connected to a shared culture or heritage. For example, people of African descent who live in the United States may feel a strong connection to their African heritage, even though they have never lived in Africa themselves. Similarly, people of Asian descent who live in the United Kingdom may feel a strong connection to their Asian culture, even though they have never lived in Asia.
Hall argued that cultural identity and diaspora are closely related because they both involve a sense of belonging to a particular group or community. However, he also recognized that cultural identity can be a source of conflict and tension, particularly when people feel that their identity is being threatened or challenged. This can happen when people are forced to migrate to new places, or when they are subjected to discrimination or oppression based on their cultural identity.
Overall, Stuart Hall's ideas about cultural identity and diaspora have had a major impact on the way that scholars and practitioners think about issues of identity, belonging, and cultural difference. His work has helped to shed light on the complex and multifaceted nature of identity, and has helped to highlight the importance of cultural diversity and tolerance in today's increasingly globalized world. | http://complianceportal.american.edu/ethics-in-group-counseling-paper.php |
Juxtaposition has also been used throughout the novel to contrast the different identities in which the characters have. The Abstract As Gogol takes the train from Boston back to his life in New York, he thinks of the train accident his father had been a victim in so long ago. They want their children to be together just because they are of the same nation. Explain the importance of education in the novel, and give examples related to at least three of the characters. Themes In 'The Namesake' By Jhumpa Lahiri. In spite of the fact that, they know each other since childhood Gogol can hardly imagine his romantic relationship with Moushimi. This is IvyPanda's free database of academic paper samples. Remember, this site is not for essay writing as such. Related Essays Plato’s Republic, Book III: Love Between Men And Boys Gogol, the son of these immigrant parents grows up wanting to assimilate himself in this new cultural but ultimately seeking to, For some people finding out who they are is not exactly the hardest thing to do in the world, some know it from the moment they are born. Lecture notes: Jhumpa Lahiri, The Namesake (covering Modules 1-4) and instructions for Essay 1 (Lahiri) The explanatory notes below cover the topics outlined in the four modules related to Lahiri’s Namesake (essentially the entire book, in case you wish to read ahead). It contains thousands of paper examples on a wide variety of topics, all donated by helpful students. The parents want their children to extend the family dynasty. He now understands the guilt and uselessness his parents had felt when their parents had passed away across the world, in Calcutta. This sense of belonging is then contrasted to the sense of disconnection and hurt he later experiences when he discovers the affair between his wife Moushimi and another man whilst on a train. As a kid she is, other person where you communicate with your first native language; you interact with family regularly with manners, traditions and culture. IvyPanda, 6 July 2020, ivypanda.com/essays/the-namesake-novel-by-jhumpa-lahiri/. Gogol also feels alienated, especially when he realizes that "no one he knows in the world, in Russia or India or America or anywhere, shares his name. It's the way he is used to feeling around her extended family and friends in New Hampshire. You can get your Copyright © 1999 - 2020 GradeSaver LLC. How have various literary On the one hand, they are influenced by existing society. It is believed that because Ashoke was clutching the pages of The Overcoat in his hand that he was found among the wreckage of the train and ‘reborn’.This personal experience played an important role in shaping Ashoke’s identity which in turn allowed him to develop a great sense of adventure which enabled him to travel to a land far away from his own and be ‘Born twice in India and once in America’. To Moushumi? In her novel The Namesake, Jhumpa Lahiri reflects on the world of the Ganguli family. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of The Namesake by Jhumpa Lahiri. 1. In the Namesake written by Jhumpa Lahiri, America is often referred to as the land of opportunity despite how foreign immigrants are still being treated as second class citizens such as an outcast. In what ways is the tension between the United States and Calcutta prominent? guide PDFs and quizzes, 10532 literature essays, The American culture is greatly contrasted to the traditional Bengali culture to which the Ganguli’s belong to. Tra(i)nsition: Motifs of Movement and Transportation in 'The Namesake', The Apple and the Tree: Family Ties in The Namesake and Fences, The Quest for Identity: Symbolic Intricacies, Relationships, Marriage, and Complexity in The Namesake. IvyPanda. We utilize security vendors that protect and ensure the integrity of our platform while keeping your private information safe. How is Gogol's name tied to his identity? Similarly trains are a key motif within the novel and are first introduced in hapter two when Ashoke recalls his near death experience in a horrific train accident which did physically immobilize him momentarily but eventually acted as source of independence and crucial motive in his want for a better life away from his homeland. English 1A Ensuring a successful future for her American-born children is coordinated with the privilege of being an American citizen. For this reason, The Namesake is a critical book that offers important insights into the ways immigrant life can be challenging and how it can cause people to struggle to grow. His wife, Moushumi, is exciting and new to him at first but she also represents a kind of settling for the life that both their parents want for them. Being the daughter of Indian immigrants, the author describes all problems and fears of a person who finds himself isolated from his motherland, his culture and relatives. Select one of the two topics below and write a three, full-page essay. Rather than maintaining a single protagonist and characterizing the other characters only as they relate to that person, Lahiri creates layered characters with the use of varying points of view. ’, to which his father reassures him that he does not. How do they experience it? As Gogol deals with the death of Ashoke, his father, he thinks about how he and Maxine "were already drunk from the book party, lazily sipping their beers, their cold cups of jasmine tea. Throughout Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Namesake, themes of marriage, love, and intimacy are carefully woven into the lives of the Ganguli family; namely Gogol and his parents. Search all of SparkNotes Search. In Paris, he wishes he could stay in bed with Moushumi for hours like they used to, rather than having to sightsee by himself while she prepares for her presentation. She thinks, "Fortunately they have not considered it their duty to stay married, as the Bengalis of Ashoke and Ashima's generation do." Ashima, resists all things American and pines for her family. One of the most vital problems revealed in the novel The Namesake written by Jhumpa Lahiri is the problem of cultural gap. In partial fulfilment of the requirements in Technical Writing, this thesis entitled “ Factors Affecting Career Preferences of Senior High School Student” has been prepared by Aizel Hernandez, Benpar Lo. He remembers that the whole family would see him off every time he returned to Yale as a college student; "his father would always stand on the platform until the train was out of sight." The theme of name and identity in Lahiri’s novel the Namesake is obvious. 565 lesson plans, and ad-free surfing in The Namesake explores the themes of isolation, identity, clash of cultures and the immigrant experience. Unfortunately, your browser is too old to work on this site. From this it can be gather that each characters identity shapes their sense of belonging and this is once again reiterated through the use of juxtaposition. Some run away in fear, and others face them head on, The people that face these obstacles are the ones that get more out of life and therefore are ready for what other obstacles might come their way . The Namesake essays are academic essays for citation. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of The Namesake by Jhumpa Lahiri. The Namesake, written by Jhumpa Lahira, a famous Indian writer who won the Pulitzer Prize for her story collection Interpreter of Maladies, brilliantly illustrates the immigrant experience and the tangled ties between generations. Does he feel he fits in there? For Gogol the train acts as a setting for which his most important relationships have been established in turn providing him with a sense of belonging. July 6, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-namesake-novel-by-jhumpa-lahiri/. Nowadays, with the speeding up of world economy, the world is becoming smaller and smaller, so that the competition among people from different ountries is becoming fierce, which is. You can use them for inspiration, an insight into a particular topic, a handy source of reference, or even just as a template of a certain type of paper. Make sure your voice is heard. IvyPanda. The Question and Answer section for The Namesake is a great In what ways is he emotionally distant? SparkNotes is brought to you by Barnes & Noble. Membership includes a 10% discount on all editing orders. Gogol comes to an understanding of this simple fact only at the end of the novel. What he sees when he finally meets the son he helps bring into this world for the first time is unique to who he is... Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Namesake is a story that is parallel to Nikolai Gogol’s short story The Overcoat. ""The Namesake" Novel by Jhumpa Lahiri." Although an omniscient third-person narrator narrates the whole novel, the protagonists vary from chapter to chapter. In his early childhood Gogol, do not want to be called Nikhil. By utilising literary techniques including intertextuality, motifs and juxtaposition Jhumpa Lahiri has successfully addressed issues such as cultural traditions, migration, family and identity while concurrently demonstrating how such issues play a major role on influencing a person’s sense of belonging or not belonging.It is palpable to acknowledge the fact that personal experiences, relationships, time and cultural traditions play an important role in shaping a person’s personal identity that can in turn influence a person’s sense of belonging and in some cases not belonging. Later on during their first meeting, Gogol asking Moushumi on a date says in jesting guise “So, should we make our parents happy and see each other again?” (Lahiri 142).
Toyota Innova Manual Diesel For Sale In Cebu
,
Zinsser Bulls Eye Shellac Primer
,
Audi A4 2009 Specs
,
Naat Lyrics In Roman English
,
Average Wall Sit Time 12 Year Old
,
Wheelchair Accessories Near Me
, | http://matkawalls.com/js/forum/viewtopic.php?id=4cc61d-the-namesake-essay |
The Arctic and circumpolar regions throughout the world are home to many ethnic groups with diverse cultural practices and long histories that have been wounded by imperialistic invasions for centuries. Still situated within complicated politics of place, Indigenous peoples have found their own unique ways of connecting to one another under the changing circumstances. One of such places is the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) – a self-governed region of Russia inhabited by Native peoples of Far Eastern Siberia. After gaining sovereignty (1990) and electing the first Sakha president (1991), the issue of reviving self-consciousness and self-identification of the peoples became acute and a great number of initiatives have been created to support these ideas through education, culture, language, law, economy, research and art. However, consequences of globalization along with state decisions on support of primarily economic well-being of the region may lead to commodification of culture and contribute to complication of the processes of supporting socio-cultural agency. Nevertheless, there are several initiatives that ground themselves in Indigenous self-determination, have critical viewpoints regarding relevance of Western paradigms in local contexts, and attempt to avoid cultural oppression. What role does cultural identity play in shaping ethical relationships? How can cultural participation support decolonization of place? And what can we learn from these civic initiatives to move towards a viable future in the Arctic and circumpolar regions?
Karolina Sikora & Maria Fedina
Izvatas are a separate group of the Finno-Ugric Komi people, dispersedly inhabiting the vast territories of the Russian North. In the 1920s the policy of ’korenizacija’ aimed at unifying all the Komi people by downplaying the groups’ diversity. As a result, 70 years later the apparent consolidation deprived the Izvatas of the possibility to acquire the status of an Indigenous small-numbered people. The greater prevalance of the Izhma Komi ethnic identity in the early 2000s revealed the ambivalence in self-description as a group, both internally and externally. While some Izvatas have identified themselves as a northern subgroup of the Komi Zyryan people, others have been claiming their ethnic distinctiveness. At the same time, the mere belonging to the group has been contested as well. Recognising the phenomenon of fluid, blended and multiple ethnicities, none of these perspectives can be dismissed and thus need to be perceived as valid. In this paper, we analyse the meaning of the “Lud” festival tradition for constructing and representing Izvatas’ distinct, yet unified, identity across the group divide. In this context, we argue that the recognition of the “Lud” celebration as the cultural heritage of Izhma Komi can facilitate the recognition of the community as such. In the end, we demonstrate that cultural heritage listings may become a valid tool for the wider cultural and political self-determination interests of Izvatas.
Krister Stoor
This article presents research on the oral narration context and content of Yoik, the traditional Sámi acapella form of singing. The Sámi people are recognized as Indigenous in northern Fennoscandia. Although yoik has been brought into the modern world through combining with music forms such as rap and country, yoik traditionally was created and performed by individuals who imparted their own experiences of people, animals, and places on their narratives. For it to conform to its traditional form, yoik can never be taken out of its original context, because outside of that context the narrative becomes something else, only text, taking on new connections. The word yoik is used as if it were a verb, which comes from the north Sámi word juoigat. To yoik is to express yourself verbally with song or speech; one yoiks a song that is to say a vuolle, vuölle, vuelie, or luohti. The differences between what one calls songs is only geographical. In the Scandinavian languages the word yoik has also become a substantive noun, nominative, one talks about the wolf’s yoik, person’s yoik, and so on. Every individual has its own song, but you cannot create it yourself, it has to be given to you. Animals do, as well, have their own songs. Some sing them with characteristics; you have to be the animal you are describing in the song. Landscape is a third theme that has to be described. Sometimes these themes are intertwined, which is what professor Israel Ruong calls ‘complex yoik’ (Arnberg et al, 1997).
City as Home: Sense of Security and Emotional Places in the Drawings of Schoolchildren from the Nordic Countries and Russia
Tatiana Zhigaltsova
The article gives an overview of the concepts of “feeling of place”, “place attachment” and “sense of security” in phenomenological tradition in the fields of geography, psychology, and culture studies. The author demonstrates the utility ofthe drawing method in the interpretation of "sense of security" in relation not only to specific places, but to the entire urban environment. The results of the study among the children and teenagers from Tornio (Finland), Haparanda (Sweden), Nikel (Russia) and Kirkenes (Norway) are presented. The study was based on an anonymous questionnaire with open-ended questions and children’s drawings. A total of 56 questionnaires in Nikel, 33 in Haparanda, 35 in Tornio and six in Kirkenes were collected between 2015 and 2020. The schoolchildren were asked if they considered their cities clean, safe, and friendly. The questionnaire also included questions about specific places in the cities that the children and teenagers associated with the feelings of interest, joy, comfort, pride, anxiety, sorrow, disgust, and shame.
The study identified the criteria of a secure urban environment, the most important of which being a “feeling at home”. This was reflected in the drawings of places triggering positive emotions of comfort, joy, interest (emotopias of peace and activity). It was proven that negative emotions such as sorrow in connection with cemeteries, shame and disgust in connection with dirty and polluted places do not diminish the sense of security among schoolchildren, as opposed to anxiety (dark places, abandoned buildings). The obtained results were visualized by means of interactive emotion maps. | https://arcticyearbook.com/arctic-yearbook/2021/2021-scholarly-papers?start=30 |
Our Pre-School Philosophy
Jacaranda Preschool recognises the rich Aboriginal heritage of our country and acknowledges the Wurundjeri Willum Clan as the Traditional custodians of our land.
Jacaranda Pre-School is a nurturing, caring, safe place where:
children, families and staff feel a sense of belonging and build positive relationships with each other
all children are empowered to participate and are celebrated as unique
all adults strive to keep every child safe and hold high expectations for every child's learning
we can all be ourselves and thrive to reach our full potential together as a collaborative community
all are encouraged to grow and take risks, reflect on practice and build partnerships to be the best kindergarten we can be
We respect and value the individual backgrounds and unique culture and customs of families
We value the environment and we believe the connection we build with nature plays a vital role in shaping children to support and build a sustainable community.
. | https://www.jacarandakinder.com.au/page/54/Philosophy |
Crafting The Past we grew up with.
Who am I? Where do I come from? Where do I fit in? Challenging questions that even the most self-assured adults struggle with at times. Over the last five years, we've been trying to help the people of Scotland develop a sense of identity and belonging through knowledge of their history and heritage.
For the last five years, we've been creating Minecraft experiences that allow players to explore some of Scotland's historical sites and their stories. These projects now have their own collective website: http://craftingthepast.co.uk Here you can find a complete recreation of the country in Minecraft as well as a series of detailed resources including St Kilda, Perth Castle, Moredun Fort and more.
Our heritage Minecraft maps, provide an opportunity for learners to walk in the shoes of those who have gone before, and learn how the events that unfolded and the decisions that were made undoubtedly led to the world that they experience today. It targets a commonly reported issue that children have with learning about the past – the idea that what occurred happened to other people, in other places, and too long ago to fully relate to. The connection between global historic events and their home, their family, and their life is too difficult to grasp. In order to address this, we utilise the powerful digital visualisation tools provided by #Minecraft to bridge this conceptual divide. We ask the deeper question:
‘How does your local area, it’s landscape and heritage shape your identity?’
An embedded strand in social studies curricula around the world, this important question – if explored fully, can help learners develop a deeper connection to their place, not just here in this locale, but in this time, and as part of this community. In beginning to explore the answers to this question, young people, begin to define themselves within the wider context of their community. In short, it can promote the growth of embryonic roots, the same kind of roots that over time create a sense of belonging and stability, ‘family roots’, ‘community roots’ and so on. This cornerstone of the social studies curriculum, if developed through to its natural end point, can help form the basis of a sense of identity and belonging.
Our history and heritage game-based learning resources are designed to pave the way for #Literacy and Storytelling, #Collaboration, #ProblemSolving #Creativity #Numeracy, #DigitalSkills and #Engineering, not to mention the more obvious connections to #History, #Geography and #PoliticalScience. We’ve also been using the learning resources to tap into the rich learning opportunities associated with Sustainable Development Goals and the #TeachSDGs campaign.
With this range of learning opportunities, as well as the possibilities for intergenerational connection, and community cohesion, and with its great potential to nurture a sense of belonging among young people, it is our great pleasure to begin work on the stories of the very town our director, Stephen Reid was born in. Inverkeithing, population 5000, sits on the North coast of the river Forth, overlooking the city of Edinburgh on the South. Despite its size it is steeped in history both bright and dark. Without giving too much away about the forthcoming project, we will be using Minecraft to help learners uncover the mysteries of why so many women were condemned as witches in the small town. What happened when Oliver Cromwell stopped by on his way to do battle in Edinburgh, and what pirates found in the town that was worth docking their ships for!
We are proud to be partnering with the primary cluster schools in the area to bring this project to the local children, headed by Inverkeithing and Donibristle primary. Stephen himself was a pupil at Inverkeithing Primary.
Check out CraftingThePast for more information and our existing resources. | https://www.immersiveminds.com/single-post/2020/03/08/crafting-the-past-we-grew-up-with |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.