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Quick Answer: How does family play a role in your life?
Family is the most important influence in a child’s life. From the first moments of their lives, children depend on their parents and family to protect and care for them. They are a child’s first teachers and serve as models in how to act and discover the world around them.
How does family affect your life?
The stress process theory suggests that positive and negative aspects of relationships can have a major impact on an individual’s well-being. Family relationships provide resources that can help a person cope with stress, adopt healthier behaviors, and increase self-esteem, leading to greater well-being.
Why is family important in life?
Families learn important life lessons. The family is the first place where children learn to control their emotions, interact with others and communicate. Parents are responsible for guiding their children and learning life lessons that they will remember for years to come.
How does your family influence your view of yourself?
Children observe how their parents interact with others, make decisions and determine for themselves what is right and wrong, and this influences how they develop their moral selves. Conversely, a family that often criticizes a child’s success can lead to low self-esteem. Family life can also influence political identity.
How does family influence your character?
In summary, family has the greatest influence on character, because the unique social system with its structure and communication pattern has a great influence on emotions and behavior, and the family relationship plays an important role, although the friend has the most influence on a character than family.
What role does the family play in society?
The family fulfills several essential functions for society. It socializes children, provides emotional and practical support to its members, helps regulate sexual activity and sexual reproduction, and gives its members a social identity.
What role does the family play in the education and development of children?
Humans rely heavily on learning for child development. A child’s learning and socialization are most influenced by the family as the family is the most important social group of the child. The development of the child during this period takes place physically, emotionally, socially and intellectually.
Why family is important for a happy life
One of the reasons family is necessary for happiness is that it (usually) provides financial stability in our early years. Meeting our basic needs is crucial when it comes to laying the foundation for a happy life. But studies show that the link between family and happiness goes beyond money or possessions.
How does family help shape our identity?
Teens who can share the details and details of family stories have higher self-esteem and resilience. Our family stories give us a sense of belonging and create a foundational identity that can be a great source of empowerment.
Does your family play a role in shaping your self-esteem?
Your experiences growing up, and perhaps your current relationships with family members, all affect your self-esteem. When parents value their children and guide them to their strengths, their children naturally develop healthy self-esteem and confidence.
How do parents influence your identity?
The influence of family life and parenthood on a child’s identity can be caused by both direct and indirect influences. On the one hand, parents can actively and consciously pass on morals and values. You can teach your kids the difference between right and wrong, which is a form of direct influence.
What is a family role?
The primary function of the family is to ensure the continuity of society, both biologically through reproduction and socially through socialization. From the point of view of the parents, the primary purpose of the family is procreation: the family serves to produce and socialize children.
What role does the family play in shaping our values and beliefs?
Family affects values and expectations when children observe their parents and internalize their values and expectations. Parents can directly instill values and expectations in their children by teaching them and indirectly by setting an example.
What role does your family play in shaping your personality?
The family is a specific group that plays the most important, lasting and most important role in education. The importance of the role of the family in the education of children is determined by the fact that a child spends a long life there; During this time, the foundations of the child’s personality are formed. | https://vintage-kitchen.com/food/quick-answer-how-does-family-play-a-role-in-your-life/ |
Longing for Roots — Sanni Saarinen Reconnects with the Places of Her Childhood
We’re featuring this project as one of our favorites of those submitted to the now closed #FotoRoomOPEN | Vasli Souza edition. (Did you know? We’re now accepting entries for a new #FotoRoomOPEN edition: the winner will get a three-year contract with picture agency Millennium Images. Find out more and submit your work).
Longing for Roots by 39 year-old Finnish photographer Sanni Saarinen is, in Sanni’s own words, “a personal journey to reconnect with my roots and to find a place where I belong.” Sanni started working on this series in 2016, after moving back to Finland, her home country: “I left Finland at an early age and lived abroad, mainly in Peru and Spain, since my return in 2016. At some point during my years away—I was living in Madrid then—I felt like I was just drifting around and that I did not belong anywhere. These quite painful feelings of detachment, outsiderhood and longing to belong made me go back to Finland.”
Soon after her return, Sanni gave birth to her daughter Kanerva: “Maternity made me reflect even more on identity, belonging and the importance of roots. My spouse is Spanish, so our family lives between two countries and cultures. I suppose in the future these questions will be important for my daughter as well.”
Many images from Longing for Roots are shot in nature: “Nature has had a huge role in my search for belonging. Being in the outdoors has always given me a deep sense of peace as I feel it puts things in perspective, and reminds me of the transient character of life. In Finland we settled in a small village on an archipelago to live in close connection with nature, which to me means close connection with the universe in general: on a deeper level, the questions on identity and belonging behind Longing for Roots are to be interpreted as questions on the meaning of life such as “Who am I?” and “Why am I here?”
Sanni took an intuitive approach to Longing for Roots: “I haven’t planned it much—it actually took a long time before I even understood what I was doing.” A certain sense of realization came about when she discovered the concept of toposfilia: “Toposfilia (in Greek, ‘topos’ means place and ‘philia’ means love) is the word humanistic geographer Yi-Fu Tuan uses to refer to a person’s emotional ties with a certain place, which can be brought back to the mind by specific smells or visual cues. After reading about these ideas, I realized that I was exploring my own toposphilia and reconnecting with emotions and experiences I had during my childhood in Finland: I was not looking specifically for a place, but rather for emotional landscapes of love, unity and security. This is the first work in which I confront my personal feelings, and it has been very liberating and rewarding.”
Sanni hopes viewers will react to her work just like she does to work that she likes: “For me the most powerful works are those which awake strong feelings and emotions within me. They get me to stop and look at something from a new perspective, or discover something new about me. Many times it is difficult to put in words why some work is so strong: I just feel it in my bones. I wish my viewers would experience something like that.”
In her photographic work, Sanni focuses on themes of “identity, community, belonging and multiculturalism. I also have a MA degree in Comparative Religions, and that background is present in my work as photographer: I have a strong need to really understand the topics and people I photograph. For a long time photography was an excuse to get to know different social and cultural realities, but lately I have started to use photography as a way to process more personal issues. It has become an excuse to look inward.” The main influences on her photography have been the portraits of August Sander (“They are so simple, but at the same time incredibly strong“) and the images of Graciela Iturbides (“Before seeing them, I did not realize that it is possible for a photographer to explore so many levels of reality and of the human experience“). Some of her favorite contemporary photographers are Sally Mann, Tamas Dezso and Pierre Connord.
Sanni’s #threewordsforphotography are:
Connection. Seeing. Standing. | http://fotoroom.co/longing-for-roots-sanni-saarinen/ |
The “Triple Bottom Line” in Michigan’s coastal communities – Element 5: Sense of place
A sense of place is when the cultural heritage, available resources or some other unique element found within a community connects people with the identity of where they live, work or play.
Fostering a sense of place is more than improving the design, aesthetic or access to a resource within a community; it also requires developing a connection between the people to the community to this design, aesthetic or resource. When people are connected to their communities, they tend to engage in efforts to address local social, environmental and economic problems. One problem a community may encounter is that the connection one person has to their community may differ than the connection another person has to the same community, which may lead to differing perspectives on what is important. Fostering a sense of place that overcomes this problem requires creating a vision for the community that balances competing interests so that the triple bottom line can be achieved.
In coastal and waterfront communities, water can be a unifying resource that diverse stakeholders want to protect for long-term benefits to their respective stakeholder group. Clean and responsibly used water ensures that the public can enjoy its use for recreational purposes and does not pose a human health risk. Water-based economies like fishing and tourism understand the importance of maintaining and protecting the water and the resources found within ensures that their industry is sustained in future years. Protecting native plants and animals found in coastal areas ensures that the biodiversity of the area is retained.
Connecting business districts to the water, along with increasing the number of public facilities and access points on the water increases use in these areas can promotes public use of these areas. Increasing the use in these areas can instill a desire to protect these areas, as they begin to understand the risk of losing use of the water if it is not protected or managed appropriately.
Michigan State University Extension and Michigan Sea Grant are actively involved in projects that seek to protect the environment, improve the quality of life, and promote economic activity in Michigan’s coastal areas. This article was adapted from: Smart Growth for Coastal and Waterfront Communities, a report created by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the International City/County Management Association, and Rhode Island Sea Grant. The document can be accessed at: http://coastalsmartgrowth.noaa.gov.
Did you find this article useful? | https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/the_triple_bottom_line_in_michigans_coastal_communities_element_5_sense_of |
Our philosophy is built on the foundations of the National Quality Framework, Early Years Learning Framework, and the Queensland Kindergarten Learning Guidelines, but we also value the contributions of our families, children, and educators.
Yeronga Child Development Centre takes pride in our ability to provide an individualised and differentiated environment that is warm and nurturing. We strive to make sure our families and educators feel like the Centre is a second home and an easy way to transition between learning environments.
We recognise and respect the first Australians – the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and the contribution they have on the land in which we play and learn.
Our curriculum and pedagogy practice is inclusive and diverse. We value individual strengths and different cultural backgrounds. We acknowledge the rights of all children and advocate for them to achieve the best possible outcomes.
We aim to provide our families and the wider community with high-quality Early Childhood Education and Care by fostering strong partnerships between educators, children, and families. We focus on the individual child’s interests and ideas to help us to build upon their sense of identity allowing them to connect and contribute to the world around them.
In relation to children:
We believe:
- in providing each child with a safe and secure environment for their sense of connection and belonging to grow;
- in providing opportunities for children to learn through play base learning to build a stronger sense and connection to the world around them;
- that each child is an individual with unique interests and strengths, requiring stimulating opportunities to thrive in all areas of development;
- children are confident and capable learners when provided with the support and guidance of a quality team of educators;
- children are to be encouraged to make decisions about the direction of their learning and the events in their day, through meaningful conversations. These conversations guide educators in their teaching, learning, curriculum and decision-making process;
- each child should be perceived as a competent and capable learner; and
- children engage in individual and collaborative learning experiences with their peers and educators. In this process, we aim to help develop resilience, problem solving skills, creativity, sense of agency, prosocial skills and more importantly a love for lifelong learning
In relation to families
We believe:
- in forming and maintaining a strong partnership with our families;
- in promoting continuity of the educational program and open communication between the Centre and children’s homes. Individual families and parents bring with them diverse skills, values and beliefs that are integral to our community and programs;
- that parents be encouraged to participate in and contribute to the Centre in various ways such as:
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- through ongoing family surveys;
- Storypark post;
- parent volunteers;
- through activities and programs
- reviewing our Centre philosophy, policies and procedures;
- providing input on the learning curriculum;
- participating at Centre and community events and celebrations;
- providing open communication on any concerns or suggestions for improvement through regular and productive collaboration; and
- participating in parent-teacher meeting to identifying learning goals for their children.
In relation to the educators
We believe:
- the role of the educator is to support and facilitate the learning of each individual child within their care by providing opportunities for children to explore ideas, solve complex concepts and make ethical decisions that are relevant to their lives and local community;
- educators should support families in their decision-making and plans for their child’s growth and development;
- our team of educators bring with them diverse cultures, strengths, talents and interests which contribute to the Centre’s environment and curriculum;
- educators and staff will promote sustainability through their own actions and within the activities and programs they present to the children;
- respect and appreciation for the valuable job that our educators do with children and the community on a day-to-day basis; and
- our educators are able to provide the best care through ongoing professional development and educational support.
In relation to the community
We believe:
- Australia is a society comprised of diverse cultures and the community of children, families and educators in our Centre seeks to reflect and promote this diversity;
- we aim to draw on this diversity as a strength to engage our children in meaningful learning experiences and to develop each child’s sense of belonging and connectedness to their world;
- that engaging in the community allows us to foster and promote harmony for future generations within our educational community;
- in fostering the connection between home, the Centre and support groups within the community;
- in actively seeking ways to connect with and support the local community;
- in actively seeking ways to bring the community into our Centre in various ways to enhance our learning curriculum and experiences for our children;
- in promoting sustainability within the community;
- in actively seeking ways to engage children to support the local and wider community through learning projects, fundraisers and Centre run initiatives in collaboration with parents and the community; and
- in actively working in collaboration with local schools to assist with the smooth transition of our children to the next stage of their education. | https://yerongachildcare.com/our-mission/ |
11/11/2015· (5) (b) Magnesium nitride reacts with water to form magnesium hydroxide and ammonia. (i) Balance the equation, given below, for the reaction between magnesium nitride and water. Mg3 N2 + H2 O → Mg(OH)2 + NH3 (ii) Calculate the nuer of moles, and hence the nuer of molecules, of NH3 in 0.263 g of ammonia gas.
EXAMPLE EXERCISE 4.1 Change of Physical State
(a) Copper metal cannot be broken down by a chemical change. (b) Copper reacts with oxygen in air to give copper oxide. (c) Copper, in the form of malachite ore, is found worldwide. (d) Copper and tin compose bronze alloy. Classify each of the following copper
Calcium: Chemical reactions | Pilgaard Elements
Calcium metal dissolves readily in dilute or concentrated hydrochloric acid forming Ca(II) ions and hydrogen gas, H 2. Ca (s) + 2 HCl (aq) Ca 2+ (aq) + 2 Cl − (aq) + H 2 (g) Reaction of calcium with air At room temperature, calcium reacts with oxygen, forming a
Chemical Reactions Problem Set - Widener University
Aluminum metal is oxidized by oxygen (from the air) to form aluminum oxide. Sodium oxide reacts with carbon dioxide to form sodium carbonate. Calcium metal reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. Potassium nitrate decomposes to
The Reaction Between Magnesium and CO2
Observations: The magnesium strip burns brightly in the air, but continues to burn in the carbon dioxide environment. Explanations (including important chemical equations): This reaction is a coustion and oxidation. What''s unusual, however, is that magnesium is
WebElements Periodic Table » Beryllium » reactions of …
Beryllium metal does not react with water or steam, even if the metal is heated to red heat. Reaction of beryllium with the halogens Beryllium metal reacts chlorine, Cl 2 , or bromine, Br 2 , to form the beryllium dihalides beryllium (II) chloride, BeCl 2 , and beryllium (II) bromide, BeBr 2 , respectively.
Class X: Important Questions of Chemical Equations for …
Materials Required:- Quicklime (calcium oxide), water, beaker. Procedure: 1. Take 5 g of calcium oxide in a beaker. 2. Add water to it slowly. 3. Touch the beaker. 4. Note down the observations. Observation: Calcium oxide reacts with water vigorously to form
How do you write a balanced equation for the …
25/11/2016· 2 Mg (s) + O_"2" (g) -> 2 MgO First, we need to identify the type of bond and reaction. This is an ionic bond so atoms are giving and accepting electrons. This is a synthesis reaction. Magnesium has a charge of 2+, while oxygen has a charge of 2-. The burning of magnesium metal reacts with oxygen found in the air (oxygen gas) to form magnesium oxide. 2 Mg (s) + O_"2" (g) -> 2 MgO Oxygen …
(a)€€€€ The figure below represents the reaction of sulfur dioxide with oxygen.
Q5. Electroplating is used to coat a cheap metal with a thin layer of an expensive metal. In the diagram a teaspoon made of nickel is being coated with silver. € Silver nitrate (AgNO 3) contains silver ions (Ag+) and nitrate ions (NO 3 −). (a) €€€€Solid silver nitrate
Exe re i se s - Chem 1405 Syllabus
(a) Nickel metal is heated with oxygen gas to produce nickel(II) oxide. (b) Iron wool is heated with oxygen gas to produce gray iron(III) oxide. -4111 Iron in Oxygen Gas Iron wool reacts in oxygen gas to give bright white light and a gray Fe20 3 residue.
The Reactivity Series of Metals Towards Oxygen - A Plus …
The Reactivity Series of Metals Towards Oxygen The reactivity of metals differs from one metal to another. In fact, the form in which a metal occurs in nature depends on its reactivity. Gold has very low reactivity and therefore can be found in its metallic state in
Calcium
Calcium metal reacts with water, evolving hydrogen gas at a rate rapid enough to be noticeable (unlike its sister magnesium) but not fast enough at room temperature to generate much heat. Part of the slowness of the calcium-water reaction results from the metal being partly protected by insoluble white calcium hydroxide .
Calcium - Wikipedia
The chemistry of calcium is that of a typical heavy alkaline earth metal. For example, calcium spontaneously reacts with water more quickly than magnesium and less quickly than strontium to produce calcium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. It also reacts with the oxygen and nitrogen in the air to form a mixture of calcium oxide and calcium nitride.
Aluminum metal reacts with chlorine gas to form solid …
Aluminum metal reacts with chlorine gas to form solid School Florida International University Course Title CHM 1045 Type Test Prep Uploaded By PresidentHackerWhale6648 Pages 61 Ratings 92% (37) 34 out of 37 people found this document helpful
Lab: Classifying Chemical Reactions
27/4/2020· Lab: Classifying Chemical Reactions Reactants for each lab station are given below. Predict the products and write the correct chemical formulas. Balance each equation so that the nuer of atoms of each element is the same on both sides.
galena and oxygen balanced equation
Hydrogen gas and oxygen gas react to form water, and this Feb 05, 2020· To balance a chemical equation, start by counting the nuer of atoms of each element on both sides of the arrow. Next, balance the primary elements (leaving hydrogen and oxygen for last) by multiplying them with appropriate nuers, and finally balance hydrogen and oxygen …
Unit 9 Chemical Equations and Reactions
8. Methane gas (CH 4) reacts with oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide gas and water vapor. CH 4 + 2 O2 (g)→ CO 2 (g) + 2 H2O (g) 9. Iron metal reacts with bromine gas to form iron (III) bromide solid. 2 Fe + 3 Br2 (g) → 2 Fe Br3 10. Hydrogen peroxide2 H2O
Oxide - Oxides of phosphorus | Britannica
Oxide - Oxide - Oxides of phosphorus: Phosphorus forms two common oxides, phosphorus(III) oxide (or tetraphosphorus hexoxide), P4O6, and phosphorus(V) oxide (or tetraphosphorus decaoxide), P4O10. Both oxides have a structure based on the tetrahedral structure of elemental white phosphorus. Phosphorus(III) oxide is a white crystalline solid that smells like garlic and has a poisonous vapour. It
How Many Moles Of Iron Can Be Made From Fe2o3
Solid calcium coines with oxygen gas to form solid calcium oxide. Part 1: Mole ←→ Mass Conversions Convert the following nuer of moles of chemical into its corresponding mass in grams. 6 moles of Fe2O3 have 6*2*6. 0 mol of NH3 with H2SO4 according to the following equation? 2NH3 + H2SO4 ( (NH4)2SO4. | https://goldenskills.pl/1594181981_calcium-metal-reacts-with-oxygen-gas-to-form-a-solid-in-sweden.html |
Reactions of RLi and RMgX with Aldehydes and Ketones (review of Chapter 14) Reactions usually in Et 2 O or THF followed by H 3 O + work-ups Reaction type: Nucleophilic Addition Summary Organolithium or Grignard reagents react with the carbonyl group, C=O, in aldehydes or ketones to give alcohols.
Metals like lead, copper, silver and gold do not react with water or steam. 3. Reaction with dilute acids - Metals + Dilute acid → Metal salt + Hydrogen Metals react with dilute HCl to give metal chlorides and hydrogen gas. i) Sodium 2Na + 2HCl 2 2 + H
Hydrogen Unlike the rest of the Group 1A elements, which exist as metals, elemental hydrogen exists as gaseous H 2 molecules. Compounds formed between hydrogen and non-metals are molecular rather than ionic. (i.e., hydrogen forms covalent bonds with non-metals)., hydrogen …
Metal powders, produced using clean primary energy sources, could provide a more viable long-term replacement for fossil fuels than other widely discussed alternatives, such as hydrogen, biofuels or batteries, according to a study in the Dec. 15 issue of the.
tetrahydroxochromate (III) can in turn be readily oxidized to chromate(VI) using hydrogen peroxide: 2 OH-+2[Cr(OH) 4]-+ 3H 2 O 2 ® 2CrO 4 2-+ 8 H 2 O All other 3d transition metal ions for precipitates of appropriate hydroxides at these conditions.
Hydrogen gets absorbed onto the metal surface. Step 2: Alkyne approaches the H atoms absorbed on the metal surface. Step 3: C≡C reacts with the H atoms on the surface forming the two new C-H σ bonds generating the alkene. ©
4/12/2018· Acids react with some metals to produce salts and hydrogen Metal + acid salt + hydrogen All metals above hydrogen in the reactivity series will react with acids producing bubbles of hydrogen gas. Metals below hydrogen in the reactivity series will not react 2 2
Start studying Chapter 8. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. If a certain metal is placed in an ionic solution containing another metal and no reaction occurs, then the metal originally in the solution is
Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) is an endogenously generated small molecule bioregulator with a wide array of physiological functions (for recent reviews, see Kashfi and Olson, 2013; Polhemus and Lefer, 2014; Kimura, 2014).For example, H 2 S has been proposed to have a role in LTP, smooth muscle relaxation, inhibition of inflammation, activation of K ATP channels and protection against ischaemia
Hydrogen First element in the periodic table. In normal conditions it’s a colourless, odourless and insipid gas, formed by diatomic molecules, H 2.The hydrogen atom, syol H, is formed by a nucleus with one unit of positive charge and one electron. Its atomic
The goal of IEA HIA Task 36 was to facilitate decision-making in the hydrogen energy sector through sustainability assessment of hydrogen energy systems. It was successfully completed in the period 2015-2017, with effective dissemination of the key results: review of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies, social acceptance, harmonization protocols, sustainability framework, and appliion to
Siyavula''s open Natural Sciences Grade 9 textbook, chapter 13 on Reactions Of Acids With Metals covering Summary In the previous chapter we learnt about the reactions of acids with a variety of bases: metal oxides, metal hydroxides and metal carbonates.
In general, metals form a metal oxide and hydrogen gas and this metal oxide when soluble in water dissolve further forming a metal hydroxide. But some metals form metal hydroxide directly. In the case of calcium, the reaction with water is less violent and hydrogen starts floating on water and bubbles of hydrogen gas will stick to the metal surface.
Figure 6. Zinc is an active metal. It dissolves in hydrochloric acid, forming a solution of colorless Zn 2+ ions, Cl – ions, and hydrogen gas. Zinc is a silvery metal that quickly tarnishes to a blue-gray appearance. This change in color is due to an adherent coating of a
Magnesium metal reacts with hydrochloric acid to form magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas. Suppose we react an excess of magnesium metal with 13.2 mL of a 3.00 M solution of hydrochloric acid and collect all of the hydrogen in a balloon at 25oC and 1 on
Any metal above hydrogen in the activity series will react with dilute HNO3 to produce hydrogen gas and the oxidized form of the metal in solution. If the HNO3 is very concentrated (above 8 or 10 molar), then NO gas is produced. NO gas quickly oxidizes in air to
30/10/2012· Some metals react very quickly and easy with acids. Normally, “light” metals react vigorously with acids.However, some metals react slowerwith acids. The heavier a metal gets, the slower and more difficult the reaction eg. Light metals Na, K, Ca eg 3.
Metal + dil. acid -----> Salt + hydrogen gas example: `2Na + 2HCl -----gt 2NaCl + H_2` The metals below hydrogen do not react with dilute acids. Because they are less reactive than hydrogen and
Hydrogen can also replace fossil fuels in power generation as well as materials production, such as steel and cement. Countries that have released a national hydrogen strategy include the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Japan, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand.
Reaction of Metal Oxides with Hydrogen The lower position of metal in reactivity series, the easier hydrogen remove oxygen from metal oxide by heating. At higher position, stronger heat is needed. E.g. PbO reacts with H 2 can be reduced by bunsen burner 2 2
Anhydrous metal halides AlCl3, AlBrx, TiCl4, ZrCl4, SnCl4 Organic acid halides and anhydrides of low molecular weight Engineering Controls Many water-sensitive chemicals will liberate hydrogen when they react with water. The use of a fume hood is A glove
7/3/2014· Sodium metal and water react to form hydrogen and sodium hydroxide. If 11.96 g of sodium react with water to form 0.52 g of hydrogen and 20.80 g of sodium hydroxide, what mass of water was involved in the reaction?
If 6.57 g of iron react with an excess of hydrochloric acid, HCl, then 11.2 g of iron(II) chloride are obtained in addition to hydrogen gas. Find the theoretical and percent yields.
They don''t react with water at room temperature, but they react rapidly with acids. The third class contains metals such as chromium, iron, tin, and lead, which react only with strong acids. It also contains even less active metals such as copper, which only dissolves when treated with acids that can oxidize the metal. | https://techniki-pozycjonowania.pl/2021-01-18/hydrogen-react-with-ca-metal-in-hungary.html |
The musicians begin playing more vigorously, and, after a short time, the okomfo kicks off his sandals, signifying the obosom has entered into him. Once the okomfo is possessed, one or two shrine officials stand and escort him into a small building to change into a different costume, depending on which obosom has possessed him.
An ALKALI METAL DISPERSION is a reducing agent. Will react with any oxidizing agent. Will react, usually vigorously, with substances having active hydrogen atoms to liberate gaseous hydrogen. This includes alcohols and acids, and most importantly, water.
Metal hydrides are either liquids or solids shipped within a solution. This material will react vigorously in water or upon exposure to air to generate flammable fumes. Contact with the material may cause burns to skin, eyes, and mucous meranes, and it may be toxic by ingestion, inhalation or skin absorption.
All alkali metals are strong reducing agents that react strongly with water, including the water in your skin! Wear safety goggles. Avoid touching the metal samples. The reactions of sodium and potassium with water can be quite vigorous. Be sure to place the wire
Solid sodium metal reacts with water, giving a solution of sodium hydroxide and releasing hydrogen gas. Write a balanced equation for the reaction using complete formulas for the compounds with phase labels. Solution: Let us first write down the chemical formulas.
Extraction of Aluminium Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the Earth’s crust. It occurs in the ore bauxite, which is processed to make aluminium oxide, Al 2 O 3. Aluminium is more reactive than carbon, so it has to be extracted by electrolysis of molten aluminium oxide, using the cell
6/8/2020· Metal + Oxygen→ Metal oxide (basic) Na and K are kept immersed in kerosene oil as they react vigorously with air and ch fire. 4K(s)+O2(g) →2K2O(s) (vigorous reaction) Mg, Al, Zn, Pb react
Why is sodium metal stored under kerosene? Answer. Sodium metal which react vigorously with the oxygen present in air at room temperature to form sodium oxide. Hence, sodium is stored under kerosene to prevent its reaction with oxygen and moisture 8.
sodium hydroxide definition: 1. a chemical compound used in soap and paper production and in powerful cleaning substances 2. a…. Learn more. These examples are from the Caridge English Corpus and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples
1 · On the 14th I was operated on again in Switzerland where consideration was given to maximising what they could for the future, including the insertion of over 20 screws and four metal plates. “From that point there was a still a lot of uncertainty, as you don’t know how the body will react to the metal and how the body will develop in the future as I’d lost a lot of bone, on the street.
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alkaline earth metal definition: 1. any of the chemical elements beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium. They…. Learn more. These examples are from the Caridge English Corpus and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the
17 Awesome Frugal Ways To Use Baby Powder For Random Jobs Baby powder is a common item that can be found in almost ANY mother’s home. Recently, studies have been advising you NOT to use it on your baby like my mother did with me (but, that is a personal preference) SO I decided to find new ways to use baby powder.
Metal: Reaction with hydrochloric acid: Order of reactivity: Products: Magnesium Vigorously reacts with a stream of gas evolving. 1 st - most reactive. Magnesium chloride, MgCl 2 and hydrogen gas. Zinc Quite slow reaction with a steady stream of gas evolving. 2 nd.
A more reactive metal readily reacts with other elements. The most reactive metals will react even water, while the least reactive metals will not react even with acid. Example: If we put a small piece of sodium metal in water, sodium reacts exothermically with water producing hydrogen and metal hydroxide.
They react with amphoteric oxides: for example, the oxides of aluminium, zinc, tin, and lead react with the alkali metal hydroxides to give aluminates, zines, stannates, and pluates. Silicon dioxide is acidic, and thus the alkali metal hydroxides can also. :
Does being able to react with hot water take more metal reactivity than being able to react with HCl? To me, it seems like a metal would need to be more reactive to be able to react with hot water since HCl is a very strong acid and so should theoretically be able to react with more metals, but I am not so sure.
They recognized that the steam and hydrogen generated early on in the reaction should form a buffer layer over the metal surface and impede water from continuing to react.
All the Group 1 elements react vigorously with cold water. They react with water to form hydrogen gas and an alkaline solution of the metal hydroxide. All the Group 1 elements readily give up their weakly held outermost electron resulting in a positive metal ion with a full outer shell i.e. the stable electronic arrangement of a noble gas.
26/1/2014· The lower the element is in Group 1, the more it will violently react with water. Potassium is lower than Sodium so when K is exposed to water, it will react and cause a small explosion. In addition if you were to add Cesium to water it will explode, big time.
Play this game to review Science. Metal A is more reactive than Metal B. The following displacement reaction takes place. Metal A + Metal B in compound ---> Metal B + Metal A in compound. True or False.
A more reactive metal can displace a less reactive metal from a compound. AQA Coined science: Trilogy 5.4 Chemical changes 5.4.1 Reactivity of metals 5.4.1.2 The reactivity series A more reactive metal can displace a less reactive metal from a compound.
metal can be extracted, i.e. its got to have enough of the metal, or one of its compounds, in it to be worth digging out! Ores are often oxides, carbonates or sulphides. They are all finite resources so we should use them wisely! In order to extract a metal, the
Что значит hydride? Узнай это здесь вместе с Сесли Сёзлюк – твой источник знаний для изучения множества языков по всему миру Online English Turkish …
In this activity, teacher demonstrations are used to help students learn about how alkali metals react with cold water. The reactions of lithium and sodium are demonstrated and explained; the reaction of potassium is demonstrated without comment and students write an appropriate ‘voice over’ to accompany the demonstration. | https://hildana.nl/25741+a-metal-that-will-react-mor-vigorously-with-in-ghana.html |
Oxygen Element With Reactions, Properties, Uses, & …
Chemical Reactions of Oxygen Reaction with Air (O 2) gas does not react with itself or nitrogen under normal circumstances, but if it exposed to Ultra Violet (UV) light or an electric discharge, then Ozone (O 3) is formed: 3 O 2 (g) → 2 O 3 (g) Reaction with Water (O 2) doesn’t reacts with water under normal conditions, but dissolved in the water (30 g/l (20 O C).
Chemical Reactions and Equations - Chemistry | Socratic
Oxygen reacts with fluorine to form only #OF_2#, but sulphur which is in the same Group 16 as oxygen, reacts with fluorine to form #SF_2#, #SF_4# and #SF_6#. Why is this? What happens when carbonate minerals come into contact with hydrochloric acid?
Calcium carbonate - Essential Chemical Industry
Calcium carbonate (limestone) is heated to form calcium oxide (quicklime) and carbon dioxide: It is an endothermic reaction and the equilibrium lies far to the left at low temperatures. Only at about 1200 K does the partial pressure of carbon dioxide exceed atmospheric pressure and the decomposition proceeds to completion.
Amazingly Versatile Uses of Calcium Carbonate - Science …
In case of whitewashing, calcium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide in air to form calcium carbonate, which forms a thin layer on the walls, giving them a gloss. About 10 -20% calcium carbonate is present in printing and writing papers.
Summary | Reactions Of Acids With Metals | Siyavula
Another interesting thing about hydrogen is that it reacts explosively with oxygen if you bring a flame near it. You may remeer learning about this in Chapter 4 about the reactions of non-metals with oxygen. The reaction between a large quantity of hydrogen
Chemistry Midterm Flashcards | Quizlet
Given the following list of densities, which materials would float in a molten vat of lead provided that they do not themselves melt? Densities (g/mL): lead = 11.4, glass = 2.6, gold = 19.3, charcoal = 0.57, platinum = 21.4. A) gold, platinum, glass and coal B) glass
Quia - Matching Chemical and Word Equations
aluminum metal + copper(II) chloride -> aluminum chloride + copper metal 2 AL + 3 CuCl3 + 3 Cu calcium carbonate -> calcium oxide + carbon dioxide gas CaCO3 -> CaO + CO2 zinc metal + oxygen gas -> zinc oxide 2 Zn + O2 -> 2 ZnO chlorine gas + sodium
46-3 acids and metals
Word equations – The reaction between acids and metals When an acid reacts with metal, a salt and hydrogen are produced: acid + metal → salt + hydrogen An example: nitric acid + calcium → calcium nitrate + hydrogen The salt that is produced
Calcium - Element information, properties and uses | …
Calcium is a silvery-white, soft metal that tarnishes rapidly in air and reacts with water. Uses Calcium metal is used as a reducing agent in preparing other metals such as thorium and uranium.
Calcium (Ca) - Chemical properties, Health and …
Calcium The chemical element Calcium (Ca), atomic nuer 20, is the fifth element and the third most abundant metal in the earth’s crust. The metal is trimorphic, harder than sodium, but softer than aluminium.A well as beryllium and aluminium, and unlike the alkaline metals, it doesn’t cause skin-burns.
WebElements Periodic Table » Beryllium » reactions of …
Beryllium metal does not react with water or steam, even if the metal is heated to red heat. Reaction of beryllium with the halogens Beryllium metal reacts chlorine, Cl 2 , or bromine, Br 2 , to form the beryllium dihalides beryllium (II) chloride, BeCl 2 , and beryllium (II) bromide, BeBr 2 , respectively.
CBSE 10, Chemistry, CBSE- Chemical Reactions and …
Download free PDF of best NCERT Solutions , Class 10, Chemistry, CBSE- Chemical Reactions and Equations . All NCERT textbook questions have been solved by our expert teachers. You can also get free sample papers, Notes, Important Questions.
Put the metals in order of their reactivity(most reactive …
2012/10/1· Calcium reacts with cold water but not as vigorously as sodium, magnesium reacts only very slowly with cold water; calcium is lower down period 2 of the periodic table than magnesium. When zinc is heated with iron chloride the iron is displaced by the zinc, to form zinc chloride and metallic iron.
Chemical Equations and Reactions - RIC | RIC
2020/8/17· Any metal above silver reacts with oxygen, forming oxides; those near the top react rapidly. Any metal below mercury forms oxides only indirectly (i.e. not by reaction with O 2 ). The more active a metal, the more strongly it holds onto oxygen in an oxide and therefore, the more strongly the oxide resists decomposition into its elements upon heating.
Chemical Reactions
1. Sulfur dioxide gas coines with oxygen gas to produce sulfur trioxide. 2. When heated, calcium carbonate decomposes to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. 3. Barium oxide reacts with water to form barium hydroxide. 4. When heated, calcium 2 4
WebElements Periodic Table » Calcium » reactions of …
Once ignited, calcium metal burns in air to give a mixture of white calcium oxide, CaO, and calcium nitride, Ca 3 N 2. Calcium oxide is more normally made by heating calcium carbonate. Calcium, immediately below magnesium in the periodic table is more reactive with air than magnesium.
Strontium (Sr) and water - Lenntech
Strontium reacts with water slowly, generally to strontium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. It reacts with water quicker than calcium, which is placed directly above strontium in the periodic chart, and slower than barium, placed directly below strontium. Sr (s) + 2H
Different Types of Chemical Reactions | S-cool, the …
The substance that reacts with oxygen is said to be oxidised. The result is a product called an oxide. This is an example of an exothermic reaction, one that gives out heat energy. carbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide iron + oxygen → iron oxide Oxidation and reduction: If a substance loses oxygen during a reaction it is reduced.
Calcium Fluoride - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Basic electrodes contain calcium fluoride (fluorspar – CaF 2) in the coating. The slag reacts as a base, thus leaving low sulphur and oxygen contents in the weld metal. The strength and toughness of the weld are therefore the strongest welds produced by any
The Reaction Of Iron With Oxygen | Reactions Of Metals …
When a metal reacts with oxygen, a metal oxide forms. The general equation for this reaction is: metal + oxygen → metal oxide. Some metals will react with oxygen when they burn. These reactions are called coustion reactions. Two examples of coustion
Reactions of Main Group Elements with Oxygen - …
Oxygen reacts with the elements in its own group to form various oxides, mostly in the form of AO 2 and AO 3. Oxygen Although oxygen is loed in Group 16 , it is unique in its extreme electronegativity; this allows it to readily gain electrons and create hydrogen bonds. | https://roberts-faassen.nl/1363-calcium/metal/reacts/with/oxygen/price/list.html |
Metal powders, produced using clean primary energy sources, could provide a more viable long-term replacement for fossil fuels than other widely discussed alternatives, such as hydrogen, biofuels or batteries, according to a study in the Dec. 15 issue of the.
2009/5/4· If not, then are there any other solids that will react with hydrogen peroxide to produce a gas? Thanks Potentially, but the adherent film of oxide on aluminum may inhibit the reaction. Manganese dioxide acts as a alyst to liberate oxygen from hydrogen peroxide.
Start studying Chapter 8. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. If a certain metal is placed in an ionic solution containing another metal and no reaction occurs, then the metal originally in the solution is
Free hydrogen radical can react with chlorides and oxides of various metals to form free metals. It can lead to the formation of hydrides of various metals, non-metals such as, H 2 S, NAH, PH 3 and KH. One of the most common compounds produced by 2 O 2
26. How many moles of hydrogen gas are produced from 0.500 mol of water? Ca(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g) (a) 0.250 mol (b) 0.500 mol (c) 1.00 mol (d) 2.00 mol (e) none of the above 27. How many moles of calcium metal react to yield 0.5002
Hydrogen reacts with most elements almost as if it were a metal. It acts like a metal but isn''t a solid like a metal because of its low mass. It was discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1776.
Reviewing the literature for chemical hydrogen storage appliions reveals that metal hydrides and light metal borohydrides have been studied more in comparison to other approaches [1,4,5].Ternary Mg 2 CoH 5, featuring a high gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen density (~100 kg H 2 m −3 and 4.5 wt %, respectively), besides its relatively low cost and good sorption kinetics, is known as a
17.How many moles of calcium metal react to yield 0.500 mol of hydrogen gas? 1Ca(s)+2H 2 O(I) 1Ca(OH) 2 (aq)+1H 2 (g) 18.What is the mass of silver metal produced from 6.35 g of copper?
Various metals react with water at different temperatures to displace hydrogen from it. For example, (a) Very active metals like Na, K, Ca react at room temperature to form H 2 along with corresponding hydroxides. Reaction with these metals is highly vigorous 2
Metals like lead, copper, silver and gold do not react with water or steam. 3. Reaction with dilute acids - Metals + Dilute acid → Metal salt + Hydrogen Metals react with dilute HCl to give metal chlorides and hydrogen gas. i) Sodium 2Na + 2HCl 2 2 + H
Hydrogen Peroxide is a Powerful Oxidizer Hydrogen Peroxide Advantages H2O2 is Powerful Hydrogen Peroxide is one of the most powerful oxidizers known -- stronger than chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and potassium permanganate. And through alysis, H2O2 can
associated with hydrogen peroxide and nitric acid are available from Solvay Chemicals. References 1. R.N. Sah and R.O Miller, Anal. Chem. 64,230 (1992) 2. NFPA 491 Guide to …
agent for the production of hydrogen. The gravimetric hydrogen capacity for the reaction of Al with water is 3.7 wt pct, and the volumetric hydrogen capacity is 46 g H 2/L. Despite a high affinity of Al to react with water, Al is intrinsically resistant to corrosion in
O. Kesler, Metal-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Research at the University of Toronto, Montana State University seminar, Septeer 23, 2013. O. Kesler, “SOFCs for Hydrocarbon Fuels”, Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Conference 2013, June 18, 2013.
2020/7/26· Reactions of metals with acids Dilute acids react with relatively reactive metals such as magnesium, aluminium, zinc and iron. The products of the reaction are a salt plus hydrogen gas. metal
2020/8/19· Chemical compound - Chemical compound - Trends in the chemical properties of the elements: reactivity series of metalsA reactivity series is used to rank the chemical reactivity of a group of metals from most reactive to least reactive.Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.As mentioned above, the characteristic chemical property of a metal atom is to lose one or more of its electrons to form a
3. Solid calcium will react with liquid water to produce aqueous calcium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. Ca (s) + 2H2O (l) →Ca(OH)2 (aq) + H2 (g) 4. Butane gas (C4H10) will react with oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide gas and water vapor. 2 C4H10 2 (g) →
3) They all react with water to form an alkali (hence their name) and _____, e.g: Words – down, oil, shell, hydrogen, nucleus, water Potassium + water potassium hydroxide + hydrogen 6. The Transition Metals 1) This section includes metals like gold, mercury, iron, copper Some facts…
Figure 6. Zinc is an active metal. It dissolves in hydrochloric acid, forming a solution of colorless Zn 2+ ions, Cl – ions, and hydrogen gas. Zinc is a silvery metal that quickly tarnishes to a blue-gray appearance. This change in color is due to an adherent coating of a
Phosphide, any of a class of chemical compounds in which phosphorus is coined with a metal. The phosphide ion is P3−, and phosphides of almost every metal in the periodic table are known. They exhibit a wide variety of chemical and physical properties. | https://gewoonreiki.nl/Feb-10/25415.html |
calcium | Definition, Properties, & Compounds | Britannica
Calcium constitutes 3.64 percent of Earth’s crust and 8 percent of the Moon’s crust, and its cosmic abundance is estimated at 4.9 × 10 4 atoms (on a scale where the abundance of silicon is 10 6 atoms). As calcite (calcium carbonate), it occurs on Earth in limestone, chalk, marble, dolomite, eggshells, pearls, coral, stalactites, stalagmites, and the shells of many marine animals.
Calcium oxide - Wikipedia
Calcium oxide (CaO), commonly known as quicklime or burnt lime, is a widely used chemical compound.It is a white, caustic, alkaline, crystalline solid at room temperature. The broadly used term "lime" connotes calcium-containing inorganic materials, in which carbonates, oxides and hydroxides of calcium, silicon, magnesium, aluminium, and iron predominate.
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2018/10/10· What happens when water is added to a small amount of calcium oxide or quick lime in a beaker? Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to produce slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) releasing a large amount of heat.CaO + Ca(OH)2 What is a coination
Lakhmir Singh Manjit Kaur Chemistry 2019 2020 for Class …
Lakhmir Singh Manjit Kaur Chemistry 2019 2020 Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 3 Metals And Non Metals are provided here with simple step-by-step explanations. These solutio
The Reaction Of Iron With Oxygen | Reactions Of Metals …
When a metal reacts with oxygen, a metal oxide forms. The general equation for this reaction is: metal + oxygen → metal oxide. Some metals will react with oxygen when they burn. These reactions are called coustion reactions. Two examples of coustion
Burning Magnesium - Chemistry LibreTexts
Burning or molten magnesium metal reacts violently with water. When working with powdered magnesium, safety glasses with welding eye protection are employed, because the bright white light produced by burning magnesium contains ultraviolet light that can permanently damage eyes.
Reactions Of Metals And Metal Compounds
When it reacts with acidic rainwater, a soluble salt is formed. The rock wears away. Write a word equation for the reaction of calcium carbonate with nitric acid. metal carbonate + acid salt + water + carbon dioxide 14. 9E What happens to the
WebElements Periodic Table » Calcium » reactions of …
Calcium reacts slowly with water. This is in contrast with magnesium, immediately above calcium in the periodic table, which is virtually unreactive with cold water. The reaction forms calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH) 2 and hydrogen gas (H 2 ).
MCQ Questions for Class 10 Science Acids Bases and Salts …
Free PDF Download of CBSE Class 10 Science Chapter 2 Acids Bases and Salts Multiple Choice Questions with Answers. MCQ Questions for Class 10 Science with Answers was Prepared Based on Latest Exam Pattern. Students can solve NCERT Class 10 Science Acids Bases and Salts Multiple Choice Questions with Answers to know their preparation level. […]
What Is Calcium Carbonate''s Reaction With Hydrochloric …
2020/4/2· Calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid to form calcium chloride, water and carbon dioxide. The reaction between these two compounds requires two parts hydrochloric acid to one part calcium chloride. This reaction is fairly rapid and energetic at high
Acid Base Salt NCERT InText solution-1 - EXCELLUP
Metal compound A reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce effervescence. The gas evolved extinguishes a burning candle. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction if one of the compounds formed is calcium chloride. Answer: When calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid, it produces carbon dioxide gas with effervescence.
is calcium oxide a salt
Is Calcium oxide a salt - Answers · So, let’s understand what exactly a salt is. A salt is formed by the replacement of the hydrogen ion of an acid by a basic radical. For instance, when a metal (eg. Cu) reacts with a mineral acid like HCl or H2SO4, you get the salt
South Axholme School C1.2 LIMESTONE AND BUILDING MATERIALS
To warm the baked beans the metal pin is pushed through the seal and foil separator. The foil separator breaks allowing water to mix with the calcium oxide (quicklime). Describe what happens when water mixes with calcium oxide.
Calcium
Specific Hazards Arising from the Material: Material readily reacts with water generating flammable hydrogen gas. May emit fumes of calcium oxide and/or calcium hydroxide under fire conditions. Special Protective Equipment and Precautions for Firefighters : Full face, self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective clothing to prevent contact with skin and eyes.
What Metal Does Not React With Dilute Hydrochloric …
Answer (1 of 11): Its copper as it is less reactive than hydrogen and a less reactive metal can''t displace the higher reactive metal from its chlorideand all other are more reactive than hydrogenmagnesium reacts with hydrogen chloride to form magnesium chloride and
calcium is metal or non metal bulk
Calcium-44 Metal Isotope | AMERICAN ELEMENTS 2019-5-11 · Calcium-44 is a stable (non-radioactive) isotope of calcium metal. It is both naturally occurring and produced by fission. Calcium 44 is one of over 250 stable isotopes produced by American Elements
What Is The Equation For Calcium Oxide And Water? - …
Calcium is a chemical compound and its molecular formula is CaO. Calcium oxide is also called quick lime. When calcium oxide reacts with water calcium hydroxide is formed. The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is; CaO + H2O -----> Ca(OH)2 Calcium
2O (l Ca(OH)2 (aq) + H2 (g)
1. Calcium metal reacts with water to form solid calcium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 (s) + H2 (g) 2. Zinc hydroxide solution reacts with lithium to form lithium hydroxide solution and zinc metal. Zn(OH)2 (aq) + 2 Li → 2 LiOH (aq) 3.
Slag - Wikipedia
Slag is the glass-like by-product left over after a desired metal has been separated (i.e., smelted) from its raw ore. Slag is usually a mixture of metal oxides and silicon dioxide. However, slags can contain metal sulfides and elemental metals. While slags are generally used to remove waste in metal smelting, they can also serve other
What Metals React With Water to Produce Hydrogen? | …
When sodium metal reacts with water, the resulting heat melts the metal almost immediately into a grey-silver ball. The hydrogen gas evolved during this reaction propels the ball rapidly across the surface of the water, leaving a white trail of sodium hydroxide that eventually dissolves into a clear solution.
Calcium: Chemical reactions | Pilgaard Elements
At room temperature, calcium reacts with oxygen, forming a thin layer of CaO, that protects the metal from further oxidation. Calcium can be ignited and will when burning react with both oxygen and nitrogen forming calcium oxide, CaO, and calcium nitride, Ca 3 N 2 .
write balanced molecular equation of calcium water …
write balanced molecular equation of calcium water calcium hydroxide hydrogen | cajlgcqq
Acid-Base Reactions | Types Of Reactions | Siyavula
The clear lime water turns milky meaning that carbon dioxide has been produced. You may not see this for the hydrochloric acid as the reaction may happen to fast. When an acid reacts with a metal carbonate a salt, carbon dioxide and water are formed. Look
ACIDS BASES AND SALTS
2018/3/13· Conclusion: Metal carbonates react with dilute acids to liberate carbon dioxide. Limestone, chalk, marble are different forms of calcium carbonate. All metal carbonates and hydrogen carbonates react with acids to form corresponding salts, water and carbon29. | https://www.roberts-faassen.nl/24103-what/happens/when/calcium/metal/reacts/with/water/company.html |
2017/06/13· Calcium is a reactive, soft metal that is a meer of the alkaline earth elements. It frequently serves as an alloying agent for other metals like aluminum and beryllium industrial materials like cement and mortar are composed of calcium compounds like calcium carbonate .
Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements that have a high atomic weight and a density at least 5 times greater than that of water. Their multiple industrial, domestic, agricultural, medical and technological appliions have led to
This Zinc react in the air to form ZnCO3 which prevents air and/or water from coming into contact with the iron. Understand the sacial protection of iron in terms of the reactivity series. A metal has a block of a more reactive metal placed on it.
The heavier alkaline earth metals react more vigorously than the lighter ones. The alkaline earth metals have the second-lowest first ionization energies in their respective periods of the periodic table because of their somewhat low effective nuclear charges and the ability to attain a full outer shell configuration by losing just two electrons .
2015/03/10· The Metal Reactivity Series. The metal reactivity series is a commonly taught concept in chemistry, placing the metals, as its name suggests, in order of reactivity from most reactive to least reactive. It’s also a useful tool in predicting the products of simple displacement reactions involving two different metals, as well as providing an
2014/11/15· Heavy metal toxicity has proven to be a major threat and there are several health risks associated with it. The toxic effects of these metals, even though they do not have any biological role, remain present in some or the
Once ignited, calcium metal burns in air to give a mixture of white calcium oxide, CaO, and calcium nitride, Ca 3 N 2. Calcium oxide is more normally made by heating calcium carbonate. Calcium, immediately below magnesium in the periodic table is more reactive with air than magnesium. 2Ca (s) + O 2 (g) → 2CaO (s)
Sodium is more reactive than Calcium. The configuration of sodium is [Ne]3s1 and the configuration of Calcium is [Ar]4s2 1. Sodium needs to loose only 1 electron whereas Calcium needs to loose 2 to achieve Noble gas configuration
2020/03/02· Strontium reacts with water slowly, generally to strontium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. It reacts with water quicker than calcium, which is placed directly above strontium in the periodic chart, and slower than barium, placed directly below strontium. Strontium is water insoluble, but it does react …
Calcium The chemical element Calcium (Ca), atomic nuer 20, is the fifth element and the third most abundant metal in the earth’s crust. The metal is trimorphic, harder than sodium, but softer than aluminium.A well as beryllium and aluminium, and unlike the alkaline metals, it doesn’t cause skin-burns.
These are too dangerous to react with dilute acids. You will know how reactive they are with cold water - their reactions with acids would be far more violent than that. Calcium It is safe to carry out the reaction between calcium
2020/08/16· The reactions of the Group 2 metals with air rather than oxygen is complied by the fact that they all react with nitrogen to produce nitrides. In each case, you will get a mixture of the metal oxide and the metal nitride.
2020/03/30· What Metals React With Hydrochloric Acid? Metals to the left of hydrogen in the electrochemical series react with hydrochloric acid. These elements include lithium, potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, zinc, iron and lead. Metals to the right of hydrogen in the electrochemical series, such as copper, silver and gold, do not react.
When mixed with water, calcium metal generates hydrogen gas and forms a cloudy white solution of calcium … Changes in Blood Chemistry of Juvenile … An increase in serum potassium and phosphate, and a decline in serum albumin, calcium, cholesterol, total protein and alkaline phosphatase were noted in steelhead exposed to 116% nitrogen (N 2 + Ar) saturation (total atmospheric gas saturation
2011/07/09· More Great Lists 0 Most Notorious Metal Bands Ever 0 Better-than-the-original Metal Cover Songs 10 Rock And Metal Musicians Who Killed Someone 0 Debunked Myths About Laundry 0 Tech Myths That
2020/02/09· Why calcium is more reactive than strontium or barium? Strontium(Sr) and barium (Ba) both are group ii metal and lie below Calcium. As for metal we know that reactivity increases as we go down in the same group but calcium
The chemical equation with state syols for the reaction: Pb (s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) → PbSO 4 (s) + H 2 (g) Thus, based on the reactions of metals with cold water, steam and dilute hydrochloric acid, we can place metals in order of their reactivity i.e. Reactivity Series of Metals. | https://www.sergemerchez.be/Apr/10+22169.html |
Perhaps the most familiar example of corrosion is the formation of rust on iron. Iron will rust when it is exposed to oxygen and water. The main steps in the rusting of iron appear to involve the following (Figure 2). Once exposed to the atmosphere, iron rapidly oxidizes.
How reactive is magnesium, where would you put it in the order of most reactive, and why Magnesium is not very reactive, it would go at the very bottom because it has to react with extremely hot (boiling) water (steam) where other metals react with normal water
2020/2/10· The reactivity series is an ordering of metals from most reactive to least reactive. The reactivity series is also known as the activity series of metals. The series is based on empirical data on the ability of a metal to displace hydrogen gas from water and acid.
Most of the metals are on the right hand side of the Periodic Table. ? Metals generally have low melting points. ? Most metals are good conductors of heat. The diagram shows four test-tubes, each containing water and a metal: calcium, magnesium zinc and
Iron, on the other hand, forms a permeable oxide layer which allows both water and oxygen to pass through and keep attacking the underlying iron. The impervious aluminium oxide layer protects the aluminium from further corrosion whereas the rust on the iron flakes off, exposing more metal iron …
Copper(II) In general, a more reactive metal will displace a less sulphatereactive metal from their salts in solution. solution 28. Chapter 19Metals and Their ReactivityDisplacement Reactions Zinc metal If a piece of zinc is
2020/4/6· Reactive metal is a group of metal elements that can form a reaction with acids, water, mineral acids and powerful oxidizing acids. This group can be identified with the activity or reactivity series, which determines the most reactive metals from highest to lowest.
A: The short to the question is, yes. Zinc does rust.Like all metals, zinc corrodes when exposed to air and moisture. However, this element does not rust like most other metals. Iron, for example, reacts with water and oxygen in the atmosphere to form hydrated iron (III) oxide on the surface of the metal.
A.sodium Calcium MagnesiumZincIron Lead Copper B. Zinc being more reactive displace copper Frm it''s sulphate solution Zn + CuSO4 = ZnSO4 + Cu (a) Arrange the following metals in order of their chemical reactivity, placing the most reactive metal first : Magnesium, Copper, Iron, Sodium, Zinc, Lead, Calcium.
Galvanising- Zinc is more reactive than iron, as it is further up the reactivity series. So the zinc will be oxidised instead of the iron. A coating of zinc can be sprayed onto the object. Or big blocks of zinc can be bolted to the iron.
Less reactive metals include several transition metals such as zinc, iron, and tin. Let''s look at how zinc reacts with a dilute acid, water, and oxygen. Reaction with Dilute Acid
VCE chemsitry, Redox, metal reactivity series, Half equations, conjugate redox pairs, spontaneous redox reactions REACTIVITY OF METALS •When magnesium is placed in copper sulfate solution a redox reaction occurs, causing copper metal to form on the magnesium and the …
Like titanium, niobium is an inert/non-reactive metal, it does not react with water or oxygen and therefore will not tarnish, rust or corrode. *Tarnish: a thin layer of corrosion that forms over some metals as their outermost layer undergoes a chemical reaction.
2020/2/28· Adding a metal like copper to zinc ions will not displace the zinc since copper appears lower than zinc on the table. The first five elements are highly reactive metals that will react with cold water, hot water, and steam to form hydrogen gas and hydroxides.
2012/5/21· Least reactive metal .. bubbles of gas calcium copper iron magnesium zinc Metals in cold water calcium copper iron magnesium zinc Metals in cold water calcium copper iron magnesium zinc Metals in dilute hydrochloric acid *P40134A0728* 7 (b) Some
Which metal is more reactive - copper or iron? answer choices copper iron Tags: Question 3 SURVEY 30 seconds Q. Copper is less reactive than iron. What do you expect to happen when copper is placed inside a solution of iron(II) sulfate
2019/3/20· Zinc metal displaces iron metal from iron sulphate solution.This displacement reaction takes place because zinc is more reactive than iron. Filed Under: Class 8 , Material:Metals and Non-metals Tagged With: Reaction of iron metal with copper sulphate solution , Reaction of zinc metal with copper sulphate solution , Reaction of zinc metal with iron sulphate solution
In chemistry, the term ''base metal'' is used informally to refer to a metal that oxidizes or corrodes relatively easily, and reacts variably with dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) to form hydrogen.Examples include iron, nickel, lead and zinc.Copper is considered a base metal as it oxidizes relatively easily, although it does not react with HCl.
1. Put the metals used (magnesium, copper, iron, zinc) in order from the least reactive to the most reactive. The more reactive metal will displace the other metal from the solution of its metal salt. 2. Give the ionic equations for the reactions and explain why they
2019/7/31· In this video we add the fresh iron nail in blue copper sulphate solution and we found after of displacement reaction where high reactive iron metal displace copper metal from its salt i.e
2018/12/23· Metal intoxiion has a negative impact on human health and can alter different systems depending on metal type and concentration and duration of metal exposure. The present review focuses on the most common metals found in contaminated areas (cadmium, zinc, copper, nickel, mercury, chromium, lead, aluminum, titanium, and iron, as well as metalloid arsenic) and their effects on bone …
Copper is one of the few metals that can occur in nature in a directly usable metallic form (native metals).This led to very early human use in several regions, from c. 8000 BC. Thousands of years later, it was the first metal to be smelted from sulfide ores, c. 5000 BC; the first metal to be cast into a shape in a mold, c. 4000 BC; and the first metal to be purposefully alloyed with another
In firse equation iron displaces copper so iron is more reactive in second equation zinc displaces iron so zinc is more reactive than copper Saloni took a piece of burning charcoal and collected the gas evolved in a test tube a. how will she find the nature of the gas b
In this page we have Class 10 Science Metals and Non Metals Practice Test Paper.Hope you like them and do not forget to like , social shar and comment at the end of the page. Very Short Answer type (1) Name two metals which do not react with oxygen (2
What is the general equation for the reaction of a metal with water? metal water metal hydroxide hydrogen 5. of reactivity Put the following metals in order of reactivity based on their reaction with oxygen, starting with the most reactive: copper, iron 15. | https://zespolczad.pl/24160_metal+most+reactive+in+water+zinc+iron+copper+tanzania.html |
4/12/2018· A more reactive metal can displace a less reactive metal from a compound Calcium + Oxygen calcium oxide 2 Ca + O2 2CaO 4K + O2 2 K2O Reactive metals such as magnesium will burn with a flame in oxygen. Less reactive metals like iron will Metals can
Silver is not a reactive metal like other metals such as iron, calcium, sodium. Usually silver does not react with dilute acids (silver does not show typical metal - acid reaction). But, dilute nitric acid has oxidizing acid characteristics too like concentrated nitric acid. too like concentrated nitric acid.
According to Wikipedia, recent Canadian pennies have a composition of 94% steel, 1.5% nickel, 4.5% copper plated zinc.Pure copper metal is bright and shiny, but the oxide is dull. Pennies get dull over time because the copper in the pennies slowly reacts with
Magnesium is the only one of the three common desulphurization reagents that is soluble in hot metal and reacts with sulphur in solution. The desulphurizing reaction with magnesium takes place as per equation: Mg + S = MgS.
Calcium carbonate is slowly solubilized in the stomach and reacts with hydrochloric acid to form calcium chloride, carbon dioxide, and water. About 90% of the calcium chloride formed is converted to insoluble calcium salts (mainly calcium carbonate and to a
30/8/2013· Reaction of metal oxides with acids When a metal oxide reacts with an acid, the products are a salt and water. metal oxide wateracid salt A metal oxide is a type of chemical called a base. Bases are chemicals that react with an acid to produce a salt and water.
Download free PDF of best NCERT Solutions , Class 10, Chemistry, CBSE- Acids, Bases and Salts . All NCERT textbook questions have been solved by our expert teachers. You can also get free sample papers, Notes, Important Questions.
Reactive metals such as potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminium are extracted from their ores via electrolysis of a molten compound. CIE requires you to understand the extraction of zinc, iron, and aluminium.
If there is magnesium sulfate in the water, you will need two reactions to remove it. Magnesium sulfate reacts with lime to for calcium Sulfate and magnesium hydroxide. The calcium sulfate does not precipitate out, so see the next reaction. Reaction: MgSO 4 2 4
Magnesium metal reacts with oxygen from the atmosphere in a coustion reaction to produce grey-white solid magnesium oxide. magnesium + oxygen gas → magnesium oxide Since the product, magnesium oxide, contains only magnesium "atoms" and oxygen "atoms" (1) , we could write the formula Mg x O y in which:
The magnesium reacts to produce a colorless solution of magnesium ethanoate, and hydrogen is given off. If you use magnesium ribbon, the reaction is less vigorous than the same reaction with hydrochloric acid, but with magnesium powder, both are so fast that you probably wouldn''t notice much difference.
Reaction of EDTA with Calcium Ions and Magnesium Ions In contrast with a metal such as zinc, the EDTA complexes of calcium and magnesium are not as stable. For the metal ions in water: Zn2+ (aq) + EDTA4-(aq) à Zn(EDTA)2-(aq) K f = 3.2 × 10 16 Ca2+
Research suggests 70% of us have low levels of magnesium. Healthista spoke to London-based nutritionist Rick Hay about the warning signs that you may have a deficiency of the
Magnesium is a metallic element mainly found in the bones and is essential to life. Abnormal magnesium levels can occur in conditions that affect the functioning of your kidneys or intestines. A magnesium test may be recommended as part of a series of tests if you have symptoms such as nausea, weakness or cardiac arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat).
A more reactive metal, such as magnesium (or zinc) can sace itself by giving iron its electrons and forming magnesium hydroxide (magnesium corrodes instead of iron). So the single replacement reaction looks like this:
Calcium plays a vital role in the anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of organisms and of the cell, particularly in signal transduction pathways. More than 500 human proteins are known to bind or transport calcium.The skeleton acts as a major mineral storage site
Magnesium oxide plays a role in muscle contractions and helps relieve spasms that are associated with muscle cramps and issues like restless leg syndrome. Magnesium ions behave as calcium antagonists in our vascular smooth muscles.
2.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS AND BASES 2.1.1 Acids and Bases in the Laboratory Activity 2.1 Collect the following samples from the science laboratory– hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulphuric acid (H 2 SO 4), nitric acid (HNO 3), acetic acid (CH 3 COOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH) 2], potassium hydroxide (KOH), magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH) …
Now, since one of the compounds formed is calcium chloride, it shows that the metal compound is calcium carbonate. Thus, the metal compound A is calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ). Calcium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form calcium chloride, carbon dioxide and water.
8/12/2009· Magnesium transport into or out of cells requires the presence of carrier-mediated transport systems (Gunther, 1003; Romani et al., 1993). ATPase reaction has a broad pH optimum centering on neutral pH, with little significant activity above pH9.0 or below pH5.5.
Supplemental hydration products such as magnesium silie hydrate (MSH) and magnesium calcium silie hydrate (MCSH) can be generated via the reaction between a Mg source (such …
Magnesium is a light, silvery-white metal which can be in the form of a gray powder, thin sheet or chip. It is used in making structural metals, die-cast auto parts, missiles, precision instruments and optical mirrors, flashbulbs, flares, pyrotechnics, and batteries.
Today, calcium metal is usually prepared by electrolysis of fused calcium chloride to which a little calcium fluoride has been added. It is used in alloys with other metals, such as aluminum, lead, or copper; in preparation of other metals, such as thorium and uranium, by reduction; and (like barium) in the manufacture of vacuum tubes to remove residual gases.
Introduction to Magnesium Alloys / 3 Table 1 Standard four-part ASTM system of alloy and temper designations for magnesium alloys See text for discussion. (Example AZ91E-T6 in parentheses) First part (AZ) Second part (91) Third part (E) Fourth part (T6)
Found naturally only in the form of its compds, never uncoined, in minerals such as limestone, dolomite, marble, chalk, iceland spar, gypsum, anhydrite, fluorite, apatite. Principal commercial source is limestone, q.v. Major commercial production by high temperature vacuum reduction of calcium oxide in aluminothermal process; less commonly by electrolysis followed by redistillation.
Magnesium reacts with water at room temperature, though it reacts much more slowly than calcium, a similar group 2 metal. When submerged in water, hydrogen bubbles form slowly on the surface of the metal – though, if powdered, it reacts much more rapidly. | https://studiourodyprestiz.pl/Jul_01-20683.html |
With three chronobiologists receiving the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, the biological rhythm field finally gets is time in the sun.
Chronobiology is a small field. Having been embedded in it for most of my professional
life, I can confidently say that chronobiology has never been a particularly glitzy area, or one that attracts a lot of research funding or media attention. Imagine my delight then, when I woke on October 2 to the news that three chronobiologists, Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young, had won the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
To wildly simplify things, chronobiology is the wing of biology concerned with cyclical patterns of physiology or behaviour in living organisms. Chronobiology is kind of like the rhythm section of a band: it’s not glamorous, but without it there would be chaos. In the case of humans, chronobiology relates to the biological rhythms that regulate all kinds of things.
These include ultradian (a rhythm whose duration is <24-hour day), infradian (a rhythm >24-hours) and circadian (Latin, meaning ‘about a day’) rhythms. Hall, Rosbash and Young’s work, and the focus of the majority of chronobiology research, addresses the circadian rhythm.
Human circadian rhythms regulate functions like mood, digestion, cognitive performance, and cardiac, respiratory, and renal function. Probably most importantly, circadian rhythms influence sleep-wake timing by regulating core body temperature and the release of hormones responsible for sleepiness.
In 1984, Hall, Rosbash and Young discovered the gene that regulates the internal clock and maintains circadian rhythms in fruit flies. This gene, known as the period gene, produces a protein called ‘PER’, which accumulates during the night, and then breaks down during the day. Their discovery helped other researchers identify the period gene in mammals which, as the Nobel Prize committee said, has helped to explain “how plants, animals and humans adapt their biological rhythm so that it is synchronised with the Earth’s revolutions”.
Studies of the human circadian pacemaker have since shown that the majority of people have a circadian rhythm that runs slightly shorter or longer than the 24-hour day. Short periods (<24-hours) tend to lead to ‘larks’, or ‘morning’ people, and long periods (>24-hours) lead to ‘owls’, or evening people. Despite the natural tendency towards slightly shorter or longer circadian periods, most people are entrained to a 24h rhythm by the light-dark cycle. Because of Hall, Rosbash and Young’s discovery, researchers have been able to pinpoint the area of the brain where PER is expressed; the suprachiasmatic nucleus (the SCN). The SCN is linked to the retina, which is how it learns the light-dark rhythm. It’s also linked to the pineal gland, which releases melatonin — the ‘sleepy’ hormone. Light received in the SCN via the retina suppresses melatonin, making sleep less likely.
If you’ve ever been given advice on how to get a better night’s sleep, this is why you have probably been told to avoid bright light in the evenings; it can make it more difficult to fall asleep. Patterns of light and dark also help to explain difficulties associated with jet lag and shift work, for example. Your internal clock is synchronised to a certain light-dark cycle, when you travel across time zones or change from day to night shift, you change your light-dark cycle.
This adjustment can be difficult and slow — the body takes time to learn the new patterns of light and dark and adjust the clock accordingly. In recent years, research has shown
that repeated exposure to this kind of ‘circadian misalignment’ via shift work can lead to obesity, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and metabolic disease. In fact, shift work is now defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as a ‘probable carcinogen’. Not great news for the millions of shift workers worldwide.
The impact of Hall, Rosbash and Young’s work continues to be felt, and makes them worthy recipients of an honour as prestigious as the Nobel Prize. In a field where research funding is scarce, one can only hope that this win draws attention to the incredible potential of biological clocks to influence human health and behaviour and that increased interest in funding chronobiological research follows.
In the meantime, we can console ourselves in the knowledge that even newly-minted Nobel Prize winner Dr Jeffrey Hall struggled to obtain funding during his years in research, and only nine years ago was quoted bemoaning the fact that his grant applications “have had their lungs ripped out, often accompanied by sneering, personal denunciations — perhaps reflecting the fact that this old-timer has lost his touch”. Sounds like those grant reviewers could have done with a good nap. | https://www.adelaidereview.com.au/latest/science/2017/11/20/time-inside-science-sleep-circadian-rhythms/ |
A A Biological Clock in Hypothalamus
It has long been clear that mammals and other organisms exhibit daily cycles in physiology and behavior that persist in the absence of sensory input from the environment. These cycles are approximately 1 day in length (hence the term circadian) and in normal circumstances are synchronized with the environment. In essence, they are rhythms of behavior and physiology that are tightly coupled to the most pervasive signal in our environment, the daily rhythm of light and dark. The adaptive significance of such an endogenous timekeeping mechanism is obvious when one considers the practical benefits of synchronizing behavior to the light-dark cycle. Certainly, the restriction of the activity of nocturnal animals to nighttime has the practical advantage of reducing the possibility of predation, and the ability to precisely measure day length permits seasonal breeders to deliver their progeny during the portion of the year when nutrients are most prevalent. Thus, it is not surprising that this endogenous timekeeping system is among the oldest and most highly conserved systems of regulatory control in the animal kingdom.
Although circadian rhythms in both plants and animals have been long been recognized, determination that a ''biological clock'' resides in the hypothalamus of mammals is a relatively recent event that can be traced to anatomical studies conducted in the early 1970s. Recognizing that the entraining influences of light are essential to any timekeeping system, two research groups independently utilized new methods of defining neuronal connectivity to demonstrate that a circumscribed group of neurons overlying the optic chiasm receives dense retinal inputs. These neurons, comprising the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), became the experimental focus of circadian biologists and there is now considerable evidence supporting the conclusion that a biological clock resides in the SCN of mammals. Specifically, animal studies have shown that the cells of the SCN exhibit a circadian rhythm of activity that is entrained by light, and that rhythmic aspects of physiology and behavior are abolished in animals in which the SCN have been destroyed. Importantly, it is also known that the rhythmicity of SCN neurons is genetically determined rather than the emergent property of a network, and "clock" genes that impart rhythmicity to SCN neurons have been identified. Thus, the hypothalamus contains a clock, the SCN, whose activity is synchronized to the external environment by virtue of sensory input transduced by the retina.
Elucidating the connections of the SCN has been an important component of understanding how this group of hypothalamic neurons imposes its temporal message on the physiology and behavior of the parent organism. One of the most well-characterized systems in this regard is the circuitry through which the SCN exerts regulatory control over the secretion of the hormone melatonin. Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland in a circadian manner but is also responsive to light such that light stimulation during the dark phase of the photoperiod inhibits the normally high levels of melatonin secretion. This dynamic regulatory capacity renders the temporal profile of melatonin secretion a precise measure of day length. A large literature has established that the SCN controls both the circadian and photoperiodic aspects of melatonin secretion through multisynaptic pathways that sequentially involve the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, the intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord, and neurons of the superior cervical ganglion that project to the pineal. Additionally, binding studies and localization of melatonin receptors have revealed that melatonin exerts feedback influence on the brain by binding to neurons in the SCN, paraventricular thalamic nucleus, and pars tuberalis of the infundibular stalk. Thus, the SCN not only regulates the secretion of melatonin but also is subject to feedback regulation by the hormone that it modulates. This is a common feature of the neurohumoral regulation exerted by the hypothalamus.
The SCN also imparts temporal organization to other systems and appears to do so through efferent projections that are largely confined to the hypothalamus. SCN neurons project to a relatively restricted group of nuclei in the hypothalamus that includes, but is not limited to, the region subjacent to the paraven-tricular nucleus (the subparaventricular zone), the preoptic area, and medial hypothalamic nuclei (e.g., arcuate and dorsomedial) involved in neuroendocrine regulation of pituitary function. These projections provide a substrate through which the SCN imparts temporal influences on a variety of systems.
B. The Hypothalamus and Sleep
Evidence that the hypothalamus is involved in the control of sleep emerged from a large literature dating to the early 1900s. Lesion studies correlating anterior hypothalamic damage with insomnia and caudal hypothalamic damage with somnolence were particularly informative. These and subsequent studies resulted in the concept of hypothalamic "sleep centers." A fascinating recent literature has demonstrated a cellular basis for hypothalamic influences on sleep and also provided insights into the means through which temporal organization is imparted on this behavior. It is now apparent that at least two distinct populations of neurons in the rostral and caudal hypothalamus are responsible for the hypothalamic effects on sleep. Using a creative experimental approach, it was demonstrated that neurons in a circumscribed region of the preoptic area [the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO)] in rats express Fos, the protein product of the protooncogene c-fos, shortly following the onset of sleep. Since Fos expression reflects neuronal activation, this observation raised the possibility that VLPO neurons are involved in the initiation of sleep. A number of subsequent observations have validated this hypothesis and also revealed the larger network of hypothalamic neurons that participate in this function. Specifically, evidence now supports the conclusion that VLPO neurons inhibit arousal through projections to histaminergic neurons in the tuberomammil-lary (TM) nuclei of the caudal hypothalamus. In support of this conclusion, it was shown that GA-BAergic neurons in VLPO synapse on TM neurons and that pharmacological inhibition of TM neurons or blockade of histaminergic receptors promotes sleep. Those who recall the drowsiness that typically follows the use of early antihistamines (which act on central as well as peripheral histamine receptors) prescribed for the treatment of colds and allergies can appreciate the major influence of the diffusely projecting neurons of the TM nuclei upon arousal.
Importantly, neurochemical lesions of VLPO and surrounding neurons have revealed greater functional parcellation of the anterior hypothalamic circuitry involved in sleep regulation. Cell-selective lesions that do not interrupt fibers of passage were shown to compromise different aspects of sleep based on the localization of the lesion. Lesions confined to the compact portion of VLPO dramatically reduce non-REM sleep and, in circumstances in which lesions are incomplete, the amount of non-REM sleep is linearly correlated with the number of Fos-expressing neurons in the portion of the VLPO that survived the lesion. Interestingly, lesions dorsal to VLPO that eliminate galanin-containing neurons that project to TM produce sleep deficits more closely associated with REM than with non-REM sleep. Collectively, these observations provide compelling evidence in support of a prominent role for the hypothalamus in sleep regulation and further indicate that there is functional parcellation in the neurons of the VLPO that participate in this control.
It is also clear that the hypothalamus plays an important role in the temporal organization of the sleep-wake cycle. Sleep is a circadian function, and although the SCN is not essential for the generation of sleep, it is responsible for consolidation of sleep within cycles that occur within a circadian framework. Thus, if the SCN are destroyed, rats will sleep approximately the same amount of time but this sleeping time will be distributed in many short bouts throughout the light-dark cycle rather than in a consolidated period. The circuitry through which the SCN imposes this circa-dian influence on sleep remains to be established, but it is likely that it occurs via polysynaptic connections that link the clock to nuclei involved in sleep regulation.
Sleeping Sanctuary
Salvation For The Sleep Deprived The Ultimate Guide To Sleeping, Napping, Resting And Restoring Your Energy. Of the many things that we do just instinctively and do not give much of a thought to, sleep is probably the most prominent one. Most of us sleep only because we have to. We sleep because we cannot stay awake all 24 hours in the day. | https://www.barnardhealth.us/human-brain/a-a-biological-clock-in-hypothalamus.html |
A type of opsin known as neuropsin is expressed in the hair follicles of mice and synchronize the skin’s circadian clock to the light-dark cycle, independent of the eyes or brain, University of Washington researchers report.
“This is the first functional demonstration of opsin photoreceptors outside the eye directly controlling circadian rhythms in a mammal,"
said co-lead author Ethan Buhr, research assistant professor of ophthalmology at the University of Washington School of Medicine.
Opsins
Squids, octopuses, cuttlefish, amphibians, and chameleon lizards are among the animals that can change the color of their skin in a blink of an eye. They have photoreceptors in their skin that operate independently of their brain.
The photoreceptors are part of a family of proteins known as opsins. Mammals have opsins, too. They are the most abundant proteins in the retina.
These light-sensing photopigments are responsible for color vision (cone opsins) and vision in dim light (rhodopsin). While previous studies have suggested that mammals might express opsin proteins outside the eye, there was little information on what functions they might influence.
Buhr said it was assumed that, when mammals evolved, the brain took over informing all organs of the body if it was day or night. But, he said, this study found that the skin actually expresses its own photoreceptors using a previously mysterious member of the opsin gene family, neuroposin.
Skin Circadian Changes
This means that skin can sense whether it is day or night even when it’s cultured by itself in a dish.
“If you simulate taking the cultured skin from Seattle to Japan (by simulating the light changes across time zones), the skin figures out that the time zone has changed and adapts to the new time zone within days because of neuropsin,"
said co-author Russ Van Gelder, professor and chair of ophthalmology at the UW School of Medicine.
The implications for medicine are still being investigated. Research from other laboratories has shown that important physiology in the skin is under control of the circadian clock.
[caption id=“attachment_100716” align=“aligncenter” width=“700”] Localization of OPN5 protein in mouse tissues.
Credit: Kojima D., et al. CC-BY[/caption]
For example, work by Nobel Laureate Aziz Sancar’s group at University of North Carolina has shown that ultraviolet light given in the early morning had a five-fold higher effect in initiating skin cancer in mice, compared to the same light given in the late afternoon, because of circadian changes in the skin’s ability to repair DNA damage.
Healing Hours
Researchers now want to see if skin heals better if it’s exposed to certain types of light.
“Although our research is still underway, we hypothesize that specific colors of light at certain times of day will influence how the skin heals,"
said co-lead investigator Richard Lang with Cincinnati Children’s. The potential for using circadian rhythms to enhance medical practice is a growing field of study.
Recent work has shown that the timing of medication administration at specific hours of the day or night can have a major influence on drug effectiveness. It is likely that this same observation applies to skin medications.
In this study, the research team used mice with no retinal photoreceptors and a nonfunctional melanopsin gene. Normally, retinal photoreceptors combine with melanopsin to inform the brain’s circadian clock whether it is light or dark.
Experimental mice were thus unable to synchronize their behavior to the light-dark cycle. However, the circadian rhythms of these animals' skin remained synchronized to the local light-dark cycle.
Some mice were waking up at dawn, some at dusk. Mice normally run only at night, but some were starting to run on their wheels before it got dark. Regardless, the skin could use neuropsin to sense the light-dark cycle and keep time.
The work was supported by NIH grants and by funds from the Goldman Chair of the Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center. | https://sciencebeta.com/skin-circadian-photoentrainment/ |
Circadian oscillation provides selection advantages through synchronization to the daylight cycle. However, a reliable clock must be designed through two conflicting properties: entrainability to synchronize internal time with periodic stimuli such as sunlight, and regularity to oscillate with a precise period. These two aspects do not easily coexist, because better ...
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Owen Megan A MA Applied Animal Ecology, Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, San Diego, - - 2013
Anthropogenic noise has become a pervasive feature of both marine and terrestrial habitats worldwide. While a comprehensive understanding of the biologically significant impacts of noise on wildlife is lacking, concerns regarding its influence persist. Noise is also a common feature in the zoological setting, and much can be learned regarding ...
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Polidarová Lenka L 1Institute of Physiology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech - - 2013
Colonic morphology and function change significantly during ontogenesis. In mammals, many colonic physiological functions are temporally controlled by the circadian clock in the colon, which is entrained by the central circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). The aim of this present study was to ascertain when and how the ...
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Forbes-Stovall Jennifer J Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd., Bowling Green, KY 42101, - - 2013
The unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has long served as model organism for studies on the circadian clock. This clock is present in all eukaryotes and some prokaryotes allowing them to anticipate and take advantage of the daily oscillations in the environment. Although much is known about the circadian clock ...
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McMahon Douglas G DG Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, - - 2013
The retinal circadian system represents a unique structure. It contains a complete circadian system and thus the retina represents an ideal model to study fundamental questions of how neural circadian systems are organized and what signaling pathways are used to maintain synchrony of the different structures in the system. In ...
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Keijzer Henry H Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands; Governor Kremers Centre, University Maastricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: - - 2013
Treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSD) may include light therapy, chronotherapy and melatonin. Exogenous melatonin is increasingly being used in patients with insomnia or CRSD. Although pharmacopoeias and the European food safety authority (EFSA) recommend administering melatonin 1-2 h before desired bedtime, several studies have shown that melatonin is not always ...
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Baidanoff Fernando M FM Laboratorio de Cronobiología, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes/CONICET, Bernal, - - 2014
Most physiological processes in mammals are synchronized to the daily light:dark cycle by a circadian clock located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus. Signal transduction of light-induced phase advances of the clock is mediated through a neuronal nitric oxide synthase-guanilyl cyclase pathway. We have employed a novel nitric oxide-donor, N-nitrosomelatonin, to ...
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Vaidya Anand T AT Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Biotechnology Resource Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY - - 2013
Entrainment of circadian rhythms in higher organisms relies on light-sensing proteins that communicate to cellular oscillators composed of delayed transcriptional feedback loops. The principal photoreceptor of the fly circadian clock, Drosophila cryptochrome (dCRY), contains a C-terminal tail (CTT) helix that binds beside a FAD cofactor and is essential for light ...
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Robertson James Brian JB Biology Department, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN - - 2013
Exposure of cells to visible light in nature or in fluorescence microscopy often is considered to be relatively innocuous. However, using the yeast respiratory oscillation (YRO) as a sensitive measurement of metabolism, we find that non-UV visible light has a significant impact on yeast metabolism. Blue/green wavelengths of visible light ...
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Helix-loop-helix Protein Id2 Stabilizes Mammalian Circadian Oscillation Under Constant Light Conditions.
Adachi Akihito A - - 2013
The mammalian circadian oscillator is composed of interacting positive and negative transcription events. The clock proteins PER1 and PER2 play essential roles in a negative limb of the feedback loop that generates the circadian rhythm in mammals. In addition, the proteins CLOCK and BMAL1 (also known as ARNTL) form a ...
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Lucas Robert J RJ Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK. Electronic address: - - 2014
Light is a potent stimulus for regulating circadian, hormonal, and behavioral systems. In addition, light therapy is effective for certain affective disorders, sleep problems, and circadian rhythm disruption. These biological and behavioral effects of light are influenced by a distinct photoreceptor in the eye, melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells ...
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Bailey Matthew - - 2013
Virtually every eukaryotic cell has an endogenous circadian clock and a biological sex. These cell-based clocks have been conceptualized as oscillators whose phase can be reset by internal signals such as hormones, and external cues such as light. The present review highlights the inter-relationship between circadian clocks and sex differences. ...
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Ladanov Mikhail - - 2013
Here we present a new design and FDTD simulations of light delivery by a nanowire-based intracellular endoscope. Nanowires can be used for minimally invasive and very local light delivery inside cells. One of the main challenges is coupling of light into the nanowire. We propose a new plasmonic coupler interface ...
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Hypersensitive photic responses and intact genome-wide transcriptional control without the KaiC phosphorylation ...
Umetani Miki M Department of Electrical Engineering and Biological Science, Waseda University, TWIns, Tokyo, - - 2014
Cyanobacteria are unique organisms with remarkably stable circadian oscillations. These are controlled by a network architecture that comprises two regulatory factors: posttranslational oscillation (PTO) and a transcription/translation feedback loop (TTFL). The clock proteins KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC are essential for the circadian rhythm of the unicellular species Synechococcus elongatus PCC ...
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Morton Lindsay M LM NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF - - 2013
In this issue of Blood, Monnereau and colleagues pool 4 retrospective (case-control), observational epidemiologic studies to demonstrate an inverse association between UV radiation (UVR) exposure and risk of developing Hodgkin lymphoma (HL).
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Beale Andrew - - 2013
Biological clocks have evolved as an adaptation to life on a rhythmic planet, synchronising physiological processes to the environmental light-dark cycle. Here we examine circadian clock function in Mexican blind cavefish Astyanax mexicanus and its surface counterpart. In the lab, adult surface fish show robust circadian rhythms in per1, which ...
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Kumar Dhanananajay - - 2013
Photic phase response curves (PRCs) have been extensively studied in many laboratory-bred diurnal and nocturnal rodents. However, comparatively fewer studies have addressed the effects of photic cues on wild diurnal mammals. Hence, we studied the effects of short durations of light pulses on the circadian systems of the diurnal Indian ...
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Lan Weizhong W *MD †PhD Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center (WL), State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; and Section of Neurobiology of the Eye (WL, MF, FS), Center for Ophthalmology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, - - 2013
Bright light is a potent inhibitor of myopia development in animal models. Because development of refractive errors has been linked to changes in choroidal thickness, we have studied in chickens whether bright light may exert its effects on myopia also through changes in choroidal thickness. Three-day-old chickens were exposed to ...
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Lee Chung-Tien - - 2013
The light-oxygen-voltage (LOV) domain protein VIVID (VVD) is a negative regulator of the circadian transcription factor White Collar Complex (WCC) and controls light response and photoadaptation in Neurospora. Blue light converts VIVID from the dark state into the light state (VVDL) with concomitant homodimerization. Upon return to low light conditions ...
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Bonmati-Carrion M A - - 2013
The increased prevalence of circadian disruptions due to abnormal coupling between internal and external time makes the detection of circadian phase in humans by ambulatory recordings a compelling need. Here, we propose an accurate practical procedure to estimate circadian phase with the least possible burden for the subject, that is, ...
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An Sungwon S Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO - - 2013
Shift work or transmeridian travel can desynchronize the body's circadian rhythms from local light-dark cycles. The mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) generates and entrains daily rhythms in physiology and behavior. Paradoxically, we found that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), a neuropeptide implicated in synchrony among SCN cells, can also desynchronize them. The ...
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Valentinuzzi Verónica Sandra - - 2013
Triatoma infestans (Reduviidae: Triatominae, "kissing bug") is the main insect vector of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, a chronic trypanosomiasis infecting 10 million people world-wide. This hematophagous bug feeds on diurnal and nocturnal species during each host's quiescent time. As the hosts are also its major predators, ...
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Kim Seong Jae - - 2013
Age-related changes in circadian rhythms may contribute to the sleep disruption observed in older adults. A reduction of the responsiveness to photic stimuli in the circadian timing system has been hypothesized as a possible reason for the advanced circadian phase in older adults. This project compared the phase shifting response ...
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de la Iglesia Horacio O - - 2013
Animals with habitats in the intertidal zone often display biological rhythms that coordinate with both the tidal and the daily environmental cycles. Two recent studies show that the molecular components of the biological clocks mediating tidal rhythms are likely different from the phylogenetically conserved components that mediate circadian (daily) rhythms.
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Li Hui - - 2013
We investigated attentional demands in visual rhythm perception of periodically moving stimuli using a visual search paradigm. A dynamic search display consisted of vertically "bouncing dots" with regular rhythms. The search target was defined by a unique visual rhythm (i.e., a shorter or longer period) among rhythmic distractors with identical ...
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de Boer Betteco J - - 2013
In the current study, we examined whether coupling influences resulting from unintended afference-based phase entrainment are affected by movement amplitude as such or by the amplitude relation between the limbs. We assessed entrainment strength by studying how passive movements of the contralateral hand influenced unimanual coordination with a metronome. Results ...
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Zantke Juliane - - 2013
Life is controlled by multiple rhythms. Although the interaction of the daily (circadian) clock with environmental stimuli, such as light, is well documented, its relationship to endogenous clocks with other periods is little understood. We establish that the marine worm Platynereis dumerilii possesses endogenous circadian and circalunar (monthly) clocks and ...
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Zhang Lin - - 2013
Tidal (12.4 hr) cycles of behavior and physiology adapt intertidal organisms to temporally complex coastal environments, yet their underlying mechanism is unknown. However, the very existence of an independent "circatidal" clock has been disputed, and it has been argued that tidal rhythms arise as a submultiple of a circadian clock, operating ...
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Hwang Christopher K CK Departments of Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, and Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, Translational Clinical Research Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Signature Research Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorder, and Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 169712, Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, and Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington - - 2013
Spatial variation in light intensity, called spatial contrast, comprises much of the visual information perceived by mammals, and the relative ability to detect contrast is referred to as contrast sensitivity (Purves et al., 2012). Recently, retinal dopamine D4 receptors (D4Rs) have been implicated in modulating contrast sensitivity (Jackson et al., ...
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Dodd Antony N AN School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UG, - - 2014
A circadian rhythm matched to the phase and period of the day-night cycle has measurable benefits for land plants. We assessed the contribution of circadian period to the phasing of cellular events with the light : dark cycle. We also investigated the plasticity of circadian period within the Arabidopsis circadian ...
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Koldobskiy Dafna - - 2013
Circadian rhythm regulates many physiologic and immunologic processes. Disruption of these processes has been demonstrated in acutely ill, mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU setting. Light has not been studied as an entraining stimulus in the chronically mechanically ventilated patient. The purpose of this study was to determine the association ...
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Genetic Advances in Ophthalmology: The Role of Melanopsin-Expressing, Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion ...
Ramsey David J - - 2013
Abstract Daily changes in the light-dark cycle are the principal environmental signal that enables organisms to synchronize their internal biology with the 24-hour day-night cycle. In humans, the visual system is integral to photoentrainment and is primarily driven by a specialized class of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) that ...
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Sexton Kristian K Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA. - - 2013
Fluorescence guided surgery (FGS) is an emerging technology that has demonstrated improved surgical outcomes. However, dim lighting conditions required by current FGS systems are disruptive to standard surgical workflow. We present a novel FGS system capable of imaging fluorescence under normal room light by using pulsed excitation and gated acquisition. ...
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Dubofsky E A EA Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824; - - 2013
Adult American horseshoe crabs, Limulus polyphemus, possess endogenous circadian and circatidal clocks controlling visual sensitivity and locomotion, respectively. The goal of this study was to determine the types of activity rhythms expressed by juvenile horseshoe crabs (n = 24) when exposed to a 14:10 light/dark cycle (LD) for 10 days, ...
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Jagannath Aarti A Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, - - 2013
Retinal photoreceptors entrain the circadian system to the solar day. This photic resetting involves cAMP response element binding protein (CREB)-mediated upregulation of Per genes within individual cells of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Our detailed understanding of this pathway is poor, and it remains unclear why entrainment to a new time ...
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Singh Devraj - - 2013
In birds, independent circadian clocks reside in the retina, pineal, and hypothalamus, which interact with each other and produce circadian time at the functional level. However, less is known of the molecular clockwork, and of the integration between central and peripheral clocks in birds. The present study investigated this, by ...
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Cao Ruifeng R Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, - - 2013
Protein synthesis is critical for circadian clock function, but little is known of how translational regulation controls the master pacemaker in mammals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Here we demonstrate that the pivotal translational repressor, the eukaryotic translational initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), is rhythmically regulated via the mechanistic target ...
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Gyöngyösi Norbert - - 2013
Significance: Both circadian rhythm and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are fundamental features of aerobic eukaryotic cells. The circadian clock enhances the fitness of organisms by enabling them to anticipate cycling changes in the surroundings. ROS generation in the cell is often altered in response to environmental changes, ...
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Kantermann Thomas - - 2013
Light and darkness are the main time cues synchronising all biological clocks to the external environment. This little understood evolutionary phenomenon is called circadian entrainment. A new study illuminates our understanding of how modern light- and lifestyles compromise circadian entrainment and impact our biological clocks.
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Noser Rahel - - 2013
Efficient space use is a critical challenge for animals relying on stationary resources. It is often difficult with purely observational methods to gain unambiguous insight into any ability of primates to manage and process spatial information. Investigating the visible signs of the decision processes underlying space use often leaves open ...
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Attenuation of the posttranslational oscillator via transcription-translation feedback enhances circadian-phase shifts in ...
Hosokawa Norimune N Department of Electrical Engineering and Biological Science, Waseda University, TWIns, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan. - - 2013
Circadian rhythms are endogenous biological timing processes that are ubiquitous in organisms ranging from cyanobacteria to humans. In the photoautotrophic unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, under continuous light (LL) conditions, the transcription-translation feedback loop (TTFL) of KaiC generates a rhythmic change in the accumulation of KaiC relative to KaiA ...
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Gu Changgui - - 2013
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is a principal circadian clock in mammals, which controls physiological and behavioral daily rhythms. The SCN has two main features: Maintaining a rhythmic cycle of approximately 24 h in the absence of a light-dark cycle (free-running period) and the ability to entrain to external light-dark cycles. ...
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Wright Kenneth P KP Jr Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0354, USA. - - 2013
The electric light is one of the most important human inventions. Sleep and other daily rhythms in physiology and behavior, however, evolved in the natural light-dark cycle , and electrical lighting is thought to have disrupted these rhythms. Yet how much the age of electrical lighting has altered the human ...
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Fonken Laura K LK Department of Neuroscience and Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. - - 2013
With the exception of high latitudes, life has evolved under bright days and dark nights. Most organisms have developed endogenously driven circadian rhythms that are synchronized to this daily light/dark cycle. In recent years, humans have shifted away from the naturally occurring solar light cycle in favor of artificial and ...
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Partch Carrie L - - 2013
Circadian clocks coordinate physiology and behavior with the 24h solar day to provide temporal homeostasis with the external environment. The molecular clocks that drive these intrinsic rhythmic changes are based on interlocked transcription/translation feedback loops that integrate with diverse environmental and metabolic stimuli to generate internal 24h timing. In this ...
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Fitzgerald James M - - 2013
Delirium is a serious neuropsychiatric syndrome of acute onset that occurs in approximately one in five general hospital patients and is associated with serious adverse outcomes that include loss of adaptive function, persistent cognitive problems and increased mortality. Recent studies indicate a three-domain model for delirium that includes generalised cognitive ...
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Niwa Yoshimi Y Center for Gene Research, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, - - 2013
Although the circadian clock is a self-sustaining oscillator having a periodicity of nearly 1 d, its period length is not necessarily 24 h. Therefore, daily adjustment of the clock (i.e., resetting) is an essential mechanism for the circadian clock to adapt to daily environmental changes. One of the major cues ...
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Stangherlin Alessandra A From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ Cambridge, United - - 2013
Living organisms possess biological clocks that resonate with environmental cycles in light, temperature, and food availability. Recently, circadian oscillations in the redox state of peroxiredoxin have been described as an additional non-transcriptional timekeeping mechanism. Of note, this redox cycle is conserved in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. How the classical "transcription-translation ...
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Bartok Osnat O Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat-Ram, 91904 Jerusalem, - - 2013
Circadian (24 h) clocks provide a source of internal timing in most living organisms. These clocks keep time by using complex transcriptional/post-translational feedback loops that are strikingly resilient to changes in environmental conditions. In the last few years, interest has increased in the role of post-transcriptional regulation of circadian clock ...
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Hut Roelof A RA Chronobiology unit, Centre for Behaviour and Neuroscience, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. - - 2013
Properties of the circadian and annual timing systems are expected to vary systematically with latitude on the basis of different annual light and temperature patterns at higher latitudes, creating specific selection pressures. We review literature with respect to latitudinal clines in circadian phenotypes as well as in polymorphisms of circadian ... | http://www.biomedsearch.com/cluster/58/Light-and-Sound-Studies/sub-67-p3.html |
Circadian clocks regulate functions ranging from alertness and reaction time to body temperature and blood pressure. New research published in the November 2014 issue of The FASEB Journal further adds to our understanding of the circadian rhythm by suggesting that the suprachiasmaticus nucleus (SCN) clock, a tiny region of the hypothalamus considered to be the body's "master" timekeeper, is not necessary to align body rhythms with the light-dark cycle. This challenges and disproves the commonly held notion that circadian rhythms were strictly organized in a hierarchical manner, and that light resets the master clock in the SCN, which then coordinates the other, subordinate clocks in peripheral tissues. Several metabolic and psychiatric diseases are associated with circadian rhythm and sleep disturbances, and this research opens the doors toward an improved understanding of these disorders.
"Our study reveals a federal organization of internal clock synchronization with the environment," said Henrik Oster, Ph.D., a researcher involved in the work from the Medical Department at the University of Lübeck in Lübeck, Germany. "This suggests that resetting specific peripheral tissue clocks may be an underestimated target for restoring circadian alignment, and possibly to counteract disorders associated with circadian rhythm disruption."
To make this discovery, Oster and colleagues bred mice in which the molecular circadian clock had been deleted specifically in SCN pacemaker neurons, while leaving clocks in peripheral tissues untouched. These mice, as well as control mice with intact central and peripheral clocks, were then subjected to different lighting conditions. In a rhythmic light-dark environment, gene expression analysis revealed that both groups displayed rhythmic behavior, glucocorticoid hormone rhythms and clock gene expression rhythms in peripheral tissues such as liver or adrenal. When the mice were subjected to constant darkness conditions, behavioral rhythms in the SCN clock-less mice were immediately lost, while endocrine and molecular rhythms gradually dampened over the course of several days. Control mice retained stable rhythms at all levels throughout the experiment. Results suggest a revised model of circadian entrainment, with the adaptation of the internal clock by external time cue, resulting in a mode of photic entrainment in which light can in parallel reset central and peripheral clocks.
"For a long time, we've thought that the central clock in our brains is necessary to keep the other clocks in our body in time," said Gerald Weissmann, M.D., Editor-in-Chief of The FASEB Journal. "And this still correct most of the time in most people. This research is important, however, because it not only shows us what might be going wrong in folks with circadian-related disorders, but also helps us to understand how we can manipulate peripheral clocks to help these people." | https://eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-10/foas-pcd103014.php |
|[en] Circadian clocks consist of complex networks that coordinate the daily cycle of most organisms. In light/dark cycles, the clock is synchronized (or entrained) by the environment, which corresponds to a constant rephasing of the oscillations and leads to a steady state regime. Some circadian clocks are endogenous oscillators with rhythms of about 24-hours that persist in constant light or constant darkness. This operating mechanism with and without entrainment provides flexibility and robustness to the clock against perturbations. Most of the clock-oriented experiments are performed under constant photoperiodic regime, overlooking the transitory regime that takes place between light/dark cycles and constant light or darkness. This paper provides a comparative analysis of the informative potential of the transient time-series data with the other regimes for clock modelling.
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Realistic data were simulated from 2 experimentally validated plant circadian clock models and sliced into several time windows. These windows represent the different regimes that take place before, meanwhile and after the switch to constant light. Then, a network inference tool was used over each window and its capability of retrieving the ground-truth of the network was compared for each window. The results suggest that including the transient data to the network inference technique significally improves its performance.
|http://hdl.handle.net/10993/30748|
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All documents in ORBilu are protected by a user license. | https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/30748 |
Does Time of Day Affect Sports Performance?
Everyone knows that performance varies, even on a day-to-day basis. This variation is not trivial and you don´t need a fancy and complex methodology to detect it. We´ve all been there, running our best time, being the man of the match or nailing a PB one day and struggling with light weights, losing a race with a slower partner or making stupid mistakes in an easy competition, match or whatever your sports call it.
It seems that the time of day at which a task is done can be one of the many factors that can affect performance
I´m a former taekwondo athlete with a decent career with ups and downs as every other athlete in the world. But one of the most frustrating things I remember back on the day I was competing at the highest level was those shitty inexplicable days where things turned out to be just harder than usual. Both physically, and mentally things simply felt off and easy tasks that were fully automated and done a million times didn’t felt easy at all.
Of course, performance is a complex concept and its variation can not be explained by a single phenomenon. However, it seems that the time of day at which a task is done can be one of the many factors that can affect performance. Various psychological and physiological functions (if not all), have been shown to undergo changes relative to the time of day1. These variations are known as circadian or diurnal rhythms 2. The majority of components of sports performance, e.g. flexibility, muscle strength, explosiveness, vary with time of day in a rhythmic manner 1,3.
But, Is there an optimal time of day to train or perform?; Are the time of day fluctuation of performance relevant? Can our habits affect our body rhythms and thus performance?
Circadian Rythm And Biological Clocks
The term Circadian comes from the Latin “circa” (around) and “dies” (day) and refers to the fact that a great variety of biological processes “oscillates” in a cycle of approximately 24 hours. These oscillations allow the human body to assign functions according to the time of day, prioritizing certain tasks according to sleep-wake cycles (eg: repair tissue during sleep, metabolic processes during the day/activity)4.
Figure 1 Human circadian rhythm 5
Circadian rhythms are the biological expression of time and a way to anticipate environmental events. So, the proper functioning of these oscillations is crucial for health and performance. In each one of our cells, there is a molecular mechanism in charge of functioning as a Clock which necessarily has to be synchronized with the environmental information (cues) and that governs every aspect of biology, from body temperature, hormonal regulation and activity patterns, sleep-wake cycle and even cellular processes6–8.
The internal generator of rhythms is located in the brain, specifically in an area called the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (hypothalamus). The so-called “Central Clock”, about 20,000 nerve cells are in charge of regulating and synchronizing all peripheral cell clocks in a similar way to that of an orchestra director conducts a symphony9.
Figure 2 Functioning of the master clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)10
This central clock works in a “similar” way to a solar clock since the main source of information on which it is based to “know” the time is Light during the day and darkness at night, which generates the so-called diurnal cycle or light-dark cycle11. The molecular mechanism underlying circadian rhythms is a gene-regulatory network composed of transcriptional-translational feedback loops referred to as the “core clock” and it´s present in every single cell12,13. And because free-running clocks cycles without any external information appear to be longer than 24hs (~25hs) a key aspect of circadian physiology is properly entraining to a 24 hs cycle with external signals or natural time synchronisers (referred to as the German term “zeitgeber”) that have the ability to “rewind” the biological clock.
It governs every aspect of biology, from body temperature, hormonal regulation and activity patterns, sleep-wake cycle and even cellular processes
Light is the main zeitgeber but not the only one, the timing of food intake (Chrononutrition), physical activity and some social and psychological factors are also considered as zeitgebers and through the main biological clock, affect the peripheral oscillators that regulate many important physiological functions of metabolism12,13.
The vast majority of hormones (and indeed cellular processes) exhibit a diurnal rhythm. Also, the sensitivities of different cell types to different hormones also exhibit oscillatory behavior (Chronopharmacology studies the impact of different medications on different pathologies depending on the time of day when it is administered). This has an impact on every cell and tissue in the body; the immune system has circadian oscillations, making us more or less vulnerable to infections and allergies14, insulin secretion as well, causing the pancreatic response to a carbohydrate-rich meal to be not the same depending on the time of day15, strength appears to peak in the later afternoon versus morning 1 while oxidative capacity increases in the late evening 16.
Moreover, circadian rhythms, among other factors, have also been shown to, not only regulate key physiological processes involved in athletic performance 3,17–21 but also disruption in circadian rhythms can have a negative impact in both physical and cognitive performance1,4,22.
Time of day and performance.
Generally speaking, it appears that personal records tent to occur in the evening across different sports23–28 and it is likely because of the behavior of the body temperature which tends to reach its lowest around 04:30h and increases gradually till its peak at 18:00h. Raising body temperature can facilitate the actin and myosin mechanics in the musculoskeletal structures, thus, improving muscle contraction properties and in result physical performance29. Moreover, higher body temperature shifts metabolic fuel utilization towards carbohydrates which may improve performance as well30. Moreover, the increased temperature in the afternoon strongly correlates with increased coordination, the highest reaction time, increasing muscle strength and cardiovascular efficiency 1,31. In addition, anaerobic power output and flexibility are also the highest in the late afternoon 32.
Raising body temperature can improve muscle contraction properties and in result physical performance
Some authors emphasize that temperature is not the only factor affecting performance variations during the day 33. State of vigilance, alertness, and mood levels (which are highest in the morning) can affect athletic performance 34. Even though simple mental tasks such as reaction time may depend on body temperature (higher temperatures enhanced neural activity; for every 1°C rise in body temperature, nerve conduction velocity increases by 2.4 m1sec1), other more complex mental actions like decision making, short term memory, concentration and reasoning peaks around noon30. This may be because there is an inverse relationship between speed and accuracy. Additionally, some of those tasks require a low arousal level.
Figure 3 Summary of some findings in impact of circadian rhythm on performance 30
State of vigilance, alertness, and mood levels (which are highest in the morning) can affect athletic performance
Chronotypes
One of the key factors that can affect, not only how, but also when and how much impact daily fluctuations have on physiological aspects, are chronotypes 21.
The fact that the SCN does not always keep to a cycle of exactly 24 hours explains another phenomenon: Circadian chronotype, which is typically defined by a person’s preferred time to conduct activities, and/or the timing of sleep, assessed by questionnaires35 or Munich chronotype 36 questionnaires which has a well-documented genetic 37–39 and physiological26,40–42 differences that result in disparities between their biological clocks and how they entrain to exogenous cues, such as the environmental light/dark cycle and social factors. Some people can be characterized as “owls” and some people as “larks”. This distinction is a colloquial way of expressing that there are some subgroups of people who would prefer to wake later in the day and go to bed late (the owls) and there are others who wake early and go to bed early (the larks)35,36.
It appears that athletes with extreme morning or evening chronotypes tend to perform better near their own circadian peak in endurance events
At the individual level, peak performance is also influenced by circadian phenotypes, including an individual’s diurnal preference for morning or evening activity patterns and chronotype 17,39. So, it appears that athletes with extreme morning or evening chronotypes tend to perform better near their own circadian peak in endurance events 24,43, and also in strength-related tasks27,28,44. Moreover, these difference between chronotypes may be strong enough to shape the distribution of circadian phenotypes in some endurance sports that regularly compete in the morning (it seem that morning-types are more prevalent among elite runners, cyclists, and triathletes42,45).
Figure 4 diffence between Morning Type (MT) vs Evening Type (ET) in performance and effort measurements for circadian phenotypes measured by diurnal preference and chronotypes. Evening-types, have a significantly greater morning handicap than morning-types, swimming 6% slower in morning (07h00) than evening (19h00); Both MT and ET participants exert more effort at off-peak times and there is a significant relative percent difference in diurnal effort between MT and ET25 .
Moreover, chronotype may influence the psychophysiological responses to exertion, including rate of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate variability (HRV) and mood 23,46–48. Peak performance appears to have a strong correlation with peak body temperature, which tends to occur around early evening. However, the strongest biological markers of the expression of the circadian rhythms, such as melatonin, cortisol and even body temperature differ between morning and evening chronotypes40,49. Thus, individual physiological differences may affect performance, especially on extreme chronotypes. Moreover, it appears that the major predictor of peak performance times is the time since entrained awakening, rather than the time of day, as well as significant individual performance variations, can be as large as 26% in the course of a day21.
Figure 5 . Peak Performance Times as Functions of Time of Day expressed as real-time (A) and Time since Entrained Awakening expressed as relative time since entrained (B) between different chronotypes (ECT=Early Chronotype; ICT= Intermediate Chronotype; LCT= Late Chronotype).
Circadian timing has also been reported to affect exercise outcomes at the molecular level. Two of the most researched cellular signalling pathways involved in exercise mediated adaptations, mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), which is mainly involved in the protein synthesis response and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 (PGC1), which is related to mitochondria biogenesis, have been shown to be strongly influenced by the molecular clock and both exhibits time dependant activity50,51.
Finally, heterogeneity or variability in exercise adaptation responses (whether it be resistance or endurance training) has led to the development of terms such as “non,” “low,” “moderate,” “high,” and “extreme” responders to describe the divergent magnitude in the response of a particular individual to a given exercise stimulus52
In addition, it has been suggested that the magnitude of the adaptative response following resistance or endurance training might be due to the circadian clocks at a cellular level52.
Figure 6 Hypothetical link between the skeletal muscle molecular clock and resistance exercise adaptation responses52.
Practical Applications
First of all, is crucial to acknowledge that circadian rhythms are not a fixed, rigid variable and they can be “manipulated”. This means that if you regularly train at the same time of day you will probably get used to that schedule and if for some reason you need to change your training time, let’s say from 19:00h to 9:00, you will eventually adapt. Furthermore, exercise is a powerful peripheral circadian zeitgeber which means that it can manipulate biological clocks. In fact, as we age our rhythms become less robust and exercise appears to reverse it53.
If you regularly train at the same time of day you will probably get used to that schedule and if for some reason you need to change your training time
The optimal time for performance will be dependent on the type of activities required in the sport and their relative importance to the overall performance. this means that every athlete should analyze the pros and cons of manipulating the time of training sessions and decide accordingly.54 On the other hand, some schedules are not possible to change. For example, a football team can not organize training sessions based on chronotypes (at least not now). Moreover, competition time is also fixed and if you know it in advance it may be beneficial to manipulate your training schedule in order to adapt.
Sun exposure is probably the most important and effective tool to strengthen the circadian cycle
Caution must be taken from this information. Most people have intermediate chronotype and it would probably be fine regardless of his training time (of course, taking into account reasonable training hours). However, some extreme chronotypes may be more sensitive to training at different hours but, it´s important to notice that even the most extreme night owls won’t benefit from training at 3 am ..in fact, there is a thin line between extreme chronotypes and circadian desynchronization which is pathological and need medical intervention55–57.
Finally, and more importantly, everyone could benefit from taking care of your biological rhythms and avoiding circadian misalignments or arrhythmias regardless of your training level, schedule or chronotype. Sun exposure is probably the most important and effective tool to strengthen the circadian cycle beyond the health benefits of the sun per se, and with a few minutes after waking up (about 30 minutes) it would be more than enough, the trick is to do it at the same time always58,59.
Furthermore, popular gadgets such as cell phones and tablets are in very common use mainly at night to watch movies, social media or just leisure. Every source of artificial light has been shown to be a powerful SUPPRESSOR of melatonin production and a circadian disruptor60–63. Avoiding artificial light, especially at night, is essential to ensure restful sleep and avoid circadian insults. Ideally, when the sun starts to fall, our exposure to artificial light should decrease. I know this is not an easy task but with the help of science, it can be done. Researchers have shown that the use of blue light blocking glasses can minimize the harmful impact of artificial light64–67. So, using blue-blocking glasses as the sun goes down can be a fantastic tool to avoid sleep issues, circadian perturbation and the negative impact in both health and performance. | https://vitruve.fit/blog/time-in-training-performance/ |
Melanopsin is a type of photopigment belonging to a larger family of light-sensitive retinal proteins called opsins and encoded by the gene Opn4. In the mammalian retina, there are two additional categories of opsins, both involved in the formation of visual images: rhodopsin and photopsin (types I, II, and III) in the rod and cone photoreceptor cells, respectively.
In humans, melanopsin is found in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). It is also found in the iris of mice and primates. Melanopsin is also found in rats, amphioxus, and other chordates. ipRGCs are photoreceptor cells which are particularly sensitive to the absorption of short-wavelength (blue) visible light and communicate information directly to the area of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), also known as the central "body clock", in mammals. Melanopsin plays an important non-image-forming role in the setting of circadian rhythms as well as other functions. Mutations in the Opn4 gene can lead to clinical disorders, such as Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). According to one study, melanopsin has been found in eighteen sites in the human brain (outside the retinohypothalamic tract), intracellularly, in a granular pattern, in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellar cortex and several phylogenetically old regions, primarily in neuronal soma, not in nuclei. Melanopsin is also expressed in human cones. However, only 0.11% to 0.55% of human cones express melanopsin and are exclusively found in the peripheral regions of the retina. The human peripheral retina senses light at high intensities that is best explained by four different photopigment classes.
Melanopsin was first discovered by Ignacio Provencio as a novel opsin in the melanophores, or light-sensitive skin cells, of the African clawed frog in 1998. A year later, researchers found that mice without any rods or cones, the cells involved in image-forming vision, still entrained to a light-dark cycle. This observation led to the conclusion that neither rods nor cones, located in the outer retina, are necessary for circadian entrainment and that a third class of photoreceptor exists in the mammalian eye. Provencio and colleagues then found in 2000 that melanopsin is also present in mouse retina, specifically in ganglion cells, and that it mediates non-visual photoreceptive tasks. Melanopsin was found to be encoded by Opn4 with orthologs in a variety of organisms.
These retinal ganglion cells were found to be innately photosensitive, since they responded to light even while isolated, and were thus named intrinsically photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells (ipRGCs). They constitute a third class of photoreceptor cells in the mammalian retina, besides the already known rods and cones, and were shown to be the principal conduit for light input to circadian photoentrainment. In fact, it was later demonstrated by Satchidananda Panda and colleagues that melanopsin pigment may be involved in entrainment of a circadian oscillator to light cycles in mammals since melanopsin was necessary for blind mice to respond to light.
Mammals have orthologous melanopsin genes named Opn4m, which are derived from one branch of the Opn4 family, and are approximately 50-55% conserved. However, non-mammalian vertebrates, including chickens and zebrafish, have another version of the melanopsin gene, Opn4x, which appears to have a distinct lineage that diverged from Opn4m about 360 million years ago. Mammals lost the gene Opn4x relatively early in their evolution, leading to a general reduction in photosensory capability. It is thought that this event can be explained by the fact that this occurred during the time in which nocturnal mammals were evolving.
The human melanopsin gene, opn4, is expressed in ipRGCs, which comprises only 1-2% of RGCs in the inner mammalian retina, as studied by Samer Hattar and colleagues. The gene spans approximately 11.8 kb and is mapped to the long arm of chromosome 10. The gene includes nine introns and ten exons compared to the four to seven exons typically found in other human opsins. In non-mammalian vertebrates, melanopsin is found in a wider subset of retinal cells, as well as in photosensitive structures outside the retina, such as the iris muscle of the eye, deep brain regions, the pineal gland, and the skin. Paralogs of Opn4 include OPN1LW, OPN1MW, RHO and OPN3 and were discovered by the Genome Project.
Melanopsin, like all other animal opsins (e.g. rhodopsin), is a member of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family. The melanopsin protein has seven alpha helices integrated in the plasma membrane, an N-terminal domain and a C-terminal domain. It resembles invertebrate opsins far more than vertebrate photopigments, especially in its amino acid sequence and downstream signaling cascade. Like invertebrate opsins, it appears to be a photopigment with intrinsic photoisomerase activity and signals through a G-protein of the Gq family.
Melanopsin-containing ganglion cells, like rods and cones, exhibit both light and dark adaptation; they adjust their sensitivity according to the recent history of light exposure. However, while rods and cones are responsible for the reception of images, patterns, motion, and color, melanopsin-containing ipRGCs contribute to various reflexive responses of the brain and body to the presence of light.
Evidence for melanopsin's physiological light detection has been tested in mice. A mouse cell line that is not normally photosensitive, Neuro-2a, is rendered light-sensitive by the addition of human melanopsin. The photoresponse is selectively sensitive to short-wavelength light (peak absorption ~479 nm), and has an intrinsic photoisomerase regeneration function that is chromatically shifted to longer wavelengths.
Melanopsin photoreceptors are sensitive to a range of wavelengths and reach peak light absorption at blue light wavelengths around 480 nanometers. Other wavelengths of light activate the melanopsin signaling system with decreasing efficiency as they move away from the optimum 480 nm. For example, shorter wavelengths around 445 nm (closer to violet in the visible spectrum) are half as effective for melanopsin photoreceptor stimulation as light at 480 nm.
Melanopsin in the iris of some, primarily nocturnal, mammals closes the iris when it is exposed to light. This local pupil light reflex (PLR) is absent from primates, even though their irises express melanopsin.
When light with an appropriate frequency enters the eye, it activates the melanopsin contained in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), triggering an action potential. These neuronal electrical signals travel through neuronal axons to specific brain targets, such as the center of pupillary control called the olivary pretectal nucleus (OPN) of the midbrain. Consequently, stimulation of melanopsin in ipRGCs mediates behavioral and physiological responses to light, such as pupil constriction and inhibition of melatonin release from the pineal gland. The ipRGCs in the mammalian retina are one terminus of the retinohypothalamic tract that projects to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. The suprachiasmatic nucleus is sometimes described as the brain's "master clock", as it maintains the circadian rhythm, and nerve signals from ipRGCs to the SCN entrain the internal circadian rhythm to the rising and setting of the sun. The SCN also receives input from rods and cones through the retinohypothalamic tract, so information from all three photosensitive cell types (rods, cones, and ipRGCs) in the mammalian retina are transmitted to the (SCN) SCN.
Melanopsin-containing ganglion cells are thought to influence these targets by releasing the neurotransmitters glutamate and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) from their axon terminals. Melanopsin-containing ganglion cells also receive input from rods and cones that can add to the input to these pathways.
Melanopsin serves an important role in the photoentrainment of circadian rhythms in mammals. An organism that is photoentrained has aligned its activity to an approximately 24-hour cycle, the solar cycle on Earth. In mammals, melanopsin expressing axons target the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) through the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT).
In mammals, the eye is the main photosensitive organ for the transmission of light signals to the brain. However, blind humans are still able to entrain to the environmental light-dark cycle, despite having no conscious perception of the light. One study exposed subjects to bright light for a prolonged duration of time and measured their melatonin concentrations. Melatonin was not only suppressed in visually unimpaired humans, but also in blind participants, suggesting that the photic pathway used by the circadian system is functionally intact despite blindness. Therefore, physicians no longer practice enucleation of blind patients, or removal of the eyes at birth, since the eyes play a critical role in the photoentrainment of the circadian pacemaker.
In mutant breeds of mice that lacked only rods, only cones, or both rods and cones, all breeds of mice still entrained to changing light stimuli in the environment, but with a limited response, suggesting that rods and cones are not necessary for circadian photoentrainment and that the mammalian eye must have another photopigment required for the regulation of the circadian clock.
Melanopsin-knockout mice display reduced photoentrainment. In comparison to wild-type mice that expressed melanopsin normally, deficits in light-induced phase shifts in locomotion activity were noted in melanopsin-null mice (Opn4 -/-). These melanopsin-deficient mice did not completely lose their circadian rhythms, as they were still able to entrain to changing environmental stimuli, albeit more slowly than normal. This indicated that, although melanopsin is sufficient for entrainment, it must work in conjunction with other photopigments for normal photoentrainment activity. Triple-mutant mice that were rod-less, cone-less, and melanopsin-less display a complete loss in the circadian rhythms, so all three photopigments in these photoreceptors, rhodopsin, photopsin and melanopsin, are necessary for photoentrainment. Therefore, there is a functional redundancy between the three photopigments in the photoentrainment pathway of mammals. Deletion of only one photopigment does not eliminate the organism's ability to entrain to environmental light-dark cycles, but it does reduce the intensity of the response. | https://everything.explained.today/Melanopsin/ |
Elasticity is a concept which compares how sensitive one variable is to changes in another. Usually variables are demand or supply, the reaction of these variables to the changes in price or income is measured.
In the economic field elasticity stands for demand and supply changes as a reaction to price or income changes. Mostly it’s used in consumer demand to assess changes in it as a response to price changing.
Main principles of Elasticity
There are many changes in the value of elasticity, in case the value is higher than 1.0, it means that the demand is more than proportionally under the influence of price movement. Otherwise, in case this value is under 1.0, it means that the demand isn’t too sensitive about price, thus, it’s inelastic. The term inelastic refers to a situation in which a customer buys products with the same frequency when price is increasing and even in case the price is decreasing a customer retains the level of frequency.
In case elasticity equals zero, then it’s regarded as “perfectly” inelastic, thiы situation refers to a situation in which the demand will be the same no matter what price a product will have. However, this is a rare case, and the world has hardly ever seen it. In case it existed, a producer would sell their products at a price they want and customers would have no choice but buy these products. Such a product is air, that’s why it's perfect that no one is able to be totally in charge of it.
In case the demand for a product is changing more than proportionally under rising and falling prices, then this product may be called elastic. On the contrary, in case the demand for a product remains steady under the price movements, this product can be regarded as inelastic.
There are several inelastic products, such as petrol, Apples, tap water, etc. No matter how much the price will rise, the level of demand remains the same as people can’t cease to buy these products. Petrol doesn’t have many alternatives since car owners aren’t able to give it up. Apple is a widely known and famous brand, thus, numerous people buy its devices despite the increasing price. Tap water, in its turn, is a necessity as well since it surely has alternatives, but the service is highly comfortable, that’s why it’s difficult to refuse to use it. For this reason tap water is under government control.
On the other hand, there are elastic products, which are soft drinks, cereals, clothing, cars, etc. Generally, elastic products either aren’t necessities or have many other alternatives, that’s why when increasing price consumers either cease to buy it or search for a similar product with adequate price.
Elasticity kinds
Elasticity of demand. There are several factors that affect the quantity demanded. It’s income, preferences, price. Every time the factors change, it brings about changes in the goods quantity demanded as well. There is also the measure called price elasticity of demand, which reflects changes in the quantity demanded that happened because of price movements.
Income Elasticity. This kind means the changes happening in the quantity demanded for a particular product because of the real income of a regular customer has also changed. In order to calculate income elasticity demand you need to divide the percent change in quantity demanded by the percentage change in income. This measure is used to distinguish necessity and luxury goods.
Cross Elasticity. This concept is also known as a cross-price elasticity of demand, it estimates the quality of reacting in the quantity demanded of a one product under conditions in which the price of another product moves. You may calculate very easily, divide the percentage change in the quantity demanded of one product by the percentage change in the price of the other product.
Price Elasticity of supply. This measure estimates the quality of reacting to the supply of a product as soon as its market price moves. The theory says at the time the price increases the supply of a product increases as well. The same mechanism with decreasing price, at the moment the price falls, the supply of a product falls as well.
What influences on demand Elasticity
Among all factors that influence demand elasticity there are three distinguished ones:
Availability of Substitutes. As a rule, if there are many substitute goods, the demand is rather more elastic. Substitute goods are products that can be used instead of another similar product. The most famous example of substitute goods is butter and margarine. If butter’s price is increasing, people who use butter for cooking and baking may replace it with a cheaper margarine.
Another example is lattes and cappuccinos. Both of them are made of espresso and steamed milk, that’s why they can be easily replaced. At the same time, there are few substitute goods for caffeine. Moreover, not all people are ready to meet mornings without a dose of energy, thus, caffeine may be regarded as an inelastic good. That’s why a particular good may be replaced with a similar one and called elastic, while the industry itself is prone to be inelastic.
Necessity. As it was mentioned in the above paragraphs, in case people need a good for comfort or survival, it will be bought no matter how high the price is. For example, people with diabetes aren’t able to maintain life on a decent level without insulin, it's a life-saving medication, thus, even if the price goes higher, the demand for it won’t fall.
Time. If we take the caffeine example and look at it from the other side, we may figure out how time affects it. For example, a person takes a cup of americano every morning, even if the price rises, this person isn’t able to resist the desire to satisfy himself or herself and buys coffee no matter what, in this case caffeine price is inelastic. Nevertheless, in case this person decides to give up coffee since the caffeine price significantly has increased, eventually the price becomes elastic.
How elasticity helps in business
Awareness of elasticity of a good or service may be exceedingly useful for business and specifically for companies since those with high elasticity may be naturally involved in the price competition and in order to stay solvent companies should have high sales volume. At the same time, companies that are inelastic may enjoy the opportunity of setting prices as high as they can.
The elasticity influences not only on prices, but on customer retention rates as well. Companies usually tend to sell products with inelastic demand in order to keep their customers and maintain their interest in the company’s production. Thus, even if the price increases, customers still prefer a particular company to others.
Real-world example
There is a remarkable example of elasticity, which occurred during the COVID-19 outbreak. Normally, the gas industry is inelastic. However, during the earliest stages of the pandemic, especially during March and April global demand for oil dramatically fell with rising supply and lack of storage space. | https://marketcheese.com/help/article/elasticity |
Before answering how elasticity affects total revenue, you need to recall the following concepts in economics:
- Own-price elasticity of demand. It measures the responsiveness of changes in quantity demanded when prices change. Demand is price elastic when the quantity demanded changes with a percentage higher than the price change. The opposite is price inelastic.
- Law of demand. The price and the quantity demanded have an inverse relationship. When the price goes up, the quantity demanded goes down. In contrast, when prices fall, the quantity demanded rises.
- Total revenue. It is a function of volume and price. You can calculate this by multiplying the price by the quantity sold.
Why elasticity affects total revenue
Knowing the own-price elasticity of demand is essential, especially in pricing strategies.
Companies need to know whether a small increase will cause a decrease in sales. If yes, how significant is the impact of the decline in sales? Is it higher than the price increase?
According to the law of demand, when a company raises prices, it decreases the quantity demanded. So, the effect on total revenue depends on which is more significant, rising prices or falling demand?
How sensitive the quantity of demand decreases when companies increase prices? That is what we call the price elasticity of demand.
So, when raising prices, companies need to analyze the elasticity. When demand is inelastic, the percentage increase in price is higher than the percentage decrease in quantity demanded. The total revenue will increase.
Extreme cases are perfectly inelastic. In this situation, the quantity demanded unchanged, even when prices rise sharply. Thus, companies can generate high revenue. Is this possible?
Some products are close to perfect elasticity. Usually, these products have no substitutes and are necessities. An example is a medicine. You are not likely to replace cancer drugs with heartburn medicine. Or, when your doctor prescribes cancer drugs, you would not replace them with drugs recommended by your colleague’s doctor.
Next, when demand is elastic, total revenue will decrease if the company raises its prices. Elastic means the percentage increase in price is lower than the percentage decrease in quantity demanded.
Extreme cases are perfectly elastic. The demand quantity is to zero when the company raises prices as customers switch to cheaper alternative products. This situation occurs in perfect competition.
The lastest is unitary elastic. The percentage increase in price is equal to the percentage decrease in demand. As a result, total revenue unchanged.
The figure below shows the relationship between elasticity and total income.
See, to increase revenue, companies should:
- Raise prices when demand is inelastic. The percentage increase in price will be higher than the decrease in quantity. For example, when the price rises from $ 1.5 to $ 3, the quantity demanded decreases from 7 units to 5 units. Total revenue still rose from $ 10.5 to $ 15. | https://penpoin.com/how-elasticity-affects-total-revenue/ |
What is the Economy?
total OUTPUT of a ntion and the way the nation ALLOCATES its limited resources of land, labor, and capital in an attempt to maximize production levels and promote trade and growth for future generations
What are Key Concepts in Energy Economics?
Supply & Demand
= how much of a product will a consumer buy and how much will the producer produce?
Elasticity vs. Inelastic Demand
= how flexible is the price of a product before demand will change?
Economy
= how will the production and consumption of a product effect the overall income of a country?
What is the Law of Demand and Supply?
Demand Curve
= HIGHER the price, LOWER the quantity demanded
- quantity demand is low b/c price is high
- quantitiy demand is high b/c price is low
- xaxis = quantity, y-axis = price; downward slope
What is the Supply Curve? Equilibrium?
Supply Curve
= HIGHER the price, HIGHER the quantity supplied
- upward slope
Equilibrium
= when supply and demad are equal
What are Movements and Shifts in the Law of Demand and Supply?
Movements
= changes in quantity due to price change or vice versa (downward)
Shifts
= changes in quantity and/or price due to changes in some other facor (preferences, taxes, price of other goods) (upward)
What are Marginal Costs and Externalities?
Marginal Costs
= cost of producing an additional unit of a product over the average cost
Externalities
= full cost or benefit of consuming and producing a product not calculated in price
Marginal social cost = private + external marginal cost
What is Elasticity? (2nd major economic concept)
the degree that a demand supply curve reacts to a change in price
Elasticity = (% change in quantity/ % change in price)
Inelastic
= SMALL change in demand = essential goods - change in price
Elastic
= LARGE change in demand = non-essential - change in price
What Factors affect Elasticity?
1)
Availability of Substitutes
-
if price of coffee goes up, people will move to tea; this makes coffee elastic, but caffeine industry is inelastic
2) Amount of Income
- if price goes up, but income does not, there will be elastic change in demand
3) Time
- if price goes up, demand may not change immediately for an elastic good but it could eventually
What is 3rd major economic concept? and Describe it.
National Economy
-
Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) determined by:
1) Product method - all goods and services traded in a year
2) Income Method - everyone's annual income added together
3) Expenditure Method - total value of all sales in one year
Describe the Demand and Supply of Oil in the U.S.
Demand for oil is
INELASTIC
True or False: Crude Oil Prices are linked to Global and US economy.
True
False
TRUE!
When you buy gas, where does your money go? least to most?
Distribution & marketing (8%), Taxes (13%), Refining [diesel more expensive than regular gasoline] (14%), Crude Oil (65%)
- station Markup can also influence final price!!!!
What are some bad side effects of externalities of Fossil fuels?
Production Externalities:
1) spills
2) governance
3) security
Comubstion Externalities:
- US greenhouse gas emissions
-China has most CO2 emissions & 2nd highest GDP
** thre is NO PRICE on externalities
What are the Estimated Costs of these Externalities?
1) Air pollution damages (excl. climate and mercury)
2) Security Costs (military, coast guard, SPR)
3) Climate Change Costs
What are optimal fossil fuel pricing KWh from coal? KWh from natural gas? gallon of gasoline?
coal = 25 cent tax
natural gas = 10 cent tax
gasoline = 60 cent tax
* this ignores subsidies in tax code for fossil fuel discovery and production
What Role of subsidies for alternative fuel development?
2 RATIONALES
1) put on even playing field since fossil fuels underpriced from social perspective
2) Infant Industries
What are some externalities of alternative fuels?
1) fuel for food = deforestation in Indonesia due to EU policy; corn ethanol as much climate forcing as gasoline due to energy conversion requirements
2) Biodiversity/ Habitat = bird kills from windmills; altered land use patterns due to ponds or soar arrays
3) Noxious Emissions
What are some economist's perspectives?
1) prefer PIGOUVIAN TAX on all fuels to reflect external damages since fuel agnostic
2) Cap-and-Trade second best in this case b/c fixes quantity of fuel but not price
- not guaranteed to get price = externality
What are 1st generation Biofuels? | https://freezingblue.com/flashcards/84977/preview/biofuels2 |
Essay text:
Economists frequently measure elasticity because they want to compare markets such as apples to oranges and it does not matter how price or quantity is measured, thus elasticity is a unit-free measurement. It allows economists to quantify the differences among markets without standardizing units of measurement...
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Demand elasticity is the degree to which a change in price effects changes in demand and supply elasticity is when supplies of an item go up the price comes down and vice versa if price goes up supply goes down. Within each type of elasticity we can have price and income elasticities. Price elasticities occur when either the quantity of an item demanded or supplied is responsive to a change in price...
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Elasticity is a term that was initially developed by known economic scholar called Alfred Marshall, and has been since used in measuring the relationship that exists between product price and its quantity demanded. It typically followed the law of demand that states that the lower the price of goods and services, the higher the quantity that will be demanded of such goods and services i.e. it primarily explains only the actual directions of changes in the demand for the commodity, but not really explaining the extent of that change. A further development on these lapses led to the concept of elasticity of demands.
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In practical term, elasticity means the act of responsiveness. Meanwhile, elasticity of demand has been theoretically defined as the responsiveness of the actual quantity demanded of a product to the change in its actual price. E.K. Estham argued further that elasticity of demand could be defined as the measure of the degree of responsiveness of the quantity demanded to any small change in its price.
This measure of the degree of responsiveness of the actual quantity demanded of a product to any changes in its price can be calculated with the use of the formula below:
A good diagram to represent the established downward sloping curve of elasticity of demand could be seen as the incremental changes that are caused in the quantity that is demanded along the x axis, notably going in the opposite directions that are relative to these changes in the commodity price along the y axis. Below is figure 1 that aptly depicts the degree of responsiveness of demand due to changes in prices of the commodity:
Thus, vivid observations of the above elasticity of demand complement the simple mathematical presentations of the elasticity of demand as presented above. Notably, the elasticity of demand is commonly expressed as “Ed”. Diagram 1 above indicates that depending on the actual responsiveness to any changes in prices of commodity, elasticity of demand could be either elastic or inelastic as seen described through the angles of the above demand curves. Importantly, economist have argued that the flatter these curves, the more elastic is the price of the commodity, meanwhile steeper curves will mean the more the price is inelastic.
2.2: Factors that determine elasticity of demand
Below are the important factors that directly or indirectly influence the degree of demand to any small change in price:
1. Nature of the commodity
Elasticity has been argued has primarily depending on if the actual commodity to be demanded is a basic necessity, a comfort or a luxury. This is because goods that fall under the basic necessities of life have been categorized as having inelastic demand, while those comforts and luxuries goods are categorized under the elastic demand.
2. Availability of the substitutes of goods or services
Goods or services with available substitutes have been theoretically and practically argued and established as having elastic demand and those goods and services that are without available substitutes normally have inelastic demand. Good examples of these goods are coffee and tea that serve as substitutes to each other. They are substitutes because a change in the price of tea might make people to switch over to buying coffee. Alternatively, an increase in the price of coffee may also make people shift to buying tea. But a good example of inelastic good is salt because it has no substitute.
3. Uses and/or applications of the goods or services
The usage of goods or services may affect its elasticity either elastic or inelastic. Good example is electricity, any decrease in its price will eventually led to consumers ability to make more use and further establishing electricity as having elastic demand curve.
4. Consumers’ proportion of the income that is spent on the commodity
Practically we have noticed that the consumers can spend only a very small percentage of its income in buying such goods. Good example is salt and matches that normally take a very small percentage of consumers’ income, making them having inelastic demand curve.
5. The prices of goods
Generally speaking, cheap goods and services normally have inelastic demand curve, while the expensive goods normally have elastic demand curve.
6. Income of the consumers
Scholarly arguments have shown that the rich or high income earners normally have inelastic demand curves for their goods and services, while the poor or lower income earners normally have elastic demand curve. This is because he rich and high income earners will buy the goods and services at every levels of its prices, whereas the poor or lower income earners tends to change along the quantity of their consumptions due to changes in price.
7. Time period
Evidence has shown that elasticity of demand would better occur in the long run production of the goods or services than at the short run. This is primarily because in the long run production and supply processes, the consumers could adjust to their individual demands by switching or trying cheaper substitutes. Industry evidence has shown that productions of the cheaper substitutes are only possible only at the long run operational processes.
8. Income and Wealth Distribution in the society
The presence of unequal distributions of the national income would the demand for the goods and services to be relatively inelastic. Most advance countries that allow even distributions of their income and wealth will make possible elastic demand for its commodity.
2.3: Differences between price elasticity, income elasticity and cross elasticity of demand
Below are the three types of elasticity:-
Price elasticity
Income elasticity is further divided into 3 i.e. Zero income elasticity of demand, Negative income elasticity of demand and Positive income elasticity of demand.
Cross elasticity
1. Price Elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of demand has been defined as the actual degree of responsiveness of the quantity that is demanded of a good or services in response to the changes in its actual price i.e. price elasticity of demand primarily measures how much of a change in actual price of any good that affects the demand for these goods or services, leaving all other factors to be constant. To calculate price elasticity, there is need to divide the proportionate of change in the quantity that is demanded by the proportion of change in the price.
EP= Percentage change in the quantity demanded
Percentage change in the price
2. Income elasticity
Income elasticity of demand has been argued as measuring how much of a change in consumers’ income that affects the demand for such goods or services if its price and all other factors remained constant. Below is the formula for calculating income elasticity of demand:
EY= Percentage change in the quantity demanded
Percentage change in the income
As divided into three, Zero income elasticity shows that a change in the consumers’ income will have no significant effect on the quantity that is demanded of such goods. Good examples are salts, matches and cigarettes. Next is negative income elasticity that shows that an increase in the incomes of consumers will lead to the decrease in the quantity that is demanded of such goods. This situation mostly occurs in inferior goods. Last is positive income elasticity that means an increase in the incomes of consumers will lead to the increase in quantity that is demanded of such goods.
3. Cross elasticity
Cross elasticity of demand measures the actual change in the demand for commodity A due to the change in the price of commodity B.
ED= Percentage change in the quantity that is demanded of commodity A
Percentage change in the price of commodity B
The above formula indicates that if the goods or services that have substitutes and cross elasticity are positive i.e. as above any increase in price of commodity X will finally result in the increase in sales of commodity Y.
2.4: Importance Elasticity of Demand to businessmen.
As evident above, the concept of elasticity of demand has been playing a vital role in the decision making processes of the business world, especially as it relate to fixing commodity prices with the aim of making larger profits. Good example is if the cost of production tends to be increasing the company will want to pass this rising cost to the consumers through raising the price of the commodity. Practical examples have also shown that some companies do change their commodity price even without any visible change in the actual cost of their productions. But practically, whether the raising price is following any rise in the cost of production or otherwise has proved to be beneficial depends on the following situations:
The actual price elasticity of the demand for such goods or ser product, i.e. the percentage change is subject to how high or low the proportionate changes in its actual demand relate to the percentage change in commodity price.
The price elasticity of the demand is also very relevant for business in determining the value of their substitute, this is because when the commodity price increases the actual demand for the product substitutes also increases automatically even if the products prices generally remained unchanged.
Businessmen are also able to know that increasing the price of their goods would only be beneficial if:
The demand for their products is less elastic
The demand for their product’s substitutes is also much less elastic.
Finally, the usefulness of elasticity of demand also stands in its ability established the required quantitative relationships that exist between the quantity demanded of a product and its price or any other determinants of demand.
Question 4: Discuss some of the characteristics of the Malaysian economy. Discuss some of its weaknesses and suggest some appropriate policy proposals to strengthen the economy in order to enable it to become a developed economy by 2020.
Solution to Question 4:
4.1: Characteristics of the Malaysian economy.
Malaysia is one of the countries located in the Southeastern Asia. The capital is called Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia comprised of two parts, one part is the Peninsular Malaysia and while the other is the East Malaysia which is called Malaysian Borneo. The Peninsular part has 11 states while the East Malaysia comprises of 2 states. Malaysian economy system is an open economy system; the economic involves domestic community and the international community. More so the economy is a state oriented market economy. The country has a fast growing economy. The economy was ranked 3rd largest among the south East Asian countries in 2007. Where Malaysia suited is a great advantage for its foreign trade.
Malaysia GDP
The Gross Domestic Product of Malaysia depends solely on its agricultural, manufacturing industries and the service sectors. The agricultural sector contributed 9.7 % to the country GDP in 2007. Also in the area of manufacturing industries it contributed 44.6% to the country and t of service sector contributed 45.7 % as well to the GDP. For the PPP (Purchasing Power Parity), the country is ranked 29th in the world. They have GDP growth rate of 20 % and it was realized towards the end of 20th century. In 2009 GDP of Malaysia was estimated US$ 207,400 billion PPP was calculated to be $ 3.9 billion.
Malaysia Natural Resources
Malaysia is rich natural resource, like agriculture, minerals and forestry. Most agricultural plant resources of Malaysia are rubber, pine apple, palm oil tobacco etc. The country’s economy In the area of Forestry, the loggings contributed a larger amount to the country’s economy. More so, in the plantation area is timber, rubber plant and palm tree. When we talk of minerals resources, Malaysia is a rich deposit of minerals like tin and petroleum.
Sectors of Malaysia Economy
Malaysian Industries
Mining Industry: Malaysian Economy
Malaysia mining industry has contributed a lot to the economy through the export of mine products. The most important ones are oil, gas and tin. Malaysia was ranked has the world’s largest producer of tin in 1980. The sea transportation was easy because the mine is located in location of the mines in the peninsular Malaysia. Crude oil production and natural gas has increased to a higher level over the last few years. In 1999, the overall production of petroleum reached 693,000 barrels. Production of liquefied natural gas was estimated to be 3.8 billion cubic feet. There are major oil refiners in Malaysia
Manufacturing Industry : Malaysian Economy
In Malaysia there are many developed manufacturing industries. The manufacturing industries of Malaysia are, electronics manufacturing industries, furniture manufacturing industries and Food processing industries etc. In the sector of manufacturing, the country is ranked in the 23rd position in the world countries.
Malaysian Services
Malaysian Tourism: Malaysian Economy
Malaysia in the sector of tourism was ranking the 9th position in the world. The common tourism locations in Malaysia are Kuala Lumpur, Sabah, Perlis, Malacca, Terengganu etc
Banking and Finance:
The bank Negara Malaysia is in charge of finance sector. Master Plan was introduced in 2001 after the 1999 financial crisis and this gave more room for to Islamic banking. May Bank is said to be the largest bank in Asia Pacific that practice Islamic Banking. However Malaysian government plan to give licensure to more sectors by the end of 2010 to improve the opportunities of Islamic Banking.
4.2: Some Weaknesses in Malaysian economy.
4.2.1: Political Weakness
In Malaysia Malay half of the population holds the constitutionally position in society, and this a kind of discrimination among the three race, this is not only in jobs but in wealth as well. Controversial Internal Security Act (ISA), give room for detention without trial, has been abuse by the government on many occasions with intention of quelling unrest. More so, some of the detentions government used it to oppress the government opposition.
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BMI Political Risk Ratings
The Malaysia’s short-term political risk rating (STPR) of 80.2 shows higher compared to other regional country like Indonesia, Philippines and Thailand. As the opposition to Pakatan Rakyat always challenges the BN coalition being witnessed in the defeat of the 2010 budget bill in parliament in 2009, the people thought that general political stability will be maintained. However, it is encourage that Malaysia was able to maintain a peaceful political environment, but this all depend on Prime Minister Najib Razak’s his straight to encourage unity in the nation with diverse ethnicity and faiths.
4.2.2: Economic Weakness
Malaysia’s is becoming importer of oil in the next few years, Malaysia Economic openness will be as much of a burden as a benefit, because of it confirmations of a high level of vulnerability to global growth and capital flows. The taxes collected on oil contribute over 40% of the state’s revenues despite the fact that it was expected to become a net oil importer by the beginning of 2011. Because the government had difficult in having alternative income, this will make hard for the government’s function perfectly and maintain economic development, which is potentially leading to stagnate economy.
BMI Economic Risk Ratings
In the previous quarterly report Malaysia’s STER rating has being declining to be 73.5. And still Malaysia is still in the respectable ‘V-shaped’ recovery of 4.1% now the 2009.The actual GDP growth is1.7%), never the less Malaysia is exposed to a Chinese double-dip slowdown, most especially if Beijing was unable to diffuse the satisfactorily recent property bubble in the near future. Malaysia in addition, has a huge fiscal deficit that is over 7% of GDP in the year 2009 and this has bring the LTER rating down to 72.6.
4.2.3: Business Environment Weakness
The country will keep price subsidization will a peripheral and it has become part of the economy system or economy life of Malaysia. Some of the big construction project and contract for foreign firm are all under the domain of formal Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamed so they are not directly connected to the government. In order words engaging in businesses in the country will always mean doing businesses with the politically connected people.
BMI Business Environment Risk Ratings
Furthermore, in (BER) Business Environment Rating Malaysia scores over average which is 63.4 but the score was dragged down because of the comparatively low score of 55.3 for the Infrastructure subcomponent like public transportation, mean while, in 2009 a reduction in the amount of red tape boosted the Institutions subcomponent to a score of 66.9 from 59.4.
4.3: Some policy proposals to strengthen Malaysian economy.
There is a recommendation policy which must be followed accompanied with this, is other improvements in the economy.
Firstly there should be huge notification should be on diversification. Most of the Malaysia’s export markets focused on technology sector and electronics which are vulnerable to global slumps in demand, mostly the US, the US are major exporter of Malaysian goods. Opening trade of a country economy is an important factor to decide a kind of exchange rate system that is desirable. If any country relies on trade, the fixed exchange rates provide stability in the market economy. Anyway, when having the exchange rate fixed does not mean the economy will remain competitive in foreign trade when some other countries are faced with inflation. Never the less it resulted to the second element, the inflation rates.
The inflation rate of the trade partner is relevant factor so as the inflation of domestic inflation with the fixed rate; in order words the approach is not straightforward. So it is better for the country to remain with the fixed rate to avoid inflation tendency in the economy. Another recommendation is labor market flexibility which is used to determine which exchange is better in a given period of time. In this respect if there is flexibility in the labor market, the fixed exchange system work better. There must be flexible labor market and flexible exchange rate in order to avoid unemployment because of the output shock.
Further more, the degree of financial development of the country is important. So when a country seems to be financially underdeveloped, fixed exchange rate is better to avoid urge effects of foreign speculation.
Lastly is how to decide on which exchange rate system is better, and the mobility of capital. Mean while, it is better for exchange rate to be flexible when the capital mobility is high. Observation, Malaysia’s decision in pegging its currency to the dollar seems adequate. With solid financial institutions and credible policymakers, it would be adequate, as well transforming to a flexible exchange rate system.
Concludsivly, easing the changing’s Malaysia will have to persistently implement consistent macroeconomic policies so as to maintain financial stability and sustainable fiscal and external positions.
Question 7: Elaborate what you understand by deficit financing. What are its limitation as an instrument of economic development. Assuming that you are the economic advisor to the prime minister and he/she ask for your recommendations to eliminate a federal deficit, what would you recommend?
Solution to Question 7:
7.1: Elaborate what you understand by deficit financing.
What do we mean by deficit financing this is a strategy or ways to management of money which when spending is more than collected at the same period of time. In order words this is referred to budget deficit, this approach is used in business that is small, household budgets, in corporations and also in, governments sector mostly in all the level. If deficit financing is used in the right way it will help to launch a chain of the event and this will help in financing situation instead of any debt may cause problem or difficult to pay. Mostly common or know example of government deficit financing is how the government stimulate the economy of that country or nation to put a stop to any recession that country is facing. The government has a set aside a plan which will involved using borrow resource’s to purchase, the government can use different strategy like increasing demand output for product in all business sector of that nation. It also helps in the motivation of many business in order for them to hire more employees and it will reduced the level of unemployment in the country during the period of recession. Further more, the consumer confidence and trust will be restored in the market place because of the safe transformation, and these make it safe for the buyer to buy more goods and services. If the economy of a country in closely looked into and the deficit financing is carefully monitored, it will bring back economy stability in the country over short period of time like few month or few years.
Deficit spending in economic does not only occurred in the government sector only but also in all business as well A company may plan to spend a certain amount of money as a kind of upfront thinking that they will be able to generate the fund back for investment .An investor or company owner may decide to buy a new machine for the company production with the hope that a new machine will hasten and make the production of goods in a less period of time with larger unit of goods, and with less cost. This kind of idea or strategy in business help the business to flourish and the manufacturer will be able to pay off his debt and have budget surplus instead of deficit, the owner of the business will be debt free and enjoy the surplus.
7.2: The limitations of Deficit financing being an instrument of economic development.
In any given economy, the government normally embarked many projects that assisted it in generating the desired economy outputs both in investment and other capital projects. If the government prints more money out it will cause inflation in that economy and this situation usually affected the poor people in that society. The rich will be richer and the poor will be poorer. The buyer straight will be reducing to greater level and the businessmen profit margin will increase. In any society there is always the people that have and those who do not have so any increase made in price domestic’s goods leads to importation of cheap goods and the domestic goods high price will reduced the export. This in turn leads to adverse in balance of payments. Never the less this will affect the cost of the production because the raw material used in process of production has being increased, so the goods will be increased as well, perhaps it will definitely reflect on foreign investment, it will be less attracted by other country. Good example is figure 3 below that aptly depict government spending in OECD countries:
Source: OECD (2010).
Listed below are the disadvantages of deficit financing and some other cogent reasons to be alert about a National debt.
The interest Payment
In a society people do not lend to the government with the charity. Government must pay interest on every debt they are involved in just like any one in the society, it was recorded that last year government spent the sum of £31 billon on interest payments alone. Looking at this in a perspective manner it will equate to 15 p on income tax. This amount is more than what UK spends on National Defense. The government borrowing for the year 2007/08 going to be £42 billion same amount the government pays in interest.
The Crowding Out effects
The government debt always affect the private sector because they sell bond to the private sector in order for the government to borrow money and this in turn lead to less private investment because the government has bombard them with the bonds. Also the private spending is more efficient than the government level of spending because the government result to inefficient spending .this is what we called crowing out, the private investor is crowded out with government bonds because the government needs to borrow
The financial crowding out
The financial crowding out is when the government want to borrow large sum of money and they tried to increase the interest rate on bonds in order to attract many lender. The bonds rate is increased this will definitely put pressure on the interest rate generally, in order words this increase in the interest rate will affect the economy of that country because people will reduced their way of spending, investment level will be low and later run the economy growth will be low.
The tax rises for the future.
The tax rises for the future look into how the public sector debt is being paid. Any increasing public sector debts indicated that the future taxpayer will be the one to bear the burden by paying the bill. No matter the situation of the public sector debt reduced or not, the future taxpayer will be the one to pay the interest on the debts. Further this will a problem because, has it was mentioned above, changing of demographics show that government finances is usually placed under pressure, though without borrowing from at that moment of time.
Limits Fiscal Policy
In a normal situation the government should be able expand the fiscal policy in a situation where the economy is facing problem or recession. When a government has urge public debt they tried to reduced the scope by lowering tax in order to enhance demand. Then government must increase taxes and cut their spending in order to meet up with the budget .this is advisable because of the existing problems in the market economy.
7.3: Suggested recommendations to eliminate a federal deficit
In summary, I like to recommend these three-step formulas for prosperity:
1) Elimination of federal taxes.
It will good to cancel government taxes because when the citizen gives money to the government is just like “throwing coals to Newcastle.” Government is the maker of money, they are the producer that has no limitation to their production. . When the citizen sends taxes to the government, they just used it to pay debt. When you send your tax money to the government, the government simply uses it to pay down debt. When paying down debt it destroys the economy money in a given society. In order words taxes damaged money in the society.
More so, the federal tax system is a waste of resources, it will be good if the government can spend the billions of dollars spent on compliance on production of useful goods for citizen and this will ease the problem of the economy and the people.
The first suggested tax that should be eliminated is; the Medicare taxes and Social Security taxes. These will be politically popular; also regressive taxes directly impact businesses on low and the middle income people. That politician that ends FICA will becomes a hero.
This will give federal government the opportunity to create money to support retirement and health care sector.
2) Elimination of federal borrowing.
Government being a producer of money, an established government will not need to borrow money. These are inefficient; they are harmful, the exercise which provides no economic benefit. The Federal government borrowing provides semantic impression that government is in debt, and people it find repugnant.
If there no borrowing; there would not be debt.
3) Establishing a national, money-supply goal.
It is good to organize a congress, a congress that will look into the checking account called money created,” They will add money to this account when needed. They will write checks and make a kind of transfers from the Money Created account in payment for all goods and services.
This will be the suggested system for federal money creation in our economy. The congress will be the one to determine on how much money to be added to the Money Created account, however giving Congress power over money creation. Thus, the Federal will continue to control the interest rates and inflation.
The congress will spend what is necessary on retirement, the military health care, crime prevention, education, the infrastructure, and other national needs.
The country will be free the tyranny of semantics and the problem of federal debt. This society prosper has rapid growth in their economy.
Question 8: What are the constraints normally countries face in achieving a sustainable economic growth. What are the merits and demerits of attempting to achieve a faster growth rate in this country.
Solution to Question 8:
8.1: Constraints facing the achievement of a sustainable economic growth.
As evident in existing literatures that ‘sustainable’ literally means ability of a system to endure and ‘last long. So, sustainable economic growth means an economic development that is able to last longer! According to late David Pearce who happen to be one of the best environmental economists in his generation, states that sustainable economic growth primarily indicates that each of the generation should be able to pass on much of its capital as inheritance to its coming generations, under this Pearce approach he defined capital as including physical capital like machineries and infrastructures, also intellectual capitals like knowledge and technology and lastly environmental capitals like environmental qualities and stocks of the natural resources.
This sustainable growth is what the world is witnessing from the groups of emerging economies have been trying all within them to continue to excel, particularly China and India that have remained as major drivers of the recent global expansions.
But, evidence has shown that while the recent global growth outlook seems more positive, I will like to use this opportunity to mention that there are major four constraints which could threaten the sustainable growth of any country, i.e.:
The prices of Oil – the unpredictable increase in the prices of oil by producing countries have always been tried to remedy by both the OECD and its other sister organizations such as International Energy Agency all working very add to help many countries in addressing their short and long-term growth challenges as a result of sudden increase in energy prices, problems or fluctuations in security of supply and other alternative sources. If not properly curtailed globally, fluctuations in oil prices could significantly impede economic growth of countries. | http://economicsessays.com/factors-that-determine-elasticity-of-demand-economics-essay-2/ |
A. Price elasticity of demand Types Elastic demand (Ed > 1) • % change in quantity demanded > % change in price Inelastic demand (Ed < 1) • % change in quantity demanded < % change in price Unitary elastic demand (Ed = 1) • % change in quantity demanded = % change in price • The demand curve is a rectangular hyperbola. Perfectly inelastic demand (Ed = 0) • The quantity demanded is... Elasticity of demand refers to price elasticity of demand. It is the degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded of a commodity due to change in price, other things remaining the same.
The goods between which cross elasticity of demand is positive are known as substitute goods and the goods between which cross elasticity of demand is negative are complementary goods. Besides, classification of various types or market structures is made on the basis of cross elasticity of demand.
Price/demand elasticity for common products is generally high. Price/demand elasticity where the good has only a single source or a very limited number of sources is typically low. External situations may create rapid changes in the price elasticity of demand for almost any product with low elasticity. | http://wolfpackcc.com/western-australia/types-of-elasticity-of-demand-pdf.php |
The essay sample on Demand And Supply Analysis dwells on its problems, providing shortened but comprehensive overview of basic facts and arguments related to it. To read the essay, scroll down.
INTRODUCTION: India is going through a telecom revolution, especially in the wireless telephony segment. The adoption of mobile telephony remains unparalled in scope, as users from diverse segments increasingly choose to exercise the option of personal mobility. On an average the user base has been adding 4-5 million subscribers per month. The Mobile subscriber base is growing at a scorching pace in India and it is the “fastest growing mobile market in the world”. The Wireless subscribers have reached to 261. 07 million as on 31st March 2008.
The penetration level of mobile services is still below 30% in India, hence there is a huge potential for growth in this segment. But the scenario is different in the other countries since their markets are already saturated. This is the reason why global telecom giants are looking towards us. In India, the major players in the market are Bharti-Airtel, Reliance Communications, Vodafone, BSNL, Idea Cellular & Tata teleservices. Apart from them there are other small players like Aircel, Spice, BPL,MTNL, HFCL, Shyam Telelink to name a few.
The market share currently enjoyed by the operators is represented in the below figures. Operator-wise Market Share of GSM Operator-wise Market Share of CDMA service providers as on 31st March 2008 service providers on 31st March 2008 The success of the market can be gauged from the fact that mobile user base has surpassed the PC user base in India and very soon the Indian market will have more mobile users than TV viewers. The growing intensity of competition has led to more services for the end user at lower prices.
What Is Demand And Supply Analysis
This has had an effect of stimulating demand and thus increasing the category adoption rate. As more users have been added to the subscriber base, it has led to a further downward pressure on operator costs. This has led to further cost benefits to the end user, fuelling further growth in the subscriber base. Demand Analysis: The law of demand states that, if all other factors remain equal, the higher the price of a good, the less people will demand that good. In other words, the higher the price, the lower the quantity demanded. Ideally a demand curve is a downward sloping curve as shown below.
This applies directly to mobile services. Few years back the line, the cost of mobile services is high, hence the demand is very low. Once the price came down the demand for mobile services has increased substantially. The table below gives the number of mobile subscribers (Quantity) and the average price variation on yearly basis starting from 1997. Year Quantity(Q)Price(P) 19970. 346 19980. 885. 5 19991. 25 20001. 884. 5 20013. 584 20026. 433. 5 200312. 693 200433. 62. 5 200552. 212 200693. 041. 5 2007165. 111 2008261. 070. 8 Quantity : Subscriber base in Millions.
Price : Cost per minute in Rupees. If we plot the above data taking quantity on X-axis and price on Y-axis, the demand curve can be plotted as shown below: Shift in Demand Curve: A shift in a demand or supply curve occurs when a good’s quantity demanded or supplied changes even though price remains the same. For instance, if the price per minute Rs. 2 and the quantity of beer demanded increased from Q1 to Q2, then there would be a shift in the demand for mobile services. Shifts in the demand curve imply that the original demand relationship has changed, eaning that quantity demand is affected by a factor other than price. In an ideal situation the shift in the curve will be represented as shown above. The demand for mobile services is not only dependent on the price. There will be situations where the price remains constant but the demand goes up. The major factors affecting this shift in demand for mobile services are income level & population of the country. The rising income level of middle class society is driving the growth of the mobile services in India. Shift in Demand Curve years back mobile was a luxury but now mobile is a necessity. The demand shift for the mobile services at a constant price is shown as above as per the available data. Supply: Supply is a relation between the various prices of a good and the quantity supplied by sellers of it per time period. As far as mobile services in India are concerned, determining the supply is not practically possible. The competition among the mobile service operators is resulting in lower tariffs rather than other factors. Currently Indian telecom companies offers the lowest mobile call charges in the world.
Since the mobile operators are having enough bandwith available with them to cope with the increase in demand in the coming years, the shortage of the supply has not arised as such. Only exception in this case is BSNL –Cellone, where the increase in capacity has been delayed due to improper government decisions. Elasticity: The degree to which a demand or supply curve reacts to a change in price is the curve’s elasticity. To ascertain whether the mobile services in India are relatively elastic or inelastic lets see the see the following example.
A couple of months back, Airtel (India’s largest mobile operator) has slashed the long distance call charges from Rs. 2. 65 to 1. 50. Since the prices were slashed by 40%, the people started talking more on their mobile phones, this resulted in a very huge surge in mobile traffic throughout India. As per the statistics, the peak hour traffic increased to a whooping 80%. Since a small change in price is resulting in a huge change in the quantity demanded, we can say that mobile services in India have a relatively elastic demand. Price in Rs. Quantity in Mill minutes 2. 65100 . 5180 Relatively Elastic demand for mobile services. Effect of Tax on mobile services: Mobile services are subject to indirect taxation imposed by the government. Here we consider the effects of indirect taxes on a producers costs and the importance of price elasticity of demand in determining the effects of a tax on market price and quantity. As mobile services in India are relatively elastic, the service providers have to absorb the tax imposed on them. The demand curve is drawn as price elastic. The mobile service provider must absorb the majority of the tax himself.
When demand is elastic, the effect of a tax is still to raise the price – but we see a bigger fall in equilibrium quantity. Output has fallen from Q1 to Q2 due to a contraction in demand. Comparison of Mobile services in India and US: In United States, the mobile service market is relatively inelastic. Since the markets are already saturated, for any price change there is little scope for any drastic changes in the demand for mobile services. (a) In United States (b) In India Joint Demand:
Joint demand says if the quantity demanded for one product increases the demand for another product also increases. The Concept of joint demand is applicable to mobile service industry and the mobile handset manufacturing industry. In the financial year 2006-07, there were 72. 04 million new customer additions, this led to total sales of 66 million handsets. The same is the case in the next financial year 2007-08, where a 33% increase in subscriber base has led to a 28% increase in the mobile handset business. YearHandsets sold*No. f new users* 2006-076672. 04 2007-088595. 96 * The figures in the above table are in millions. From the above graph it is evident that direction of both the lines representing the demand for mobile phones and the demand for mobile services is same. Substitutes: The major substitute available for mobile service is the fixed line service. State owned BSNL is the market leader in this segment and the other players include MTNL, Airtel, Tata teleservices, etc. Wireline services subscriber base stood at 39. 42 million as on march 2008.
This is just 15% of the total mobile services subscriber base. Another interesting fact is that the wire line subscriber base has decreased from 40. 75 in 2007 to 39. 42 in 2008. where as in the same time period, the mobile services has added 95. 96 million subscribers. 2007 2008 (Year) Revenue: Finally lets see how the revenue is varying in the telecom sector. Revenue is calculated as the price of the product/service multiplied by the quantity demanded. Lets take the overall performance of the Indian telecom sector for the financial year 2007-08 on quarterly basis.
The Total revenue of the Telecom Services Sector for the I st Quarter (April –June 2007) of 2007-08 was Rs. 28,972 Crore, for the IInd Quarter (July –September 2007) of 2007-08 was Rs. 31,286 Crore and for the IIIrd quarter (October-December 2007) of 2007-08 was Rs. 33,055 Crores thereby showing a growth of 5. 66%. The total revenue for IVth Quarter (January -March2008) of 2007-08 was Rs. 35,770 Crores thereby showing a growth of 8. 21%. We can observe that the revenue is increasing quarter by quarter. This is in tune with the demand for the mobile services. | https://paperap.com/paper-on-demand-and-supply-analysis-of-mobile-services-in-india/ |
Online Microeconomics tutors at AssignmenthelpNet have created a list of 10 basic microeconomics discussion questions which every student of economics must know. This important microeconomics question list will have students to prepare for interviews, class tests, assignments and homework problems as well as to clearly understand important concepts of Microeconomics.
1. List four shift factors of demand and explain how each affects demand.
Ans: The four factors, which affect demand, are:
When the price of substitute decreases, people tend to buy more of the substitute and the demand of the product reduces. Thus, its demand curve shifts to the left. Similarly, when price of substitute rises, the consumer shifts his consumption to the product. Thus, its demand rises and demand curve shifts to the right. Example of substitutes is: tea and coffee.
When price of one substitute falls, its demand falls. Thus, the demand for its complement also falls. Thus, the demand curve of the product shifts to the left. Similarly, when price of the complement rises, both the goods are jointly demanded in a greater quantity. Thus, the demand curve shifts to the right. An example of complementary goods is: car and petrol.
If the consumers develop the taste and prefer a particular product, its demand rises and the demand curve shifts to the right. Similarly, when the consumers withdraw their preference from a good, its demand falls causing the demand curve to shift leftward.
Normal good: Normal goods are those which the consumer considers superior. When the income of the consumer rises, he starts consuming more of normal goods. This makes its demand to rise and a rightward shift in the demand curve. On the other hand, a fall in the income causes the consumer to demand less of normal goods causing their demand to fall and thus, the demand curve shifts to the left.
Inferior good: These are the goods considered inferior to the normal goods. When the income rises, consumers buy less of inferior goods. Thus, its demand decreases causing leftward shift in demand curve. On the other hand, fall in income causes increased consumption of inferior goods. The increased demand causes the demand curve to shift rightward.
2. In 1999, Domino's Pizza, a corporate sponsor of the Washington Redskins (a football team) offered to reduce the price of its medium-size pizza by $1 for every touchdown scored by the Redskins during the previous week. Until that year, the Redskins weren't scoring many touchdowns. Much to the surprise of Domino's, in week one of 1999, the Redskins scored six touchdowns. As a result, the price of Domino's pizzas fell from $8 a pie to $2 a pie the following week. The quantity of pizzas demanded soared the following week from 1 pie an hour to 100 pies an hour. What was the price elasticity of demand for Domino's pizza?
Ans.
Q0 = 1 Q1 = 100 ∆Q = Q1 - Q0 = 100-1 = 99 P0 = 8 P1 = 2 ∆P = P1- P0 = 2-8 = -6 Price elasticity of demand for Domino’s pizza (Ep) = ∆Q/∆P * P0/Q0 = 99/(-6) * 8/1 = -132
Thus, price elasticity of demand is highly elastic, i.e., a small change in price causes a greater change in the quantity of pizzas demanded.
3. Early Classical economists found the following "diamond/water" paradox perplexing: "Why is water, which is so useful and so necessary, so cheap, when diamonds, which are so relatively unnecessary, are so expensive?" In modern economic terms, explain the water/diamond paradox.
Ans: According to the modern economic theory, the water diamond paradox can be explained on the basis of the marginal utility concept. Here the consumers are not choosing between all the diamonds in the world to all the water in the world; in such a case the water will be more valuable. They are just choosing between an additional unit of diamond to an additional unit of water, as the diamond is rarer than water thus diamond has a higher price.
Water is available in a much abundant quantity than the availability of diamond. When the supply for water is less, the marginal utility derived from each unit of water is high as water is essential for survival. As this survival need is fulfilled, the marginal utility derived from water keeps on decreasing (according to the law of diminishing marginal utility).
Diamond is available less abundantly than water, thus, consumers are willing to pay higher price for diamonds.
However, if a person is dying of thirst, he will pay more for water than for diamonds because water is essential for him to survive. This is the concept of subjectivity.
Thus, it can be concluded that diamonds which are not a necessity are priced high due to their rarity while water, even after being a necessity is priced less because of its abundant availability.
4. Assume labour costs are 17.5% of revenue per vehicle for General Motors. In union negotiations during the late 1990s, GM attempted to cut its workforce to increase productivity. Together with the job reductions they planned, GM officials hoped to make the company's North American operations fully competitive with its U.S. and Japanese rivals with respect to total costs. Why are productivity gains so important to GM?
Ans. With tough competition from U.S. and Japanese firms, the profit margins and market share of General Motors would be adversely affected. In order to improve its profitability and market share, GM has to focus on cost reduction. The current labour costs are as high as 17.5% of the revenue. Thus, it is important to curtail this cost. GMs attempt to cut down its workforce will lead to higher profitability and a better competitive stand in the market. The productivity (output per unit of input, here, labour) would also increase. Thus, the firm will get the benefits of productivity gains in the form of better profit margins, increased revenue and more competitiveness.
5. Your average total cost is $40; the price you receive for a good is $12. Should you keep on producing the good? Why?
Ans. Since the average total cost $40 (ATC) is greater than the revenue received $12 (AR), no profit is being earned; rather, there are high losses. Thus, the question here is to minimize losses as profits are in no case possible.
The decision depends on the level of average variable costs (AVC). So, we continue production as we are able to cover the variable costs and also some part of the fixed cost. If we discontinue production in this case, losses would equal the total fixed costs; however, if we continue production, the losses would be reduced to only that part of fixed cost that is not being covered. Thus, losses are minimized by continuing production.
If the average variable costs are higher than the revenue received (AVC > AR), we would discontinue production as not even the variable costs are being covered, let alone the fixed costs, thus, losses on operating would be the fixed cost as well as the uncovered portion of variable cost, which is higher than the losses if we discontinue production (i.e. fixed costs).
Suppose your average cost is $40 in which your average fixed cost is $30 but your average variable cost is only $10. In this case by shutting down the firm will earn no revenue and would bear a loss equivalent to the entire average fixed cost per unit. So, the loss per unit will be $30. However, if the firm continues to operate even when making loss, it will earn a revenue per unit of $12. This per unit profit will be P-AVC which is $12 - $10 = $2. Thus, the firm will be able to fully over its per unit variable cost while making a per unit profit of $2. This $2 profit will then be used to offset the loss on average fixed cost. Then, the net loss to the firm per unit will be Loss of Average Fixed Cost + Profit from operating under Loss = - $30 + $2 = -$28. Evidently, by continuing to operate even while making loss in the short run the firm can effectively minimise its losses.
6. What portion of the marginal cost curve is the competitive firm's supply curve? How is a competitive firm's marginal cost curve related to the market supply curve?
Ans. The competitive firms supply curve is that part of the marginal cost curve (MC curve) that lies above the average variable cost curve (AVC curve). This is because a competitive firm produces when price equals MC equal MR above the Price = AVC level of output. This makes the supply curve equal to the marginal cost curve above the AVC level.
Since the market supply curve equals the horizontal summation of the short run individual supply curve of the competitive firms, thus, the market supply curve is the horizontal summation of the marginal cost curves (above the minimum AVC).
7. Monopolists differ from perfect competitors because monopolists always make a profit? True or false? Why?
Ans: The given statement is FALSE.
The monopolist makes profit always (both in short and long run); however, perfectly competitive firm can only earn profits in the short run and earns no economic profits in the long run. This is explained by the following major features of these market structures:
i. There is restricted entry in the monopoly market due to natural barriers or artificial barriers (patent rights, governmental regulations, etc.). This ensures that no new firms enter into the industry as the entry of new firms would lead to increased supply and thereby, a reduced price in the market. Thus, restricted entry ensures that the monopolist always earns profits. Under perfect competition, there is free entry and exit of firms. By seeing the firms making profits, new firms are induced to enter into the market. This increases the supply in the market causing prices to fall. This wipes out the supernormal profits and the firms earn only normal profit in the long run.
ii. The monopolist does not face any competition and thus, he is the price maker in the industry. On the other hand, under perfect competition, consumers don’t differentiate between different firms. As a result, firms have to accept the prices determined by the industry. Since the competitive firm is the price taker and not the price maker, it has is unable to raise prices or even reduce them. They are forced to abide by the industry price. Thus, in the long run, they do not earn profits as they cannot control or influence prices in the industry.
8. What are the "monopolistic" and the "competitive" elements of monopolistic competition?
Ans. The monopolistic elements of a monopolistically competitive firm include:
The competitive elements of a monopolistically competitive firm include:
9. How is price elasticity of demand related to the tax revenue received from an imposed sales tax?
Ans: The tax revenue from imposed sales tax depends on the elasticity of demand of that product. If the demand of the product is inelastic then the revenue from sales tax will increase as the consumers will not change to a substitute and it would lead to an increase in tax revenue. On the other hand, if the demand for the product on which sales tax is imposed is elastic the consumers will change to a substitute product to avoid tax. The incidence of an ad-valorem tax such as a sales tax is also based on the elasticity of supply and demand. If the price elasticity of demand of a commodity is relatively elastic, then the consumer will bear lesser burden of the sales tax. However, if any good has relatively inelastic demand then the producer will be able to pass on a greater burden of the sales tax on to the consumer.
10. Identify three well-founded reasons supporting a potentially beneficial role for government intervention in the workings of the private marketplace.
Ans: Some benefits of governmental intervention are: | https://www.assignmenthelp.net/assignment_help/microeconomics-discussion-questions |
Strain The fractional shift in configuration is known as strain. To put it differently, iron shows elasticity whilst rubber exhibits plasticity. In engineering, the total amount of elasticity of a material is decided by two varieties of material parameter. The elastic limit is the maximum sum of stress that may be endured by a solid that will let it return back to usual. Stretching a slice of dough makes it get thinner in addition to longer.
The presence of dislocations increases the probability of planes. When two bodies collide but there isn’t any loss in the total kinetic energy, it is known as a perfectly elastic collision. Usually, momentum is conserved in all sorts of collisions. There are two kinds of collisions to be acquainted with. Truly elastic collisions can only be accomplished with subatomic particles, including electrons striking nuclei. Perfectly elastic collisions are a little bit ideal.
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And then if we say we have an elastic procedure, it usually means that those internal states aren’t changed. However much consumers are eager to pay for it, there may never be more than one original version of it. Don’t allow the title deceive you. This means that there’s minimal room for give every time a force is applied to a solid.
And we don’t be concerned about and a relative amount of freedom. Otherwise, I want to rewrite it with an extra term. Alright let’s look at a particular instance of an elastic modulus. They’ve hardly any formulas, and a presentation that is really directed at beginners who don’t will need to get a strong math background.
But if lowering smartphone prices by 5 percent only leads to a three percent boost in sales, then it isn’t likely that the decision would be profitable. In this instance, the very first solution is just like the initial condition. The elasticity of demand represents the point to which the variation in the purchase price of a good will influence the quantity demanded by https://buyessay.net/essays-for-sale consumers. So we’ll wish to consider cases once we don’t alter the internal state. Goods which are deemed unitary with regard to elasticity are goods that don’t have any change in demand when prices change. An elastic demand is one in which a minor shift in the price will cause drastic shift in the requirement for the item.
And generally, you’ve got such circumstances. They’ve made suggestions on how this could be accomplished under realistic problems. The elasticity of demand denotes the change in the amount demanded of an item, as a result of change in factors on which demand depends. Try out an easy exercise to have the power demand yourself.
Though it is not conserved in these collisions, momentum is conserved, and you can use the equations of momentum to understand the behavior of the components in this system. KEint is largely converted to thermal electricity and sound. Contraction ways to secure shorter. For this issue, note that and utilize conservation of momentum.
A yield surface could be constructed, which offers a visual representation of this notion. The molecules which make up a solid are extremely close together and are observed in a precise arrangement. That’s what the results are in a huge accelerator. Usually, plastic deformation is also related to the deformation speed, i.e. higher stresses usually need to be applied to raise the rate of deformation.
For instance, you may have a proton colliding with a proton. Nonetheless, the gap between both is quite tiny. The last sort of stress is shear, which occurs when the force is parallel to the top layer of the object. Take gasoline, as an example.
Specifically, they may be utilized in the plan of components in engineering structures. Necessities and healthcare treatments have a tendency to be relatively inelastic since they’re required for survival, whereas luxury goods, like cruises and sports cars, have a tendency to be relatively elastic. Such materials are believed to deform visco-plastically.
The ideal elastic body is a best concept only. I don’t apply it into a pin point. The bones in distinct pieces of the body serve different structural functions and are vulnerable to unique stresses. It is possible to hear them when they transmit in the air. The directions may change based on the shapes of the bodies and the purpose of impact. | http://3ablock.com/elastic-physics-the-conspiracy/ |
Why Do You Listen to Sad Music When You’re Already Depressed?
Have you ever noticed something calming about a sad song when you’re already down in the dumps? According to a recent study, it turns out that there’s a reason people diagnosed with depression might feel better listening to sad music.
The study, recently published in the journal Emotion, included 76 participants who were diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD). Participants were asked to choose music clips ranging in emotion and energy level. They were also asked which songs they’d like to listen to again in the future.
RELATED: Things We Do That Are Bad For Our Mental Health
The results suggest that people with MDD were more likely to choose the sad music. However, it wasn’t because they wanted to remain in a low mood. Instead, researchers found that the participants chose the sad music simply because they preferred low energy music, which in turn, was calming and relaxing. In fact, many of the participants reported feeling more happiness and less sadness when listening to sad music.
The current study, however, wasn’t the first to take a look at why depressed people might prefer to listen to sad songs. The first study was published in the journal Sage in 2015, and although it was suggested and agreed upon that those diagnosed with depression preferred listening to sad music, the research at the time did not explain why. According to the team at the University of South Florida, the new study is the “most definitive to date in probing depression-related preferences for sad music using different tasks, and the reasons for these preferences.”
RELATED: How to Talk to a New Partner About Your Mental Health
Why sad music might have made those diagnosed with depression feel slightly better is not clear. However, in a 2013 study, even non-depressed people reported a preference for sad songs when feeling down, suggesting that maybe happy and upbeat songs are just more irritating during those times.
So while sad songs might not be a cure for depression or feeling down in the dumps, it looks like it might at least help to soothe and calm, which can be especially helpful during difficult times.
You Might Also Dig: | https://uk.askmen.com/news/sports/depressed-people-listen-to-sad-music-to-calm-and-uplift-says-study.html |
I injured my left hip 4 weeks before visiting Margaret River from the UK. The flight out was extremely painful on my left side. I was fortunate to receive a reiki healing from Marisa.
The energy from the reiki was just amazing.
I felt so much better in body and mind.
Thanks Marisa for your calming therapy; it left me feeling relaxed and positive and the flight back was so much better.
Scott L - Eastbourne, UK
I thank you Mim so much for a wonderful healing session. I came to you totally disconnected in mind, body and soul after having suffered trauma.
I left feeling so reconnected. It's so wonderful to feel whole again!
I did have a set back several days after the healing session and thank you Mim for doing a distant healing on me. After having that done I felt emotionally stronger within hours of the healing.
Thank you also for providing such a safe, loving and nurturing space.
Much love and blessings to you.
Yeleena D
Counselling with Mim was really helpful for me, in only a few weeks everything became much clearer and she helped me go through a difficult time.
I highly recommend her.
Dorothee Perez - Margaret River
Marisa is an amazing channel of love and universal energy. She is kind, caring and compassionate. I had a reiki session with her and the power of the energy was strong, healing and beautiful! I felt wonderful and vibrant afterwards.
Awesome - Thanks Mim.
(*highly recommend)
Careth Michelle
Psychic, Medium and Spiritual Advisor
LWISSD Master Teacher
I had the pleasure of experiencing Reiki for the first time with Mim, I was unsure of how I would feel or what to expect - I actually didn't realise how wound up I was - pretending everything was fine!
Feeling the warmth from her hands and listening to her gentle kind words after the session Mim helped me bring a lot of emotions that I didn't need to be holding up to the surface and let them go.
It was beautiful.
Lisa M - Qld
TESTIMONIALS
I felt a little bit sceptical of Reiki but my scepticism soon lifted once the session was underway. Marisa's manner is professional and she is erudite and lucid, she inspires confidence to be brave in exploring your own healing journey. I was surprised how much I worked through for myself.
You have a great talent and you did an amazing job!
Damien - England
My Reiki experience with Mim at Shalom Healing was nurturing and compassionate space for both my physical and emotional healing, and laos gave me some tools to help myself. I am definitely going back and recommoned her hightly.
Thank you Mim
Karen S - Margaret River
Mim provided a very nuturing and safe space leading into, during and after her healing practice. Staying very present and connected, allowing me to really drop into myself and let the work happen - Thank you Mim
Jack C - Margaret River
After my reiki session with Marisa I felt light, refreshed and euphoric. During the session I was totally in the present moment without even concentrating on that. Marisa's energy was loving and kind throughout.
I slept particularly well that night and felt this should be a regular visit.
Caroline J - Margaret River
I consider a reiki healing with Marisa like taking a deep breath for the soul. I find Marisa extremely calming and attentive in all that she does, this is evident from the first moment of meeting her. To say my healing was enjoyable is an understatement, it was a beautiful treatment that bought a great sense of calm and recharged energy into my occasionally chaotic world!
I would highly recommend a healing with Marisa and I look forward to my next healing.
Sandy R - Margaret River
I would really like to thank Mim for making my recent Reiki session an enjoyable, relaxing and comforting experience. Mim's intuitive and nurturing abilities I found as reassuring as always. | https://www.shalomhealing.com.au/testimonials |
In today’s article, I want to teach you how you can fast-track your “winding down” process after hockey games so that it doesn’t disrupt your sleep length or your sleep quality.
To set the stage, I will not be providing you cool-down methods because I discussed those extensively here.
Instead, this article will be centered around helping those who have late ice-time and find it difficult to fall asleep afterward.
Why We Need To Wind Down
You have to understand that our bodies undergo a wide series of internal changes in order to support the demands of a hockey game.
First, due to your activity level, your heart rate and breathing rate will be extremely elevated in comparison to what it is during a rested state.
Second, you’re going to have a much higher rate of blood flow and blood content within the muscles that were worked.
Third, you’re going to have a high concentration of by-products associated with fatigue within your muscle cells such as lactate and H+.
Fourth, you’re going to still be psychologically aroused, which causes an array of neurotransmitter and hormonal shifts within your body.
Therefore, it is our job to build a bridge between this internal state and the state at which you should be in during a resting state. This is how we “wind down” so you can get better sleep.
The sooner we do this “wind down” process post-game, the sooner your body will be in a position where it can start focusing on recovery and calming down; and not on being physiologically/psychologically stressed.
To make things simple, let’s make it a three-step “wind down” process.
Step #1: At The Rink
We start this process ASAP after our game because our bodies will take a while to calm down, even if we do all of the right things.
Time is a part of the equation here, so, understanding that we need to act quickly and get out of the mindset that we can wait until we get home.
There are three main things you should do while at the rink:
#1: Perform a static stretching routine for 5-10 minutes.
#2: Perform deep belly breathing for 1-2 minutes.
#3: Supplement with L-Theanine.
We know from sports science literature that static stretching is one of the best ways you can switch your body from a sympathetic state (fight or flight) to a parasympathetic state (rest and digest).
This makes static stretching a very bad thing before a game, but, very beneficial post-game. Essentially, you are improving your range of motion while simultaneously kickstarting the recovery and “calming down” process that should be occurring post-game.
Next, you’re going to need to perform some deep breathing. You’re already on the floor doing your static stretching routine so what I want you now to do is lie on your back and perform deep belly breaths for 1-2 minutes.
Inhale and exhale slowly, try your best to achieve completely full lungs/belly extension on the inhale and completely empty lungs/contracted belly on the exhale.
We do this because deep breathing is also one of the body’s prime triggers to switch from a sympathetic state to a parasympathetic state.
So, between your static stretching routine and deep breathing routine, you have already triggered two physiological buttons to tell the nervous system to calm down and that it’s okay now for the body to get out of being in a stressed state.
Lastly, I like to recommend hockey athletes who have very late ice times to experiment supplementing with the amino acid L-theanine.
L-theanine is a unique amino acid present almost exclusively in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis), and has been used safely in Japan for decades.
It’s one of the reasons non-caffeinated teas have an excellent calming effect in many people and why it’s such a popular post-dinner recommendation in restaurants.
L-theanine has demonstrated the potential to positively modify brain waves and key neurotransmitters involved in mood, focus, and memory.
Although when L-theanine is combined with caffeine it can improve cognitive performance, consumption of L-theanine by itself enhances brain alpha-wave activity, a major sign of relaxation, within 30-45 minutes of supplementation.
Since it takes a while to kick-in, I prefer my hockey athletes taking it at the rink right after their games. You can have this right with your post-game protein shake, and it won’t affect anything.
For dosing, most people find 200-400mg works best — but for a more potent effect you can safely go up to 600mg as a max dose.
Following the above three steps, you will have significantly calmed down both the nervous system and the brain before you even left the rink.
This all by itself will likely do the trick. For those who want that extra optimization, continue on to the next step.
Step #2: In The Car
While you’re in the car, use the time you have available to you to listen to calming music.
The very act of listening to calming music will allow you to get into a positive stress-free mind state.
A quiet drive home can likely lead to you reminiscing about something negative that happened that day, or perhaps something you should have done on the ice that was a mistake or even cause you to focus more on the stress of driving itself.
You can avoid all of this by putting on your own calming music, I recommend creating your own playlist here and not relying on the radio.
I take the radio out of the equation because let’s face it, the radio sucks.
I also take the silence out of the equation, because it’s not a guaranteed positive switch.
This leaves me to instruct you to bring your iPod (or whatever) and leave it in your car, and play your music on the way home to melt away the stress and really “cement in” a calmed state of physiology.
In other client scenarios, I used a similar strategy but actually had the athlete listen to stand-up comedy routines.
The act of smiling and laughing creates incredible cascades of chemicals in the body which totally oppose the stress hormones that keep us awake at night and create the negative impacts of a chronically elevated sympathetic nervous system.
So, if you’re not a music kind of person or if you’re looking to switch things up once in a while, comedy does a phenomenal job of turning your entire mood around and allow you to deflect any negativity or stress away from your life.
Step #3: At Home
By the time you get home after performing all of the above, you’re going to be in a stress-free and calm state both in mind and body.
If you want to finish this routine off with a grand slam approach to the perfect night’s sleep, now is where you would listen to a 5-10 minute guided meditation.
If you have never given guided meditation a try, it’s definitely worth it. I never used meditation in my life because my mind would always wander and the whole process kind of just annoyed me (which ended up having the complete opposite intended effect).
Once I started doing guided meditations regularly it was a completely different experience.
I find it really works for me and my athletes and I know it will work for you as well, if you give it an honest chance.
There are plenty of free apps that have these available for you and you can also YouTube plenty of these as well.
Look for guided meditations for sleep/calming down, you will find a million of them.
Do this the moment you step in the door and that will be the last nail in the coffin that puts you to sleep no matter how intense your hockey game was.
Putting It All Together
Step #1: At The Rink
- 5-10 minute static stretching routine
- 1-2 minutes of deep breathing
- 200-400mg of L-Theanine
Step #2: In The Car
- Keep the radio off
- Put on a list of calming music
- If you’re not into calming music, put on a stand-up comedy routine or audiobook
Step #3: At Home
- Perform a guided meditation while lying down comfortably in the dark
- Choose a “calm down” or a “go to sleep” guided meditation
Step #4: Enjoy Your Perfect Night’s Sleep!
Final Thoughts
Sleep is one of the most critical aspects of hockey performance, so if we have late night ice time we have to get creative to find ways in which we can get the best of both worlds.
Still go to hockey at night, but also get great sleep when we get home.
The above three-step protocol is a battle-proven system my athletes have used many times over with success.
Give it a shot and let me know how it goes.
If you liked this article and you want to start becoming an all-around better hockey player, don’t forget to download our free goal scoring package and check out the hockey skills accelerator program – they will take your game to an entirely new level. | https://www.hockeytraining.com/wind-down/ |
Half-Time Break Activities To Refresh Yourself
A half-time break is everyone’s necessity to work properly and to keep you fresh. With the continuous work routine, we may get tired and might not be able to do anything with proper attention. It directly affects our work and our health too.
All I just wanted to say is that a break for your refreshment is very important. Sometimes there is work that tired us and our mind, so we may go into a state of depression. If you want to focus and productivity in your work, then you need a half-time break.
Best Activities To Refresh Yourself During Half-Time Break
You need 15 to 20 minutes to recharge and refresh yourself and your mind. And in this article, I am going to tell some quick tips that are helpful to refresh yourself.
1. Stretch your body:
How can you quickly renew your soul and spirit in 15 minutes? Expand your muscles! Moving your body, stretching, and exercising can help you relax and rejuvenate your muscles and mind. Take a minute to get up and stretch if you have problems or work under duress.
You can take a break from the madness by moving your body (especially by running outside). Your mind will let go of the immediacy of problems, and the released endorphins will improve your attitude!
2. Do some outings:
The best approach to replenishing our souls is sometimes to go out, not inward. The most effective strategies to rejuvenate your soul and spirit are to go out for a few minutes to breathe fresh air or take a 15-minute walk.
Getting up and going out when you feel lonely, anxious, or stuck in a subject can help you concentrate and see things from a different perspective. Moving your body helps to wake up your mitochondria, the organelles that produce energy in your cells, according to scientists.
A walk several times a week can help the body produce extra energy by doubling the number of mitochondria.
3. Hydrate yourself in half-time break:
If you drink a glass of water in the morning, your brain and body will come out of their sleep. When you are stressed, drinking a glass of water can help you feel better and stay focused. It is important to stay hydrated because dehydration can affect brain function.
Are you surprised by this information?
Most Americans, according to studies, are chronically dehydrated. Half your body weight in ounces every day, according to scientists.
4. Use Social Media:
For your mind refreshment, you can use social media or any of your favorite websites. If you are a lady, then I recommend you to visit DealMeCoupon that contains your favorite fashion brand with the best promo codes and deals.
5. Listen to the music:
When people are in stressful situations or just feel anxious, they usually avoid listening to music. They think it’s a waste of time and generally involuntary. However, they are wrong. Listening to soothing music, especially when meditating, can help us feel less stressed and anxious.
According to academics, listening to music, especially peaceful classical music can have a deeply relaxing effect on our brains and bodies. Classical and soft music has a calming effect on our physiological system, slows down the heart rate, lowers blood pressure, and lowers stress hormone levels.
6. Eat healthy in half-time break:
A healthy snack can help maintain blood sugar balance, combat hunger, and promote brain health. Keep the trail mixture, nuts, seeds, and dried fruit on your desk, Vicario says. A piece of wholemeal bread with avocado, celery sticks, and nut butter is another nutritious snack.
Snacking should contain both protein and carbohydrates to regulate blood sugar. Sugary foods cause blood sugar to rise and fall rapidly. The result is a loop where you feel energetic and then exhausted, which sucks you all day.
Conclusion
Your mental peace is the most precious thing ever. To keep yourself happy and fresh, you just need a break. And here are some top tips that are helpful for you for your mind refreshment. | https://dreamnxtlevel.com/half-time-break-activities-to-refresh-yourself/ |
During your visit with Dr. George Rivera, you may have a longer procedure, or you might feel especially nervous about a treatment. Whatever your concern may be, we can provide sedation dentistry in Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois, as a way to ensure you feel comfortable during your time at our office. If you would like to learn more about the sedation options available to you, please contact our office at 630-592-4949.
Here are a few popular methods for easing anxiety in the dental office:
- Communication:
Informing us as to what you are afraid of is a great place to start. Often, we can address your fears simply by giving you correct or updated information. We will always keep you informed before, during and after your procedure, making sure that you understand what is going on and why we are doing it.
- Calming Techniques:
Many patients find it helpful to practice controlled breathing or to find distraction inside the room.
- Listening to Music:
With most procedures, the use of personal headphones and music is allowed. This is a great way to keep calm and pass the time while in the chair.
- Oral Sedation:
Depending on the nature of your procedure, various types of sedation may be available to you.
- Taking Breaks:
Let us know if you would like to take a short break during your treatment by signaling with your left hand. | https://www.georgeriveradds.com/services/sedation-dentistry/ |
When I am deep in meditation, I go to sleep at night with the calm, meditative sound of meditation music playing in my head. The calming sound of the earphones lulls me into a deep, deep slumber. When I wake up in the morning, I have time to read for a few minutes and get up. I then take my iPod to my car and listen to the soothing sounds of meditation music throughout my ride home to get my mind back on track.
Meditation music is one of those things that seems to have the opposite effect of how I want it to. While I enjoy the calming effect of meditation music, I like the idea of having it playing while I get ready for work or take a shower. I also like the thought of being able to listen to it while I go about my day. After all, I don’t have the ability to have access to a meditation app or headphones.
This is a good thing. I usually like to have music playing while I work out, but I feel that I don’t get the same amount of focus when I’m listening to music while I’m working out. Meditation music helps me get in tune with myself, so that I can work out more effectively.
Although I don’t find meditation music to be particularly relaxing, I have found that it is soothing and calming to me. It is a great way to meditate if you have trouble relaxing. You can do a quick warm-up with soothing music before meditation, or you can choose a more relaxing music track. If you are feeling stressed, try listening to some relaxing music and meditating while you do so.
What is it you’re trying to do? If you’re trying to meditate, it is likely that you have to clear your mind for a while. It is important to clear your mind, and if you are trying to meditate, it can be a very difficult task. Even in the calmest of times, you can find it hard to relax. Meditation music can help to relax, so the more you listen to it, the better.
I heard a lot of people say that they meditate while they talk to their friends, and that it feels natural. The feeling is very similar to what meditation music feels like. It is helpful to practice a lot, but it can be hard to find a good meditation music track. I have found a track called “The Sky Is Pink” by Sleepytime by Steve Hogarth.
The Sky Is Pink is a very different meditation track. Its purpose is to be meditative music, but it was meant to be relaxing. I think it is helpful to meditate while talking to your friends because the sound of someone who seems to be breathing heavily while talking can help to relax your mind.
I’m not sure if this is a good thing though. There are quite a few tracks that are good for meditation, but I found this one to be very restful. It sounds like someone who is having a conversation, which is probably good for relaxation, but it doesn’t sound as pleasant as just relaxing. The Sky Is Pink by Sleepytime by Steve Hogarth sounds like a more relaxing track, but I think it is too calming.
I’m not sure what the problem is here. Maybe it would be better if the music were not so quiet. I think it should have a bit of a boombox type sound to it.
I think the problem is that the music is too soft. I think it needs to be more upbeat and punchy. And its really not a good idea to just sing along to the music. Maybe if you put in some drums and a bass guitar, it would make it more fun and relaxed. | https://pusatmeditasi.com/meditation-sleep-music/ |
Before you were conceived I wanted you. Before you were born I loved you. Before you were here an hour I would die for you. This is the miracle of Mother’s Love.
– Maureen Hawkins
It was early in the morning and Baby J’s father, my husband, had gone to the gym. Usually I would go, but something made me not want to on this particular morning. I’d missed my period, and I was hopeful that I was pregnant. I took the test, and sure enough it was positive. What a relief! It felt like a miracle in comparison to the nightmare we had just been through just a few months earlier when I miscarried. Cautiously hopeful we celebrated by sharing the news with our parents and downloading, once again, the What to Expect app.
The app is an abbreviated version of the best-selling pregnancy book What to Expect When You’re Expecting, which, by the way, I totally recommend. If you do get the book, make sure you get the latest edition because things change all the time.
Here are the top reasons I loved the app:
- It does exactly what it says; it tells you what to expect
- See what’s going on inside. It tells you about each stage in your baby’s development on a weekly basis. The app even has videos showing you what’s going on inside. My husband is in the video industry, so we’d watch the videos over breakfast on a Saturday morning though they aren’t always appetite producing.
- Check your symptoms with what is “normal” for this stage in your pregnancy, again on a weekly basis.
- Talk to your peers in the forums available in the app Community. This includes forums for parents with similar due dates, health concerns, ages, locations, etc. Search within the forums for keywords or topics. Bookmark certain posts to check back for updates. It can get overwhelming, so I’d recommend only joining one or two and checking in on others as you wish.
- Keep a weekly photo journal. This part of the app is not as user friendly and it doesn’t have any of the bells and whistles other photo apps have, but it’s nice if you want to only download one app. Another great app for milestone photos is the Baby Story app. Many of their “stickers” are free and it’s easy to use it to post to other social media accounts as well.
- Links to other helpful articles and videos within What to Expect’s website. The app suggests relevant articles for each stage of your pregnancy. Many are quite helpful while others are more geared at selling products.
Aside from the above listed features there are also other features I didn’t find as helpful, but you can discover what works for you by downloading the app.
Other apps to download in preparation for baby:
- A simple contractions timer for the last weeks of your pregnancy.
- Babylist app to help consolidate your registry
- If you’re married download Lasting, an app to help you nurture your marriage at any stage. Husbands can feel like they’re the last priority during this time, but this app will send you reminders to encourage your husband in the simplest of ways. It can also be used by husbands to help them encourage you!
And if you’re trying to get pregnant try the Period Tracker app or a similar app to track ovulation.
Please leave your questions and comments below. Thanks! | https://favebabystuff.home.blog/2019/07/30/first-things-first/ |
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If you experience any errors or have any difficulty accessing the website please contact [email protected] including the details of the error or issue you have experienced. | https://angermanagementprogramme.co.uk/faq/ |
It is possible to delete all of the music from Spotify that you have listened to using the iOS and Android apps, but doing so is a lengthy process. However, it is feasible. Because none of these applications include a mass deletion feature, you will need to press on each song individually in order to remove it from your music library. You will find instructions in this page on how to remove music from the Spotify mobile app version of your library.
Read Also: How to Force Close Spotify on Android
Contents
How to Delete Songs on Spotify on Mobile
The steps required to remove songs from your mobile Spotify playlist that you have previously enjoyed listening to are outlined in the following instructions:
1. When you launch the Spotify app, a menu will display in the bottom-right corner of the app’s layout. This location is consistent across all versions of the app. Make your selection under “Your Library” on this menu.
2. Tap Liked Songs.
3. Tap the “Heart” icon that displays next to the song you want to remove from your library after making the song selection you wish to remove. Performing this action will result in the music being removed from your collection.
4. The next thing you need to do is pick the Remove option from the menu.
FAQs
Can you delete recently played songs on Spotify?
You will be able to remove individual songs from your Recently Played playlist if your instance of Spotify has not yet accepted the most recent upgrade. In that instance, you would need to hover over the music that you do not want, click the three dots that appear, and then delete the song. Everyone has the ability to conceal the information from view on their public profile if they so choose.
How do I clear Spotify cache?
You can find your apps by going to Settings on your phone and tapping on Apps (or Applications depending on the version of Android OS). Find the Spotify app and launch it. Tap ‘Storage. ‘ Tap the “Clear Cache” button.
What happens if I clear Spotify data?
There is no reason for you to be concerned about losing your playlists because they will be safely stored on the Spotify servers at all times. However, if you have any music marked as Available Offline (this feature is only available for premium users), cleaning your data can lose the offline access to those songs, in which case you will need to mark those songs as Available Offline once more.
What does it mean to clear cache on Spotify?
You can now delete your cache in the Spotify app for Android and iOS without having any effect on the songs you’ve already downloaded. Users who want Spotify to take up less storage space but still want to be able to listen to songs when offline will benefit from this tiny quality of life boost.
Does downloading songs on Spotify take up storage?
This depends largely on the quality of the content that you are downloading in the first place. Premium users have access to a plethora of alternatives, but keep in mind that individual songs might consume roughly 10 MB of storage space on your device. Around three megabytes of space can be used up by each song at the very least. | https://irnpost.com/how-to-delete-songs-on-spotify-on-mobile/ |
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- Laptop or PC: save the ZIP file to your computer, right-click and select, "Extract All." This will create a new file on your computer in which you can open. Then, add the file to iCloud or Dropbox to get the files on your mobile device. On rare occasions, apps on your browser may make things a little wonky during downloading. If this occurs, please try using a different browser. We recommend using Chrome.
- Mobile devices- before you download the ZIP file directly to your mobile device, you may need a free app to unzip the product (a good, free one is FileExplorer Free). This will allow you to unzip the folder to access it. You could also try is to long hold the zipped file and then click "Extract".
All files are sent using PDF format. Most computers have pre-installed Adobe Reader on them, but if your device does not have a PDF reader, you will need to download a reader. Adobe Reader is the most common one and it's free. You can download it here.
If you can't find the file once it's downloaded, try looking in Downloads under My Computer or search the title of the file on your computer for where it could be hiding. | https://shop.sofestive.com/pages/download-help |
5 Steps to Help You Reduce Test Anxiety and Make It Through Your Finals
The moment you enter the classroom you feel that dread rising within you. Today is the big test—the finals!
You glance around to gauge how everyone else is feeling. Some chat with excitement, some smiling faces, and a few in quiet contemplation.
You wonder, “are they feeling the same as I do?”
With knees wobbling, you cross the classroom and slip into your seat. As you sit down with unease, you can feel your heartbeat pounding harder and harder in your chest.
While everyone settles in, you pull out your pen and look to the front of the room—to your teacher and the bundle of papers he’s holding in his hands.
You lower your eyes, trying hard to distract yourself from the panic that is steadily rising inside of you. Staring at your desk, you focused on scribbles a former student had left behind in the worn-out wooden surface.
Bam!
Right in the field of your vision, the teacher drops the test papers in front of you.
You feel yourself blacking out for a moment as if he had hit you with a slab made of lead. And every formula, every review example, every strategy you had studied and memorized suddenly vanishes from your mind.
Blank…
A Little Bit of Anxiety Can Be Motivating—Too Much Can Be Crippling
Maybe that scenario at the outset is familiar to you—at least somewhat.
Though, perhaps your anxiety attack doesn’t happen right before the test in the classroom. Maybe it comes days before a major test and lingers, taking you on a roller coaster ride, until it’s all over.
Yes, test anxiety can come in many forms.
A little bit of it can motivate you to do your best. But too much anxiety can cause extreme stress and paralyze you completely with devastating effects.
In general, test anxiety can affect you in four ways:
- Mentally – You may have trouble concentrating, as you worry excessively and put a lot of pressure on yourself, thinking that you are not good enough and that you will not be able to succeed.
- Emotionally – You may become overwhelmed by fear, irritability, or helplessness, feeling intense distress and discomfort when confronted with test situations.
- Behaviorally – You may try almost anything to avoid a test or the experience of the unsettling restlessness as you get ready for a test.
- Physically – You may be so acutely aware of certain bodily sensations—such as headaches, excessive sweating, shortness of breath, lightheadedness, rapid heartbeat, and nausea—that focusing on them makes them even worse.
So, what can you do to deal with your test anxiety and not let it get in the way during your finals?
Take Simple Steps to Reduce Your Test Anxiety
Although you may think that nobody understands you, that nobody is suffering the way you do during finals, test anxiety is not uncommon. It affects people of all different age groups, even those that have finished school and are already in the working world.
To address and reduce your test anxiety, the following steps are critical:
Step #1: Be willing to seek out and learn calming techniques
Know your “enemy” and know how to confront your anxiety. First and foremost, you need to educate yourself about test anxiety and what techniques are helpful to calm you down.
Do research and apply what you’ve learned. Don’t be the student that in their senior year wishes they had known more about how to handle their anxiety, realizing that their high school years could have turned out much more productive.
Step #2: Recognize that a test result does not define you as a person
As noted before, feeling anxiety during school evaluations is not unusual. While tests are important, they are just tests!
Resist linking a poor test result with the value you have as a person. It does not define you as a person nor discredit your character. Your worth does not hinge on your test score.
Step #3: Accept feeling discomfort and stay calm
If you begin feeling short of breath during an exam, remind yourself that your body won’t forget how to breathe. Stay calm and take deep, regular breaths.
If you’re having trouble focusing on that technique by yourself, make use of your smartphone. There are many apps that can help guide you through breathing exercises and calm you down. Look them up!
Step #4: Listen to relaxing music or nature sounds
Another way to use outside input to reduce your anxiety is listening to relaxing music or calming nature sounds. Of course, this technique isn’t suitable for the classroom. But if you have anxiety attacks before exams, listening to the right music at home can help a lot to relax you.
Just be sure that it’s soothing music with a slow beat. That’s because your body and mind synchronize with the beat—a slow beat slows your heart rate, but a fast one has the opposite effect.
Step #5: Tell someone about your anxiety and get help
Making your school administration and teachers aware of your problem may seem “weak,” but if you suffer from such extreme test anxiety that it affects your grades, ‘in school’ help is crucial.
You may be surprised at how supportive and accommodating your school faculty can be. Accept their help and suggestions. After all, they want to see you succeed. Think about this, just telling them about your problem can take a huge weight off your shoulders.
In the end, if your test anxiety still feels unmanageable after you’ve applied these five steps—or it gets increasingly worse, or it disrupts other activities in your life—seek a mental health professional. I would be happy to be of assistance. | https://childteenfamilytherapy.com/5-steps-to-help-you-reduce-test-anxiety-and-make-it-through-your-finals/ |
Downloading music on Android can be a bit tricky, especially when you’re downloading music on an iPhone or iPad.
Here are the best songs on the App Store to download on your Android device.
You can download songs on your phone, tablet, or PC with these popular music apps on Android.
Some of these apps will also be available in your Google Play Music library, so you’ll always have access to the music you need.
You’ll need an HTML5 capable browser to see this content. | https://mp3keyfi.com/2021/07/19/which-bible-song-is-the-most-popular/ |
How much data do I really need?
How much data do I really need?
Hey, that is a good question. It really depends on how you would use the internet personally.
If you enjoy watching videos, spend a lot of time on Youtube, we would recommend you to choose a plan with a bigger data allowance. If you are using mostly for browsing things and checking your email, not downloading a lot of images and videos, you may go with a smaller data allowance.
Remember, you can always adjust your plan next month based on how much data you used previously. Or, if you realize you ended up buying a bigger plan than you need, you can downgrade to smaller plans.
To give you an idea about how much data you would use for an estimate, you can check the table below:
|Online Activity||Required Data|
|An email with only texts||30-50 KB|
|Viewing a webpage||250-350 KB|
|Downloading an app or a game||10-20 MB|
|Listening to a 3 minutes song||400-600 KB|
|Watching a 5 minutes video (i.e, on Youtube)||120-160 MB|
|An hour of streaming medium quality movie||600-800 MB|
Was this helpful? | https://support.oodi.iq/hc/en-us/articles/360019637939-How-much-data-do-I-really-need- |
The Cayvan Recorded Media Center is a multipurpose facility located on the 2nd floor of Hekman Library which oversees the library audio and visual media collections (movies, music, audiobooks, etc.) including related course reserves.
Hekman has recently added two online music "libraries," which are helpful for listening to assigned music or just listening for enjoyment! They are Naxos Music Library (NML) and Naxos Jazz. Both of these resources offer users the ability to listen to thousands of musical recordings one track at a time. NML releases around 200 new CD recordings per year. Playlists can be created by students and professors for private use or for in-class discussion and analysis.
Naxos also offers composer biographies, artist information, custom institutional playlists, free mobile apps, and work analyses of major works.
NOTE: There is a limit of 15 simultaneous users for both NML and Naxos Jazz. Questions? Ask at Cayvan or see music librarian Kathy DeMey for more information. | http://library.calvin.edu/guide/collections/cayvan/ |
The NASHIR choir is Temple Aliyah's singing group.
NASHIR is the Hebrew word for “Let us sing.” NASHIR sings at services and events at Temple Aliyah and around the greater Boston area.
NASHIR welcomes new singers to join, with all levels of experience.The ability to read music is helpful but not required. We post mp3 music files of individual parts to the web site, for listening or downloading, to help singers learn their parts. Rehearsals are held as needed through the year, usually weekly before an event.
You may join the group “for the long haul” or for only one program or event. All you need is the love of singing and the willingness to participate.
Programs and performances are sporadic. If you are interested in being informed about any upcoming events, please email Margie Brodsky. | https://www.templealiyah.com/Music/Nashir |
“I am very impressed by Dr. Dean’s easy way of explaining complex Bible issues to a simple believer like me.” Listener in Germany for whom English is a second language.
Introduction to
Dean Bible Ministries
Watch the following video by Dr. Robert L. Dean Jr., pastor of West Houston Bible Church in Houston Texas as he explains how Dean Bible Ministries can benefit you in your study of the Bible.
Did You Know?
Did you know that Dean Bible Ministries has thousands of individual believers as well as numerous small groups and churches from numerous countries throughout the world, regularly live streaming, viewing, listening and downloading our Bible study material?
Did you miss the Chafer Conference?
Get caught up with all of the sessions
The US is currently witnessing an uptick in anti-semitism, especially among leftists, and at the same time the Times of Israel reports a recent study indicating a slight decline in American support for Israel. Every Bible-believing Christian should be informed about the biblical teaching about Israel. These studies will strengthen your understanding of God’s plan for history, Israel, the Church, and your role in it. . . .
2019 Bible Reading Challenge
Why don’t you make it a personal goal during 2019 to read the Bible through from Genesis to Revelation?
The benefits are tremendous. First, you will begin to understand the historical flow of God’s revelation to you. Second, you will clarify the relationships of different people and events. Third, you will begin to discover many of God’s promises that relate to challenges you are facing. Fourth, it will enhance your understanding of references and allusions made during Bible class. And fifth, it will provide you with a more focused understanding of God’s character.
To accomplish this I recommend picking a specific time of day and always sticking to that time. This might be early in the morning, during your lunch break, on your commute to or from work (or both). You can read or you can listen. Many Bible reading apps are available online for your ... | https://www.deanbibleministries.org/ |
Really good to talk to, very receptive with their responses to the topics as they came up, and had a good head on their shoulders.
very understanding and supportive
Spencer was a great listener..really took his time and let me express myself!
Great listener, and good advice, very helpful and quick in his responses.
You are an awesome listener. Supportive, kind and nice. Thanks for being there. You know your stuff. ;)
Great listener and spent a lot of time helping me get what I needed to get out! Thanks
very good to talk to, seemed to show an interest and a willingness to help and offered good advice that i will use, recommended
Spencer was so awesome! I could tell he was really reading what I was saying based on the relevance and impact his response had on me. I would very much recommend Spencer to others. He helped me realize things through the questions he asked because I had to ask them to myself before responding. Overall, 11 out of 10 for Spencer. Thank you for listening!
My first time here and he was an amazing help... I will definitely come back for more when I need it. Thank you Spencer!!
AMAZINGLY kind and understanding and helpful and calming! 5 out of 5! | https://www.7cups.com/@SpencerT |
Hello,
I am having an issue with installing apps through the Creative Cloud Desktop app. I recently purchased a subscription and was really excited about downloading the various editing apps. I tried to install Animate and Photoshop but as it was downloading, it eventually stops and says to retry. I've been "retrying" ever since and none of the apps are downloading. I am sure some other people have also experienced these same issues and it would be really helpful to solve it. Thank you!
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Which operating system?
It is an HP Stream 14. The app itself says Photoshop is compatible with the laptop but the internet says otherwise. | https://community.adobe.com/t5/download-install/app-install-problems/td-p/11760880 |
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Learn more about evaluating doula certifications, an important part of the interview process.
Report any issues or concerns with certification images.
Post a testimonial for Linda Sarna, CD(DONA), HCHD
2/4/2020
Long story short: WE LOVED LINDA and would absolutely recommend her to anyone.
Linda met with us a couple of times before the birth to walk us through several helpful documents and pre-birth exercises to encourage optimal positioning for the baby. One document we particularly liked was a long survey of preferences to assist her in understanding what would be helpful and/or relaxing for me at the time of birth. It was a surprisingly helpful exercise for my husband and I to reflect on well! As she, my husband, and I discussed what the day might look like, she was very attentive and respectful of our preferences. She had great suggestions, advice, and guiding questions but never pushed anything on us. Taking our goals and wishes into account was clearly a priority for her. One example: I knew I wanted to have an epidural and she helped me narrow down when I might want that intervention. Another example: I was hoping the baby would come a little early. Once we were full term, she sent some suggestions that could gently help things along, while wisely advising us not to take any drastic measures. She was positive and encouraging, and baby ended up coming at 40 weeks and 2 days! Overall, Linda's flexibility to be the best doula she could for each individual couple was noticed and appreciated. She made herself available over phone/text if we ever had questions. In fact, she initiated reaching out several times, which was helpful as a first time mom because I didn't always know what I should be thinking/asking about.
A few final notes: Linda is clearly very passionate about her work as a doula. She exudes a very stable and calming presence and is just generally enjoyable to be around. Finally, she worked really well with the hospital staff and clearly respected their knowledge and experience. This was very reassuring to me since we chose to deliver at a hospital and weren't sure what that would look like, but she integrated incredibly well with them.
12/5/2019
Through a fast birth and an unexpected NICU stay, Linda helped me stay focused and strategize how to work with my body and conserve energy both in labor and the bleary days postpartum. In addition to her skillful, calming presence at our birthing center, Linda provided so many creative suggestions to troubleshoot everything from getting labor started to getting back us on our feet after the NICU.
10/17/2019
Choosing Linda was one of the best choices we made for the birth of our first child. She was there for us through the whole experience from first meetings to postpartum care she was educating and preparing us for the entire experience. One of the most helpful things in preparation for the day was helping us figure out what we wanted for the birth, another was enabling and preparing my husband help and support me during labor and delivery. With a naturally very fast labor, Linda was there with oils and music to sooth, words to encourage and direct, and ideas that helped progress labor. She was not only a huge support emotionally but also physically. She was the one helping direct me into different positions to help the baby move down the canal. She also documented the event for us by writing down the details that we would forget and even taking photos that we are so glad to have. Both of us highly recommend Linda as a doula, we are so grateful she was there with us. She truly cares about us and our baby, and it shows in her thoughtful care and support then and still now.
8/23/2019
Our experience having Linda as our doula was absolutely phenomenal and we couldn't have asked for a better doula. During the pregnancy, she prepared us well for labor and delivery by answering questions and giving us exercises to work on in the meantime. She researched thoroughly when she didn't know the answers to our questions and always came back with good solutions. When I started labor, from the very beginning, she was a calming presence and strong anchor for both J and I, gently pushing me to do more than I knew I could, and constantly reminding J and me what the outcome would be and why we were doing this. She is caring, thoughtful, and excited to help. We would 100% recommend Linda to be your doula.
8/16/2019
Where do I start?! As a first-time mama, I truly believe that having Linda as our family's doula was an invaluable part of my birthing experience. Without her, my birthing plan would not have gone as well as it did. I can honestly say that I do not have emotional scars or a horror story around the birth of my son. A huge reason why is because of Linda: her calm and confident presence helped me focus and enabled my husband to provide the support I needed. At our introductory meeting to see if she was a good fit, her last comment to me showed that she believed in me and that gave me a sense of confidence that I can do this! We hadn't even officially chosen her yet!
Linda was great at answering questions during my pregnancy as well as helping me understand my options around labor and delivery. On the big day, she was available right away.During my labor, nurses and doctors came and went, but Linda was there throughout my labor and delivery. Because she was such a key part of my birthing story, I highly recommend Linda as a calm, knowledgeable, and confident doula. | https://doulamatch.net/profile/23608/linda-sarna-cd-dona-hchd |
A strange thing happened to me after I had kids. I’ve always loved to travel but having babies somehow transformed me into an anxiety-ridden mess every time I boarded a plane. So much that it was tempting to just stay home. But as I started reading more about nervous flyers, I knew there had to be a way to deal with it.
Over time, I finally became more comfortable with air travel again. I’ve traveled both domestically and overseas more than once in my life and I love exploring so these unwanted nerves were something that had to be dealt with.
Many people will tell you to take medication or buy a drink to just get through it, but I didn’t want to just get through it. I wanted to learn what it was that I was afraid of and try to kill it at the root.
I thought about what ultimately made me calm down and I wanted to share my secrets in case you happen to know any nervous flyers. I promise you, each one of these techniques has helped me and I guarantee I am using them in the air as you read this.
Calming Tips for Nervous Flyers
Good old-fashioned statistics
Han Solo may not want to know the odds, but I found that when it comes to commercial air travel, it really helps me to know that mine is not the only plane in the air.
In fact, there are thousands of flights in the air globally at any given moment that are taking off and landing just fine. And you know what is really fun? Tracking them! Check out Flightradar24 for real-time air traffic information. Make sure you zoom way out to get the full effect. Feeling small yet?
I also love watching our flight tracker when on the plane. It gives my brain something to do trying to figure out what I am looking at.
Of course, space travel is another story so I guess I’ll leave Han out of it.
Don’t Sweat Turbulence
I had a short layover in Las Vegas on my way home from Phoenix last year. I’d never been to Vegas before so I had no idea what to expect. Our descent was the worst 20 minutes of flying I had experienced in a long time. My fear was through the roof and I spent my entire layover reading about what turbulence really is and if planes can fall from the sky (TL;DR they can’t).
Here’s something I never knew until last year; turbulence isn’t actually dangerous. It’s simply a weather condition. In fact, according to AskthePilot.com, “About sixty people, two-thirds of them flight attendants, are injured by turbulence annually in the United States. That works out to about twenty passengers. Twenty out of the 800 million or so who fly each year in this country.”
This article was so immensely helpful that I have referred to it several times in the months since. I’ll never be a pilot myself, but a little bit of knowledge goes an awfully long way when it comes to combatting irrational fears. I can work with that. Science!
Fly when it’s cooler
Ok, this one is debatable, but if your schedule is flexible, why not? In my travels around the internet, I read that turbulence is pretty closely related to hot air, so if you really really can’t hang with a bumpy flight, your first line of defense is to avoid flying in the hottest part of the day.
That flight to Vegas I mentioned earlier? You guessed it; right smack in the middle of the afternoon. Add that to the mountainous terrain and you have a recipe for one bouncy landing. I try to book my flights in the early morning on the way to my destination, and in the evening when I return. An added bonus is making the most of my travel days with more time at my destination!
Meditate. Visualize. Pray.
What’s all this? Well, it’s about that pesky little fact that we don’t have control over everything that happens to us. True story. This one is a toughy for me as a mom because I want so badly to protect my family and by extension, myself.
I’ve shared my little mind-trick before and I’m telling you it really works! Go ahead, try it.
I sit back in my chair, close my eyes and imagine that I am in a toy plane being held by a giant hand. The plane goes up and down and all around and I can feel all of that movement. But the hand doesn’t drop the plane. The hand gently sets the plane down when it’s time to land, much a like a child would when playing.
Listen to the voices
Not the voices that are telling you all the different ways you can die on this plane. I’m talking about actual human voices. Voices are a great distraction because they aren’t rhythmic. I think one of the main reasons I am so sensitive to turbulence is because my body is very sensitive to motion. I got carsick as a child, I love to dance and “let the music move me,” so when the plane is rocking and rolling, I actually think I feel it more intensely than others.
I’ve tried reading and listening to music as a distraction, but here’s why those methods of distraction don’t work for me. When it comes to music, like I said, I’ll start to feel it. My mind latches onto the rhythm and everything is fine. But then if turbulence hits it’s so far out of sync it actually makes things worse. Reading isn’t quite as bad, but with a book I am acutely aware of every sound around me. It’s a completely and uncomfortably high-tension situation.
The best way I’ve found peace while flying is if I am traveling with someone and we can have a real conversation. The rhythm of talking and listening has much more variety than music and it’s a great way to pass the time! This works if you travel with others. I don’t really recommend chatting up the stranger next to you.
If you are traveling alone, a great podcast gives the same non-rhythmic distraction and who knows, you might even learn something!
Whether you’re flying because you want to or you have to, the bottom line is, you can do this. Arm yourself with a few tools, a great podcast, and a positive outlook. You’ll be back on the ground in no time!
Now it’s your turn! Where are my nervous flyers? Tell me your strategies for keeping your cool in the air in the comments below! | https://justisafourletterword.com/travel-tips-nervous-flyers/ |
Apple’s latest M1 Macs with Apple Silicon represent the very first generation of its kind. Therefore, there is still a lot to improve, change and fix in order for Apple’s ecosystem to work seamlessly with its new line of processors. This is why bugs are to be expected in a machine that has a new processer. The latest bug M1 Mac users are experiencing prevents them from downloading compatible iOS apps.
With the introduction of Apple silicon, Apple brought support for iOS and iPadOS apps to Mac if developers choose to make them available for download. Apple recently started blocking the ability to sideload iPhone and iPad apps on Apple Silicon M1 Macs, but those restrictions should only be applicable to apps that are not officially available on Mac through the App Store.
A weird bug prevents M1 Mac users from downloading iOS applications
To help combat the shortage of native applications for the Apple Silicon platform, Apple allows M1 Mac users to download and install iOS apps to their machines. Though this feature has been helpful to users, it seems that a small number of users are experiencing a bug that prevents them from downloading iOS apps from the Mac App Store.
According to the users who have been experiencing the bug, it seems that when they try to download an iOS app via the Mac App Store, they can see the spinning icon animation, indicating some background processing, but nothing happens. Since this bug was not present before the latest macOS update, there may be a correlation between the two things.
One user claimed that they had contacted Apple Support who told them they were unaware of this problem and that it has been escalated. Unfortunately, there is no known solution for this bug as of now. However, now that users have been reaching out to Apple, we should expect a fix soon.
via iMore
Read Also: | https://www.ithinkdiff.com/bug-m1-mac-cannot-download-ios-apps/ |
However actual feldspar powders are made from crushed crystalline rock containing a mixture of aluminum Many clays and other body materials contain feldspar. ceramic raw materials - The Claybucket 2016-8-12 · of the glaze is the feldspar.
Made How; Volume 1; Porcelain; ... The primary components of porcelain are clays, feldspar ... The scrap can then be used as a raw material. Porcelain appears to be ...
Feldspar is a common raw material used in glassmaking, ceramics, and to some extent as a filler and extender in paint, plastics, and rubber. In glassmaking, alumina from feldspar improves product hardness, durability, and resistance to chemical corrosion.
You need: a "clay body". That is a mixture of different kinds of clays and sometimes silica, sand, grog or feldspar. The recipes are designed to …
Apr 18, 2014· What are the materials that make up our planet? It's important when considering this to realise that most of the volume of material on the Earth is actually under our feet. ... What is our planet made out of? 1) Feldspar. Posted on April 18, 2014 by crystallography365. To take us over the Easter holidays we've a little bit of a ...
Click on a button below to see what minerals can be found in your home!
In Building Decorative Materials, 2011. 1 Definition of Ceramic. Ceramic is a product made of clay, feldspar and quartz as basic raw materials which are processed through mixing, molding, drying and burning. When it is applied to building projects, it is called building ceramic, which has been a kind of great building decorative material in China …
By sitting in between the chains of polymers that the material is made of, feldspar takes on the strain which is put on the material when stretched and used.
housing materials made of feldspar - YouTube. Sep 29, 2012· Feldspar is the mostmon mineral on earth, making up about 60 percent of the earth's crust.
Apr 10, 2010· In the category of rocks, what does quartz, feldspar and mica mean? ... Feldspar (K,Na,Ca)(AlSiO4) is probably the most common mineral in the earth's crust. They are present in abundance in all and in many igneous rocks. Feldspars are susceptible to both chemical and physical weathering, breaking down into clays. ...
GLASS-MAKING MATERIALS. During the last season several important glass-manufacturing districts Tiave been visited (by Survey geologists, and careful investigation lias been made of the glass sands ...
These handy materials, used as the core of glazes as well as in most clay bodies, appear in lots of recipes. Some recipes may be so old that the feldspars are no longer available or their names have been changed.
Custer Feldspar (NaKO.Al2O3.6SiO2 ) is a one of the primary feldspars used in ceramics. It is used in both clay (up to 25%) and glaze (up to ) formulas and is made up of silica and alumina combined with sodium and potassium oxides.
The term feldspar encompasses a whole range of materials. Most of the products we use on a daily basis are made with feldspar: glass for drinking, ...
Porcelain (/ ˈ p ɔːr s əl ɪ n /) is a ceramic material made by heating materials, generally including kaolin, in a kiln to temperatures between 1,200 and 1,400 °C (2,200 and 2,600 °F). The toughness, strength, and translucence of porcelain, relative to other types of pottery, arises mainly from vitrification and the formation of the ...
Feldspar is Jeremy and Cath Brown, who moved from Hackney to Devon for a slower pace of life in the fresh air. They create 'objects for life', homewares with an emphasis on timeless design and quality materials - good things made properly and to last. Everything is designed and prototyped in their thatched studio overl
Aug 09, 2018· Feldspar is a very versatile material, ... one of which mentioned feldspar quartz and made me go look up the word feldspar in several places.
The mica group of sheet silicate (phyllosilicate) minerals includes several closely related materials having nearly perfect basal cleavage.All are monoclinic, with a tendency towards pseudohexagonal crystals, and are similar in chemical composition.The nearly perfect cleavage, which is the most prominent characteristic of mica, is explained by …
Ceramic materials like clay are categorized as traditional ceramics and normally they are made of clay, silica, and feldspar. As its name suggests, traditional ceramics are not supposed to meet rigid specific properties after their production, so cheap technologies are utilized for most of the production processes.
housing materials made of feldspar.how sand is made material,manufacture,the glass was made by melting sand.the most common sand is composed of. More Details.
Except for clay and silica, feldspar is the most common raw material in ceramics. It is also the most common mineral on the face of the earth—making up …
Sep 29, 2012· Since the term refers to a whole bunch of different minerals, I'm sure there are certain kinds of feldspar -- which China, Italy and Turkey may have better access to -- that are …
The term feldspar encompasses a whole range of materials. Most of the products we use on a daily basis are made with feldspar: glass for drinking, glass for protection, fiberglass for insulation, the floor tiles and shower basins in our bathrooms, and the tableware from which we eat. | https://www.corimbus.ch/core/Aug-09_materials-made-of-feldspar/ |
Purification of Meetiyagoda Kaolin for boron free glaze manufacturing
Hussain, M.H.S.
;
Cooray, J.T.
;
Medawela, S.
URI:
http://www.erepo.lib.uwu.ac.lk/bitstream/handle/123456789/8315/60-MRT-Purification%20of%20Meetiyagoda%20Kaolin%20for%20boron%20free%20glaze%20.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Date:
2015
Abstract:
A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal, or even glass for covering of roofs, floors, walls, or other objects. Tiles are often made from ceramic with a hard glaze finish. But sometimes with other materials such as glass, marble, granite and slate are also used to produce tiles. Among them, floor tiles are commonly made of ceramic, porcelain and stones due to their attractiveness, durability, and easiness to clean. The main components of a tile are tile body, glaze layer, and printed layer. The raw materials used to form a tile consist of clay minerals, quartz, feldspar which is used to lower the firing temperature and chemical additives required for the shaping process. Tile decoration is mainly depending on the glaze layer. Sodium feldspar, potassium feldspar, quartz, wollastanite and kaolinite are abundantly used materials in glaze production. Even through Sri Lanka contains most of the above raw materials; at present all required glaze materials as imported to the country due to the cost, lack of technology and some quality problems of raw materials. So this research aims to manufacture a low cost glaze medium mainly using local mineral materials and few imported materials. Methodology The current study was carried out at Uva Wellassa University, Badulla, Sri Lanka and Lanka Tiles PLC, Jaltara, Sri Lanka. First, the raw materials were purified to make frit and glaze. The acid leach process was carried out for purification of kaolin and the magnetic process was carried out feldspar, wollastanite and quartz. The clay sample selected for investigation was kaolinite clay obtained from Meetiyagoda area. Then the clay sample was ground using a laboratory ball mill to –149 μm (100 meshes). The ground clay sample was placed on the sieve, and then mechanically shacken for 5 min. The oversize was further grounded followed by sieving with the same sieve. The procedures were repeated till the entire clay sample passed through the sieve. After that ground clay sample passing 100 mesh was subjected to calcination. The sample was heated at C ) to activate the clay before acid treatment (Al-Zaharani and Abdulmajid, 2009). Calcineated clay sample passing 100 mesh were leached using 3M hydrochloric acid for different periods of time (10-150 min) and at different leaching temperatures (25ºC to boiling temperature) using a constant temperature shaking water bath at a fixed shaking rate of 160 cycles/min and using boiling under reflux (Hulbert and Huff, 1970). At the end of leaching, the resulted slurry was filtered to separate undissolved materials and, washed in distilled water. The filtrate and washings were continued until ions were removed in the sample. The resulting sample was dried for 24 h in Laboratory oven. Likewise the feldspar and wollastanite were purified by magnets. The purity and quality of leached kaolinite were tested using common base (CS 100) in tile industry. After that the frit was made using 80g of sodium tetraborate pentahydrate (Na2B4O7.10H2O), 100g quartz, 160g of kaolin, 40g of wollastonite, 20g of zirconium silicate and 5g sodium chloride. The raw material was mixed in a pot mill. Water was added slowly step by step until the mixture forms in to a crumb. The crumb was heated at 100 C until it was completely dry. Then the dried product was transferred to porcelain cups and it was placed in a laboratory muffle kiln. The kiln was heated at a rate of 4 C per minute up to a 1050 C and kept at same temperature for 90 minutes (Simon et al, 2007). The furnace was switched off and the crucible was allowed to cool down to ambient temperature in the furnace. The product was removed, wrapped in a plastic film hammered to break in to small pieces. Then the base formula was generated by using it. Glass formation and formulation mechanisms (fluxes, vitrifying agent, opecifier), thermal expansion of the materials and melting point (softening temperature) were considered for base making. The materials in the base thermal expansion were adjusted according to frit thermal expansion. Frit (30g), kaolin (8g), sodium feldspar (30g), wollastanite (32g), zirconium silicate (10g), aluminium oxide (2.5g), zinc oxide(1.5g), C.M.C (0.2g) and S.T.P.P (0.2g) were added to the base formula and it was grind with 100 ml water in pot mill for about 20 minutes. Resulted base medium was sieved using a 100 µm sieve and it was sprayed by spray gun on to engobe green tile. Base density and base viscosity was measured before spraying. Based tile was fired in the kiln. Finally fired tile surface properties, thermal shock, abrasion, strain, cracking and acid resistance were checked to ensure the quality.
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Clay: Permeable earth with plastic qualities suitable for the production of ceramics.
Ceramics: A generic term encompassing any object made of clay and fired at a temperature above 500°C.
Faience: Earthenware covered with a glaze that is rendered opaque through the addition of tin oxide. This technique was developed in the Middle East in the late 8th century. Its white surface enables it to mimic Chinese porcelain. The decorative component of faience is referred to as grand feu or 'high-fired' if it is applied directly onto the raw glaze and fired together with the latter in an oxidising atmosphere (one rich in oxygen) at a temperature of around 1000°C. In contrast, the decoration is described as petit feu or 'low-fired' if it is applied to the fired enamel and then fixed in a muffle kiln at a temperature of between 600°C and 800°C. The range of colours available with the petit feu technique is broader than that available with grand feu. Lustreware, invented in Mesopotamia in the 9th century, is achieved by painting motifs onto the fired glaze using a mixture of metal oxides (copper and silver) and vinegar. After being fired at 650°C in a reducing atmosphere (one low in oxygen), the lustre needs to be polished using a hard stone to reveal its metallic reflections.
Creamware: Made from very fine, light-coloured clay with the addition of calcined flint and lime, and covered with a lead glaze, creamware is fired at a temperature of 1000°C to 1200°C. It was developed in England in the 18th century. Cheaper than porcelain, it has a cream-coloured surface to which a painted or printed decoration can be applied.
Stoneware: Hard clay of variable colouring, which is vitrified by firing at a temperature of between 1200°C and 1280°C. Stoneware has existed in China since the 7th century, while the first examples in Europe were made in Germany in the 14th century.
Stonepaste: A sandy-textured ceramic, rich in silica (from sand, flint or powdered quartz) and fired at a temperature of around 1000°C. It is composed of 60 to 90% silica, combined with a small amount of clay. Stonepaste was developed in the Middle East towards the end of the 11th century to imitate Chinese white porcelain. This technique was not imported into Europe.
Porcelain: A composite white ceramic created from a mixture of 50% kaolin, 25% quartz and 25% feldspar. After being fired at a high temperature (approximately 1400°C), porcelain vitrifies, becomes translucent, and produces a bell-like sound when struck. To make it glossy, porcelain is generally coated with a vitreous coating known as a glaze, which may be transparent or coloured. Porcelain is described as 'hard-paste' when its glaze is scratch-resistant to steel. Underglaze decoration is applied directly to the bisque; overglaze enamelling and gold are applied to the fired glaze and are fixed through successive firing at a lower temperature.
Soft-paste porcelain: Containing no kaolin, this is produced from a mixture of white clay and frit (a vitreous material). Fired at around 1000°C, soft-paste porcelain’s glaze is not scratch-resistant to steel. Bone china, produced mainly in England, is an English porcelain in which the feldspar is replaced by bone ash.
Earthenware: The simplest ceramic technique, which consists in hardening a clay object by firing it at a low temperature (between 500°C and 1000°C). Earthenware remains porous after firing, but can be covered in an alkaline or lead coating (glaze), which makes it impermeable and glossy. Earthenware can readily be decorated with coloured liquid clays known as slips, which are applied to the bisque before glazing. | https://www.musee-ariana.ch/en/collections/glossary |
Pottery is made of clay, moulded and fired at around 600-800°. Firing at a low temperature produces a porous material.
It is probably the oldest craft known to man. The technique has been used throughout the centuries up to the present day. In the Middle Ages in Europe, items were often covered in a lead-based coating, to make them watertight.
The oldest objects in the museum go back to the 12th century BC and go as far as the 19th century AD. The museum also contains some very interesting examples of non-European pottery, from South America and North Africa.
Faience
Faience (glazed earthenware), is one of the four main families in ceramics, along with pottery, stoneware and porcelain.
Faience is clay that is moulded then immersed in tin enamel, known as tin glaze. This coating improves the watertightness of the objects. When it is fired, the tin gives the enamel a white colour upon which artists can add various decorations.
Opaque tin enamel was discovered in Mesopotamia towards the 9th century AD. This technique was brought by the Muslims, via North Africa, as far as Spain, where faience has been produced since the 11th and 12th centuries. From Spain, the technique travelled to France (via paving) and especially to Italy, where the princes of the Italian Renaissance competed to produce the most beautiful majolica. The roots of the word faience come from the name of the Italian city of Faenza.
Italian influence was very significant throughout the 16th century through artistic trade and favoured by commercial trade. The faience technique therefore spread throughout Europe. The 17th century saw the emergence of Delft earthenware in Holland, also inspired by Italy. The following centuries were marked by the development of faience manufactories in France.
The main stages in the history of faience are very well illustrated by the museum’s collections.
Stoneware
Stoneware is a ceramic made from clay with a high silicon content known as “stoneware clay”, which is fired at around 1250°. The clay therefore reaches the maximum vitrification point. Stoneware is opaque but the intense heat gives it a very compact texture which makes it watertight. It is usually a grey or brown colour.
This technique was developed in China. In Europe, the earliest stoneware goes back to the end of the medieval period, in Germany. The decorations were often done in cobalt blue, the only oxide that can easily withstand high temperatures. Stoneware can be covered in a salt-based varnish which gives the surfaces a thin, shiny coat. In the 17th century, the development of faience and porcelain led to the relative abandonment of stoneware, although it once again gained popularity from the 19th century onwards.
The collection includes Chinese stoneware, as well as German and French stoneware from the Renaissance. The museum also has a remarkable demonstration of artists’ work from the late 19th century which, following Jules Ziegler in the mid-19th century, used stoneware as a specific means of expression up to the 20th century
Porcelain: composition and appearance
Porcelain is a paste consisting of kaolin (50%), feldspar (25%) and quartz (25%). Kaolin is a type of clay, which owes how fine it is to the disintegration of feldspar, and has the notable quality of remaining white after firing. Able to withstand temperatures up to 1400°, the material becomes vitrified, which is what gives porcelain its second remarkable feature : translucency.
Known in China since early Christian times, probably during the Tang era (618-907), kaolin was only discovered in Europe in the early 18th century in Germany.
With the Renaissance and the discovery of the sea routes, Chinese porcelain became a point of reference for European ceramists, who continually tried to imitate it. In the absence of kaolin, they produced a material with a similar appearance, soft-paste porcelain (a blend of different clays, but without kaolin).
The museum owns some remarkable hard-paste and soft-paste porcelain pieces (monochrome, celadon, or Chinese “blue and white”, soft-paste Sèvres porcelain and the early hard-paste European porcelains from Meissen, Saxony and France), enabling us to follow the major stages in the global history of this much-loved ceramic. | https://www.musee-adriendubouche.fr/en/ceramics/ |
What Is Porcelain And How Is It Made
Porcelain, whose origin can be traced back to China, can be described as a ceramic material formed by heating various materials together. These materials, including Kaolin which is heated in a kiln to high range temperatures between 1200 and 1400ºC. The strength, translucence, and toughness of porcelain relative to other forms of pottery is a characteristic built into it by the vitrification process, as well as, the formation of the mineral mullite within its body when heated to extremely high temperatures in a kiln. The manufacturing process in porcelain is considered more problematic than other forms of pottery like stoneware and earthenware. It is commonly recognized as the most important pottery type owing to its strength and white color. It has excellent workability and can be modeled into any shape with allowance for decorative indentations and embossments. Because of this characteristic, it is used for making decorative vessels and historical figurines. In addition to its ability to combine brilliantly well with paints and glazes, it has a host of uses in industries.
Types of Porcelain
There are various types of porcelain, some of which include alumina porcelain, vitro porcelain, feldspar porcelain, earthenware, and stoneware.
Alumina Porcelain
Alumina porcelain has a similar production method to feldspar porcelain. The major difference is that it is mixed with aluminum which is thought to improve its durability. However, with that increase in durability comes a decrease in translucency.
Vitro Porcelain
Its origin can be traced back to America. It has a warmer white tone than feldspar porcelain. It is very durable and a little transparent. In its production process, it is pre-fired at a temperature (800ºC), a little lower than regular porcelain and another firing is done at 1230ºC-1250ºC.
Stoneware
Stoneware, as the name suggests, is a solid material. Yet, it is more porous than normal porcelain. Its base color is usually brown or light grey, depending on what technique was used for its firing. Lately, several variations of this porcelain type have been developed. For example, aluminum can be used in place of the quartz to achieve a stronger and whiter product.
Earthenware
This is a relatively porous porcelain with an opaque glaze. An example of this opaque glaze is tin glaze. The glaze has a high tendency to crack because it is porous. Its strength is weaker than normal porcelain.
Feldspar Porcelain
Feldspar porcelain has been produced as far back as the 1700s when the Europeans tried to imitate Chinese porcelain. This porcelain type is white with a slightly blue tone than standard porcelain. It is also slightly translucent owing to the high percentage of glass phase in its structure. It is incredibly durable and is fired at a temperature of about 1300-1400ºC.
Constituents of Porcelain
Porcelain is made from a heated mixture of silica, clays, feldspar and flint materials of small particle sizes. These materials are combined in varying proportions – until they attain their fired and unfired properties - to form different types of porcelain. Let’s take a look at these materials one after the other.
Clay: In general, the exact composition of clay would usually depend on where it is extracted. Still, clay would often have closely related properties regardless of where it is gotten. For example, all clays vitrify only at high temperatures. The only exception is when the vitrification threshold has been lowered by the addition of some materials. Also, all clays are refractory. Just as it is with glass, they hold their shape when heated. Porcelain, therefore, combines the low porosity of glass with the ability of clay to retain its shape. Hence, its popularity for domestic usage. Generally, the clay used for making porcelain are ball clay and china clay, and they are composed mostly of hydrous aluminum silicate and kaolinite.
Feldspar: This material is composed mostly of flint and aluminum silicate. Flint is a type of hard quartz used as a flux in a porcelain mixture. Fluxes can be used to reduce the temperature at which liquid glass is formed, usually at about 1000 to 1300ºC. In this liquid phase, the grains used in forming porcelain bond firmly together.
Silica: Silica is a chemical compound formed by a combination of silicon and oxygen gas; two of the most abundant elements on earth. It exists naturally in crystalline, amorphous and impure forms as seen in quartz, opal, and sand respectively. Of all filler types, silica is the most commonly used for firing the porcelain body. Asides facilitating the firing and forming of the body, it also aids to improve the properties of the final product.
In some cases, porcelain might contain low-alkali containing bodies like soapstone or alumina.
Process of Manufacturing Porcelain
Having selected the required raw materials and taking out the required amounts by weight, they are made to undergo a number of preparatory steps. To begin with, they are crushed, then purified. After that, they are mixed together before being subjected to several forming processes. The forming process could be any of pressing, casting, stiff plastic forming or soft plastic forming. The choice of forming process would usually depend on the type of porcelain ware to be produced. After forming the porcelain body, it is then bisque-fired before glazing. Glazing is the process of firing onto a ceramic body a layer of decorative glass. Finally, the porcelain is then fired. Firing involves heating the porcelain body in a type of oven referred to as kiln.
In summary, the manufacturing process of porcelain involves the crushing of materials to be used, cleaning and mixing of such materials, forming process of the body, bisque-firing, glazing, and firing.
Uses of Porcelain
Building Materials
Porcelain is widely used as a form of building material, especially for floor finishes. Basically, there are two types of porcelain tiles used in buildings. They are, namely glazed and thorough-bodied porcelain tiles. Glazed porcelain tiles are tiles with a glaze finish over the top. The glaze is usually added to add color and finish to the tile. These types of tiles are generally used for decorative purposes because of their fine finish and decoration rather than for more practical purposes.
In contrast, thorough-bodied porcelain tiles do not have any form of glaze over their top. They are mostly used for floors, walls, and countertops since they do not have glazes that could be easily eroded from abrasion and constant use.
Porcelain tiles can be used for floors in high-traffic areas such as in malls due to the hardness and toughness of the materials. They are generally non-porous and non-absorbent. Hence, they can be used for floors and surfaces that are regularly exposed to bacteria.
Electrical Insulation
This is one of the most common usages of porcelain. In addition to being thermal shock-resistant, they are also good insulators and are used in areas of high voltages. They are used in the insulation of antennas, as well, as in high-voltage cable terminals. The American Ceramic society even suggests that they are an essential part of electronic components that ensure the proper functioning of telecommunication devices like smartphones and computers.
Medicine
This might come as a surprise to a few; however, porcelain is also used in medicine. It is used in dentistry for making porcelain jackets otherwise known as caps and crowns. A porcelain jacket is used in dentistry for protecting the surface of a weak or broken tooth. It is usually recommended for rebuilding teeth that have either been ruined by large holes and decay or have previously been broken. In some cases, they are used to help reshape, whiten or align better the existing teeth. It is imperative to note that they are similar to a natural tooth and for this reason are used for anterior teeth.
Art
Despite its use as a utilitarian material, the elegance and beauty of porcelain make it an interesting choice of art material. In ancient times, people discovered that asides being exquisitely beautiful and elegant in design, porcelain objects were also durable. Consequently, porcelain was used for collectibles. In modern times, they are collected as treasures and sold for huge sums.
Ancient treasures like incense burners used in sacrificial ceremonies or tomb figures from burial grounds are now collected as treasures and stored away at museums or sold for huge prices.
Decoration
Porcelain can also be used for making decorative objects. Some of these objects are used around the home while some others can serve as souvenirs and gift items. Many trinkets and statue exchanged between nations were made from porcelain.
Household Utensils
This is one of the earliest uses of porcelain. This ceramic material was used in times for making kitchen wares used for preparing and dishing out food. It was discovered that utensils and dishes made from porcelain were impervious, easy to clean and reuse and were durable when heated. Their use has now gone beyond kitchen wares to the making of other household items like paperweights and penholders.
Laboratory Use
Because of the durability of porcelain and its electrical resistivity, porcelain is used for making laboratory materials and equipment. For instance, they are used for making wares in a chemical laboratory because of its strength, durability, and ability to resist chemical attack. | https://mineralmilling.com/what-is-porcelain-and-how-is-it-made/ |
- Throughout much of the Piedmont Plateau and Mountain regions the decomposition of felspar and of other aluminous minerals has resulted in a deep soil of clay with which more or less sand is mixed.
- The difference between schists and gneisses is mainly that the latter have less highly developed foliation; they also, as a rule, are more coarse grained, and contain far more quartz and felspar, two minerals which rarely assume platy or acicular forms, and hence do not lead to the production of a fissile character in the rocks in which they are important constituents.
- In the mica-schists of this group biotite or muscovite may be the principal mineral and often both are present in varying proportions; the mica has developed from the argillaceous matter of the original rock; in addition there is always quartz and sometimes felspar (albite or oligoclase).
- Often they contain quartz and felspar, sometimes pyroxene, amphibole, garnet or epidote.
- Some of the "porphyroids" which have grains of quartz and felspar in a finely schistose micaceous matrix are intermediate between porphyries and micaschists of this group. Still more numerous are orthoschists of hornblendic character (hornblende-schists) consisting of green hornblende with often felspar, quartz and sphene (also rutile, garnet, epidote or zoisite, biotite and iron oxides).Advertisement
- They are mostly true felspar basalts, but a few contain nepheline in addition to the felspar.
- Babingtonite is found as small black crystals on felspar in the granite of Baveno in Italy, and in the Haytor iron mine in Devonshire.
- Few obsidians are entirely vitreous; usually they have small crystals of felspar, quartz, biotite or iron oxides, and when these are numerous the rock is called a porphyritic obsidian (or hyalo-liparite).
- These crystals have, as a rule, very good crystalline form, but the quartz and felspar are often filled with enclosures of glass.
- The larger ones polarize light, have angular outlines like those of crystals, and may even show twinning and definite optical properties by which they can be identified as belonging to felspar, augite or some other rock-forming mineral.Advertisement
- A dull stony-looking rock results, the vitreous lustre having entirely disappeared, and in microscopic section this exhibits a cryptocrystalline structure, being made up of exceedingly minute grains principally of quartz and felspar.
- These veins consist of felspar, quartz and mica, often with smaller amounts of other crystallized minerals, such as tourmaline, beryl and garnet; they are worked for mica in India, the United States (South Dakota, Colorado and Alabama), and Brazil (Goyaz, Bahia and Minas Geraes).
- Semi-opacity and opacity are usually produced by the addition to the glass-mixtures of materials which will remain in suspension in the glass, such as oxide of tin, oxide of arsenic, phosphate of lime, cryolite or a mixture of felspar and fluorspar.
- For the commoner grades of dark-coloured bottles the glass mixture is cheapened by substituting common salt for part of the sulphate of soda, and by the addition of felspar, granite, granulite, furnace slag and other substances fusible at a high temperature.
- Other mineral substances obtained in small quantities are: pyrite, in St Lawrence county; arsenical ore, in Putnam county; red, green and purple slate, in Washington county; garnet in Warren, Essex and St Lawrence counties; emery and felspar, in Westchester county; and infusorial earth in Herkimer county.Advertisement
- Potters' clay, kaolin and felspar, which have largely facilitated the development of the flourishing porcelain industry, are found in various parts of the country, which is also fortunate in possessing sand suitable for use in the manufacture of the glass for which Bohemia has long been famous.
- In point of absolute mass they are insignificant compared with the abundance and variety of potassiferous silicates, which occur everywhere in the earth's crust; orthoclase (potash felspar) and potash mica may be quoted as prominent examples.
- Other minerals whose production may be found stated in detail in the annual volume on Mineral Resources of the United States Geological Survey are: natural pigments, felspar, white mica, graphite, fluorspar, arsenic, quartz, barytes, bromine.
- To these may be added emery, steatite, barytes, felspar and ochre, in considerable quantities; excellent lithographic stone is obtained at Solenhofen; and gold and silver are still worked, but to an insignificant extent.
- Just as a granite is a conglomerate or mechanical mixture of distinct crystalline grains of three perfectly definite minerals, mica, quartz, and felspar, so iron and steel in their usual slowly cooled state consist of a mixture of microscopic particles of such definite quasiminerals, diametrically unlike.Advertisement
- From these rocks in the Ottawa valley are quarried or mined granite, marble, magnificent blue sodalite, felspar, talc, actinolite, mica, apatite, graphite and corundum; the latter mineral, which occurs on a larger scale here than elsewhere, is rapidly replacing emery as an abrasive.
- Their geological formation is metamorphic gneiss, veined with felspar and quartz, and interspersed with reddish porphyrite.
- Its essential constituents are felspar, quartz and riebeckite - a soda amphibole.
- Minerals produced in small quantities include gypsum, millstones, salt and sandstone, and among those found but not produced (in 1902) in commercial quantities may be mentioned allanite, alum, arsenic, bismuth, carbonite, felspar, kaolin, marble, plumbago, quartz, serpentine and tin.
- The rock is a very compact and fine-grained mixture of felspar, quartz and mica, often graduating to mica schist, quartzite and gneiss.Advertisement
- The chief exports are timber (very largely exported to Great Britain), wood-pulp, sealskins and felspar.
- The industries include the manufacture of fine pottery, and of so-called porcelain buttons made of felspar and milk by a special process; its inventor, Bapterosses, has a bust in the town.
- In pegmatite (graphic granite) and granophyre it often forms a regular intergrowth with felspar.
- The gneiss is mostly grey, but occasionally pinkish, its essential constituents (felspar and quartz) being almost always associated with dark mica (biotite) and hornblende in variable quantity.
- Kaolin and muscovite are formed principally after felspar (and the felspars are the commonest minerals of all crystalline rocks); also from nepheline, leucite, scapolite and a variety of other rock-forming minerals.Advertisement
- These sediments are fine and tenacious; their principal components, in addition to clay, being small grains of quartz, zircon, tourmaline, hornblende, felspar and iron compounds.
- The alkalis are very interesting; often they form 5 or io% of the whole rock; they indicate abundance of white micas or of undecomposed particles of felspar.
- It consists of very fine scaly kaolin, larger, shining plates of white mica, grains of quartz and particles of semi-decomposed felspar, tourmaline, zircon and other minerals, which originally formed part of the granite.
- The felspar decomposes into kaolin and quartz; its alkalis are for the most part set free and removed in solution, but are partly retained in the white mica which is constantly found in crude china-clays.
- In addition to the reddish or brownish argillaceous matrix it contains fresh or decomposed crystals of volcanic minerals, such as felspar, augite, hornblende, olivine and pumiceous or palagonitic rocks.Advertisement
- It is a silicate of iron. feldspar feldspath felspar a common rock-forming mineral. fermium a radioactive element, no.
- The sandstones commonly contain grains of felspar - a complex silicate of alumina and an alkaline base. | https://sentence.yourdictionary.com/felspar |
What is ball clay?
Ball clay, or ‘plastic clay’ is an extremely rare mineral, only found at a handful of locations around the world. It is a kaolinitic clay that commonly consists of 20–80% kaolinite, 10–25% mica, 6–65% quartz as well as organic matter.
Geology
Ball clay is formed from the weathering and transportation by water of parent rocks that have been mixed through river action with other clays, sands, gravel and vegetation. Seams in the same deposit will vary in composition, depending on the quantity of the principal and accessory minerals.
Physical properties
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High plasticity
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Excellent workability
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High unfired strength
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Rheological stability
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Controlled residue
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Refractoriness
- Ceramics
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Ceramics
- Combined with kaolin, ball clays provide the cohesion and workability necessary for the creation of ceramic parts such as sanitaryware.
- Used with kaolin, feldspar and quartz in tableware and whiteware, ball clay confers high plasticity and a good white-fired color to the end product.
- In wall and floor tiles, ball clays are prized for their plasticity and bonding properties.
- In glazes and engobes they ensure a perfect finish.
- Electrical porcelain insulators contain plastic clays to provide insulation from high voltage currents.
For more information, please visit Imerys Ceramics. | http://imeryspa.preprod.couleur-citron.com/our-minerals/ball-clay |
The Department of Energy's Office of Scientific and Technical Information.
Kaolinite Mines Equipment. Home >Kaolinite Mines Equipment, Mining crusher machine redevelopment of kaolinite quarries redevelopment of kaolinite quarri Clay pit - Wikipedia, th More location of pugu kaolin mining 10 Mar 1992 given three months in which to move the equipment to the site instead of The Pugu - Chanika - Mbagala
The chemical formula of illite is (K,H 3 O) (Al, Mg, Fe) 2 (Si,Al) 4 O 10 [ (OH) 2, (H 2 O)] and its molecular weight is g. It is usually gray-white to silvery-white, or greenish-gray in color. The specific gravity of the mineral varies from to Illite is also called clay mica or hydrous mica or hydrous muscovite.
Hardness: View All Native Elements Sulfides Oxides Halides Carbonates Nitrates Borates Sulfates Phosphates Tungstates/Molybdates Silicates Tectosilicates - Silica Group - Feldspar Group - Zeolite Group Phyllosilicates - Mica Group - Chlorite Group Inosilicates - Amphibole Group - Pyroxene Group Cyclosilicates - Tourmaline Group Sorosilicates Nesosilicates - Garnet Group - Humite Group
The Mohs scale measures the hardness of a mineral. Kaolinite, which is a clay mineral and part of the group of industrial minerals, has a Mohs scale value of What is the hardness
Leucite is found only in eruptive rocks of more recent Tertiary origin. It is one of the main components of certain basalts, trachytes and fondites,
The scientific disciplines of hydrology and hydrogeology are expanding as the Earth's water is being recognized by governments and individuals as a shrinking resource—no entity can afford to take water for granted. At the present time, there is no single reference source for definitions. The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Hydrogeology is a practical, comprehensive reference guide with complete ...
Due to the absorption of water, the specific gravity of clays is highly variable and is lowered with increased water content. The hardness of clays is difficult to determine due to the microscopic nature of the crystals, but actual hardness is usually between 2 - 3 and many clays give a hardness of 1 in field tests.
Kaolinite Release time：23 August 2022 Type Mineral Mineral Classification Phyllosilicates Chemical Formula Al2Si2O5 (OH)4 Streak White Mohs Hardness Crystal System Triclinic Color White, sometimes red, blue or brown tints from impurities Luster Pearly to dull earthy Fracture Irregular/uneven, conchoidal, sub-conchoidal, micaceous Description
Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. Get Support ... hardness and density of the microstructure in a porous medium [49,50]. ... compaction and densification of soil. Kaolinite has effects on the stability, contributes to early strength and workability, as well as later strength gain of soil. Illite and ...
Imerys: #1 Kaolin producer. Imerys is the world's largest producer of quality kaolin from its deposits and beneficiation plants in Brazil, US, UK, France, Ukraine, Australia, and New Zealand. Our products offer unique and specific geological properties which we fine-tune to meet the specific requirements of the diverse markets we serve.
Kaolinite crystals have a lamellar or plate-like structure that gives the clay its slippery feel. It is a natural alteration product of aluminum silicate rocks, such as feldspar. Pure kaolinite is a primary clay. ... Mohs Hardness - Density g/ml Refractive Index ; ; Resources and Citations
Kaolinite is a clay mineral, with a soft consistency and earthy texture. It is easily broken and can be molded or shaped, especially when wet. Kaolinite is a lackluster and uninteresting mineral on its own, but it occasionally forms interesting pseudomorph s, especially after feldspar s.
Home / kaolinite specific hardness in philippines. Philippine Kaolinite Clay as Reinforcing Filler for Rubber,, Rubber compound filled with DC exhibited highest tensile strength (187 MPa), tensile modulus (323 MPa) and hardness (665 Shore A and 704 IRHD) as well as tan δ (0115) and storage modulus,Ceramic Materials Properties, Porcelain is a ...
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H=Hardness; SG = specific gravity Mineral H SG Streak Color (and/or luster) Form Cleavage/Fracture Distinctive properties Garnet X3Y2(SiO4)3 where X and Y are combinations of Ca, Mg, Fe, Al 7 Mineral Lab Identification Table Mineral Name Possible Colors Streak Hardness Cleavage (how many planes) or Fracture HEFT Light, Medium, Heavy ...
At a temperature of 1000 • C, the specific heat capacity of the samples ranges from up to kJ·kg −1 ·K −1, which is about 50% higher than it was for the green samples.
The calcination process increases whiteness and hardness, improves electrical properties, and alters the size and shape of the kaolin particles. ... The quartz and mica of the granite remain relatively unchanged whilst the feldspar is transformed into kaolinite. Smectite may also form in small quantities in some deposits. ... Market-specific ...
Hardness: -2 - Talc-Gypsum Luminescence: Non-fluorescent. Luster: Earthy (Dull) Streak: white Optical Properties of Kaolinite Gladstone-Dale: CI meas = (Good) - where the CI = (1-K PDmeas /K C) CI calc = (Good) - where the CI = (1-K PDcalc /K C) K PDcalc =,K PDmeas =,K C = Ncalc = Optical Data:
what isthe hardnessof kaolin TENSILE AND HARDNESS PROPERTY EVALUATION OF. May 1 When pure kaolin is a soft white absorbent powder composed primarily of the Kaolin fluoresces a pale white Mohs Hardness 20 25Jan 1 Processing is a key element in the s ... Kaolin Ore Crushing Solutions . 2022-6-19 kaolinite crusher can process materials ...
A kaolinite-group clay. Originally reported from Saint-Etienne, Loire, Rhône-Alpes, France. Nickel and Chromium-rich Illite: The illite and a Ni-dominant trioctahedral mica are said to contain up to wt.% NiO and up to wt.% Cr 2 O 3, which would be the largest as for world's micas at all. Vanadium-bearing Illite: A V-enriched "illite".
Apr 12, 2022Kaolin is a hydrated aluminum silicate crystalline mineral (kaolinite, Al 2 (Si 2 O 5 ) (OH) 4 ). It was termed 'China clay' from its use in China, formed commonly from weathered granite or hydrothermal activity. It is typical of three main geological environments: (1) weathering profiles; (2) hydrothermal alterations; and (3) sedimentary ...
Kaolinite out for its uniform grayish veins that cross the neutral background with a translucent appearance. ... Specific Gravity: ASTM D792: : Hardness: MOHS: : Water Absorption: AS 1756-1989 () %: Colour Fastness: AS 1756-1989 () No Change: Impact Resistance:
Lynch (1997) reports an average content of ~17% kaolinite and 2% chlorite in Oligocene Gulf Coast shales at 2 km depth; at km depth the kaolinite in these rocks is reduced to ~10% whereas the chlorite has increased to 4%. This suggests that the same illitization reaction that affects kaolinite in sandstones may be active in shales as well.
Kaolinite has a hardness of 1 on the mineralogical scale and a density of 2, 540-2, 600 kg/m 3. It is greasy to the touch. In heating to 500°-600° C, it loses water, and at 1,000°-1, 200° C, it decomposes, liberating heat and forming initially sillimanite and then mullite. This reaction constitutes the basis of ceramic production.
Kaolinite Kaolinite General CategoryMineral Chemical formulaAl2Si2O5(OH)4 Identification ColorWhite, sometimes red, blue or brown tints from impurities Crystal ... Mohs Scale hardness: 2 - : Luster: dull and earthy: Refractive index: α -, β -, γ - : Specific gravity: - : References:
This makes peeling more difficult than other silicate fillers, and kaolinite is hydrophilic, so it disperses easily in water, and for non-aqueous applications, matrix compatibility with surface treatment is improved. What Are Kaolinite Minerals For?
A possible structure for kaolinite was first put forward by Pauling (1930) in a paper dealing generally with the structures of layer-type minerals, chlorites, micas, &c. He suggested that the structure consisted of a sheet of Si-O tetrahedra arranged in a hexagonal network with a superposed sheet of Al-(O,OH) octahedra, the two together forming a layer of composition Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 ...
Kaolin, commonly referred to as china clay, is a clay that contains 10-95% of the mineral kaolinite and usually consists mainly of kaolinite (85-95%). In addition to kaolinite, kaolin usually contains quartz and mica and also, less frequently, feldspar, illite, montmorillonite, ilmenite, anastase, haematite, bauxite, zircon, rutile, kyanite, silliminate, graphite, attapulgite, and halloysite.
Fracture is not apparent. Hardness is 2 - Specific Gravity is approximately g/cm. Streak is white. Associated Minerals include fluorite, microcline and pyrite. Distinguishing Features: none. Origin: From the Chinese Kao-ling, "high ridge", the name of the. hill near Jaucha Fa, Jianxi, China, where the mineral was found.
Crystals of any size are quite rare, usually microscopic. Cleavage is perfect in one direction, basal. Fracture is earthy. Hardness is - 2 (can leave marks on paper). Specific Gravity is (average). Streak is white. Other Characteristics: Clay like properties when water is added.
Mohs scale hardness: : Luster: Pearly to dull earthy: Streak: White: Specific gravity: : Optical properties: ... Measured: 24° to 50°, Calculated: 44° References: Kaolinite or Kaolin is a clay mineral. It is in a group with the chemical composition Al 2 Si 2 O 5 4.
Pale rose friable horizon with 2,0 m thickness. The steep / abrupt transition with horizon 4 is due to hardness difference : SA 3A-2 SA 3B-2 SA 3C-2 SA 3D-2 SA 3E-2 : 79 58 68 64 58 : 4 : Gray material horizon about 0,5 m thickness made of corestones. Samples were taken along the concentric shells from the spheroidal weathering and inside the ...
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In : Irrigation, drainage and salinity: an international source book, FAO/UNESCO, p. 333-386, illus., diagrs, graphs, tables Language : English Year of publication ... | https://www.cabussola.it/09-28_35410.html |
Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol. 33, No. 6, 490-500, 1985. ... CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF KAOLINITE: DIMETHYLSULFOXIDE INTERCALATE J. G. THOMPSON l AND C. CUFF Geology Department, James Cook University of North Queensland Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia ... The only reported suggestion that the kaolin- group minerals (here dickite) formed 3-D ...
2.1 Clay. Kaolin is the most important clay material to improve surface smoothness for better print quality. Clay materials are natural, earthy, ... This structure is the cause of the chemical inertia of this material, it being quite difficult to improve its properties by chemical methods [3,4].
Kaolin Clay (Ulo) Clay mineral with chemical composition Al2Si2O5(OH)4. It is a layered silicate mineral with one tetrahedral sheet of silica linked through oxygen atoms to one tetrahedral sheet of alumina octahedron. Figure 3a. Raw kaolin clay sample Figure 3b. Structural formula of kaolin Zeolites from Natural Kaolin Clay
BENTONITE, KAOLIN, AND SELECTED CLAY MINERALS PREAMBLE viii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS xvi 1. SUMMARY 1 1.1 Identity, physical and chemical properties, and analytical methods 1 1.2 Sources of human and environmental exposure 2 1.3 Environmental levels and human exposure 2 1.4 Kinetics and metabolism in laboratory animals ...
Clay minerals are hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, sometimes with variable amounts of iron, magnesium, ... Kaolin group which includes the minerals kaolinite, dickite, halloysite, and nacrite ... This oxygen atom is bonded to a hydrogen atom forming an OH group in the clay structure.
Clay minerals have a sheet-like structure and are composed of mainly tetrahedrally arranged silicate and octahedrally arranged aluminate groups. Kaolinite is the principal mineral in kaolin clays. It is a 1:1 clay mineral – the basic unit is composed of a 2-dimensional (2D) layer of silicate groups tightly bonded to a 2D layer of aluminate ...
Kaolinite (/ ˈ k eɪ ə l ɪ n aɪ t /) is a clay mineral, part of the group of industrial minerals, with the chemical composition Al 2 Si 2 O 5 4.It is a layered silicate mineral, with one tetrahedral sheet of silica (SiO 4) linked through oxygen atoms to one octahedral sheet of alumina (AlO 6) octahedra. Rocks that are rich in kaolinite are known as kaolin / ˈ k eɪ ə l ɪ n / or china clay.
Kaolin, also called china clay, soft white clay that is an essential ingredient in the manufacture of china and porcelain and is widely used in the making of paper, rubber, paint, and many other products. Kaolin is named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries.
CHEMISTRY OF CLAYS. clay substance from the sand or quartz. The aiCtion upO'n im pure quartz of a dilute sO'lution of sodium hydrate 0'1' sodium carbonate, furnishes means fO'r separating the quartz from the amorphous silica. The action of sulfuric acid and the alkali has given rise to a method O'f analysis, which is knO'wn as rational
seems to have a similar relationship to the kaolin structure. In the fol-Iowing work hypotheses are advanced to account for the structures of these hydrates and their bearing on the water sorption of the clay minerals. Stnucrunn on WlrBn Lavpns Paulingl showed that a …
BENTONITE, KAOLIN, AND SELECTED CLAY MINERALS . PREAMBLE: ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ... Quartz is the most relevant accessory mineral in bentonite and kaolin. Its structure is a tridimensional framework of silicate tetrahedra arranged sharing corners. ... Like bentonite and common clay, kaolin is an important industrial mineral that has an ...
This is the James Hutton Institute clay and clays and minerals service offering expertise in XRD, SEM, FTIR, infrared spectroscopy ... color atomno color cpk color structure; isosurface vdw off mep translucent opaque; ... Infrared spectroscopy is also particularly sensitive to the different kaolin polytypes and provides a variety of information ...
Kaolinite is the most common member of the kaolin subgroup. Economically important. Classic hexagonally platy morphology to more disordered phases. Also "books." Wide variety of particle sizes. Structure: DL Bish, 1993, Clays Clay Minerals 41:738-744.
Kaolinite is a clay mineral, with a soft consistency and earthy texture. It is easily broken and can be molded or shaped, especially when wet. Kaolinite is a lackluster and uninteresting mineral on its own, but it occasionally forms interesting pseudomorphs, especially after feldspars. It is also a common accessory to other minerals, including gem crystals in decomposing feldspar pegmatites.
Kaolinite properties, structure and influence of metal retention on pH Jorge C. Miranda-Trevino1, Cynthia A. Coles* ... structure of the clay causing stress in the molecule. Changes in the mechanical and chemical properties of the clay are ... D kaolinite from the Dry Branch Kaolin Company.
Importer and Supplier of Mineral Products, Calcined Clay (kaolin), Magnesium Silicate (Talc), China Clay (Kaolin), Ground Calcium Carbonate and Feldspar offered by Peekay Minerals & Allied Products, Jaipur (India), Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. ... Fully calcined kaolin products with an amorphous structure are formed around 1000 deg C.
Clay minerals include kaolinite, nacrite, dickite, montmorillonite, illite, chlorite, attapulgite and anauxite. Chemical composiitons of kaolin minerals are same. But each differs from by layers stacked on top of one another. Kaolinite is the principal constituent of kaolin.
What Is Kaolin Kaolin (china clay) is a hydrated aluminium silicate crystalline mineral (kaolinite), formed from weathered granite that once sat below the earth's surface. It is one of the most common minerals on earth and can be easily identified by its fine particle size and plate-like structure.
The name kaolin derives from the Chinese and means high ridge. High ridge is a reference to the hill in south-eastern China where the clay was originally discovered and used. In the 7th and 8th centuries, the Chinese were the first to use kaolin to make porcelain.
STRUCTURE OF CLAY MINERALS ... CLAY MINERAL CLASSIFICATION Clay minerals are generally classified into three layer types based upon the number and arrangement of tetrahedral and ... two-sheet mineral type is represented by the kaolin group, with the general formula Al2Si205(0H)4. Kaolinite, the
The Mineral KAOLINITE. Chemistry: Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4, Aluminum Silicate Hydroxide ... The structure is very similar to the Serpentine Group and at times the two groups are combined into a Kaolinite-serpentine Group. ... Kaolinite is by far the most common and most clay deposits contain at least some kaolinite.
THE STRUCTURE AND MORPHOLOGY OF A KAOLIN CLAY FROM LES EYZIES (FRANCE) 1 By G. W. BRINDLEY 2 AND J. J. COMER 3 The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania ABSTRACT It is shown by x-ray analysis and electron micrographs that the clay from Les Eyzies is ... a structure in which the layers are displaced in a largely random ... | https://www.ilmieleincucina.it/16-11-12-kaolin-clay-structured-24936.html |
Kaolinite sample, extracted from a pocket in a quartz vein. The best quartz crystals at this mine are found as floaters in white kaolinite. Most quartz crystals in this mine have a clear core, and kaolinite inclusions under their surface. These kaolinite included layers are about 1 -2 mm thick. They were probably formed during a second growth ...
Descriptive model of Creede epithermal veins - USGS
DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF CREEDE EPITHERMAL VEINS. MODEL 25b. By Dan L. Mosier, Takeo Sato, Norman J Page, Donald A. Singer, and Byron R. Berger. APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Epithermal gold (quartz-adularia) alkali-chloride-type, polymetallic veins (see fig. 106).. Figure 106.
(PDF) Deposition of gold on kaolinite surfaces from AuCl 4 ...
PDF | 1 The precipitation of gold in response to changes in various intensive and extensive parameters of a hydrothermal system may be an effective means of gold ore deposition but sorption ...
Kaolinite: The clay mineral kaolinite information and pictures
Kaolinite also has a very similar chemical formula to Serpentine, and is sometimes considered a member of the Serpentine group. Kaolinite is the most common clay mineral, and entire clay deposits can be composed of this mineral. There are many commercial Kaolinite mines where this mineral is mined in large volumes for its various industrial uses.
Kaolin | New Georgia Encyclopedia
Dec 12, 2003· The word kaolin is now used as a loose trade and geologic term to refer to white clayey rock that is predominantly composed of Kaolin Group (khandite) minerals. The most common constituent is the mineral kaolinite. Kaolinite is a layered silocate made of alternating sheets of octahedrally coordinated aluminum and tetrahedrally coordinated silicon that are bonded by hydroxyl groups.
Kaolinite | mineral | Britannica.com
Kaolinite: Kaolinite, group of common clay minerals that are hydrous aluminum silicates; they comprise the principal ingredients of kaolin (china clay). The group includes kaolinite and its rarer forms, dickite and nacrite, halloysite, and allophane, which are chemically similar to kaolinite but amorphous.
Ores & Minerals - TerraFirmaCraft Wiki
Small ores can be found scattered around on the surface of the ground. These are samples of what ore veins are located within 35 blocks underneath the soil, so they're somewhat important. In the majority of cases, it is a sample of a vein in the top layer of stone. However, in areas where the top layer is thin enough, the vein may be located in the upper section of the middle stone layer.
SURFACE PROPERTIES OF KAOLINITE PARTICLES THEIR ...
SURFACE PROPERTIES OF KAOLINITE PARTICLES —THEIR INTERACTIONS AND FLOTATION CONSIDERATIONS by Jing Liu A dissertation submitted to the faculty of The University of Utah in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
mining ore grinding of kaolinite - ewags.org
Dec 24, 2018· beneficiation of kaolinite mineral offers 5693 gold mining processing equipment products. About 57% of these are mineral separator, 19% are other mining machines, and 6% are crusher. A wide variety of gold mining processing equipment options are available to you, such as gravity separator, flotation separator, and magnetic separator. Live Chat
A Prospector's Guide to Alteration and Epithermal Gold ...
High-sulphidation systems, also known as quartz-alunite-pyrophyllite-dickite-kaolinite systems, are generally dominated by disseminated or replacement style ore, which often contain copper minerals such as covellite or enargite, along with gold. This mineralization is commonly developed within zones
Interface characteristics between colloidal gold and ...
There is strong interaction between the gold particles and the edge surfaces of kaolinite, in low pH solution, the edge surface of kaolinite is positively charged and electrostatic attractive force between colloide gold particles and the positive edge surface of kaolinite would facilitate the adsorption of colloidal gold particles onto the suface.
Ar DATING OF ALUNITE FROM THE PUEBLO VIEJO GOLD …
the main mineralized system in the Pueblo Viejo district, which is defined by the Moore and Monte Negro deposits, and a newly discovered alunite-bearing zone in the western part of the district on Loma la Cuaba (Figs. 3, 4). Alunite in 40Ar/39Ar DATING OF ALUNITE FROM THE PUEBLO VIEJO GOLD-SILVER DISTRICT, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC*
kaolinite mining equipment - srimathatrust.co.in
kaolinite moscow mine russia Gold Ore Crusher 20121113 kaolinite moscow mine russia russian mining equipment Mining Equipment . slag processing equipment suppliers cost of greenfield cement. Bauxite processing equipment in Malawi Feldspar crusher Because the tariff is low, you can (Bauxite processing equipment in Malawi) to save a lot of ...
Kaolinite, Calcined - Natural Pigments
Kaolinite is one of the most common minerals on earth. It is mined, as kaolin, in Brazil, France, United Kingdom, Germany, India, Australia, Korea, the People's Republic of China and the USA. Kaolinite is a soft, earthy, usually white mineral, produced by the chemical …
Round Mountain Gold Mine (MRDS #10310392) AU, AG
Total Round Mountain gold production from 1977 through 2004 is about 9.1 million ounces of gold and 6.8 million ounces of silver. (This figure includes a small amount of production from the Manhattan Mine in 1990). In 2004, total Round Mountain annual production was 762,966 ounces of gold …
A to Z List - Mineral
Short-cut icons Legend; B: Valid Species (Bold) - All Minerals that are IMA approved or were considered valid prior to 1959 are in bold type. Pronunciation Icon - Sound file Courtesy Photo Atlas of Minerals. Mineral Image Icon - Mineral image is present for this mineral.
3D model of a Supergene Gold Deposit derived from …
3D model of a Supergene Gold Deposit derived from Spectral Mapping Exploration Technologies 2011 Scott Halley . ... If the wavelength of the 2200nm feature in kaolinite-bearing samples is plotted against the width of the feature and a kaolinite crystallinity index, then ... The gold does not sit right on the fault, but rather as the water table ...
kaolinite mining - tcfuwhr.org
Kaolinite: Kaolinite mineral information and data. - Mindat.org. Presumably the most important mineral in clay used in pre-historic pottery. Kaolinite, by name, was known since the Yuan (Mongol) dynasty in …
Deposition of gold nanoparticles on organo-kaolinite ...
The clay mineral kaolinite was used as support of gold nanoparticles for heterogeneous catalysis of oxidation reactions, particularly of carbon monoxide oxidation. The application of clay minerals in the preparation of new functional materials provides an alternative approach for the use of these abundant raw materials. To improve the physicochemical properties of kaolinite, as well as to ...
The entrainment of kaolinite particles in copper and gold ...
In this study, the recovery of kaolinite particles in copper and gold flotation using fresh water and sea water was investigated. Cryo-SEM analyses together with settling tests were employed to examine the formation of kaolinite network structures and its correlation with the entrainment of kaolinite particles.
Kaolinite Mineral Data
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Kaolin | clay | Britannica.com
Kaolin: Kaolin, soft white clay that is an essential ingredient in the manufacture of china and porcelain and is widely used in the making of paper, rubber, paint, and many other products. Kaolin is named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. Samples of kaolin were first
Kaolin | Al2H4O9Si2 - PubChem
Kaolin or china clay is a mixture of different minerals. Its main component is kaolinite; in addition, it frequently contains quartz, mica, feldspar, illite, and montmorillonite. Kaolinite is made up of tiny sheets of triclinic crystals with pseudohexagonal morphology. It is formed by rock weathering. It has some cation exchange capacity.
City of Sandersville, GA: Kaolin Capital of the World
Kaolin Capital of the World. Sandersville is known as the "Kaolin Capital of the World." One of Georgia's most important minerals, kaolin is a white, alumina-silicate clay used in hundreds of products ranging from paper to cosmetics to the nose cones of rockets.
Kaolinite Clay Suppliers - alibaba.com
Kaolinite Clay Suppliers Directory - Choose Quality Verified Kaolinite Clay Suppliers and Manufacturers, Wholesale Kaolinite Clay Sellers and Exporters at Alibaba.com.
Kaolinite - Wikipedia
Kaolinite (/ ˈ k eɪ ə l ɪ n aɪ t /) is a clay mineral, part of the group of industrial minerals, with the chemical composition Al 2 Si 2 O 5 4.It is a layered silicate mineral, with one tetrahedral sheet of silica (SiO 4) linked through oxygen atoms to one octahedral sheet of alumina (AlO 6) octahedra. Rocks that are rich in kaolinite are known as kaolin / ˈ k eɪ ə l ɪ n / or china clay.
CHARACTERIZATION OF ALUMINUM-RICH PHASES IN …
CHARACTERIZATION OF ALUMINUM-RICH PHASES IN HEAP-LEACH PADS AT THE LANDUSKY GOLD MINE, MONTANA, USA ... La kaolinite est ensuite apparue par météorisation de lʼillite et des feldspaths. Vient ensuite la lixiviation au cyanure sous conditions alcalines (pH >10) entre 1979 et 1996, qui a provoqué le remplacement de l ʼillite hydrothermale ... | https://www.dehoogeheerlijckheid.nl/kaolinite/gold/40078.html |
What is a clay?
What is a clay?.. At first glance this is a very simple question. But, try to answer and see that everything is not so simple. It turns out that the history of clay origination is very complex and entertaining.
And everything begins at great depths, where the melted granite masses boil. Saturated with water vapor and gases, they bubble, punching their way to the surface. The viscous molten mass, like dough, pours into the earth's crust and slowly solidifies in the form of huge granite massifs and granite veins. In the colorful pattern of granites, pink or white crystals are observed, surrounded by black leaves mica and a gray translucent quartz material. These white, gray, yellowish or rosy minerals are feldspar, and it is the source of what the clay is made of in the future.
But on the surface of the earth, the waters begin to erode granites, the rivers crash deeper into their masses. But most of all, the feldspars change. Water and sun destroy them to the end, the carbonic acid of the air takes away certain chemicals, water - others. Feldspar crumbles into the smallest powder. Remains of former crystals of feldspar accumulate in the form of fine and dark silt. The hot climate of the deserts helps such destruction: the forces of the wind take the smallest particles, accumulating them, like snowdrifts, where their impulses do not reach. And in the same way, the glandular dark waters of the marshes help in the formation of mud, and in the marshy lowlands of a hot tropical forest, the clay accumulates on the bottom in the form of clay particles.
In addition, large ice masses, coming from the north, are rubbed into fine dust by collapsing stones; in the form of glacial dregs, this dust is carried far away by glacial waters, and the clay accumulated thus forms behind the glacier for many thousands of kilometers.
And what can you say about your cup and your plate of porcelain or faience? Her story is even more interesting, and pure clay - kaolin, from which the porcelain is made, has gone even more difficult way - from melted magma with their hot melts of depths through the hot breaths of water vapor and poisonous gases until peaceful sediment at the bottom of shallow lakes.
But, the history of clay does not end on a brick, pottery, porcelain plate or a simple pot? Clay and some substances close to it contain still completely different possibilities. Of these, a remarkably lightweight aluminum metal is melted, from which the skeletons of aircraft are built, make wires for power plants, pans, cups and spoons.
Meanwhile, in 1769, Academician Pallas talked about the inability to use clay and stone in the construction of cities - these "log foci of devastating fires". | http://psciences.net/main/sciences/geology/articles/chto-takoye-glina-en.html |
Apr 10, 2010· In the category of rocks, what does quartz, feldspar and mica mean? ... Feldspar (K,Na,Ca)(AlSiO4) is probably the most common mineral in the earth's crust. They are present in abundance in all and in many igneous rocks. Feldspars are susceptible to both chemical and physical weathering, breaking down into clays. ...
Apr 02, 2012· This month, the focus is on structural material for housing and the myriad materials used for constructing dwellings. Building materials account for approximately half the cost of a house, in no small part thanks to the large amounts needed (about 200 tonnes of for a family home).
A flux is a material that lowers the melting temperature of another material, in this case, glass. Substitutes and Alternative Sources. Feldspar can be replaced by other minerals and mineral mixtures of similar physical properties. Minerals that could be used to replace feldspar include pyrophyllite, clays, talc, and feldsparsilica (quartz ...
May 12, 2019· Feldspar is a blanket term for a very large group of minerals that are extremely abundant on Earth. Around 60% of the Earth's crust is made up of these minerals, in fact, and they have numerous uses for humans, ranging from scouring solutions to glassware. Chances are .
The Kfeldspars or alkali felspars: The plagioclase feldspars are a set of minerals that are in a series from a sodium rich end member, albite, to a potassium rich end member, anorthite. The intermediate members of the series are given arbitrary boundries based on their percentage of sodium or calcium.
What is made of feldspar and pyroxene in hardening lava? ... lava is made in volcanoes when ejected materials begin to flow. it can flow as a viscous fluid or a free flowing fluid
The most fusible spodumene‐feldspar mixture used in these studies was composed of 30% of spodumene, 10% of potash feldspar, and 60% of soda feldspar. In semi‐vitreous bodies and vitreous hotel chinaware bodies, however, the most effective fluxes were made up of 30 to 40% of spodumene, 40 to 60% of potash feldspar, and 10 to 20% of soda ...
This is a list of building materials. Many types of building materials are used in the construction industry to create buildings and structures. These categories of materials and products are used by architects and construction project managers to specify the materials and methods used for building projects.
Feldspar ceramics for aesthetic chairside/labside restorations The CEREC Blocs and CEREC Blocs PC consist of a finely structured feldspar ceramic material which is biocompatible and resembles natural tooth enamel with regard to shading, strength and abrasion resistance. Thanks to the outstandingly fine structures and the sophisticated
The feldspar group of minerals is unusual among gemstones which are usually considered the rarest of objects, for as a group, feldspar is the most common mineral known to man. Although quartz is more abundant in the earth's crust than any single feldspar mineral, the feldspar .
construction, continued to be the leading end use of feldspar in the United States. Most feldspar consumed by the glass industry is for the manufacture of container glass. The glass container industry was moderately stable, although competing materials in some market segments, such as baby food, fruit juices, mineral water, and wine, and a recent
The melting temperature of feldspar products may vary according to the properties of the main mineral. For example, the full melting temperature of potassium feldspar can reach up to 1200 degrees Celsius. With this feature potassium feldspar is exported to porcelain and ceramic producers from many countries by our company as feldspar supplier.
melting point raw material feldspar Mining equipment mine .. Quartz, Kfeldspar, Naplagioclase, micas. what is the melting point of feldspars What is the melting point and boiling point of steel .Feldspar Digitalfire No other raw material is closer to being stoneware glaze on its own than feldspar.
Apr 10, 2010· With further heat and pressure, these minerals change to coarser micas, quartz and feldspars and the rock becomes schist or gneiss. Granitic rocks are composed of a mixture of quartz, feldspar, micas and ferromagnesium minerals. The feldspar content of granitic rocks is commonly in the 30% to 80% range.
We provide the best quality of POTASSIUM FELDSPAR AND SODIUM FELDSPAR, with the best quarries in India. Enriched with best quality material and which will last for FOUR DECADES. Most of the products we use on a daily basis are made with feldspar: glass for drinking, glass for protection, fibreglass for insulation, the floor tiles and shower basins in our bathrooms, and the tableware from .
Ceramic is a product made of clay, feldspar and quartz as basic raw materials which are processed through mixing,, reduction of raw material cost, . feldspar raw material lutheranministryfoundationorg. Feldspar Plural Raw Materials Cost jdpolymerscoin SAL Noun Narrativ CONCRETE Nouns are always count nouns and, unless in the plural, .
Granite is high in quartz (about 25%), feldspar, and mica. It is widely used for architectural facades, construction materials, ornamental stone and monuments. Over 40% of dimension stone quarried is granite. Crushed granite is used as a durable construction material in asphalt and concrete used in highway and infrastructure projects.
housing materials made of feldspar YouTube. Feldspar is the mostmon mineral on earth, making up about 60 percent of the earth's crust. Feldspar is recognizable by the presence of aluminum and silica ion in the makeup of the mineral. Free Quote. feldspar as raw material .
Feldspar They are employed in large percentages in almost all clay bodies and in most glazes. There are hundreds of different brand names, try to get a quartz content figure from your supplier.
Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sandsized minerals. Most sandstone is composed of quartz and feldspar which are the most common minerals in the Earth's crust. Sandstone forms in a wide variety of colours.
Jun 26, 2016· Related Questions More Answers Below. Probably the most common product made from a mineral is salt, from halite, though the less common sylvite is used for food products also. in times past asbestos and sulfur were important products. And let's not forget the gemquality minerals for their highly desired products.
Feldspar minerals occur in igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks throughout the world. They are used to make glass, ceramics, paint, plastics, rubber and many other products. Moonstone, labradorite, sunstone and amazonite are examples of feldspar gem materials.
Affordable Housing Made of Recycled Materials ... The Phoenix Commotion is "committed to people and their communities" — striving to build housing as costeffectively as possible in order to ... | https://psychologslask.com.pl/2020/Jul/18_27267.html |
Labradorite ((Ca, Na)(Al, Si) 4 O 8) is a feldspar mineral first identified in Labrador, Canada which can display an iridescent effect. Labradorite is an intermediate to calcic member of the plagioclase series. It has an anorthite percentage (%An) of between 50 and 70. percentage (%An) of between 50 and 70.
· If inhaled, it can really cut up your lungs. It can cause skin, eye, and throat irritation as well. Don''t handle fiberglass as a hand spinner. Consider this an information nugget that shows how broad a range of materials man has experimented with in the fiber field.
Feldspar Philip A. Kramer Grand Prize Winner of the Jim Baen Memorial Short Story Award 2017 The soft Martian regolith shifted beneath the rover''s wheels. The automated systems detected the motion and ceased all forward progression. The rover compiled a ...
Feldspar minerals are fundamental parts in volcanic, transformative and sedimentary rocks, to such a degree, to the point that the arrangement of various rocks depends on feldspar content. The mineralogical piece of most feldspars can be communicated regarding the ternary framework Orthoclase, Albite, and Anorthite.
· Even more hardy minerals like plagioclase feldspar, found in everything from gabbro to granite, can be susceptible to breaking down into clays when they react with acidic water.
In most cases this material will be man-made and the iridescent luster will be caused by a thin coating added to the material by humans. If the material is magnetic it is almost certainly man-made. Occasionally natural hematite can have an iridescent luster, but specimens of this material are quite rare and you will probably only see them for sale by mineral specimen dealers.
Feldspar, which is the most abundant mineral on the Earth''s surface, is basically made up of the oxides silica and alumina combined with alkalies like potassium and some so-called impurities such as iron. （""） ...
The term feldspar encompasses a whole range of materials. Most of the products we use on a daily basis are made with feldspar: glass for drinking, glass for protection, fiberglass for insulation, the floor tiles and shower basins in our bathrooms, and the tableware from which we eat. Feldspar is …
· Man-made deposits, such as reclamations, constitute about 6% of the present land area of Hong Kong (1,105 km 2). Onshore Superficial Deposits Figure 40: Bouldery colluvium occupying a drainage line in Chung Hom Kok,
Man-made stone is slightly less durable/repairable than granite, so I always lean toward granite. However, no surface is perfect and potential problems can occur with either material. Or you could go a lifetime without any issue. The best choice boils down to your personal color preference and price.
An attempt can be made to rotate until one of the "extraordinary sections" is brought in the position normal to the tube axis. The "extraordinary sections" of a twin are those sections in which both members of the twin display equal extinction or in which the members show a symmetrical extinction.
· Occur naturally - all minerals occur in the natural world, and are not man-made or manufactured artificially. They must be in solid form - minerals are always solids, and not liquid or gaseous. They must have a definite chemical composition - this means that the chemical makeup of the mineral always falls under a limited and specific range.
· Re: All about feldspar (moonstone, labradorite, sunstone, et This is so funny! Moonstones and labradorite, along with opals were among the first stones I was interested in when I first got into gemstones. They can be extraordinarily beautiful, especially considering ...
· Back to Rocks and Minerals Articles Kathy Feick x Al(Al,Si)3O8 ("x" can be sodium and/or calcium and/or potassium) Feldspar was officially given its name by Johan Gottschalk Wallerius in 1747. It is a contraction of the longer name fieldspar as some early specimens were found in fields. The term spar is a generic term used to refer to any non-metallic mineral with a vitreous
Man-made materials today are can be almost completely identical to the natural gemstones, right down to the types of flaws and inclusions they have and very cheap and plentiful. Most of the reasons for man-made materials being cut and sold in the market as real gemstones are obvious and simple. Here is a few of the main reasons in my experience ...
Man-made materials today are can be almost completely identical to the natural gemstones, right down to the types of flaws and inclusions they have and very cheap and plentiful. Most of the reasons for man-made materials being cut and sold in the market as real gemstones are obvious and simple. Here is a few of the main reasons in my experience ...
2.3 Feldspar. Feldspars of importance to ceramics are aluminosilicates of sodium, potassium, and calcium (Jones & Berard, 1993) They are used as fluxes to form a glassy phase in bodies, thus promoting vitrification and translucency. They also serve as a source of alkalis and alumina in glazes.
· You can see small specs of milky semi-transparent quartz, dark brown/black amphibole, and opaque white feldspar. However, in a granite like the one above the primary mineral is potassium feldspar ...
Modern earthenware clays can be thought of as compound clays. A typical contemporary earthenware clay will contain kaolinite (25% by weight), ball clay (25%), quartz (35%) and feldspar (15%). The colours earthenware clay takes on when fired usually depend
The word "ceramics" refers to items made of clay that are then fired in a kiln. Ceramic beads are durable and the styles can be quite sophisticated. Porcelain clay is a ceramic material comprised of quartz, clay, feldspar and kaolin — a silicate material produced
comparison can be made of historical and modern sedimentation patterns as well as testing for the influence of natural and man-made impacts. The objectives of this study were to (1) measure recent marsh accretion, mineral sediment deposi-tion, and organic
While Feldspar is found all over the world, moonstone does come from specific regions. For instance, the most valuable types of Moonstone which are blue can be found in Sri Lanka. Other colored moonstones come from areas such as Tanzania, Brazil, Germany, Myanmar, Mexico, and …
Varieties of Feldspar Formation of Feldspar Sources of Feldspar Physical & Optical Properties of Feldspar Test and Identification of Feldspar Valuation and Buying Tips for Feldspar The feldspar group of minerals is unusual among gemstones which are usually considered the rarest of objects, for as a group, feldspar is the most common mineral known to man.
In Situ Growth of Transition Metal Nanoparticles on Aluminosilicate Minerals for Oxygen Evolution Jun Mei, Juan Bai, Godwin A. Ayoko, Hong Peng,* Ting Liao, and Ziqi Sun* 1. Introduction The current environmental and energy crisis urges the maximiz-ing
how does the mining of feldspar affect other people. impacts of mining for feldspar . consequences of mining feldspar . This situation is bound to have obvious negative impact on The construction of major road scheme to mineral raw materials mining sites Feldspar is the most Read More, 3 Technologies in Exploration, Mining, and. Inquiry; Impacts Of Mining For Feldspar testrigin. what are
Feldspar, any of a group of aluminosilicate minerals that contain calcium, sodium, or potassium. Feldspars make up more than half of Earth''s crust, and professional literature about them constitutes a large percentage of the literature of mineralogy. Learn more
· Similar observations can be made for the layers studied after the combustion and gasification of chicken manure, seen in Fig. 6 e) and f), respectively. Ca is again found further inside the particle, while P and Mg are enriched in the layer at the same location and no K depletion (K/Al ratio of 1.81 for combustion and 0.90 gasification) is occurring.
can feldspar be man-made | Oh, How Pinteresting! feldspar crushing plant in india. feldspar powder uses. crashers for feldspar 5mm size. supply and demand of feldspar.Cathy Meyer: Sexless Marriage: When Ends at ''I Do''. 2012-12-27· How do you define a
If it''s white and has striations, I call it plagioclase. If it''s white but I can''t see any striations, it may be either plagioclase or orthoclase. In this case, I just call it feldspar and look for other clues to come up with a name for the rock. The following graphic
Crystals can be made in a countertop pie tin, a high-tech lab or a fissure deep in the Earth. Learn more about how crystals are made at HowStuffWorks . Cast in the role of our band members are ions (positively or negatively charged atoms) linked up by ionic or covalent bonds..
· Feldspar is a blanket term for a very large group of minerals that are extremely abundant on Earth. Around 60% of the Earth''s crust is made up of these minerals, in fact, and they have numerous uses for humans, ranging from scouring solutions to glassware. Chances are that most people are probably looking at something which contains feldspar ...
· A more complete explanation can be found on the feldspar group page. Click on Term to Read More are " plagioclase Also referred to as the plagioclase feldspar series. Plagioclase is a common rock-forming series of feldspar minerals containing a continuous solid solution of calcium and sodium: (Na1-x,Cax)(Alx+1,Si1-x)Si2O8 where x = 0 to 1.
· K-feldspar megacrysts in granitoid plutons have been interpreted as either phenocrysts or porphyroblasts. Most of the microstructural, mineralogical and chemical evidence (e.g., shape, alignment, concentration, Ba content, zoning, inclusions, and twinning) favours a phenocryst origin. The main features that have been used to support a ...
Sand comes from many locations, sources, and environments. Sand forms when rocks break down from weathering and eroding over thousands and even millions of years. Rocks take time to decompose, especially quartz (silica) and feldspar.
The aventurescent flash of light produced by a sunstone can be observed by three different actions: Sunstone is also known as "heliolite" and more commonly "aventurescent feldspar." It is cut into cabochons, beads, and small sculptures. The most transparent pieces are …
Ruby can be made by adding a pinch of chromium to the aluminum oxide. Sapphire in various colors requires different combinations of metal oxides. It is interesting that the basic design of the Verneuil furnace hasn''t changed much since the day it was first introduced in 1904.
Pegmatite is a very coarse-grained igneous rock. Simple pegmatites are composed of large crystals of ordinary minerals. Here is a sample of alkali feldspar granite pegmatite from Northern Norway which is composed of alkali feldspar (pink), quartz (gray) and biotite (black). Width of view 50 cm.
Feldspar, a mineral comprising mostly aluminum silicate, and flint, a type of hard quartz, function as fluxes in the porcelain body or mixture. Fluxes reduce the temperature at which liquid glass forms during firing to between 1,835 and 2,375 degrees Fahrenheit (1,000 and 1,300 degrees Celsius). | https://ginfestival.pl/07_21_29750.html |
The landscape of the Fichtelgebirge stimulates the imagination of each tourist with its bizarre rock formations (like the bowl-shaped ‘Druidenschüsseln’), mysterious labyrinths and dark green spruce forests. Nothworthy are also the lakes in the depressions and the valleys, the highmoors and the velvety green moss landscapes. All those miracles of nature create a fairytale ambience. The mountain range gives stunning views of the wonderful nature. You can find many colors here, from the shades of dark blue-green to the brighter ones. They just seem to melt into the contours of the horizon. A look at the map shows another green carpet-like region: the villages, which reach from Auten- to Zettlarsgrün. It is not surprising that the names of many villages in this region end with a ‘grün’, which in English means ‘green’.
From spring to autumn many hiking enthusiasts and tourists come to the Fichtelgebirge. Over 4000 km (2484 miles) of perfectly signposted paths lead hikers and mountainbikers to the top [more than 1000 m (3280 feet) over sea level].
Most of the peaks of the Fichtelgebirge are used for cultivation. They are ideal for a snack stop (the regional cuisine is famous for the delicious farmhouse bread and the homemade sausages) or for enjoying a beer in lofty heights.
Not only the three parts of granite (feldspar, quartz y mica) were characterizing for this region, but also the porcelain which some people of Germany call ‘the white gold’. The discovery of kaolin in Selb made it possible to establish a huge porcelain industry that still exists in contemporary times – examples hereof are the companies Rosenthal, Hutschenreuther und Villeroy & Boch.
In the biggest museum for porcelain, the ‘Porzellanikon’ in Selb and Hohenberg, you can watch how the porcelain is produced. You can get information about the kind of porcelain and the requirements for its production. You also have the possibility to go to the factory outlet in Selb and buy some porcelain souvenirs. | https://www.hof.de/hof/hof_fra/fichtelgebirge.html |
Powerline: Tackling 2014’s biggest strength training questions
I’ve always enjoyed the ongoing interaction with Coach & Athletic Director readers over the past 15 years; it’s proved to be a great forum for the exchange of information. The opportunity to share ideas in this field — and to learn so many things from the readers — has really been a wonderful, worthwhile experience for me.
Every so often, I like to share a few of the most asked questions from the past year, as there are a wealth of issues, concerns and grey areas that are shared by more coaches than you might think.In looking back at my notes, there were three distinct topics and questions that stood out in 2014. In this edition of Powerline, I will try to shed a little light on each of them.
Q: We have had more than our fair share of hamstring strains across a wide range of male and female sports in our high school. Is there anything we can be doing in the weight room to reduce their incidence and severity?
As with all injuries, there is no short list of absolute answers to addressing hamstring strains. However, as our staff has researched this particular issue, we have compiled what we feel is some workable, practical information and a comprehensive approach to addressing it. From strictly an anecdotal standpoint, we feel that we have made worthwhile strides in doing so.
Here are some of the procedures we implement during the course of a training week to address the hamstring group:
• Warm-ups. A comprehensive warm-up/dynamics routine that involves raising the core temperature through the combination of leg swings against a wall, hurdle step over/under drills, a variety of high knee kicks/skips and walking lunges forward/laterally. This is followed by a dynamic stretch-band routine, in that we employ movement with the band that is wrapped around the foot, as opposed to merely holding a static stretch only. For example, the athlete will perform 10 to 12 leg swings with the band before extending it into a straight leg hamstring static stretch. After a 10-second static hold, 10 to 12 more leg swings are performed. It is basically a dynamic-static-dynamic protocol.
The two photos to the right illustrate the stretch-band leg swing.
• Single-joint movements. We also employ what we feel are extremely important single-joint movements that result in engagement — both directly and indirectly — of the adjacent leg and hip compartments.
In no particular order, these include hamstring curls, hip adduction (i.e., compartments that draw the leg toward the midline of the body), hip abduction (i.e., compartments that draw the leg away from the midline of the body) and hip extension.
• Nordic hamstring exercise. This is another excellent movement that requires no equipment, displayed by the two photos below on the left.
A spotter holds the ankles firmly in place while the trainee performs a bent-knee, flat-back, controlled lowering phase for as far as he or she can perform without freefalling. At that point, the arms and hands can be straightened to a push-up position as the trainee eases to the floor.
The trainee then attempts to engage the hamstrings and hips and execute a positive leg curl motion back to the starting position. If a little push from the floor is required, that is fine, as long as the body posture remains intact. Over time, and with experience and increased strengthening, the athletes are able to perform the entire movement with very little push from the floor.
• Glute-ham raise. Finally, the full-range glute-ham raise, which is very close in technique and biomechanical execution to the nordic hamstring exercise, with the exception that it enables deeper torso flexion at mid-range, and thus the added dimension of a fuller-range hamstring stretch at the end of the eccentric (lowering) phase.
The aforementioned exercises — along with dedicated, incremental and properly administered jump/landing training — can be factors in abating ACL injuries. The hamstring group is instrumental in the stabilization of the knee joint, acting in concert as a joint compressor and restraint to anterior tibia motion, which are two vital components in reducing anterior shear forces and offering protection to the ACL.
Q: We have tried just about every lifting protocol available, yet we still have difficulty putting good, solid muscle weight on our prep football players. Can you help us fill in the blanks on what we might be missing?
High school athletes are notorious for being “hard gainers,” which is a common term used in this field to describe individuals who gain muscle weight at a snail’s pace. There are some very real age-related, physical reasons for this occurrence. In some cases, their interrelated skeletal, neuromuscular and hormonal systems are simply not ready for a high level or rate of growth and development.
That being said, there are definitely some guidelines that should assist in this process from both training and dietary perspectives.
Here are some baseline suggestions from a strength training standpoint. Regardless of your standard protocol/philosophy, try using a “high-tension” format once per week.
It looks like this:
• Choose primarily multi-joint exercises, or those that engage more than one joint and recruit the larger, more size-receptive musculature. Examples include the dead lift, front/back squats, leg press, lunges, bench/incline/military presses, lat pulldowns/rows, chin-ups and parallel dips.
• Using either an estimated or one rep max value, determine a percentage (approximately 75 to 85 percent) — or simply proceed through trial and error — for a weight that allows for six to 10 reps.
• Perform the reps in a fashion where the positive (raising) phase is executed with enough force to generate steady movement, but not so rapidly as to lose control. Execute a more controlled (three to four seconds) lowering phase to heighten the intensity and prolong the tension within the target musculature.
Check last month’s Powerline on the benefits of emphasizing negative work.
• If the weight selection is correct, the last few reps should be very difficult to perform without deterioration in technique.
• Fifteen to 20 total work sets can be performed in any arrangement you prefer. Multiple sets of the chosen exercises can be executed, or more exercises with reduced sets per movement are both viable options. For the most part, it all depends on which movements you want to spend the most time executing.
• Over time, a mixture of multiple set and limited set routines can be rotated for variety.
• Recovery periods between sets can range from two to three minutes in the initial stages and gradually reduced to 1 1/2 minutes as the athletes adjust and adapt to the metabolic intensity of the workouts.
Here are some nutritional guidelines that will assist in this process:
• Follow a “grazing pattern,” that includes several quality, nutrient-dense meals and snacks throughout the day, meaning every few hours and not just three times per day. Most athletes burn off way more calories than can be replaced — much less stacked-up for weight gain — with three square meals.
• Focus on a good combination of complex carbohydrates (e.g. whole grains, vegetables, fruit, etc.) as opposed to sugary, processed foods. Protein sources should be as lean as possible.
• Breakfast every morning of the week is a must. It is not an old wives’ tale; it is the most important meal of the day, if only from the fact that it may have been eight to 10 hours since your last meal.
• You must eat 30 to 60 minutes before a workout or you will not have the readily available energy to complete the workout with any degree of intensity. Something light, in the 250-kcal area, that has approximately 40 grams of carbohydrate and 10 grams of protein will do nicely. Obviously, it should not be a big meal. We call this the “Power Hour Pre-Workout.”
• We also encourage a “Power Hour Post-Workout,” which is also within 30 to 60 minutes following a training session. Recommended snacks here are in the 500-kcal area, providing a minimum of 75 grams of carbohydrate and 20 grams of protein.
• Drink 2 to 3 cups of fluids approximately four hours prior to hard training sessions. Drink approximately 4 to 8 oz. of cool fluids every 15 to 20 minutes during the actual training session. Electrolyte-laden sports drinks are recommended when training in hot humid conditions. After a training session or practice, drink 3 cups of fluid in a gradual manner for every pound of scale weight lost.
Q: Do you have any specific recommendations for both strength and overall conditioning procedures for younger (i.e., pre-adolescent/adolescent) players?
This is a topic that warrants serious discussion. Every single day, I receive a truckload of requests from coaches all across the country at various levels of play for some type of strength/conditioning material or advice. It is my duty and obligation to temper the information I disseminate with the health and wellbeing of the athletes to be trained at the forefront. Much of what we do at this level — with highly-trained, very athletically inclined, 18 to 22 year-olds — is not age-appropriate for middle school or even certain high school athletes.
It is critical that professionals in my field be aware of the guidelines set forth by pediatric sports medicine physicians. If you are currently in a situation where your training program is creating more injuries than it is preventing, especially at the earlier levels of competition, a comprehensive assessment and a subsequent overhaul are probably in order.
Here are some recommendations for youth strength and conditioning procedures:1
• Proper resistance techniques and inherent precautions should be taught and followed so that strength training programs for preadolescents are properly performed, safe and effective. Beginners should initiate a resistance program with body weight exercises and gradually progress to the use of lighter weight implements and machines.
• Preadolescents and adolescents should avoid heavy power lifting (e.g., one rep max or high load, low rep training) until they reach physical and skeletal maturity. Oftentimes, this doesn’t occur until the later teen years.
• Aerobic, anaerobic and sport-specific skill work should be included in the comprehensive training approach designed for young athletes. Developing a foundation of spatial and kinesthetic awareness (i.e., sensorimotor skills that involve body awareness in space, change of direction and coordinated mobility with responses to various cues and stimuli) is crucial in developing overall athletic skills.
• A general strength training program that addresses all of the major muscle groups through their biomechanical and structurally designed range of motion should be introduced.
• Any signs of illness or injury from strength training activities should be adequately evaluated by sports medicine and medical personnel before allowing resumption of the exercise program.
• Instruction on exercise techniques, progression, training frequency, workout duration and other training criteria should be administered by certified, qualified personnel.
• Athletes must be taught at a very young age the deleterious effects of performance enhancing drugs (PEDs). If they are old enough to play sports and train, they are old enough to be educated on these harmful substances.
Ken Mannie is the head strength and conditioning coach Michigan State University. His column, Powerline, appears regularly in Coach & Athletic Director magazine.
References
1. Strength Training by Children and Adolescents, Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness, Pediatrics, 2008; 121: 835-840. | https://coachad.com/articles/tackling-2014s-biggest-strength-training-questions/ |
This article familiarizes sport psychologists, counselors, and coaches with the multimodal approach to enhancing the performance of college athletes. The seven modalities of behavior, affect, sensations, imagery, cognitions, interpersonal relations, and biological functioning are examined. An...
- Corrigendum: Experts bodies, experts minds: how physical and mental training shape the brain. Debarnot, Ursula; Sperduti, Marco; Di Rienzo, Franck; Guillot, Aymeric // Frontiers in Human Neuroscience;Feb2015, Vol. 9, p1
A correction to the article "Experts bodies, experts minds: how physical and mental training shape the brain" that was published in the previous issue is presented.
- Evaluation of a Comprehensive Psychological Skills Training Program for Collegiate Tennis Players. Daw, Jessica; Burton, Damon // Sport Psychologist;Mar1994, Vol. 8 Issue 1, p37
This investigation examined the impact of a comprehensive psychological skills training for tennis (PSTT) program on collegiate tennis players. PSTT players were exposed to three psychological skills (goal setting, imagery, and arousal regulation) and then given the opportunity to develop...
- Introducing Freshman Female Athletes to Strength and Conditioning Programs. Bennett, Scott // Strength & Conditioning Journal;Dec2007, Vol. 29 Issue 6, p67
Experience with performance training exercises for incoming freshmen female athletes varies widely. This column will discuss various strategies used by strength coaches working with freshmen female athletes in collegiate-level strength and conditioning programs.
- FAILURE IS NOT AN OPTION. WAINWRIGHT, JAY // Joe Weider's Muscle & Fitness;May2011, Vol. 72 Issue 5, p110
The article presents information related to the concept of training to failure in weight training. It is stated that establishing a definition is the first problem with the concept of training to failure, for everyone to agree upon. Also mentioned is that this concept has been a part of weight...
- To Overcome Impossibility…. Kim, Sung-Ryul // International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences;2000, Vol. 12, p104
The article presents the author's insights on how athletes and coaches can conquer impossibilities. The author cites some difficult situations he has encountered as former head coach of the Korean national women's fencing team in order to be qualified in the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, including the...
- Join a gym to lose weight. // Prevention India;Dec2010, p10
The article provides an answer to a question on alternate cardio with weight training.
- METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES CONCERNING THE PRACTICE OF WEIGHT TRAINING IN GYMS OF CLUJ-NAPOCA: DENSITY WORKOUT. VĂIDĂHĂZAN, REMUS-CRISTIAN; HANȚIU, IACOB; POP, NICOLAE HORAȚIU; PRODEA, COSMIN // Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Educatio Artis Gymnasticae;Jun2015, Vol. 60 Issue 2, p19
Correct planning of physical activities ensures efficiency and reduces the risk of injury due to excesses. Many people have the erroneous impression that you always need high intensity workout in order to develop your body (Wilmore & Costill, 1999). Planning the density of your workout, along...
- Kick Butt to Shape Up. // Girls' Life;Oct/Nov2010, Vol. 17 Issue 2, p85
The article presents the intense circuit training exercise which includes superman lat pull, shadow boxing, and inchworm. | http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/24646195/mind-over-matter-mental-training-increases-physical-strength |
Hanging Up Your Cleats Can Be Difficult – Remaining Athletic Doesn’t Have To Be
Retiring from sport can be extremely difficult – not only from a physical standpoint but from a mental standpoint as well.
For many of us, our identities are wrapped up in the sport we play. I know for me I got a real sense of fulfillment and purpose from soccer. And, I was scared to lose that once I hung up my boots.
I know I’m not alone in this fear as I receive questions from former teammates frequently like “How am I going to remain athletic?”, “How am I going to stay fit?” “What’s my training routine going to look like without the structure of a team?”
One way that I have tackled this transition is by implementing exercises/movements that keep me feeling healthy, allows me to express my athleticism, and ultimately fuels everything I do outside the gym.
I’m fortunate because as part of the coaching group, Strength Faction we utilize a ton of these strategies.
Here are six ways that keep me athletic and that you can begin using today in your training:
1. Power/Explosive work at the beginning of my strength sessions.
All of my strength sessions begin with a “Power block” that depending on the focus of the session includes medicine ball throws or jumps.
2. Joining in games with my youth athletes.
I find myself jumping into fun conditioning games like tag or tic-tac-toe with my young athletes providing me with some reactive/agility movements that I wouldn’t otherwise normally get.
3. Undulating my week with heavy-ish strength work and lighter movement days.
The days of me being able to recover fully from hard training sessions day after day are long gone. It has been imperative that I offset heavier training sessions with lighter recovery or movement days to provide me with a bit more recovery. Normally I strength train 3x/week and the other three days are comprised of a neural charge session, crawling/rolling/carries session, and long(ish) duration conditioning session. This keeps me feeling fresh and primed for each session.
*Sample Neural Charge session
4. Varying my conditioning.
This has been a game changer in terms of getting the most out of my sessions each week. I’ll write more in depth about this later but essentially I follow the neural metabolic training continuum, which essentially states that we are freshest at the beginning of the week and therefore are able to exert more energy and train more intensely. As we progress through the week our focus changes to more metabolic type training and recovery focused.
5. Using “Seasons of Lifting” to keep my training fresh.
Legendary strength coach, Dan John popularized this concept and we use this exact model in the coaching. Essentially it’s a way for life-long athletes/general population to have a goal for their training. As someone who was constantly preparing for a competition this concept has been beneficial in keeping me excited about my training. For instance, during the Spring the training focus would be geared towards leaning out, the focus in Summer would be getting outside for training sessions as much as possible, in the Fall the volume (sets and reps) of the overall sessions would increase with the goal being to put on a bit more muscle, and Winter would be all about getting strong as hell. So as you can see this is a great way to keep the training fresh and remain athletic through different training objectives.
6. “Shortish” strength training sessions.
With the combination of running a youth athletic development program, speaking engagements, and working on everything involved with Lori Lindsey Performance I no longer have time for long duration sessions. And, in reality after years of soccer focused sessions I no longer have the desire for them. Keeping my sessions to around 45 minutes in total has me feeling better and more refreshed than ever. Plus, it provides me with more time to have fun and concentrate on other areas of my work and personal life.
Start adding these exercises and strategies into your training and feel empowered through your renewed athleticism.
Share/connect with me on Twitter and Instagram. | http://www.lorilindsey.us/hanging-up-your-cleats-can-be-difficult-remaining-athletic-doesnt-have-to-be/ |
By Kayla Schmit
Firefighting is hard work. As a strength and conditioning professional, it’s one thing for me to understand the physiological demands of the job from a science and research perspective, but it’s another entirely to experience it. The first time I donned personal protective equipment (PPE) and a self-contained breathing apparatus and performed the tasks of a firefighter was a humbling experience. When I had the chance to gear up and tackle the department Work Performance Evaluation (WPE), it opened my eyes to the challenges of the job and how I approach programming for tactical athletes. I’m grateful for the opportunity to work every day with those who serve others in a progressive agency with leadership that values the well-being of their members.
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As the resident human performance specialist for the Frederick County (MD) Division of Fire and Rescue Services (DFRS), I get to be involved in every aspect of the department’s wellness and human performance programs – and it all starts with the recruit academy. Every morning here at Public Safety Place, we start our day with the pledge of allegiance. From there, with hydration packs on our backs and heart rate monitors strapped around our chest, we start our daily physical training. As the recruits participate in their performance training, current career staff who are certified personal fitness trainers join in on the workouts also. Frederick firefighters take great pride in leading from the front and showing the new members what is expected of them. Here we expect recruits as well as career staff to be able to perform the same demands of the job, whether they have one day or 30 years on with the department.
From 30,000 feet, Frederick County DFRS is a rapidly growing organization that prides itself on being committed to protecting life, property, and the environment by providing professional, efficient, and quality service to Maryland’s largest county, with 667 square miles of land and water. There are more than 500 uniformed employees within the Frederick County Fire and Rescue Division that staff 29 stations. Following a population boom in the early 2000s, DFRS needed to quickly increase staffing levels to accommodate an exponentially growing population. Frederick County began to expand its staffing to meet these needs by running successive recruit classes until around 2008. After a few slower years, in 2014 Frederick County began an extraordinary hiring endeavor. Frederick County DFRS received two AFG SAFER grants that allowed for the hiring of five recruit classes in addition to regularly budgeted positions. As a result, staffing of the training academy was increased to meet the additional demand, and a thorough review of past practices was undertaken to enhance training and safety.
Department wide, Frederick County DFRS is driving a culture shift that emphasizes the importance of health and wellness. For many members, the prioritization of their physical and mental well-being is a new concept. However, this department is taking the necessary steps at the right time. With a fairly young population—about 60 percent of the department has five years or fewer in the fire service—and approximately 90 new recruits hitting the floor this year, now is the time for action! The leadership here is capitalizing on this opportunity.
At the basic training level, recruits are introduced to a comprehensive human performance curriculum at the beginning of the academy and are exposed to the training program daily throughout the 28-week program. Our team quickly became involved with the recruit academy and developed a 28-week training program designed to prepare the recruits for a long and healthy career in firefighting. Along with the physical training, new recruits learn about healthy nutrition habits, stress management, and recovery. This program aims to be the foundation for a long and healthy career.
To create effective training programs, a human performance specialist must understand the physiological demands of firefighting. Programs designed for tactical athletes should include exercises to reduce the risk for injury, enhance strength, endurance, and functional agility that transfers to job-specific demands. These demands include but are not limited to lifting, carrying, dragging, hauling heavy equipment, pulling fire hose, performing forcible entries, victim rescues, and performing search and rescue maneuvers in full PPE.
The 28-week human performance program for Frederick County DFRS is organized into three phases, each consisting of about nine weeks. To maximize human performance for this department and to prevent overtraining and reduce the risk of injury, we customized the program to follow an undulating periodization plan throughout each week to match up with the fire training curriculum schedule. Most of the equipment used for this program includes sandbags, hose bundles, tires, weighted bars, hoselines, PPE, and other various fireground equipment.
During Phase 2 and 3, we slowly introduce the recruits to training in PPE. The gear they will wear as a career firefighter limits their overall range of motion and is an external load they may not be accustomed to. By slowly integrating training in PPE, the recruits learn how to move efficiently and effectively so they can perform optimally and reduce the risk of injury. This program has been rolled out in phases with three recruit classes so far with great feedback from the participants. Following a more thorough data analysis, I’ll be sharing the outcomes in a follow-up article.
In parallel to the efforts in the recruit academy, I’m working with firefighters in the field to implement on-duty physical fitness routines, healthy firehouse cooking, and an overall assessment of the health of the force through body composition analysis, self-reported surveys, and movement analysis. This data will help the leadership at DFRS and I to shape the department program to target the areas of most need. Frederick County DFRS leadership understands that being fit for duty is the most basic requirement for firefighters.
“Now, more than ever, members can explore an internal resource to seek advice on work-outs for specific areas, combating injuries and nutritional advice, thus taking individual research and guesswork out of the equation.”BC Frank Malta
At the end of the day, a firefighter’s lifestyle choices and physical fitness directly affect the lives of the citizens, other fellow firefighters, and their family members. Chief Tom Coe and the Frederick County Department of Fire and Rescue Services is ensuring the department has the necessary resources for optimal job performance.
Kayla Schmit is an O2X Human Performance on-site specialist for Frederick County, Maryland. Her role there is to provide a full-time performance resource to the members of the Frederick County DFRS aimed at reducing injuries, enhancing durability, and improving the performance of members. Supported by a team of more than 150 human performance specialists from around the country, Kayla works with DFRS members daily to implement the O2X EAT SWEAT THRIVE methodology into department life. Kayla has a bachelor’s degree in exercise science from Winona State University with a minor in nutrition (2016) and a master’s degree in kinesiology and outdoor recreation: sports performance and conditioning from Southern Utah University (2019). | https://www.fireengineering.com/health-safety/humans-over-hardware-a-growing-fire-department-puts-its-people-first/ |
Sep 3, 2020
Most training programs focus on simply building strength. That’s an important part, but it ignores crucial parts of the human condition. We don’t naturally move the way we often train. But what if we trained based on how we move? That would lead to more balanced strength and reduce the likelihood of common injuries.
About Rocky Snyder
With nearly thirty years of experience as a trainer, Rocky Snyder has a firm grasp on the connection between strength and mobility. Rocky is a Certified Strength & Conditioning Specialist, an NSCA-Certified Personal Trainer, Certified in Applied Functional Science, NASM-Corrective Exercise Specialist, a licensed US Soccer Coach, and a USA Weightlifting Coach.
Training For Dynamic Movement
In today’s episode, Rocky explains the need to think not just about how we train, but why we train the way we do. There is a danger in taking for granted the way we exercise. Most workouts don’t actually consider the way that you and the population as a whole actually move. Rocky advocates training based on how we move outside of the gym, rather than just on strength for strength’s sake.
The Role of Asymmetrical Movements
By taking the history of how we train into consideration, Rocky sees that we’ve been ignoring the elements of natural movement. This has led to an increase in injuries. When we train with asymmetrical natural movements in mind, we become more limber and less likely to get hurt. By utilizing unilateral and contralateral training, the spine and joints are unlocked so that we can freely move in all directions with strength.
How can you train to support your movements outside of the gym? Leave a message in the comments on the episode page!
In this episode
Quotes
“Training intelligently is actually stepping back and looking at the approach to training that we’re taking right now where an individual, as well as the population, is in regards to their ability to move and designing a program based on that information.” [4:02]
“The way in which we’re training our athletes is to be like a very strong tree; to be rooted into the ground and support tremendous weight up above instead of being a subtle tiger.” [9:18]
“There’s a place for kettlebells, barbells, and dumbbells. But there’s also a place for owning movement in your body that will regulate a greater amount of strength and performance.” [16:42]
“The purpose here is to try to unlock your potential by giving you movements that actually train the whole body to perform and not just one joint. And the effect is immediate!” [45:54]
Key Takeaways
Most workout regimes are based on bilateral action. But this is not how we normally move. By focusing on asymmetrical split-stance exercises, you will both improve strength and increase natural balance. This will allow you to move freely and avoid injury.
A comprehensive workout needs to be a combination of strength training with dynamic movements. To ignore one part of the picture is to create a potentially harmful imbalance. | https://musclemedicine.libsyn.com/98-how-to-train-intelligently-for-superior-performance-w-rocky-snyder |
Greg Brittenham, one of basketball's most respected strength and conditioning coaches along with Daniel Taylor have combined over 300 exercises, core training philosophy and training programs in their newly released book, Conditioning to the Core. This comprehensive book offers a user-friendly format that can be used as a cornerstone for core training; and not simply for physical aesthetics but for athletic power, strength and overall performance for the everyday exerciser or the pro-athlete. The book is organized in a manner that offers progressions of various movements and includes key benefits, considerations and modifications as well. Core training is integral to any fitness program; if you're looking to add more depth to your own program or to your clients, Conditioning to the Core is the perfect addition to your training library. | https://fit-pro.com/article-2620-Book-Review-Conditioning-to-the-Core.html |
Harker’s summer sports performance program has provided an excellent opportunity for summer students to improve their overall athleticism.
“What we’re doing is taking a very fundamental approach to sports performance. It doesn’t really matter what sport you play as long as it’s a ground-based sport,” said Ron Forbes, Harker’s director of sports performance, who heads up the six-week program. Students began by working balance, footwork, agility and other core aspects of ground-based sports. More advanced concepts such as plyometrics, which incorporate explosive movement, are introduced later. “So that no matter what sport you play, you’re going to be a better athlete at the end of the summer,” Forbes added.
The program also works on core strength exercises such as pushups and situps. Incoming Harker student Oisin Coveney, who will start grade 9 in the fall, found this part of the program to be his favorite. “You have to switch between each exercise very quickly without much of a break, and it’s actually more enjoyable because I know I’m getting better,” he said.
Coveney joined the program because he wanted to work on his speed and agility as a soccer player. “I’m not the fastest person on the field, and I’d like to step that up,” he said.
Forbes noted that many of the sports performance program’s students are in grades 6-8. To this he credits the program’s emphasis on developing overall athletes and not just preparing them for an upcoming season. “Most of these kids now, we’re not getting them ready for the season, we’re helping develop them into athletes at a younger age,” he said. | http://news.harker.org/summer-sports-performance-camp-gives-high-level-training-for-serious-student-athletes/ |
BACKGROUND: Many athletic maneuvers involve coordination of movement between the lower and upper extremities, suggesting that better core muscle use may lead to improved athletic performance and reduced injury risk. PURPOSE: To determine to what extent a training program with quasistatic trunk stabilization (TS) exercises would improve measures of core performance, leg strength, agility, and dynamic knee loading compared with a program incorporating only resistance training (RT). METHODS: Thirty-seven male subjects were randomly assigned to either an RT-only or a resistance and TS training program, each lasting 6 wk. Core strength and endurance, trunk control, knee loading during unanticipated cutting, leg strength, and agility were collected pre- and posttraining. RESULTS: Between-group analyses showed that the TS group significantly improved only core endurance when compared with the RT group (side bridge, P = 0.050). Within-group analyses showed that the TS group improved lateral core strength (maximum pull, cable on nondominant side; 44.5 ± 61.3 N, P = 0.037). Both groups increased leg strength (deadlift 1 repetition maximum; TS: 55.1 ± 46.5 lb, P = 0.003; RT: 33.4 ± 17.5 lb, P < 0.001) and decreased sagittal plane trunk control (sudden force release test; cable in front; TS: 2.54° ± 3.68°, P = 0.045; RT: 3.47° ± 2.83°, P = 0.004), but only the RT group decreased lateral trunk control (sudden force release; cable on dominant side; 1.36° ± 1.65°, P = 0.029). The RT group improved standing broad jump (73.2 ± 108.4 mm, P = 0.049) but also showed increased knee abduction moment during unanticipated cutting (1.503-fold increase (percentage body weight × height), P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS: Quasistatic TS exercises did not improve core strength, trunk control, or knee loading relative to RT potentially because of a lack of exercises, including unexpected perturbations and dynamic movement. Together, these results suggest the potential importance of targeted trunk control training to address these known anterior cruciate ligament injury risk factors. | https://miami.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/randomized-controlled-trial-of-the-effects-of-a-trunk-stabilizati |
Q: In last weeks Q & A you state "when I talk about plyometrics I'm not just referring to exercises designed to increase power, I'm talking about exercises that will enable one to move correctly.....So often I will initially use drills in order to drive home the correct movement patterns and then add superior power and strength to those movement patterns". Could you explain this progression and give examples of these types of exercises? In addition, what books would you recomend to learn about this as well as how to determine if an athlete needs to do more strength training or more power training?
It's really just the ability to move efficiently. Think of watching someone who is stiff on the dance floor vs a proficient dancer. Many athletes are like the "stiff" dancers. They don't move well on their feet. The most basic drills would be stuff like jump rope, agility drills, reaction drills, dot drills, and low intensity hops. You can incorporate changes of direction with all these patterns. Then you simply add force to these movements. To give you one example of a progression initially you'd go from hopping smoothly over a rope (jump rope) to hopping smoothly back and forth over a knee high barrier, to doing the same thing on one leg, to eventually doing the same over a waist high barrier while rotating 180 degrees with each jump - without any effort and without a sound at impact. That's just one example of a progression there are many more and you can probably think of your own if you get creative.
Gifted athletes tend to move better and this is evident from an early age. Whether it's from genetics or from being involved in a myriad of activities as a youth is variable. If one can't move proficiently then you need to go back and use specific training to make up for the lost time. As for books on the subject, - there aren't any that I am aware of.
More Strength training or power training? - Stay tuned for an upcoming article where I'll go into detail on that question, but for now realize that an increase in strength often will transfer directly to an increase in power and the potential for strength gains is very large and can occur over a long period of time. Specific power training will give increases over a short period of time and then a quick plateau. If your strength is plateaued then use a short block of power training to progress. If your power training (or displays of power) plateau, even though you're specifically training that quality, then get stronger.
Both are necessary, but over the long run, training for strength will usually give you the biggest buck for your training dollar.
Q: What exercises do you suggest for targeting the abdominal region of the core for enhanced athletic ability (jumping, change of direction, first step, etc.)? Right now, I focus on russian trunk twists, full contact twists, pikes, and overhead squats...are there any other exercises that either target different areas or work them in different ways that are more sport-specific?
The exercises you mention are good and I use them all. Here are some more that I use. Sledgehammer tire strikes, saxon side bends, hip abduction side bends, Janda situps, and v-ups.
Also don't discount the value of standard hard and heavy training like squats, deadlifts, etc. Training your abs is not absolutely necessary to have a defined midsection. The ab muscles really won't grow that much regardless of how often or how hard you train them so train your abs for strength and performance and get the fat off with your diet.
V-up
hip abduction side bend
Sledgehammer
Saxon Side Bend
Janda sit-up (like a regular sit-up but pull down to engage the hamstrings)
Q: What shoulder-specific work do you recommend? I've heard that military presses and wide-grip bench presses are bad for shoulders because of the grip and the pattern in which the shoulders are forced to move - what are your thoughts on that?
I would say that behind the neck military presses and bench presses done with the elbows out will eventually wreck the shoulders of even the healthiest cat. In fact I think that if you directly train shoulders with lots of overhead pressing movements you will eventually run into some problems, particularly if your flexibility and muscle balance is off kilter - at least thats been my experience. Overhead pressing doesn't have to be totally eliminated but relegate it to shorter blocks throughout the year. I incorporate direct overhead pressing maybe 1/4 of the year. In place I recommend various forms of laterals and lots of rear delt work and mid-trap work. The delts get hit quite a bit from any sort've pushing and pulling work so really one could get by without any shoulder work period.
Q: I used to play volleyball in college, now I'm almost 30 yo and play 1-2 a week
(pick up and
league). I started dead lifting and I can pull about 2.25 of my bodyweight now.
I follow more or
less Power to the People by Pavel Tsatsouline (4-5 times a week, 2 sets 5 reps,
5 minute breaks).
This program really worked for me as far as 1 rep max.
I sometimes do full jump squats with about 70lbs for power. But just a few
reps, so I don't
overtrain myself.
I made great progress in standing jump (volleyball blocking) - about 6 inches.
But only about 2
inches in 2 step approach jump (spike).
I understand that my starting strenght is ok and have to work on speed.
How to transfer my strenght to vertical jump?
Can you tell me what exercises I should do? I don't think I get enough jumping
just by playing
volleyball 1-2 a week. I'm looking for something simple and basic. Would I
benefit from sprints?
Thank you
A: It does make sense that the deadlifts would improve your standing jump moreso then your approach jump because the standing jump relies more on starting strength and the deadlift is a phenomenol starting strength exercise. I was about to suggest either depth jumps or drop jumps but then you said you play volleyball twice a week. I don't know how hard you play but most of the time that would be quite a bit of reactive training.
So you're deadlifting 4-5 times per week and playing volleyball 1-2 times per week. If your nervous system is fatigued the movements that require more speed will show a decrease prior to those that require more strength. For example, if you're fatigued you might not notice any decrease in the amount of weight you can lift but your top speed sprint might be negatively affected. In your case the approach jump requires more speed then the standing jump. My guess is that you're in a minor state of fatigue.
Drop the volume of the deadlifts to 2 days a week for 2 weeks and see what happens. Then when you come back you can do deadlifts 3 days per week just like you're doing right now then do the following for 6 sets of 5 reps once per week:
Measure your vertical jump then Stand on an 18 inch box and do a depth jump and measure how high you can jump immediately after ground contact. If the depth jump is higher then your vertical jump then once a week do 6 sets of 5 depth jumps from the 18 inch box. If your vertical jump is lower then your depth jump then jack the box up to around 35 inches and just do drop jumps performing just the landing phase of a depth jump. Land in an athletic stance on the balls of your feet and "freeze" the impact. Don't let your heels touch the ground. Either of those solutions should remedy your problem as they train the qualities required in the approach jump. Do one or the other (depth jumps or drop jumps) but not both. | http://www.higher-faster-sports.com/questionsandanswers20.html |
According to Dr. Dwight Lundell, former Chief of Staff and Chief of Surgery at Banner Heart Hospital in Arizona, people shouldn’t be taking statin drugs. “We physicians, with all our training, knowledge and authority, often acquire a rather large ego that tends to make it difficult for us to admit when we are wrong. So, here it is. I freely admit to being wrong. As a heart surgeon with 25 years of experience, having performed over 5,000 open-heart surgeries, today is my day to right the wrong with medical and scientific facts”, quoted Dr. Dwight Lundell.
His statement directly targeted the field of cardiology, disassociating the practice of prescribing medications to lower cholesterol and a diet which severely restricted fat intake. A wide number of doctors in the field of cardiology have become exposed to the teachings of numerous scientific literatures, frequently attending education seminars, all of which have persisted that elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood will generally lead to heart disease. However, this notion appears to be inaccurate.
Debating publically on the issue, Dr. David Brownstein, and others, have recognized how badly mistaken the field of cardiology can actually be. As a matter of fact, inflammation in the artery’s walls is the real cause of heart disease. In other words, if there’s no inflammation present in the body, cholesterol shouldn’t be able to accumulate in the wall of the blood vessels, which can potentially cause heart disease and strokes. If there’s not enough magnesium in the body, inflammation can occur and it’s this inflammation which can then cause cholesterol to become trapped.
Inflammation is a process caused when the white blood cells release a substance as an attempt to protect the body of harmful bacteria and viruses. In some instances however, inflammation can be induced by consuming unhealthy foods, which may lead to various types of complications. In fact, research studies have concluded that issues caused by increased levels of cholesterol within the body can be sourced from inflammation within the arteries. For more information, please feel free to ask Dr. Jimenez or contact us at (915) 850-0900.
Purpose & Passions: I am a Doctor of Chiropractic specializing in progressive cutting-edge therapies and functional rehabilitation procedures focused on clinical physiology, total health, functional strength training and complete conditioning. We focus on restoring normal body functions after neck, back, spinal and soft tissue injuries.
We use Specialized Chiropractic Techniques, Balanced Diet Plans, Agility Training programs, Cross-Fit techniques, the PUSH-Rx Rehabilitation System and a highly specialized program for our Veterans.
We’ve been blessed to use our methods with thousand of El Pasoans over the last 27 years. This has allowed us to improve health and restore true fitness through researched non-surgical methods and wellness programs. These programs are natural and use the body’s own ability to achieve goals of improvement, rather than introducing harmful chemicals, controversial hormone replacement, surgery, or addictive drugs. We want you to live a life that is fulfilled with more energy, positive attitude, better sleep, less pain, proper body weight and informed on how to maintain this way of life.
As an extension to dynamic rehabilitation, we too offer our patients, disabled veterans, athletes, young and elder a diverse portfolio of strength equipment, high performance exercises and advanced agility options. We are very proud to have teamed up with the cities premier therapist and trainers in order to provide high level competitive athletes the option to push themselves to their highest abilities within our facility.
Come learn how to improve your health for yourself and your loved ones.
With a bit of work, we can achieve optimal health together, no matter the age or disability.
Its all about: LIVING, LOVING & MATTERING! 🍎
God Bless
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CENTRAL ELPASO:
6440 Gateway East, Suite B
EAST SIDE ELPASO: | https://personalinjurydoctorgroup.com/2016/12/30/heart-health-treating-inflammation-over/ |
Scope of Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) In Pakistan[Complete Information]
Physical therapy can benefit everyone, whether you’re a child or an adult, an athlete or a couch potato. With the help of a trained professional, you can improve your physical condition, reduce pain and discomfort, prevent future injuries, and promote overall well-being.
The scope of physical therapy is broad and far-reaching, making it possible to meet the needs of individuals from all walks of life. This introduction will shed light on the scope of DPT and explore how it can help you reach a healthier lifestyle.
The DPT degree is designed to provide students with the highest level of expertise and help them develop the necessary skills for independent practice. This program’s graduates typically pursue careers in research, teaching, and clinical practice.
Contents
- 1 What is a Doctor of Physiotherapy (DPT)
- 2 Scope of Physiotherapy
- 3 FAQs
What is a Doctor of Physiotherapy (DPT)
Physical therapy, or DPT, is a field of medicine dedicated to helping people regain their physical abilities and improve their overall health through various preventative care and rehabilitation forms.
A Doctor of Physiotherapy (DPT) degree is an advanced professional program for physical therapists. It prepares graduates to diagnose, treat, and manage various musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
A movement therapist is a specialist who assesses, rehabilitates, and prevents movement dysfunctions associated with injuries, illnesses, and other conditions.
It involves using specialized techniques such as stretching exercises, manual manipulation, modalities, therapeutic exercises, and more to help patients rehabilitate from injuries or surgery, prevent further injury, and maintain a healthy lifestyle.
Scope of Physiotherapy
Physiotherapy is a healthcare profession aiming to improve people’s quality of life with physical impairments. Its scope covers the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of various conditions, injuries, and disabilities using evidence-based practice.
Physiotherapists work closely with other medical professionals to provide comprehensive patient care.
The scope of physiotherapy is vast and includes the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, sports injuries, neurological conditions, cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, developmental disabilities, and work-related or postural problems.
They also provide management advice for people with lifestyle issues such as obesity, smoking cessation, and stress reduction.
Skills Required for a Career in Physiotherapy
Physiotherapy is a rewarding career that offers both physical and emotional satisfaction. To be successful in this field, it is important to have the right skills and qualifications.
Knowledge of anatomy, physiology, and medical conditions is essential for diagnosing and treating patients. Strong interpersonal skills are also needed to build trust with patients and their families.
Other important skills for a career in physiotherapy include problem-solving, critical thinking, and communication. Physiotherapists must be able to think logically and reach appropriate diagnoses. They must also communicate clearly with patients, family members, and other healthcare professionals.
Clinical reasoning is a highly valuable skill for physiotherapists. This involves using evidence-based knowledge to make an informed decision about a patient’s treatment.
A good physiotherapist needs to be able to assess a situation, identify and analyze problems, predict the potential outcomes of different strategies, and come up with effective solutions for the patient.
Finally, having the right attitude is essential in physiotherapy. The role requires patience, compassion, and a genuine desire to help patients improve their mobility and quality of life.
Overview of the Different Specializations Within Physiotherapy
Physiotherapists work with individuals of all ages, from infants to older adults, and can specialize in many areas, such as musculoskeletal treatment, rehabilitation after surgery, neurological treatment, pediatric care, and sports physiotherapy.
Musculoskeletal Treatment: Musculoskeletal physiotherapists treat pain, dysfunction, and disability of the muscles and joints caused by injuries or illnesses. They use various methods to improve mobility, such as massage, manipulation, stretching, and strengthening exercises.
Rehabilitation After Surgery: Physiotherapists who specialize in rehabilitation help patients recover quickly after surgery or injury by providing hands-on treatment, advice, and support on exercise programs. They may also use special techniques such as hydrotherapy, ultrasound, and electrical stimulation.
Neurological Treatment: Neurological physiotherapists treat people with neurological conditions, such as cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson’s Disease. They use various techniques to improve function, including exercises to strengthen muscles and improve balance.
Paediatric Care: Paediatric physiotherapists specialize in the treatment of babies and children. They use a combination of manual therapy techniques, exercises, and advice on postural management to help improve movement, strength, and coordination.
Sports Physiotherapy: Sports physiotherapists are experts in treating sports-related injuries and helping athletes to recover quickly after an injury or illness. Various techniques, stretching and strengthening exercises, improve mobility and prevent future injuries.
Physiotherapists may also specialize in other areas, such as respiratory care, geriatric treatment, hand therapy, and occupational health. You can specialize in one or many areas depending on your interests and skill set as a physiotherapist.
By specializing in a particular area, you can ensure that you have the expertise and knowledge to help your clients with their specific needs. No matter what specialization you choose, the common goal of physiotherapists is to improve their patient’s physical health and well-being.
Job Prospects with a DPT Degree
The Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) degree can open career possibilities. With this advanced degree, physical therapists can find employment in various settings such as hospitals, outpatient clinics, schools, and more.
Job prospects are particularly strong for those specializing in specific areas like geriatric care or pediatrics. Furthermore, the job outlook for physical therapists is expected to be excellent over the next several years.
They are highly sought after due to their expertise and knowledge in assisting individuals with chronic pain, injuries, disabilities, or other conditions that could benefit from physical therapy.
Physical therapists use various techniques such as strength and range-of-motion exercises, aquatic therapy, gait training, massage, and heat or cold treatment. They also provide patient education, helping individuals understand the importance of exercise and healthy lifestyle habits.
Besides a traditional physical therapy practice, those with a DPT degree can pursue teaching positions at colleges or universities. As an instructor, DPT graduates can impart knowledge and skills to future physical therapists.
Research opportunities also exist for those with a DPT degree, allowing them to contribute discoveries and treatments that could benefit patients.
Overall, individuals who earn a Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) can look forward to excellent job prospects within the physical therapy profession. With their advanced specialization and education in physical therapy, they can positively influence patients’ lives.
Plus, with various career options available, individuals with a DPT degree can explore different work settings and environments while utilizing their knowledge and skills as physical therapists.
The Growing Demand for Physiotherapists in Today’s World
In today’s world, the demand for physiotherapists is increasing. This is due to various factors, from an aging population and a rise in chronic health conditions to increased awareness of physiotherapy’s role in improving people’s quality of life.
With its holistic approach and ability to help people become more active and independent, physiotherapy is becoming an increasingly popular choice among those seeking medical help.
The scope of a Doctor of Physical Therapy, or DPT, is immense and can provide many individuals with the necessary physical therapy resources for a healthier lifestyle. From sports-related injuries to age-related mobility issues, DPTs have the knowledge and skills to develop treatment plans that will help improve their patient’s condition.
Additionally, the education and experience of a DPT can provide invaluable advice on how to prevent future injury, as well as create customized exercise plans tailored towards individual needs. Overall, the scope of a Doctor of Physical Therapy is wide and varied, offering everyone, from athletes to seniors, the opportunity to improve their physical health.
FAQs
Q1. What is a Doctor of Physiotherapy.
A Doctor of Physiotherapy (DPT) is an advanced degree in physical therapy for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of physical impairments or disabilities. It helps equip healthcare professionals with the skills necessary for evaluating and treating patients who have encountered problems due to injury, illness, or disability.
Q2. What are the requirements for becoming a Doctor of Physiotherapy.
To become a Doctor of Physiotherapy, you must have completed an undergraduate degree in physical therapy and 3-4 years of additional graduate-level education.
Q3. What are the job opportunities available for a Doctor of Physiotherapy.
Job opportunities in physiotherapy are abundant and can be found in hospitals, clinics, physical therapy practices, nursing homes, schools, rehabilitation centers, and other health-related settings. They may include helping diagnose and treat physical conditions, restoring movement and function, providing guidance on preventing further injury or illness, and offering advice about general health. | https://theeducator.pk/doctor-of-physical-therapy/ |
This practical, comprehensive guide to teaching writing offers English teachers a variety of new, classroom-tested instructional activities, workshops, lesson plans, journal entries, teaching strategies, and creative assignments to use in their classrooms.
This book explores ways to study and teach the literary works of William Clark Falkner and William Faulkner to ESL students in today’s digital environment. Through these activities, ESL students are expected to comprehend the literature of the American South as the cultural phenomenon that is connected to their own social formations.
This resource aims to provide teachers with the rationale, model and examples they need to develop interactive approaches that will promote learning when using Interactive Whiteboards (IWBs) in the classroom.
Designed to facilitate teachers’ efforts to meet the actual challenges and dilemmas they face in their classrooms, Becoming a Teacher Researcher in Literacy Teaching and Learning: provides background information and key concepts in teacher research covers the "how-to" strategies of the teacher research process from the initial proposal to writing up the report as publishable or presentable work illustrates a range of literacy topics and grade levels features twelve reports by teacher researchers who have gone through the process, and their candid remarks about how activities helped (or not) helps teachers understand how knowledge is constructed socially in their classrooms so that they can create instructional communities that promote all students’ learning. Addressing the importance of teacher research for better instruction, reform, and political action, this text emphasizes strategies teachers can use to support and strengthen their voices as they dialogue with others in the educational community, so that their ideas and perspectives may have an impact on educational practice both locally in their schools and districts and more broadly.
Prepare for a successful career in medical assisting! Kinn’s The Administrative Medical Assistant, 8th Edition helps you learn the real-world administrative skills essential to working in the health care office. In-depth coverage ranges from professional behavior and interpersonal skills to billing and coding, electronic health records and management of practice finances. Written by administrative medical assisting expert Alexandra Adams, this classic resource also includes an Evolve companion website with exercises and activities, videos, review questions for the CMA and RMA certification exams, and an interactive portfolio builder. Step-by-step, illustrated procedures make it easier to learn and understand medical assisting skills, and include rationales for each step. Threaded case scenarios let you develop critical thinking skills and apply concepts learned in each chapter to realistic administrative situations. Study Guide includes a variety of exercises to test your knowledge and critical thinking skills, case scenarios from the book, and a Procedure Checklists Manual. Sold separately. Emergency Preparedness and Assisting with Medical Emergencies chapter prepares you to take action during crises and urgent situations. Detailed learning objectives and vocabulary with definitions in each chapter help you study more effectively, with connections icons linking concepts in the text to exercises in the study guide and on the Evolve companion website. Patient education and legal and ethical issues are described in relation to the Medical Assistant's job. A Portfolio Builder on the Evolve website helps you demonstrate proficiency to potential employers. NEW! Charting examples within the procedures are highlighted for easier learning. UPDATED coverage of the Electronic Health Record ensures that you are familiar with the technology you'll use on the job.
Prepare for a successful career in medical assisting! Kinn’s The Medical Assistant, 12th Edition helps you learn the real-world administrative and clinical skills essential to working in the health care setting. Administrative coverage ranges from professionalism and interpersonal skills to billing and coding and electronic health records; clinical content teaches how to assist with medications, diagnostic procedures, and surgeries. And no other comprehensive medical assisting text can match its coverage of assisting with medical specialties! Written by medical assisting experts Alexandra Adams and Deborah Proctor, this classic resource also includes an Evolve companion website with practical exercises and activities, videos, and review questions for the CMA and RMA certification exams. More chapters on assisting with medical specialties than any other Medical Assisting text prepare you to assist in specialty exams and make you better qualified to work in specialty fields like cardiology, dermatology, ophthalmology, gynecology, and neurology. Step-by-step, illustrated procedures make it easier to learn and understand medical assisting skills, and include rationales for each step. Threaded case scenarios help you develop critical thinking skills and apply concepts to realistic administrative and clinical situations. Patient education and legal and ethical issues are described in relation to the Medical Assistant's job. A Portfolio Builder on the Evolve website helps you demonstrate proficiency to potential employers. Detailed learning objectives and vocabulary with definitions in each chapter help you study more effectively, with connections icons linking concepts in the text to exercises in the study guide and on the Evolve companion website. Study Guide includes a variety of exercises to test your knowledge and critical thinking skills, case scenarios from the book, and a Procedure Checklists Manual. Sold separately. NEW! Charting examples within the procedures are highlighted for easier learning. UPDATED coverage of the Electronic Health Record ensures that you are familiar with the technology you'll use on the job. UPDATED content on alternative therapies and treatment includes the latest herbal remedies such as red rice yeast for lowering cholesterol, St. John’s Wort for depression, and probiotic bacteria for GI maladies.
" ... contains useful information and concepts that teachers can apply in the classroom and other instructional settings. ... There is also a detailed resource section listing children's literature and websites that can enhance your instructional practice ... This helpful and comprehensive resource can be used by preservice teachers, by experienced teachers and administrators, for development of staff at all levels, and by individuals in Alternate Route Teacher Certification programs."--P. of cover.
Authors Steven and Susan Zumdahl offer all the elements instructors need for their general chemistry course. They bring a conceptual approach to chemistry and integrate problem-solving skills throughout, helping students transition from theory to practice. A strong emphasis on models, real-world applications, and visual learning prevails throughout the text. The Seventh Edition seamlessly integrates the strengths of the Zumdahl approach through a comprehensive and interwoven print and technology program. Enhanced Sample Exercises, online homework problems, and Classroom Response System content help instructors assess conceptual understanding and problem-solving skills, while new animations and images support visual learning. In addition, Houghton Mifflin offers implementation services through our TeamUP program to help instructors and students get the most out of the text and its supplements. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the ebook version. | http://ebook4scaricare.com/gratis/a-new-look-at-the-interactive-writing-classroom-methods-strategies-and-activities-to-engage-students/ |
This online certificate program helps learners develop the skills and strategies needed to become a successful negotiator. The fundamental concepts of negotiation are addressed, as well as the application of these concepts to the specific areas of Deal Making Negotiation and Dispute Settlement Negotiation. Video commentary provides learners with practical insights on translating the principles of negotiation into real-world bargaining success. Each 3- to 4-hour, self-paced course offers an assortment of interactive exercises, videos, readings, case studies, and self-assessments that will keep learners engaged as they sharpen their negotiating skills.
Training content
Courses Included in this Certificate
- Introduction to Negotiations
- Negotiations: Making Business Deals
- Negotiations: Resolving Disputes
Course delivery details
Course Access Time: 270 days
Certification / Credits
Credits: 1 CEUs / 7 PDUs / 10 HRCIs / 10 SHRMs
Why choose PME?
Over 300 instructor-led and online course offerings in project management, leadership, and business management
Courses taught by experienced practitioners
Leading provider of project management and agile certifications
About PME
Project Management Experts, LLC
Project Management Experts (PME) is just that, a consortium of project management experts with at least 20 years of experience who have re-directed their careers to improving the project management competency of our clients. Our training classes focus on building... | https://directory.trainingindustry.com/training-supplier/project-management-experts-llc/certificate-in-negotiation-1566123 |
A research to understand various post training initiatives adopted by organizations today
Development & learning is a long – term process, requiring spaced exposure, practice and application. L&D and HR professionals have embraced various methods to enhance retention and enable learners to apply the learning at work. In this research piece, we reached out to many of our customers to understand the various post training interventions that they have leveraged to strengthen the learning for their teams. We defined post training interventions as any learning activity which complements the primary classroom/physical workshop intervention. These could include any or more of the following: • Email communications with the training content/deck/pdfs • Videos related to the content of the training • Live projects which enable learners to apply the concepts to specific work areas • Application exercises (case-lets or scenarios) wherein learners can apply their learning • Webinars with experts in the subject • Use of WhatsApp/social platforms for interactions • Game based content • Case Studies etc.
Download this ebook so that you can understand:• Which kind of post training activities are being currently leveraged?
• Which are the preferred activities and the growing trends?
• What are the difficulties that professionals face while designing post training activities?
• What is the likelihood of their using mobile based microlearning in the near future?
Download this research report to gain insights into this very important phase of learning. | https://focusu.com/download-post-training-activities-research-report/ |
Beginning Java Programming: The Object Oriented Approach is a straightforward resource for getting started with one of the world’s most enduringly popular programming languages. Based on classes taught by the authors, the book starts with the basics and gradually builds into more advanced concepts. The approach utilizes an integrated development environment that allows readers to immediately apply what they learn, and includes step-by-step instruction with plenty of sample programs. Each chapter contains exercises based on real-world business and educational scenarios, and the final chapter uses case studies to combine several concepts and put readers’ new skills to the test.
Beginning Java Programming: The Object Oriented Approach provides both the information and the tools beginners need to develop Java skills, from the general concepts of object-oriented programming. Learn to: * Understand the Java language and object-oriented concept implementation * Use Java to access and manipulate external data * Make applications accessible to users with GUIs * Streamline workflow with object-oriented patterns
The book is geared for those who want to use Java in an applied environment while learning at the same time. Useful as either a course text or a stand-alone self-study program, Beginning Java Programming is a thorough, comprehensive guide. | http://books.iteblog.com/beginning-java-programming.html |
The Service Blueprinting course is a two-day learning event that practically explores service blueprinting through hands on activity and discussion.
A service blueprint is a diagram that visualizes the relationships between different service components that are directly tied to touchpoints in a customer journey. Think of Service Blueprints as sequels to Customer Journey Maps, one focuses solely on what the customer is doing, the other focuses on what the Business is doing in parallel.
Having this insight enables organisations to develop a comprehensive understanding of it’s service and the underlying resources and processes that make it possible. This enhanced view helps to discover weaknesses, identify opportunities for optimization and bridges efforts across departments.
This two-day highly practical course will take your design thinking skills and apply them to service design.
You will learn how to use service blueprinting techniques in a guided workshop before applying them to a real-world case study or your own business problems.
The topics explored during this course are:
- Understanding Service Blueprints
- Preparing for a Service Blueprint Session
- Defining a Service Blueprint session
- Organising a Service Design Session
- Executing a Service Blueprint Session
- Analysing Results
- Service Blueprint Sprint
Prerequisites
While there are no formal prerequisites for this course learners would benefit from having existing design thinking experience.
We recommend learners who are new to design thinking attend the 2-day Design Thinking workshop before moving on to Service Blueprinting.
Delegates will learn how to
At the end of this event, you will be able to:
- Understand how service blueprints add value and solve problems
- Plan and define a rigorous service design session
- Develop and validate end to end customer solutions
- Analyse data and make recommendations
- Facilitate service design sessions
Outline
This two-day course aims to take your existing design thinking knowledge and apply this to service blueprinting.
Learning will begin with an overview of the theoretical aspects of service blueprinting through interactive discussion before moving on to practically apply these concepts to a real-world case study or your own business problems.
Learners will develop their understanding of how Empathy maps, personas and customer journeys power services, explore defining wicked problems and identify when to use, and when not use service blueprints.
Learners will experience how service blueprinting helps to see customer problems holistically.
The course covers:
- Understanding Service Blueprints
- Preparing for a Service Blueprint Session
- Understanding Opportunity Spaces
- Defining Scenarios and use cases
- Defining a Service Blueprint session
- Preparing steps and touch point
- Defining the surface to core layers of a Service blueprint
- Organising a Service Design Session
- Identifying stakeholders
- Setting up physical and digital spaces
- Defining effective hygiene for good sessions
- Executing a Service Blueprint Session
- How to prepare stakeholders and facilitate a session
- Identifying critical moments and ideas
- Recording findings
- Analysing Results
- Organising and grouping data into themes
- Identifying strategic and tactical themes
- Analysing and weighting critical moments
- Making Recommendations and validating results
- Service Blueprint Sprint
- Planning your session
- Facilitate as teams
Synthesise results and recommendations
Agile learning paths
Want to boost your career in agile? Click on the roles below to see QA‘s learning pathways, specially designed to give you the skills to succeed.
Frequently asked questionsSee all of our FAQs
How can I create an account on myQA.com?
There are a number of ways to create an account. If you are a self-funder, simply select the "Create account" option on the login page.
If you have been booked onto a course by your company, you will receive a confirmation email. From this email, select "Sign into myQA" and you will be taken to the "Create account" page. Complete all of the details and select "Create account".
If you have the booking number you can also go here and select the "I have a booking number" option. Enter the booking reference and your surname. If the details match, you will be taken to the "Create account" page from where you can enter your details and confirm your account.
Find more answers to frequently asked questions in our FAQs: Bookings & Cancellations page.
How do QA’s virtual classroom courses work?
Our virtual classroom courses allow you to access award-winning classroom training, without leaving your home or office. Our learning professionals are specially trained on how to interact with remote attendees and our remote labs ensure all participants can take part in hands-on exercises wherever they are.
We use the WebEx video conferencing platform by Cisco. Before you book, check that you meet the WebEx system requirements and run a test meeting (more details in the link below) to ensure the software is compatible with your firewall settings. If it doesn’t work, try adjusting your settings or contact your IT department about permitting the website.
Learn more about our Virtual Classrooms.
How do QA’s online courses work?
QA online courses, also commonly known as distance learning courses or elearning courses, take the form of interactive software designed for individual learning, but you will also have access to full support from our subject-matter experts for the duration of your course. When you book a QA online learning course you will receive immediate access to it through our e-learning platform and you can start to learn straight away, from any compatible device. Access to the online learning platform is valid for one year from the booking date.
All courses are built around case studies and presented in an engaging format, which includes storytelling elements, video, audio and humour. Every case study is supported by sample documents and a collection of Knowledge Nuggets that provide more in-depth detail on the wider processes.
Learn more about QA’s online courses.
When will I receive my joining instructions?
Joining instructions for QA courses are sent two weeks prior to the course start date, or immediately if the booking is confirmed within this timeframe. For course bookings made via QA but delivered by a third-party supplier, joining instructions are sent to attendees prior to the training course, but timescales vary depending on each supplier’s terms. Read more FAQs.
When will I receive my certificate?
Certificates of Achievement are issued at the end the course, either as a hard copy or via email. Read more here. | https://www.qa.com/course-catalogue/courses/service-blueprinting-qasb/ |
This module provides an appreciation of data mining concepts, techniques, and process for business Intelligence. It covers data mining techniques for both supervised learning (decision tree, logistic regression and neural network models) and unsupervised learning (cluster and association analyses).
It is designed to help equip the students with practical skills in applying data mining techniques in a modern business environment.
Prior learning requirements
Basic knowledge of statistics and database
Module aims
The aims of this module are to:
- provide students with an understanding of key data mining concepts,techniques and processfor business Intelligence.
- appreciate the purpose and breadth of areas of application of data mining
- understand and compare the techniques and tools available for solving data mining problems
- develop students with practical skills in applying data mining techniques for business Intelligence.
Syllabus
• Concepts and fundamentals of data mining and business intelligence
• Data mining process: cross Industry standard processing (CRISP) for data mining
• Data preparation and graphical exploration: visualising large data sets, data cleaning, outlier detection, variable transformation
• Prediction and classification methods for business Intelligence: decision trees, logistic regression and neural network models
• Mining relationships among records: cluster analysis, association analysis (‘market basket analysis’)
• Forecasting time series for business intelligence
• Model evaluation and predictive performance
Learning and teaching
Topics will be introduced through the medium of formal lectures, supported by tutorial and workshop sessions, and blended learning as follows:
- Lecture (2 hour / week):
Introduction of the major topics identified in the syllabus, plus practical exercises, directed reading and other further studies
- Workshop (2 hour / week):
Data mining technical skills will be further developed through lab-based workshops. Specific practical exercises are set to support students' development of skills with powerful interactive mining package (e.g. SAS).
.
- Blended learning:
Using the University’s VLE and online tools to provide deliver content, assessment and feedback, to encourage active learning, and to enhance student engagement and learning experience.
Students will be expected and encouraged to produce reflective commentaries on the learning activities and tasks that they carry out to complete their work.
Learning outcomes
LO1 appreciate the objectives and usefulness of data mining technology for businesses
LO2 understand the key concepts, process and components of data mining
LO3 describe and utilise a range of data mining techniques for business applications
LO4 appreciate the strengths and limitations of various data mining models/tools
LO5 be aware of the latest developments in data mining, particularly in business Intelligence
LO6 apply data mining techniques in a real-world business intelligence context.
Assessment strategy
The module will be assessed by a practical piece of coursework (50%) and a 2-hour unseen examination (50%).
The coursework is designed mainly to assess the practical aspects of the module. It will provide students with the opportunity to undertake research on current issues and practical techniques in data mining and its effective application for business intelligence L01, L04, L05, L06. It will also enable students to apply their knowledge to a practical business problem, demonstrating their skills for problem-solving and critical thinking/evaluation L02,L06.
The unseen examination will provide an opportunity for students to demonstrate their understanding of data mining concepts and techniques and their ability to apply these techniques appropriately to the solution of given problems/scenarios L01, L02, L03, L04, L05. The examination will test the students' retention, understanding and insight of material drawn from the module.
Bibliography
- Han, J., Kamber, M. & Pei, J. (2006) Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques, Second Edition. 2nd ed. Morgan Kaufmann.
- Linoff, G.S. & Berry, M.J. (2011) Data Mining Techniques: For Marketing, Sales, and Customer Relationship Management. 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons.
- Matignon, R. (2007) Data Mining Using SAS Enterprise Miner. Wiley-Blackwell.
- Shmueli, G., Patel, N.R. & Bruce, P.C. (2010) Data Mining for Business Intelligence: Concepts, Techniques, and Applications in Microsoft Office Excel(r) with XLMiner(r). 2nd ed. Wiley-Blackwell. | https://intranet.londonmet.ac.uk/module-catalogue/record.cfm?mc=CC7164 |
This intensive, interactive 3 day workshop provides an overview of Design Thinking fundamentals.
This workshop combines short instructional lectures, hands-on exercises, teamwork and real-world examples. We will cover four modules in total. Each module will include practical exercises where you will collaborate with a small team of peers to practice and apply what you have just learned. Real world case studies and examples will illustrate the concepts and complement our learning, and offer further insight into how Design Thinking can be integrated into different types of organizations and processes. You will leave with a practical framework for problem solving, methods you can immediately apply to your own projects, and a design toolkit for reference.
Defining Problems: How to better define and solve problems through reframing.
Learning from People: How to conduct qualitative user research such as customer interviews, contextual inquiry and observation to derive actionable insights based on market needs and consumer behaviors.
Iterative design: Practice ideation, rapid prototyping, evaluation and refinement. Understand the role and value of both evaluative and generative user research.
Art of Collaboration: How to effectively inject and generate creativity through guided brainstorming, co-design, visualization, and storytelling.
Note: You do not have to be a designer or a “creative”- this course is designed for anyone interested in innovation, a customer-centered approach and iterative product development. Teams from the same organization who are tackling an organizational challenge may find it beneficial to take this workshop together. | http://uxdesigneducation.com/courses/design-thinking/ |
The course is aimed at those who wish to develop a sound expertise in the helping professions , to those who are already working in care settings , social and health with different qualifications , to psychologists, sociologists, teachers, principals , religious and resource managers human . It ‘ also directed towards those who want to delve into the issues of counseling and the helping professions and develop specific theoretical and practical skills that enable it to make appropriate interventions in their frames of reference . The course is a useful tool for those who intend to develop an ability to perceive the content and dynamics in deep and would report at the same time perfecting their communication skills and improve their skills in helping others .
the objectives
Deepen the perception and the ability to intervene in reality so socially and technically useful, using the approach of Bert Hellinger supplemented by the various schools of psychotherapy . Develop a conscious communication . Deepen a profound perception of the dynamics and interactions occurring in different contexts, family nuclear , extended family, work environment and professional.
methods
The course follows the guidelines of Approach of Bert Hellinger Family and Systemic Constellations incorporate the methodology of intervention and the Systemic – Relational Model of Transactional Analysis , Neuro-Linguistic Programming and Techniques Psicocorpore .
Students will be followed individually by qualified and competent teachers that integrate theoretical learning with practical application, dividing the hours of lesson :
Learning sessions that include the oral lessons and implementation of exercises, as well as the distribution of reference materials to facilitate the setting up of the topics covered
Application sessions in which students will be able to immediately experience the effectiveness of the concepts learned with the teacher’s guidance .
Revision sessions in which students will re firsthand the techniques learned on the basis of the exercises performed .
Each of these phases will be completed by tests and self-tests that help students to grapple with the new concepts and become familiar with the practices taught .
teachers
The teachers are university professors , medical doctors, psychiatrists , psychotherapists, psychologists, educational psychologists of international experience as part of the master apply the methods of Family Constellations .
( see the list of teachers).
techniques
Theoretical lessons guided by the dialogue and interactivity with other students. The materials used are didactic presentations , images, text , video and audio professionals.
Division into groups for the realization of practical exercises and discussion techniques
Simulations in a group to play the real context of application of the techniques learned
Shooting simulations in order to review together the simulations to study the characteristics , the effect of acquisitions and approach towards participants . Orient the group towards the improvement and integration of technical and professional ability .
Experiential sessions dedicated to the exploration personnel necessary for the individual and professional growth to improve the theoretical and practical approach in helping relationship .
Internship at public or private establishments contracted to measure and assess the learning and skills acquired in the course of Counselor and Master .
Checking and supervision of the internship to ensure a feedback to the participants on the effectiveness and efficiency of teaching. Also in this case we will use the benefits of working in small groups .
Distance Learning (experimental) achieved via the Web this will allow the continuous updating and exchange of information between participants. Through this method , students can prepare joint projects during the course and in the period that follows the sharing and fostering the growth of the individual and the group.
Method and Timing
The Master is divided into 7 monthly meetings, lasting three years for a total of 600 hours in total , of which one-third dedicated to teaching a third dedicated to vocational training and individual participants and a third dedicated to supervision.
costs
The cost of a year is € 1,500.
The cost of each module is 250 € . | http://associazioneaccademia.com/training/counseling-information/?lang=en |
Accounting Information systems (AIS) have become indispensable in the field, and this book provides clear guidance for students or professionals needing to get up to speed. Designed to suit a one-semester AIS course at the graduate, undergraduate, or community college level, Core Concepts of Accounting Information Systems explores AIS use and processes in the context of modern-day accounting. Coverage includes conceptual overviews of data analytics, accounting, and risk management, as well as detailed discussion of business processes, cybercrime, database design and more to provide a well-rounded introduction to AIS. <br /><br /> Case studies reinforce fundamental concepts using real-world scenarios that encourage critical thinking, while AIS-at-Work examples illustrate complex procedures or concepts in everyday workplace situations. Test Yourself questions allow students to gauge their level of understanding, while End of Chapter questions stimulate application of new skills through problems, cases, and discussion questions that facilitate classroom dialogue. Practical, current, relevant, and grounded in everyday application, this book is an invaluable resource for students of managerial accounting, tax accounting, and compliance.
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The aim of the course is to give an introduction to fundamental concepts of modern data base systems, the data models, physical structures and data base design and querying.
In particular, the course will provide solid knowledge and understanding in the field of technologies for the representation and management of complex structured data. The ability to apply the knowledge will be reflected primarily in the ability to design databases using appropriate formalisms, to query databases using the SQL language, and in the ability to design and provide complete implementations using database technologies.
Thanks to the fundamental project activities, the course will provide the student with the ability to make judgments, to justify the choices made and to critically evaluate the results obtained. Moreover, the course aims to encourage teamwork, thanks to which the skills of interaction and communication between peers will be learned.
Admission requirements
No mandatory requirements. Recommended: Basic courses computer programming and operating systems.
Course contents
The course includes 72 hours of frontal teaching (9 CFU), each of the topics include both the exposition of the theoretical aspects and the execution of various exercises (including those performed on the computer).
The details of the contents in terms of hours is purely indicative. It may in fact undergo changes during the course of teaching in light of the feedback and participation of students.
* Introduction to enterprise information systems and databases (4 hours).
* Conceptual design: Entity-Relationship model, properties, external identifiers. Expression of advanced constraints through external identifiers. IS-A hierarchies, project strategies (16 hours).
* Logical design: relational model, keys and integrity constraints, conversion of conceptual schemas into relational schemas, normalization, derived data and related evaluation model (10 hours).
* Physical design: organization and cost of data access, hash organization and B+ Tree. Access plans. Query optimization (10 hours).
* Relational algebra: relational operators and algebraic expressions, derivative operators, equivalence of expressions (6 hours).
* SQL language: data definition, schema declaration. Simple queries. Complex queries (sorting, aggregation, grouping, binary and nested). Data modification. Creating indexes, managing views, accessing accessories (15 hours).
* Technology of a DBMS: architectures of Database Management Systems, transactions and access concurrency, isolation levels (5 hours).
* Dynamic database programming: stored procedures and triggers, JDBC (6 hours).
Teaching methods
The techniques are presented both theoretically and practically, through a series of hands-on and design activities. Ordinarily, these activities will be carried out face to face in classrooms and laboratories; in case of COVID19 health emergencies, the lessons will be held remotely, mainly in virtual asynchronous mode but with weekly appointments in synchronous virtual mode to enable teacher-student interactions, for insights and for sharing project ideas with respect to the aspects suggested by the teacher. In particular, in addition to standard lectures, where students will learn the theoretical aspects of database design, a substantial number of hours will be devoted to lab / hands-on activities in the form of guided exercises, in which students will experience the application of the learned techniques on simple practical cases. Finally, the course will propose a group project to allow students to learn the application of methods and techniques in real-world complex practical contexts. Questions, interventions and student participation are welcome and encouraged. Attendance is not compulsory, but strongly recommended. The course is held in Italian. All technical and organizational information on teaching, as well as teaching material, will be uploaded to the Dolly platform. The student is invited to register and consult this platform regularly.
Assessment methods
The course exam consists of a written part and a group project. The written exam (approx. 45 minutes) includes design exercises related to specific aspects of databases (conceptual and logical schema, derived data), implementation exercises (SQL queries) and open questions on the topics of database technology. The written exam will be carried out in presence or remotely depending on the evolution of the COVID19 health emergency situation. The group project will finally assess the ability to apply the techniques in complex practical contexts; in this case, in addition to identifying a correct and adequate solution, it will also be essential to clearly describe the project and to explain the reasons for the design and technological choices made. Six written exams a year are planned; the project can be delivered at any time of the year and will be corrected in conjunction with the subsequent written exam (the written exam can be taken on this date or on subsequent dates). The final grade is formed by the average of the written and project grade. The grades (written, project, final) are communicated through the Dolly platform typically within one week from the date of the exam.
Learning outcomes
Knowledge and understanding: Through lectures, students will have a sound knowledge and understanding in the theory of databases, collection and analysis of requirements, methodologies of conceptual and logic design, querying techniques, and the main technologies used in a transactional DBMS.
Applying knowledge and understanding: Through practical computer exercises and individual and group project activities, the student will be able to apply the gained knowledge in the design and implementation of database data and operations, also in connected applications.
Making judgments: Through conducting individual and group project activities, the student will be able to evaluate, explain and critically discuss the design decisions taken and the results obtained in the context of a complex information system.
Communication skills: The design questions and open questions of the written examination and the preparation of the report on the group project, will allow the students to organize and present with clarity and conciseness, as well as with appropriate technical language, the results of their work. In addition, implementing the project will require full practical ability to read with profit English technical documentation.
Learning skills: The described activities will enable students to acquire the methodological tools to continue their studies and to be able to perform their own update; this is especially crucial in an area such as computer information management, where key technologies are ever evolving. | https://offertaformativa.unimore.it/corso/insegnamento?cds_cod=16-215&aa_ord_id=2018&pds_cod=PDS0-2018&aa_off_id=2021&lang=eng&ad_cod=MN1-525&aa_corso=2&fac_id=10009&coorte=2020&anno_corrente=2020&durata=3 |
Northeastern University’s Master of Science in Project Management is designed to provide you with the practical skills and theoretical concepts you need to lead complex projects. This online master’s degree program addresses every phase of project management including project definition, cost and risk estimation, scheduling, budget management, negotiation and conflict resolution, and project presentation and evaluation.
• Understand project management ethics as outlined in the PMI Code of Ethics.
The online Master of Science in Project Management offered by Northeastern University combines theoretical concepts with practical experiences to help you develop the critical thinking, problem solving, and communication skills necessary to lead projects in a complex and dynamic project environment.
Northeastern University’s Master of Science in Project Management is designed to provide you with the practical skills and theoretical concepts you need to lead complex projects. This online master’s degree program addresses every phase of project management including project definition, cost and risk estimation, scheduling, budget management, negotiation and conflict resolution, and project presentation and evaluation. It also draws on real-world case studies to demonstrate techniques and tools for managing long- and short-term projects successfully and economically. It is instructed by a highly-qualified faculty, who represent a wide cross-section of professional practices in such fields as finance, education, and management. They serve as mentors and advisors, and collaborate alongside students to solve global challenges facing established and emerging markets. Students who do not have at least three years of professional experience directing or leading project tasks, are required to complete foundational courses before taking core project management courses. In addition to the core project management courses, the program offers specialization tracks that allow students to extend their knowledge in areas that align to their personal and professional career goals.
This includes a couple of elective in project management topical areas and one concentration from the available nine concentration tracks. Examples of concentration tracks include construction management, agile project management, program and portfolio management, information security management. The program’s curriculum combines theory with experiential learning to help students acquire relevant, real-world skills they can apply to their desired industry. Students work with either their own organization or a sponsoring organization on short-term projects that address a key business need that company. Students also work on a final project management capstone which offers students an opportunity to utilize all of their learned project management skills to evaluate project processes and outcomes of a single project throughout the entire project life cycle. | https://www.predictiveanalyticstoday.com/northeastern-university-master-science-project-management-2/ |
Learn professional, practical ways to handle ethical and legal issues in dental practice! Ethics and Law in Dental Hygiene, 4th Edition provides a solid foundation in ethical theory and laws relating to oral healthcare professionals, including ethical conduct and social responsibility. An ethical decision-making model helps you unpack and analyze ethical dilemmas, and case scenarios challenge you to apply concepts to the real world. Written by a team of experts led by educator Kristin Minihan-Anderson, this book helps Dental Hygiene students prepare for the NBDHE exam and also serves as an valuable reference for practitioners looking to continue their professional growth.
Key Features
- Dental hygiene-focused coverage highlights need-to-know concepts and information on ethics and law.
- Logical organization of content includes separate sections on ethics, law, and simulations and applications of both, building a solid foundation for practical application.
- Concepts with real-world relevance make it easier to apply your knowledge to everyday situations.
- Six-step decision-making model provides a framework with which to tackle ethical situations.
- Chapters on legal concepts include information on risk management and state dental practice legislation.
- Key terms are defined in each chapter and in the glossary.
- Key vocabulary helps you understand complex content.
Table of Contents
- 1. Risk Management
Section I: Ethics
2. Ethics and Professionalism
3. Ethical Theory and Philosophy
4. Ethical Principles and Values
5. Codes of Ethics
6. Ethical Decision Making in Dental Hygiene and Dentistry
7. Social Responsibility
Section II: Law
8. Society and the State Dental Practice Act
9. Dental Hygienist–Patient Relationship
10. Dental Hygienist–Dentist-Employer Relationship
Section III: Simulations and Applications
Case Studies, Suggested Activities, and Testlets
Product details
- No. of pages: 232
- Language: English
- Copyright: © Saunders 2023
- Published: December 15, 2022
- Imprint: Saunders
- Paperback ISBN: 9780323761192
About the Author
Kristin Minihan-Anderson
Affiliations and Expertise
Assistant Professor Public Health Coordinator Fones School of Dental Hygiene University of Bridgeport Bridgeport, Connecticut
Ratings and Reviews
There are currently no reviews for "Ethics and Law in Dental Hygiene" | https://www.elsevier.com/books/ethics-and-law-in-dental-hygiene/minihan-anderson/978-0-323-76119-2 |
"Another excellent seminar from The Likeable Lawyer. The concepts learned are as important—no, more important—than the latest legislative or appellate update. Very useful and enlightening."
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Lommen, Abdo, Cole, King & Stageberg
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Law Offices of Nancy Martinez
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Jones, Foster, Johnston & Stubbs
"One of the best classes I have attended. It was very thought-provoking with real-world scenarios and important human/emotional insights which will be useful in dealing with clients."
Henry Koltys,
Mediation for Resolution
"I thought it would be another dry ethics and professionalism course, but it was the most exciting and practical course I have attended."
Richard Crollett, | http://www.likeablelawyer.com/cle-webinar/basis-of-influence-2-passion-reciprocation-and-getting-what-you-want/4683 |
The training course will help participants understand well about critical roles of supply chain management to business success in the context of strong competition and globalization.
The training course will help participants understand well about critical roles of supply chain management to business success in the context of strong competition and globalization. Participants will know basic concepts, key terms, principle, overall view about supply chain coordination as well as acknowledge their important role in the business supply chain. Participants will be equipped strategic, tactic approaches and operational procedure throughout the supply chain processes. The participants also have capability to evaluate key indicators of the system and learn SCM advanced approaches that benefits to their job, business as well as community and environment.
Training course will be conducted with learner-centered and experiental learning methodology. Instructor will present concepts and knowledge in brief, unlock and encourage the learner’s participation by questioning, brainstorming, discussion, team work to systematized knowledge. Knowledge and methodology for solving practical issues are learned from case studies, learners are guided through studying steps: explore, analyze, practice, sum up and relate to realize real applications. Learner may be requested to do exercises or reading reference materials.
7,000,000 VND/ participant for 3-day-course including lunches, tea breaks, materials and certificate. | http://aitvn.asia/short-course/modern-supply-chain-management/ |
Chemistry 2e is designed to meet the scope and sequence requirements of the two-semester general chemistry course. The textbook provides an important opportunity for students to learn the core concepts of chemistry and understand how those concepts apply to their lives and the world around them. The book also includes a number of innovative features, including interactive exercises and real-world applications, designed to enhance student learning. The second edition has been revised to incorporate clearer, more current, and more dynamic explanations, while maintaining the same organization as the first edition. Substantial improvements have been made in the figures, illustrations, and example exercises that support the text narrative.
Download:
http://longfiles.com/ftdym0wc3qbp/Chemistry_2_Edition.pdf.html
[Fast Download] Chemistry 2 Edition
Smart Light-Responsive Materials
Green Chemistry for Environmental Sustainability
Organic Chemistry: Structure and Function
NMR Spectroscopy
Bioinspired Intelligent Nanostructured Interfacial Materials
Catalysis and the Mechanism of Methane Conversion to Chemicals
Environmental Applications of Instrumental Chemical Analysis
Well-Organized Inorganic Nanowire Films: Assemblies and Functionalities
Marine Surface Films
Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology
Data Integrity and Data Governance : Practical Implementation in Regulated Laboratories
Soft Probes for Bio-electrochemical Imaging
This site does not store any files on its server. We only index and link to content provided by other sites. Please contact the content providers to delete copyright contents if any and email us, we'll remove relevant links or contents immediately. | http://ebook3000.com/Chemistry-2-Edition_624123.html |
Acron Group's 9M 2018 fertilizer output is up 3% to 4.6 million t.
Alexander Popov, Chairman of Acron’s Board of Directors, commented:
“The Group’s facilities increased ammonia output 3% to 2 million t. Output at the new Ammonia-4 unit was 625 000 t, up 7% yr-on-yr. Further upgrades to the unit are underway to increase its capacity to 2500 tpd. The increased ammonia output will make it possible to ramp up production of nitrogen and complex fertilisers.
“In 2017, Acron’s site in Veliky Novgorod implemented a number of measures to modernise its urea units, boosting output in 1H18 to 475 000 t, up 16% yr-on-yr. We have already announced the launch of a sixth urea unit in 4Q18, which will increase urea solution capacity to 3650 tpd. As we ramp up production of urea solution, we will be able to increase output of value-added products based on it. Due to the favourable UAN market conditions in the reporting period, Acron’s production of liquid nitrogen fertilizer increased 34%, setting yet another record. There was also a significant increase in high-quality industrial urea production (including for AdBlue), which was up 78% to 53 000 t.
“Acron Group’s complex fertilizer production was down 10% yr-on-yr to 1.880 million t. In the reporting period, blends output decreased significantly due to lower regional demand. However, it did not affect utilisation rate at the key process lines and merely led to a shift in production by increasing UAN and NPK output.
“In 9M 2018, apatite concentrate output was up 4% yr-on-yr to record high 907 000 t, due to start of ore extraction from the underground mine last September. In the reporting period, underground mine produced 18% of the total ore output”. | https://www.worldfertilizer.com/special-reports/29102018/acron-groups-fertilizer-output-up-3/ |
What is the square of 1 16?
What is the square of 1 16?
1/4
What’s the square root of 1 16th?
sqrt(1/16) = 14 = 0.25.
What is .0625 as a fraction?
Now you know that . 625 as a fraction is 5/8.
What number is 25% of 50?
12.5
What is 25% as a whole number?
|Example|
|Problem||Write 25% as a simplified fraction and as a decimal.|
|Simplify the fraction by dividing the numerator and denominator by the common factor 25.|
|Write as a decimal.||25% = = 0.25||You can also just move the decimal point in the whole number 25 two places to the left to get 0.25.|
|Answer||25% = = 0.25|
What is a 8th of something?
One eighth is one part of eight equal sections. Two eighths is one quarter and four eighths is a half. It’s easy to split an object, like a cake, into eighths if you make them into quarters and then divide each quarter in half.
Can you simplify 5 8?
58 is already in the simplest form. It can be written as 0.625 in decimal form (rounded to 6 decimal places).
What is 2/8 in the lowest term?
Steps to simplifying fractions Therefore, 2/8 simplified to lowest terms is 1/4.
What is the Simplify of 4 8?
Steps to simplifying fractions Therefore, 4/8 simplified to lowest terms is 1/2.
What is the fraction 4/8 equal to?
Decimal and Fraction Conversion
|Fraction||Equivalent Fractions|
|5/8||10/16||20/32|
|7/8||14/16||28/32|
|1/9||2/18||4/36|
|2/9||4/18||8/36|
What is 4 divided by 3 in a fraction?
1.3333
How do you write 4 divided by 3?
4 divided by 3 is equal to 1 with a remainder of 1 (4 / 3 = 1 R. 1). When you divide 4 by 3, you are not left with an equal number of groups because 3…
How do you do 4 divided by 9?
4 divided by 9 is equal to the fraction 4/9, or the repeating decimal 0.44444…, where the 4s go on forever past the decimal point.
What is 4/9 in a number?
4/9 as a decimal is 0.44444444444444.
What divided by 6 gives you 9?
54
Which zodiac is the luckiest?
Aries is the luckiest zodiac sign in finances according to astrology.
What month are intelligent babies born?
Those born in September are, apparently, the smartest out of the entire year. According to Marie Claire, a study published in the National Bureau of Economic Research found that there’s a clear correlation between the month during which you were born and how smart you are.
Which is the best month?
Top 10 Best Months of The Year
- December. The perfect month for kids here’s why.
- July. 1: My favorite month is July for a few reasons.
- June. June is actually when my birthday is!
- October. I know, nobody likes october because it isn’t December or in the summer.
- May.
- August.
- April.
- March.
What is the saddest month?
Why January is Known As the Most Depressing Month of the Year.
What is the most boring month?
May
What is the most loved season? | https://rehabilitationrobotic.com/what-is-the-square-of-1-16/ |
Simplifying Fractions Calculator
Use this fractions simplifier calculator to reduce any fraction to lowest terms. You just need to enter the numerator and denominator values. The answer will be a proper fraction or a mixed number and also the decimal equivalent to the given fraction.
How to simplify fractions
There are some different ways to simplify or reduce a fraction. See some examples below:
Method 1 - Keep Dividing by a Small Number
Start by dividing both the top and bottom numbers of the fraction by the same number, and repeat this if necessary until it is impossible to divide. Begin dividing by a small number like 2, 3, 5, 7. For example,
Simplify the fraction 12/60
- First divide both (numerator/denominator) by 2 to get 6/30.
- Divide both of those by 2 to get 3/15, then,
- Divide both of those by 3 to get 1/5.
-
In the fraction 1/5, 1 is only divisible by itself, and 5 is not divisible by other numbers than itself and 1, so the fraction has been simplified as much as possible. No further reduction is possible, so the answer is 1/5.
Method 2
To reduce a fraction to lowest terms (also called its simplest form), just divide both the numerator and denominator by the GCD. For example, 2/3 is in lowest form, but 4/6 is not in lowest form (the GCD of 4 and 6 is 2) and 4/6 can be expressed as 2/3. You can do this because the value of a fraction is not changed if both the numerator and denominator are multiplied or divided by the same number (other than zero).
See also:
Fractions simplifier - Simplifying fractions calculator
Please link to this page! Just right click on the above image, choose copy link address, then past it in your HTML. | https://coolconversion.com/math/fractions-simplifier/ |
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Sarah Wray looks at how Madrid and Oslo are making their cities more people-friendly by reducing the amount of cars on the roads
Traffic congestion and its related issues of pollution and noise are a major issue for cities throughout the world. While many measures are aimed at easing this congestion (as we examined in our recent special report), some cities are going further and looking to create areas which are car-free.
Although the idea of “car-free cities” is a headline-grabber, this is of course not an end goal in itself but part of a means to a broader end. Principally, the aims are around environment and health but there are economic and cultural considerations too. We talked to two cities putting plans for car-free cities into action.
Madrid
Madrid is currently putting together its Air Quality and Climate Change Plan, due for approval in September. The main goals are:
Car-free zones are a key pillar of the strategy to reach these goals. Road traffic is the main emissions contributor in Madrid, explains Enrique García Cuerdo from the city’s Department of Climate Change (Environment and Mobility). Traffic is responsible for 51per cent of nitrogen oxide emissions and 55 per cent of PM2.5 emissions (fine inhalable particles), as well as 40 per cent of CO2 emissions.
Cuerdo says, “There must be a change in the paradigm of urban design…to make the city more livable and resilient, the city has to recover space for citizens and reduce the space for cars.”
Madrid has already implemented traffic restrictions by creating ‘residential priority areas’. These areas are monitored by cameras and only residents, public transport services and freight vehicles are allowed to enter, as are electric cars (with the aim of fostering their greater use). At present there are four of these areas and they will soon be merged into one large area covering the central district of the city.
Several streets in Madrid have also been pedestrianised. These are not only in the city centre but also outer districts such as Villa de Vallecas. Work will begin shortly to make Gran Via Street (Madrid’s main avenue) and Plaza de España (a large square and popular tourist area) bikes, buses and taxi-only by 2019.
To further discourage the use of cars and encourage cleaner energy vehicles, the City of Madrid has implemented an intelligent on-street parking regulation system in the centre that charges different parking fares based on the emission levels of the vehicles (identified by the car’s number plate). Zero-emission vehicles can park free, for example, but diesel cars see a fare hike of up to 20 per cent.
The city is promoting cycling through expanded use of bike lanes and shared bike schemes and is encouraging the use of public transport through tactics to improve citizens’ experience of it, such as reserved lanes and prioritisation at traffic lights, as well as a Park & Ride scheme.
The main goal, Cuerdo sums up is “fostering a structural change in the design of public space, reducing the size of the road network within the city and recovering public space for citizens.”
Oslo
By 2019, the City of Oslo in Norway is looking to make an area of 1.3 square kilometres in its city centre free of private cars (traffic such as emergency vehicles, waste collection, business deliveries etc. will be allowed, as well as public transport).
Kristoffer Robin Haug, a politician in Norway’s Green Party, says, “Basically it’s an attempt at making the city more people-friendly and less car-friendly.”
Similar to Madrid (and many cities pursuing a car-free agenda), the aims are three-fold – to act on climate change, “stimulate more life in the city centre” through making more space available for cultural and leisure activities, and to address public health issues. According to the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, air pollution causes 185 premature deaths in Oslo each year. Traffic is a major contributor to this.
Oslo’s journey to 2019 will be a phased approach, starting with reducing parking spaces and closing down freeways before eventually removing all city centre parking and banning all private cars within the specified zone.
Oslo is working to improve bus and tram services to encourage residents to use them, as well as promoting greater use of bicycles. The city has seen a “huge increase” in its public transport budgets to make these plans reality, Haug says. This includes provisions for a new subway tunnel to be built as the system is already approaching capacity levels and this is expected to accelerate under the car-free plans.
This is a key challenge for city leaders -- how to understand the knock-on impacts elsewhere of restricting traffic in an area of the city. Oslo was able to see this in action recently when two major tunnels through the city underwent maintenance, meaning a big artery for car traffic was shut off.
It created “an experiment for [what happens when you have] a car-free part of the city,” Haug comments.
With widespread media coverage, Haug says the experience went mainly smoothly, with most residents being well prepared. Many people biked and flexible working schemes also helped avoid too much rush hour congestion.
Haug says, “Preliminary results show that things can work really well.”
This trial run also highlighted the importance of engaging with citizens about big changes such as the car-free plans. A consultation document was sent out to residents and “for the first time in Norwegian history”, people received a text message to let them know about it.
“We’ve had an overwhelming response,” Haug explains. “I think it’s the biggest, the most publicly involved process in [our] history.” He said this engagement approach is also helping to alleviate some of the concerns residents have about “changing the status quo”.
Citizens are also being made to feel part of the process through the ability to apply for funding to experiment with different ways use the new public areas created by removing cars.
Haug’s main takeaway so far is this: “It’s actually quite easy to get people to not choose the car, and rather choose public transport, to walk, or to bike. The most difficult part is the communication around it -- to make sure people understand what is actually happening, to get them engaged in the process, and in a positive manner.”
He adds that Oslo is also thinking more about to reduce the need for transport: “When we’re planning new areas, we’re trying to co-locate jobs and living areas.”
Future modes of transport
Transport is advancing quickly at the moment, with autonomous vehicles on the way and ‘flying taxis’ being trialled by companies such as Uber and Airbus. How are cities planning for these?
For now, Madrid is trialling shared mobility as a concept, focusing on electric-powered forms. Currently, it is running five projects around ‘free floating’ electric shared mobility, with more to launch before the end of the year. For example, a public bike scheme offers over 2,000 electric bikes to citizens from 160 pick-up and drop-off stations throughout the city. There is also an electric car/motorbike scheme that operates in a similar way.
Madrid’s Enrique García Cuerdo says, “First of all we want to study and understand these new modalities of shared mobility and the evolution of e-mobility. We think that they will be the drivers of change and will lead us to the next step (autonomous cars, etc.).”
Oslo has a similar scheme around electric bikes. Its public transport agency, Ruter, is also pushing ahead with trials of autonomous buses and cars as part of the public transport system. The goal is that passengers will be able to order an autonomous vehicle via an app, and be picked up and driven exactly where they want to go, such as the closest subway or bus station or to their final destination. Other passengers may be picked up along the way.
This could be a way for the car to be integrated into the public transport system and perhaps offer a view as to its role in the city of the future.
If you enjoyed this, you may wish to view the following: | https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/special-reports/cities-without-cars |
Project description:
Background
Noise pollution is a growing environmental concern. It is a major environmental health problem in Europe, with an estimated 125 million people affected by high noise levels that cause serious health problems and stress. The EU has introduced the concept of low emission zones (LEZs), but this was mainly devised in the context of improving air quality. Consequently, many ongoing projects and initiatives related to LEZs are primarily concerned with reducing particulate matter (PM10) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions, without taking into account problems related to noise pollution. There is no complete and integrated methodology for the management of noise in LEZs.
Objectives
LIFE MONZA will evaluate a new methodology for noise management within a LEZ, which will be applied in a pilot area in the city of Monza, Italy. The methodology should be easily replicable and will contribute to the implementation of the EU Environmental Noise Directive (END), which requires noise management plans to be drawn up. The directive does not provide a definition of LEZ in relation to noise pollution; the LIFE MONZA project aims to provide this definition, and will inform the criteria for noise management plans set out in Annex V of the directive.
The LIFE MONZA project will:
Expected results: The LIFE MONZA project will: 1. Develop a procedure that will be easily replicable across the EU, with related guidelines, for the definition and management of low-noise LEZs, which will contribute to meeting the goals of the END; 2. Establish a restricted-traffic zone in the Libertà district of Monza, which will cut the heavy vehicles traffic; 3. Impose a lower speed limit in the district (50 km/h) and modify the layout of one road to reduce lane width and create two pedestrian crossings with safety islands; 4. Re-lay a road surface using low-noise asphalt; 5. Promote take up of cycling, walking and carpooling; 6. Aim to reduce road traffic by 5% and thus improve local air quality; 7. Create IT tools to help residents make lifestyle changes and measure the results; and 8. Achieve noise reductions in the pilot area of: -3 decibels (dBA) from low-noise paving; -1/1.5 dBA from restrictions on trucks and reductions in traffic speeds; -1 dBA from application of good practices to reduce traffic; and -3 dBA close to schools from use of IT tools.
Results
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Environmental issues addressed:
Themes
Air & Noise - Air pollutants
Keywords
traffic monitoring‚ urban planning‚ noise reduction‚ air quality management‚ transport planning
Target EU Legislation
Natura 2000 sites
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Read more: | http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.dspPage&n_proj_id=5770 |
Through my membership with the New Jersey American Industrial Hygiene Association (NJ-AIHA), I had the opportunity to make a presentation at the New Jersey Clean Air Councils (NJCAC) annual meeting on April 13 th. This particular meeting sounded intriguing as it would be focusing on a topic of great interest to me a technical dialogue on how to measure and identify the effect of air pollution (and other environmental stressors) on the cumulative health issues of the public. The meeting aimed to bring professionals from varying disciplines to discuss technical approaches, academic research and general opinions on how to reduce this pollution and therefore improve the health of the affected populations.
The meeting lasted a full day with contributing presentations from a dozen or so professionals. There were 15 NJCAC Board members at the meeting and 50+ attendees comprised of 11 presenters, NJDEP staff, and members of the public. As a presenter, we were each given about 20 minutes to make our points regarding specific urban populations that have inordinately higher exposure to air contaminants as compared to people living and working in cleaner urban, suburban and rural areas of the state. The majority of the presentations concluded that there are neighborhoods where pollution levels are chronically and significantly high. Presented evidence also linked higher incidences of illnesses and disease with these cumulative exposures to contaminants and other environmental (and social) stressors.
Bob Martin, the NJDEP Commissioner, gave an introductory presentation outlining current and future regulatory initiatives for reducing air pollution in New Jersey. One plan is to ban older diesel equipment in areas that do not have effective emission controls. Joe Suchecki, a representative of the Engine Manufacturers Association, correspondingly, presented convincing evidence that new diesel technology does not create air pollution problems. The trick now is to get all the older diesel equipment off all the roads and construction sites replaced by either new equipment or equipment retrofitted to control air emissions.
Ana Baptista, PhD, gave an excellent presentation on the high levels of pollution in the Newark Ironbound district and the resulting links to disease in the residential population resulting from cumulative exposure to these contaminants. Dr. Robert Laumbach gave a similar presentation about future research that he is leading to test people who live in the Ironbound in an attempt to prove this link of air pollution exposure to increased illness and disease.
My own presentation discussed Emilcotts experience measuring local air pollution (particulates and vapors) and other environmental parameters (noise, wind speed and direction) using the Greenlight Environmental Monitoring System which collects, in real-time, data for particulates (at multiple particle size ranges) and vapors, coupled with data of wind speed and direction, to identify emission sources and measure their impact on local air pollution. We have found that what is measured, improves, and by using this sophisticated and integrated air monitoring approach, identified emission sources can be controlled to make immediate and sustainable improvements to the local air quality.
Overall, excellent information was presented, reinforcing the fact that the air quality in much of New Jersey is not very good and, in certain areas (usually in disadvantaged urban neighborhoods), it is extremely poor. And, residents living in zones with the worst air pollution also show some link to increased disease and illness.
I left the NJCAC annual meeting knowing that solid academic work was underway to prove that high levels of air pollution causes disease. What was missing was evidence that effective, short-term actions are being taken, to reduce the levels of pollution and contaminant exposure in these areas to improve overall health for the resident population. | http://info.emilcott.com/ehswire-blog/topic/public-safety |
Name of the environmental zone: Environmental zone ZPA Nancy - France
Date of entry into effect of the zone: 01-01-2018 The date of validity is not yet certain.
Type of environmental zone: Zone of air protection, depending on weather conditions and activated after an early warning stage, if the pollutant values exceed, for example, > 50 µg/m³ for particulate matter and following the prefect’s decision.
Not allowed to drive (temporarily): Vehicles without a Crit’Air badge and vehicles with insufficient Crit’Air badge class, depending on the level and duration of the air pollution peak.The Crit’Air badge classes 4 and 5 could be banned from traffic.
Not allowed to drive (permanently): Information currently unavailable
Fines: From 68 to 375 €
Area/extension of the environmental zone: The 20 municipalities of the Nancy metropolis are affected:
Art-sur-Meurthe, Dommartemont, Essey-lès-Nancy, Fléville-devant-Nancy, Heillecourt, Houdemont, Jarville-la-Malgrange, Laneuveville-devant-Nancy, Laxou, Ludres, Malzéville, Maxéville, Nancy, Pulnoy, Saint-Max, Saulxures-lès-Nancy, Seichamps, Tomblaine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, Villers-lès-Nancy.
Except the A31, A33 and A330 motorways to the south of the interchange, junction A33/A330.
Contact of the environmental zone and exceptions: Information currently unavailable
Exemptions: Information currently unavailable
Environmental zone ZPA
Do I need stickers or registrations?
If there is a peak in air pollution and the ZPA zone is activated, each affected vehicle requires a valid French environmental sticker (Certificat qualité de l'Air) to enter the low emission zone. Otherwise, a fine of between 68 euros and 375 euros is to be expected.
You can find out whether a ZPAd zone is active and which vignette is affected by the driving ban in our Green-Zones App.
What is a ZPA zone?
ZPA zones ("zones de protection de l'air") do not apply permanently, but are only active during bad weather and high air pollution. They can cover the areas of entire large municipalities (known as "metropolitan areas" in French) or a specific geographical area. The outlines of each air protection zone are therefore precisely defined in advance.
Since ZPA zones are only valid in the event of a peak in air pollution, the traffic restrictions laid down in a decree only apply if predefined air pollution limits are exceeded. In this case, certain vignette colours are excluded from traffic in order to reduce pollutant emissions. For each air protection zone, recommendations have been drawn up in advance as to which vignette colours should be excluded in the event of severe air pollution. However, in the specific case of air pollution this is always decided by the prefect of the department first.
The mostly large ZPA air protection zones within a department are usually not signposted. In the 95 departments of continental France, it is therefore almost impossible for non-residents to see the exact extent of a ZPA air protection zone. In accordance with article R411-19 of the French Road Code, the decision to create an air protection zone and to define the local rules applicable there falls to the prefect of each department. Once the ZPA zone has been decided, it is legally published in a décret issued by the prefect.
The traffic restrictions decided in a CPA do not come into force on the same day as they are announced. They are usually announced in the afternoon or evening for the following day. The driving bans then apply throughout the ZPA. In case there is an urban ZCR zone within the ZPA zone, its rules are overridden during an air pollution peak. Only after the end of the air pollution peak will the permanent traffic restrictions for vignette categories apply again within the ZCR zone.
How do I recognize the low emission zone?
ZPA zones are only activated temporarily. The size and dimensions of the zone are completely individual. This is determined by the respective prefect, depending on the intensity of air pollution. Therefore there are no special signs for ZPA zones.
The situation is different for the ZFE zones. There, the beginning and the end of the environmental zones are marked with signs. This shows a red circle as prohibition sign with the remark "Zones à Circulation Restreinte" (Restricted Zone). Who exactly is allowed to enter or not is not indicated by the entry sign.
In our Green Zones App we have a detailed map of each low emission zone. So you can easily see the boundaries and avoid penalties.
Are there other low emission zones in France?
Yes, a lot of them. France has over 30 different environmental zones. These differ in ZFE (permanent), ZPA (temporary) and ZPAd (temporary département) zones.
In our Green Zones App we have gathered together all the low emission zones in Europe and presented them clearly.
Good to know...
All current driving bans and further information are available in our Green-Zones App.
Hamburg's Jungfernstieg and Wilmersdorfer Street in Berlin become car-free
Since yesterday morning, the reconstruction measures in Hamburg for a car-free Jungfernstieg in the historic city centre have begun.
Eco lanes in Düsseldorf before the end
According to the organisation Deutsche Umwelthilfe (DUH), the eco lanes in the capital of North Rhine-Westphalia have failed.
Vienna: victory for all motorists!
It was supposed to take on a pioneering role and trigger imitation effects internationally, but the project of a car-free Vienna city centre failed.
Stuttgart: As of today, the cash is being collected!
The seemingly endless grace period is over: The large-scale diesel driving bans for Euro 5 vehicles, which have been in force in Stuttgart since July, will be checked as of today.
Artificial trees against driving bans?
More and more environmental zones and driving bans are being created worldwide. This is because more and more people are also dying worldwide from the consequences of air pollution. The start-up company "BiomiTech" from Mexico has a solution to this problem.
Diesel driving bans in Frankfurt are coming!
After much to and fro, it's as good as certain that Frankfurt will become the second city in the state of Hesse to have diesel driving bans.
Particulate matter: First the cars, now the wood stoves
They are considered to be major air polluters: the old-fashioned wood-burning stove. Certain models are now banned!
Paris: driving ban even for electric vehicles!
Will Paris show us the future of cities on Sunday? This Sunday, the city of love and lights celebrates its car-free Sunday.
US state bans internal combustion engines
California stands for liberal thinking, original hippies, technical innovations, sun-drenched beaches and surfers. But the state is also breaking new ground in environmental protection in the West - though not entirely voluntarily.
Braunschweig declares war on noise
The city in Central Germany wants to take massive action against noise and is planning drastic steps. | https://www.green-zones.eu/en/low-emission-zones/france/nancy/page-9 |
Noise pollution loudest in black neighborhoods, segregated cities
As the number of white residents in a neighborhood declines, noise rises. But noise pollution is inescapable in segregated cities, where noise pollution is worse for everyone, according to the first breakdown of noise exposure along racial, ethnic and socioeconomic lines in the United States.
The study led by the University of California, Berkeley is the first to examine noise pollution nationally through the lens of racial disparities and the extent to which noise is exacerbated by living in segregated cities. The study does not examine how noise pollution is linked to health, but previous studies have shown that noise pollution is linked to acute health problems such as high blood pressure and loss of sleep.
"We've known that poor communities and communities of color are likely more exposed to toxic landfills and air pollution, but until now we really have not heard much about noise pollution," said the study's lead author, Joan Casey, a postdoctoral scholar in the Berkeley School of Public Health. "The consistent disparities in noise pollution across domains in our study surprised us."
The study will be published July 25 in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives. The research was funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the National Cancer Institute. Casey works in the lab of Berkeley professor and study co-author Rachel Morello-Frosch, whose research has extensively examined racial, ethnic and economic disparities in exposure to environmental pollutants.
The scientists used noise data collected by the National Park Service. Noise-monitoring devices across the continental United States recorded 1 million hours of sound over a 13-year period ending in 2013. Based on the data, Berkeley and Harvard University researchers estimated the noise levels in metropolitan areas across the continental U.S. on a neighborhood-scale — areas with 600 to 1,300 residents, on average.
The noise levels used in the study are an estimate of the cumulative amount of noise on an average summer day in a given location. The research does not differentiate between sources of noise pollution, but major sources of noise commonly include industrial activity, traffic and airports.
Noise was quantified by the level that is exceeded in a place 50 percent of the time. For example, a noise level of 50 decibels in a neighborhood means that 50 percent of the time noise in this neighborhood is louder than 50 decibels. Noise is measured logarithmically, so a 3-decibel increase is a doubling of the sound energy. Previous research has shown that for every 5.5-decibel increase in sound energy in a neighborhood, the proportion of residents saying they are really annoyed about noise doubles.
"Noise pollution is an in-your-face form of pollution," Casey said. "People are definitely aware even if they are exposed to low levels of noise."
The researchers found a strong correlation between noise and race. The researchers looked at how noise levels correlated with the demographics of neighborhoods across the country, focusing on five racial and ethnic groups: Asians, blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans and non-Hispanic whites. The study found that noise pollution tends to be higher as the percentage of white residents in a neighborhood declines.
On average, as the proportion of residents that were Asian, black or Hispanic rose, noise levels both during the day and during night were higher. For Native Americans, the data showed the inverse, which could be due to the remote locations of Native American reservations.
The study found that neighborhoods with at least 75 percent black residents had median night-time noise levels 4 decibels higher than in neighborhoods without any black residents. The difference in noise levels between predominantly white and predominantly black neighborhoods was the largest of all races and ethnicities studied.
Neighborhoods with high levels of poverty and low levels education had high levels of noise. One exception was is in urban neighborhoods with a high median annual income, which also had high levels of noise pollution.
Another major finding of the study was that white residents in segregated metropolitan areas were exposed to higher levels of noise pollution than white residents in less segregated cities. In other words, if you're a white person living in a more segregated city, you may hear more noise than your white counterparts in a less segregated city. In the least segregated cities, all-white communities were exposed to 38 decibels of nighttime noise on average, compared to 42.5 decibels in the most segregated cities.
The study found that racial and ethnic minorities still bore the burden of noise pollution in segregated cities. Within every level of segregation, neighborhoods with high proportions of white residents still had the lowest levels of noise.
"In more segregated cities, you see racial disparities regardless of the segregation level of the city," Morello-Frosch said. "But what you also see is that cities that are more segregated have higher noise levels overall for everybody."
In more segregated cities, traffic is a large source of noise. Studies of segregation and air pollution have also found that segregated cities have worse air quality overall due to local sources of emissions, such as traffic. The need to drive more in segregated cities could also be contributing to more noise pollution in these cities.
"This is yet another study that shows that communities of color bear a disproportionate burden of pollution," Morello-Frosch said. "But I think that the innovative piece about this work is that we also show that social inequality, or segregation, makes things worse for everybody." | https://scienmag.com/noise-pollution-loudest-in-black-neighborhoods-segregated-cities/ |
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