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HA NOI (VNS) — Air pollution in Ha Noi and HCM City has risen to alarming levels due to waste, dust and noise pollution, and has affected the health of area residents.
In a report issued last month by the Environment Department of the Ministry of Transport, dust pollution in Ha Noi exceeded the permitted levels, possibly rising to double the standard levels. Further, pollution levels are increasing due to the endless streams of traffic and ongoing construction projects.
According to statistics from the Viet Nam Environment Administration's Environmental Monitoring Centre, at many intersections, such as Kim Lien, Giai Phong, Ha Dong, Nguyen Xien roads, Phung Hung, De La Thanh streets and crowded residential areas, dust levels are often 5 to 7 times higher than permitted levels.
A recent study shows that 72 per cent of household residents in Ha Noi report suffering diseases related to respiration, with Hoang Mai District residents suffering the highest levels, at 91.4 per cent, while the lowest level was recorded in Tay Ho District, at 55 per cent.
Further, many people suffer from dust and smoke on sunny days and mud when there is rain.
Of note, on Yen Nghia Road in Ha Dong district there are three unfinished construction projects and dust covers trees, grass, as well as the residents' houses along the road.
"All doors and windows are closed day and night, I even have to hang the wash on a line in the house to dry," said Nguyen Hien Mai, a local resident.
"Unfinished construction has seriously affected the lives of all people here. Children are not allowed to play outside their houses," she added.
Similarly, air pollution levels on some roads, such as Truong Chinh, Highway No 1, Mien Dong, Mien Tay bus stations, or areas near industrial zones in HCM City have worsened. Additionally, the enormous number of vehicles operating during peak hours has caused a large amount of dust and smoke, contributing to increasing air pollution levels. Also, noise pollution is attributed to traffic, factories, and constructions sites, which affects the quality of the local environment.
According to the city's Environmental Protection Department, 89 per cent of air samples checked in HCM City do not meet current safety criteria.
Environmental experts state that an increased use of public transportation, instead of personal vehicles, would help lessen the crisis. | https://vietnamnews.vn/environment/279804/big-city-pollution-worsening.html |
Partners Cities: Paris
Paris is represented in the CITEAIR project by AIRPARIF, the organization which is responsible for air quality in the Ile-de-France region.
Created in 1979, AIRPARIF is the NGO mandated to monitor air quality throughout the Ile-de-France region. According to the French Air Act of 30 December, 1996, AIRPARIF’s board of directors comprises four constituent groups representing the various parties concerned with air pollution issues:
In compliance with the French Air Act, AIRPARIF’s missions meet regulatory requirements and centre on three activities: assessment, forecasting and dissemination of information. AIRPARIF is mandated to measure air quality on a continuous basis and contribute to the assessment of the risks air pollution represents for human health and of its impact on the environment and architectural monuments. The agency is working on forecasting pollution episodes so that measures taken by the authorities, aimed at reducing emission levels and limiting personal exposure to at-risk groups, can be taken in time to be effective. AIRPARIF also develops modelling tools that can objectively evaluate the effectiveness of planned measures concerning air quality. Finally, AIRPARIF provides information to the public, to the local and national authorities, media and researchers by allowing them permanent access to all of the data produced.
Since many years, taking part in European projects is an important source of collaboration and sharing each other knowledge with organizations facing the same difficulties in monitoring and managing air pollution throughout Europe. Moreover, as part of the LIFE resolution (high spatial resolution urban pollution monitoring), ISHTAR (Integrated software for health, transport efficiency and artistic heritage recovery) and HEAVEN (Healthier Environment through the Abatement of Vehicle Emissions and Noise) European projects, AIRPARIF has been able to enhance the public information (for instance in developing an integrated modelling system displaying a “near real time” traffic description and its emissions along 20 000 km of the Ile-de-France road network within the HEAVEN project). Communication being part of its main mission, Airparif committed itself in the CITEAIR project which is a powerful tool to provide harmonized information about air pollution across Europe. It will enable the citizens to have a permanent and easy access to those information, frequently updated, both at the local and European scale, thanks to the setting up of a common web site.
Partner website: | http://citeair.rec.org/city-Paris.html |
A new Air Quality Action Plan has been drawn up setting out how the council will continue its work to further reduce air pollution in the borough.
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The 2021-2025 action plan was agreed by councillors last night and will now go out to public consultation, with the views of local people helping to shape the final version.
The council has pledged to reduce pollution and its impact as part of its actions to tackle climate change under the Wandsworth Environment and Sustainability Strategy.
A great deal of progress has already been made reducing air pollution in Putney High Street, Tooting High Street and Clapham Junction since the publication of the previous plan in 2016. There have also been significant reductions in Particulate Matter pollution from construction sites in Nine Elms.
In Putney High Street the number of hours nitrogen dioxide levels were breached has fallen from 1248 in 2016 to 11 in 2019 and four in 2020.
This is thanks to a raft of measures including lobbying TfL for cleaner buses and better public transport links, improving access to car clubs and building up an extensive network of electric vehicle recharging points, reducing carbon emissions from council buildings and close regulation of construction sites. Clean Air Villages have been set up in Tooting and Putney to help local businesses tackle pollution, including access to cargo bikes for deliveries.
The council has also encouraged walking and cycling with the installation of bike hangars in 21 streets, plus 40 on local estates, and the rollout of 19 school streets banning traffic outside schools during school drop-off and pick up times. Both of these are expected to increase in number later this year.
A clearer picture of pollution levels in the borough has been gained thanks to an extension of the air quality monitoring network. This will enable existing actions and the piloting of new, innovative approaches to be more effectively targeted. Wandsworth is working to achieve the recommended objectives for both nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter within the lifespan of the action plan.
Future actions included in the new plan include:
- Prioritising areas including schools, hospitals and care homes as well as town centres.
- Working with schools including anti-idling campaigns, educational projects for children and practical measures such as helping them draw up school travel plans.
- Protecting green spaces, planting trees and enhancing biodiversity, including providing an air quality fund to help green-up local neighbourhoods. This will build on actions set out in the new Biodiversity Strategy.
- Putting air quality issues at the heart of the council’s planning, transport planning and procurement processes, including delivering a detailed assessment of how traffic management can reduce pollution in air quality focus areas and hotspots.
- Continuing to improve the walking and cycling infrastructure with a new Walking and Cycling Strategy currently being drawn up to further drive-up numbers choosing active travel.
- Making the council’s fleet of vehicles less polluting.
- Further improving the air quality monitoring network
- Zero emissions zones for council buildings and working with schools to bring in zero emissions zones there.
- Working with community groups, including providing funds through the Wandsworth Grant Fund to help them monitor and tackle air pollution in their neighbourhoods.
- Continuing to work with partners, including Greater London Authority and Transport for London. These bodies have responsibility over public transport, red routes, taxi licensing and strategic coordination of air quality actions across London.
- Communicate air quality issues to local people, including working with GPs, pharmacists and care providers to get information out to vulnerable groups.
Wandsworth’s cabinet member for climate sustainability Cllr Kim Caddy (pictured right) said: “As a council we are absolutely committed to improving air quality, and we have already made great progress. But we know that a significant proportion of pollution comes from outside Wandsworth so we will continue to work with partners to tackle this at a London- and UK-wide level.
“Our new action plan sets out how we will build upon the work we’ve already done as a council, including working more closely with local residents and groups. We are keen to hear the everyone’s views so we can feed them into the final version of the plan.”
Details will be available soon on the council website about how to take part in the consultation. | https://wandsworth.gov.uk/news/news-july-2021/green-light-for-new-air-quality-plan/ |
New set of fines range between Rs 1,000 and Rs 1 lakh; cover confiscation of noise producing equipment
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has proposed a new set of fines between Rs 1,000 and Rs 1 lakh for those who violate norms restricting noise pollution under the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000.
Unremitting loud construction activity, loudspeakers at functions and processions, honking at odd hours — all contributors to noise pollution and violations under the law — can, thus, burn holes in the pockets of those who violate the norms.
The list of new fines were proposed by the CPCB in a June 12, 2020 report filed with the National Green Tribunal (NGT) in response to a set of ongoing cases over noise pollution.
Applicants complained about the problem of noise pollution in the national capital despite several court orders.
Fines for violation of noise pollution rules
Under the new system of fines, a violation of norms over the use of loudspeakers / public address systems, for instance, can result in the confiscation of equipment and a fine of Rs 10,000.
Similarly, violating noise pollution norms over the use of diesel generator sets can result in sealing of the sets and a fine between Rs 10,000 and Rs 100,000 depending on the size of the set.
Violations in cases of sound-emitting construction equipment can result in a fine of Rs 50,000 and its seizure or sealing.
Noise has increasingly become a nuisance in India, especially in urban areas.
There are 70 noise monitoring stations under the National Ambient Noise Monitoring Network established in 2011 in seven cities: Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Lucknow and Mumbai.
The ambient noise level data of these seven cities showed about 90 per cent of these stations found noise levels beyond accepted limits both during day and night. At some stations, noise levels recorded were nearly more than double the allowed norms.
Permissible noise level in India
The CPCB has laid down the permissible noise levels in India for different areas. Noise pollution rules have defined the acceptable level of noise in different zones for both daytime and night time.
In industrial areas, the permissible limit is 75 dB for daytime and 70 dB at night.
In commercial areas, it is 65 dB and 55 dB, while in residential areas it is 55 dB and 45 dB during daytime and night respectively.
Additionally, state governments have declared ‘silent zones’ which includes areas that lie within 100 meters of the premises of schools, colleges, hospitals and courts. The permissible noise limit in this zone is 50 dB during the day and 40 dB during the night.
Laws
Earlier, noise pollution and its sources were addressed under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.
They are now, however, regulated separately under the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000.
Additionally, noise standards for motor vehicles, air-conditioners, refrigerators, diesel generators and certain types of construction equipment are prescribed under the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986.
Noise emanating from industry is regulated by State Pollution Control Boards / Pollution Control Committees (SPCBs / PCCs) for states / Union territories under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.
What is noise level?
Any unwanted sound that causes annoyance, irritation and pain to the human ear is termed noise. It is measured in A-weighted decibels (dB (A)) that indicate the loudness of the sound.
Noise level refers to the decibel levels of noise produced by any appliance or machine. In general, the human ear can tolerate noise levels up to 85 dB. Anything beyond that can affect their productivity and quality of life.
The decibel levels of common sounds above 80 dB are considered ‘loud’, while the decibel levels of common sounds between 100-125 dB are termed ‘uncomfortable’.
All machines operating in an area should produce noise within the acceptable level to maintain the well-being of people around.
Conclusion
Regular exposure to noise can come out in the form of people being irritable, nervous and facing difficulty in taking decisions.
It has shown to hinder the normal development of speech and hearing in children, resulting in delayed developmental milestones affecting their overall growth.
The problem is significant in India’s urban areas and it, thus, becomes important for authorities to make more efforts to control and regulate noise pollution to protect millions of people.
The step proposed by the CPCB will surely work as a deterrent. There are, however, other aspects the CPCB needs to understand, especially related to mass awareness.
The CPCB should select some focus areas of concern like vehicular noise and public loudspeakers to start their outreach.
These awareness campaigns can go a long way in helping the public about what they need to avoid and what the repercussions are if they do not: In many cases, the public is unaware of such measures being declared.
Signage and roadside messages on billboards and hoardings will go a long way in mass awareness about issues related to noise and new schemes related to noise pollution.
These activities can be undertaken under Section 16 (f) of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.
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Comments are moderated and will be published only after the site moderator’s approval. Please use a genuine email ID and provide your name. Selected comments may also be used in the ‘Letters’ section of the Down To Earth print edition. | https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/pollution/noise-pollution-violations-new-fines-proposed-by-cpcb-step-in-right-direction-72415 |
Air pollution in the United Kingdom has been illegally high since 2010, leading to the premature deaths of 23,500 people each year, according to the European Union’s environmental body.
The situation has become so bad that a cross-party committee of politicians called it a public health emergency.
In particular, the country has extreme levels of nitrogen dioxide due to heavily congested roads in urban areas, according to the Guardian.
Take Action: Call on Governments and Business Leaders to Say No to Single-Use Plastics
Now the country may face a fine of millions of euros after its dereliction was referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ), the Guardian reports.
If the UK doesn’t rapidly improve its air quality plans, the ECJ is expected to issue a fine by the end of the year. Five other countries face similar charges — France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, and Romania.
“We have waited a long time and we cannot possibly wait any longer,” Karmenu Vella, European commissioner for environment, told the Guardian.
“We have said that this commission is one that protects,” she added. “Our decision follows through on that claim. It is my conviction that today’s decision will lead to improvements for citizens on a much quicker timescale.”
The six countries had been given until Feb. 9 to clean up their air, and all six failed to develop “credible, effective, and timely measures to reduce pollution as soon as possible, as required under EU law,” a statement from the commission said, according to the Guardian.
Read More: India Has the World’s 14 Most Polluted Cities, New Report Shows
Three other countries — Spain, Czech Republic, and Slovakia — had also been warned by the EU, but devised sufficient air management plans within the requested time frame.
Meanwhile, 26 of the EU’s 28 members are in violation of its clean air standards, although most have plans that will adequately improve air quality.
The UK’s initial plan had been challenged in court by the environmental watchdog ClientEarth, which has won three cases against the government.
“We are glad that, at last, the Commission is taking serious steps to fight air pollution before the Court of Justice,” ClientEarth lawyer Ugo Taddei said in a press release.
“But it shouldn’t have taken so long,” he added. “Air pollution requires urgent action and it’s been clear for too many years that authorities all across Europe are failing to protect their people from illegal and harmful levels of air pollution.”
Read More: 5 Obscure Pollutants That Are Ruining the Planet
Establishing “clean air zones,” where cars are temporarily banned, is the most effective way to reduce nitrogen dioxide pollution in the city, according to the UK government’s own research.
In the past, the UK established voluntary car-free zones, but it may have to legally enforce the boundaries through to comply with EU law.
Even though the UK is leaving the EU through Brexit, the government may still be under the EU’s environmental jurisdiction, according to the Guardian.
Poor air quality is not unique to the UK or Europe. More than 90% of people around the world breathe dangerous levels of air pollution, according to the latest report on air quality by the World Health Organization.
Read More: These Are the Most Polluted Places in the UK
And this rampant pollution is prematurely killing 7 million people each year, according to WHO. As fine particles from pollutants fill the air, they penetrate the lungs and cause “stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, and respiratory infections, including pneumonia,” WHO notes.
Global Citizen campaigns on the United Nations’ Global Goals, which call on countries to pursue clean air quality. You can take action on this issue here. | https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/uk-faces-fines-for-air-pollution/ |
South Asia accounts for 60 per cent of the person-years that are expected to be lost globally due to toxic levels of air, a new study has found. India is the most polluted country in the world, with about 40 per cent of the country's population—living in the Indo-Gangetic plains of Northern India where pollution levels regularly exceed those found elsewhere on this planet by an order of magnitude.
The residents of the above-mentioned region, which includes the metropolises of Delhi and Kolkata, are on track to lose more than 9 years of life expectancy if 2019 concentrations persist, the report said. The report noted that India's high levels of air pollution are no longer a feature of the Indo-Gangetic plains alone. Pollution has also increased substantially in Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. So much so that the average person in those states is now losing an additional 2.5 to 2.9 years of life expectancy, relative to the early 2000s.
Other Findings
Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan which accounts for nearly a quarter of the global population, is consistently ranked among the top five most polluted countries in the world, it noted. The AQLI's latest data reveals that reducing air pollution to meet the World Health Organisation's (WHO) guideline would add 2.2 years onto global life expectancy. Average life expectancy across Bangladesh, India, Nepal And Pakistan would be 5.6 years higher if pollution concentrations complied with the WHO guideline.
The residents of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal on average is exposed to particulate pollution levels that are 35 per cent more than at the turn of the century, the report added.
The report added that 90 per cent of Southeast Asia's 650 million people live in areas where particulate pollution exceeds the WHO guideline. Across the region, air pollution reduces average life expectancy by 1.7 years, relative to what it could be if the WHO guideline was met. In the 11 countries that make up this region, an estimated 1.1 billion person-years are lost due to air pollution.
Initiatives Taken By Govts To Rein In Pollution
The study also noted the efforts being taken by the governments to deal with the issue. In 2019, the Centre declared a "war on pollution" and launched its National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) with the stated goal of reducing 2017 particulate pollution levels by 20 to 30 percent by the year 2024.
In Pakistan, the study noted, the government began installing more pollution monitors and shutting down factories in highly polluted districts during the winter months, when energy demand for heating is high.
China— The Role Model
The report throws light on how China has been winning the war against pollution. In 2013, the country experienced some of its highest pollution levels to that point, and public
criticism reached new heights. At the same time, a study was published, which found that high air pollution had cut the lifespans of people in northern China by about five years compared to those living in the south.
In 2014, Premier Li Keqiang declared a "war against pollution." The National Air Quality Action Plan set aside $270 billion and the Beijing city government set aside an additional $120 billion to reduce ambient air pollution. Across all urban areas, the plan aimed to reduce particulate matter (PM10) by 10 percent in 2017, relative to 2012 levels. In 2013-2014, the Chinese government rolled out a nationwide network of air quality monitors that report pollution readings automatically. Statistical analysis shows that this network has alleviated the problem of underreporting of pollution concentrations by government officials, hence making accurate real-time air pollution information available to the public so they can take appropriate defensive measures0. Due to these actions, all of the targets set by the National Air Quality Action Plan, which expired in 2017, were met.
As a result, between 2013 and 2019, particulate pollution exposure declined by an average of 29 percent. The country consistently ranked among the five most polluted countries in the world each year from 1998 to 2016. However, in 2017 it was no longer on the list of the five most polluted countries in the world. If the reduction is sustained, the life expectancy would increase by 1.5 years, the report added.
.The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area, one of China's most polluted areas in 2013, saw a 33 percent reduction in particulate pollution, translating into a gain of 2.6 years of life expectancy for its 109 million residents, if sustained, it noted. | https://thelogicalindian.com/environment/delhi-kolkata-on-track-to-lose-9-yrs-of-life-expectancy-if-2019-air-pollution-levels-persist-study-31519 |
Air pollution contributes to the deaths of about 600,000 children under age five every year and nearly one in seven kids — about 300 million — live in areas with toxic levels of air pollution that exceed international guidelines by six times or more. Overall, two billion children live in areas where outdoor air pollution exceeds minimum air quality guidelines established by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Those are the key findings from a new report published by UNICEF to shed some light on the toll polluted air takes on children around the world. Released in late October, Clear the Air for Children calls on world leaders to take these four steps to combat the problem —
- Reduce pollution: All countries should work to meet WHO global air quality guidelines to enhance the safety and wellbeing of children. To achieve this, governments should adopt such measures as cutting back on fossil fuel combustion and investing in energy efficiency and renewable energy sources.
- Increase children’s access to health care: Investing in children’s overall health care — including immunization campaigns and improving knowledge, community management, and numbers seeking care for pneumonia (a leading killer of children under five) — will improve their resilience to air pollution and their ability to recover from diseases and conditions linked to it.
- Minimize children’s exposure: Sources of pollution such as factories should not be located within the vicinity of schools and playgrounds. Better waste management can reduce the amount of waste that is burned within communities. Cleaner cook stoves can help improve air quality within homes. Reducing air pollution overall can help lower children’s exposure.
- Monitor air pollution: Better monitoring has been proven to help children, youth, families, and communities to reduce their exposure to air pollution, become more informed about its causes, and advocate for changes that make the air safer to breathe. | http://www.aarc.org/unicef-steps-to-protect-kids-pollution/ |
Air pollution prevents asthmatic woman from entering Edinburgh city centre
An asthmatic woman is backing calls for a 'people-focused' transformation of the Capital after being shut out of the city centre because she cannot breathe.
The City of Edinburgh Council has launched a widespread consultation, ‘Connecting our city, Transforming our places’ over how people move about the Capital in the future – as well as setting up Low Emission Zones, as required by the Scottish Government.
More than 200 people took part in the consultation within the first 24 hours.
The most radical proposal on the table could see the city centre become a “largely traffic free zone” as one of three suggested approaches to tackling congestion and improving air quality where key streets could be pedestrianised.
Edinburgh resident Anne Hay is supporting the need for a Low Emission Zone after poor air quality means she can’t even risk going into the city centre.
She said: “At busy times I just don’t go into the city.
“Air pollution can make me feel physically tired and that my life is restricted.”
One of three options put forward by the city council says “key streets could be pedestrianised” while hubs could be built for buses to drop off passengers to use “less impactful transport”.
Another ‘prospectus’ option that has been put to the public includes a “business as usual approach” although the council is required to establish a Low Emission Zone. The third option is a “strategic approach” which highlights possible “controls on the levels of general traffic with restrictions on through traffic within certain areas.” None of the three strategies are mutually exclusive.
It adds: “Priority would be for people on foot and bicycle on specific streets including George Street and the Royal Mile. Gaps in the existing walking and cycling networks would be completed.”
Campaign group Friends of the Earth is calling on people to take part in the consultation to help tackle the Capital’s “serious air pollution problem”.
Friends of the Earth Scotland air pollution campaigner, Emilia Hanna, said: “Edinburgh Council has put game-changing, modern plans on the table, which, if all implemented, could make the air on our streets safe to breathe again and transform the city into one of the best in the world.
“Although you can’t see or smell it, Edinburgh has a serious air pollution problem. Traffic fumes are poisoning the air we breathe, with six pollution zones across the city that have remained in force for years. The pollution levels are so bad they are breaking Scottish and European safety standards. Air pollution can worsen asthma, and increases the risk of cancers, heart attacks, strokes, and children’s lungs not growing properly.
“Edinburgh needs a wide-reaching Low Emission Zone which would ban the most polluting vehicles from parts of the city, and we want to see a Low Emission Zone introduced as soon as possible.”
Conservative Cllr Scott Douglas, welcomed measures to tackle air pollution – but said the consultation faces “a huge uphill challenge”.
He added: “The need to tackle air pollution is undoubted, and Low Emission Zones could be an important tool in doing this.
“However any proposals that are brought forward must have the support of Edinburgh residents and businesses, and that will only be possible if this consultation hears from as many voices as possible. We cannot introduce any measures that will harm our economy, or that will restrict the ability of hard-working people to get around our city.
“With such a tight time-scale this consultation is already facing a huge uphill challenge, and I would encourage as many people as possible to engage with it.”
Green councillors are backing plans to put people at the centre of any changes to how the city centre moves.
Cllr Claire Miller said: “I believe that the future of Edinburgh’s city centre is one where people not traffic come first. These proposals would go a long way to make that a reality, if they are followed through. Our city centre must be easy and pleasant to get around, so that the natural choice is to cycle or walk.
“I’m pleased that here has already been lots of discussion with residents and others who treasure our city centre, and that must continue. If we want a city centre where people come first then, of course, people must shape the final decisions.”
Cllr Lesley Macinnes, transport and environment convener, said “the status quo is no longer an option”.
She added: “I would urge everyone with an interest in Edinburgh’s future to take part in this consultation, which has the potential to be a real game-changer. It’s a very powerful opportunity to make some really transformational changes to our city centre and town centres, for the benefit of everyone who lives and works in or visits them.
“Many studies have been carried out over recent years on ways to improve the heart of Edinburgh. The difference in what we’re doing here is that we’re taking a holistic view on how the city is designed, how it functions and how it’s managed. The key to its success will be the fact it’s people-led and data-led, with people absolutely at the centre of everything we’re trying to achieve.
“As a council we are serious about tackling poor air quality, reducing congestion and making it as easy as possible to get around Edinburgh, especially by walking, cycling and public transport.”
The council will also introduce monthly car free days next year and has tabled plans to potentially charge city centre companies for allowing parking. | https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/environment/air-pollution-prevents-asthmatic-woman-entering-edinburgh-city-centre-577892 |
Europe is celebrating Car-Free Day this week. Across the continent, populations have been striving over the years to liberate their living spaces from the autocracy of the car. In fact, since the early 1960s, a growing number of European cities have become more people-centred by actively reducing the influence of the car, dedicating whole areas of their town centres to the pedestrian and rendering them permanently car-free.
Architect Konrad Buhagiar, partner at aoM, the architects entrusted with the design at Tigné Point, pointed out that authorities both locally and internationally are starting to understand the benefits of urban schemes that shut off areas to traffic thus reducing the negative side effects of congestion and pollution. “Since Midi plc, the developers at Tigné Point, are creating what is ostensibly a small town, we were able to design it around a core which will provide a vital psychological and physical centre to the place.”
It is often cities that have a central core that lend themselves naturally to their conversion to a pedestrian zone. Indeed, the ‘pjazza’ in Malta has always been the focal part of the community, providing a natural venue for social interaction, assembly, and for a wide variety of social and cultural events.
The familiar concept of a central square was developed to provide a nucleus around which various public areas at Tigné Point could be designed. Measuring approximately 2,500 square metres, Pjazza Tigné is around the same size as Piazza Regina in Valletta. Moreover, it is situated directly above a four-storey underground car park which holds over 1,000 cars, making it one of the most easily accessible town squares in Malta.
The obvious benefits of a car-free zone are many and manifest. It is not only residents who reap these benefits, but also their guests as well as visitors to and patrons of the cafés, restaurants, the retail outlets and future offices.
Perit Buhagiar added: “The main benefits to a car-free neighbourhood are clear: less noise, the possibility of children playing outdoors in a safe area, less stress connected to the dangers of vehicular traffic especially for the elderly and ultimately, of course, the fact that both residents and visitors to the peninsula will appreciate life in a generally pollution-free environment. The vision that characterizes the experience of Tigné Point is to liberate the place in which people live, work and relax from the presence of cars, at the same time allowing cars to be nearby.”
The peninsula at Tigné Point is roughly the size of Mdina, therefore planning an area of this size as a fully car-free zone, yet also ensuring it remains accessible and serviceable, was a major engineering feat. Most of the area was excavated to 0.5 meters above sea level and the four levels gained beneath grade level now comprise underground road networks, service lay-bys, parking areas, distribution centres, generators, huge reservoirs, centralized air handling units and separated refuse collection.
Not only does the public have access to the piazza but it also has full access to the shoreline and to a new walkway that will eventually circumscribe the peninsula.
This new footpath is an extension of the already popular Sliema front as it will link the Qui-Si-Sana promenade with the Ferries, thereby creating an uninterrupted public walkway from St Julian’s to Manoel Island. | https://tignepoint.com/2012/09/20/tigne-point-car-free-by-design/ |
It wouldn’t be the whole of the city centre.
The idea is that a couple of busy streets in Dublin city centre would be closed to cars for a couple of hours each Sunday to bring down air pollution “and give the city back to its citizens”, says Kieran Ryan of the Dublin Cycling Campaign.
The proposal has been in gestation for a long time, and those behind the call hope the council will consider piloting it this coming summer, says Ryan.
“We’re asking for it on a Sunday, to have as little impact as possible [on traffic],” says Ryan. The campaigners are also suggesting that public transport be free on those days.
They’re not the only ones pushing the idea.
Reducing Pollution
Green Party Councillor Patrick Costello says he has a similar proposal working its way through council channels.
A couple months ago, he put in a request to Dublin City Council Beta Projects, which trials ideas for improving the city, to have a car-free day in the city. His request was picked by the team as a priority for the coming months, he says.
Dublin City Council hadn’t yet replied by the time this was published to queries sent on Tuesday about whether it might pilot the idea, or some form of it.
But to press its case for a car-free day, Dublin Cycling Campaign is trying to get 3,000 signatures on an online petition. As of Tuesday 15 May, it had 2,052.
Other cities have done it. In September, Paris is scheduled to hold its third car-free day. The first, in 2015, saw a 40 per cent reduction in levels of nitrogen dioxide, a common pollutant, in the city.
A study by King’s College, London showed that nitrogen oxides fell by 89 per cent during the most recent marathon in the UK’s capital.
A spokesperson for Ireland’s Environmental Protection Agency said that although it would be difficult to link a specific event to a drop in air pollutants, a car-free day every week would have a positive impact.
“The EPA is keen for people to reduce the number of car journeys they are taking as every single one has an impact on air quality,” said the spokesperson, by email.
Opposition
Not everybody backs the idea, though.
Richard Guiney, the head of the city-centre business group DublinTown, said its “overall view is that the city is a shared space, and we need to share it”.
Guiney says DublinTown wouldn’t be in favour of excluding any one form of transport, and that many customers of city-centre shops travel in by car.
A National Transport Authority survey in October 2014 found that car users accounted for 18 percent of the spend in the city centre over four weeks.
“I don’t subscribe to the view that cars are either good or bad; they’re one form of transport,” Guiney says, adding that he doesn’t think there’s a massive problem with pollution in the city either.
Past Efforts
A quick google of “car free day Dublin” shows that earlier attempts to clear the streets haven’t always been successful.
“In about 2000, there were car-free days,” says Costello. “It was an international thing. Other cities kept it going, but we let it wither and die.”
The point was to challenge people to get out of their cars, but it became less ambitious, says Costello. When a car-free day happens, though, people seem to like it.
“When I attended the 1916 centenary celebrations, I was surrounded by Dublin city councillors talking about how great it was” that the streets were open and airy and closed to traffic, he says,
Costello says he finds it frustrating when people see the pleasure of it, but are reluctant to make it happen.
He thinks that between his request to Dublin City Beta Projects and the petition, “it’s an idea whose time has come”. But it “needs institutional support from council officials”, he says.
“We need to prove that it can work by doing it well,” says Labour Councillor Dermot Lacey. “It needs to work with public transport.”
It’s not so much cutting pollution that motivates Lacey, but the need to bring people back into the city, he says.
Which Streets?
“People talk about how difficult it is to shut down the city, but we do it all the time for events,” says Ryan, of Dublin Cycling Campaign. “So why can’t we do it for ordinary citizens?”
It would be just a “viable trial where one or two main streets are shut down for a few hours on a Sunday, to give the city back to the people”, he says.
“A lot of the time when we’re talking about these things, we’re thinking about people who are able-bodied,” he says, but a car-free day would also make getting around easier for people with mobility issues, or visual impairments.
Mike McKillen, also of Dublin Cycling Campaign, lists O’Connell Street and the quays as the roads he would prefer to see shut down and freed up for pedestrians.
Ryan is more low-key. South William Street or Dame Street from George’s Street to College Green would be good options, he says.
This kind of street shut-down is a frequent occurrence in the city, he says. It’s done for marathons, concerts and the Great Dublin Bike Ride – and it’ll likely be done for the upcoming papal visit.
“It’s democratically giving the city back to the people for a few hours every week,” he says. | https://www.dublininquirer.com/2018/05/16/is-it-time-for-car-free-sundays-in-the-city |
Being an inevitable and inescapable aspect of the software development life cycle (SDLC), software testing is a method or act of evaluating a software product to verify that it entirely complies with the quality standards and the end user’s requirements. The testing procedure also makes sure that the software product is error-free and operates as planned.
The ultimate objective of software testing is to deliver top-notch and fully-functional software products. In order to accomplish this goal, it is crucial to carry out the software testing procedure methodically. And different levels of software testing help to assure that the testing process has been carried out methodically.
There are various levels of testing, ranging from testing each individual component (module) of the software product to testing it as a whole to find potential flaws. These different levels of software testing evaluate the software product’s performance and behavior in different phases of SDLC .
There are four levels of testing, as follows:
- Unit testing
- Integration testing
- System testing
- Acceptance testing
Every phase of SDLC, requirement gathering and analysis, designing, coding or implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance, has to go through these four software testing levels.
In this blog post, we shall make you familiar with all different levels of software testing in detail.
So, let us begin without wasting time!
Levels of Software Testing
Each level of software testing has its own objectives, pros, and cons. Let us now discuss each software testing level in detail below.
1. Unit Testing
It is the first level of testing. A unit refers to a single component or module of the software product that can be compiled, tested, and executed. So, as its name implies, unit testing is the process of evaluating each and every unit of the software product in isolation to confirm that it functions as expected. We refer to unit testing as component testing as well.
The principal goal of unit testing is to confirm that each module of the software product is fulfilling its intended purpose. Generally, software developers are in charge of performing unit testing. It is a white-box testing technique as developers test the code of every software component.
Pros
- Allows developers to verify the correctness of each and every component of the software product.
- Uncovers bugs and errors in components before they pass on to the next level of testing, integration testing.
- Splits the entire source code into manageable chunks, with each code chunk referring to a single component. This code modularity results in the reusability of components.
- Reduces costs significantly by identifying defects and errors early in the development process.
- All units or modules are independent of each other.
Cons
- Time-consuming to create unit test cases for every component.
- Does not guarantee the discovery of all errors.
- Not suitable for testing user interfaces.
- Challenging to create good quality unit tests.
2. Integration Testing
It is the second level of software testing. As its name suggests, integration testing unites various tested components of the software products logically and puts them all together through a test.
The primary objective of this testing level is to ensure the proper data flow between different components of the software product combined logically into a group. To put it simply, integration testing ensures the proper communication between integrated software components. It primarily discloses errors in the interaction between the software components.
Performing integration testing is the responsibility of software testers. They can leverage any of the three software testing methods, white-box, black-box, and grey-box testing . This testing level takes place following the unit testing and prior to system testing.
Pros
- Confirms that there are no barriers preventing the communication between the various software components.
- Discloses issues in the interaction of the software components.
- Ensures that components after integration function properly.
- Bugs detected at this level are easier to fix.
Cons
- Pretty challenging to carry out.
- Resource-intensive and time-consuming.
- Requires the creation of stubs and drivers.
- Results into inadequate testing if the stubs and drives are not created correctly.
3. System Testing
It is the third level of software testing. At this level, the software product undergoes testing in accordance with its functional and non-functional requirements. System testing entails testing the integrated components as a whole.
The foremost objective of system testing is to determine whether the system (integrated components as a whole) complies with the specified requirements. It is end-to-end testing that checks the end-to-end flow of the software product.
Like integration testing, software testers are in charge of performing testing. They conduct this testing level prior to acceptance testing and following integration testing. System testing is the first type of software testing in SDLC that examines the software product as a whole. In addition, it is a black-box testing technique as it does not peer into the code or internal structure of the software product.
Pros
- Testers need not have programming knowledge to perform system testing.
- Evaluates the software product as a whole.
- Discloses errors that were left uncovered during the unit and integration testing.
- The testing environment is analogous to the real-time production environment.
Cons
- Time-consuming as compared to other testing levels.
- The cost required is pretty high as it entails testing the entire software product.
- Requires an excellent debugging tool to leave no hidden defects uncovered.
4. Acceptance Testing
The last level of software testing is acceptance testing. It involves the evaluation of the software product for its correctness by a small group of real users or clients and stakeholders. It is the final testing level carried out before making the software product live to customers.
Acceptance testing's ultimate goal is to check the final product’s acceptability and readiness to make it live. Like system testing, acceptance testing is also black-box testing. When the software product is in the final testing level, it indicates that it has passed all the aforementioned three testing levels.
Furthermore, the two major types of acceptance testing are: alpha testing and beta testing . While the internal members of an organization other than the development team perform alpha testing, the real users perform beta testing on the software product.
Pros
- Increased client and customer satisfaction.
- Users carrying out acceptance testing gain knowledge and experience of the software product.
- Easy to perform if the quality requirements are specified at the start of the development process.
Cons
- Finding users for testing is pretty challenging as they don’t wish to get involved in the testing process.
- Users need assistance from software testers as it becomes difficult to comprehend the test cases developed by testers.
Unit vs Integration vs System vs User-Acceptance Testing
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Testing Level
|
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Level Number
|
|
What it Tests
|
|
Objective
|
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Testing Method
|
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Who Performs
|
|
Unit testing
|
|
1
|
|
Each component or module of a software product
|
|
To check each component for its correctness
|
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White-box
|
|
Developers
|
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Integration Testing
|
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2
|
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Interaction between the software components
|
|
Disclose defects in the interaction of software components
|
|
White-box, black-box, and grey-box
|
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Testers
|
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System Testing
|
|
3
|
|
Integrated components as a whole
|
|
To make sure the system complies with the requirements
|
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Black-box
|
|
Testers
|
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Acceptance Testing
|
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4
|
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The entire software product
|
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To determine whether the software product is ready to launch in the market or not
|
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Black-box
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Clients/Stakeholders or real users
Conclusion
This brings us to the end of levels of software testing. In order to ensure that the testing process is performed systematically without any interruptions, it is essential to rigorously adhere to the sequence of software testing levels. Right from the first phase of SDLC to the last, all the phases undergo these testing levels. Such frequent and early testing uncovers errors at the early stages of development, which, in turn, lowers the cost of fixing them at later stages.
We hope you now have a thorough understanding of the levels of software testing after going through this article.
People are also reading: | https://www.techgeekbuzz.com/blog/levels-of-software-testing/ |
Static testing and dynamic testing are essential testing techniques meant for developers and testers for use during the Software Development. These are unique validation methods which the organization must decide after due analysis which one to practice for software verification. Since your objective is to get the maximum benefit from these type of testing, hence pick the right tool most suited for your needs. In this tutorial, you’ll learn the pros and cons of each of these type of testing.
Static Testing:
In Static Testing, it does not require executing the code. You can perform it manually or by using a set of tools. This testing type covers the analysis of the source, review of specification documents, also the design description documents. In this, the testers provide review comments on each of the doc reviewed. If the application is yet not operational and hasn’t implemented the user interface, then you can execute a security analysis to observe it under the runtime-less configuration.
While doing static testing, a tester or a developer can go on to look for the bugs, buffer overflows, and probably identify the vulnerable code in the system. To begin such testing, you don’t need to wait for finishing the entire application development. It can get started in an early phase of the development lifecycle. And testers can begin reviewing the code, scripts, requirements, test cases, or any related doc whichever is available at the point of time.
Static Testing Techniques:
1. Inspection:
The principal moto of this Type of Testing is to identify defects in the early stage of the software development cycle. The team can start with the inspection of any of the artifacts as mentioned earlier such the code or the test cases or the product docs walkthroughs. It requires a moderator for organizing the review sessions. Since the inspection is a formal type of review, so the moderator needs to prepare a checklist of what to go through and what not.
2. Walkthrough:
Another technique is the walkthrough. It requires the owner of the document to explain the work done. The attendees can place their queries and another person allocated as the scribe has to record the points in the notes.
3. Technical Reviews:
In this Static Testing method, the team carries out the Technical Scrutiny of the code written to check whether it meets the coding guidelines and standards. In general, the testing artifacts such as a testing plan, validation strategy, and the automation scripts get also reviewed in this session.
3. Informal Reviews:
Static Testing technique in which the docs get scrutinized informally. Also, the participants provide informal comments during the meeting.
Dynamic Testing:
Dynamic testing gets performed after the application has reached into the operational mode. It gets executed in the real runtime environment set up by the QA. While the code behind the app is running, the tester supplies the required input and waits for the result. After that, he/she matches the output with the expected outcome.
That’s how the testers inspect the functional behavior of the application, track the system RAM, CPU usage, its response time, and the performance of the overall software. Dynamic testing has another name as validation testing. It can either be Functional Testing as well as non-functional testing.
Types of Dynamic Testing techniques:
1. Unit Testing:
This testing happens mostly at the developer’s end. The essential artifacts which get tested are the source code of the application’s various modules.
2. Integration Testing:
The purpose of this technique is to verify the interfacing between two or more modules once they get tied up together.
3. System Testing:
This testing gets done on the entire software with all modules working.
4. Acceptance Testing:
This testing runs the validation keeping the user’s point of view in mind.
In software development lifecycle, both the Static Testing and Dynamic Testing are essential to certify the application functionality. Each of these has its strength and weakness which you should be aware.
Static Testing Vs. Dynamic Testing:
1. Static Testing belongs to the white box testing. It gets performed at an early stage of development. It incurs a lower cost as compared to the dynamic testing.
Dynamic Testing gets performed at the final stage of the development process.
2. Static testing has better line coverage than the dynamic testing in the short duration.
Dynamic Testing has lower no. Of line coverage as it examines only a smaller part of the code.
3. Static testing occurs before the application is ready for the deployment.
Dynamic Testing happens after the code got deployed.
4. Static testing gets done in the verification stage.
Dynamic testing completes in the validation stage.
5. No execution happens in the static testing.
Dynamic testing requires the code execution.
6. Static testing produces the analysis of the code along with the documentation.
Dynamic Testing reports the bottlenecks in the application.
7. In Static Testing, the team prepares a checklist describing the testing process.
In Dynamic Testing, the test cases get executed.
8. Static Testing Methods are Walkthroughs and code reviews.
Dynamic testing majorly has the functional and nonfunctional validation.
Summary – Static Testing And Dynamic Testing
In any Software development methodology, both the Verification and Validation process get carried out to certify that the final software has all the requirements implemented correctly.
Static testing scrutinizes the application code without any execution. It lies under the umbrella of Verification. The testers have got multiple Static testing techniques such as Inspection, Walkthrough, Technical and Informal reviews, etc.
On the contrary, Dynamic testing validates the working product. It lies under the umbrella of Validation. The standard Dynamic testing techniques are Unit Testing, Integration Testing, System or Stabilization Testing and the User Acceptance Testing. Here, the product gets validated by both functional and non-functional aspects.
Further reading – 100 Manual Testing Interview Questions.
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Before embarking on a project, first and foremost, the ideas and product direction must be clearly defined. If the initial idea is poorly tested or the core values are not seen through, the project will inevitably have problems with the wrong values; from there, the later phases and sometimes the final result will be hindered. To avoid this situation, we should use the Proof of Concept method (POC) in software development – a term that is well-known, but no less important. Even if the proof of concept does not produce a product, it provides certain visions and estimations of the project’s pros and cons; this way we can find clear solutions that the team can go in the right direction, with the right spirit and the right product style.
In the following topic on Proof of Concept, Brugu Software solutions shows you the importance of Proof of Concept and outlines 5 critical factors for success.
What is a proof of concept in software development?
In the context of custom software development, a proof of concept is the validation of a functional or non-functional aspect of an information system or part of it, either by the technical domain or by the user domain.
For example, one could say that acceptance tests are a special kind of proof of concept.
Proof of Concept Example.
During the establishment and implementation of the project, the proof of concept was highly appreciated and played an indispensable role. Thanks to the Proof of Concept guide, project managers can identify suspicious factors and potential risks that may hinder the success of the project. The proof of concept helps both the client and the development team to agree on the value and general direction of the project; on the other hand, it helps the developers to find ways to execute the project in order to achieve the highest efficiency.
At Brugu, we will take an example of a good proof of concept, with thorough steps we take to create a successful proof of concept for our software product:
Step 1: Define customer requirements
The first and also the most important step is to clearly define the customer’s requirements. Identifying the client’s requirements helps us understand the feasibility of the project, the nature of the project, and at the same time understand the capabilities of our human resources, which allows us to identify and select the suitability of personnel for the project.
Step 2: Action planning
Next, the development team will analyze and consider the specific project requirements, establishing specific scenarios, timelines, and guidelines, as well as selecting the appropriate personnel to execute the project. Each phase of the implementation, each step will be streamlined with the time of the client and the development team.
Step 3: Implementation
Based on the established action plan, the project is implemented in a 6-step loop to ensure effectiveness.
With the implementation, a new process begins, where the customer requirements are thoroughly analyzed once again, and then proceeds to the Design step. Then the product is shaped and developed with the development, preliminary completion and testing step. In this step, the testers will carefully check the product and find out the defective points so that the developers can detect them and correct them accordingly. In the fifth stage, the product is almost completed and will be deployed soon. Developers conduct product testing with customers and move to the sixth phase – reviewing, listening to customer feedback and editing to satisfy customers and complete the products.
Step 4: Delivery
The product is now fully completed according to the requirements and spirit of the customers. We carry out the delivery of the product, and at the same time provide general information about the use of the product and some necessary information to ensure the smooth operation of the product.
Therefore,It can be considered a useful tool in the development process. However, it is appropriate to appropriately manage expectations and goals in the current context of the project and the information system, i.e., what should be validated? What are the minimum thresholds required? Does the validation meet qualitative, quantitative, or both criteria? What are the consequences if they are not met? Are the thresholds well calibrated in terms of impact on the current state of the project and the current phase of its life cycle? Who will participate in proofs of a concept and know in advance which aspects will not perform as expected?
Test levels
In a formal testing process, test levels are often very easily confused with test types, and although they are closely related, they have different connotations in the process. For better understanding, let us start from the fact that testing can be performed at any point of the software development process, and here testing levels allow us to understand the different aspects or phases in which certain tests can be performed. For this reason, it is common to refer to testing levels or try to classify them as developer testing, functional testing, and end user testing.
However, the appropriate terminology for the various levels corresponds to the following four (4) classifications: Unit Testing, Integration Testing, System Testing, and Acceptance Testing. Different types of testing may be performed at each of these test levels, such as functional, non-functional, architectural, and related product modification.
Here is a brief description of each level of evidence:
Unit or component tests: these types of tests are usually performed by the development team. They consist of the execution of activities that allow the developer to verify that the unit components are coded under robust conditions, i.e., that they support the input of erroneous or unexpected data and thus have the ability to handle errors in a controlled manner. In addition, tests of unitary components are usually referred to as module tests or class tests, although the convention established by the programming language influences the term to be used. Finally, it is important that the entire functionality of each unitary component is covered by at least two test cases, which should focus on testing at least one positive and one opposite property
Integration tests: they are also performed by the development team and consist of checking those elements of the software that interact with each other and function correctly.
System testing: this type of test should ideally be performed by a test team outside the development team, a good practice on this point corresponds to outsourcing this responsibility. The role of this entity is to perform testing activities that must verify that the overall functionality of a system has been implemented according to the specification documents defined in the project. The test cases to be designed at this test level must cover the functional and non-functional aspects of the system. To design test cases at this level, the team must use deliverable test bases, such as original requirements, use cases, user stories, blueprints, technical manuals, and end-user guides, etc.
Acceptance testing: regardless of the fact that the testing process has been outsourced and that the company responsible for these activities has issued a quality certificate for the system under test. It is essential that the customer designates personnel involved in the business processes for performing acceptance testing; in fact, it is recommended that the end users involved in this process be independent of the personnel who supported the development process. When the acceptance tests are performed in facilities or environments provided by the developer, they are called alpha tests; when they are performed in the customer’s infrastructure, they are called beta tests. In cases where the acceptance tests of the product were performed in the vendor’s environment.
On the other hand, the security of a system or application does not depend on the use of SSL protocols, firewalls, or compliance with a standard ISO 27000. Nor is the form of security testing (penetration testing) at the end of the software development cycle sufficient. Security is a factor that must be considered at every stage of development, as the production of software is a process in which it is necessary to continuously identify and correct vulnerabilities.
So the key is in the following question;
Do we build secure software?
On our website, we suggest the following tools to help develop secure software:
Checkmarx, a source code tool for security analysis, can be integrated with the most popular SW development environments (Eclipse, MS -Visual Studio, Jira, Jenkins …) and makes programmers aware of the vulnerabilities they put in their code.
Blackduck, a tool for analyzing the security, licensing, and operation of third-party open source libraries used in the developments themselves. Also integrates with common development environments.
In contrast, a security analysis tool for the running application based on IAST (Interactive Application Security Testing), or as it is also called, gray-box testing.
We help our clients implement the Secure SW Life Cycle, an essential practice:
- Analyzing the situation of the SW processes and the SW development tools used.
- Proposing the most appropriate security tools in each case.
- Performing concept tests for the proposed tools and their use in the customer processes validity.
- Training and support of development engineers.
From a practical standpoint, the number of ways to exhaustively test a system is simply unmanageable; it is then necessary to use appropriate techniques to maximize the number of significant bugs found with the resources allocated. Any method used to detect bugs leaves a residue of more subtle anomalies against which the technique is ineffective.
Software testing therefore implies the use of appropriate techniques and tools within a well-defined process determined by the nature of the software development projects one is dealing with. | https://brugu.io/blog/proof-of-concept-in-software-development-5-critical-factors-to-success/ |
The agile methodologies of software development entail important differences in the agile software tests with respect to the predictive approach.
Under a cascade software development methodology, the Testing team is focused on a single phase of the project, that of software testing. It does not begin to contribute to the development of a module or functionality is integrated. In most cases, the Testing equipment does not start from the initial phase.
The agile software tests imply important changes regarding these working methods, such as that the Testing team is integrated with the development team, it is a single team, the tests are carried out in parallel with the development, the Testers collaborate with the Owner of the product in the lifting of requirements/user stories.
Likewise, the Testers in an agile environment need to know in depth the internal functioning of the software and are indispensable tools for the automation of tests.
We present the 8 aspects in which the agile software tests differ.
1. - Integration of software developers and testers in a single multifunctional team
Traditionally, the software quality and testing function are completely separate from software development, in this regard :
- There is a clearly differentiated development team and test team.
- The most frequent interactions between both occur when reporting errors and delivering corrections.
- Many times the interactions are by email or software test management tools.
Unlike, in the agile software tests, the work teams are multifunctional and self-managed:
- The Testing team is integrated with the development team. It is a single team.
- All are responsible for the delivery of functionality and product quality.
- The role of the Tester focused on identifying errors and of developers to correct them is modified; all are equally responsible for delivering on time and with quality.
2. - The Testing is permanent, in early stages of the project and frequent
In the software development predictive methodologies, especially in the cascade model, the software tests are a phase of the project, which begins once development ends its phase and delivery the product.
Frequently, no type of Testing has been carried out until then, not even the unit tests that should be part of the project, even under predictive approaches.
In contrast, in the agile software tests:
- They run in fast iterations. The product delivered at the end must be able to be deployed in the production environment.
- This means that the Testing must be permanent, even when the developers have not finished integrating the product.
- For this, the Testing must be done at the unit level (Unit tests).
3. - Testing is done in parallel with software development.
Agile methodologies work with fast iterations, and the only way to achieve the delivery of products is to perform software tests in parallel with the development, this means:
- Test the source code as soon as it is developed.
- As the product is not integrated, the tests focus on the unit level. User stories are tested as soon as they are completed.
- This avoids the overload of work in Testing at the end of the iteration, as if it occurs when working with predictive software development methodologies.
- It reduces the risk of surprises, the problems are identified and corrected while the product is being built, which is a best practice in quality management.
4. - The Testers assist in the interactions with the business area
Under a predictive work approach, the Testing team and the Business Analysts (Functional Analysts) are completely separated. Interactions with the business area are handled by Business Analysts and Project Managers.
When there are discrepancies between the expectations of the client and the product prepared by the team, often the reference frame is usually the specification of requirements, regardless of whether the user's actual needs are different.
In the agile methodologies of development and testing of software, the role of Testing is expanded to assist the product owner in the management of requirements, in aspects such as:
- Assist in the development of user stories. (The most widespread way of documenting software requirements in agile methodologies). Identifying errors and aspects omitted in their definition.
- Assist in the identification of all acceptance criteria associated with user stories, based on their knowledge of the business and product rules.
- Through constant interaction with the business area, we work to meet your expectations. Conversation and interaction are favoured instead of sticking to requirements specifications.
5. - Testers are involved in all project activities
In traditional approaches, Testers are active during the software testing phase only, in fact, in most cases they do not start with the project from the planning stage, but they are integrated weeks or days before the beginning of the software tests.
Unlike in agile software tests, the tester needs to be integrated from the first iteration. Throughout iteration the Tester plays different roles, namely:
- Support the product owner in the elicitation of user stories.
- It is integrated into the meetings to analyze the product stack (Product Backlog).
- In the iteration planning sessions, he collaborates in the development of estimates identifying functionality and cases not considered by the developers.
- Collaborates in the planning of the iteration (Sprint Planning) ensuring that workloads and estimates of software testing work are properly considered.
- On a day-to-day basis, it interacts with developers, business analysts and the product owner, clarifying requirements, identifying design problems and executing unit tests.
6. - The Tester needs to know in depth the internal functioning of the software.
Under cascade software development methodologies, most of the Testing that is carried out is a black box, in which one does not need to have an internal knowledge of how it works. The application.
In contrast, in agile software tests, parallel work and the speed of tests are necessary; therefore it is also essential to perform white box tests.
On a typical day, the Tester not only tests the application from its workstation but must perform peer reviews with the developers, inspecting the code and identifying problems early.
For this, the Testers need to have an internal knowledge of the operation of the application, in terms of involved technologies and programming language.
7. - It depends to a large extent on the automation of software tests.
Agile methodologies work with fast iterations; this involves carrying out complex tests frequently and with speed. Doing this manually is impossible in practice, which is why software testing automation tools are indispensable.
- When developing the stories, the programming of the unit tests that validate it must also be done.
- Automated integration tests should also be developed.
- Frequent code integrations require the repeated execution of regression tests.
- The use of Mocks (non-real programs that simulate responses) should be avoided, as long as it is not indispensable.
- There are many tools to perform automated tests, such as Selenium, HP Quick Test and many others.
8. - There must be a balance between the tests of new functionality and the regression tests
- In agile software testing, quality management must strike a balance between testing new functionality and regression testing.
- When the user stories are completed by the developers, the focus is on testing new functionality, confirming that the acceptance tests work.
- At other times, the focus is on regression tests, for example when code integrations are made to the central source.
- Manual regression tests should be performed in border cases or behavioural tests that are difficult to automate. The other regression tests should be automated as much as possible.
- The regression tests must be executed at the time of each compilation of the central source. | https://articles.abilogic.com/270257/agile-software-testing-differences-agile.html |
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Learn how to test your electric utility device, and why it makes sense to do this in the age of the smart grid. Continue Reading
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Health care applications: How to determine what to test
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Health care applications: Is Agile compatible with FDA regulations?
Using the following strategies, FDA regulations can be assimilated into an Agile environment to meet the compliance needs of health care applications. Continue Reading
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Software development bugs: How to identify and prevent them
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Automating your release management processes with CI
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The motivation behind continuous integration in embedded software development
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The seven deadly sins of embedded software development and testing
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Tips for application testing on mobile devices
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Defining a strategy for testing mobile devices
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Effective test-driven development and continuous integration
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Embedded software test: Attack of the killer robots
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Embedded software testing: Five messaging event styles
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Tutorial: Introducing Selenium IDE, an open source automation testing tool
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Managing test data in complex systems
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Using Stella for Web application testing
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Quick attacks for Web security, penetration testing and SQL advisory
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How to use Selenesse, a combination tool from FitNesse and Selenium
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Integrating soapUI into your unit testing practice
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Born to fail: How NOT to write user interface tests
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Finding software flaws with error-guessing tours
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Avoiding potential complications in debugging and testing rich web applications
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Using empty client knowledge to enhance debugging practices
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Testing Web services' performance with soapUI
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Running your first load test with JMeter
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Four ways to approach integration testing
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Free Web proxy security tools software testers should get to know
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Running user interface, unit and integration tests suites
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Streamlining test planning and design
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Building, using tests on Microsoft Visual Studio Team System
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Load testing with Microsoft Visual Studio Team System
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Testing functionality, performance of mobile Web applications
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Software testing deliverables: Developing a software testing strategy
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Evaluating the benefits of automated software testing
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Pros and cons of requirements-based software testing
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Use functional and regression testing to validate SOA solutions
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The Art of Debugging with GDB, DDD, and Eclipse -- Ch. 1
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Clean Code: A Handbook of Agile Software Craftsmanship, Chapter 1 -- What Is Clean Code? | https://searchsoftwarequality.techtarget.com/tips/Functional-testing |
Principles of software testing
In this chapter, we first define some terminology. Using the right terms helps us understand each other better. We then discuss the differences between verification and validation. Finally, we discuss some testing principles that will guide us (or, more specifically, force us to perform trade-offs whenever we choose a testing technique) throughout the book.
Failure, Fault and Error
It is common to hear different terms to indicate that a software system is not behaving as expected. Just to name a few: error, mistake, defect, bug, fault, and failure. To describe the events that led to a software crash more precisely, we need to agree on a certain vocabulary. For now, this comes down to three terms: failure, fault, and error.
A failure is a component of the (software) system that is not behaving as expected. Failures are often visible to the end user. An example of a failure is a mobile app that stops working, or a news website that starts to show yesterday's news on its front page. The software system did something it was not supposed to do.
Failures are generally caused by faults.
Faults are also called defects or bugs.
A fault is the flaw in the component of the system that caused the
system to behave incorrectly. A fault is technical and, in our world, usually refers to
source code, such as a comparison in an
if statement that uses a "less than" operator (
<) instead of a "greater than" operator (
>).
A broken connection is an example of a hardware fault.
Note that the existence of a fault in the source code does not necessarily lead to a failure. If the code containing the fault is never executed, it will never cause a failure. Failures only occur when the system is being used, and someone notices it not behaving as expected.
Finally, we have an error, also called mistake. An error is the human action that caused the system to run not as expected. For example, a developer didn't cover an obscure condition because they misunderstood the requirement. Plugging a cable into the wrong socket is an example of a hardware mistake.
In other words: a mistake by a developer can lead to a fault in the source code that will eventually result in a failure.
In the Min-Max code example of the previous chapter: the failure was the program returning
a large number, the fault was a bad
if/else if condition, and the mistake was me not dealing
properly with that case.
Verification and Validation
Verification and validation are both about assessing the quality of a system. However, they do have a subtle difference, which can be quickly described by a single question:
Validation: Are we building the right software? Validation concerns the features that our software system offers, and the customer (i.e., for whom the system is made):
- is the system under development what the users really want and/or need?
- is the system actually useful?
Validation techniques, thus, focus on understanding whether the software system is delivering the business value it should deliver. In this book, we only briefly cover validation techniques (see chapters on Continuous Experimentation and on Behaviour-Driven Development).
Verification: Are we building the system right? Verification, on the other hand, is about the system behaving as it is supposed to, according to the specification.
In simple words, this mostly means that the system behaves without any bugs. Note that this does not guarantee that the system is useful: a system might work beautifully, bug-free, but not deliver the features that customers really need.
Note how both validation and verification are fundamental for ensuring the delivery of high-quality software systems.
Principles of software testing (or why software testing is so hard)
A simplistic view on software testing is that, if we want our systems to be well-tested, all we need to do is to keep adding more tests until it is enough. We wish it were that simple.
Indeed, a very important part of any software testing process is to know when to stop testing. After all, resources (e.g., money, developers, infrastructure) are limited. Therefore, the goal should always be to maximise the number of bugs found while minimising the amount of resources we had to spend on finding those bugs. Creating too few tests might leave us with a software system that does not behave as intended (i.e., full of bugs). On the other hand, creating tests after tests, without proper consideration, might lead to ineffective tests (besides costing too much time and money).
Given resource constraints, we highlight an important principle in software testing: exhaustive testing is impossible. It might be impossible even if we had unlimited resources. Imagine a software system that has "just" 300 different flags (or configuration settings). Those flags can be set to either true or false (Booleans) and they can be set independently from the others. The software system behaves differently according to the configured combination of flags. This implies that we need to test all the possible combinations. A simple calculation shows us that 2 possible values for each of the 300 different flags gives combinations that need to be tested. As a matter of comparison, this number is higher than the estimated number of atoms in the universe. In other words, this software system has more possible combinations to be tested than the universe has atoms.
Given that exhaustive testing is impossible, software testers have to then prioritise the tests they will perform.
When prioritising the test cases, we note that bugs are not uniformly distributed. Empirically, we observe that some components in some software systems present more bugs than other components.
Another crucial consequence of the fact that exhaustive testing is impossible is that, as Dijkstra used to say, program testing can be used to show the presence of bugs, but never to show their absence. In other words, while we might find more bugs by simply testing more, our test suites, however large they might be, will never ensure that the software system is 100% bug-free. They will only ensure that the cases we test for behave as expected.
To test our software, we need a lot of variation in our tests. For example, we want variety in the inputs when testing a method, like we saw in the examples above. To test the software well, however, we also need variation in the testing strategies that we apply.
Indeed, an interesting empirical finding is that if testers apply the same testing techniques over and over, they will at some point lose their efficacy. This is described by what is known as the pesticide paradox (which nicely refers to "bugs" as an equivalent term for software faults): "Every method you use to prevent or find bugs leaves a residue of subtler bugs against which those methods are ineffectual." In practice, this means that no single testing strategy can guarantee that the software under test is bug-free. A concrete example might be a team that solely relies on unit testing techniques. At some point, maybe all the bugs that can be captured at unit test level will be found by the team; however, the team might miss bugs that only occur at integration level. From the pesticide paradox, we thus conclude that testers have to use different testing strategies to minimise the number of bugs left in the software. When studying the various testing strategies that we present in this book, keep in mind that combining them all might be a wise decision.
The context also plays an important role in how one devises test cases. For example, devising test cases for a mobile app is very different from devising test cases for a web application, or for software used in a rocket. In other words: testing is context-dependent.
Again, while this book mostly focuses on verification techniques, let us not forget that having a low number of bugs is not enough for good software. As we have said before, a program that works flawlessly, but is of no use for its users, is still not a good program. That is a common fallacy (also known as the absence-of-errors fallacy) that software testers face when they decide to focus solely on verification and not so much on validation.
Exercises
Exercise 1. Having certain terminology helps testers to explain the problems they have with a program or in their software.
Below is a small conversation. Fill in the blanks with one of the following terms: failure, fault, or error.
- Mark: Hey, Jane, I just observed a (1) in our software: if the user has multiple surnames, our software doesn't allow them to sign in.
- Jane: Oh, that's awful. Let me debug the code so that I can find the (2) .
- Jane (a few minutes later): Mark, I found it! It was my (3) . I programmed that part, but never thought of this case.
- Mark: No worries, Jane! Thanks for fixing it!
Exercise 2. Kelly, a very experienced software tester, visits Books!, a social network focused on matching people based on books they read. Users do not report bugs so often, as Books! developers have strong testing practices in place. However, users do say that the software is not really delivering what it promises.
What testing principle applies to this problem?
Exercise 3. Suzanne, a junior software tester, has just joined a very large online payment company in the Netherlands. As a first task, Suzanne analysed their past two years of bug reports. Suzanne observes that more than 50% of bugs have been happening in the International payments module.
Suzanne then promises her manager that she will design test cases that will completely cover the International payments module, and thus, find all the bugs.
Which of the following testing principles might explain why this is not possible?
- Pesticide paradox.
- Exhaustive testing.
- Test early.
- Defect clustering.
Exercise 4. John strongly believes in unit testing. In fact, this is the only type of testing he actually does at any project he's in. All the testing principles below but one might help convince John that he should also focus on different types of testing.
Which of the following is the least related when we want to convince John to move away from his 'only unit testing' approach?
- Pesticide paradox.
- Tests are context-dependent.
- Absence-of-errors fallacy.
- Test early.
References
- Graham, D., Van Veenendaal, E., & Evans, I. (2008). Foundations of software testing: ISTQB certification. Cengage Learning EMEA. Chapters 1, 2, 3. | https://sttp.site/chapters/getting-started/testing-principles.html |
First of all, apologies for not writing in over a year, and shout out to @theproductpup on TikTok for motivating me to get back into it (someone needs to write a WTF is TikTok article for old farts like me!)
As a software engineer, I spend around 80% of my “coding time” testing what I wrote. Even pro coders can’t just type code and expect it to work (a rare moment of zen when programming occurs when something, usually a small change, works on the first try). Coding is an iterative process; even if you have a Quality Assurance (QA) team, engineers will always spend time testing before handing it off to them.
If my engineers test their code, why tf do I need to hire QA testers?
Most engineering professionals agree that the engineer writing the code shouldn’t be the only person to test it before it goes into production. While leaders expect and encourage engineers to thoroughly test all of the code they write, a second pair of eyes is always useful. Engineers think differently from non-engineers (hey, someone should write a blog about that!) and diversity is key in thinking of outside the box use cases. In general, you want to test as many use cases as possible, and different people with different mindsets are likely to cover more ground than any individual.
While engineers should always think about the code that surrounds the feature under development, they tend to focus their testing on that specific feature. Someone dedicated to QA testing will have a test plan – that is, a collection of test cases that are run every time they test a new update – to test functionality peripheral or seemingly unrelated to the new feature. This is a form of “regression testing” that I’ll discuss later.
In the very early stage startups I’ve worked at, QA testing may fall on the leadership team or Product Managers, but most companies eventually find that they need people dedicated to testing.
Can’t this be automated?
These days, that question is being asked about nearly every job function. While some engineering teams strive to have such strong automated testing that manual QA is not needed, most companies require some manual testing before code goes into production. Automation can be an excellent mechanism for some forms of testing, such as unit testing and regression testing.
Many companies land on a hybrid of automated tests that supplement but do not replace manual testing. Software products tend to become more and more complex over time, making it harder and more time consuming for manual testers to cover all the bases. Automated tests help with this; as more functionality is added, the collection of automated tests – we refer to this collection as a test suite – grows to cover the new and existing use cases. Typically, the engineer writing the code is expected to write automated tests to go along with it, as they are most familiar with the intended functionality of the code.
When these automated tests exist, engineers run the entire suite before releasing their code to the next phase of development. Tests may fail either because they legitimately caught a bug or because the new functionality invalidates the old test (eg. a test designed to confirm that a button appears as blue is invalidated when a rebranding initiative requires the button be green). The engineer will fix either the code or the test (often resisting the urge to just delete the test) until the full suite passes. It’s not uncommon for a test that seems completely unrelated to the new feature being developed to fail. That’s a good thing: the test suite caught a bug that the engineer and QA testers were unlikely to have caught otherwise.
Building a comprehensive automated testing suite takes time and effort, and the benefits take time to materialize. Writing tests to cover a piece of code can take as long or longer to for the engineer to create than the code itself, and manually testing that code in the moment it is written could get it to production faster. However, the benefits of continuous investment in automated tests compound over time, leading to more confidence in the quality of software and shortened testing cycles in the future. Also, since the test suite is run as soon as an engineer finishes their first draft of some code, it’s quicker to fix any bugs that arise. The code is still fresh in the engineer’s mind and you avoid the overhead of someone else filing a ticket, providing reproduction steps, validating the fix, etc.
QA Engineering is a large umbrella that includes various titles, including QA Testers, QA Analysts, QA Engineers and QA Automation Engineers. While there isn’t a uniform standard for these titles, the former titles typically suggest manual testing roles while the later ones are more technical roles involving at least some coding to automate tests.
Types of Testing
There are so many different categories and subcategories of testing that I can’t possibly list them all (this article makes a valiant attempt). I’ll just highlight a few of the main categories. Any of these types of testing could be automated, manual, or a combination of both, though some lend themselves more to one or the other.
Sanity testing
Also known as smoke testing, this is the bare minimum amount of testing an engineer could perform to test that their code works. While a junior engineer might consider this sufficient for handing off to the QA team or even pushing to production, it is almost never enough. Still, there’s a place for it in the development process. An engineer working on a multifaceted project might sanity test parts of code they just wrote to make sure they’re on the right track, then come back later to perform deeper testing after the pieces are all in place. Another time it may be appropriate is when multiple engineers are working on different parts of a project – say, a backend engineer building an API and a front end engineer writing code that uses that API – one engineer might release their code to a staging environment after only sanity testing in order to unblock the other, with the understanding that the code is a work in progress and will be tested more later. Sanity testing typically only tests the very obvious and easy to test cases, leaving complicated cases and regression testing to the future.
Regression Testing
Have you ever seen a new feature introduced to your product that caused a bug that seemed completely unrelated? This is quite common; one reason is refactoring. Regression testing means testing things that were not supposed to change with the introduction of the new code.
Many aspects of regression testing are a good candidates for automated testing. Engineers are encouraged to write unit tests as soon as they write the code in question. In fact, a coding methodology called Test Driven Development (TDD) requires that the tests be written first, then the engineer develops the feature until the tests all pass. With unit tests covering all cases implemented in the past, a future engineer can focus their testing on the new functionality.
Regression testing can be accomplished with a combination of the following three types of testing: unit testing, integration testing, and functional testing.
Unit testing
Unit testing is the most granular level of testing, aimed at pinpointing very specific functionality without consideration of the world beyond that specific piece of code. Unit tests typically refer to automated tests, as manual testing usually implicitly tests the surrounding code. For example, to test a login button in an app, a manual tester will need the app to open successfully, they’ll need to be able to navigate to the login screen, they’ll need to type a username and password before clicking the button, etc. An automated unit test lives in its own little world, unconcerned about whether anything else except the login button works correctly – there are other unit tests to make sure that they do.
Integration Testing
Zooming out, the next higher level of testing is called integration testing. A bunch of separate components each working correctly on their own does not mean that everything will work perfectly when assembled. Whereas unit testing ensures each component works as it’s supposed to on its own, integration testing ensures that adjacent components fit together.
Functional Testing
Functional testing refers to testing a single use case, such as a user story. It may span many different code units and even separate systems (eg. backend API and frontend website).
Unit tests, integration tests, and functional tests are sometimes depicted as a pyramid (think: food pyramid) with unit tests on the bottom, integration tests in the middle and functional tests on top, signifying the quantity of each type of test in a suite. Unit tests typically make up the largest portion of a test suite because they are expected to cover the most ground and are easiest to write. Functional tests encompass the most functionality per test, include a lot of steps, and are the most complex to create. Also, when tests fail, unit tests are often more helpful to the engineer running the test suite in pinpointing what went wrong since they immediately narrow the range of possible problems to the pinpointed focus of each failing unit test.
Alpha and beta testing
The term “beta testing” has become widely used outside engineering circles so you probably already know what it means: releasing a version of your software to people who accept that it’s still a work in progress. This could be a beta version of a brand new product or a new version or new feature built on top of an existing product. Some people really enjoy testing your software for you, either because they like being on the cutting edge, they are fans of your product, or because they enjoy the thrill of being the first to find bugs. Some companies even reward these finds with “bug bounties.”
Alpha testing, as the name implies, comes before beta testing. While beta testers are people outside the organization, alpha testing is done by internal employees. Even after engineers and QA testers do their best work, more eyes can find more bugs or other usability suggestions. Alpha testing is also known as “dogfooding” as in “eat your own dogfood,” the idea being that a product isn’t ready for external customers until it is ready for internal users, who are more forgiving and more likely to provide feedback. Alpha and beta testing are used for more than just finding bugs; they are also a great way to gather feedback about functionality and usability even if everything functions correctly according to the spec.
A related term is User Acceptance Testing, which refers to the requester of the project testing that the code meets the stated objectives and signing off on its release. If the software is being built for a specific external client who requested it, this would be considered a beta test whereas if the requester is an internal employee like a Product Manager, this would be considered an alpha test.
Performance and load testing
While often omitted or only sanity tested for early stage MVPs, performance testing is important in order to determine if any aspects of the product are sluggish. For applications that are expected to be used by thousands or millions of people, or have the chance of going viral, performance testing is a good idea.
A subcategory of performance testing is load testing. An application can work perfectly fine when a few people are using it but completely fall apart when lots of users use it simultaneously. Scaling is something engineers spend a lot of time thinking about when architecting a system, but they can’t be confident about its capacity without testing. Load testing tests how many users can use the system simultaneously before things start to slow down or break altogether; for example, overwhelming a database to the point that it’s unresponsive. It is typically performed by writing scripts that programmatically hammer an application with a lot of simultaneous requests.
Mocks, Stubs, and Fixtures
You may hear the terms mocks, stubs, or fixtures when your engineer talks about automated tests. These are tools are “fake” versions of code’s dependencies that enable tests to operate in their own little world. For example, a test for frontend code will likely have a mock API that returns hard coded responses to certain calls. For example, it may be programmed such that “when the /user/123 API is called, return Jane Doe’s information.” This enables the test engineer to test specific use cases without worrying abut whether the dependent code is working. Presumably, that dependent code has its own tests to ensure it works correctly. This helps keep tests as focused as possible and assists in creating convoluted use cases that are hard to reproduce manually.
So how do I know when a product is ready for production?
That depends a lot on the stakes of your application. If you’re building a pacemaker where a small bug could literally kill someone, you’ll spare no expense and spend months testing before release. If you’re building an MVP of a fun app, you probably won’t want to spend too much time and effort on testing. Most companies fall somewhere in between.
Another factor is how easily you can distribute bug fixes. If your software is shipped as part of a physical device, you may need to send replacements in order to fix bugs. Intel’s infamous FDIV bug in the ’90s prompted a recall that cost the company $475 million for a bug that would only affect 1 in 9 billion operations. At the other end of the spectrum, websites are quite easy to update: as soon as you fix the bug, all users will be using the updated version as soon as they refresh the page or revisit your site. Locally run applications such as native iOS and Android apps fall in between: Apple and Google have approval and distribution processes that take time, then 100% of your app’s users have to opt-in to the update (many but not all users allow updates automatically) until the bug is completely exterminated. If it takes a long time to roll out a software update, you’re probably going to want to put extra effort into testing.
The reality is that software is never bug-free. Even if you have a QA team that spends months testing each release, a bug could still appear. At the end of the day, it’s a judgement call: how exhaustively does the product need to be tested before you’re comfortable enough to release it? It’s a tradeoff between speed of iteration and tolerance to production glitches.
Unfortunately, when push comes to shove and an engineering team is pressured to deliver more features faster, testing is often the first thing to fall through the cracks. If you’re a leader at your company, you can set the tone: if you push for faster speed of development, you’re increasing the likelihood of bugs in production. That may be ok for your low-stakes website MVP but not for your Intel processor. If a small bug being released to production would significantly harm your company, invest in QA engineers and encourage your team to take the time they need to be confident in software’s quality before it ships, even at the expense of development speed. | https://wtfismyengineertalkingabout.com/2021/02/04/wtf-is-qa-testing/?like_comment=17452&_wpnonce=5de7e5dc53 |
Testing is crucial to the success of any software product in this competitive world. Though automation testing is the rage these days, unfortunately, it cannot be applied in all the scenarios. No matter how good automated tests are, you cannot automate everything. Manual tests play a pivotal role in software development and come in handy whenever you have a case where you cannot use automation. Hence, there is still a lot of demand for people with skills relevant to manual testing. This Manual Testing Interview Questions article is the perfect guide for you to master software testing.
Let’s begin by taking a look at the most frequently asked Manual Testing Interview Questions.
For better understanding, I have divided the rest of the Manual Testing Framework Interview Questions into the following sections:
Q1. How does quality control differ from quality assurance?
|Quality Control||Quality Assurance|
Quality control is a product-oriented approach of running a program to determine if it has any defects, as well as making sure that the software meets all of the requirements put forth by the stakeholders
Quality assurance is a process-oriented approach that focuses on making sure that the methods, techniques, and processes used to create quality deliverables are applied correctly.
Software Testing is a process used to identify the correctness, completeness and the quality of developed software. It includes a series of activities conducted with the intent of finding errors in software so that it could be corrected before the product is released to the market.
Q3. Why is Software Testing Required?
Software testing is a mandatory process which guarantees that the software product is safe and good enough to be released to the market. Here are some compelling reasons to prove testing is needed:
Q4. What are the two main categories of software testing?
Software testing is a huge domain but it can be broadly categorized into two areas such as :
Q5. What exactly is quality control? Is it similar to Quality Assurance?
Quality control is a product-oriented approach of running a program to determine if it has any defects, as well as making sure that the software meets all of the requirements put forth by the stakeholders.
Q6. What different types of manual testing are there?
Different types of manual testing are;
Q7. Explain the difference between alpha testing and beta testing.
Alpha Testing – It is a type of software testing performed to identify bugs before releasing the product to real users or to the public. Alpha Testing is a type of user acceptance testing.
Beta Testing – It is performed by real users of the software application in a real environment. Beta Testing is also a type of user acceptance testing.
Q8. What are the different levels of manual testing?
Four levels of manual testing are:
Unit testing – It is a way of testing the smallest piece of code referred to as a unit that can be logically isolated in a system. It is mainly focused on the functional correctness of the standalone module.
Integration Testing – It is a level of software testing where individual units are combined and tested to verify if they are working as they intend to when integrated. The main aim here is to test the interface between the modules.
System Testing – In system testing all the components of the software are tested as a whole in order to ensure that the overall product meets the requirements specified. There are dozens of types of system testing, including usability testing, regression testing, and functional testing.
User Acceptance Testing – The final level, acceptance testing, or UAT (user acceptance testing), determines whether or not the software is ready to be released.
Q9. What is a testbed in manual testing?
The testbed is an environment configured for testing. It is an environment used for testing an application, including the hardware as well as any software needed to run the program to be tested. It consists of hardware, software, network configuration, an application under test, other related software.
Q10. Explain the procedure for manual testing?
The manual testing process comprises the following steps:
Q11. What is the test case?
A test case is a document which has a set of conditions or actions that are performed on the software application in order to verify the expected functionality of the feature.
Test cases describe a specific idea that is to be tested, without detailing the exact steps to be taken or data to be used. For example, in a test case, you document something like ‘Test if coupons can be applied on actual price‘.
Q12. What is API testing?
API testing is a type of software testing where application programming interfaces (APIs) are tested to determine if they meet expectations for functionality, reliability, performance, and security. In simple terms, API testing is intended to reveal bugs, inconsistencies or deviations from the expected behavior of an API.
Commonly, applications have three separate layers:
API testing is performed at the most critical layer of software architecture, the Business Layer.
Q13. What’s the difference between verification and validation in testing?
|Verification||Validation|
It is a static analysis technique. Here, testing is done without executing the code. Examples include – Reviews, Inspection, and walkthrough.
It is a dynamic analysis technique where testing is done by executing the code. Examples include functional and non-functional testing techniques.
Q14. What’s the difference between a bug and a defect?
A bug is a just fault in the software that’s detected during testing time. A defect is a variance between expected results and actual results, detected by the developer after the product goes live.
Q15.What are the advantages of manual testing?
Merits of manual testing are:
Q16.What are the drawbacks of manual testing?
De-merits of manual testing are:
Q17. What’s the role of documentation in Manual Testing?
Documentation plays a critical role in achieving effective software testing. Details like requirement specifications, designs, business rules, inspection reports, configurations, code changes, test plans, test cases, bug reports, user manuals, etc. should all be documented.
Documenting the test cases will facilitate you to estimate the testing effort you will need along with test coverage and tracking and tracing requirement. Some commonly applied documentation artifacts associated with software testing are:
With this, we have completed basic question based on manual testing. In the next part of this Manual Testing Interview Questions article, let’s discuss advanced level questions related to manual testing.
Q18. What is the difference between manual testing and automation testing?
Manual Testing
Automation Testing
In manual testing, the accuracy, and reliability of test cases are low, as manual tests are more prone to human error.
Automated testing, on the other hand, is more reliable as tools and scripts are used to perform tests.
The time required for manual testing is high as human resources perform all the tasks.
The time required is comparatively low as software tool execute the tests
In manual testing investment cost is low, but Return of Investment(ROI) is low as well.
In automation testing investment cost and Return of Investment, both are high.
Manual testing is preferred when the test cases are run once or twice. Also suitable for Exploratory, Usability and Adhoc Testing.
You can use test automation for Regression Testing, Performance Testing, Load Testing or highly repeatable functional test cases
Allows for human observation to find out any glitches. Therefore manual testing helps in improving the customer experience.
As there is no human observation involved, there is no guarantee of positive customer experience.
Q19. When should you opt for manual testing over automation testing?
There are a lot of cases when manual testing is best suited over automation testing, like:
Q20. What are the phases involved in Software Testing Life Cycle?
The different phases involved in the software testing life cycle are:
|Phases||Explanation|
|Requirement Analysis||QA team understands the requirement in terms of what we will testing & figure out the testable requirements.|
|Test Planning||In this phase, the test strategy is defined. Objective & the scope of the project is determined.|
|Test Case Development||Here, detailed test cases are defined and developed. The testing team also prepares the test data for testing.|
|Test Environment Setup||It is a setup of software and hardware for the testing teams to execute test cases.|
|Test Execution||It is the process of executing the code and comparing the expected and actual results.|
|Test Cycle Closure||It involves calling out the testing team member meeting & evaluating cycle completion criteria based on test coverage, quality, cost, time, critical business objectives, and software.|
Q21. What is the difference between a bug, a defect and an error?
Bug – A bug is a fault in the software that’s detected during testing time. They occur because of some coding error and leads a program to malfunction. They may also lead to a functional issue in the product. These are fatal errors that could block a functionality, results in a crash, or cause performance bottlenecks
Defect – A defect is a variance between expected results and actual results, detected by the developer after the product goes live. Defect is an error found AFTER the application goes into production. In simple terms, it refers to several troubles with the software products, with its external behavior or with its internal features.
Error – An error is a mistake, misunderstanding, or misconception, on the part of a software developer. The category of developer includes software engineers, programmers, analysts, and testers. For example, a developer may misunderstand a design notation, or a programmer might type a variable name incorrectly – leads to an error. An error normally arises in software, it leads to change the functionality of the program.
Q22. What makes a good test engineer?
A software test engineer is a professional who determines how to create a process that would best test a particular product in the software industry.
Q23.What is regression testing? When to apply it?
“Testing of a previously tested program to ensure that defects have not been introduced or uncovered in unchanged areas of the software, as a result of the changes made is called Regression Testing.”
A regression test is a system-wide test whose main purpose is to ensure that a small change in one part of the system does not break existing functionality elsewhere in the system. It is recommended to perform regression testing on the occurrence of the following events:
Q24. What is the difference between system testing and integration testing?
|System Testing||Integration Testing|
System Testing tests the software application as a whole to check if the system is compliant with the user requirements
Integration testing tests the interface between modules of the software application
Involves both functional and non-functional testings like sanity, usability, performance, stress an load
Only functional testing is performed to check whether the two modules when combined give the right outcome
It is high-level testing performed after integration testing
It is low-level testing performed after unit testing
Q25. Explain the defect life cycle.
A defect life cycle is a process in which a defect goes through various phases during its whole lifetime. The cycle starts when a defect is found and ends when a defect is closed, after ensuring it’s not reproduced. Bug or defect life cycle includes the steps as shown in the below figure.
If you wish to learn in-depth about Bug Life Cycle then you can refer this article on Software Testing Tutorial.
Q26. What is the test harness?
A test harness is the gathering of software and test information arranged to test a program unit by running it under changing conditions like stress, load, data-driven, and monitoring its behavior and outputs. Test Harness contains two main parts:
– A Test Execution Engine
– Test script repository
Q27. What is test closure?
Test Closure is a document which gives a summary of all the tests conducted during the software development life cycle and also gives a detailed analysis of the bugs removed and errors found. This memo contains the aggregate no. of experiments, total no. of experiments executed, total no. of imperfections discovered, add total no. of imperfections settled, total no. of bugs not settled, total no of bugs rejected and so forth.
Q28. What is the difference between Positive and Negative Testing?
Positive Testing
Negative Testing
Positive testing determines that your application works as expected. If an error is encountered during positive testing, the test fails
Negative testing ensures that your application can gracefully handle invalid input or unexpected user behavior
In this testing, tester always check for an only valid set of values
Testers apply as much creativity as possible and validating the application against invalid data
Q29. Define what is a critical bug.
A critical bug is a bug that has got the tendency to affect a majority of the functionality of the given application. It means a large piece of functionality or major system component is completely broken and there is no workaround to move further. Application cannot be distributed to the end client unless the critical bug is addressed.
Q30. What is pesticide paradox? How to overcome it?
According to pesticide paradox, if the same tests are repeated over and over again, eventually the same test cases will no longer find new bugs. Developers will be extra careful in those places where testers found more defects and might not look into other areas. Methods to prevent pesticide paradox:
Using these methods, it’s possible to find more defects in the area where defect numbers dropped.
Q31. What is Defect Cascading in Software Testing?
Defect Cascading is the process of triggering other defects in the application. When a defect goes unnoticed while testing, it invokes other defects. As a result, multiple defects crop up in the later stages of development. If defect cascading continues to affect other features in the application, identifying the affected feature becomes challenging. You may make different test cases to solve this issue, even then it is difficult and time-consuming.
Q32. What is the term ‘quality’ mean when testing?
In general, quality software is reasonably bug-free, delivered on time and within budget, meets requirements and/or expectations, and is maintainable. But again ‘quality’ is a subjective term. It will depend on who the ‘customer’ is and their overall influence in the scheme of things. For example, each type of ‘customer’ will have their own slant on ‘quality’ – the accounting department might define quality in terms of profits while an end-user might define quality as user-friendly and bug-free.
Q33. What is black box testing, and what are the various techniques?
Black-Box Testing, also known as specification-based testing, analyses the functionality of a software/application without knowing much about the internal structure/design of the item. The purpose of this testing is to check the functionality of the system as a whole to make sure that it works correctly and meets user demands. Various black-box testing techniques are:
Q34. What is white box testing, and what are the various techniques?
White-Box Testing also known as structure-based testing, requires a profound knowledge of the code as it includes testing of some structural part of the application. The purpose of this testing is to enhance security, check the flow of inputs/outputs through application and to improve design and usability. Various white-box testing techniques are:
Q35. What are the Experience-based testing techniques?
Experienced-based testing is all about discovery, investigation, and learning. The tester constantly studies and analyzes the product and accordingly applies his skills, traits, and experience to develop test strategy and test cases to perform necessary testing. Various experience-based testing techniques are:
Q36.What is a top-down and bottom-up approach in testing?
Top-Down – Testing happens from top to bottom. That is, high-level modules are tested first and after that low-level modules. Lastly, the low-level modules are incorporated into a high-level state to guarantee the framework is working as it is expected to.
Bottom-Up – Testing happens from base levels to high-up levels. The lowest level modules are tested first and afterward high-level state modules. Lastly, the high-level state modules are coordinated to a low level to guarantee the framework is filling in as it has been proposed to.
Q37. What is the difference between smoke testing and sanity testing?
|Features||Smoke Testing||Sanity Testing|
System Builds
|Tests are executed on initial builds of software product||Tests are done on builds that have passed smoke tests & rounds of regression tests|
Motive of Testing
|To measure the stability of the newly created build to face off more rigorous testing||To evaluate rationality & originality of the functionalities of software builds|
Subset of?
|Is a subset of acceptance testing||Is a subset of regression testing|
Documentation
|Involves documentation and scripting work||Doesn’t emphasize any sort of documentation|
Test Coverage
|Shallow & wide approach to include all the major functionalities without going too deep||Narrow & deep approach involving detailed testing of functionalities and features|
Performed By?
|Executed by developers or testers||Executed by testers|
Q38. What is the difference between static testing and dynamic testing?
|Static Testing||Dynamic Testing|
Static Testing is a white box testing technique, it includes the process of exploring the records to recognize the imperfections in the very early stages of SDLC.
Dynamic testing includes the process of execution of code and is done at the later stage of the software development lifecycle. It validates and approves the output with the expected results.
Static Testing is implemented at the verification stage.
Dynamic testing starts during the validation stage.
Static testing is performed before the code deployment.
Dynamic testing is performed after the code deployment
The code error detection and execution of the program is not a concern in this type of testing.
Execution of code is necessary for dynamic testing.
With this, we have completed theory questions. In the next part of this Manual Testing Interview Questions article, let’s discuss some real-world scenario-based questions.
Q39. How will you determine when to stop testing?
Deciding when to stop testing can be quite difficult. Many modern software applications are so complex and run in such an interdependent environment, that complete testing can never be done. Some common factors in deciding when to stop testing are:
Q40. What if the software is so buggy it can’t really be tested at all?
Often testers encounter a bug that can’t be resolved at all. In such situations, the best bet is for testers to go through the process of reporting whatever bugs or blocking-type problems initially show up, with the focus being on critical bugs. Since this type of problem can cause severe problems such as insufficient unit testing or insufficient integration testing, poor design, improper build or release procedures, etc managers should be notified and provided with some documentation as evidence of the problem.
Q41. How you test a product if the requirements are yet to freeze?
It’s possible that a requirement stack is not available for a piece of product. It might take serious effort to determine if an application has significant unexpected functionality, and it would indicate deeper problems in the software development process. If the functionality isn’t necessary to the purpose of the application, it should be removed. Else, create a test plan based on the assumptions made about the product. But make sure you get all assumptions well documented in the test plan.
Q42. What if an organization is growing so fast that fixed testing processes are impossible? What to do in such situations?
This is a very common problem in the software industry, especially considering the new technologies that are being incorporated when developing the product. There is no easy solution in this situation, you could:
• Hire good and skilled people
• Management should ‘ruthlessly prioritize’ quality issues and maintain focus on the customer
• Everyone in the organization should be clear on what ‘quality’ means to the end-user
Q43. How do you know the code has met specifications?
‘Good code’ is code that works, that is bug-free, and is readable and maintainable. Most organizations have coding ‘standards’ that all developers are supposed to adhere to, but everyone has different ideas about what’s best, or what is too many or too few rules. There are a lot of tools like traceability matrix which ensures the requirements are mapped to the test cases. And when the execution of all test cases finishes with a success, it indicates that the code has met the requirement.
Q44. What are the cases when you’ll consider to choose automated testing over manual testing?
Automated testing can be considered over manual testing during the following situations:
Q45. What is ‘configuration management’?
Every high-functioning organization has a “master plan” that details how they are supposed to operate and accomplish tasks. Software development and testing are no different. Software configuration management (SCM) is a set of processes, policies, and tools that organize, control, coordinate, and track:
Q46. Is it true that we can do system testing at any stage?
In system testing, all the components of the software are tested as a whole in order to ensure that the overall product meets the requirements specified. So, no. The system testing must start only if all units are in place and are working properly. System testing usually happens before the UAT (User Acceptance Testing).
Q47. What are some best practices that you should follow when writing test cases?
Few guidelines that you need to follow while writing test cases are:
Q48. Why is it that the boundary value analysis provides good test cases?
The reason why boundary value analysis provides good test cases is that usually, a greater number of errors occur at the boundaries rather than in the center of the input domain for a test.
In boundary value analysis technique test cases are designed to include values at the boundaries. If the input is within the boundary value, it is considered ‘Positive testing.’ If the input is outside of the boundary value, it is considered ‘Negative testing.’ It includes maximum, minimum, inside or outside edge, typical values or error values.
Let’s suppose you are testing for an input box that accepts numbers from ’01 to 10′.
Using the boundary value analysis we can define three classes of test cases:
So the boundary values would be 0, 1, 2 and 9, 10, 11.
Q49.Why is it impossible to test a program thoroughly or in other terms 100% bug-free?
It is impossible to build a software product which is 100% bug-free. You can just minimize the error, flaw, failure or fault in a computer program or system that causes it to produce an incorrect or unexpected result.
Here are the two principal reasons that make it impossible to test a program entirely.
Q50. Can automation testing replace manual testing?
Automation testing isn’t a replacement for manual testing. No matter how good automated tests are, you cannot automate everything. Manual tests play an important role in software development and come in handy whenever you have a case where you cannot use automation. Automated and manual testing each have their own strengths and weaknesses. Manual testing helps us to understand the entire problem and explore other angles of tests with more flexibility. On the other hand, automated testing helps save time in the long run by accomplishing a large number of surface-level tests in a short time.
That’s it, folks! With this, we have reached the end of this ‘Manual Testing Interview Questions’. You could also take a look at Automation Testing Interview Questions while you’re at it.
If you found this article relevant, check out the Software Testing Training by Edureka, a trusted online learning company with a network of more than 250,000 satisfied learners spread across the globe.
Got a question for us? Please mention it in the comments section on this “Manual Testing Interview Questions” and we will get back to you. | https://www.edureka.co/blog/interview-questions/manual-testing-interview-questions/ |
What is Manual Software Testing?
Manual software testing is a process in which the tester tries test cases that are varying from the standard test cases. For example, if you are testing an online application and you want to make sure that it works properly, then your job will be to write some code for this purpose. You can use different kinds of tools like database management systems (DBMS), web browsers, or even command prompt windows to create a scenario where your program is supposed to work on its own without any intervention from outside sources like users or administrators. So, to answer the query of how to test software manually, we need to dive into its different stages and types to learn how it’s done.
Types of Manual Testing:
White box testing:
It is the most basic type of manual testing. It involves creating a set of technical specifications that increase confidence in a software solution before implementation. The white box approach can be used when you do not know how your code works and are simply trying to verify that it does what it's supposed to do by making sure that each function works correctly and follows established rules.
Black box:
This testing indicates a more involved and comprehensive manual test strategy that requires the application to be tested in multiple environments, on both physical and virtual servers, without any knowledge of the application code. Black box testing is often used in environments where there may be security vulnerabilities or other threats with which you need to ensure your application can deal with them.
Grey box testing:
This testing helps to understand what makes a test framework more complex by using complex APIs. Grey box testing requires that you have access to the application code, which means that the test environment needs to be different from your production environment. This can be problematic when there are many differences between them (e.g., version number). For this type of test execution scenario not to fail, you will need separate infrastructure environments such as virtual machines or containerized applications running on top of actual hardware servers. Now, to better explain the question of how to test software, we need to further look into types of manual testing.
Stages of Manual Testing:
1. Unit Testing
It is a separate phase of software testing that focuses on units of code. Unit tests run on the smallest possible piece of software and test it under controlled conditions. They are written to test a single unit of code, or function, which means we can write separate tests for each unit in our application. Unit tests are run against the same version that will be deployed to production environments; therefore they're more stable than other types of tests because there's less room for errors or bugs when you run them against your final product.
2. Integration Testing
It is the process of testing the functionality of a system. It's often used to test the interfaces between different modules or components in a software development project. Integration testing involves running automated tests against integrated systems, and checking that all parts work together as expected.
For example, if you're writing an application that allows users to manage their finances, then integration testing would involve running automated tests against all parts involved in this process: from data storage through record management (such as bank account details), password resetting procedures and notifications sent out when payments are made/refunded, etc., right down to how well your payments process works with other third-party providers such as PayPal or Stripe, etc.).
3. System Testing
It is the phase of software testing during which the tester tests the system software in its entirety. The primary objective of this type of testing is to make sure that all components work together and produce an expected outcome. In other words, it's like a springboard for your application or web app to reach its full potential.
4. UI Testing
It is a phase during which the tester gathers feedback from users and makes adjustments to the system's design until it meets the expectations of the end users. During this phase, testers will conduct tasks such as:
5. Acceptance Testing
It is a phase during which the tester gathers feedback from users and makes adjustments to the system's design until it meets the expectations of the end users.
Acceptance testing is also referred to as Customer Acceptance Testing (CAT), User Acceptance Testing (UAT), or First Try/First Use Testing (FTUT). It can be done on an individual basis or as part of a larger project, depending on how you define each type of test case.
How about automated testing compared to manual testing?
If you're considering whether to switch from manual testing to automated testing, you should know that WeTest's Automation product offers several compelling benefits. With automated testing, you can save a significant amount of time and effort and improve the accuracy and consistency of your testing. You don't even need programming knowledge to get started, as WeTest offers scriptless automation. By catching defects earlier in the development cycle, you can also reduce the overall cost of development.
Wrapping Up:
In this blog post, we covered the topic "how to test software manually" and its fundamental types and stages. Manual software testing is the most basic form of software testing. It's done by a tester who is not using a machine, but rather reading test scripts and performing manual tests. | https://www.wetest.net/blog/how-to-test-software-manually-types-pros-cons-310.html |
Verification and validation testing are two important tests which are carried out on a software before it has been handed over to the customer. The aim of both verification and validation is to ensure that the product is made according to the requirements of the client, and does indeed fulfill the intended purpose. While verification is a quality control process, the quality assurance process carried out before the software is ready for release is known as validation testing. Its goal is to validate and be confident about the product or system, and that it fulfills the requirements given by the customer. The acceptance of the software from the end customer is also its part. Often, testing activities are introduced early in the software development life cycle.
Validation testing provides answers to questions such as:
- Does the software fulfill its intended use?
- Is the company building the right product?
- Can the project be properly implemented?
- Are the documents in line with the development process?
Validation Testing Process
The aim of software testing is to measure the quality of a software in terms of number of defects found in it, the number of tests run, and the system covered by the tests. When bugs or defects are found with the help of testing, the bugs are logged and the development team fixes them. Once the bugs are fixed, testing is carried out again to ensure that they are indeed fixed, and no new defects have been introduced in the software. With the entire cycle, the quality of the software increases. The software validation process can be described as follows:
Validation Planning
To plan all the activities that need to be included while testing.⇓Define Requirements
To set goals and define the requirements for testing.⇓Select Appropriate Team
To select a skilled and knowledgeable development team (third party included).⇓Develop Documents
To develop a user specifications document describing the operating conditions.⇓Evaluation
To evaluate the software as per the specifications and submit a validation report.⇓Incorporating Changes
To change the software so as to remove any errors found during evaluation.
Techniques
There are various validation techniques like fault injection, dependability analysis, etc., that are commonly used for software testing. Here are a few more…
Formal Methods
This technique makes use of mathematical and logical techniques to analyze the input specifications, the product design, the supporting documents, and the behavior of the product under test.
Fault Injection
As the name suggests, faults or bugs are intentionally added to software so as to check its working/functionality under the said conditions. These are of two types – hardware fault injection and software fault injection. In the former, faults in physical hardware are injected, while in the latter, errors are injected in the software or in the system’s memory.
Dependability Analysis
This technique is used to increase the dependability of the product. The hazards in the software are identified, and methods are suggested to reduce theses potential hazards.
Hazard Analysis
Every software has its own standard tests to identify hazards. This type of analysis follows the said procedure to identify the hazard and find out its countermeasures.
Risk Analysis
This takes the hazard analysis further by identifying countermeasures for each type of hazard that is identified.
The Basic Tests
Two of the most common and widely used terms in the software testing world are black-box testing and white-box testing.
Black-box Testing
This type of testing only focuses on the output that is generated after being subjected to varying inputs. The internal components of the software are completely ignored while carrying out this test. This test is also known as functional testing.
White-box Testing
As opposed to black-box testing, white-box testing takes into account the internal mechanism and components of the software while testing under the desired input conditions.
Types of Validation Testing
If the testers are involved in the product right from the very beginning, then the testing starts right after a component of the system has been developed. Apart from the basic tests, the different types of software validation tests are:
Component/Unit Testing
Component testing is also known as unit testing. The aim of the tests carried out in this testing type is to search for defects in the software component. At the same time, it also verifies the functioning of the different software components, like modules, objects, classes, etc., which can be tested separately.
Integration Testing
This is an important part of the software validation model, where the interaction between the different interfaces of the components is tested. Along with the interaction between the different parts of the system, the interaction of the system with the computer operating system, file system, hardware, and any other software system it might interact with, is also tested.
System Testing
System testing is carried out when the entire software system is ready. The concern of this testing is to check the behavior of the whole system as defined by the scope of the project. The main concern of system testing is to verify the system against the specified requirements. While carrying out the tests, the tester is not concerned with the internals of the system, but checks if the system behaves as per expectations.
Acceptance Testing
Here, the tester has to literally think like the client and test the software with respect to user needs, requirements, and business processes, and determine whether the software can be handed over to the client or not. At this stage, often, a client representative is also a part of the testing team, so that the client has confidence in the system.
Operational Acceptance Testing
This type of testing is done just before the software goes into the production/launching stage. It checks the readiness of the product, by testing for backups, recovery techniques, shutdown and resumption, component failure, etc. It is also known as operational readiness testing. This method also takes into account the alerts that are raised during component failure or in an error situation.
Alpha Testing
If the testing is done for a large group of users, it is essential that each component of the system be tested for its functionality. This type of testing is done at the developers’ site by potential customers/users. Any problems encountered during this testing are rectified by the developers then and there. This is internal acceptance testing.
Beta Testing
Once the software passes the alpha testing stage, beta testing is done at the user’s end. Various versions of the software are developed, known as the beta versions. These versions are tested for their functionality by the users, the logs of the problems occurred are recorded and submitted to the developers. This is external acceptance testing.
Regression Testing
This testing is done after the desired changes or modifications are made to the existing code. The code, when put to test, may have certain errors that can be resolved by making necessary changes. The software is again put to test after these changes are made, to check whether the new code fulfills customer requirements or not.
Independent Validation
If the validation tests are carried out by a third party, they are known as independent validation and verification (IV&V). The developer needs to provide the user manual to the third party tester. This manual should clearly contain the standard working conditions of the software. The user manual should have the various working conditions of the software, so that the tester can simulate real-life conditions. These third party organizations submit a validation report to the developer after the software is tested. The developer, upon receipt of this report, makes the desired changes to the software, and again tests it to check whether the customer needs are met or not.
Software validation testing is an important part of the software development life cycle (SDLC), apart from verification, debugging, and certification. Validation testing ensures that the software meets the quality standards set by the customer, and that the product meets customer requirements.
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Developing any application is a long-term process engaging the whole team. After months of intensive work, everyone eagerly awaits the results—both your team and your client. You’re planning to release the product to a deadline—that’s obvious. Keeping errors to the bare minimum throughout the application development process helps you meet the deadline. There will definitely be errors—we are all human after all, and mistakes are inevitable—but effective use of software testing helps to limit such unpleasant surprises.
In this article, you will learn about the testing process in software engineering, popular types of tests, different approaches, and how testing influences the software development life cycle (SDLC).
Software testing—what is it?
Software testing is a part of the software development life cycle (SDLC). Its main aim is to compare results with expectations. It is also a reliable source of information on code quality and the product itself.
What does “quality” really mean in this context? According to ISO 9000, “Quality is the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy given needs.”
Below are a few tips that make software testing high quality and efficient.
How to ensure testing process clarity?
Legibility is a principle worth remembering when you’re planning to include testing in your software development life cycle:
- Testing should be as straightforward and understandable as possible for other teams involved in the software development process. For example, you can consider using Gherkin. This domain-specific language makes project documentation understandable for business stakeholders.
- Prepared reports should be readable for other participants in the software testing process.
- Testers have to be sure what, why, and how they want to test. What’s more, they should also be able to explain to their teammates why a particular test is necessary, and what its goal is.
The “software” in the acronym SDLC would suggest that only software developers are engaged in the process. But that’s not true—if you want to make the testing process efficient, different parties have to be involved. Which ones? Keep reading to get the answer.
Who is involved in the software testing process?
Depending on the software and the process of development, the answer will vary. However, common industry standards are available. In this article, the adopted standard comes from the ISTQB International Software Testing Qualifications Board. But keep in mind that this is not the only solution and might not suit every project.
What are the basic roles for software testing?
The key roles are test manager, test automation engineer, tester, and test analyst, all of which are necessary for successful testing. Test managers are responsible for supervising the creation of a test strategy, testing activities, resources, and evaluation of the tested project. Test automation engineers are responsible for the design, technical development, implementation, and maintenance of automated test architecture. Testers carry out the actual activity of testing, while test analysts analyze application requirements and design documents, develop test plans and a comprehensive testing structure, and analyze test results.
Sometimes, especially in relation to smaller projects, some or all of the above-mentioned roles are covered by a single person in the company.
Product owners also have a voice in the testing process. Their fundamental role is to manage and monitor every stage of the development process to ensure the project goes in the right direction, including defining the acceptance criteria. This makes the product owner an influential stakeholder in the process of testing. The success of the software testing process often depends on the quality of collaboration between the testing team and the PO.
The type of test used has to be adjusted to the application to provide the team with reliable results. But what are the different types of tests, how are they different from each other, and what are their specific applications?
Different test types—an overview
One type of test is not enough. Each test has a different purpose and use. They can be used in combination, to complement each other, and tend to be more effective when used together. The variety of test types can initially be overwhelming but it's simpler than it looks.
To better understand the purpose of particular test types, let's look at the software testing process from the test managers' and testers' perspectives—so what, how, and which elements of the application we can test.
Which software elements could you test?
As mentioned above, there is no single test to meet all needs. One way to categorize tests is by the software aspect or element that the test is checking, as follows:
- Unit tests—a particular section of code is isolated and tested.
- Module tests—this testing focuses on checking modules, program procedures, classes, subroutines, etc. (It’s worth bearing in mind that unit tests are sometimes categorized as a type of module test.)
- Integration tests—as a next step, particular modules are now checked for how they interact together.
- System tests—following integration testing, the whole system is now tested.
- End-to-end tests—end-to-end testing is effectively a simulation of actual usage of the application in a production-like environment, with all external dependencies.
You can see from this quick introduction that there is a natural sequence to the different types of test, from a focus on small pieces of code to checking how the whole application works from a user perspective.
None of these test types are used in isolation, they interact and complement each other. The possibilities for mixing test types are almost unlimited.
Which application aspects can you test? Functional and non-functional tests
Besides testing the software to check the system as a whole, it is also necessary to check if individual planned functionalities operate as expected. However, the functionalities aren’t the only thing on the agenda—checking how the application will perform under specific conditions is another significant part of the testing process. You can choose from test types such as:
-
Functional tests—these tests aim to check the application's functionality and features; whether it works properly and produces the correct outputs.
-
Non-functional tests—used when we want to test everything besides the functionality:
- Performance tests check the speed, reliability, and how the system performs under a specific workload. Basically, does it stay responsive and stable?
- Long run/stability tests focus on the quality and behavior of the software, checking whether the application performs appropriately over a more extended period.
- Stress testing, or torture testing as some prefer to call it, puts the software under extreme conditions, pushing it beyond its regular and predictable capabilities to check if and when the software crashes.
- Usability testing brings the UX to the fore. This kind of test focuses on the user perspective and checks if your software is straightforward, usable, and user-friendly.
The UX is a critical part of any application and an essential part of any software testing strategy. For more information, check out our article on the UX perspective and its function.
How to fill up the testing process?
Despite the differences due to the company or the application itself, one thing stays the same: every test aims to identify bugs and therefore ensure the whole SDLC process runs more efficiently. Below, you can find some more common test types, which complement those mentioned above:
- Regression tests—checking the impact of any modifications or added code to the existing functionality.
- Sanity tests (a subset of regression testing)—this kind of testing focuses on changed pieces of code and whether they are working properly. The main aim is to check if the changed functionality is operating correctly.
- Acceptance tests are often performed by the customer or end users. The application is tested in different usage scenarios; in acceptance testing, both functionality and UX matter.
- Smoke testing (a subset of acceptance testing) verifies whether the crucial functionalities of the application work.
Always keep in mind that any effective testing strategy requires the use of multiple tests. One more aspect that influences the whole testing process is the choice between proactive and reactive approaches.
Types of testing approach
The testing approach or strategy determines how the testing process is set up and carried out during software development. The most basic division of strategies is to differentiate between proactive and reactive. The proactive approach focuses on the early implementation of testing to catch and fix potential bugs without delay. A reactive testing approach begins when the design and coding stages are finished.
Which other methods of testing could you consider?
- Black Box testing—this software testing method checks the application's functionality, but it doesn't inspect its internal structures.
- White Box testing—this testing technique assumes the tester is analyzing the internal state of the system and is focused on testing the software code itself.
- Manual testing—tests are executed manually, without any automated methods. Although this method is more time-consuming, it’s also necessary, given that it’s almost impossible to achieve full automation in testing.
- Automated testing—dedicated testing software tools enable test execution and also aid manual testing.
There are many less common types of test, such as mutation testing, fuzzy testing, contract testing, and more. The examples in the lists above are some of the most popular types of test, but your project needs will indicate the right tests and testing approach for each application.
To facilitate the management of the tests used in the project, you can divide tests into smaller groups. Putting them into the proper place in a product testing pipeline makes them easily manageable.
One thing remains: the test coverage. What does this term mean, and why is it significant?
Why is test coverage important?
Test coverage tells us to what extent the test covers the application code and if the required tests have been executed. 100% test coverage is a myth—it is not possible to test all features and aspects of an application.
Nowadays, software is too complex and multifaceted. Attempting to test every aspect of the application is inefficient and ill-suited to the market, which requires fast and regular updates. The answer is to choose wisely what needs to be tested and what can be skipped, or checked in a different way. How do you select the right testing areas? Here comes the ROI (return on investment). We choose to test those aspects which are most directly connected to the application’s ROI (i.e. the elements which are most profitable) and we carry out those tests first. ROI can also be used to select which tests should be run manually and which should be automated. The decision, in this case, is based on a cost comparison between execution of a manual test and the creation and maintenance of the automatic test. Return on investment can also be used as a criteria to select only the most valuable and significant features for testing with end-users.
A recent trend is to use risk analysis to prioritize test cases that cover the most likely and severe risks—otherwise known as risk-based testing. This technique carries advantages, including reduction of risk probability, lessened impact of negative risks, increased customer focus, and the opportunity to make better decisions for the project as a whole, based on risk. You should also bear in mind that the number of test cases doesn't indicate test quality or coverage. More does not always mean better—the number of tests is not a suitable metric to evaluate testing.
Conclusion
If you want to provide your clients with a top-notch software product, you should consider software testing as a standard element of your development process. The right testing strategy saves both time and money. By using the right combination of tests and test types, you can create a customized testing approach to fit each specific project and its needs. | https://codilime.com/blog/what-is-software-testing-and-why-is-it-important-for-the-sdlc/ |
The primary role of a Software Tester is to ensure that software operates as intended. Testers typically design and prepare test plans and conduct software testing as appropriate to ensure that software is fit for purpose. They document and report the results of testing activities. They have a good understanding of the software lifecycle and software development practices.
Technical Competencies
- Implements software testing procedures on software applications (including desktop, web, mobile, embedded, mainframe) to ensure agreed errors and security issues are identified, recorded, prioritised and corrected before release.
- Reviews software requirements and specifications for software functionality and security, and defines comprehensive tests and conditions.
- Designs simple test strategies for non-complex projects.
- Analyses test requirements and designs and prepares a test plan.
- Designs and builds test cases, test scripts, and test procedures, with expected results.
- Develops and collects representative and realistic test data.
- Conducts a range of different software testing types (including Unit Testing, Integration Testing, Functional and Non- Functional Testing, System Testing, Stress Testing, Performance Testing, Usability Testing, Acceptance Testing, Regression Testing and Exploratory Testing); interpreting and executing sets of moderately complex test scripts using agreed methods and standards.
- Accurately records the outcomes of test activities and maintains accurate test records and reports.
- Assesses test results against expected results and acceptance criteria and through traceability to requirements.
- Presents and communicates results effectively using appropriate communication styles and media.
- Operates the organisation’s software testing tools effectively and follows procedures and techniques correctly.
- Complies with relevant legislation and internal/external standards related to software testing and software security.
- Advises and supports others on testing processes and procedures.
- Completes allocated tasks in accordance with the organisation’s reporting and quality systems
- Operates within service level agreements
Typical Job Roles
Software Tester, Software Test Analyst
Entry Requirements
Individual employers will set the selection criteria, but this might include five GCSEs; A levels; a Level 3 Apprenticeship; other relevant qualifications and experience; or an aptitude test, with a focus on functional maths.
All applications will be reviewed on an individual basis. If you have experience or previous knowledge that will support your application please remember to include it.
Funding is available depending on your circumstances.
FREE if you are either: Aged 16-18
Aged 19+ Employed and earn less than £17,004.00
Aged 19+ Unemployed and in receipt of benefits and looking to gain employment. | https://achievementtraining.com/apprenticeships/software-tester-apprenticeship-standard-level-4/ |
Over the years I have seen a lot of patterns for Information integration testing process and these patterns will not be an exhaustive list of patterns a consultant will encounter over the course of a career.
However, the two most common patterns in the testing process are:
The Three Test Phase Pattern
In the three test phase pattern, normally, the environment and testing activities of SIT and SWIT are combined.
The Four Test Phase Pattern
In the four test phase pattern, normally, the environment and testing activities of SIT and SWIT are performed separately and, frequently, will have separate environments in the migration path.
Testing Phases
Unit Testing:
Testing of individual software components or modules. Typically done by the programmer and not by testers, as it requires detailed knowledge of the internal program design and code. may require developing test driver modules or test harnesses.
System Integration Testing (SIT):
Integration testing – Testing of integrated modules to verify combined functionality after integration. Modules are typically code modules, individual applications, client and server applications on a network, etc. This type of testing is especially relevant to client/server and distributed systems. Testing performed to expose defects in the interfaces and in the interactions between integrated components or systems. See also component integration testing, system integration testing.
Software Integration Test (SWIT)
Similar to system testing, involves testing of a complete application environment, including scheduling, in a situation that mimics real-world use, such as interacting with a database, using network communications, or interacting with other hardware, applications, or systems if appropriate.
User Acceptance Testing (UAT):
Normally, this type of testing is done to verify if the system meets the customer specified requirements. Users or customers do this testing to determine whether to accept the application. Formal testing with respect to user needs, requirements, and business processes conducted to determine whether or not a system satisfies the acceptance criteria and to enable the user, customers or other authorized entity to determine whether or not to accept the system. | https://lifeandwork.blog/2016/09/03/common-information-integration-testing-phases/ |
With the aim to achieve product quality and maintain customer satisfaction in the world of ever rising expectations, companies are conducting software testing that comprises many different types of testing. In this article we will review the difference between two types of testing: Unit Tests and Integration tests. We will review each testing type and compare between the two of them.
What is Unit Testing?
Unit Testing It is a type of software testing in which a small piece of code is tested to see if the code works as expected. The name is derived from the fact that tests are done on a unit by unit basis. The goal of Unit testing is to help reduce the cost of bug fixes, as this way, bugs or errors in the code level are identified early in the development lifecycle. The cost of fixing bugs rises exponentially as it progresses into the later stages of the Software Development Lifecycle, which makes unit testing a critical element and money saving for the company.
Traditionally, unit testing was not considered part of the QA team responsibility, as it is mostly performed at the development phase of an application or a product and is typically performed by the software developer.
However, with the transition into Agile and DevOps methodologies and dimentals of traditional teams, where now QA professionals' role is responsibility on the overall product quality, this is gradually changing. Using PractiTest’s FireCracker tool you can now integrate your Unit testing results automatically into PractiTest so you can integrate them as part of your overall testing coverage and reporting.
What is Integration Testing?
Integration testing, as its name implies, verifies that the interface between two software units or modules works correctly. It is a broader type of testing that covers connection between 2 or more moduled and can also in some cases, cover the whole application.
In the end-to-end process of software testing, Integration Testing will be performed after the Unit Testing and before System Testing.
It is a very common activity in large organizations, that are not Independent software vendors (ISVs) which means that their main business doesn’t involve software development, to perform integration testing, to ensure different off-the-shelf softwares can work seamlessly together, without harming each other’s functionality.
Unit Testing VS Integration Testing
Figure 3 – Unit Test VS Integration Test
To clarify the distinction between the two, let's look at the comparison table:
|Unit Testing||Integration Testing|
|It tests small modules or a piece of code of an application or a product||Two or more units of a program are combined and tested as a group|
|It's a quick write-and-run test||It is slower to run|
|Typically performed by a software developer||It is traditionally carried out by a separate team of testers|
|It can be performed at any time||It is usually carried out after Unit Testing but before the overall system testing|
|It has very low maintenance||It has very high maintenance|
|It is very limited in scope, as it only covers a piece of code||It has wider scope as it covers broader part of the application or the product|
|It focus on one single module||It pays attention to integration among two or more modules|
|Finding errors is relatively easy||Finding errors is more difficult|
|Test executor knows the internal design of the software||Testers don't know the internal design of the software|
|It is white box testing||It is a black box testing|
Key Differences
- Integration Testing will help to verify the connection between two or more modules while Unit Testing is a testing method by which individual units of code are tested.
- Issues found in Unit Testing can be instantly fixed but issues found in Integration Testing take a longer time and the cost to fix is higher, as it becomes difficult to find where exactly a bug has arisen.
- Unit Testing is a kind of white box testing, whereas Integration Testing is a kind of black-box testing.
- For Unit Testing, accessibility of code is required, as it tests the written code, while for Integration Testing, access to code is not required, since it tests the interactions and interfaces between modules.
Key Similarities
- Both the Unit Test and Integration Test are very important and useful. Neither of these two tests can be considered more important than the other.
- They should be performed rigorously, on time and should always be an integral part of the development process. It is always important to remember that both tests are correlated.
Summary
Both Unit testing and integration testing are essential elements when conducting software testing. Combining both types, and more specifically orchestrating the results of both testing types using a test management platform like PractiTest can help increase the overall testing visibility, which will enable the release of better quality products. | https://www.practitest.com/qa-learningcenter/resources/unit-test-vs-integration-test/ |
A quality assurance process contains many activities such as learning, designing, and testing that are performed to validate that the customer will receive the application with the highest quality as possible.
During these activities, the testing teams will test the application with different test techniques, methodologies, and tools that will allow them to increase the chances to find the maximum defects as possible to ensure that the client can use the software as expected and based on the preliminary requirements and specifications.
Now, finding defects in any application is probably the main task for any tester, due to the importance of this task, the tester must cover two main aspects:
The Positive side
Test the application against the preliminary requirements and specifications, this tests will determine if the application performs as expected.
The Negative side
While the positive side of testing is crucial and important, the negative side is sometimes even more important, during this tests, we will validate that the application can handle failures or any abnormal situations that can cause unnecessary risks or affect the requirements and specifications.
Covering these two aspects is mandatory for the success of any testing process, a good tester will always aim to combine both positive and Negative test scenarios to make sure that the user can use the software without any risk.
So what is “Negative” testing anyway?
Negative testing is a testing process where the tester will use an invalid data as an input to the application functionalities. During this tests, the tester will validate whether the application can handle this type of inputs and if the application behaves as expected and defined in the preliminary requirements and specifications.
Goals of Negative testing
It is very important to understand the real purpose of negative testing, and why you must combine them in any testing process, this list will allow you to understand what negative testing is all about:
- Validate that the application will not do anything that it is not supposed to do.
- Validate how the software will recover from failures that caused by invalid data.
- To determine under which scenarios the application can crash.
- Identification of the weaknesses points of the application.
- Validate that the application can abnormal situations where the user uses an invalid input (Notifications, Response time, Errors, Logs….).
- Validate that the different aspects that are not documented in the positive requirements and specifications.
Negative testing process
Knowledge Gathering
The tester will gather all information that is needed to design the negative test cases, during this activity, the tester should read the application documentation, review the application design and gather all information that he can use prior to design the test cases.
Test Design
Based on the information gathered in the first activity, the tester has the relevant information that he can now use to design the negative test scenarios including the testing data that he will use throughout the test process.
Test Execution
The tester will run the tests and report any incident that was found during this process.
Examine the Test Results
Once all tests are done, the test results are reviewed and analyzed to determine if further tests are needed.
Advantages of Negative testing
- Negative testing will allow you to increase the confidence in the product, the quality of the application is always determined by both positive and negatives scenarios.
- Using negative testing, we can show that the application does not work.
- Negative testing will demand more creativity and thinking from the testers to think about test cases that are not specified in the basic requirements and specification.
- Once a negative scenario that caused the application to fail is fixed, we will remove one more risk that will increase the stabilization of the software.
- Negative testing will allow us to understand the limitations of the application.
- We can use Negative testing in all layers of testing (Unit, component, integration, system and End-to-End).
- Negative tests are used to cover many aspects that are not covered in the process of positive testing.
- Negative testing will allow us to gracefully handle errors and notifications that may pop-up to the user.
When to stop Negative Testing?
There is no “End” date to stop negative testing, similar to any other testing process, you will stop testing only when the risks are removed and there are no remaining issues that can affect the user experience and the stability of the application.
Another testing stopper that is well known is the project deadlines, although you may have thousands of test cases you will never succeed to run them all due to the time limitations and the release commitments, therefore you will need to prioritize your tests in order to find the most important issues in the specifically available time frame.
Why you cannot ignore Negative testing?
If you read all paragraphs above, you probably understand that you cannot perform a test process that does not include both “Positive” and “Negative” testing, to enhance the importance of the negative side lets review few more examples:
- Negative testing will allow you to find problems that are unique for specific integration.
- Positive testing will not allow you to understand how external artifacts can affect the application functionality (Low Disk Space, Low Memory, Low Bandwidth, Service crushes etc.)
- As many exceptions that are found and remove, the better quality you achieve.
- Negative testing will allow us to improve the notifications in case of failures.
- If you fail to find a software exception, the system will be released as if no problem has been found, this can lead to a major issue on all system levels.
- Using negative testing, we will enforce the application guidelines and demands, these enforcements will prevent unnecessary and unexpected scenarios that may raise will the customer interacts with the application.
- Negative testing will allow you to stop the application execution in case of a failure until the problem is fixed.
- If you run only “Positive” scenarios, you will fail to understand what are the application Upper and lower limits.
- A small problem that we fail to find during the testing cycles can (and probably will) be accelerate and become a major issue. | http://www.machtested.com/2017/01/ |
The Most Popular Unit Testing Frameworks To Automate Unit Tests
Unit testing is a fundamental and considerable practice in the software testing process. It’s concerned with testing individual units of source code. Many facts of Unit Testing are popular to software professionals, but sometimes we have to brush up on our knowledge for being updated.
This post will discuss the most popular unit testing frameworks deployed by developers.
Table of contents:
- Unit test definition
- What do unit tests look like
- Types of unit testing
- How to do automation testing?
- How does unit testing work?
- Types of software test
- Unit testing framework for C#
- Unit tests frameworks for Java
- Unit testing tools for C or test frameworks for C++
- Unit testing myth
- Unit testing tutorial: What are the best unit testing practices?
- Benefits of unit testing
- Limitations of unit testing
- Unit tested conclusion
Unit Test Definition
Unit testing is a way of testing the smallest piece of code known as a unit that can be isolated in a system logically. A unit is the smallest testable part of a software application. It mainly has one or several inputs and produces a single output. A unit is an individual program in procedural programming, while object-oriented programming languages include abstract class, Base/ Superclass, and Child/Derived class. Current versions of unit testing can be found in frameworks such as JUnit or software testing tools such as TestComplete. If you look a little further, you will find SUnit, the mother of all unit testing frameworks developed by Kent Beck, and a reference in chapter 5 of the Art of Software Testing.
What does a Unit Test look like?
A unit can be almost anything you want, a method, a line of code, or a class. Generally though, the smaller, the better. Unit tests are automated tests written and run by software developers to ensure that a section of software meets its design and behaves as desired. Typically in procedural programming, a unit could be an entire module; however, it’s more commonly an individual procedure or function. A unit is usually a whole interface in object-oriented programming, like a class or an individual method.
Types of Unit Testing
To do unit testing, developers write a section of code to test a specific function in a software application. Developers can also isolate this function to test more rigorously, revealing unnecessary dependencies between the function being tested and other units to eliminate the dependencies. Typically, developers use the Unit Test framework to develop automated test cases for unit testing.
There are two types of unit testing:
- Manual testing
- Automated testing
Generally, unit testing is commonly automated; however, you can still perform it manually. Software engineering doesn’t favor one over the other, but automation is preferred. A manual approach to unit testing might employ a step-by-step instructional document.
How to do Automation Testing?
Under the automated testing approach, a developer writes a section of code in the application to test the function. They can later comment and get rid of the test code when the application is used. A developer could also isolate the function to test it more rigorously. This is a more thorough unit testing environment than the natural environment. Separating the code assists in revealing unnecessary dependencies between the code being tested and other data spaces and units in the product. These dependencies can then be eliminated.
Generally, a coder uses a UnitTest Framework to develop automated test cases. Utilizing an automation framework, the developer codes criteria into the test to verify the correctness of the code. During the execution of test cases, the framework logs failing test cases. Based on the severity of a failure, the framework might halt subsequent testing.
Typically the workflow (lifecycle) of unit testing is:
- Create test cases
- Review/rework
- Baseline
- Execute test cases
How does Unit Testing work?
To test units, mocks are required. Are mocks needed to do testing on functions? Yes, without developing mocks, functions cannot be unit tested. Testing works based on mock objects. Generally, mock objects work to fill in for missing parts of a program. For instance, there might be a function that variables or objects that are not created yet. To test a function, mock objects are created. In such situations, mock objects fill missing parts. Unit testing methods include:
Black-box testing
Black box testing is a type of testing; a tester is not aware of the internal functionality of a system. That means the internal structure of the function to be tested is unknown.
White-box testing
White box testing is referred to as glass box testing or transparent testing. In this kind of unit testing, the tester is aware of internal functionality. The internal structure of a function or item to be tested is unknown.
Gray-box testing
It is known as semi-transparent testing. This software testing method combines Black and White Box testing. It is the kind of testing in which the tester is aware of the internal functionality of a unit or unit but not at a more profound level, such as white box testing. In this, the user is partially aware of the internal functionality of a system. The different types of testing covered under a Gray box testing include:
- Regression testing
- Orthogonal pattern testing
- Pattern testing
- Matrix testing
Some of the coverage techniques used in unit testing are listed here:
- Finite State Machine Coverage
- Condition test Coverage
- Branch Coverage testing technique
- Decision Coverage
- Statement Coverage
Types of Software Test
Different software tests such as acceptance testing and system testing are suitable for various scenarios, and which to utilize will depend on the application being tested and your development methods. We have picked out the most popular methodologies, which can be used singly or more often in combination. When selecting which tests to automate, it is sensible to prioritize tests that will run several times during the project. Automating the most basic tests will free up the team to manage more advanced stuff.
Integration Tests
Integration tests manage multiple components at once to see how the application works as a whole or how it performs with hardware. For instance, it could check if an eCommerce app sends a confirmation email when a customer purchases. Integration testing focuses mainly on the interfaces and information flow between the modules instead of unit functions that have already been tested.
Unit Tests
Unit tests engage testing individual components of an application to make sure that each one performs as expected. Usually designed by the same programmers who wrote the code for the unit, they are one of the simplest QA tests to automate. Unit testing makes bug-spotting simpler since it is specific enough to pinpoint a problem. Debugging is easy, too, since only the latest changes need to be fixed when a test fails. Defects are often fixed as soon as they are found.
Smoke Testing
Smoke tests are further assessments used by testers to check if the software’s main functions work correctly. It is also called build verification testing since it checks the stability of the software build. Typically, developers can fix any problems before proceeding with the following testing stage.
Regression Testing
Regression tests are deployed to confirm that a recent change to the code or program has not adversely affected the application’s existing features. It means re-running non-functional and functional tests as a final check before releasing the product.
Performance Testing
Performance tests are a series of non-functional tests deployed for checking the software’s stability, reliability, and speed under a particular workload- like the number of people using the application at any one time. The aim is to make sure the software satisfies performance requirements and identify and fix performance-related issues.
End-to-end Tests
This is a more comprehensive unit testing approach, which checks the entire software project from the start to the end and ensures that all the integrated pieces run as desired. It aims to recreate real user scenarios and concentrates on aspects of the system that cannot be reliably assessed with smaller tests.
Functional Testing
Functional tests check that the application can perform a set of functions, as determined by the requirement documentation. Automated tools and manual testers provide suitable input and ensure desired output. Functional testing utilizes black-box testing techniques in which the tester does not know the underlying code.
Security Testing
Security testing is a kind of software testing that uncovers threats, vulnerabilities, risks in software applications and prevents malicious attacks from intruders. Security tests aim to identify all possible weaknesses and loopholes of the software system, resulting in a loss of revenue, information, or a bad reputation of the organizations.
Data Integrity Testing
Data integrity testing is when data is verified in a database if it is accurate and functions as per the requirements. Also, it is utilized to validate if the information is modified, corrupted unexpectedly while accessing the database. Tests are done regularly to make sure stored data is unchanged and to search for new bugs which could alter the files present in the database.
Unit Testing Framework for C#
One of the top C# unit testing frameworks is Nunit.
NUnit
NUnit is a unit testing framework tool that belongs to the xUnit family and is written entirely in C#. Various unit testing frameworks that derive their functionality and design from Smalltalk’s SUnit are collectively named xUnit. It offers support for all .NET languages, and it serves the same purpose as JUnit does for Java. NUnit is an open source software that was initially ported from JUnit. The modern production release is version 3 and has been completely rewritten to provide many new features.
Unit tests frameworks for Java/ Automated Tested Java Tools
The majority of Java developers are well-informed in writing unit tests. These tests are automatically run during build time with continuous integration tools such as Team City or Jenkins. As the importance of automation testing is increasing, unit testing frameworks like JUnit are gaining traction.
TestNG
TestNG is an open-source automation testing framework mainly designed for the Java programming language. TestNG is similar to NUnit and JUnit but provides new functionality to make it powerful and simpler. TestNG supports concurrent testing and provides annotation support as well. Typically TestNG has a powerful execution model with flexible test configuration capabilities.
JUnit
JUnit is an open-source unit testing framework tool for a test-driven development environment. JUnit supports the core concept of first testing then coding. This framework is mainly developed for the Java programming language. In this, information is first tested and then inserted in the piece of code. It offers the most straightforward approach for writing code faster and efficiently. It also provides annotation for test method identification.
Unit Testing Tools for C or C++
The unit testing framework for C or C++ popular amongst developers is Embunit.
Embunit
This is an open source unit testing framework developed for software written in C++, or C. Embunit is developed as a unit testing tool for testers and developers for software applications written in C++ or C. In Embunit, there’s no need to write any code; instead, tests are specified as a list of actions. The corresponding source code for the unit tests is generated automatically.
HtmlUnit
More automation testing tools:
- PHPUnit: This is a unit testing tool for PHP programmers. It takes small portions of code called units and tests each of them separately. The tool also enables developers to use pre-defined assertion methods to assert that a system behaves in a particular manner.
- EMMA: This is an open-source toolkit for reporting and analyzing code written in Java language. EMMA supports coverage types such as basic, line, and method block. It’s Java-based, so it is without external library dependencies and can access the source code.
- JMockit: This is an open source Unit testing tool. It’s a code coverage tool with path and line metrics. It enables mocking API tests with verification and recording syntax. This tool provides path coverage, line coverage, and data coverage.
- Selenium automation testing tool: Another interesting tool is Selenium. Selenium is one of the popular browser automation tools. With the selenium automation testing tool, you can automate interactions with a web browser. In practice, most people use Selenium to automate interactions with their web applications, effectively creating automated tests for their web UIs. Selenium automation testing tool- without the aid of Selenium IDE- is not a standalone tool. Selenium tests are more like an API, against which you can program- using your favorite platform or language- to develop the browser automation you need.
- JTest: Jtest includes metrics analytics, static analysis, and run-time error detection. It also performs load testing, end-to-end functional and regression testing for a complex application. It assists in capturing actual code behavior and generates Junit tests for coverage analysis.
Unit Testing Myth
The truth is unit testing increases the speed of development. Programmers think integration testing will catch all mistakes and don’t execute the unit test. After units are integrated, very simple errors that could have easily been found and fixed in unit testing take a very long time to be fixed and traced.
Unit Testing Tutorial: What are the best unit testing practices?
Here is a list of unit tests best practices:
- Test only one code at a time
- Unit test cases should be independent. Unit test cases should not be impacted in case of any enhancements or modifications in requirements.
- Bugs identified during unit testing should be fixed before proceeding to the next phase in SDLC.
- Ensure use of AAA for readability: AAA means Arrange, Act, and Assert. This trend helps separate what is being tested from the arrange and assert steps, therefore reducing the inter-mix of the assertions with the assistance of the Act. Thus, the test cases are more readable.
- Adopt a test as your code approaches. The more code you write without unit testing, the more paths you must check for mistakes.
- In case of a change in a code in any module, make sure you have a corresponding unit Test Case for that module and that the module passes the tests before transforming the implementation.
- Follow consistent and clear naming conventions for your unit tests.
Benefits of Unit Testing
|Unit testing fixes bugs early in the development stage only||This saves a lot of cost, effort, and time. Imagine if there were no unit tests performed, the code would go to and from the quality assurance team for very simple problems.|
|It makes it simple to modify and maintain code.||TDD is not new; however, at this point, it is still mainly for the go-getters. Typically, the rest of us are checking our work. Writing unit tests once you have completed writing the production code might be a more traditional way of doing it; however, it is no less beneficial. After you have made any changes to the code, rerun the tests, and all the defects are caught with no hassles.
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Tests that can be efficiently run with every build of your product serve as change detection notifying you when code modifications in unexpected ways.
|Good unit tests serve the purpose of detailed documentation.||When a developer writes unit test cases, s/he is inadvertently writing the anticipated functionality of the code. This is simply nothing; however, the documentation explains the code’s working.|
|It also enforces modularity.||Unit testing is run on individual components, which indicates that the code needs to be granular as possible. This ensures that the code is aptly categorized into modules.|
Limitations of Unit Testing
Testing will not catch every mistake in the program since it cannot assess every execution path in any but the most trivial programs. This challenge is a superset of the halting problem, which is undecidable. The same is true for unit tests.
Besides, by definition, unit testing only tests the functionality of the units themselves. Thus, it will not get integration errors or broader system-level errors. Unit testing should be done together with other software testing activities since they can only show particular mistakes and offer a complete absence.
An elaborate hierarchy of unit tests doesn’t equal integration testing. Generally, integration with peripheral units should be included in integration tests but not in unit testing. Typically, integration testing still depends heavily on humans testing manually; global-scope or high-level testing can be hard to automate like manual testing often appears.
Integration testing generally still depends heavily on humans testing manually; global-scope or high-level testing can be hard to automate like that manual testing usually appears cheaper and faster.
Software testing is a combinatorial issue. For instance, every Boolean decision statement requires at least two tests- one with an outcome of false and one with an outcome of true. Thus, for every line of code written, programmers usually need three to five lines of test codes. This takes time, and its investment might not be worth the effort. Some issues can’t easily be tested at all, for instance, nondeterministic or engaging multiple threads. Additionally, code for a unit test is as likely to be buggy as the code it is testing.
Another problem related to writing the unit tests is the difficulty of setting up realistic and beneficial tests. It is vital to create relevant initial conditions so the part of the software being tested acts like part of the complete system. If these initial conditions are set incorrectly, the test will not be exercising the code in a realistic context, which reduces the value and accuracy of unit test results.
To acquire the desired benefits from unit testing, rigorous discipline is required throughout the software development process. It is vital to keep careful records of the tests that have been conducted and all modifications that have been made to the source code of this or any other unit in the application. The use of a version control system is vital. If a later model of the unit fails a specific test that had previously passed, the version-control application can provide a list of the source code changes applied to the unit since that time.
It is also vital to implement a sustainable process to ensure that test case failures are assessed often and addressed immediately. If such a process is not ingrained and implemented into the team’s workflow, the software will advance out of sync with the unit test suite, increasing false positives and lowering the effectiveness of the test suites.
Generally, unit testing embedded system software presents a unique problem. Since the application is being developed on a different platform than the one it will eventually run on, you can’t readily run a test program in the actual deployment environment since it is possible with desktop programs.
Unit tests tend to be simplest when a method has input parameters and some output. It is not simple to create unit tests when a significant function of the method is to interact with something external to the software. For instance, a method that will work with a database might need a mock-up of database interactions to be developed, which possibly will not be as comprehensive as the actual database interactions.
Unit Tested Conclusion
A unit test is defined as a software testing approach where individual components or software units are tested. As you can see, there is a lot involved in testing a unit. It can be hard or rather simple based on the application code being tested and the testing tools, strategies, and philosophies used. Unit testing is always vital on some level. That is a certainty. Note that the type of software your company creates is critical to help you choose which types of software testing- and software application tools, by consequences- are the best match for it.
For example, if you develop software that does not have a graphical user interface (GUI), you do not need to worry about graphical user interface testing and the tools that allow it. There are types of software that have no UI or graphical interface. If that is the type of software you create, you do not need UI testing.
On the other hand, if web development is your thing, you would better do end-to-end, front-end testing and GUI testing at a bare minimum.
There are also many types of automated unit testing approaches that are universal to that. The use of tools divides unit testing into several parts like PHP, Python Java Unit testing and C++ but the main purpose is to make unit testing automated more accurate and rapid. | https://www.flashmobcomputing.org/what-can-be-used-for-unit-testing/ |
When an employee steals or misappropriates money, or when an employee steals property from their employer, both acts are referred to as embezzlement. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, embezzlement is considered a white-collar crime.
When an employee is entrusted with property or budget, but they use the property or funds in an unauthorized or intended manner, the act is referred to as employer embezzlement. When an employer commits employer embezzlement, the embezzler benefits.
Examples Of Employer Embezzlement
There are many ways an employee can embezzle their employer’s money. Some common methods include:
- Padding expense accounts
- Elevating the charge for a product and keeping the difference for themselves
- Lifting office supplies or inventory
- Accepting kickbacks or bribes
- Transferring funds into their personal accounts from a customer’s account
- Taking checks from vendors and depositing them into their own accounts
- Falsifying time records
- Taking cash from the cash register
- “Cooking the books” to cloak stolen money or losses
- Tampering with payroll by adding a non-existent employee
Employer Embezzlement by Mishandling Entrusted Property
Another way a person can embezzle funds is by mishandling property that was entrusted to them. For example, the embezzler can:
- Alter account books to conceal funds misappropriation
- Spend someone’s Social Security check
- Borrow money from a civic organization’s bank account
- Implement a Ponzi scheme
- Pay operating expenses out of a client’s lawsuit
- Establish a kiting scheme
Proving Embezzlement
To establish that embezzlement has occurred, the prosecutor needs to prove that the suspected embezzler either:
- Managed the property or money as a function of their employment; or
- Was in a position of authority to substantially control the property or money
In the latter case, an employer reviews the suspected embezzler’s job description and title. The courts will also review how the employer conducted certain aspects of their business to account for ways in which the embezzlement might have transpired.
A person who attempts embezzlement may also face criminal charges, regardless if they succeeded in their attempt.
Potential For Tax Evasion Charges
When an individual embezzles employer property or funds, they must report the amount they embezzled to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) via their annual income taxes. The employee can choose to pay restitution or return the embezzled amounts, and, in so doing, receive a tax deduction.
If the employer catches the embezzlement and the IRS discovers they did not pay taxes on the embezzled funds as gross income, the employee may face tax evasion charges.
To prove tax evasion, the prosecutor will need to show each of the following beyond a reasonable doubt:
- The individual did not pay a specific tax liability.
- The defendant tried to evade a tax.
- The defendant knew they owed a tax and specifically tried to evade it (intent).
Tax evasion charges can lead to monetary penalties, as well as imprisonment.
Embezzlement in Pennsylvania Law
The state of Pennsylvania does not specifically address embezzlement. The state’s basic theft statutes cover embezzlement as a criminal act under various aspects. The state’s laws address theft via deception and extortion.
Theft by Deception
“Theft by deception” (PA Title 18, §3922) is a common form of embezzlement. In this legal context, Pennsylvania defines deception as:
- Creating or reinforcing a false impression (including misleading value, law, or intention)
- Blocking another party from obtaining information that would influence their decisions or judgment about a transaction
- A false impression that the defendant created that is affecting a person connected to a fiduciary or confidential relationship
A person cannot be deceptive if:
- Their falsification of information does not lead to “pecuniary significance.”
- Their attempts to mislead are not likely to trick “ordinary persons.”
Penalties For Theft by Deception
The value of the embezzled property determines the seriousness of the crime, as well as the penalty.
Failure to Make Required Disposition
Employer embezzlement falls under “failure to make required disposition” (PA Title 18, §3927) of funds or property statute. This statute covers a wide area of embezzlement offenses. This statute focuses on embezzlement that occurs when a person has access to a property via an agreement or fiduciary responsibility to the owner, but intentionally handles the property as if it belongs to them.
After receiving said property, the individual fails to manage it per the guidelines of their agreement with the owner or their fiduciary role. When an employee uses funds to the point where the owner’s property is indistinguishable from the employee’s property, this is also a crime. Pennsylvania’s embezzlement statute addresses this offense.
Employee Embezzlement Within the Federal Government
Although embezzlement typically falls under the realm of state law, an employee who takes money from the federal government will receive prosecution by the federal government. A conviction could serve up such penalties and punishments as fines, victim restitution, and time behind bars.
Defenses To A Charge Of Embezzlement
Embezzlement has one basic defense: The embezzlement was a mistake, or it took place due to the result of some unintentional behavior. If you receive an embezzlement charge, a criminal defense lawyer can try to construct this defense for your case.
Call McKenzie Law Firm, P.C. to schedule a legal consultation at (610) 680-7842. | https://www.davidmckenzielawfirm.com/embezzlement/what-is-considered-embezzlement/ |
Embezzlement is a kind of property theft. It occurs when a defendant, who was entrusted to manage or monitor someone else’s money or property, steals all or part of that money or property for the defendant’s personal gain. The key is that the defendant had legal access to another’s money or property, but not legal ownership of it. Taking the money or property for the defendant’s own gain is stealing; when combined with the fact that this stealing was also a violation of a special position of trust, you have the unique crime of embezzlement.
To secure a conviction for the felony offense of embezzlement in Virginia, the government must prove that: (1) the defendant wrongfully and fraudulently converted, used, concealed or disposed of the property of another with the intent to permanently deprive the rightful owner of the use thereof, (2) the property had been entrusted by someone else to the defendant by virtue of the defendant’s employment, office or position, and (3) the value of the property was $200 or more.
If the value of the property is less than $200, the defendant can be convicted of embezzlement as a misdemeanor.
There is no embezzlement when property is taken under a bona fide claim of right; that is, when the person appropriating the property has a good faith belief as to some right to the property.
We also understand how embarrassed our clients can feel when accused of misuse of another person’s personal property or money. With that understanding we provide comprehensive representation to our clients, looking into possible defenses to an embezzlement charge and work to limit the impact the charge has on their lives.
Depending on the circumstances surrounding an embezzlement allegation we may be able to prove a number of things to defeat the charge.
Maybe you didn't intend to steal the item or money.
Maybe you thought you were given the item and were allowed to do with it what you pleased.
At Law Office of Mark B. Gore, we understand that an allegation of embezzlement may have a negative impact on your life. We know that if the situation involved company property or funds that a mere allegation may prevent you from obtaining employment in the future. We are committed to exploring all possible defenses and working with you to ensure your name and record remains clear.
In addition to the personal consequences associated with an embezzlement allegation, an embezzlement conviction can have very serious consequences. You may be forced to pay restitution to the victim, pay criminal court fees and may face time in custody. None of these possibilities should be taken lightly.
As you can see, embezzlement cases involve a complicated set of case specific facts and very serious personal and criminal consequences. Each case needs a personalized evaluation to determine the appropriate way to move forward with a defense.
We encourage you to get the legal representation you need to protect your personal life and career. At The Law Office of Mark B. Gore we offer free initial consultations to our clients facing investigations and charges for embezzlement in Northern Virginia and Washington, DC. We are happy to discuss the details of the situation you find yourself in and help you take the steps you need to preserve your name and freedom. Please call us at (703) 385-7300 or email us to set up an appointment. | http://www.markgorelaw.com/embezzlement/ |
On behalf of Hymel Davis & Petersen – Attorneys and Counselors at Law posted in Federal Crimes on Thursday, February 7, 2013.
The audit reports released by the office of the Louisiana Legislative Auditor have revealed that several charter schools in New Orleans are facing problems with embezzlement of funds by employees. The audit reports have disclosed federal crimes involving an employee of Lusher, who allegedly embezzled funds amounting to $25,000. She potentially violated two ethics codes and Lagniappe Academies failed to conduct criminal background checks on some of the employees.
The auditors assigned a "D" grade to Lusher, which indicates fraud and abuse within the school. The remaining two schools have been given a "C" grade, which indicates compliance issues. In other words, adequate measures were not adapted to capture the errors or the abuse. A D grade also includes control and compliance issues. The audit reports cover the fiscal year, which ended on June 30, 2012.
The auditors claim that a high-ranking employee in the business office of Lusher, embezzled funds amounting to $25,000 by forging checks made out to her. The embezzlement was discovered through internal checks and the employee returned the money after which the school increased the safety threshold.
Embezzlement of funds is a federal crime, which is punishable by either fine or imprisonment. Under Louisiana State law, embezzlement is a type of theft. The penalty for embezzlement can include a fine of $3,000 and 10 years in prison.
The audit revealed a violation of state ethics laws relating to a contract with a vendor that had not been approved by the board and employment of siblings as co-principals. Violation of ethics in the state of Louisiana can result in suspension, reduction in pay or fine. The audit reports for Miller-McCoy will be submitted to the Louisiana Board of Ethics, which will decide if further investigation needs to be conducted. | https://www.hymeldavis.com/blog/2013/02/school-audit-reveals-embezzlement-of-funds-by-employees.shtml |
Embezzlement is a serious crime in North Carolina and is always charged as a felony offense. People from all walks of life and a variety of jobs can be charged with this crime. If you have been arrested for embezzlement or are a suspect in a criminal investigation, you need to retain an experienced criminal defense attorney as soon as possible to mount a strong defense to help you avoid the harsh punishments you face if convicted.
What Is the Crime of Embezzlement?
Embezzlement is a white collar theft crime. It is the taking of property, money, or other funds that are received due to the individual’s office or job, where the individual fraudulently and knowingly converts them for his own use. Basically, this crime occurs when someone is entrusted to manage money or other property and then steals it. While the offense is often committed in a corporate setting, this is not always the case.
Embezzlement can occur in one incident, but frequently happens over a longer time period with smaller sums of money or property being taken. Examples of embezzlement include:
- Stealing money from a till or cash register
- Writing false checks from a business or organization to the person who is embezzling the funds
- Creating false invoices or bills or overcharging customers and taking the excess money
- Using company resources for personal gain
- Issuing paychecks to falsified employees
- Stealing a company asset, such as a laptop
Elements of the Crime of Embezzlement
The major difference between embezzlement and larceny is that the accused person is entrusted with the money or property due to their position when arrested for embezzlement. The elements of the crime that must be proven are:
- The accused was in a fiduciary relationship with the victim.
- The accused obtained the money or property through his fiduciary relationship.
- The accused’s actions were intentional.
- The accused took ownership of the property or gave it to someone else.
A fiduciary relationship does not have to be formally established to exist. Individuals who can be considered in a fiduciary relationship include:
- Corporate officer or employee
- Accountant
- Financial advisor
- Insurance adjuster
- Officer in a charitable organization
- Public or governmental official
- Family member entrusted with the care of a family member or executor of his estate or trust
Penalties You Face If Convicted of Embezzlement
The classification of the felony that is charged in embezzlement cases depends on the position of the accused to the victim and the amount stolen. Here is how this crime is charged:
- Employees, officers, clerks, or agents of a corporation. If the amount stolen is over $100,000, embezzlement is charged as a Class C felony. If the value is less than $100,000, the charge would be a Class H felony.
- Treasurer of a charitable organization. Treasurers of charitable organizations will be charged with a Class C felony if the value of what was embezzled was $100,000 or more and a Class H felony if the value is under $100,000.
- Public employees and governmental officials. If more than $100,000 is embezzled, the crime would be a Class C felony. The charge would be a Class F felony if the amount embezzled is less than $100,000.
North Carolina uses a complicated sentencing system that is based in part on your prior criminal record. If convicted of embezzlement, you could be sentenced as follows:
- Class H felony. You could be sentenced to a five- to six-month jail sentence.
- Class F felony. You could be sentenced to prison for 13 to 16 months.
- Class C felony. Your sentence could include 58 to 73 months in prison.
- Restitution. In addition to a prison or jail sentence, you may also be ordered to pay restitution to the victim either in a lump sum or in installment payments. If you are ordered to pay restitution over time, you may remain on probation until you pay all that is owed.
Contact a Charlotte Criminal Defense Attorney for Assistance Today
At Browning & Long, PLLC, our skilled and trusted criminal defense lawyers understand the harsh penalties and long-term consequences you face if arrested for embezzlement in Charlotte. We can develop a strong defense strategy so that you achieve the best possible outcome given your situation. To learn more about your options and how we can help, contact our Charlotte office to schedule your free consultation today.
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Related Links: | https://www.browninglonglaw.com/library/embezzlement-is-a-felony-crime-in-north-carolina.cfm |
The former mayor of Posen has been charged with embezzling village funds during his final two full years in office, according to a federal indictment.
Donald Schupek, who served three terms as mayor of the small south suburban community before losing a re-election bid in 2017, was indicted Jan. 17 on charges he stole money from the village’s checking account.
He is not the only Posen mayor in the last 20 years to face federal charges for allegedly stealing from village coffers. He joins former Mayor James Adamek Jr., who was sentenced to 15 months in prison in 1998 for stealing more than $180,000 from the village during his six-year tenure.
According to a sparse five-page grand jury indictment released last week, Schupek “knowingly embezzled, stole, and without authority converted to the use of a person other than the rightful owner…the proceeds of checks drawn on the Posen Account” in 2015 and 2016.
The indictment does not specify how much Schupek allegedly embezzled, what the funds were used for or how the alleged theft came to the attention of federal investigators.
It does, however, state that Schupek must forfeit all proceeds obtained from the alleged embezzlement, including approximately $27,000.
Neither Schupek nor his attorney could be reached for comment.
Frank Podbielniak, Posen’s current mayor, said had no information about his predecessor’s alleged embezzlement until he took office in May 2017. Within weeks of being sworn in, however, Podbielniak said he became aware of the apparent theft and contacted the FBI.
He released a statement Thursday saying his administration had cooperated fully with federal law enforcement officials and called Schupek’s alleged actions “unacceptable.”
“The residents of the Village of Posen are a diverse group of people who take pride in their reputation of being hard working men and women of honor and integrity and we here in Posen will not let the abhorrent acts by one former defeated official harm the wonderful reputation we have rightfully earned,” Podbielniak said, adding that the village looked forward to the return of any funds found to have been embezzled by Schupek.
The former mayor’s arraignment is scheduled for Feb. 5. | https://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/daily-southtown/ct-sta-former-posen-mayor-indicted-st-0125-story.html |
Embezzlement: What Happens to Stolen or Embezzled Property?
Embezzlement as defined by the Nevada Revised Statutes (NRS) is a type of theft crime where the thief steals money or properties of the company for their own good. Common examples are taking money from the cash registrar and keeping goods to be taken home later. There also are other unfamiliar acts of embezzlement like not paying for the car you rented.
Punishment for embezzlement in Nevada depends on the value of the property stolen. If it is less than $650, penalties of misdemeanor will be imposed. However, if it is more than $650 but not above $3,500, it is a category C felony with penalties such as one to five years of prison time and a fine that is at least $10,000. A category B felony is something you will have to face if what you embezzled costs more than $3,500 in value. This category has penalties involving up to 10 years in prison and a $10,000 fine.
Once a suspect is charged with penalties, it might sound all good and settled. But there remains a question—what happens to the stolen or embezzled money or property? Is it returned to the victims? Or are they converted to another form e.g. restitution? On this post, we will be talking about what happens to stolen or embezzled property and how you can get them back under your possession.
What happens when someone is caught embezzling?
Now, let us have this scenario: You are a store owner and you are noticing that money is missing from cash registrar or that your inventory is running short because items are suddenly vanishing. To investigate, you installed surveillance cameras all around the stores or right at the cash registrar. You have found the culprit of embezzlement: your store’s very own cashier. You report it to the police and an arrest ensued. This is the usual procedure followed by the suspect being apprehended and then put under trial. If the money or the property is right at the hand of the suspect or stored somewhere, the police would have to recover it for evidence.
So to be clear, you do not get the money or property back, at least for a while. This is because it will be used to prove the defendant guilty of embezzlement. But this should not be for too long as according to NRS Chapter 179, particularly in the section titled Disposal of Property Stolen or Embezzled, the embezzled property will be given back to the owner through the order of a magistrate upon the conviction of the suspect.
How do you get the embezzled money or properties back?
With the information mentioned in the last paragraph, we can say that you really do not have to do anything to get your embezzled money or property back (aside from certain undemanding actions) as it will be given back automatically, granted that they are recovered in proper conditions. According to NRS 179.125, a peace officer will have custody of your embezzled money or property once they were retrieved. Additionally in NRS 179.135, a magistrate will order the delivery of what is rightfully yours. Know that you will have to pay some necessary fees to secure the possession of the embezzled money or property.
This section also states that owners should be notified once the embezzled money or property is finally discovered by the police. NRS 179.165 instructs that “notice must be provided by law enforcement agency to owner, pawnbroker and other interested persons” through mail and in the following moments of the case:
- Conviction of the defendant
- When there are no plans to prosecute
- The case is terminated
Failure to claim the embezzled money or property within six months will mean the turnover to the county treasurer or sheriff of the metropolitan police where they will be put up for auction, be given to charity, or ultimately be destroyed if they are deemed illegal or harmful.
In Las Vegas, there are estimated 1 million unclaimed items in the evidence vault. Most of these items extracted from burglars or embezzlers who ran away from the places they’ve worked and stolen from.
If you are running a business, you should be aware that embezzlement can happen and you might be the next person going to the Evidence Vault of Las Vegas looking for your stolen or embezzled item.
Alternatively, you could be the accused. There might come a time where you slid a unintentionally dollar inside your clothes and before you realize it, you have committed embezzlement. If this is so, you will need the help of a Las Vegas criminal defense attorney to represent you as the money or property you have embezzled could mean a blow to your own finances. You will have to restitute what the victims had lost and it will all come out of your own pockets. | https://www.goodmancriminaldefenseattorney.vegas/criminal-defense-blog/stolen-or-embezzled-property/ |
Grimm’s wife resigns from utility board, arraignment scheduled for embezzlement suspect
Donner Summit Public Utility District board member Sandra Harmon announced her resignation to the district’s board of directors June 2, following allegations that her husband, Steven Grimm, embezzled more than $300,000 from the district.
“Basically, she’s [resigning] for the good of the district,” said the utility district’s attorney Geoffrey Evers.
Board president Dale Verner announced the district is seeking people interested in filling Harmon’s position on the board on June 5.
Grimm, whose arraignment has been scheduled for July 7 at 9 a.m. in Truckee, left his post as general manager at the district April 11. His resignation came after the utility district’s attorney and board of directors discovered evidence reflecting that Grimm had stolen or embezzled funds from the district, according to police reports.
The felony complaint includes three counts of embezzling government funds, from 2000 to 2002, and one count of credit card fraud in 2002.
No charges have been brought against Harmon, according to Nevada County Deputy District Attorney James Phillips.
The evidence included accounting histories, cancelled checks – some made out to Donner Ski Ranch, where Grimm is part owner and was general manager, for as much as $15,000 – and other banking documents, the report said.
The utility district was “fully insured for theft and dishonesty,” Evers said.
“The coverage well exceeds the amount of the [alleged] embezzlement,” Evers added.
Grimm – also being investigated on allegations of forgery – was accused of forging the signature of board vice president Julie Davies on many of the checks in question.
Registered voters residing within the Donner Summit Public Utility District wishing to be considered for appointment to fill the vacancy have been asked to submit written resumes to the district by July 11 at P.O. Box 610, Soda Springs, CA 95728. The district wants to fill the vacancy by noon on July 22. | https://www.sierrasun.com/news/grimms-wife-resigns-from-utility-board-arraignment-scheduled-for-embezzlement-suspect/ |
WEYBRIDGE — U.S. District Court Judge Christina Reiss on Thursday, July 18, sentenced former Weybridge Town Clerk Karen Brisson to two years in prison, along with an order to pay her community and its insurance company $431,812.06 in restitution. The sentence was in response to Brisson’s guilty plea to having embezzled funds from the town’s coffers over a period of at least six years.
Brisson will also be subject to two years of supervised release when she leaves prison. She will begin serving her sentence on Sept. 3, according to Assistant U.S. Attorney Gregory Waples, who prosecuted the case.
Brisson, 51, served as Weybridge’s clerk/treasurer for more than 26 years before resigning last November after admitting to having embezzled municipal funds. An ensuing forensic audit of the town’s books revealed the magnitude of that embezzlement: an estimated $485,000 since 2006.
According to the charging information and court records, Brisson was the authorized signer on the town’s checking accounts. Prosecutors alleged that Brisson embezzled funds from around 2006 through late 2012, primarily by writing checks to herself and depositing the checks into personal accounts. During the period of embezzlement, Weybridge received more than $10,000 in federal grants, loans and other forms of assistance, according to prosecutors.
Brisson accepted a plea deal in the case prior to herJuly 18 sentencing in Federal District Court in Rutland on Thursday.
The town selectboard has tentatively set a special meeting for Tuesday, Sept. 10, at which voters will decide how to allocate its insurance reimbursement of $475,980 in connection with the embezzlement case.
Weybridge received its insurance settlement through the Vermont League of Cities and Towns. | https://www.addisonindependent.com/201307former-weybridge-clerk-sentenced-two-years-jail |
In the past year there have been numerous reports of fraud and embezzlement, mostly involving small businesses. These can be prevented by a few low cost controls.
One of the most important is separation of responsibilities of asset custody and record keeping for these assets. For example, someone other than the person who receives and disburses cash and writes checks should record these in the accounting records.
Other essential controls include, but are not limited to:
(1) approval of payments by the owner or other responsible person who does not write the checks, or authorize credit card payments and maintain the accounting records.
(2) invoices and bank statements, along with cancelled checks or check copies, should be sent directly to the owner or supervisor and be reviewed for authorized transactions, accuracy, and unusual items.
(3) the owner or other responsible person, who does not write or record the checks, should sign them and review all documentation for payment before signing them. After payment, invoices should be cancelled and write on them the date paid and check number.
(4) fidelity bonds should cover persons who have custody of assets. If an insurance company has to pay for a defalcation or fraud, they are likely to prosecute the thief.
(5) require mandatory vacations for all employees. The “dedicated” employee who never takes a vacation may need to be working to cover up theft or fraud.
(6) periodic review of accounting records and financial controls by the owner with the assistance of his or her CPA if the owner is not familiar with these. In almost every instance the owner said “this person, who embezzled funds, was a loyal and dedicated employee and I never thought he or she would do that.” Always be skeptical, particularly if an employee is living beyond their means based on their salary and periodically review the work of all employees.
(7) an annual audit, which always includes a review of and testing the effectiveness of the accounting system and financial controls, by an independent CPA. An audit is not designed to and may not uncover fraud, particularly if there is collusion between two or more people, but may uncover weaknesses that could lead to fraud and theft by employees and allow the auditor to investigate further which may uncover fraud and/or embezzlement. This is particularly important if the owner suspects fraud or embezzlement due to losing money and cash coming up short over a period of time. The cost of an audit is a small price to pay compared to having thousands of dollars stolen by dishonest employees.
Other essential measures that should be followed are:
I. Before a person is hired, perform:
A. A thorough criminal background check, particularly if they will be involved with asset custody or record keeping.
B. Check all references and discuss their work with previous employers.
C. A credit check. This would disclose whether they have large outstanding bills and if they are behind in their payments. This may give an indication that the person may attempt to steal to cover these debts..
D. Verify education and professional designations listed on their resume.and/or application
II. Other measures may encompass:
A. Setting up an anonymous 3rd party hotline to call if someone suspects an employee is stealing or engaged in fraud..
B. Setting up new vendors should be initiated by or approved only by the owner or supervisor not involved with asset custody and record keeping.
C. Dormant vendors should be deleted from the system to prevent an employee from creating fraud by modifying these vendors instead of setting up new ones.
D. As soon as theft or fraud is discovered, authorities should be notified and controls put in effect to prevent this from happening again.
E. To prevent fraud and embezzlement, an owner who does not have the knowledge to set up good accounting records and financial controls, should utilize the services of a CPA to implement them and then periodically review and assess them for risk and make sure the controls are complied with and enforced.
Unless the defalcations involve the collusion of two or more people, these measures will prevent or minimize fraud and embezzlement.
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Absence of proper mechanism to ensure integrity of the officials identified as a contributing factor
Audit: The Royal Audit Authority (RAA) has reflected unresolved irregularities amounting to Nu 523.7 million (M) last year, a decrease by 17 percent compared with 2014.
Despite rigorous follow up actions by the RAA, almost Nu 54M was lost to fraud, corruption and embezzlement, last year, the authority has found.
While the draft audit report has significant issues involving more than Nu 1.68 billion (B), irregularities amounting to Nu 1.15B representing 68 percent were either resolved fully or substantially based on the action taken and responses received from the agencies.
The dzongkhags reported the highest amount of irregularities of Nu 136.6M followed by the Ministry of Information and Communications (MoIC) with Nu 119M and autonomous bodies with Nu 70.9M.
Under the non-budgetary agencies, the Food Corporation of Bhutan Ltd (FCBL) has the largest amount of reported irregularities at Nu 27M followed by the Dungsam Cement Corporation Ltd (DCCL) with Nu 22M.
Category wise, the highest amount of irregularities of more than Nu 231M is reported as shortfalls, lapses and deficiencies. Violation of rules and law booked more than Nu 154M and Nu 83.9M was attributed to mismanagement.
An amount of Nu 53.96M is reported lost to fraud, corruption and embezzlement.
The RAA however recovered Nu 105M last year, which is a decrease of 9 percent compared to 2014. The audit recoveries made, according to the annual audit report, was mainly due to rigorous follow up done by the RAA at various stages.
Of the Nu 53.96M reported as fraud, corruption and embezzlement, 61 percent of the irregularities pertained to corporations mostly accounting fraudulent practice in procurement.
For instance, the DCCL had irregularities amounting to Nu 22.6M pertaining to company funds embezzled by the head of finance and the late assistant finance officer through withdrawal of self cheques.
In another instance, the FCBL had irregularities amounting Nu 9M on account of misappropriation of cash and shortage of stock items.
FCBL’s Samdrupjongkhar branch had shortages of cash, stocks and unconfirmed sales. The RAA noted that the shortages were primarily due to non-deposit of collections from daily sales and misuse of various food items amounting to Nu 3.6M. The Phuentsholing FCBL also had shortages of 30MT of Mansuri rice worth Nu 0.53M. Misappropriation and shortage of cash and stock worth Nu 7.2M was also found from the Nganglam depot.
The office assistant acting as accounts assistant of the Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital, Thimphu had embezzled government revenue of Nu 5.6M by misrepresenting the collections as deposits in the revenue accounting system.
The Election Commission of Bhutan (ECB) also had a case of embezzlement of Nu 5.23M incurred as postal charges for ordinary letters from 2010-2015. It was noted that the payments were made fraudulently.
MoIC had irregularities of Nu 4.5M as fictitious payments were made. The accountant of the ministry also misused Nu 2.33M from various disbursements made without supporting documents, appropriate approvals, indiscriminate booking of expenditures.
The financial coordinator of the SAARC Development Fund (SDF) Project, under the MoIC had also misused Nu 1.30M through fictitious payments, irregular withdrawals, non-remittances and irregular adjustments of cash. The case was forwarded to the Anti-Corruption Commission.
The Dagana dzongkhag administration had made excess payment of Nu 3.26M to the contractor involved in construction of a multipurpose hall at Gesarling middle secondary school due to acceptance of inflated rates in the final bill and non-deduction of openings for the construction. The case was forwarded to the Anti-Corruption Commission.
Home ministry also lost Nu 1.7M to fraud, corruption and embezzlement.
The deputy chief accounts officer of the Department of Culture had misused a sum of Nu 1M out of the budget of Nu 30M sanctioned for the construction of the Hindu Temple at Thimphu. The amount was recovered and the case is sub judice.
The Natural Resources Development Corporation Ltd, Zhemgang had irregularities amounting to more than Nu 1M on account of misappropriation of sales revenue by unit managers.
Sangbay gewog administration in Haa reflected irregularities amounting to Nu 0.38M on account of fabrication of bills and fictitious payments. The principal of Nebji Lobdra under the gewog administration had raised fabricated bills worth Nu 0.190 million for gold plating of statues without actually executing the work. The case was forwarded to the Anti- Corruption Commission.
In another case the gewog administration had made payment of Nu 0.197M for the purchase of post-harvest equipment without actually receiving the equipment.
Likewise, the Bhutan Postal Corporation Ltd, Trashigang, had a case of misuse of cash amounting to Nu 0.72M. The amount was misused by the then postmaster. Bhutan Post, terminated the postmaster without benefits and forwarded the case to the Royal Court of Justice, Trashigang.
The gewog administration of Naja Gewog under Paro dzongkhag had irregularities amounting to Nu 0.059M on account of misuse of rural taxes by then gewog administrative officer. The case was also forwarded to the Anti-Corruption Commission.
RAA in its report stated that the main causes for irregularities reflected as fraud, corruption and embezzlement is because of lack of prudence and due diligence, poor supervision, monitoring and internal control and lack of probity.
As such, the principles of financial management as stipulated in the Financial Management Manual of the Financial Rules and Regulations 2001, amongst others, requires public officials entrusted with responsibilities of managing public resources to exercise prudence in the same manner that a person of ordinary prudence would exercise when undertaking their own personal financial affairs.
For any loss of government money or property, the official in custody of the money or property shall be responsible if reasonable steps or actions were not taken to prevent the loss.
“Most of the cases reported under fraud, corruption and embezzlement were apparently fueled by failure to uphold the basic principles of financial management by officials entrusted with the responsibilities of managing public resources,” the report stated.
The report also stated that fraud, corruption and embezzlement cases were rampant in some of the organisations which apparently stem from lack of supervisory control from the top and middle level management, lack of segregation of duties, and in some instances due to collusive practices involving even the supervisors.
The laxity on the part of management to implement an effective internal control system, as per the report, has apparently paved the way for collusions, misuse and misappropriation of funds, manipulations and unlawful payments at the cost of the government.
The absence of a proper mechanism to ensure integrity of the officials during recruitment and transfers of incumbents indulged in fraudulent and unethical practices to other agencies are also some of the major contributing factors. | https://kuenselonline.com/nu-54m-lost-to-fraud-corruption-and-embezzlement-raa/ |
Embezzlement is a term that many people in Maryland understand is a type of white-collar crime, but may not know what it is specifically. In this post, we will provide a general overview of embezzlement and discuss how someone may find himself or herself facing serious criminal charges based on embezzlement accusations.
Certain jobs or legal statuses put people in charge of money belonging to other people or businesses, such as an employer or client. This requires trust in the person handling the money. Sometimes, that trust is violated and the person controlling the assets steals it for himself or herself. This, in a nutshell, is embezzlement.
To prove that a suspect committed this white-collar crime, prosecutors generally must prove four factors:
1. A fiduciary relationship between the suspect and the other party -- that is, the latter party trusted and relied upon the suspect to perform certain financial duties.
2. The suspect acquired the property in question through the relationship.
3. The suspect either took ownership of the property or transferred it to a third party.
4. The suspect acted intentionally.
Often, the embezzler will take steps to try to cover his or her tracks. This can involve manipulating accounting records, fraudulent bills or payroll checks.
Obviously, a business that believes someone is embezzling funds will do what it can to find the person responsible. Criminal charges may follow, including possible federal charges, depending on the amount of money alleged to have been stolen.
In many cases, someone who embezzled money from their employer did so because of a gambling addiction or desperate financial problems at home. However, they may face several years in prison if convicted. | http://www.annapoliscriminaldefenseattorneys.com/2014/07/what-is-embezzlement.shtml |
The Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) Regional Office in Kenema city has given a stern warning to the District COVID-19 Emergency Response Centre (DICOVERC) to properly utilize funds meant for the fight against the pandemic in Kenema district.
According to the ACC Regional Manager, Keifala Koi, the staff members of DICOVERC are public officials and as such, the ACC law covers all of them irrespective of the time they may be spending in the office.
He said they have decided to engage the DICOVERC officials in earnest so as to forewarn them, thereby preventing a recurrence of what happened during the Ebola outbreak, when public funds were misappropriated and embezzled by officials of the then National Ebola Response Centre (NERC).
Keifala Koi informed that a special taskforce known as the COVID-19 Response Transparency Initiative has been set up to look into the operations of the individuals working on the COVID-19 response.
The ACC regional boss said the DICOVERC office is procuring items including vehicles and much other equipment meant for the response and should therefore go through the right procurement process in all their dealings.
He cited the ACC Act of 2008 and 2019, which mandates all public officials to be accountable to the citizens of the state, adding that at the end of the COVID-19 fight, every worker would be expected to have an unblemished record. Mr. Koi therefore called on the entire DICOVERC staff to declare their assets as mandated by law.
The Regional Manager said similar engagement has been done in Kailahun Town as a way of forewarning the staff to prevent misappropriation and embezzlement of government and donor funds. | https://nightwatchsl.com/be-careful-with-corona-funds-acc-warns-dicoverc/ |
EASTERN SIERRA TRI-COUNTY FAIRGROUNDS INVESTIGATION
In July of 2015, the California Highway Patrol, Inland Division Investigative Services Unit, initiated an investigation into the possible embezzlement of funds from the Eastern Sierra Tri-County Fairgrounds. During the extensive investigation, CHP investigators determined Bishop area resident Sally Ann Symons, 46, embezzled funds belonging to the Eastern Sierra Tri-County Fair. On Oct. 21, Symons, who is a former employee of the Tri-County Fair, was detained and transported to the Bishop Area CHP office for questioning. The CHP report containing the embezzlement and other various charges will be submitted to the Inyo County District Attorney’s office for review.
In 2013, the CHP investigated a similar embezzlement case involving the Eastern Sierra Tri-County Fairgrounds. Both investigations are unrelated.
Category: | https://www.inyoregister.com/content/eastern-sierra-tri-county-fairgrounds-investigation |
In “Charities and Embezzlement,” we relayed the direct and unequivocal advice from the California Attorney General for a charity that learns about possible embezzlement:
Upon learning that an employee has embezzled funds from the charity, the directors have a legal duty to take reasonable steps to try to recover the funds and to refer the matter to the local District Attorney for possible criminal prosecution. The directors may have to hire a private attorney to file a civil suit for restitution against the employee. Directors must evaluate whether the prospect of recovery outweighs the probable costs of suit.
Any loss to the charity “should be reported on the Form RRF-1,” the Annual Registration Renewal Fee Report” that includes 9 questions including No 2: “During this reporting period, was there any theft, embezzlement, diversion or misuse of the organization’s charitable property or funds?”
There’s a clear takeaway from this official advice: When anyone connected with a charity knows or suspects financial irregularities or illegalities, call in the authorities immediately, and then set about plugging up the problem and disclosing it to the public.
For two California charities recently confronting this distressing situation, that’s exactly what they did.
“When taking the helm of a nonprofit or major program, seasoned nonprofit professionals expect to uncover a few interesting “things that go bump in the night,” writes Carrie Collins-Fadell in The Nonprofit Quarterly in June 2016. The “obstacles that bubble to the surface after a change in leadership” may include nuisances like “[a]n entrenched staff, some difficult volunteers, or a stale signature fundraiser…”
But Matthew Buckman, the new general director of the Fresno Grand Opera faced an entirely more serious challenge when he took over leadership of the 17-year-old company. “An internal review, completed following [the] change in executive leadership in December 2014 and board leadership in June 2015, uncovered potential issues that required further examination.”
Assisted by a prominent tax attorney and a C.P.A., Buckman and the board conducted a more in-depth investigation. It revealed questionable practices implicating the former general director and assistant director of the Opera “in financial irregularities, conflicts of interest and improper corporate governance.” More specifically, these allegations of wrongdoing include: falsification of tax forms; using improper accounting methods to misrepresent the Opera’s true financial condition; fabricating false board minutes years after the actual meeting dates; and failing to disclose a conflict of interest with a for-profit company owned by these key employees.
What happened next is an example of choosing the right course of action under these circumstances. On May 16, 2016, the new team and the professional advisors “delivered a ream of documents, a scathing internal report covering 2009-14 and a list of allegations to the state attorney general’s office. They also included a list of specific corrective actions they will take, including amending and refiling Form 990s for several years.
The Fresno Grand Opera also issued a press release on its website on June 16, 2016:
The Fresno Grand Opera Board of Directors announces the Company has self-reported to the California Attorney General significant financial and accounting irregularities and governance and conflict of interest deficiencies from the period 2010-2014. The Company is working closely with the Attorney General’s office to correct the issues, and has implemented proper governance and financial reporting practices to ensure future compliance with best legal and financial practices.
The written statement continues with an explanation of the rationale for the public disclosure:
As a community organization that relies on the generosity of patrons and donors, the FGO Board of Directors feels obligated to publicly disclose the issues we’ve discovered and the corrective actions we’re taking with the Attorney General’s office. We are working actively with them to address their concerns, and look forward to moving on to the important work of securing our company’s place in the community.
This report and supporting documents are available to the general public and can be read, by appointment, at the Fresno Grand Opera office. “At every pivotal opportunity,” according to the author of The Nonprofit Quarterly article, “the Fresno Grand Opera took relatively quick action.”
The investigation continues as the Opera company works with the Attorney General’s office to take corrective action and change corporate governance practices. The Board is undecided at this point about whether to pursue civil remedies; AG officials want to be informed if that course of action is chosen.
Of course, not all of the problems have been solved; the “company is still in debt.” Nor has all the damage (with donors and others) been fully repaired. Nevertheless, “[t]his case “serves as a pretty good model for responsible board behavior in the face of apparent lapses.”
On July 11, 2016, the Simi Valley Community Foundation released a statement:
The Simi Valley Community Foundation has existed for more than 12 years and helped dozens of charitable organizations in our community. Recently, however, we discovered what we believe could be evidence of financial malfeasance. At the first hint that something was amiss, our Governance Committee engaged a forensic accountant to review our donations, expenses and administration of a [… particular grant program…]….After the review by the forensic accountant showed what we believe to be improprieties in spending, we turned over the evidence to the Simi Valley Police Department. The Simi Valley Police Department subsequently turned the information over to the Ventura County District Attorney’s office. We are cooperating fully with the District Attorney’s office in its investigation.
The Ventura County district attorney’s office has confirmed it is investigating the matter – which it characterized as a “possible embezzlement” and that the probe will take several months. No other details will be released until the investigation is concluded.
“This is the first time anybody has found anything that looks amiss,” said SVCF spokesperson Tim Gallagher. “When they thought they had something funky, they went right to the police.”
In its statement, the SVCF board added that they are “fully cooperating with the District Attorney’s office” in its investigation:
We enjoy a special trust from the citizens in Simi Valley and many corporate and individual donors who have trusted us with their money. We want to assure them that we are doing everything we can to address the situation and ensure that we are good stewards of their money.
According to news reports, it was first in March 2016 that foundation officials “discovered what [they] believe could be “evidence of financial malfeasance.”
The SVCF board chair, Jarrod DeGonia explained that the “foundation delayed announcing possible financial malfeasance for about five weeks after the case was turned over to prosecutors in part because [they] weren’t sure how going to the public would impact the investigation.”
The disclosure decision came because “… more and more people were being contacted by the district’s attorney’s office, plus [they] needed to notify [their] partners.” They also wanted to be sure that the DA’s office “was comfortable with” them “going public.”
This disclosure decision was also influenced in part by another case in the region. There were suspicions of embezzlement of some $26,000 in funds from the Camarillo Fiesta Association by that group’s former president. The association decided not to refer the matter to the prosecutor for criminal action because of concerns that their ability to obtain restitution of the funds would be impeded. This course of action resulted in criticism by the District Attorney “and others” who went ahead and arrested and charged the man, anyway, with grand theft. “The victim of a crime does not have the legal authority to immunize the perpetrator from criminal prosecution,” said the District Attorney in a news release.
Simi Valley Community Foundation’s board chair added: “We probably would have gone to the DA anyway, however, it is absolutely a fair statement that we definitely learned the lessons of the Camarillo Fiesta Association.” It “definitely had an input into what we decided to do.”
These examples demonstrate the importance of getting out ahead of financial wrongdoing scandals: Disclose reasonable suspicions to authorities, avoid any semblance of a cover-up, make plans to put in place corrective safeguards, and let the public know that you are on top of the situation. | https://www.fplglaw.com/insights/financial-irregularities-authorities/ |
Former Taunton Postal Employee Sentenced for Embezzlement
BOSTON — A former postal employee was sentenced today in federal court in Boston for embezzling over $22,000 from the U.S. Postal Service (USPS).
Dennis Reis, 37, of Taunton, was sentenced by U.S. District Court Judge Denise J. Casper to two years of probation, with the first six months to be served in home confinement, and ordered to pay restitution of $22,773. In January 2018, Reis pleaded guilty to one count of embezzlement and theft of public money, property or records.
Reis started working for the USPS in approximately 2000, and in 2014, became the Lead Sales & Service Associate at the East Taunton Post Office. In that capacity, Reis sold stamps to customers and maintained accountability for the funds and stamp stock.
From January 2015 to March 2017, Reis engaged in a scheme to embezzle funds by voiding cash transaction sales of stamps so that the system did not account for the cash paid by customers. Reis then entered a “no sale” transaction into the system, causing the cash drawer to open and taking the cash paid by customers for his own use. Through this scheme, Reis embezzled at least $22,773 from the USPS.
United States Attorney Andrew E. Lelling and Eileen Neff, Special Agent in Charge of the United States Postal Service, Office of Inspector General, Northeast Area Office, made the announcement today. Assistant U.S. Attorney Eugenia M. Carris of Lelling’s Public Corruption & Special Prosecutions Unit prosecuted the case. | https://wbsm.com/former-taunton-postal-employee-sentenced-for-embezzlement/ |
How to Handle a Disrespectful Stepdaughter
For many combined families, animosity often exists between stepchildren and parents. When you put yourself in your stepdaughter’s shoes, you can imagine how hard it is to suddenly have a new parental figure. But life’s challenges do not merit rudeness. When faced with a disrespectful stepdaughter, you should be direct in addressing that disrespect while at the same time showing your own respect for her.
Express your dissatisfaction. Avoid playing into her game in which she believes she can talk to you on an equal level. Respond to acts of disrespect by immediately addressing them, stressing how such actions make you feel. For example, if your stepdaughter changes the channel while you’re watching TV as an intentional act of rudeness, calmly express how you’re disappointed that she would not consider your feelings before she acts.
Address the cause of the disrespect. Bring up the issue that you believe is driving the disrespect or feelings of animosity between you and your stepdaughter. Young girls tend to act on their negative emotions via acts of passive aggression, such as hiding your things, ignoring your requests or making snide comments. Respond to such actions by asking why she’s doing it. If she feigns ignorance, articulate your own reasons in an inquisitive way and ask her if you’re right. By addressing the issue, you let your stepdaughter know you know she’s feeling bad and that she’s purposefully acting disrespectfully.
Use asking instead of telling. Always use eliciting instead of stating or judging when you have the options. Young girls might feel pushed in a corner when a non-blood relative levels accusations. Psychologist Michael Riera, the author of the book “Uncommon Sense for Parents with Teenagers,” says that putting too many judgments on a child could backfire, leading your stepdaughter to develop the belief that you’re against her 3. So next time you feel the urge to say, “You’re being difficult just to bother me,” instead ask, “Is there anything I did you make you upset?”
Directly express your expectations. Make it clear to your stepdaughter that while her feelings are important, you, as the adult, have expectations of her. Respectfully state those expectations, backing them up with reasons. When you give her reasons, you let her know that she’s mature enough to know why you have certain rules in place. Psychologist and author John Gottman wrote in his book “Raising an Emotionally Intelligent Child” that children tend to place the blame for their own problems on others, such as their step-parents, when they feel embarrassed 2. Let your stepdaughter know that sometimes it’s OK to make a mistake or two but that striving to meet family expectations should still be a main goal in the household. | https://howtoadult.com/handle-disrespectful-stepdaughter-28991.html |
How to Help Children Channel Their Emotions
Our children’s education starts at home, and goes far beyond technical and factual knowledge. A child’s education is also based on values such as responsibility and respect. Through these values, and others, parents can help their children channel their emotions.
Parenting is something that we learn to do well as we go. Most first-time parents don’t have experience regarding emotional education and management from the start. However, when we have children, it’s time to look for the tools to help develop these abilities in our children.
A range of emotions
From the first days of life, children give free rein to their emotional expression. For example, they’ll cry when they feel uncomfortable, hungry or tied.
Likewise, they’ll smile and giggle when they like something. If something catches their attention or surprises them, the wonder is evident on their faces.
However, over time and through their personal experiences, children come to know new emotions that are less positive. For example, children start to experience feelings of frustration when they can’t achieve something they’ve set their minds to.
Or, they feel anger when they don’t get what they want, when they want it. And they may even experience feelings of embarrassment or pride.
Furthermore, children express sadness when they lose something that is valuable to them, and fear in the face of intimidating or unfamiliar situations. Therefore, adults need to be attentive and open to any tool that can help little ones channel their emotions.
Why does my child have tantrums?
Many times, children feel overwhelmed by their emotions and don’t know how to express them or channel them. When this occurs, they often end up having tantrums, at home and in public.
These tantrums are their way of expressing their emotions or imposing their authority. With this attitude, they not only produce unpleasant moments for their parents, but also consequences for themselves.
The emotions mentioned above aren’t the emotions that can cause children to become overstimulated. Even the excitement of accomplishing their goals or the arrival of a much-anticipated moment can produce a total internal revolution, and also lead to tantrums.
These feelings can manifest themselves through shouting, jumping and racing around. Depending on the setting and the circumstances, these actions may come off as inappropriate.
Of course, in the future, you want your children to be able to handle themselves in society, school and work without difficulties. Therefore, you need to learn to handle these emotional explosions early on. That means that helping your children handle their emotions adequately must be a priority.
Steps to follow to help children channel their emotions
1. Allow them to express themselves
The goal isn’t to teach our children to repress their emotions instead of expressing them. Rather, let children release what they feel inside. Observe how they go about it and correct promptly if you notice they’re on the wrong path.
If the only mechanism children have to express themselves is through protests and uncontrolled crying, it’s time to take action. This is a clear sign you need to help your children channel their emotions.
Understand your child
When a child expresses a certain feeling or emotion, there must be some reason behind it. Many times, children don’t know how to express just what’s going on inside.
Therefore, parents must learn to read their body language and quickly recognize what’s affecting them. That way, you can be one step ahead of any situation.
Help them understand what’s happening to them
Children aren’t born with emotional education. It’s our job as adults to help them identify the feelings they’re experiencing, and then teach them actions to manage them.
Once you’ve identified the emotion your children are trying to express, invite them to practice some actions that will help them stay calm. For example, ask them to take a seat, count to ten, breathe deeply, etc.
Promote self-control and autonomy
Once children are calm, you can speak calmly with them. Always inquire about what they think and how they believe they can solve the situation.
Depending on their responses, you should orient their actions and invite them to solve the issue themselves, calmly. Achieving self-control over their emotions will help them build independence and autonomy.
Emotional education helps children fully enjoy different experiences throughout their lives. In the same way, it helps them cope positively in difficult situations, rather than blaming others for their negative feelings.
In the end, children who know how to channel their emotions manage to live happier lives and communicate better with those around them.It might interest you... | https://youaremom.com/parenting/children-channel-their-emotions/ |
The pain erupted from deep within their souls when they were paying the last respects to their beloved one. Women and girls moaned aloud at the funeral.
Men just sat and watched. Though the grief inside them was deep, they had to abide by the golden rule: “Men don’t express their feelings”.
This may sound ludicrous to some of you, but it’s the rule. No matter how painful, exciting, or devastating the moment is, men can never express their feelings.
Does he ever mention that he loves you? Does he ever compliment on your dressing or hair style? Maybe he is real but he doesn’t want to break the golden rule.
To a woman, she will cry when she is sad and she will say she loves you when she feels it’s real. Men rather declare their wealth and anything meaningful to them than reveal their feelings.
Women have a million ways to express their feelings, for example she can cry, sulk, blush, or get extremely excited.
Remember Hannah in the Bible. She sobbed before God to show her inner sorrow of being childless. As for Adam when he sinned in the Garden of Eden, he reasoned with God.
Therefore, it’s not pretence for men not reveal their emotions, but it’s natural. “Our feelings are our pride. A real man is afraid of being judged using his own word against him,” says Robert Niyonzima.
To men, there are quite worthwhile reasons explaining why they are never open about how they feel.
If a man goes against the manly rule and becomes to emotional and sentimental, he earns himself names. Emotional men are rarely trusted by their counterparts.
“I strongly believe men who reveal their feelings are either paranoid or not straight. Being emotional is womanly,” says Guard Kanyamibwa.
With men, the whole getting emotional thing sounds like drama. And one thing that can make a contented guy discontented is being asked to talk about his feelings.
Men being secretive about feelings can ruin a relationship especially when you put them under pressure to say what they feel.
Tips on how to make a man confess:
• Instead of questioning him on how he feels about you, mention how you feel. No real man rejects a woman who truly loves him, slowly but surely he will open up. However, continuously reminding him about your feelings may be irritating.
• Read signs. Pressurizing him to confess will make him stubborn, so read between lines. Like they say, actions speak louder than words, if he loves you, you will see it in his actions. And if you are an option, you’ll still see it.
• Incase you want to ask him, find the best moments to do so. Men will reveal their feelings when they are intimate. And if he avoids confessing how he feels when you get intimate, get skeptical maybe he just wants a physical relationship.
• The other magic way to get a man reveal his feelings is being real and open to him. When he realizes that you are hiding no secrets, he won’t hide any either. Love is gold, get him confesses and you’ll have him forever. | https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/12191 |
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Our experts debate which players have the most at stake, including LeBron James and Giannis Antetokounmpo. | https://www.espn.com/nba/player/_/id/539/aaron-mckie |
Scribble Your Cares Away
Some people journal. Some people doodle.
I scribble. When I get bored sitting in a class or meeting, I find something to scribble on. When I am frustrated and overwhelmed, I like to grab a pencil and release that tension with heavy, quick marks on paper.
Writing in a journal has never been interesting to me. I never have time to sit and write everything I am feeling down nor do I always have the words to express exactly what I am feeling. So I have started a scribble art journal or sketch book.
I can express those feelings and release them much faster by drawing them. My scribbles are not pretty and they are not meant to be. They are meant to clear my mind of the jumble that builds up.
Scribbling is a great way for children to express what they are feeling. It allows them to create a tangible representation of their feelings. Most children, like a lot of adults, do not always know the words or how to use words to share what is going on inside.
When school was cancelled because of Covid-19, my youngest son had a really hard time. He was used to and really liked being in his physical classroom. He needs the structure and normal routine of his school day. He missed a few assignments one week and was so disappointed and upset with himself because he is an ‘A’ student who always gets everything done before his classmates.
I asked him to scribble how he felt. He was hesitant but I encouraged him to do it anyway. After 5 minutes, he came to me with a piece of paper that he had clearly scribbled on. He spent the next 10 minutes explaining it to me. He was a different child. The weight he had been carrying was gone. He could look at his scribble art and see what he had felt. The jumble of emotions was now tangible and explainable.
It is hard to see all of his marks but the thick dark places are where he released the strongest moments of frustration and disappointment. Where the lines are lighter and not as harsh is where the feelings started to change.
Here are a few of examples of my scribble art. Some of them are light and with circular motions. Those reflect bright happier feelings. The others are jagged marks that express my frustration.
I really hope you take a few minutes and “scribble your cares away”. | https://splishsplashartclass.com/scribble-your-cares-away/ |
How to Express Your Feelings in a Professional Way at Work
Your immediate reaction to a situation isn't always the most professional one. While it's common to allow emotions to override intellect initially, you shouldn't let your actions be ruled solely by your anger, disgust or disappointment. Instead, temper your feelings, sort out the situation and approach your colleagues with respect and dignity. There are many ways to express disatisfaction that can constructively resolve issues in the workplace and preserve positive relationships with colleagues.
Gain Perspective
Before you confront a co-worker or your boss about your feelings, gain some perspective. Take the time to write down your thoughts and feelings about the situation. Including thoughts that are negative – even those you would never vocalize – can help you release any pent-up anger and frustration and allow you to realize if your feelings are valid or a product of a misinterpretation, assumption or insecurity.
Be willing to admit your faults. Read what you wrote, reflect and tear up the paper and throw it away once you've finished. You also can vent to a family member, friend or a trusted co-worker whom you know won't betray your confidence. Before you go forward, determine your goal. Do you want an apology, or are you seeking recognition for something? Consider the likelihood of your desired outcome.
Approach the Person
Go to the person with whom you want to speak and ask him if you can talk to him privately. This shows your respect for the situation and allows for a confidential setting where both of you can express your feelings openly without concerning yourself with the opinions of other people. It's never appropriate or professional to discuss private business in front of others.
Look for an opening in the conversation to bring up a concern that has been on your mind, such as disappointment over being excluded. Examples of how to express disappointment professionally might include sharing a time that you felt your questions were ignored at a team meeting, or a time that you were not invited when your team went to lunch.
Use "I" Statements
Describe the behavior or circumstances, explain how it affected you or others and tell the person your goal. If you can, offer positive feedback to the other person to keep her from being defensive. Psychologist Larry Nadig recommends beginning statements with "I," which sounds less threatening than starting with "you."
For example, say, "I worked hard to come up with my ideas, and I don't appreciate you passing them off as your own. I would like for you to admit to our boss that the ideas weren't yours. We've always had a positive working relationship, and I don't want to let this situation ruin it."
Keep the focus on the issue you are discussing. Don't bring up other grievances, or you risk clouding the issue and delaying a resolution.
Stay Calm and in Control
The American Management Association cautions that emotionally charged discussions can interfere with constructive resolution of problems. Professionals keep their emotions in check when discussing sensitive matters in the workplace.
Speak in a calm, even tone. If the other person becomes defensive, offer to continue the discussion at another time. Sometimes a person needs time to absorb information before she can react in an appropriate manner. If the person refuses to agree to your terms, decide if you want to take matters into your own hands or let the issue go. | https://work.chron.com/express-feelings-professional-way-work-4453.html |
What Should we do When a Child is Hitting Others at School (Question/Answer Session)?
QUESTION (by one of our readers):
If a child is continuously hitting at school when they don’t get their way, can we allow the other child being hit to give the “hitter” a taste of their own medicine?
ANSWER:
1. You cannot control the momentary reaction of another student.
If a student is getting hit, and they hit back (which may be an automatic response and natural consequence), there is likely nothing you could have done to stop it.
The child who hit first, may not hit that child again, once they see that they will defend themselves.
However, I do not feel it is right in any setting (other than trained martial arts classes, boxing, etc.), to purposely allow any child to hit.
Allowing children to defend themselves by blocking or moving away would be more acceptable.
If a child can’t get out of a particularly dangerous situation, and pushing or hitting/kicking is the only option, obviously that would be an exception to the rule.
2. The most important piece is to get to the core of why the child is hitting in the first place.
Likely, the student does not have the appropriate mechanisms or skills to express their feelings, or they think hitting is the only way they can be heard.
They may also struggle to understand another’s perspective and how their behavior impacts other people.
Research: School-Based Interventions for Aggressive and Disruptive Behavior: Update of a Meta-Analysis
In order to see improvement, it is critical to work with the child on emotional-regulation skills such as:
- how to identify their frustration
- how to assertively and respectfully express frustration when needed
- how to calmly work through their emotions when others do not seem to understand or validate their feelings
You May Benefit from the Articles: 5 Anger Management Tips for Kids and 9 Ways to Decrease Impulsive Behavior in Children.
If the child only stops hitting because they are afraid of getting hit by the other student, then the negative behavior will probably manifest in another way.
We need to figure out the purpose of the behavior in order to teach the child a more acceptable and respectful way to meet their needs.
We don’t want the child who hits to become an adult who hits, so we need to find a way to work with the child and possibly the child’s family to improve the behavior before it gets more problematic.
Is it possible for the school counselor and/or a private therapist to work with the child?
Create an action plan to keep the other children safe.
An action plan may include:
- seating the child who hits away from anyone they might hit unexpectedly
- having an area for the child who hits to safely calm down
- educating the child when they are calm, about how to regulate their emotions
- reinforcing positive behaviors (at school and at home)
- responding to the behavior in a calm and consistent manner
- removing the other children from an area where they are not safe
Other children should know that they are allowed to block themselves and/or move away from anyone who tries to hit them.
And that they can resort to pushing, hitting, kicking, etc. if someone is hurting them, and they cannot get free.
They should ask for help if an adult is nearby.
You May Also Like: Top Five Reasons for Behavior Problems in Kids
Education and Behavior – Keeping Adults on the Same Page for Kids!
Rachel Wise is a certified school psychologist and licensed behavior specialist with a Master’s Degree in Education. She is also the head author and CEO at educationandbehavior.com, a site for parents, caregivers, educators, counselors, and therapists to find effective, research-based strategies that work for children. Rachel has been working with individuals with academic and behavioral needs for over 20 years and has a passion for making a positive difference in the lives of children and the adults who support them. For Rachel’s top behavioral strategies all in one place, check out her book, Building Confidence and Improving Behavior in Children, a Guide for Parents and Teachers. If you want Rachel to write for your business, offer behavioral or academic consultation, or speak at your facility about research-based strategies that support children, email her at [email protected]. | https://educationandbehavior.com/child-is-hitting-at-school/ |
"If I talked to my dad the way my son talks to me ..." is a statement I've heard countless times. Kids today feel a new freedom to speak and act in ways that most parents would never have considered when they were growing up. Parents can't help but wonder if respect is outdated or old-fashioned. They find themselves wondering, What's a modern parent to do?
Throughout my years of counseling, I've found that parents want their teens to trust them and to be able to talk to them, so they play it safe. They let the first roll of the eyes and "Whatever, Mom" slide. Before they know it, they've got a problem on their hands. Disrespect.
Your teen needs your help in learning how to express his frustration respectfully. Rather than reacting to your teen's attitude or how he rolls his eyes, calmly ask him to express his feelings without disrespect. Simply ask that he "try again."
Brothers and sisters will obviously disagree from time to time, but they should not be allowed to use hurtful or disrespectful words.
One savvy mother came up with a creative way to curb her children's tendency to "parent" each other. Each time one of the children parented the other, he or she was required to continue parenting by making the other's bed or lunches for a week. This mom simply set a clear boundary and expected her teens to show respect for each other.
Teens need responsibilities at home because the experience prepares them for life and reinforces their confidence as capable individuals. When you expect your teen to help at home, you curb his selfishness and help him to respect and honor the people he lives with.
Model respect in how you treat your teen and how your teen sees you treating others.
Follow through with promised consequences.
Enjoy your teen. Respect comes more naturally when you make time to simply enjoy one another.
You have been chosen by God to be a parent to your son or daughter. God will equip you with all you need to love and train your teen, so dare to redefine your expectations. You can be a good parent without playing it safe.
This article first appeared on ThrivingFamily.com in 2011. If you enjoyed this article, read more like it in Focus on the Family's marriage and parenting magazine. Get it delivered to your home by subscribing to it for a gift of any amount.
© 2011 by Sissy Goff. Used by permission. | https://www.focusonthefamily.com/parenting/teens/character-development-respect/can-a-parent-expect-respect |
LCCMedia Foundation is fortunate to have procured the services of one of Edmonton’s greatest artists. Humble and loyal, Eritrean artist Fetsum-Teclemariam is like no other. He is deeply aware of his gift and his humanity. In soft tones, we talked about his life as an Edmonton artist when we visited his gallery in down town Edmonton. It was deeply obvious that Fetsum has found his calling.
The Foundation is the beneficiary of a grant from New Horizons to provide free painting sessions for seniors and to curate a magazine for seniors.
Widely read and insanely gifted, Fetsum is most happy when he is teaching children or working with a canvas painting his heart away. He is not afraid of media glare and in spite of his celebrated status, he makes time to talk to you and get you to a space of understanding. He has a wide array of experience and there is nothing he cannot draw with charcoal. Even if you not like the arts, Fetsum can make you fall in love with drawing pads and painting.
“Any one can learn how to draw and paint, including seniors” he says.
Here is what you get when you google Fetsum
“My paintings are visual proverbs. Using the figure, still life objects, and landscapes as a means of self-expression, I communicate the cultural heritage and emotions of the places that I come from and the experience of the culture where I live now.
I grew up in a community in Eritrea where I was not allowed to express my thoughts, concerns, and feelings in public – speaking out had terrible consequences. As a result, I started to express my anger, frustrations, sense of betrayal, joy and beauty through my paintings, and still do.
The marks that I make with my brushes and charcoal are connected to my feelings, and express and communicate a situation. I depict both ugly realities and joyful feelings through the strokes, and by so doing, address the paradox of human life and my own thoughts and feelings.”
Fetsum teaches a free seniors painting class every Saturday on Zoom. The free painting sessions are Saturdays at 6pm MST. | https://ladiescorner.ca/2021/04/28/lccmedia-foundation-is-fortunate-to-have-procured-the-services-of-one-of-edmontons-greatest-artist-humble-and-loyal-eritrean-artist-fetsum-teclemariam-is-like-no-other-artist-he-is-deeply-aware-o/ |
The Masculinity Myth and What It Is Doing to Us
The sitcom FRIENDS very subtly highlighted a question that has always bothered me, why do men not share their feelings even with their closest friends? However, it’s not that they don’t share their feelings, it’s how they share their feelings. No person is the same and thus every person, whether male of female, will always have a different way of expressing their emotions. Research however shows that people are often uncomfortable with men expressing their emotions in certain ways. Ask yourself (irrespective of your gender) this and honestly note your first response:
- if you saw your friend crying because he felt lonely in a new university, how would you react and what would you say instinctively?
- If your date said that he was unsure of his future and expected his partner to support him, what would you think?
- If your uncle or father refused to light a match because of their intense fear of fire, what would you instinctively tell them?
- If you saw a man being gloomy and anxious about a troubled relationship or a sick partner, what would you advise them?
Now replace all the male figures in the above scenario with females and ask yourself how would you react? What would be the changes in your words or tone or body language?
It is not surprising that several research studies have shown what we already know, men tend to either bottle up their emotions, maintaining a surface of composure through the use of rhetorical devices of emotional control, rationality, responsibility and successful action; or express their strong feelings externally through aggressive speech, actions or excessively dark humour.
The subtle reactions that express our discomfort in the way men express their emotions, encourage certain “norms of masculinity” that include emotional control, self-reliance, primacy for work and winning. These norms also affect the relationships that men form — it keeps them from connecting to the people around them, be it their partner, parents, siblings, friends or colleagues. Not only does it encourage certain norms but also lays out what emotions are acceptable to be expressed by men and what are not.
Research has found that there are gender differences in mental illnesses where women are more likely to be diagnosed with depression or anxiety and men are more likely to be diagnosed with substance use disorders or anti-social disorders. This means that men tend to externalise their feelings of anger, frustration but women internalise these feelings and express it in the form of anxiety and depression. While this sounds like medical jargon, it is important for everyone to know because these findings imply that, as a society, we have set a norm where it is acceptable for men to express feelings only related to anger but when it comes to being anxious, depressed or simply sad, their expression is often frowned upon.
In the process of expressing only certain emotions and trying to keep up with the norms of “masculinity” men tend to unconsciously keep their loved ones at a distant. Most mental health issues arise out of social difficulties while an 80 year long study at Harvard revealed that embracing the community and the quality of our relationships had an effect on our mental well-being. So when we flinch, raise our eyebrows, shift in our seats, ask the men to “man up” or give them advice to take charge or discuss their “lack of manliness” behind their backs and give them looks of pity, we are essentially encouraging them to push us (the society) and their loved ones away, in the process sliding them onto a track of loneliness and guilt that could have a severe impact on their health (mental and physical) if not addressed soon.
The “masculinity myth”
Gilette’s recent ad features men breaking away from toxic masculinity. Marketing gimmick or genius?
Toxic masculinity involves the notion that men should be distant, domineering and self-seeking. This concept of masculinity is often used by the media and market to drive home ideas to expand their sales. Several articles, campaigns, and research studies are trying to educate the general public about the toxicity in this concept.
However, the concept of “masculinity” in itself is a myth — a label created by us as a society to make the division of work easier.
As humans, we all experience the same set of emotions, are all subjected to similar stressors and yet we burden only a set of individuals with the unreasonable expectations to be stoic and pull through the problem, no matter what. Consequently, their failure to meet this expectation is looked down up, and men who cannot measure up to this standard are characterised as “weak”. While this has a negative effect on the process of building an inclusive society, the concept of masculinity is also creating disturbing ripples in the mental health of men, their partners and their family and friends.
Challenging the myth:
To break the culture of asking men to man up, we must begin to treat them as we treat our most loved ones: with compassion. Here are some actions that will help.
- Actively listen to what the men have to share.
- When you hear someone ridiculing a man’s expression of sensitive emotions, inform them about the man made nature of this concept.
- Be self aware and keep a check on yourself for any subtle expectations you have only from men.
- Create a healthy channel of communication and expression for the men in your life to express their emotions in a healthy manner.
- Encourage men to seek mental help.
Vini Doshi is a Research Associate (Mental Health) at One Future Collective. | https://www.onefuturecollective.org/the-masculinity-myth-and-what-it-is-doing-to-us/ |
A small child’s day is an emotional roller-coaster. Feelings flare and emotions erupt so strongly that it can confuse both child and adult. From the first seconds of their lives babies express their emotions through simple responses like crying and smiling, but before long, parents are faced with a spontaneous, over-excited, shy, bogey-man fearing toddler with a very short fuse. Emotions are always with us and they guide everything we do. Learning emotional skills should be an everyday exercise for all of us.
A child learns emotional intelligence by observing and mimicking those around them. They must not be left alone with their feelings – an adult’s job is to support the child by naming emotions, explaining how they might make a child feel, where they come from and how to live with them. Why do you feel anger throughout your whole body? How can you stop feeling sad and start feeling better?
When you talk about emotions, the child starts to be able to identify their feelings and learns the vocabulary to describe them. Emotions become understandable and therefore easier to control. If you can express your feelings with words, you can help others understand without needing to get physical. In time, the child learns to see how their actions affect others and how to take other people’s feelings into account. These are invaluable skills for all social encounters throughout life!
How are the characters feeling? Why?
How do emotions affect how the characters behave?
How could the characters deal with conflict?
How can the characters solve problems and settle their differences?
How does reading this story make you feel?
In a family with children, emotions abound. Grown-ups should also develop their emotional skills, and for an adult, working on their emotions means recognising and controlling feelings within themselves as well as their children. It means also focusing on positive and effective solutions. Recognising and accepting their own emotions helps the parent to understand their child.
It is important for the parent to set an example on how to channel their emotions in acceptable and safe ways. It is essential that the child understands that all feelings are allowed. Negative feelings are not something to be afraid of not should they be avoided. Instead, all feelings can be expressed in a constructive way. Emotions boil over, but they too shall pass, and they can always be talked about together. The child must be able to trust that they are always accepted and loved – on bad days as well as good ones.
Emotional skills and the ability to control your feelings are the most important skills in life. According to multiple studies, the ability to control emotions leads to a more balanced life, better self esteem and overall well-being. | http://ympyraiset.fi/en/emotional-skills/ |
Days of Our Lives spoilers for Wednesday, March 25 confirm that many relationships will be in the spotlight during the midweek episode.
According to a recent report by Soap Hub, fans can expect to see a lot of Ben Weston (Robert Scott Wilson) and Ciara Brady (Victoria Konefal) during the episode.
The couple recently reunited after Ben was released from prison. Fans will remember that it was Ciara who cleared his named and proved that he didn’t kill his sister, Jordan Ridgeway (Chrishell Stause).
Ciara came through at the last possible moment to save Ben from execution. Now, he’s finally free from his cell and ready for a fresh start with the love of his life. The couple will spend a very romantic day together as they enjoy their reunion and make up for some lost time.
Meanwhile, Nicole Walker (Arianne Zucker) will continue to believe that baby Mickey was switched at birth. Nicole believes that Mickey is not the biological daughter of Eric Brady (Greg Vaughan) and Sarah Horton (Linsey Godfrey), but the daughter of Brady Black (Eric Martsolf) and Kristen DiMera (Stacy Haiduk).
Of course, viewers know that Nicole’s suspicions are correct and that Xander Kiriakis (Paul Telfer) couldn’t bear to tell Sarah that her daughter died shortly after birth. So, he and his uncle Victor (John Aniston) paid off a doctor to switch the babies, making Brady and Kristen believe that their little girl had tragically passed away.
Nicole will be so adamant about her theory that she’ll confide in Mayor Abe Carver (James Reynolds) about the idea. Abe will likely be stunned by Nicole’s words and may even try to help her find out the truth.
Elsewhere in Salem, Eric will have a heartfelt conversation with Sarah. He’ll continue to express concerns about her boyfriend, Xander, having a role in their daughter Mickey’s life.
While Sarah will defend Xander, who very obviously loves Mickey, it will likely be a different story once the baby switch is revealed.
In addition, Hattie Adams (Deidre Hall) will press Roman Brady (Josh Taylor) about his feelings for her. Hattie has made it clear through the years that she’s head over heels for Roman. Now that they’re working together, he seems interested in a relationship.
Days of Our Lives fans have watched as Roman has been flirty and sending signals to Hattie. Now, she’ll confront him about his feelings, and viewers may finally see the pair couple up. | https://www.inquisitr.com/5962235/days-of-our-lives-spoilers-ben-ciara-romance/ |
Since starting work at Weston Hospicecare around two months ago, I’ve heard a lot about Expressive Movement Therapy, a group that is offered as part of our Day Services. Everything I’ve heard has been positive, and I was certainly curious to find out more about it, so when the opportunity came up to attend a taster session run by Sarah Woolf, Dance Movement Psychotherapist, I went along.
Sarah explained that Expressive Movement Therapy is a form of creative arts therapy that gives patients the chance to share with others and express themselves in their own way. That could be through gentle movement, the use of props, music, and even through laughter. When dealing with a life-limiting illness, often words aren’t enough to adequately express all we feel. When someone asks how you are, you can explain your general health, or maybe what treatment you’re undergoing, but how do you express the emotions you’re feeling regarding your loss of movement, maybe, or your breathlessness?
The therapy group offers a safe space to explore all of this and more. We began the session seated in a circle; the shape is equal and inclusive. The group maintains confidentiality, and you are free to participate as much or as little as you wish. We each expressed how we were feeling; in our session we did this by selecting a bead from a box that we felt best represented our thoughts, but this might also be done in other ways, using other items.
From there, Sarah led us all in a gentle warm-up to some relaxing music. Again, we were under no pressure to join in, but I found that people gradually started taking part. Sarah encouraged us to become aware of our hands; how they feel, how they’re moving. We gradually moved around the body, focusing on our breathing, our head, our feet, and so on.
Because the sessions are patient-led, each one is different according to the wishes of the group. After the warm-up, we all felt like changing the music to something a bit more ‘bouncy,’ and we selected balls as our props. The mood changed; we all became fun and playful as we threw large soft balls to one another, and there was a lot of laughter. It felt freeing, relaxing, and it was very reminiscent of my childhood.
After, as we discussed the session, I became aware of how long it’s been since I’ve played like that. I wondered aloud when it is that we, as adults, lose that sense of freedom. It was wonderful to escape, to have the ability, and the safe space, to express a range of thoughts and feelings. I can imagine how freeing and uplifting an Expressive Movement Therapy session must be when dealing with the many thoughts and feelings that having a life-limiting condition brings.
Sarah has done a case study on the role that these therapy sessions can play in palliative care, and it really highlights just how important the group is in allowing patients to express their feelings. Using creative ways, Sarah found that patients managed to express feelings relating to physical pain, breathlessness, sleeplessness, loss of mobility, depression, anxiety, frustration and much more.
In fact, Sarah’s thesis was entitled ‘This is Me Completely,’ a quote from one of the participants in the study. Sarah’s core findings were that EMT enabled people to reconnect with their ill bodies to find ways of expressing themselves as a complete, integrated person. All participants in the study appeared to feel dis-integrated as a result of their bodies letting them down, owing to their illness. EMT gave them the chance to feel a sense of completion and expression that otherwise would not have been available to them.
Weston Hospicecare is proud to offer such a unique and creative form of therapy. Anyone wishing to find out more, or who thinks they or a loved one might benefit from Expressive Movement Therapy, should speak with their Hospice Community Nurse Specialist, or contact Alison Bailey at the Wellbeing Centre on 01934 423 900.
Hospice Care Week 2017: Variety is the Spice of Life- Volunteer for us! Hospice Care Week 2017: Fashionable Frocks and Brilliant Books; Retail Rocks! | https://www.westonhospicecare.org.uk/hospice-care-week-2017-when-words-arent-enough-a-spotlight-on-expressive-movement-therapy/ |
Steps To Process Difficult Emotions
Difficult emotions can be highly complex and tough to process. Difficult emotions are usually negative, such as anger, loneliness, sadness, jealousy, fear, rejection, or self-criticism. At face value, these emotions are challenging in nature. If these emotions are not processed, they can become destructive and highly harmful.
Negative emotions are a part of life and are impossible to avoid. Learning to process difficult emotions is crucial to living a happy and productive life. Processing difficult emotions is not a skill that comes naturally to all people.
Time, effort, and practice are required to effectively process difficult emotions. Below are the steps to take to effectively process difficult emotions.
Identity Numbing Behaviors:
Before learning to process your emotions, you must make sure you avoid behaviors that trigger emotional numbness. A numbing behavior is an activity you take part in to avoid facing your feelings. These activities can be done unconsciously or intentionally.
Common intentional numbing behaviors include video games, streaming videos nonstop, marathon tv or movie watching, food, drugs, and alcohol. The most common unconscious numbing behavior is over-committing yourself so you stay constantly busy.
There is nothing wrong with partaking in any of these activities, as long as they are done in moderation and as long as they are not being done to avoid processing your emotions.
Identify Your Emotions:
Most people do not fully understand how, where, and why their emotions are coming from. We base our emotional reasoning on an in-the-moment judgment call or brush the feelings off.
To process your emotions, you need to understand what your emotions are.
· How do they make you feel?
· Are there any changes to your physical body?
· Do you feel lightheaded, hot, cold, or dizzy?
· Are your hands clenched? Do you feel light as a feather or heavy like a brick?
· How would you describe your emotion to others?
We often clamp onto general emotions such as happiness, sadness, and anger. In reality, the emotion of “anger” can encompass frustration, annoyance, betrayal, or upset. Why are you feeling this way? What triggered your emotions? Learning to identify and understand your feelings will help you process them effectively.
What Are Your Emotions Telling You?
Emotions can offer great insight into our lives and help propel us forward. Emotions allow us to recognize what we may need at that moment. If you’re noticing you are constantly checking your social media pages and you feel anxiety if you’re not checking them nonstop, this could be your emotions telling you it’s time to take a break from social media.
If you’re feeling increasingly irritated by a coworker's comments, that could be your emotions telling you there is an underlying issue that should be investigated and approached.
Express Your Emotions:
Once you’ve identified your emotions and have time to determine their meaning, you need to express them. Expressing emotions looks different for every person. Some people express feelings by talking to friends, some engage in physical activity, and others create art or music. To fully process your emotions, you need to let them out.
Remember emotional outlets should always be a safe space. Engaging in numbing, harmful, or illegal expressions will only worsen the circumstance.
Difficult emotions can be overpowering and overwhelming, turning even the most respected and successful person into a hot mess. Learning to process difficult emotions is no easy feat. It takes time, effort, practice, and determination.
Identifying numbing behaviors, identifying your emotions, learning what your emotions are telling you, and expressing your feelings are the steps you need to take to truly process difficult emotions. | https://www.bettershepherds.com/steps-to-process-difficult-emotions/ |
Whether it’s been a week, months, or even years since you’ve had the chance to get to know this guy better and discover where your relationship might be headed, the uncertainty in the air can be quite uncomfortable.
So what can you do about it?
There are proven ways to make a guy realize exactly what he feels for you and conscious actions that you can take to ensure that your relationship develops the way you’ve envisioned it.
This article takes a look at important things that you can do when a guy is unsure of his feelings for you.
1) Simply ask him what he really needs
Having a heart-to-heart conversation with this guy may not be the ideal way to handle this situation for you, but it might be in your best interest.
Therefore, what I’m suggesting is to gather up the courage and ask him what he needs to get clarity about where things really stand between you two.
This point is hard to put into practice; I know. However, it might get you the things you need too.
For example, you might find out that things are going too fast for him or that he just doesn’t think monogamy is suited to him.
Whatever his reason may be, at least you’ll know what’s going on in his head and whether or not you can do something about it.
2) Have patience with him
A gentle approach to any relationship development is a great thing. What I mean is that you shouldn’t rush things.
The more time you and your guy spend together, the more likely he is to fall in love with you deeply and stay in love with you, as well as express his feelings openly.
As you might expect, a guy who is unsure of his feelings for you will try to put off talking about them because he doesn’t want to feel uncomfortable.
This is why patience plays a vital role in your pursuit of happiness in this relationship.
3) Give him the space he needs
If a guy is fighting his feelings for you, giving him some space will definitely work for you. Why?
Because the uncertainty he feels in his gut is more than likely the result of fear.
His fears could be related to the fact that he feels that he might not be ready for a committed relationship because he was hurt in the past, or maybe he’s not good enough for you.
Whatever the cause may be, it’s crucial to give him some space to figure out what he needs to do about things on his own.
This step is important because that’s how he will tune in to his deeper feelings for you. The result?
He’ll eventually be able to express his feelings for you and share what he feels in an honest way.
By letting him space out on his thoughts, you’ll show that you’re open to him, with full trust in his feelings for you.
The next move is up to him.
4) Reassure him of your feelings
A guy who is unsure of his feelings for you will most likely be looking for evidence that he’s not the only one who has deep feelings.
It would be a great idea to reassure him of your feelings and try to put his mind at ease with this. It could also work out great if you were willing to compromise with him.
So, if you’re willing to put enough energy into the relationship, you could actually convince him that you’re the one he needs in his life.
But I get it, while it’s simple to say, it’s not easy to actually reassure him of your feelings.
As for me, I struggled for months before I learned how I could express my sincere feelings to him.
Believe it or not, I managed to do so with a help of a professional coach at Relationship Hero. It’s a hugely popular relationship coaching site because they provide solutions, not just talk.
I was honestly blown away by how genuine, understanding, and professional they were.
After feeling helpless for so long, they gave me a unique insight into the dynamics of my relationship, including practical advice on how to express my feelings and reassure my partner in what I felt.
In just a few minutes you can connect with a certified relationship coach and get tailor-made advice specific to your situation.
5) Let things play out the way they are supposed to
I’m not saying that you should let things get out of control. What I’m saying is that you need to give things some time and let them unfold naturally.
If a guy is unsure of his feelings for you, then he needs space and time to recognize what it is that he truly wants.
While this point could also be difficult for you to put into practice, it might lead you to a situation where you can build a stronger relationship rather than one that works just because you pressure him.
Stubbornness can land in anyone, at any point in time. This is why most guys who are unsure of their feelings don’t want you to push them into making commitments and decisions about their relationship with you.
6) Ask yourself if you really want to be with him
Sometimes, it’s best to take a second and have a heart-to-heart conversation with yourself.
Do you really want to be with him? If you truly love this guy, then it’s worth trying the tips above and below in this article.
However, if you’re not 100% sure either, but more preoccupied with the fact that he’s unsure of his feelings for you, then maybe you could use a break to figure out your own feelings.
So, if you have your own doubts and insecurities, then ask yourself a few questions.
For example, you could ask yourself why it is that you’re having these doubts and if they’re really worth taking into consideration.
Either way, this is something that can help you figure out what the best move for you should be.
If it turns out that this relationship is not bringing happiness to your life, then it’s better to move on instead of hanging on to him.
7) Accept his feelings
I know it’s hard to accept that this guy is unsure of his feelings for you, and this was definitely not meant to happen.
However, if he feels unsure of his feelings for you, he might be in fact afraid of getting hurt or settling down.
It’s important to note that these reasons have nothing to do with you. They’re most probably coming from past traumas.
Accepting his feelings is the best option for you for a number of reasons.
First, because it’s the only logical thing to do; and second, because eventually, he will be able to admit how he feels towards you and show you how much he cares.
Sometimes, all it takes is to want to accept his feelings in order for him to open up.
8) Make sure he trusts you
Trust is crucial for any relationship to work. Whether it’s about you making him feel that way or the other way around, trust is crucial in a relationship.
If there are trust issues between the two of you, then it’ll be far more difficult for this guy to open up and be honest with you.
Trust is essential for love to flourish in a relationship.
Why? Because if you don’t trust someone enough to believe what they say or do, their emotions will always be at stake and your relationship might not go anywhere.
This is something you’ll definitely want to exclude from your relationship.
What does inconsistency say about a person?
Inconsistency is a trait that’s hard to deal with. If a guy is unsure of his feelings for you, then you need to go deep down and figure out why he’s like this.
Being inconsistent is usually the result of uncertainty and not being able to commit. Simply put, it’s a feeling that takes over his life and he doesn’t know what to do about it.
That’s why you need to understand why he’s like this and what you can do in order to make him feel better. So, you need to ask yourself a few questions.
For example, you could ask yourself, what is really the cause of his inconsistency? And if it makes sense for you to deal with it.
How do you respond to inconsistency?
Ways to respond to inconsistency are :
1) Talk to him about it
Perhaps talking to him about it will clear his mind and he’ll be able to see things from your point of view.
If you feel like there’s a chance that this will work, then this is the right thing to do.
Nevertheless, don’t get your hopes up too high because there are no guarantees here.
2) Don’t ignore it
If you ignore it, you’re not doing yourself any good.
You need to understand that this guy who is unsure of his feelings for you is a huge risk to your happiness.
So, if his inconsistency is harming your self-esteem and making you feel worse about yourself, then it’s time to cut him out of your life.
3) Don’t accept it
Let me be honest with you:
Unless this guy’s your soulmate or something like that, you shouldn’t accept his inconsistency.
In fact, this is one of the major things that could drive you crazy and lead you to a point where you have no other option but to leave him.
He’s unsure of his feelings for you. What next?
By now you should have a good idea of the things you can do in case he’s unsure of his feelings for you.
But, there’s something else you could do to resolve this. What?
Well, there’s a new concept in the relationship world called the Hero Instinct. It’s revolutionized the way we understand how men work in relationships.
You see, when you trigger a man’s hero instinct, all his emotional walls come down. He feels better in himself and he naturally begins to associate those good feelings with you. He becomes more certain of his feelings for you every day.
And it’s all down to knowing how to trigger these innate drivers that motivate men to love, commit, and protect.
So if you’re ready to take your relationship to that level, be sure to check out James Bauer’s incredible advice.
Click here to watch his excellent free video.
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People also downplay feelings for the people they care about. … We don’t want to risk rejection, feeling embarrassed, or place ourselves “too out in the open.” So instead, we retreat to the shelter of façade. Hiding behind walls of guardedness and pretending.
Then, How do you explain how you feel?
Try these easy steps:
- Think of the name for how you feel. (Let’s say you feel nervous.)
- Think of why you feel that way. (Let’s say you are nervous because you have a spelling test tomorrow.)
- Put them together into words. (Say to yourself, “I feel nervous about my spelling test tomorrow.”)
But also, How do I say I have feelings for someone?
How To Tell Someone You Like Them (And NOT Ruin The Friendship)
- Don’t make it a big deal. …
- Decide whether to do it in person or via text. …
- Pick your moment. …
- Do it ASAP. …
- Keep it to yourself. …
- Give yourself a confidence boost. …
- Just ask them out on a date first. …
- Make things clear, but don’t obsess over the precise words.
How do you express your feelings to someone you like? Here are seven ways to express your love:
- Offer the gift of listening. …
- Say please and thank you. …
- Tell your loved ones how much you love and appreciate them. …
- Offer to help someone in need. …
- Write a letter or send a card to someone you love and mail it. …
- Write your loved ones a poem of gratitude.
Similarly, How do you know you have strong feelings for someone?
impatience/excitement: it’s hard for you to wait until you see them again. something about them has moved you in some way. surprise: they manage to surprise you in a good way every time. respect: you feel a lot of respect for who they are, what they’ve lived so far and where they’re heading in life.
How do you express your feelings?
Before you express a feeling, you need to know what it is!
Come up with specific words that describe exactly how you feel. Instead of saying you feel ‘bad’ – find more specific words like afraid, frustrated, upset or anxious.
How do I put my feelings into words?
How To Express Your Emotions In Words
- Create an environment where you can think critically and process information. …
- Engage in free writing with a pen and notepad. …
- Use what you wrote to hone what you need to express into a single sentence. …
- Analyze the overall situation and determine if what you want to say must be said.
How do you tell someone you are interested in them?
So here are some subtle ways to show someone you like them, according to experts.
- Make Eye Contact. Andrew Zaeh for Bustle. …
- Just Say “Hi” …
- Ask Your Friends To Invite Them To A Group Event. …
- Make Light Physical Contact During Conversation. …
- Mirror Their Body Language. …
- Be Attentive. …
- Be Your Lovely Warm And Inviting Self.
What to say if someone ask how you feel about them?
Respond by saying, “Actually, I’ve been feeling…” or “You know, I have been feeling…” If you are feeling depressed or going through a tough time, you could also mention that so that your loved ones can help you. For example, you may respond, “Actually, I’ve been feeling a little down lately.
What’s the difference between liking someone and having feelings?
Liking is more of being attracted to the non-physical attributes of the person (like his or her personality) while having a crush on someone is more of being attracted to his or her looks. … The feeling of having a crush on someone usually fades away faster than the feeling of liking someone.
How do you confess your feelings to someone?
24 September 2019.
- Consider explaining the story of how you came to love this person. Say something true, and honest, and sweet. Make it unique, and make them feel special.
- Say it casually or earnestly, depending on your comfort level. Make sure that this person knows you’re serious.
How do you tell your crush how you feel about him?
How to tell your crush you like him: 7 ways to let him know about your feelings!
- Give him compliments:
- Subtle touch:
- Pick your choice of place for plans:
- Give a personal touch to your conversations:
- Mention your name in between your conversations:
- 6.Make an eye contact whenever you talk to him:
How do you confess your feelings to a guy?
Talk to him about setting aside some good time to talk, or try to catch him at a time when you know he won’t be busy. Talk to him in private. Talk to him in private. Confessing your crush in front of other people will make him feel pressured and embarrassed, and you don’t want that!
How do you know if someone is falling for you?
They show empathy — in good times and bad
“Someone in love will care about your feelings and your well-being,” Dr. Flores said. “If he or she is able to show empathy or is upset when you are, not only do they have your back, but they also probably have strong feelings for you.”
When you feel a strong connection with someone do they feel it too?
Yes! It happens, but the chances are very rare. In order to feel such a mutual instant connection. The two individuals must be highly intuitive and share the chemistry of same Empath bond to read each other’s minds, feel each other’s emotions, and understand each other’s motives.
What are the steps of liking someone?
10 Stages Of Liking Someone When You’re The Type Of Person Who Builds Up Walls
- Annoying. I become that girl. …
- Admittance. I start to tell you things about me that no one else knows. …
- Denial. So what if I haven’t heard from you today? …
- Weepy. It’s been a week. …
- Questioning. …
- Self-loathing. …
- Angry at you. …
- Realization.
How do you describe your feelings?
For example, the way a person smiles can reveal something about how they are feeling, such as that they’re sad, mad, happy, or ecstatic.
…
List of Descriptive Feeling Words.
|Positive Feeling Words||Negative Feeling Words||Context-Specific Words|
|delightful||irritated||intelligent|
|excited||pessimistic||numb|
How do I talk to him about my feelings?
Here’s how to get a guy to talk to you and open up to fully express his deepest feelings in 10 easy steps.
- Be trustworthy. …
- Treat him as your equal. …
- Empathize what he does well. …
- Ask powerful questions. …
- Don’t push the issues down his throat. …
- Pick the right time. …
- Take him off guard.
How do I talk to my partner about feelings?
- Share that you are feeling anxious. You don’t have to put on a brave face — this is your partner you’re talking to, after all. …
- Focus on your feelings, thoughts, and relationship needs. …
- Ask what they think is the best solution. …
- Ask how they felt about you bringing it up.
How can I express my feelings without words?
The many different types of nonverbal communication or body language include:
- Facial expressions. The human face is extremely expressive, able to convey countless emotions without saying a word.
- Body movement and posture.
- Gestures.
- Eye contact.
- Touch.
- Space.
- Voice.
- Pay attention to inconsistencies.
What are the feeling words?
Big Feels and How to Talk About Them
- Enjoyment.
- Sadness.
- Fear.
- Anger.
- Disgust.
- Putting it all together.
How do you express your feelings verbally?
Fortunately, there are many ways to facilitate healthy emotional expression; here are 18 tips:
- Use positive self-talk. …
- Be a good listener. …
- Know your triggers. …
- Try spirituality. …
- Teach emotion words to young children. …
- Practice empathy. …
- Cut the distractions. …
- Model emotional expression.
What are obvious signs a guy likes you?
14 Subtle Signs a Guy Really Likes You
- He asks you questions to see if you’re available. …
- He makes lots of eye contact when you speak. …
- He slows his walking pace to meet yours. …
- He’s always telling you jokes. …
- He offers to help you out. …
- He turns his body toward you. …
- His friends try to leave the two of you alone.
How do you signal a man in interest?
How to Signal to a Man That You’re Interested in Him
- Talk about yourself. Sounds a little counter-intuitive,but there is a method to the myopia. …
- Ask about his life. This is the other half of theequation. …
- Take note of his interests and preferences. …
- Don’t take turns. …
- Touch him and let him touch you.
How do you casually tell someone you like them?
50 Ways To Tell Someone You Like Them (Without Just Telling Them)
- Touch your face and hair when you’re talking to them.
- Touch them, casually, on the arm or knee when you’re talking to them.
- Laugh at their jokes.
- Touch their arm or knee when you laugh at their jokes.
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The angular field of view (often called FOV) is a measure of the angular size for an image produced by a camera. Different cameras have different FOV.
But who cares, right? I care. I care because it matters when you are using a camera to measure angles. Really, this all has to do with angular size. Let’s look at a bee in a sample image.
If I know the camera’s field of view, I can use this image to find the angular size of the bee. Once I have the angular size (I will call this θ b), I can use the following relationship.
Just divide the length of the bee (L) by the distance from the bee to the camera (r) and you should get the angular size of the bee (in radians). Think about it. What if I took a whole bunch of bees and made them into a circle centered on the camera? In that case, the length of all of these bees would be the circumference of a circle (2πr). If I divide this by the distance (which is also r), I get an angular size of 2π. See it works. Ok, there is one small problem. If an object has a very large angular size, you don’t get the length of that object since different parts of the object will actually be different distances from the camera. Still, it works in most cases.
Now for an experimental method to determine the angular field of view for the iPhone 6. Why not just look this up? Two reasons. First, I don’t always trust camera specifications – especially when they aren’t so easy to find. Second, the experimental method is just fun.
Here is the plan. Look at several objects of a known size and known distance and make a graph (rather than just one object at one distance). I will take this presentation board and set it at different distances from camera.
If you want to do something like this yourself, here is a helpful tip. The tiles on the floor are usually standard sizes. In my office, they are 12 inches by 12 inches. I can just put the camera on one edge of a tile and count tiles for the distance. I will now record two things for each picture: the distance from the camera to object and the angular size of the object. But here is the thing – I don’t know the angular size. Instead, I will measure the ratio of the object’s angular size to the field of view for the camera. I will call this α such that:
Where s is the length of the object as a ratio of the pixel size to the pixel size of the image. Now for the data. This is a plot of s vs. r.
But that plot seems useless. Before making another plot, let’s combine the measurement from the images with the definition of angular size. If I plot s vs. 1/r, it should be a linear plot with a slope of L/FOV. Here is that plot.
Check that out. A nice straight line. The slope of the linear function fitting this data is 0.274 m (yes, the slope has units of meters). From this and the value of L (0.304 m), I can solve for FOV.
Just for fun, I can convert that FOV to degrees and I get 63.54° (the angular field of view for the iPhone 6). Awesome? Yes. Useful? Yes. | https://www.wired.com/2015/05/measuring-field-view-iphone-6-camera/ |
A Wheel of radius 14in. is rotating 0.5 rad/sec. What is the linear speed v, the angular speed in RPM ( rev per min), and the angular speed in deg/sec?
-
physics
As a result of friction, the angular speed of a wheel changes with time according to d(theta)/dt = w0 e^-(aplpha*t) where w0 and alpha are constants. The angular speed changes from an initial angular speed of 4.87 rad/s to 4.27
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math
1. A flywheel is rotating at 7 rad/sec. It has a 15-cm diameter. What is the speed of a point on its rim, in cm/min? 2. A wheel is rotating at 3 radians/sec. The wheel has a 30 cm radius. What is the speed of a point on its rim,
-
physics
The balance wheel of a watch oscillates with angular amplitude 1.7π rad and period 0.64 s. Find (a) the maximum angular speed of the wheel, (b) the angular speed of the wheel at displacement 1.7π/2 rad, and (c) the magnitude of
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physics
a wheelof diameter 0.70 meterolls without slipping. a point at the top of the wheel moves with a tangential speed of 2.0 meter/second. a) at what speed is the axis of the wheel moving? b) What is the angular speed of the wheel?
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Grade 12 Trigonometry
A wheel of a child's car revolves at 15 rpm. a) What is the angular velocity of the wheel in radians per seconds? b) A painted dot on the circumference of the wheel is 12 cm from the center of rotation of the wheel. How far does
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Physics
A flywheel turns at 600 rpm. Compute the angular speed at any point on the wheel and the tangential speed 0.5 m from the centre.
You can view more similar questions or ask a new question. | https://www.jiskha.com/questions/1474079/a-flywheel-makes-120-rpm-find-the-angular-speed-of-any-point-on-the-wheel-and-linear |
What is the angular velocity of the Earth around the Sun? How do we get it?
Calculating the angular velocity of the Earth is a deceptively easy task. The reason for this is simple - the angular velocity is defined as the angle subtended in a certain time.
We know the Earth goes round the Sun, all the way around is 2 radians (360 degrees). We also know that it takes a year (approx 365 days) which is therefore about 3.2x107 secs.
Therefore = 2 / 3.2x107 = 2.0x10-7 rad/s. We have calculated the angular velocity.
However, if we can measure the distance to the Sun we can also calculate the velocity of the Earth relative to the Sun. Although unless we define a direction this is more technically known as the speed. This can be done by looking at the definition of the radian. The radian is a unit which conects the radius of an arc, the length of the arc and the angle subtended by the arc. The formula for this is s = r x (where s is the length of the arc, r is the radius and the angle). So if we know the radius of the Earth's orbit (1.5x1011m) we can substitute the angular velocity from our previous equation to give v = x r (where v is the velocity, the angular velocity and r the radius). | https://www.physlink.com/Education/AskExperts/ae256.cfm |
Separately, the SI unit of solid angle measurement is the steradian.
The radian is represented by the symbol rad (Unicode-encoded as U+33AD ㎭ ). An alternative symbol is c, the superscript letter c, for "circular measure", or the letter r, but both of those symbols are infrequently used as it can be easily mistaken for a degree symbol (°) or a radius (r). So for example, a value of 1.2 radians could be written as 1.2 rad, 1.2 r, 1.2rad, or 1.2c.
Contents
- 1 Definition
- 2 History
- 3 Conversions
- 4 Advantages of measuring in radians
- 5 Dimensional analysis
- 6 Use in physics
- 7 Multiples of radian units
- 8 See also
- 9 Notes and references
- 10 External links
Definition
Radian describes the plane angle subtended by a circular arc as the length of the arc divided by the radius of the arc. One radian is the angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc that is equal in length to the radius of the circle. More generally, the magnitude in radians of such a subtended angle is equal to the ratio of the arc length to the radius of the circle; that is, θ = s /r, where θ is the subtended angle in radians, s is arc length, and r is radius. Conversely, the length of the enclosed arc is equal to the radius multiplied by the magnitude of the angle in radians; that is, s = rθ.
As the ratio of two lengths, the radian is a "pure number" that needs no unit symbol, and in mathematical writing the symbol "rad" is almost always omitted. When quantifying an angle in the absence of any symbol, radians are assumed, and when degrees are meant the symbol ° is used.
It follows that the magnitude in radians of one complete revolution (360 degrees) is the length of the entire circumference divided by the radius, or 2πr /r, or 2π. Thus 2π radians is equal to 360 degrees, meaning that one radian is equal to 180/π degrees.
History
The concept of radian measure, as opposed to the degree of an angle, is normally credited to Roger Cotes in 1714. He described the radian in everything but name, and he recognized its naturalness as a unit of angular measure. The idea of measuring angles by the length of the arc was already in use by other mathematicians. For example, al-Kashi (c. 1400) used so-called diameter parts as units where one diameter part was 1/60 radian and they also used sexagesimal subunits of the diameter part.
The term radian first appeared in print on 5 June 1873, in examination questions set by James Thomson (brother of Lord Kelvin) at Queen's College, Belfast. He had used the term as early as 1871, while in 1869, Thomas Muir, then of the University of St Andrews, vacillated between the terms rad, radial, and radian. In 1874, after a consultation with James Thomson, Muir adopted radian.
Conversions
|Turns||Radians||Degrees||Gradians (Gons)|
|0||0||0°||0g|
|1/24||π/12||15°||16 2/3g|
|1/12||π/6||30°||33 1/3g|
|1/10||π/5||36°||40g|
|1/8||π/4||45°||50g|
|1/2π||1||c. 57.3°||c. 63.7g|
|1/6||π/3||60°||66 2/3g|
|1/5||2π/5||72°||80g|
|1/4||π/2||90°||100g|
|1/3||2π/3||120°||133 1/3g|
|2/5||4π/5||144°||160g|
|1/2||π||180°||200g|
|3/4||3π/2||270°||300g|
|1||2π||360°||400g|
Conversion between radians and degrees
As stated, one radian is equal to 180/π degrees. Thus, to convert from radians to degrees, multiply by 180/π.
For example:
Conversely, to convert from degrees to radians, multiply by π/180.
For example:
Radians can be converted to turns (complete revolutions) by dividing the number of radians by 2π.
Radian to degree conversion derivation
The length of circumference of a circle is given by , where is the radius of the circle.
So the following equivalent relation is true:
[Since a sweep is needed to draw a full circle]
By the definition of radian, a full circle represents:
Combining both the above relations:
Conversion between radians and gradians
radians are equal to one turn, which is by definition 400 gradians (400 gons or 400g). So, to convert from radians to gradians multiply by , and to convert from gradians to radians multiply by . For example,
Advantages of measuring in radians
In calculus and most other branches of mathematics beyond practical geometry, angles are universally measured in radians. This is because radians have a mathematical "naturalness" that leads to a more elegant formulation of a number of important results.
Most notably, results in analysis involving trigonometric functions are simple and elegant when the functions' arguments are expressed in radians. For example, the use of radians leads to the simple limit formula
which is the basis of many other identities in mathematics, including
Because of these and other properties, the trigonometric functions appear in solutions to mathematical problems that are not obviously related to the functions' geometrical meanings (for example, the solutions to the differential equation , the evaluation of the integral , and so on). In all such cases it is found that the arguments to the functions are most naturally written in the form that corresponds, in geometrical contexts, to the radian measurement of angles.
The trigonometric functions also have simple and elegant series expansions when radians are used; for example, the following Taylor series for sin x :
If x were expressed in degrees then the series would contain messy factors involving powers of π/180: if x is the number of degrees, the number of radians is y = πx /180, so
Mathematically important relationships between the sine and cosine functions and the exponential function (see, for example, Euler's formula) are, again, elegant when the functions' arguments are in radians and messy otherwise.
Dimensional analysis
Although the radian is a unit of measure, it is a dimensionless quantity. This can be seen from the definition given earlier: the angle subtended at the centre of a circle, measured in radians, is equal to the ratio of the length of the enclosed arc to the length of the circle's radius. Since the units of measurement cancel, this ratio is dimensionless.
Although polar and spherical coordinates use radians to describe coordinates in two and three dimensions, the unit is derived from the radius coordinate, so the angle measure is still dimensionless.
Use in physics
The radian is widely used in physics when angular measurements are required. For example, angular velocity is typically measured in radians per second (rad/s). One revolution per second is equal to 2π radians per second.
For the purpose of dimensional analysis, the units of angular velocity are s−1 and s−2 respectively.
Similarly, angular acceleration is often measured in radians per second per second (rad/s2).
Likewise, the phase difference of two waves can also be measured in radians. For example, if the phase difference of two waves is (k·2π) radians, where k is an integer, they are considered in phase, whilst if the phase difference of two waves is (k·2π + π), where k is an integer, they are considered in antiphase.
Multiples of radian units
Metric prefixes have limited use with radians, and none in mathematics. A milliradian (mrad) is a thousandth of a radian and a microradian (μrad) is a millionth of a radian, i.e. 103 mrad = 106 μrad = 1 rad.
There are 2π × 1000 milliradians (≈ 6283.185 mrad) in a circle. So a trigonometric milliradian is just under 1⁄6283 of a circle. This “real” trigonometric unit of angular measurement of a circle is in use by telescopic sight manufacturers using (stadiametric) rangefinding in reticles. The divergence of laser beams is also usually measured in milliradians.
An approximation of the trigonometric milliradian (0.001 rad), known as the (angular) mil, is used by NATO and other military organizations in gunnery and targeting. Each angular mil represents 1⁄6400 of a circle and is 1 7⁄8% smaller than the trigonometric milliradian. For the small angles typically found in targeting work, the convenience of using the number 6400 in calculation outweighs the small mathematical errors it introduces. In the past, other gunnery systems have used different approximations to 1⁄2000π; for example Sweden used the 1⁄6300 streck and the USSR used 1⁄6000. Being based on the milliradian, the NATO mil subtends roughly 1 m at a range of 1000 m (at such small angles, the curvature is negligible).
Smaller units like microradians (μrad) and nanoradians (nrad) are used in astronomy, and can also be used to measure the beam quality of lasers with ultra-low divergence. More common is arc second, which is π⁄648,000 radians (around 4.8481 microradians). Similarly, the prefixes smaller than milli- are potentially useful in measuring extremely small angles.
See also
- Angular frequency
- Angular mil – military measurement
- Gradian
- Harmonic analysis
- Steradian – the "square radian" | https://www.infogalactic.com/info/Radian |
A→∡r command turns a scalar or a suitable component of a composite object into an angle measured in radians.
In particular, if the component is:
- a scalar, then the number is interpreted as an angle in the current angular mode and converted to radians;
- a rectangular complex number, nothing happens;
- a polar complex number, then the angular component is converted to radians;
- an angle, then the angle is converted to radians;
- a vector, then any angle or polar complex number but not scalars is converted to radians as per above rules.
Compatibility
This command is new in newRPL and does not exist in userRPL. | https://newrpl.wiki.hpgcc3.org/doku.php?id=manual:chapter6:angles:cmd_angtorad |
What is the angular speed of the hour hand of a clock in rad s?
1 Expert Answer
On an analog (not digital) clock, the hour hand travels 360°, or 2π radians, in 12 hours.
What is the time period of second hand in a wall clock?
The second, or sweep, hand moves relatively quickly, taking a full minute (sixty seconds) to make a complete rotation from 12 to 12. For every rotation of the second hand, the minute hand will move from one minute mark to the next.
Is Omega angular velocity?
Angular velocity is usually represented by the symbol omega (ω, sometimes Ω). By convention, positive angular velocity indicates counter-clockwise rotation, while negative is clockwise.
What is angular velocity radians per minute?
“Angular velocity” is a measure of turning per time unit. It tells you the size of the angle through which something revolves in a given timespan. For instance, if a wheel rotates sixty times in one minute, then it has an angular velocity of 120π radians per minute.
How often does the tip of an hour hand on a clock have the same velocity?
Answer: tip of an hour hand on a clock have the same velocity? once every minute; once every hour; once every 12 hours; once every 24 hours.
Is the angular velocity of rotation of hour hand?
Hour-hand of a watch completes one rotation in 12 hours, while earth completes one rotation in 24 hours. So angular velocity of hour-hand is double the angular velocity of the earth. This is because ω = 2 π T , where T is the time taken to complete one rotation and ω is the angular velocity.
What is relation between linear velocity and angular velocity?
We can write the relationship between linear velocity and angular velocity in two different ways: v=rω or ω=v/r. | https://tomcarterwatch.com/clock/what-is-the-angular-velocity-in-rad-sec-of-the-hour-minute-and-second-hand-of-a-clock.html |
The Moon and Mercury will share the same right ascension, with the Moon passing 5°51' to the north of Mercury. The Moon will be 1 days old.
From Cambridge however, the pair will not be observable – they will reach their highest point in the sky during daytime and will be no higher than 1° above the horizon at dusk.
The Moon will be at mag -7.9, and Mercury at mag -0.5, both in the constellation Virgo.
The pair will be too widely separated to fit within the field of view of a telescope or pair of binoculars, but will be visible to the naked eye.
A graph of the angular separation between the Moon and Mercury around the time of closest approach is available here.
The positions of the two objects at the moment of conjunction will be as follows:
|Object||Right Ascension||Declination||Constellation||Magnitude||Angular Size|
|The Moon||13h50m00s||-05°57'||Virgo||-7.9||31'46"4|
|Mercury||13h50m00s||-11°49'||Virgo||-0.5||4"9|
The coordinates above are given in J2000.0. The pair will be at an angular separation of 12° from the Sun, which is in Virgo at this time of year.
|The sky on 09 October 2018|
|
|
0%
30 days old
|
|
All times shown in EDT.
Warning
Never attempt to point a pair of binoculars or a telescope at an object close to the Sun. Doing so may result in immediate and permanent blindness.
Source
The circumstances of this event were computed using the DE405 planetary ephemeris published by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).
This event was automatically generated by searching the ephemeris for planetary alignments which are of interest to amateur astronomers, and the text above was generated based on an estimate of your location.
Related news
|29 Aug 2018||– Mercury reaches highest point in morning sky|
|06 Nov 2018||– Mercury at greatest elongation east|
|11 Nov 2018||– Mercury reaches highest point in evening sky|
|14 Dec 2018||– Mercury reaches highest point in morning sky|
Image credit
The Moon in conjunction with Venus and Jupiter, with the Very Large Telescope in the foreground. Image © Y. Beletsky, ESO, 2009. | https://in-the-sky.org/news.php?id=20181010_19_100 |
Isokinetic Dynamometry Engineering Problem:
An 18-year-old, 5’4”, 130 lbs female soccer player is just recovering from an ACL tear and wants to know if she can get back in the game. She has been super cautious and tentative to rehab strength exercising routines, so she is sure she is ready, but wants to quantify her strength. To do this, she decides to measure her quadricep and hamstring strength on an isokinetic dynamometer and evaluate her hamstring to quad ratio, which should be between 50 and 80 percent . Other important values include power, work, and peak force to assess the muscle and plan for future rehab exercise routines.
Based on previous studies, to test for power and strength of a muscle, the optimal speed is 60º/sec . She also performs the test with a range of 0-90 º. The results of her hamstring force came back as 54.663 lbs and her recorded quadricep torque value determined by the isokinetic dynamometer is 102.45 lbs*ft3. The patient also wants to know her kick velocity (for fun). The computer is not properly calculating important values, and hand calculations must be performed to ensure accuracy. Calculate the power, work, and force of the quadricep, the angular speed at which the leg kicks, and the hamstring to quadricep ratio to determine if the patient can go back to playing.
*See attached anthropometric weight and measurement documents to determine distance and mass
Solution:
Assumptions: To simplify the math, we are ignoring the effects of gravity and inertia from the swinging limb. In real life, they play a major part in the force read by the machine and there are algorithms the computer goes through to factor out the effects. Also, the math that is performed based on the free body diagram is the forces on the knee joint, not just the quadricep. There are many forces that play a part, but for simplicity reasons we will treat them as only the force produced by the quadricep. Furthermore, there are other considerations when thinking about ACL recovery such as muscle strength and also whether or not the muscles are even. In this problem, we only look at one muscle and do not do a comparison.
1.Since Torque is given (102.45 lbs*ft), Force can be found by
Torque=〖Force〗_quad x d or 〖Force〗_quad*d_perpendicular
First: find perpendicular distance, which will be the length from the patient’s knee to ankle (d on free body diagram)
From the anthropometric table, the distance is Height*(0.285-0.039), where H= 5.33 ft.
Therefore. d=1.312 ft
102.45 lb*ft=〖Force〗_quad*1.312ft
〖Force〗_quad=78.09 lbs
2.Now that Force of the quadricep is found, we can solve for work
The distance, in this case, is the distance the leg travels, which will be the arch distance
s (arch distance)=rθ
r in this case is equal to d. Also, the range (θ) is 90 º, which in radians is 1.571 (90*(π/180))
s=(1.312)(1.571)= 2.06 ft
Now that we have d, multiply by force to get work
Work=78.09 lbs*2.06 ft=160.96 ft*lbs
3.Power can be solved by using the equation
Power=torque*angular velocity
Angular velocity is 60º/sec, which in radians (multiplied by (π/180)) is 1.047 s-1
Plugging in,
Power=102.45lb*ft*1.047 s^(-1)=107.28 (ft*lb)/sec
4.To find angular velocity (ω) her leg is going, the angular acceleration must be determined based off of the force exerted by the quadricep
The following equations must be used
F=m_lowerleg*a_n
a_n=ω^2 r,where r=d
*Note: Since there is a circular motion, angular acceleration must be assessed. Since there is a constant velocity, there is no at component.
Using the weight chart, you should find the weight of the lower leg is 0.0618*weight, which in this case is
(0.0618*130 lbs)/(32.2 )=0.2495 s
Therefore:
78.09 lbs=0.2495 slugs* ω^2*1.047 ft
ω^2=298.7 rads/sec
ω=17.28 rads/sec (times 180/π to get degrees)
ω= 990.2 º/sec
5.Finally, to find hamstring to quadricep ratio
Ratio=(Hamstring Force)/(Quadricep Force) x100
Ratio=54.663/78.09 x100=70%
Therefore, it can be concluded the patient can return back to the field
Overall
Force (quad) = 78.09 lbs
Work=160.96 ft*lbs
Power=107.3 ft*lbs/sec
Angular Velocity = 990.2 º/sec
Hamstring/Quad ratio = 70%
All of these values make physiological sense and line up with average results from other research[3,4]
Tables
Figure 1: Mean Segment data taken from https://exrx.net/Kinesiology/Segments
Figure 2: Anthropometric data showing body segment length as a function of total height. From Winter, D.A., Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1990
Sources:
- Rosene, J., Fogarty, T., & Mahaffey, B. (201). Isokinetic Hamstrings:Quadriceps Ratios in Intercollegiate Athletes. Journal of Athletic Training,36(4), 378-383. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC155432/pdf/attr_36_04_0378.pdf. | https://sites.udel.edu/coe-engex/2019/03/28/isokinetic-dynamometry-engineering-problem/ |
Conversion number between radians per second [rad/s] and gigahertz [GHz] is 1.591549430919 × 10-10. This means, that radians per second is smaller unit than gigahertz.
Switch to reverse conversion:
from gigahertz to radians per second conversion
|[rad/s]|
Result in gigahertz?
If conversion between radians per second to hertz and hertz to gigahertz is exactly definied, high precision conversion from radians per second to gigahertz is enabled.
Since definition contain rounded number(s) too, there is no sense for high precision calculation, but if you want, you can enable it. Keep in mind, that converted number will be inaccurate due this rounding error!
|Start value:||[radians per second]|
|Step size||[radians per second]|
|How many lines?||(max 100)|
|radians per second||gigahertz|
|0||0|
|10||1.591549430919 × 10-9|
|20||3.1830988618379 × 10-9|
|30||4.7746482927569 × 10-9|
|40||6.3661977236758 × 10-9|
|50||7.9577471545948 × 10-9|
|60||9.5492965855137 × 10-9|
|70||1.1140846016433 × 10-8|
|80||1.2732395447352 × 10-8|
|90||1.4323944878271 × 10-8|
|100||1.591549430919 × 10-8|
|110||1.7507043740108 × 10-8|
Definition of radians per second unit: = Hz/(2 × π). Radian per second is actually a unit of angular velocity, but radian can be treated as a dimensionless number. According to this, angular velocity can be converted directly into rotations per second. One hertz is equal to (2×π×rad) / s. [rad / s] is derived SI unit of measure.
Definition of gigahertz unit: = 109 Hz. Billion Hertz. How many cycles happen in one billionth of a second. Cycle per 10 -9 sup> sec. Example: Computer processor cycles (clock rate) are measured in GHz. | http://conversion.org/frequency/radians-per-second/gigahertz |
A new study has revealed that human activities are affecting the deepest part of the ocean, more than 1,000 kilometers from the mainland.
Plastic pollution is emerging as one of the most serious threats to ocean ecosystems. World leaders, scientists and communities recognize the urgent need for action, but the impacts of plastic pollution are not well understood.
To raise awareness of the far-reaching effects of plastic pollution, ocean scientists - including those from UN Environment's World Conservation Monitoring Centre - crunched numbers from the Deep-sea Debris Database. The Global Oceanographic Data Centre of the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology launched this database for public use in 2017. It contains over 30 years of photos and videos of debris that have been collected by deep-sea submersibles and remotely operated vehicles.
The data revealed that, from 5,010 dives, more than 3,000 pieces of manmade debris – including plastic, metal, rubber and fishing gear – were counted. Over a third of debris found was macro-plastic, 89 per cent of which was single-use products. In areas deeper than 6000m, over half of debris was plastic, almost all of which was single-use.
The study - Human footprint in the abyss: 30 year records of deep-sea plastic debris - also reveals that single-use plastic has reached the world’s deepest ocean trench - a plastic bag was found in the Mariana Trench, 10,898m below the surface. The ubiquitous distribution of single-use plastic, even to the greatest depths of the ocean, reveal a clear link between daily human activities and the remotest of environments.
Once in the deep-sea, plastic can persist for thousands of years. Deep-sea ecosystems are highly endemic and have a very slow growth rate, so the potential threats from plastic pollution are concerning. There is growing concern that deep-sea ecosystems are already being damaged by direct exploitation of both biological and non-biological resources – through deep-sea trawling, mining and infrastructure development, for example. The results of this study show that deep-sea ecosystems are also being affected indirectly by human activities.
Reducing the production of plastic waste seems to be the only solution to the problem of deep-sea plastic pollution. A global monitoring network is needed to share the limited data on deep-sea plastic pollution, and impact assessment surveys should be prioritised for biologically and ecologically important areas with high concentrations of plastic debris, and to use ocean circulation models to identify how plastic is travelling from land to the deep-sea.
#BeatPlasticPollution is the theme of World Environment Day 2018.
Learn more about our work on oceans and seas.
This article was originally published by UNEP-WCMC. | https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/story/single-use-plastic-has-reached-worlds-deepest-ocean-trench |
The Primary Ambitions Robotics course has got off to a great start.
The pupils from Langford Primary School have been learning about how robots are making an impact in different areas of life, from replacing humans in dangerous jobs to exceeding human capabilities in strength or precision.
Working with the Lego Mindstorm programmable robots, the Year 6 participants have successfully programmed the robots to follow a set of instructions to navigate an obstacle course. They have also managed to make use of the sensors on board the robot to make decisions such as avoiding obstacles.
Our Lower Sixth students have shown great enthusiasm and continue to improve in their delivery and explanation of the tasks. | https://www.emanuel.org.uk/primary-ambitions-robotics/ |
With his prolific literary output in science fiction, Isaac Asimov is remembered for his three laws of robotics. These specified the requirements for a fruitful coexistence between humans and robots: a robot shall not harm a human being by action or omission; a robot shall always obey human instructions; a robot shall avoid situations that harm it. Asimov, one of the pioneers of modern ecology, would perhaps have added one more today: a robot will do its best to take care of the environment. Will scientific and technological breakthroughs be the key to achieving this?
That has been the approach of the University of Leeds in the UK, which has carried out a process known as “horizon scanning,” i.e., a type of scientific forecast, in this case, by interviewing a hundred scientists from around the world. The initial approach was to establish the goals and threats of robotics and autonomous systems (RAS) in fulfilling the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
What SDGs will robotic and autonomous systems affect?
The survey of scientists, the results of which have been published in the journal Nature, indicates that 58% consider that autonomous tasks to transform natural and artificial environments could contribute to fulfilling the SDGs in their area of expertise. Examples mentioned by the specialists include crop production, aquaculture management, food processing and packaging, waste management, eradication of invasive species, and water management, among others.
Seventy-eight percent of specialists believe that SARs will make a difference in monitoring and data collection to support decision-making with an impact on the SDGs. Aspects such as resource distribution, wildlife, water quality, or illegal fishing are mentioned here. In addition, it is believed that these systems will help the public sector to plan more effectively.
Along with other positive aspects, such as promoting innovation in the SDGs, the scientists also identified several threats. These include increasing inequality due to the lack of access to RAS, the rapid transformation of labor markets, and the impact on biodiversity. Thus, 51% believe that increasing inequality is one of the greatest threats. However, in general, no SDG is considered negatively affected by RAS, and there are seven SDGs for which three-quarters of respondents believe that the impact will be positive.
The remainder of the study focused on identifying ways to achieve a positive impact of RAS on the SDGs. The very act of introducing sustainability criteria in their development and implementation will be crucial, as is a collaboration among all stakeholders to minimize negative impacts.
Towards sustainable robotics in the real world
Beyond scientists’ forecasts, fundamental advances are already being made in robotics applied to sustainability. Here are some of the most exciting ones:
- Drones to combat air pollution. A recent MIT student program has worked on a drone solution that patrols the city measuring air pollution This makes it possible to create maps of problem areas much more reliably than traditional static stations.
- Robotics applied to recycling. We have already covered the application of robotics and AI to waste processing. The use of artificial vision, robotic arms, and AI to detect different types of waste promises to improve the efficiency of these processes.
- Ocean cleanup. Ocean pollution is one of the greatest environmental challenges. Fortunately, projects like SWARMs are laying the groundwork for using autonomous vehicles to monitor and clean up underwater debris.
- Robots to study sea life. Sticking to the underwater world, autonomous robots such as those mentioned in this article will open up new possibilities in the study of sea life, as they will be able to examine remote areas over long periods of time.
- Robotic farms. The use of robots and hydroponic crops will improve crop productivity and move production to urban environments. That is the goal of this robotic farm we talked about some time ago.
Robotics and artificial intelligence have a lot to say in the field of sustainability. Together with renewable energies, they are poised to be one of the cornerstones of a greener economy and a powerful tool for combating climate change.
Source: | https://etscot.com/robotics-for-a-more-sustainable-world/ |
New high levels of 'microplastic' pollution found in Arctic ice
Tiny particles known as "microplastics" have been found in record levels in Arctic sea ice, raising concerns about their impact on marine life and humans, scientists said.
Up to 12,000 of the plastic particles were found per litre of sea ice in ice core samples taken from five regions on trips to the Arctic Ocean in 2014 and 2015, researchers found.
The tiny fragments of plastic ranged from types widely used in packaging such as polyethylene, to paints, nylon, polyester and cellulose acetate which is commonly used in making cigarette filters.
Identifying different types of microplastic and the movement of ice indicates their possible source, with the record levels of polyethylene found in one area thought to come from the massive "garbage patch" in the Pacific Ocean.
High levels of paint and nylon particles point to increased shipping and fishing activities in some parts of the Arctic Ocean as the retreat of the sea ice caused by climate change opens the region to more human exploitation.
Study author Dr Ilka Peeken said: "These findings suggest that both the expanding shipping and fishing activities in the Arctic are leaving their mark.
"The high microplastic concentrations in the sea ice can thus not only be attributed to sources to sources outside the Arctic Ocean. Instead they point to local pollution in the Arctic."
The scientists also warned that the majority of the particles they discovered were microscopically small, meaning they could easily be taken up by single-celled organisms and tiny crustaceans.
Dr Peeken said: "No-one can say for certain how harmful these tiny plastic particles are for marine life, or ultimately also for human beings."
Microplastics are particles, fibres or fragments which range in size from just a few thousandths of a millimetre to under five millimetres.
They come from sources including the breakdown of bigger plastic items, putting synthetic clothes through the laundry which are then washed to the sea, or from car tyre friction on roads, creating a dust of the particles.
The scientists used a process to bombard microparticles in the ice samples with infrared light and a mathematical method to analyse the radiation they reflected back to identify what was in the samples.
The process, reported in a study published in the journal Nature Communications, revealed far more microplastics than previous assessments.
Gunnar Gerdts, whose laboratory made the measurements, said: "Using this approach, we also discovered plastic particles that were only 11 micrometres across.
"That's roughly one-sixth the diameter of a human hair, and also explains why we found concentrations of more than 12,000 particles per litre of sea ice - which is two to three times higher than what we'd found in past measurements."
They study revealed that, with its process of freezing and melting sea ice, the Arctic is an important in storing and transporting the plastic particles, as well as being a local source of the problem.
The scientists said they could not yet say whether the particles released from melting sea ice stayed in the Arctic, although it seems likely the plastic litter begins sinking into deeper waters fairly quickly, as they are often colonised by algae and bacteria which make them heavier and sink faster. | https://www.chronicle.gi/new-high-levels-of-microplastic-pollution-found-in-arctic-ice/ |
Microbes living on floating pieces of discarded plastic are affecting the ocean ecosystem. This plastic pollution poses a significant risk to invertebrates, humans and other animals.
Compressed plastic waste collected by fishermen at a processing plant in Chiva, near Valencia in Spain
Pedro Armestre, AFP
The term given to the vast amount of plastic waste in the oceans and the high number of pathogenic bacteria that are attached to the waste is the "
Plastisphere
." Studies have shown that the Plastisphere's inhabitants include bacteria known to cause diseases in animals and humans.
The
Digital Journal reported
last year that the North Atlantic Ocean has several areas streaming with plastic junk, the waste products of modern life. So extensive is plastic waste that plastic has become the main form of ocean debris, causing serious concerns about its impact on the health of ocean communities.
It is not known why so many pathogenic bacteria are attached to plastic (compared with other objects in the ocean. However,
according to
the American Geophysical Union, tests show that some types of harmful bacteria favor plastics more than others. Scientists are exploring if fish or other ocean animals may be helping these pathogens thrive by ingesting the plastic. That could allow bacteria to acquire additional nutrients as they pass through the guts of the fish.
One risk from this,
NBC News
reports, is that the nutrients offered by bacteria could also be luring fish into areas with concentrations of plastic, where the plastic then proves harmful to the fish. In terms of risks to people, aside from the pathogens, some of the microorganisms are thought to accelerate the breakdown of plastic materials into potentially hazardous chemicals.
Revealing this information could help scientists better understand how much of a potential threat these harmful bacteria pose and the role the Plastisphere plays in the larger ocean ecosystem, including its potential to alter nutrients in the water. That information could also help reduce the impact of plastic pollution in the ocean. | http://www.digitaljournal.com/print/article/373240 |
Researchers are creating underwater robots to study microplastics and map the ocean
Researchers at Virginia Tech are developing underwater robots, to be able to map the ocean and study the impacts of microplastics, which are broken down bits of plastic pollution that are filling most of our waters, and could be posing health risks to humans and animals across the world.
“Right now the systems that are currently exploring the deep ocean are really large, really expensive, and require an entire ocean ship to support it,” said Dan Stilwell, a professor of electrical and computer engineering. Stilwell is director of VT’s Center for Marine Autonomy and Robotics program, and is part of the interdisciplinary team working on the project to improve technologies that can study the ocean.
He and two PhD engineering students recently tested out one of their robots as it dove beneath the surface of Claytor Lake in Pulaski County. The robot is bright-yellow and shaped like a missile. It can go more than 1600 feet deep, but on this day, they tested it at a depth of about 9 feet. It was built using 3-D printers at Virginia Tech.
The robot glided, then dipped underneath the water, then practiced doing figure eights along the edge of the lake. It’s learning how to orient itself—and the team is testing whether robots can work collaboratively, together, to map huge areas of the ocean.
“We’re trying to figure out how to reduce the logistics footprint to something really small,” Stilwell said. “Deploy a lot of vehicles, with very little surface support, and have them work for months at a time.”
Several sponsors are interested in the technology, including two alumni who made a $2 million donation to the project. This fall an interdisciplinary group of researchers— led by geoscientist Robert Weiss — will begin a four-year project to use the robots to collect data on microplastics in Virginia Beach and the Chesapeake Bay.
This report, provided by Virginia Public Radio, was made possible with support from the Virginia Education Association. | https://www.wvtf.org/news/2022-09-06/researchers-are-creating-underwater-robots-to-study-microplastics-and-map-the-ocean |
The automated experimental facility, called the Intelligent Towing Tank (ITT), conducted around 100,000 total experiments in its first year of operation. What would normally take a PhD student to complete within five years of experiments, the ITT was able to do within weeks. The development of the ITT in the MIT Sea Grant Hydrodynamics Laboratory takes us further into the area of human-robot-computer research.
The ITT automatically and adaptively performs, analyzes, and designs experiments. The experiments are focused on exploring vortex-induced vibrations (VIVs). VIVs are important for engineering offshore ocean structures such as marine drilling risers, which are responsible for connecting underwater oil wells to the surface. With VIVs, there are a high number of parameters involved.
The ITT is guided by active learning, and it conducts a series of experiments. Within the experiments, the parameters for each next experiment are selected by a computer. The system uses an “explore-and-exploit” methodology, which helps greatly reduce the number of experiments required for mapping and exploring the complex aspects of VIVs.
PhD candidate Dixia Fan began the project while searching for a way to reduce the thousand or so experiments that needed to be conducted by hand. That led to the development of the ITT system.
A paper was published last month in the journal Science Robotics.
Fan is now a postdoc, and the project was worked on by a team of researchers from the MIT Sea Grant College Program and MIT’s Department of Mechanical Engineering, École Normale Supérieure de Rennes, and Brown University. The new project showcases the type of cooperation that can take place between humans, computers, and robots in order to make scientific discoveries at a faster pace.
The ITT is a 33-foot tank, and it works without interruption or suspension. The researchers would like to see the system used in a variety of different disciplines, which could lead to the creation of new models in nonlinear systems.
The ITT allowed Fan and his collaborators to explore a wider parametric space. “If we performed traditional techniques on the problem we study, it would take 950 years to finish the experiment,” he explained.
In order to shorten the long time it would take for the experiment, Fan and the team integrated a Gaussian process regression learning algorithm into the ITT. By doing this, the researchers were able to reduce the amount of experiments needed, down to a few thousand.
The robotic system is capable of automatically conducting an initial sequence of experiments. It then takes partial control over the parameters of the next experiment.
Fan was awarded an MIT Mechanical Engineering de Florez Award for “Outstanding Ingenuity and Creative Judgement” in the development of the ITT.
According to Michael Triantafyllou, Henry L. and Grace Doherty Professor in Ocean Science and Engineering, and also Fan’s doctoral advisor, “Dixia’s design of the Intelligent Towing Tank is an outstanding example of using novel methods to reinvigorate mature fields.”
Triantafyllou was a co-author on the paper and the director of the MIT Sea Grant College Program.
“MIT Sea Grant has committed resources and funded projects using deep-learning methods in ocean-related problems for several years that are already paying off,” he said.
MIT is funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and administered by the National Sea Grant Program. It is a federal-institute partnership that combines research and engineering at MIT to help tackle ocean-related issues,
Other contributors to the paper include George Karniadakis from Brown University, affiliated with MIT Sea Grant; Gurvan Jodin from ENS Rennes; MIT PhD candidate in mechanical engineering Yu Ma; and Thomas Consi, Luca Bonfiglio, and Lily Keyes from MIT Sea Grant.
Robotics
Researchers Improve Robotic Arm Used in Surgery
Robotic surgery is continuing to become more advanced and precise, especially with recent developments from scientists at Tokyo Institute of Technology. They have created a new type of controller for the robotic arm that is used in surgery. The controller aims to make the job of the surgeon easier while providing excellent precision, and it does this by combining the two major types of gripping that are used in commercially available robotic systems.
The past ten years have seen major advancements within robot-assisted surgery, and the technology is present in nearly all subspecialties. The robot systems that are used in robot-assisted surgery often include a controller device that is manipulated by the surgeon to control a robotic arm. The dexterity and precision of surgeons are improved through these systems. They scale the hand motions into smaller movements and can filter out hand tremors. Common surgical complications such as surgical site infection are reduced by the systems as well.
Robot-assisted surgery does have disadvantages, and certain problems arise for those individuals who perform the surgery. Often times, robotic surgeons suffer from physical discomfort during procedures and finger fatigue sets in. These problems are due to the way in which the controller is gripped. The two major types of grips that are often used to control surgical robots are the “pinch grip” and “power grip.” The pinch grip, which has been used in conventional surgeries for centuries, is when the thumb, middle, and index fingers are used to complete high-precision movements. The power grip is when a handle is grabbed with the entire hand, and it is often used for large movements.
The pinch grip often causes fatigue due to the tension it puts on certain hand and finger muscles, and the power grip is less precise. Because of this, neither one is the perfect option.
The newly published study in The International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery, put forward by Mr. Solmon Jeong and Dr. Kotaro Tadano from Tokyo Institute of Technology (Tokyo Tech), highlights a new solution.
The researchers developed a new controller that combines those two different types of gripping. According to Dr. Tadano, “In robotic surgery, the limitations of the two conventional gripping methods are strongly related to the advantages and disadvantages of each gripping type. Thus, we wanted to investigate whether a combined gripping method can improve the manipulation performance during robotic surgery, as this can leverage the advantages of both gripping types while compensating for their disadvantages.”
The researchers received promising results from the proof-of-concept experiment. They proceeded to design a robotic surgery system with a modular controller capable of being adjusted to three different types of grips: pinch, power, or combined gripping. The results showed that the combined gripping method performed better in many ways, including the number of failures, the time required, and overall length of the movements performed to reach the targets. The combined gripping method was also easier and more comfortable to use, according to many involved in the experiment.
“The manipulating method of master controllers for robotic surgery has a significant influence in terms of intuitiveness, comfort, precision, and stability. In addition to enabling precise operation, a comfortable manipulating method could potentially benefit both the patient and the surgeon,” said Dr. Tadano.
The new developments will be critical in advancing robotic surgery, and they will further close the gap between human and robot within the industry.
Robotics
Soft Robot Sweats to Regulate Temperature
Researchers at Cornell University have developed a soft robotic muscle that is capable of regulating its temperature through sweating. The new development is one of many which are transforming the soft robotics field.
The thermal management technique is a fundamental part of creating untethered, high-powered robots that are able to operate for long periods of time without overheating.
The project was led by Rob Shepherd, an associate professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at Cornell.
The team’s paper titled “Automatic Perspiration in 3D Printed Hydrogel Actuators” was published in Science Robotics.
One of the most difficult aspects of developing enduring, adaptable and agile robots is managing the robots’ internal temperature. According to Shepherd, the robot will malfunction or stop completely if the high-torque density motors and exothermic engines responsible for powering a robot overheat.
This problem is especially present in soft robots since they are made of synthetic material. Soft robots are more flexible, but this increased flexibility causes them to hold heat. This is not the case for metals, which dissipate heat much faster. The problem with an internal cooling technology, such as a fan, is that it would take up too much space inside the robot and increase the weight.
With these challenges in mind, Shepherd’s team looked towards mammals and their natural ability to sweat as inspiration for a cooling system.
“The ability to perspire is one of the most remarkable features of humans,” said co-lead author T.J. Wallin, a research scientist at Facebook Reality Labs. “Sweating takes advantage of evaporated water loss to rapidly dissipate heat and can cool below the ambient environmental temperature. … So as is often the case, biology provided an excellent guide for us as engineers.”
Shepherd’s team partnered with the lab of Cornell engineering professor Emmanual Giannelis. Together, they created nanopolymer materials needed for sweating. They developed these using a 3D-printing technique called multi-material stereolithography, which relies on light to cure resin into pre-designed shapes.
The researchers then fabricated fingerlike actuators that were composed of two hydrogel materials able to retain water and respond to temperature. Another way of looking at it is that these were “smart” sponges. The base layer consists of poly-N-isopropylacrylamide, which reacts to temperatures above 30°C (86°F) by shrinking. This reaction squeezes water up into a top layer of polyacrylamide that is perforated with micron-sized pores. The pores react to the same temperature range, and they release the “sweat” by automatically dilating before closing when the temperature drops below 30°C.
When the water evaporates, the actuator’s surface temperature is reduced by 21°C within 30 seconds. This cooling process is three times more efficient than the one in humans, according to the researchers. When exposed to wind from a fan, the actuators can cool off about six times faster.
One of the issues with the technology is that it can affect a robot’s mobility. The robots are also required to replenish their water supply. Because of this, Shepherd envisions soft robots that eventually will both perspire and drink like mammals.
The new development of this technology follows a very apparent pattern within the robotics industry. Technology is increasingly being developed based on our natural environment. Whether it’s the cooling process of sweating present in mammals, neural networks based on moon jellyfish, or artificial skin, robotics is a field that in many ways builds on what we already have in nature.
Robotics
Facebook Creates Method May Allow AI Robots To Navigate Without Map
Facebook has recently created an algorithm that enhances an AI agent’s ability to navigate an environment, letting the agent determine the shortest route through new environments without access to a map. While mobile robots typically have a map programmed into them, the new algorithm that Facebook designed could enable the creation of robots that can navigate environments without the need for maps.
According to a post created by Facebook researchers, a major challenge for robot navigation is endowing AI systems with the ability to navigate through novel environments and reaching programmed destinations without a map. In order to tackle this challenge, Facebook created a reinforcement learning algorithm distributed across multiple learners. The algorithm was called decentralized distributed proximal policy optimization (DD-PPO). DD-PPO was given only compass data, GPS data, and access to an RGB-D camera, but was reportedly able to navigate a virtual environment and get to a goal without any map data.
According to the researchers, the agents were trained in virtual environments like office buildings and houses. The resulting algorithm was capable of navigating a simulated indoor environment, choosing the correct fork in a path, and quickly recovering from errors if it chose the wrong path. The virtual environment results were promising, and it’s important that the agents are able to reliably navigate these common environments, as in the real world an agent could damage itself or its surroundings if it fails.
The Facebook research team explained that the focus of their project was assistive robots, as proper, reliable navigation for assistive robots and AI agents is essential. The research team explained that navigation is essential for a wide variety of assistive AI systems, from robots that perform tasks around the house to AI-driven devices that help people with visual impairments. The research team also argued that AI creators should move away from map usage in general, as maps are often outdated as soon as they are drawn, and in the real world environments, they are constantly changing and evolving.
As TechExplore reported, the Facebook research team made use of the open-source AI Habitat platform, which enabled them to train embodied agents in photorealistic 3-D environments in a timely fashion. Haven provided access to a set of simulated environments, and these environments are realistic enough that the data generated by the AI model can be applied ot real-world cases. Douglas Heaven in MIT Technology Review explained the intensity of the model’s training:
“Facebook trained bots for three days inside AI Habitat, a photorealistic virtual mock-up of the interior of a building, with rooms and corridors and furniture. In that time they took 2.5 billion steps—the equivalent of 80 years of human experience.”
Due to the sheer complexity of the training task, the researchers reportedly culled the weak learners as the training continued in order to speed up training time. The research team hopes to take their current model further and go on to create algorithms that can navigate complex environments using only camera data, dropping the GPS data and compass. The reason for this is that GPS data and compass data can often be thrown off indoors, be too noisy, or just be unavailable.
While the technology has yet to be tested outdoors and has trouble navigating over long-distances, the development of the algorithm is an important step in the development of the next generation of robots, especially delivery drones, and robots that operate in offices or homes. | https://www.unite.ai/advancements-in-human-robot-computer-research/ |
Health effects of air pollution
Exposure to air pollution poses significant public health risks.
A variety of air pollutants have known or suspected harmful effects on human health and the environment. In most areas, these pollutants are principally the products of combustion from heating and power generation, and motor vehicles. Pollutants may not only cause problems in the immediate vicinity of these sources, but can travel long distances and affect more people and places.
The health effects associated with the main pollutants of concern are:
- Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulphur Dioxide, Ozone - Irritate the airways of the lungs, increasing the symptoms of those suffering from lung diseases.
- Particles (PM10, PM2.5) - Can be carried deep into the lungs they can cause inflammation and a worsening of heart and lung diseases.
- Carbon Monoxide - Prevents the uptake of oxygen by the blood and poses a greater risk to those suffering from heart disease.
The Daily Air Quality Index has been developed to provide advice on expected levels of air pollution. In addition, information on the short-term effects on health that might be expected to occur at the different bands of the index (Low, Moderate, High, Very High) is provided.
In the UK, the equivalent of around 29,000 and 23,500 deaths are attributed to exposure to PM2.5 and nitrogen dioxide, respectively. Its impacts cost society around £20b every year.
In the context of air quality management, the pollutants of primary public health concern are nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5).
|Pollutant||Source||Health Effect|
|Particulate Matter (PM10, PM2.5)||Primary:
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Air pollution and health in Wales
There are around 40 localised Air Quality Management Areas in Wales; air pollution concentrations and related risks are higher in these areas than elsewhere. However, because there is no ‘safe’ level of air pollution the whole population is affected to some extent by being exposed to air pollution every day. The health burden from air pollution exposure is therefore spread across the whole population, but is greater in urban areas than in rural areas.
Each year in Wales, an equivalent of 1604 (5.4%) deaths can be attributed to PM2.5 exposure, and 1108 deaths to NO2 exposure.
|Annual mean conc. (µgm-3)||Attributable deaths (range)||Years of Life Lost (range)|
|PM2.5 urban||9.59||1125 (741-1427)||13494 (8886-17127)|
|PM2.5 rural||8.30||447 (314-606)||5725 (3765-7274)|
|NO2 urban||18.08||876 (358-1374)||10516 (4294-16487)|
|NO2 rural||9.38||224 (91-354)||2693 (1093-4248)|
Air pollution and health inequalities
Air pollution varies across Wales; different people in different places are exposed to [sometimes very] different concentrations of air pollution.
Young and healthy people are unlikely to have any long-lasting effects from exposure to moderate air pollution concentrations. However, raised concentrations and/or long-term exposure to air pollution can lead to more serious health impacts that can affect the heart and respiratory system, and could cause cancer. Children, older people and those suffering already with lung or heart problems are most susceptible to the impacts of air pollution.
Research in Wales has also found that those living in more deprived areas may be at greater risk. The study, that linked local-level air pollution, income deprivation and health outcome data, found that annual mean air pollution concentrations were high in both ‘most’ and ‘least’ deprived areas, but highest in the former. This pattern was most pronounced for NO2 air pollution.
Although weaker than the known, strong associations between deprivation status and health, the same study found that air pollution, deprivation status and health are inextricably linked. Air pollution exposure not only poses direct risks to individual and population health, but indirectly – through its interaction with other wider health determinants – it can create disproportionate and strengthened disease risks and burdens between and within regions (inequalities).
This ‘triple jeopardy’ concept appears to be at play in Wales where interactions between air pollution and deprivation status have been found to modify and strengthen associations with some health outcomes, especially in ‘most’ deprived areas where Wales’ most-vulnerable people live. For example, the population respiratory disease mortality rate is 2.05 times higher in ‘most deprived and low polluted’ areas compared with ‘least deprived and low polluted’ areas, yet rises to 2.38 times higher in ‘most deprived and high polluted’ areas compared with ‘least deprived and low polluted’ areas.
Aside from deprivation links, it is possible that others may be at increased risk too, perhaps because they work in heavily polluted places or commute to work through heavily congested and polluted areas. | https://airquality.gov.wales/index.php/about-air-quality/health-advice |
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URN etd-1210112-140843 Author Chia-Hua Chang Author's Email Address No Public. Statistics This thesis had been viewed 5352 times. Download 0 times. Department IMA Year 2012 Semester 1 Degree Master Type of Document Language zh-TW.Big5 Chinese Title Studies on the Monitoring Effectiveness of River and Marine Environmental Quality from Hsinchu to Taichung in Mid-Western Taiwan Date of Defense 2012-09-21 Page Count 206 Keyword River Pollution Index (RPI) Marine environmental quality (MEQ) monitoring Sediment Geographic information system (GIS) Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) Abstract The west coast of Taiwan is enriched with biological resources. The areas are the economic development sites with highly industrialized activities and densely population. The government attempts to promote the sites for the establishment of marine protected areas (MPA) because of the existence of Chinese White Dolphin (Sousa Chinensis) which is the most important issues against the sustainable development of economy. Thus, the present study was initiated to assess the marine environmental quality (MEQ) in the west coast of Taiwan. The research consists of the integral monitoring assessments of rivers, estuaries and the marine areas. This work collected, reviewed and analyzed the environmental monitoring data from industrial environmental impact assessment reports and governmental documents for the evaluation of spatial and temporal trends of the west coast areas over the last ten year. The assessment is required to understand the possible interactive problems between the marine protected areas and the marine environmental quality prior to the establishment of MPA acts.
The present work consists of the subsection of coastal areas ranging from Hsinchu Country to Taichung Harbour. Ten annual monitoring data including the water quality or sediments of rivers, estuaries, and marine were assessed for the spatial and temporal trends of physical, chemical and biological changes over the years. The approaches for assessing the sites included the geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis method and linear regression of monitoring data. The levels of pollution were also evaluated by using the river pollution index (RPI). The effect of habitat suitability index (HSI) was also calculated.
The results of river water quality assessment showed that the Ke-ya-si, Jhong-gang river, and Nan-gan river were seriously polluted with RPI＞6. The river seiment contaminants (Cu、Ni) were significantly increased in the Ke-ya-si and Jhong-gang river. The water quality of Taichung Port drainage showed serious pollution with low dissolved oxygen (DO), high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, and high counts of coli-forms. The Taichung Port drainage sediment contaminants (As、Cu、Hg、Zn) had higher than the average of EPA guidelines. This could be resulting from the significant point source of industries pollutants discharged into the river. The significant amounts of waste water discharged into ocean could cause the impacts to the marine environment.
The present study demonstrated the impacts to the river monitoring site although the ocean water quality monitoring contaminants were found without signicant changes in all time. This suggests that the ocean water quality monitoring sites were inconsistently sampled at 4 nm away from the coast which caused the dilution of contaminant concentrations and affecting the monitoring effectiveness. The sediment contaminants in Taichung Port monitoring site showed with the exception of appearing unusual change. The results also showed that there is lack of bio-monitoring program carried out in rivers, estuary, and marine that are imperatively needed to resolve the ineffective sampling protocol implemented in the current coastal environmental monitoring. This is owing to the non unified for authorization between the municipality and environmental bureau. The Canada Ocean Acts on assessing the water and sediment and bio-monitoring in rivers, estuary, and marine as a whole concept were compared with the present study.
Finally, the relevant authorities should implement river remediation to improve the pollution and thereby to maintain the sustainability of marine environment. It is needed to establish an integral monitoring program consisting of water and sediment and bio-monitoring in rivers, estuary, and marine to better predict the marine environmental quality. Also the integral and long-term monitoring program should ensure to predict the changes of west coastal and to achieve the effectiveness of marine management.
Advisory Committee none - chair
none - co-chair
none - co-chair
Chiu-Long Chou - advisor
Files
Indicate in-campus at 99 year and off-campus access at 99 year. | https://etd.lis.nsysu.edu.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search/view_etd?URN=etd-1210112-140843 |
Coastal ocean radars applied to coral reef science and management
Heron, Mal, Mantovanelli, Allessandra, Massa, Diane Di, and Heron, Scott (2012) Coastal ocean radars applied to coral reef science and management. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Coral Reef Symposium. 5A_4. pp. 1-5. From: 12th International Coral Reef Symposium, 9-13 July 2012, Cairns, QLD, Australia.
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Abstract
Coastal ocean radars provide detailed surface current maps and wind directions; some types of High Frequency radar also provide maps of wave heights. Radar range is dependent upon the radar frequency, extending up to 150 km from the shore. In the case of the Great Barrier Reef, this includes the continental shelf and some open water beyond. Detailed knowledge of the dynamics of the surface water opens the way for understanding much about localised environmental conditions, connectivity between sites and the movement of nutrients and pollution in the coastal ocean. Lagrangian tracking of buoyant particles can be achieved in the Great Barrier Reef lagoon within an accuracy (error) approaching 1 km per day of drift. This is a significant capability for search and rescue operations as well as reef science and management. A sequence of surface current maps has been shown to be useful for identifying areas where the currents are high enough to induce spontaneous turbulence throughout the water column. These areas are less vulnerable to coral bleaching because the heat from insolation is distributed through the water column rather than remaining at the surface. Spatial scales (i.e., range, resolution) for ocean radars are adjustable and it is shown that mapping of surface currents on a high resolution grid is possible with radars operating in the Very High Frequency band.
|Item ID:||22381|
|Item Type:||Conference Item (Research - E1)|
|ISBN:||978-0-9808572-5-2|
|Keywords:||HF radar, surface currents, connectivity, coral bleaching, marine park management|
|Related URLs:|
|Additional Information:||
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© Copyright belongs to the authors. | https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/22381/ |
Fig. 13.1. Natural sources of nitrous oxide (N2O).
Fig. 13.1. Natural sources of nitrous oxide (N2O).
microbially mediated process where bacteria use nitrate, rather than oxygen, as a terminal electron acceptor to respire organic matter and hence gain energy. In doing so, they reduce nitrate to nitrogen gas (N2). N2O is one of the intermediate steps in the process and, where the reduction of nitrate to N2 is incomplete (as is invariably the case), significant production of N2O can result.
In some areas of the ocean, surface waters can become oxygen-depleted allowing active denitrification and N2O production in open water. Large amounts of oceanic N2O can also arise from denitrification in marine sediments, particularly in nutrient-rich areas such as those of estuaries. Some N2O is also produced as a by-product of nitrification in the world's oceans. The rate of emission of this dissolved N2O from ocean waters is dependent on its outgassing from the surface waters to the atmosphere, which can be very rapid when wind speeds are high and the surface of the ocean is well mixed.
As with CH4, there can be significant human impacts on 'natural' oceanic N2O emissions. These lie primarily in our effect on oceanic nutrient inputs through rivers and estuaries. The nitrogen-rich waters of many rivers, produced by sewage input and agricultural runoff, can lead to eutrophic conditions in estuaries and coastal waters. Such nutrient-rich waters and sediments are ideal for denitrifica-
tion and hence N2O production, with oxygen levels in the water often being very low, and with plenty of nitrogen and organic carbon on which the denitrifying bacteria grow. Increased atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen to the surface of the world's oceans, again due to the activities of humans, may also result in increased oceanic N2O emissions.
Elevated nitrogen concentrations in estuaries and coastal waters, through sewage and agricultural runoff, have been the subject of increasing concern in recent years. Steps have been taken in some countries to reduce key nitrogenous pollutants, such as nitrate fertilizers, through better land management practices. Similarly, efficient sewage treatment has also led to reductions in levels of coastal eutrophication in some areas. However, in many parts of the world such coastal nitrogen pollution continues to increase in line with a growing human population and the need for an ever more intensive agriculture.
Was this article helpful? | https://www.climate-policy-watcher.org/nitrogen-deposition/the-oceanic-source.html |
Researchers found signs of human pollution in animals living six miles beneath the sea
Sinking fish carcasses ferry mercury to the depths of the Mariana Trench.
Tens of thousands of feet below the surface, deep-sea fish and crustaceans thrive amidst extreme pressure, freezing cold, and absolute darkness. Food is scarce in this remote environment, and fish carcasses and detritus drifting down from shallower waters are a vital source of nutrition.
Turns out they’re also a prime source of toxic mercury, scientists reported on November 16 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Researchers found mercury in creatures dwelling deep within the Pacific ocean’s Mariana and Kermadec Trenches, depressions in the seafloor that form the deepest areas of the ocean’s bottom, and concluded that sinking carrion is the main route by which this pollution infiltrates the ocean’s abyss.
“Mercury pollution is a global problem and the mercury we emit goes nearly everywhere on Earth,” Joel Blum, a geochemist at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and coauthor of the new findings, said in an email. “[Our study] shows there is a conveyor belt of sorts rapidly delivering surface mercury [accumulated] in fish to the deepest parts of the ocean.”
Each year, power plants, factories, mines, and other human operations release more than 2,000 metric tons of mercury into the atmosphere. This mercury eventually reaches the sea in rain, dust, and runoff from rivers and estuaries. Microbes convert this mercury into a particularly toxic form called methylmercury that builds up in fish and can harm the nervous, immune, and digestive systems of people and wildlife that eat the contaminated seafood.
This year, Blum’s team and two other groups of researchers reported that mercury pollution also reaches organisms in deep-sea trenches. When Blum and his colleagues collected snailfish and shrimp-like amphipods from depths of about 19,685 to 33,628 feet, they found high concentrations of mercury in the creatures’ tissues.
For perspective, says Carl Lamborg, an oceanographer at the University of California, Santa Cruz, who was not involved in the research, “we would discourage anybody from eating a fish like tuna if it had [a mercury concentration of] more than half a part per million, and these things are six to [nearly] 30 times that on the high end.”
Blum and his team also compared the ratios of different varieties, known as isotopes, of mercury found in the deep-sea critters to their previous measurements of mercury in fish living at shallower depths and bits of zooplankton, fish, and other detritus that fall to the deep sea. To their surprise, Blum said, the composition of mercury isotopes in the deep-sea fish strongly resembled that of fish inhabiting the upper 1,600 feet or so of the ocean. They did not match mercury isotopes in the detritus. These findings suggest that most of the mercury in deep-sea critters comes from human activities, rather than being released by undersea volcanoes and hydrothermal vents, and is devoured by scavengers when they encounter newly sunk fish carcasses.
Trenches are considered to be among the most pristine and remote ecosystems. In recent years, though, scientists have discovered lead, “bomb carbon” from nuclear weapons testing, chemicals banned in the 1970s, and plastic near the bottom of the ocean. So it’s not surprising that mercury has made its way to the deepest reaches of the ocean as well. How the influx of mercury affects the organisms living in these habitats is not yet certain, but “this is probably not a big concern to deep-sea ecosystems,” Blum said.
Lamborg and his colleagues have measured high concentrations of mercury in organisms living near hydrothermal vents, cracks in the seafloor which pump mercury into the surrounding waters; it’s possible that some deep-sea denizens are less vulnerable to mercury than animals that live elsewhere. “If these creatures have been living with it for millions of years, maybe they’ve evolved to detoxify themselves better, or are just able to live with it more effectively,” Lamborg says.
While the seafood we dine on comes from much shallower waters, investigating mercury in the deepest fathoms can help us understand its movement and persistence across the entire ocean, Lamborg says.
This could help scientists make predictions about mercury pollution in the sunlit waters where we fish. | https://www.popsci.com/story/environment/mercury-ocean-trenches/ |
Environmental group studies nitrate concentrations in a major river
Nitrate is one of the most important parameters in assessing surface and ground water quality. Nitrates are naturally present in surface and ground waters in low concentrations, but are harmful to humans and livestock and cause aquatic ecosystem degradation in high concentrations.
Nitrates enter the environment as human-induced pollution from a variety of sources, but the largest source of nitrates is from agricultural fertilizer runoff. (Other sources include wastewater treatment discharge, septic systems and pet waste.) Nitrate is highly soluble in water and, therefore, readily leaches into water sources, areas to which other human-associated pollutants, such as phosphates and ammonia, are not transported as easily. This ability to be quickly transported into ground and natural waters—such as drinking water wells, aquifers, reservoirs, lakes, and streams—coupled with its health and environmental implications make nitrate pollution and monitoring of major concern.
High nitrate levels in fresh and salt water systems accelerate algae growth. As these abnormally large populations of algae die and decompose, dissolved oxygen is consumed and can result in waters with oxygen levels too low to sustain aquatic life, called “dead zones.” These dead zones most often form where rivers transporting high nitrate levels flow into a saltwater body, such as an estuary or a bay, where nitrogen is a limiting nutrient. This excess nitrogen then results in accelerated growth of undesirable bacteria and algae. Dead zones are most prevalent in the summer months, when dissolved oxygen levels are already low due to the decreased solubility of oxygen in warmer waters.
An environmental group was interested in quantifying the nitrate concentration over time at multiple locations in a major river that flowed through multiple natural, urban, suburban and agricultural areas. The group wanted to identify areas where high rates of nitrate pollutants were entering the river. They had performed field spot tests and collected baseline data along the river using a nitrate colorimeter, identifying what they thought to be problem areas.
To confirm their initial observations, the environmental group wanted to continuously monitor nitrate concentrations upstream and downstream of the suspected site of nitrate pollution. Continuous monitoring would allow them to identify patterns present in the nitrate concentrations in the river, such as increased concentrations after rainfall events or seasonal changes in nitrate concentrations.
Hanna Instruments offered the HI9829 multiparameter meter with autonomously logging probe, nitrate ISE sensor, EC/turbidity sensor and DO sensor. The autonomously logging probe allowed the scientists to deploy the waterproof (IP68) probe in the river to a depth of 20 meters and automatically log data for nitrate concentration, conductivity, TDS, turbidity, temperature and DO every hour for more than two months. Although the primary parameter of concern was nitrate, the environmental group appreciated the ability to measure additional parameters simultaneously to better understand the overall health of the river.
The HI9829 probe comes equipped with a weighted protective cover that ensures the probe sinks and stays in a fixed position—even in turbulent water—and protects the electrodes. The customer found the abilities to deploy multiple logging probes from one meter and upload the data to their PC directly from the logging probe especially useful. The ability to maximize the use of one meter with multiple probes decreased their expected cost, allowing the customer to purchase two additional probes and therefore, add an additional site to their study.
Since replacement of the nitrate colorimetric test with the nitrate ISE eliminated the procurement of hazardous waste, the group was relieved that they no longer needed to deal with inconvenient waste disposal while in the field. The HI9829 was the perfect solution for their environmental monitoring needs. | https://www.estormwater.com/channel/casestudies/continuous-monitoring-nitrates-and-other-water-quality-parameters |
Pollution is a real threat to the people and wildlife living in the Arctic.
The Arctic is a wild, remote, sparsely populated region, with little industry. Nevertheless, pollution is a real threat to the people and wildlife living there. There is much current attention in the media on the threat of plastic pollution to marine environments, but first we will consider chemical pollution in the Arctic.
Chemicals
The Arctic Ocean basin acts like a reservoir or ‘sink’ for industrial and agricultural chemicals from Europe, Asia and even further afield which are transported there in the air and ocean currents. The cold temperatures and ice bound environment trap the toxics in the ground, air, water and ice where they degrade extremely slowly. In the summer when the ice melts, the toxins get washed into the sea and rivers.
The main contaminants in the Arctic region are heavy metals, such as mercury and lead, and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as DDT, PCBs and dioxins, which evaporate into the air but are slow to degrade. These toxic materials bioaccumulate in the food chain, passing from planktonic micro-organisms to the fish that eat them, and then on to larger wildlife. As they eat contaminated prey, animals at the top of the food chain, such as polar bears, seals and whales, store more and more toxins in their fatty tissue and organs.
Indigenous people living in the Arctic region who hunt large predators as part of a traditional diet once considered healthy and nutritious are also exposed to toxins in the food they eat. The toxins can affect human development, reproduction, hormone function and weaken the immune system. Polar bear is one of the most contaminated species in the Arctic region and research has found that the Inuit of Canada and Greenland, who hunt polar bear, have higher levels of contaminants in their blood and breast milk than people from the southern regions of these countries.
In 2016 the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) published a report into current chemicals of concern in the Arctic region, including their potential impact on indigenous populations. They concluded that although the accumulation of some POPs has slowed due to global regulations on the use of these chemicals, new chemicals are constantly emerging and research is needed to understand the effects of these on people and wildlife.
Plastics
The world produces 300 million tonnes of plastic every year. 40% of this is for single use items such as carrier bags and plastic drinking bottles, and as a result of the way we dispose of these items, 8 million tonnes of plastic ends up in our oceans every year. In the same way that chemicals reach the Arctic Ocean, plastic litter is building up in this previously pristine environment too. Much of the plastic is discarded fishing gear, but household litter, food wrapping and bottles have also been discovered, originating from all over Europe and across the Atlantic. This discarded plastic can be particularly devastating for wildlife, as the images in this BBC video clip show.
Recently, researchers have become increasingly concerned about the concentrations of microplastics in the Arctic, particularly in sea ice. Microplastics are pieces of plastic less than 5mm in size that form as a result of the breakdown of larger pieces, or sometimes as microbeads from cosmetics and cleaning products. Microplastics generally float, so they are present in the part of the ocean that freezes seasonally to form sea ice. As a result, there can be high concentrations of microplastics in Arctic sea ice – sometimes over 200 pieces per litre. Due to their size, microplastics are easily consumed or inhaled by sea creatures and in this way, like chemicals, can enter the food chain.
Researchers from the Norwegian Polar Institute are monitoring the impact of microplastics on Arctic wildlife, including on a species of seabird called the northern fulmar. They found a significant increase in the amount of microplastic in the stomachs of these birds between the 1970s and 2013. Further research is needed to investigate the impact on humans of consuming microplastics in fish.
You can read more about plastic waste in the Arctic in this BBC Science article, and about the implications of microplastics in the foodchain on the Marine Litter website.
Pollution solutions
As well as investigating the impacts of chemical and plastic pollution in the Arctic region – and worldwide – time and money is being invested globally in researching potential solutions. Here are some examples of how different countries are trying to reduce their impacts.
The US state of Hawaii has become the first to impose a ban on sunscreen products containing the chemicals oxybenzone and octinoxate. These chemicals are responsible for damage to marine ecosystems and can affect reproduction and behavior in fish. Up to 97% of sunscreen can be washed from a person’s body into the sea while swimming, so the impacts are greatest in highly populated areas, but oxybenzone has also been detected in Arctic sea waters demonstrating the powerful effect of ocean currents. Read more about Hawaii’s sunscreen ban in this Guardian article.
Norway has achieved an impressive 97% plastic bottle recycling rate through its return and refund scheme. Customers are charged a 1 krone surcharge to purchase a drink in a plastic bottle. They receive this money back by returning their bottle to one of over 15,000 automated deposit boxes (“reverse vending machines”) across the country. Drinks manufacturers are encouraged to participate in the deposit scheme through tax incentives. Find out more about the scheme by watching this BBC video.
In January 2018, the UK banned the manufacture of microbeads for use in cosmetics and personal care products. In July 2018, a ban on the sale of products containing microbeads also came into force. This followed the 2015 five pence plastic bag levy which has reduced plastic bag use in the country by 9 million bags.
- How would you solve the problem of plastic in the ocean?
Design a poster
Design a poster for a campaign about Arctic pollution showing:
- Where it comes from
- Who it’s affecting
- What can be done
Useful links
- Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP)
one of the working groups of the Arctic Council, AMAP monitors Arctic pollution and offers scientific advice to Arctic governments on how to deal with the contaminants.
For more information about pollution and Arctic wildlife see:
- www.panda.org
- download the panda.org report: Killing them softly.. Health effects in Arctic wildlife linked to chemical exposure
- The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
- Research at the Norwegian Polar Institute has found that ‘old’ POPS such as DTT and PCBS are decreasing but other chemical toxins or ‘new’ POPS are rising. | https://discoveringthearctic.org.uk/science/arctic-science/arctic-pollution/ |
bbefore and after the third line of the following python code is executed:
a = [1, 2, 3] b = a[:] b = 5
Your diagram should show two variables referring to two different lists.
arefers to the original list with 1,2, and 3.
brefers to a list with 5,2, and 3 since the zero-eth element was replaced with 5.
-
Create a list called
myListwith the following six items: 76, 92.3, “hello”, True, 4, 76. Begin with the empty list shown below, and add 6 statements to add each item, one per item. The first three statements should use the append method to append the item to the list, and the last three statements should use concatenation.
-
Starting with the list of the previous exercise, write Python statements to do the following:
Append “apple” and 76 to the list.
Insert the value “cat” at position 3.
Insert the value 99 at the start of the list.
Find the index of “hello”.
Count the number of 76s in the list.
Remove the first occurrence of 76 from the list.
Remove True from the list using
popand
index.
-
-
Write a function called
averagethat takes a list of numbers as a parameter and returns the average of the numbers.
-
Write a Python function named
maxthat takes a parameter containing a nonempty list of integers and returns the maximum value. (Note: there is a builtin function named
maxbut pretend you cannot use it.)
-
Write a function
sum_of_squares(xs)that computes the sum of the squares of the numbers in the list
xs. For example,
sum_of_squares([2, 3, 4])should return 4+9+16 which is 29:
-
Write a function to count how many odd numbers are in a list.
-
Sum up all the even numbers in a list.
-
Sum up all the negative numbers in a list.
-
Count how many words in a list have length 5.
-
Sum all the elements in a list up to but not including the first even number.
-
Count how many words occur in a list up to and including the first occurrence of the word “sam”.
-
Although Python provides us with many list methods, it is good practice and very instructive to think about how they are implemented. Implement a Python function that works like the following:
count
in
reverse
index
insert
-
-
Write a function
replace(s, old, new)that replaces all occurences of
oldwith
newin a string
s:
test(replace('Mississippi', 'i', 'I'), 'MIssIssIppI') s = 'I love spom! Spom is my favorite food. Spom, spom, spom, yum!' test(replace(s, 'om', 'am'), 'I love spam! Spam is my favorite food. Spam, spam, spam, yum!') test(replace(s, 'o', 'a'), 'I lave spam! Spam is my favarite faad. Spam, spam, spam, yum!')
Hint: use the
splitand
joinmethods.
-
Here are the rules for an L-system that creates something that resembles a common garden herb. Implement the following rules and try it. Use an angle of 25.7 degrees.
H H --> HFX[+H][-H] X --> X[-FFF][+FFF]FX
-
Here is another L-System. Use an Angle of 25.
F F --> F[-F]F[+F]F
-
Create a list named
randlistcontaining 100 random integers between 0 and 1000 (use iteration, append, and the random module). | https://runestone.academy/runestone/books/published/thinkcspy/Lists/Exercises.html |
Question: What Is Heredity Simple Words?
Heredity is the biological process responsible for passing on physical traits from one generation to another. Heredity will determine a person’s hair color and height.
What is a heredity simple definition?
heredity, the sum of all biological processes by which particular characteristics are transmitted from parents to their offspring. The set of genes that an offspring inherits from both parents, a combination of the genetic material of each, is called the organism’s genotype.
What is heritability in simple words?
Heritability is a measure of how well differences in people’s genes account for differences in their traits. A heritability close to zero indicates that almost all of the variability in a trait among people is due to environmental factors, with very little influence from genetic differences.
What is this word heredity?
heredity. / (hɪˈrɛdɪtɪ) / noun plural – ties. the transmission from one generation to another of genetic factors that determine individual characteristics: responsible for the resemblances between parents and offspring. the sum total of the inherited factors or their characteristics in an organism.
What is heredity and example?
Heredity is defined as the characteristics we get genetically from our parents and our relatives before them. An example of heredity is the likelihood that you will have blue eyes. An example of heredity is your possibility of having breast cancer based on family history.
What is the best definition of heredity?
Heredity is best defined as. The process by which organisms pass on genetic traits to their offspring.
What is meant by heredity class 10?
Heredity: It refers to the transmission of characters or traits from the parents to their offspring. Heredity is the continuity of features from one generation to another which are present in fertilised egg or zygote.
What is the difference between heredity and heritability?
Heredity is the ability of traits (certain properties that adopt at least two forms in the population) to be inherited from parents by their offspring. Heritability of traits expresses the degree to which a certain trait is inherited from parents by progeny.
What is in a gene?
Genes are made up of DNA. Some genes act as instructions to make molecules called proteins. However, many genes do not code for proteins. In humans, genes vary in size from a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases.
What is epigenetic expression?
Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression (active versus inactive genes) that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence — a change in phenotype without a change in genotype — which in turn affects how cells read the genes.
What is heredity in science kid definition?
Heredity is when certain traits are passed from the parents to the children. Traits are characteristics such as eye color, height, and athletic ability. Heredity is passed through genes in the DNA molecule. In biology the study of heredity is called genetics.
What is a gene group?
A gene cluster is a group of two or more genes found within an organism’s DNA that encode similar polypeptides, or proteins, which collectively share a generalized function and are often located within a few thousand base pairs of each other.
What is meant by heredity Class 5?
Heredity or Hereditary is the process of passing the traits and characteristics from parents to offsprings through genes. The offspring, get their features and characteristics that is genetic information from their mother and father.
What is family heredity?
When members of a family pass traits from one generation to another through genes, that process is called heredity. Genetic factors likely play some role in high blood pressure, stroke, and other related conditions. Several genetic disorders can cause a stroke, including sickle cell disease.
How do you explain heredity to a child?
The passing on of mental and physical traits from one generation to another is defined as heredity. For example, parents with black hair will likely give birth to children with black hair, just as parents with long noses will have kids with long noses.
What is heredity Brainly?
Heredity, also called inheritance or biological inheritance, is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring; either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents. | https://lastfiascorun.com/faq/question-what-is-heredity-simple-words.html |
Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which offspring develop from unfertilized eggs. A common mode of reproduction in arthropods, such as insects and arachnids, parthenogenesis also occurs in some species of fish, amphibians, and reptiles.
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Contents
Parthenogenesis is part of the wide diversity of adaptations found in nature, securing the perpetuation of the lineage of organisms. Reproduction not only secures the individual purpose of the species survival, but also provides organisms for food chains. Most animals that engage in parthenogenesis also utilize sexual reproduction or sexual behaviors, reflecting the near universal mode of this form of reproduction among eukaryotes.
Parthenogenesis (which is derived from the Greek words for "virgin" and "creation") is more efficient than sexual reproduction because it does not always involve mating behaviors, which require energy and usually incur risks. Moreover, all members of an asexual population are capable of reproducing. The disadvantage, however, is that asexual reproduction, unlike its sexual counterpart, does not generate genotypic diversity, which is important for adapting to abiotic and biotic environmental changes.
Given the drawbacks of asexual reproduction for the long-term survival of the species, most species that engage in parthenogenesis also participate in sexual reproduction or sexual behaviors. Parthenogenesis, thus, typically serves as one available reproductive strategy, often a response to environmental or seasonal conditions, such as the amount of available resources. Aphids, for example, are parthenogenic in spring and summer, multiplying rapidly while conditions are favorable; during the winter months, they mate, and the females hatch fertilized eggs. In rare cases, however, parthenogenesis does not occur in combination with sexual reproduction or behaviors: The bdelloid rotifer Philodina roseola, for example, reproduces exclusively by parthenogenesis, and the species is believed to have avoided sexual reproduction for 85 million years (Judson 2002).
In addition to its reproductive role, parthenogenesis functions as part of a mechanism for determining sex in some species. In ants and most species of bees and wasps, females develop from unfertilized eggs and are referred to as haploid (possessing one set of chromosomes), while males develop from fertilized eggs and hence are diploid (possessing two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent). Thus, in species also capable of sexual reproduction, parthenogenesis can help to regulate the relative number of males and females in a population.
In some species, parthenogenesis requires a sexual act to trigger development of the egg, even though this behavior does not fertilize the egg. In parthenogenic ticks and mites, for example, the eggs develops only after the animals have mated, but the eggs remain unfertilized. Some species of beetles that have no males require sperm to trigger development; these beetles mate with males of closely related species. However, the sperm does not contribute genetic material.
In other parthenogenic species lacking males, females stimulate each other to activate the neuroendocrine mechanisms necessary for egg maturation. This phenomenon has been extensively studied in the New Mexico whiptail (genus Cnemidophorus), of which 15 species reproduce exclusively by parthenogenesis. One female plays the role of the male in closely related species, and mounts the female that is about to lay eggs. This behavior is due to the hormonal cycles of the females, which cause them to behave like males shortly after laying eggs, when levels of progesterone are high, and to take the female role in mating before laying eggs, when estrogen dominates. Lizards that act out the courtship ritual have greater fecundity than those kept in isolation, due to the increase in hormones that accompanies the mounting. So, although the populations lack males, they still require sexual stimuli for maximum reproductive success.
Parthenogenesis involves the inheritance and subsequent duplication of only a single sex chromosome. The unfertilized egg can thus be male or female depending on the chromosomal scheme of the species:
In eusocial animals that engage in reproductive specialization, parthenogenesis can be a means of regulating the relative number of females and males in the group. One well-known example is the honeybee: Most females in the colony are sterile workers, but a few become fertile queens. After the queen mates, she possesses a supply of sperm that she controls, enabling her to produce either fertilized or unfertilized eggs. Thus, the queen determines when and how much of the colony’s resources are expended on the production of males (called drones).
The repercussions of self-fertilization in sharks, which reduces the genetic diversity of the offspring, is a matter of concern for shark experts, taking into consideration conservation management strategies for this species, particularly in areas where there may be a shortage of males due to fishing or environmental pressures. Unlike Komodo dragons, which have a WZ chromosome system and produce male (ZZ) offspring by parthenogenesis, sharks have an XY chromosome system, so they produce only female (XX) offspring by parthenogenesis. As a result, sharks cannot restore a depleted male population through parthenogenesis, so an all-female population must come in contact with an outside male before normal sexual reproduction can resume.
Parthenogenesis is distinct from artificial animal cloning, a process in which the new organism is identical to the cell donor. Parthenogenesis is truly a reproductive process that creates a new individual or individuals from the naturally varied genetic material contained in the eggs of the mother. However, in animals with an XY chromosome system where parthenogenic offspring (called parthenogens) are female, the offspring of a parthenogen all are genetically identical to each other and to the mother, as a parthenogen is homozygous (possessing two identical sets of genes).
All links retrieved January 16, 2019.
New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:
The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:
Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. | http://web.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Parthenogenesis |
Genetics means the units in the cells of a living that control its physical characteristics of an organism. Genetics is the study of genes and heredity. It is the central to the life of an individual which influences our physical features. Gene is a region or venue of DNA that encodes a working or functional RNA or protein product, and is the molecular unit of heredity.
Variation
Variation means changes that occur or exist between individuals. Variation is any difference between cells, individual organisms, or groups of organisms of any species induced either by genetic differences (genotypic variation) or by the effect of environmental factors on the expression of the genetic potentials (phenotypic variation). It can be described as been continuous or discontinuous.
Continuous Variation: these variations are mainly morphological and physical. Examples are: height, weight, length, skin, pigmentation(colour), colour of the eyes and finger prints.Also in continuous variation there is a complete range of measurement from one extreme to another.
Discontinuous Variations are mainly physiological variations. Example are blood groups, tasters, tongue rolling, sickling characters or traits, heamophilia. Heamophilia is the inability of the blood to clot. Also discontinuous variations is controlled by alleles of a single gene or a small number of gene.
There are characters or traits that can be found among various species of organisms. These variations can either be heritable or non- heritable.
The heritable characters or variations: are those that can be passed through the germ line (sperms or eggs) during the process of sexual reproduction or through attributes passed down through the soma such as leaves, stems and roots which serve as (asexual reproduction). Asexual reproduction occurs in plant, while Sexual reproduction occurs in animals, involving two parents.
In sexually reproduction organism, the sperm, pollen and egg constitute the germ line containing the characters in parents which are passed on to the offspring, thus, the germ lines are the bearers of information that controls the development of the offspring.
The non-heritable characters or variations: Some errors that do not involved the germ line may be manifested in the parents, but are not transmissible to the offspring, such errors like accidents are referred to as non- heritable character e.g amputation of limbs or blindness that result from accident can not be transferred inherited by the offspring, culture traits such as languages and mannerisms are passed from the parent to the offspring, also cultural traits depends on cultural environment. | https://www.scholarsglobe.com/2016/05/what-is-genetics-and-variations.html |
Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which offspring develop from unfertilized eggs. A common mode of reproduction in arthropods, such as insects and arachnids, parthenogenesis also occurs in some species of fish, amphibians, and reptiles.
Parthenogenesis is part of the wide diversity of adaptations found in nature, securing the perpetuation of the lineage of organisms. Reproduction not only secures the individual purpose of the species survival, but also provides organisms for food chains. Most animals that engage in parthenogenesis also utilize sexual reproduction or sexual behaviors, reflecting the near universal mode of this form of reproduction among eukaryotes.
Overview
Parthenogenesis (which is derived from the Greek words for "virgin" and "creation") is more efficient than sexual reproduction because it does not always involve mating behaviors, which require energy and usually incur risks. Moreover, all members of an asexual population are capable of reproducing. The disadvantage, however, is that asexual reproduction, unlike its sexual counterpart, does not generate genotypic diversity, which is important for adapting to abiotic and biotic environmental changes.
Given the drawbacks of asexual reproduction for the long-term survival of the species, most species that engage in parthenogenesis also participate in sexual reproduction or sexual behaviors. Parthenogenesis, thus, typically serves as one available reproductive strategy, often a response to environmental or seasonal conditions, such as the amount of available resources. Aphids, for example, are parthenogenic in spring and summer, multiplying rapidly while conditions are favorable; during the winter months, they mate, and the females hatch fertilized eggs. In rare cases, however, parthenogenesis does not occur in combination with sexual reproduction or behaviors: The bdelloid rotifer Philodina roseola, for example, reproduces exclusively by parthenogenesis, and the species is believed to have avoided sexual reproduction for 85 million years (Judson 2002).
In addition to its reproductive role, parthenogenesis functions as part of a mechanism for determining sex in some species. In ants and most species of bees and wasps, females develop from unfertilized eggs and are referred to as haploid (possessing one set of chromosomes), while males develop from fertilized eggs and hence are diploid (possessing two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent). Thus, in species also capable of sexual reproduction, parthenogenesis can help to regulate the relative number of males and females in a population.
Sexual behavior
In some species, parthenogenesis requires a sexual act to trigger development of the egg, even though this behavior does not fertilize the egg. In parthenogenic ticks and mites, for example, the eggs develops only after the animals have mated, but the eggs remain unfertilized. Some species of beetles that have no males require sperm to trigger development; these beetles mate with males of closely related species. However, the sperm does not contribute genetic material.
In other parthenogenic species lacking males, females stimulate each other to activate the neuroendocrine mechanisms necessary for egg maturation. This phenomenon has been extensively studied in the New Mexico whiptail (genus Cnemidophorus), of which 15 species reproduce exclusively by parthenogenesis. One female plays the role of the male in closely related species, and mounts the female that is about to lay eggs. This behavior is due to the hormonal cycles of the females, which cause them to behave like males shortly after laying eggs, when levels of progesterone are high, and to take the female role in mating before laying eggs, when estrogen dominates. Lizards that act out the courtship ritual have greater fecundity than those kept in isolation, due to the increase in hormones that accompanies the mounting. So, although the populations lack males, they still require sexual stimuli for maximum reproductive success.
Determining sex
Parthenogenesis involves the inheritance and subsequent duplication of only a single sex chromosome. The unfertilized egg can thus be male or female depending on the chromosomal scheme of the species:
- If two like chromosomes determine the female sex (such as the XY sex-determination system), the offspring will be female.
- If two like chromosomes determine the male sex (such as the ZW sex-determination system), the offspring will be male.
In eusocial animals that engage in reproductive specialization, parthenogenesis can be a means of regulating the relative number of females and males in the group. One well-known example is the honeybee: Most females in the colony are sterile workers, but a few become fertile queens. After the queen mates, she possesses a supply of sperm that she controls, enabling her to produce either fertilized or unfertilized eggs. Thus, the queen determines when and how much of the colony’s resources are expended on the production of males (called drones).
Recent examples
- The Komodo dragon, which normally engages in sexual reproduction, was recently found to be able to reproduce asexually via parthenogenesis (Highfield 2006; Watts 2006). Because the genetics of sex determination in Komodo dragons uses the WZ system (where WZ is female, ZZ is male, and WW is inviable), the offspring of parthenogenesis will be male (ZZ) or inviable (WW), with no females being born. It has been postulated that this strategy might give the Komodo dragon an advantage in the colonization of islands, where a single female could theoretically have male offspring asexually, then switch to sexual reproduction to maintain a higher level of genetic diversity than asexual reproduction alone could produce.
- In 2001, a bonnethead (a type of small hammerhead shark) was thought to have produced a pup in captivity at a zoo in Nebraska. The tank contained three female hammerheads and no males. DNA testing showed that the pup's DNA matched only one female living in the tank, and that no male DNA was present in the pup. The pup was not a twin or clone of the mother; rather, it contained only half her DNA (a process called automictic parthenogenesis). The type of reproduction exhibited had been seen before in bony fish but never in cartilaginous fish such as sharks (Sample 2007). Another apparent parthenogenic shark birth occurred in 2002, when two white-spotted bamboo sharks were born at the Belle Isle Aquarium in Detroit. The birth baffled experts as the mother shared an aquarium with only one other female shark.
The repercussions of self-fertilization in sharks, which reduces the genetic diversity of the offspring, is a matter of concern for shark experts, taking into consideration conservation management strategies for this species, particularly in areas where there may be a shortage of males due to fishing or environmental pressures. Unlike Komodo dragons, which have a WZ chromosome system and produce male (ZZ) offspring by parthenogenesis, sharks have an XY chromosome system, so they produce only female (XX) offspring by parthenogenesis. As a result, sharks cannot restore a depleted male population through parthenogenesis, so an all-female population must come in contact with an outside male before normal sexual reproduction can resume.
Parthenogenesis differs from cloning
Parthenogenesis is distinct from artificial animal cloning, a process in which the new organism is identical to the cell donor. Parthenogenesis is truly a reproductive process that creates a new individual or individuals from the naturally varied genetic material contained in the eggs of the mother. However, in animals with an XY chromosome system where parthenogenic offspring (called parthenogens) are female, the offspring of a parthenogen all are genetically identical to each other and to the mother, as a parthenogen is homozygous (possessing two identical sets of genes).
References
- Highfield, R. 2006. No sex please, we're lizards. Daily Telegraph. Retrieved July 28, 2007.
- Judson, O. 2002. Dr. Tatiana’s Sex Advice to All Creation: The Definitive Guide to the Evolutionary Biology of Sex. New York: Metropolitan Books. ISBN 0805063315
- Purves, W., D. Sadava, G. Orians, and C. Heller. 2004. Life: The Science of Biology, 7th edition. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer. ISBN 0716766728
- Sample, I. 2007. Study confirms virgin birth of zoo shark pup. The Guardian. Retrieved August 6, 2007.
- Watts, P. C., et al. 2006. Parthenogenesis in Komodo dragons. Nature 444: 1021.
Further reading
- Dawley, R. M., and J. P. Bogart. 1989. Evolution and Ecology of Unisexual Vertebrates. Albany, New York: New York State Museum. ISBN 1555571794
- Futuyma, D. J., and M. Slatkin. 1983. Coevolution. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 0878932283
- Maynard Smith, J. 1978. The Evolution of Sex. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521293022
- Michod, R. E., and B. R. Levin. 1988. The Evolution of Sex. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 0878934596
- Schlupp, I. 2005. The evolutionary ecology of gynogenesis. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 36: 399-417.
- Simon, J., C. Rispe, and P. Sunnucks. 2002. Ecology and evolution of sex in aphids. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 17: 34-39.
- Stearns, S. C. 1988. The Evolution of Sex and Its Consequences. Experientia Supplementum, Vol. 55. Boston: Birkhauser. ISBN 0817618074
- Watts, P.C., K. R. Buley, S. Sanderson, W. Boardman, C. Claudio, and R. Gibson. 2006. Parthenogenesis in Komodo dragons. Nature 444: 1021-1022.
External links
All links retrieved January 16, 2019.
- National Geographic NEWS: Virgin Birth Expected at Christmas—By Komodo Dragon.
- BBC NEWS: 'Virgin births' for giant lizards (Komodo dragon).
- Female sharks capable of virgin birth.
Credits
New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:
The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:
Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. | https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Parthenogenesis |
In your life story is a chapter on the story of your health, which has elements you can’t change. If you were in an accident or had a health crisis, that will be a part of your story forever. However, you can create a different narrative about your experiences. Doing so can change the way a memory lives within you and it may change your life going forward. For example, if you had cancer you may consider yourself a warrior or a victim. You might want to put the experience behind you and move on. Or you might choose to explore the experience and see if there are lessons to be learned.
My wife, Patricia Greer, psychotherapist and Jungian analyst, undertook such an exploration of her experience of breast cancer in her book, Breast Cancer: A Soul Journey, which has just been released as an audiobook and is available through Amazon, Audible, and iTunes. Every cancer patient will have a different story of how she experiences and relates to her disease. Breast Cancer honestly portrays the shock of diagnosis, the fear of facing one’s mortality, and the emotions that arise when grappling with the uncertainty of what comes next. Patricia’s experience became a story of a soul’s journey, of reconnecting with Spirit to discover a deeper sense of meaning and purpose and authenticity.
I believe that right-brain-hemisphere techniques such as working with images, analyzing dreams, writing poetry, and having dialogs with inner figures can all help to access wisdom from the unconscious and lead to healing in different ways. Patricia shares her own experiences of using these techniques to engage her serious illness and begin to write and live according to a new story, one that involved spiritual and psychological growth. While she could not change the fact that she had breast cancer, her experience of dealing with the disease was different than it would have been had she not worked with her unconscious to gain helpful insights for growth. She shares her exploration with the hope that it may help others to reflect on their experiences and find meaning and insights from understanding illness as a source of wisdom.
Breast Cancer: A Soul Journey reminds us that we are the storytellers of our lives and can choose to engage our experiences differently—and that doing so might lead to different outcomes than the ones we expect and/or fear. | https://carlgreer.com/change-story-change-experience-past/ |
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If I were more responsible I could take a lot more control of my life. Open new doors for myself in my school life, work life, and social life. Responsibility is the glue that holds a successful life together. All I really want in the end is to be successful anyway, so being responsible would defiantly be a great trait to have. All in all the change to stop being so self-centered would only change my life for the better.
I can not think of any other change that would benefit me more. Accessed September 15, We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Change specifically for you. Leave your email and we will send you an example after 24 hours If you contact us after hours, we'll get back to you in 24 hours or less. How to cite this page Choose cite format: How about make it original?
Often, personal essays act as reflections on an event that occurred in your life and shifted it in some way. Think of a specific event that is unique and personal to you. The stranger the event, the more likely the essay will be engaging to read. Think about a heavy experience in your life that shaped who you are today.
You may also decide to write about a seemingly light topic or event, such as your first ride on a roller coaster, or the first time you went on a cruise with your partner. No matter what event you choose, make sure it is an event that triggered a strong emotional response, ranging from anger to confusion to unabashed joy. Think of a person in your life that you have difficulty with in some way. You may want to explore a tenuous relationship with a person in your life in your personal essay.
Think about a person you have grown apart from or feel estranged from. You may also choose a person that you have always had a difficult or complicated relationship with and explore why this is in your essay.
You may also look at past romantic relationships that failed and consider why they did not succeed or a relationship with a mentor that went sour. This could also be about someone that you're close with. For example, you could write about a moment that tested your relationship with a close friend.
Respond to a current event. Good personal essays consider the specific, such as your experiences, as well as the general, such as a current event or larger issue. You may focus on a current event or topic that you feel passionate about, such as abortion or refugee camps, and consider it from a personal perspective.
For example, how does the current event intersect with your own experiences? How can you explore a current social issue or event using your personal thoughts, experiences, and emotions? For example, you may have an interest in writing about Syrian refugee camps in Europe. You may then focus your personal essay on your own status as a refugee in America and how your experiences a refugee have shaped the person you are now. This will allow you to explore a current event from a personal perspective, rather than simply talk about the current event from a distant, journalistic perspective.
Personal essays are usually formatted in sections, with an introductory section, a body section, and a concluding section. These sections are broken down as follows: It should also have some sort of narrative thesis, which is often the beginning of an important event in the piece or a theme that connects your experience to a universal idea. Often, this is in the form of your experiences and your reflections on your experiences. You should also note the passage of time in your body sections so the reader is aware of when and how certain events occurred.
The concluding section should include a conclusion to the events and experiences discussed in the essay. You should also have a moral of the story moment, where you reflect on what you learned from your experiences or how your experiences changed your life.
In the past, it was advised to have five paragraphs total, one paragraph for the introductory section, three paragraphs for the body section, and one paragraph for the concluding section. But you can have more or less than five paragraphs for your personal essay as long as you have all three sections. Begin with an engaging opening scene.
You should open your personal essay with an introductory section that is engaging and interesting for your reader.
The opening section should introduce the key characters of the essay as well as the central theme or themes of the essay. It should also present the central question or concern in the essay. Start instead with a specific scene that contains the key characters of the essay and allows you discuss the central question or theme.
Doing this will allow you to introduce the reader to the characters and the central conflict right away. For example, if you are writing about your fraught relationship with your mother, you may focus on a specific memory where you both disagreed or clashed. This could be the time you and your mother fought over a seemingly insignificant item, or the time you argued about a family secret. Try to use an active voice instead of a passive voice as much as possible when you're writing your essay.
Write from your unique voice or perspective. Though you are writing a personal essay, you still have the freedom to use a unique writing voice or point of view. Like other writing genres, personal essays are often more successful when the writer uses a writing voice that entertains and informs the reader.
This means using word choice, syntax, and tone to create an engaging narrative voice in the essay. Or, the writing voice may be more reflective and internal, where you question your own assumptions and thoughts about the subject of the essay. You may decide to write in the present tense to make the story feel immediate, or past tense, which will allow you to reflect more on specific events or moments. Include vivid sensory descriptions in your essay to help the reader connect with your unique perspective.
Describing touch, smell, taste, sight, and sound can help the reader invest in your story and feel like they're there with you. Develop the characters so they are well-rounded and detailed. Be sure to describe your characters with sensory detail and physical detail. The list below has been handpicked by our editorial team and offers both free and paid writing assistance from leading educational platforms and services.
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If you would like to contribute to our cause, please send us a small donation. Home College assignments Writing techniques Term papers Custom papers. Need For Change Change entails becoming different in a particular way of life. Why We Need Change Change is basic and fundamental need for any personal willing to excel in life.
Conclusion Concisely, need for change is essential to the life of human being. Writing tips The guides, manuals and samples listed below will help you craft original, interesting and catchy college papers. Essay writing help Essay services Writings service Physics assignment help. About our writing team We provide free supplementary writing assistance for college and graduate students worldwide.
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Change is the alteration of a physical, spiritual or emotional state over a period of time. These changes are evident in the three texts studied and will be discussed during this essay. Ad-VERSE-ity - a verse novella - was the first core text studied composed by students from Collingwood Alternative School in collaboration with published poet Amelia Walker.
Read Personal Change free essay and over 88, other research documents. Personal Change. SUMMARY When I started writing this paper, I got stumbled in the beginning, questioned myself should I /5(1).
Read this essay on Personal Change. Come browse our large digital warehouse of free sample essays. Get the knowledge you need in order to pass your classes and more. Only at justappclose.tk". My whole life, I have been presented to a single element called change. Change occurs in many different forms and is carried out in many different ways. However, just recently, I have come to the realization that change can be the deepest of all subjects. I always assumed that change occured when.
Every day I hear people talking about how they do not like this or how they want to change that. Oddly enough, I do not often hear someone say I really need to make a personal change. Essay about Change Management - The People Side of Change. Words 6 Pages. Essay Change Management-Resistance to Change Words | 9 Pages More about Essay about Change Management - The People Side of Change. Change Management - . | http://justappclose.tk/lllt/personal-change-essay-hyho.php |
Are you writing trauma stories for the first time? Have you been told to “dig deeper” in your novel? Writing believable trauma stories is all about using a narrative technique called deep point of view, whether you have lived through the traumatic events in your story or not.
A deep point of view dives into the reality of the situation. It’s about how real people react to challenging situations and how they overcome strife. The technique closes the gap between the reader and your character’s point of view in a novel.
This artile will show you how to write trauma stories into your novel using this technique. I’ll even explain a few tips to make your story come alive. First, let’s gain more understanding about what makes an event traumatic.
Understanding what makes an event traumatic
A traumatic event becomes part of a person’s deepest self. Experiences on the traumatic side are the events that bring about the toughest life lessons you face in adulthood. The challenges create the biggest changes, both good and bad.
Trauma comes from events like:
- Natural disasters
- War and combat zones
- Life-threatening illness
- Intrusive medical procedures
- Sexual assault
- Psychological abuse
- Physical abuse
- Verbal abuse or violence
- Neglect (emotional or physical)
- Loss or separation from a parent in childhood
- The death of loved one(s)
Living through a traumatic event affects every person differently. Some have post-traumatic stress disorder, continued distress, anxiety disorder, dissociative disorders, depression, suicidal thoughts, and a variety of other mental health issues.
No two people react the same. The younger you are when the trauma takes place, the length of time the trauma took place, and many other aspects determine how you may react. The more anxiety, the more consequences become evident in adult life. The devastation comes out in adulthood, even for people who don’t remember the traumatic event.
Photo by Jen Theodore on Unsplash.
If you write about a traumatic event in your life
Writing stories about your trauma is therapeutic. The process allows you to get over any negative emotions you still harbor about the event (even the anger, guilt, and resentment you may not realize is there). Coming to terms with the past allows you to move forward in life.
Slow down the process
When writing about a traumatic event in your life, slow down. The writing process opens you up to reliving the event. It’s tempting to rush through difficult scenes or skip over details. Take your time.
Feel every emotion. Remember the small details, like scents. It will hurt. Meet your painful memories with insight and follow where your thoughts lead. Try to find understanding and acceptance in what was.
Consider this portion of the writing process valuable for you. You might need to spend more time writing than you would a nonfiction piece on birds, but remember, you are doing this part for yourself. This is where you heal.
Many studies show psychological trauma patients who process past events fully through writing suffer from fewer illnesses, visit the doctor less often, and notice fewer depression symptoms. Their emotional and psychological well-being improves. Physical health soon follows suit.
So please do it for yourself. If what you write doesn’t fit your story completely, store it for another time. You might be able to use the material later. Or, you could dispose of it when you’re ready to start a blank slate.
It’s up to you whether or not to tell your stories. They’re yours to do with as you see fit. But if you choose, you can tell your story and transform your life.
Use the present tense
Therapists also recommend writing trauma stories in the present tense. The view allows the events to occur in the present moment of your mind rather than keeping them in the past, where many people store negative thoughts to avoid dealing with them.
Present tense provides vivid and emotional descriptions. Write without a filter. Copy down what you are thinking and feeling. You can go back to edit and organize your thoughts later. Focus on what occurs to you when it does. Trust your experience.
The process of writing in the present tense is also more therapeutic and healing for people who have experienced trauma. Allow yourself to become vulnerable. Writing your story is worth the fear of your friends and family finding out the truth. If the possible blowback is too much to handle, turn fear into fiction.
Find what lies beneath the surface
Many people who have experienced traumatic events block part or entire memories from consciousness. It’s your brain’s way of protection. You may not know or understand everything that happened to you yet. Conscious thought is tricky like that.
You can suppress memories for months, years, or decades. But humans retain memories, whether you can bring them to the forefront of your mind or not.
Two things may help: recall and recognition. Writing the trauma story is the recall part. As you put more words down, you might remember more. This is the recognition. Triggers are sometimes enough to bring back forgotten memories. The less accessible portions may come up as you write.
Memories are fickle, though. They may come to you like puzzle pieces snapping into place, or they might never return. Try not to feel discouraged if the details are lost to you. Just focus on what you can find and dig deep.
If you create a character with a traumatic backstory
You can cultivate stories about trauma without first-hand experience. But make sure to complete thorough research first. Good fiction reflects reality. No one wants the story to sound unbelievable, or worse, offend your readers.
Complete extra thorough research
The most important thing to understand in writing a character with a traumatic backstory is representing them accurately. Even if you have no experience with the issue, you can learn from real life.
Research how people react to traumatic events, particularly the type of trauma you include. Is there a common reaction? How would your character react? What could come back to haunt them later?
Understand that your character, like most people with trauma, will struggle. They typically try to suppress hard-to-deal-with memories, thoughts, and emotions. Unresolved issues always find a way to resurface. Personal experience often affects life when we least expect it.
Write this into your story as a way to create believable characters, explain your character’s backstory, or initiate drama. True life events bring up old memories naturally. Show the characters processing their trauma and trying to resolve their issues. How do their brains connect the moment to reminders of the past?
Give your characters a backstory, but don’t let the traumatic event dictate their entire lives. Real people never want to be defined by a single thing that happened. The device is great for creating inner tension because it leads to conflict between characters (and an interesting storyline). Just don’t let it consume every aspect of the characters.
Layer emotions and mold realistic reactions. Give the characters inner desires. Show their motivations through internal dialogue or external choices. End the story with growth.
Take a tip from psychology
You don’t have to be a psychologist. But you do need to research how these people may react. Psychology is insanely helpful here.
Dive deep to learn how people are triggered by emotions like frustration, fear, guilt, self-doubt, loss, hopelessness, powerlessness, denial, depression, loathing, and anger. Explore how emotion becomes character motivation. Layer these emotions with primary characteristics to express the loss, anxiety, and trauma with readers.
Psychological symptoms, like emotions, are signals to your readers, letting them know the character is reliving past trauma. Look at what symptoms a person who went through a similar event in real life would exhibit. Do they dissociate, throw themselves into drugs or alcohol, or participate in risky behavior? How do they cope with harsh memories? | https://thewordpressarticledirectory.com/how-to-write-believable-trauma-stories |
A reflection paper is a very common type of paper among college students. Almost any subject you enroll in requires you to express your opinion on certain matters. In this article we will explain how to write a reflection paper, and provide you with examples and useful tips that will make the writing process easier. Reflection papers should have an academic tone, yet be personal and subjective. In this type of paper you should analyse and reflect upon how an experience, academic task, article, or lecture shaped your perception and thoughts on a subject.
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Sample Business and Economics reflective essay
How to Write a Reflection Paper: Guide with Example Paper | EssayPro
In a reflective essay, you share your own experience with some event or your thoughts regarding an article, lesson, lecture, etc. What makes that essay reflective is that you, as a writer, analyze a past event from the present. In this article, writers of our paper writing service will share our ultimate writing guide with you on how to write a reflective essay and includes; the definition, essay format, and reflective essay examples that will inspire you. Reflective papers relate to some events or experiences. Writing one, you analyze the experience, its meaning, and lessons can be learned from it. That essay format requires you to open up about your thoughts and emotions to uncover your mindset, personality, traits of character, and background. Reflections are very personal and subjective, but they must maintain a formal tone and should be well organized.
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The structure of reflective writing
A reflection essay is a write-up in which the writer examines their life experiences. Essentially, the author writes about their experiences and how they have changed, grown, or developed from them. When writing a self reflection essay about yourself, you can start by describing an experience or event. Well, the fact that the writer talks about and analyzes past events from the present perspective makes this write-up different. When writing a college or high school reflection essay, a student should open up about emotions and thoughts.
Self-reflection might seem like a no-brainer when you start a reflective paper. But, delving into your thoughts and experiences is harder than you might think. Learn what a reflective essay is and how to write one through a few examples. Plus, explore several topics to get you started. Reflective writing is a form of creative writing where you examine an experience or situation through self-reflection.
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Part Two: Who I Am Today Step 4: Discuss with students that family is important to shaping character, but individuals can also be influenced by people who aren't related to them. If you have to make a report, and you get a good sample of a biography or some nice format for a biographical case study, then half of your work is done. Ask students to complete A Friend Writing Prompt and The Folks in My Neighborhood Worksheet. Which ones did you adopt? Use a projector if you have access to one. This sample tells the students how to make a format, and how to sketch an analysis. Now you are definitely ready to start writing your autobiography.
What is the most important reason this person is famous? Overview It's natural and novel for students to want to write about their interests, their family, and their goals. This tool provides space for students to write the text that will appear on the slide and information about the song they will include, along with space for a simple illustration. Many things matter while you are writing a biography study. Browsing through your own past and especially finding the gems in it might not be as easy as it sounds. Do you own pets now? Here is an article that will give you some examples and also tips on how you can write one for yourself. This sample can be followed for making school reports, history projects etc.
Because of their unique and personal nature, I often choose to include biographies for middle school in our studies of significant historical events. If necessary, have students complete this activity for homework. Did you grow up in the suburbs? Passing that wisdom on to others through your can help them to learn the same lesson and to create a bond of shared experiences. Smooth transition link sentences to each other and paragraphs to what precedes and what follows. The scrapbooks may help students organize their writing in the next step. After students complete their information gathering, they can work on their autobiographical timelines and scrapbooks. My mom died at the age of 57 in 1994 from lung cancer which was the result of smoking her whole lifetime.
Step 2: Tell students they will be writing about their personal family history and important events in their lives that have shaped who they are today. Which parts, if any, need more information? Get started So what are you waiting for? However, by utilizing a basic , one can still explore their history while presenting their memories in a format that will allow your stories to shine. My kids have been fans of the Who Was series or as we call it, the Big Head books for years. Therefore, make sure you understand and can answer the following questions before you leave class today: When is the paper due? Home Connections Students are encouraged to talk to their parents and family members about their writing. Simply download our online casino, deposit and start playing! This is just to define the life and work, accomplishments and struggles etc of one who is in the position of a president.
Explain that students will have the opportunity to evaluate their lists and select the events that they want to include in their autobiographies in later sessions. Understanding the difficulties you might experience and wishing to save your time and energy, we have created this wonderful autobiography template. How does this reflect your interests today? May the paper be longer than the stated length? Which famous person would your family like to learn mo re about? The simple pre-writing activity in this unit will help you and your students learn more about each other while creating classroom pride and a feeling of belonging at the beginning of the year. For school students, a biography template involves rather simple elements. Even the teacher, who would be evaluating your work, would also be satisfied and impressed on seeing the right pattern.
After you have written a few studies, you may not need the format anymore. Lessons and Wisdom: What You Learned and What You Can Teach Whether you are 15 or 50, the experiences you have had in your life helped you to learn and grow. Correct bibliography form - minimum 3- alphabetically arranged 5 7. My parents were Eddie Smith and Joan Smith. The genre of autobiographical writing builds on the existing interest that middle school students already have in themselves and their lives while helping them develop and understand the craft of writing. The following resources can provide you with background information about PowerPoint, tutorials, and specific information about adding music to presentations. Best Casino Bonuses When you sign up to enjoy the hundreds of Online Casino games at your disposal, you will also receive a 350% sign up casino bonus code just for getting on board here at Prism.
Over the years we have researched the lives of authors, sports figures, famous historical figures, and tons more. It shows you how to write an analysis of the biography of a person in simple words. Explain that this topic will be discussed in detail in the next session. The main idea of each paragraph is clearly stated in a topic sentence. Whether you begin your autobiography from the moment you were born, or start with a significant moment in your life that has shaped who you are today, recalling your childhood experiences can jumpstart your power to recall events and provide deeper insight as you explore your roots. Not sure which books might be a good fit for your family? You will read only that portion which needs to be answered as per the guideline in the template. Part Four: The Final Product Step 7: Explain to the class that they will use their completed worksheets and writing prompt responses to complete the final draft of their autobiography.
. Are all of these ways legal? Our helpful staff are available anytime to assist you with any questions, concerns or suggestions you may have. Experiences in the workplace not only shape who you are but they can affect other aspects of your life. Education: As Easy as 1-2-3 The friendships and experiences you have at school can shape the person you become and have a lasting impact throughout your life. Must I hand in my rough draft? Check out these phrases, which are taken from the best autobiography examples. Biography Resources Primary Sources A primary source is a first-hand account of a topic. There is great joy in homeschooling older kids and I want to help you transform your middle school years into something both you and your teen will love. | http://congressoanbimadefundos.com.br/autobiography-outline-template-for-middle-school.html |
Many people who have something to tell, have an experience, or have the knowledge and vision “as it should be.” What if you decided to write your own book and it’s not a novel about love and adventures? To become a good writer or to write an interesting book is not an easy task. Unfortunately, this won’t totally depend on hard work, diligence and regular training: you can sit with a laptop, paper, pen or voice recorder at least eight hours every day – and still, you will get something dull and colorless that nobody wants to read. Not always does the desire to write a book match the capabilities and talent. But making effort and progress is still necessary. Anyone who wants to write their first book, should read and write, try different styles and genres, and listen to the world around. The main thing is to throw into trash away all “must” and “deserving / not deserving of attention,” ideas which aspiring authors often suffer from. Here are an autobiography topics list and autobiography examples which can help you.
Be revealing. You don't have to be explicit, but it's important to reveal truths about yourself and your life in an autobiography. Don't let the book become a list of your accomplishments, with all the negative material carefully kept under the rug. Present yourself as a whole person, sharing talents and flaws alike, and your readers will be able to identify with you and hopefully root for you as they make their way through your story.
Writing autobiography can be nerve-wracking that you can barely start a single letter on. But there are also some instances when the story just keeps on flowing that you won’t even know when to stop. With these two cases, just continue on writing your bio and review all the details you were about to get out from yourself after that. In order to be effective, learn first how to write an autobiography of myself by starting with the basic definition of an autobiography.
Not only does writing about your life story change you, it can change others as well. Your history can have a powerful effect on other people’s lives! Especially if you’ve learned, grown and changed through the years. And I suspect you have. You wouldn’t be searching for information on how to write about your life story if nothing every happened to you 🙂
"Today, the plains and low hills of southeastern Ohio make the perfect setting for large cracker box-shaped farmhouses surrounded by miles of corn rows. Many of the farming families in this region descended from the Irish settlers who came rolling in on covered wagons in the 1830s to find work building canals and railways. My ancestors were among those settlers."
Why did the author choose to highlight certain events in their life in the memoir? Consider why the memoirist chose a certain section of their childhood or a specific life event as the focus of the book. For example, Didion’s book The Year of Magical Thinking focuses on the recent deaths of her husband and her daughter, while Nabokov’s Speak, Memory focuses on his childhood in Russia. One event is in the recent past while one event is in the very distant past. Yet both events have a very strong, and possibly traumatic, effect on the writers.
Weave in themes. Use the major themes of your life as a way to tie stories together, connecting your past and your present. Aside from the central conflict, what themes have followed you throughout your life? A fondness for certain holidays, your fascination with a certain place that you visited over and over, a certain type of guy you've always fallen for, a rich spiritual life you fall back on again and again. Bring up the themes every so often to help form a cohesive picture of your life.
Take a step back to reflect. You're chronicling your life lessons, but what have you learned from them? Relay your intentions, desires, feelings of loss, feelings of joy, the wisdom you've gained, and other inner thoughts from time to time throughout the book. Taking a step back from the action of the story to reflect on what it all means is a good way to add depth to your autobiography.
Writing an autobiography for a high school or a college English class can help you gain a deeper sense of personal identity. An autobiography allows you to tell your story in a way that reveals truths about your values, goals and dreams. Though there's no exact science to writing an autobiography, you should include information about your background, major events that shaped who you are and any core themes in your life. Include specific examples to help readers understand your life history. | https://thesecretbuzz.com/mindset1/what-are-positive-words-whats-the-difference-between-gratitude-and-appreciation.html |
The organization of a reflective essay is very similar to other types of essays. An outline of a great reflective essay is laid out for your use below.
Although this academic assignment is focused on personal experiences and emotions, it often requires the use of concrete examples and multiple sources. In most cases, students involved in such experiential capstones or classes as practicums and internships find reflection essay writing invaluable for synthesizing their theoretical knowledge with applied experiences.
Learning how to write a reflection paper will help you organize all ideas methodically and gain more from your practical experiences. Basic purposes of reflection essays Any reflection paper is a type of academic writing that requires you to interact with the targeted audience while describing specific life experiences or moments.
You need to explore personal emotions, ideas, and opinions about a particular event and its effect on you. This assignment allows you to do the following: The main goal of all reflection essays is to write concisely and clearly about any chosen subject.
The importance of your essay outline When writing a reflection paper, some students tend to get a bit disorganized and sound illogical because they discuss anything and everything in no particular order. Using a detailed outline can help you avoid this mistake and improve your writing in many ways.
First, an essay outline helps you lay out all the details and facts that you want to use before getting started. Outlines provide students with a clear roadmap instead of many dead ends and curvy paths.
Ultimately, you will save time on your academic writing because you can always look at your essay outline and follow it. The process of writing reflection papers Teachers and professors usually request reflection papers because they allow students to share personal experiences and opinions about specific lectures, lessons, or articles.
Although this academic assignment is quite subjective and personal, it still needs to have a formal style and be well-organized.
When reflecting on a particular text, write down your initial ideas and emotions while reading it. When writing about a specific life event or about your personality, feel free to brainstorm and make a special chart with a few columns about your past experiences, reflection, and description.
This simple table can help you outline and structure your reflection paper successfully. Personal reflection papers They reflect your personal experiences, individuality, and major influences.
A personal reflection essay helps readers get to know you better. The number one thing that differentiates a good reflection paper from the bad one is its organization. The format of reflection essays The format of reflection essays differs from standard research or argumentative papers because they are all about well-structured stories or diary entries.
The length of your reflection varies between words. If you have any questions, ask instructors about the required word count and follow all the necessary instructions.Learn about reflection in mathematics: every point is the same distance from a central line.
A reflection paper can reveal much about yourself and your changed ideas and how well you understood the instruction of the class. A well-written reflection paper uses examples of your past thoughts and how the readings and discussions in the class may have changed your future ideas on the subject.
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A brilliant transplant surgeon brings compassion and narrative drama to the fearful reality that every doctor must face: the inevitability of mortality. When Pauline Chen began medical school. If you’re not sure what math talks are, here are a few resources: Professor Jo Boaler refers to number talks regularly in her course How To Learn Math ; Brad Fulton presented this strategy at the CMC-South Conference.
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Remember a personal review is a critical piece of writing so it is important to write evaluatively. This involves asking questions and proposing reasoned solutions. Finally, in many ways a writing a personal reflection is similar to writing a Critical Review.
In fact, the planning and writing stages required to produce a successful personal reflection will incorporate many of the steps required for a successful . | https://lajufesecafabok.leslutinsduphoenix.com/how-to-write-a-good-math-reflection-46513hw.html |
An essay on yourself is a kind of personal essay.
For the purpose of sharing an essential lesson learned from one’s own experiences, a person will write a “personal essay.” Formal essays and creative nonfiction both allow you to write about an important event from the viewpoint of a first-person observer. Most personal essays are written in a conversational style, which helps the author establish a rapport with the reader. This style of essay may be uplifting and motivating, or it can serve as a cautionary tale for others to avoid the author’s blunders. There are a plethora of subjects for personal essays to choose from. These stories might be about a family member you’ve been alienated from, a moral turning moment in your teens, a conflict you’ve been a part of, or a professor who transformed your perspective on literature. A personal essay is a great method to reflect on a significant event in your life and express your unique point of view. We can give you the best essay writing service.
Creating a Personal Statement
An introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion are all necessary components of a well-written personal essay. Three main elements are required for a successful personal essay: a thesis statement, a personal essay introduction, and a concluding statement.
Introduction:
Your essay’s opening paragraphs should have a hook sentence that grabs the reader’s attention and keeps them reading. Personalize your essay with a statement that you want to back up in the main body. Don’t use clichés like starting your essay with a well-known phrase, and strive to establish a personal connection with your readers. Please visit royalessays for your essay writings.
Body:
A narrative essay’s body contains the heart of the tale, so be sure to include all of your most important arguments and personal examples to back up your argument. A place for writers to discuss how their own life experiences have affected their point of view and the lessons they’ve learned.
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Conclusion:
In your conclusion, you should repeat your thesis and reveal a deeper truth or moral of your narrative. Summarize the significance of the essay and the key takeaways you want the reader to get from this specific piece of writing.
Bring the essay to a close.
Give an overview of the lessons you’ve learnt and the message you want to convey to the reader. An upbeat or encouraging finish might help make an unpleasant or frightening discovery seem more aspirational or inspiring. Make sure your work is error-free by going through it one more time.
Apart from double-checking your spelling and punctuation, you should also make sure that your message is simple to understand and that your story is well-told. Whatever your writing ability, it’s always beneficial to look back over your own work and make sure you’ve got the tale down pat. | https://thenews247.net/an-essay-on-yourself-is-a-kind-of-personal-essay/ |
We live in a place rich in the history of our nation. From the Neolithic stone circles, through Roman occupation, the power of the Tudors and development of ancient and modern agricultural practices, our location offers a wealth of hands-on learning experiences. We have designed a curriculum which uses these rich resources fully. We want children to have an understanding of how the past has shaped the place in which they now live, and how they continue to shape it as 21st century residents.
Of course only certain aspects of history can be taught by relating to our locality, and we also expose children to events in the past both her in the UK and beyond to inspire in them the sense of the world as a single human population, and how events in the past have shaped out lives in the present. We want to give children a secure knowledge of the chronology of history from the first peoples to now, whilst also enabling them to have deeper learning experiences of some of the more significant turning points in national and global world history. To enable this in part, we have fostered links with culturally diverse schools in this country, and abroad, so that children can experience different perceptions on the world first hand. We aim to equip our children with a clear understanding of what happened when, and how that journey through history can teach us about the modern world.
Trips to local museums deepen and enrich our curriculum.
Teaching and Learning
History is taught through a carefully planned series of three half termly topics (paired with a complementary geography topic) to ensure complete national curriculum coverage. Our approach to the planning, assessment and teaching of the subject throughout the school is organised alongside our class groupings. To complement the EYFS curriculum, learning is matched to children’s own understanding of their personal history and life before they were born, including a number of easily recognisable national and international events and individuals, linked to teaching in other subject areas. Children in Twiglets class are taught a clear chronology of British history from the Stone Age to the mid-20th century, covering many aspects of the national curriculum. Pupils in Oaks and Birch class will also be taught chronologically, however with more of a depth study approach looking at specific civilisations, cultures and major global events.
As well as bespoke lessons, cross curricular opportunities arise regularly and we see evidence of this in books, displays and photographs. Looking at and understanding timelines has clear links to Mathematics. Learning about the rise and fall of empires and civilisations will require geographical knowledge. The links between religion and historical events will be explored in RE. Art and DT work is inspired by our historical studies. We invite local expertise into school e.g. Imran the Imam, and draw upon local resource banks e.g. historical plays, to further cement the importance of the subject. We believe in the importance of children understanding how we know what the past was like through looking at a range of primary and secondary historical sources appropriate to their learning.
Sequenced Learning
By the end of each key stage, pupils are expected to know, apply and understand the matters, skills and processes specified in the relevant programme of study.
Children in Acorns class will be taught about changes in living memory, beyond their own experiences, about significant national and global events and individuals, and about people of historical significance from their local area. We have chosen the following topics to achieve this:
Superheroes (significant individuals)
Toys (changes in living memory)
Castles (significant individuals)
Space (significant global event)
The Great Fire Of London (significant national event)
The Seaside (changes in living memory)
We employ continuous provision in Acorns class to give children the opportunity to explore their historical learning through imaginative play, through creating inspiring learning environments in which they explore the past. Children’s own experiences are acknowledged as a crucial part of their EYFS learning, so we will allow ourselves to be child led and follow up any family visits in class, valuing first hand observations. We use the whole school ‘Fact Of The Day’ system to allow children to share their experiences with each other. Their Forest School experiences allow children to explore pre-technological techniques for setting fires and cooking as used by our ancestors. We give children the opportunity to write freely about both their real and imagined experiences as a support for both their history learning and their acquisition of essential Writing skills.
Children in Twiglets class will be taught a clear chronological British historical sequence over a 2-year cycle (as dictated by our mixed year class structure) from prehistoric times to the mid-20th century. We have chosen the following topics to achieve this:
Stone Age to Iron Age
The Romans
Anglo Saxons v Vikings
The Tudors
The Victorians
The 60s/The 70s (at teacher’s discretion)
We believe that children need a clear understanding of the chronological progress of historical events, and we employ their time in Twiglets class to develop a secure understanding of what happened when.
Children in Oaks class will continue to be taught in a clear chronological sequence. However we have chosen to use these years as an opportunity for pupils to learn about specific turning points in history in greater detail and to give them a wider cultural perspective of events in history beyond the UK, Europe and the Western World. We have chosen the following topics to achieve this:
Earliest civilisations - Egypt
Non-European society - Benin
Local history study – The Story of Brough
Britain since 1066 – The World Wars
Non-European society – Early Islamic
The impact of Ancient and Modern Greece on the world
We believe that by looking at specific events and cultures in greater detail that children can apply their knowledge British history in a more accurate context, and that they can understand how events in the past occurred and recognise these echoes in current events of the 21st century.
Endpoints
Through the use of the intent, implementation and impact approach below, we have designed an action plan that aims to achieve specific endpoints.
By the end of Acorns class our children will have an understanding of a world which existed before they were alive. They will know some of the events and people which have shaped our past. Children’s learning in Twiglets will enable them to incorporate this learning into a larger knowledge of the chronological basis of historical learning as they identify a number of key events in British history and know the order in which they occurred. By the end of Oaks class, children will have a deep knowledge of some of the civilisations which shaped early settled human development, and be able to add these to their expanding knowledge of chronology. In oaks class, children will also be introduced to the concept of historical evidence, and begin to understand how our understanding of the past is shaped by what information we find out can about it, and that some evidence of the past has been lost. All this will prepare children for further study of History at secondary school. | https://www.broughschool.org/curriculum/history |
Tips on Writing a Reflective Essay. Writing a reflective essay is not persuasive writing where you have to convince your readers to accept your opinion. You simply have to share an experience. 1. Write a draft. Do not jump hastily onto formal writing. Write a draft where you can create a bulleted list of the things that you want to share.
Here’s a recap of the contents of this article, which also serves as a way to create a mind map: 1. Identify the topic you will be writing on. 2. Note down any ideas that are related to the topic and if you want to,. 3. Allow your ideas to flow freely, knowing that you will always have time to.
A great example of a reflective essay Fieldwork experiences can often be a daunting way of conducting research but they can also be fulfilling. I have had first-hand experience conducting fieldwork for my master’s degree, and while it was a generally enjoyable experience, I did make a number of mistakes during the process.
Before going into my reflective essay, it is important to first know what is reflective learning and journal writing. Reflective learning is the system of internally analysing and exploring a problem of concern, triggered by an experience, which creates and clarifies meaning in terms of self, and which ends up in a modified conceptual angle (Boyd and Fales, 1983).
Lessons Learned Paper Na’Kisha Sherrard, MS University of Phoenix Lessons Learned Paper Connecting with a group of doctoral students for the first residency is very frightening. Several students admitted to having feelings of misperception, worry, or uncertainty.
Now by the end of this lesson, students should have achieved the following Learning Outcomes 1. To understand the importance of reflection and how it improves interactions between patients, peers and professionals 2. e able to use tools (for example Gibbs Reflective ycle) to structure reflection 3.
Example tutor comments on student teacher 1 reflection I was very relaxed going into this lesson because it was a topic I really loved teaching. The lesson got to a really good start with all pupils being on time and settling well. As part of my preparation, I ensured they all had packs for the two activities for the lesson. I.
Answer: The purpose of a reflective essay is to provide insight into a particular event or situation. By reflecting upon the details of the event, a practitioner or student can learn from the experience considering all the various factors that led to a particular outcome.
How to Write a Reflective Essay with Ease This article is about how to properly prepare and write a reflective essay using all tactical and literary writing techniques. A reflective essay always has the goal to introduce the reader to some interesting moments from the writer’s life and fix attention on feelings about a certain issue.
Lesson Plan Reflection Essay Sample. Lesson Plan Reflection In this reflection essay, it will justify the content reasoning for implementing alliteration in a SIOP lesson plan for English Language Learners. For the most part, English Language Learners experience difficulties in their quest to obtain language proficiency because of their under.
An Introduction to the Creative Essay on the Topic of Life Lessons. Life lessons are lessons that people receive to help them carry on their life smoothly. These lessons would entail good socialization, persistence, responsibility and etiquette among others. Sport can be very constructive in teaching life lessons. Besides the obvious benefits that sports keep people remain physically fit, a.
For example, a student nurse might be asked to write a reflective essay on a work placement. They would then use this to highlight what happened and what they learned from the experience. The Reflective Cycle. To see what your essay should include, we can look to Professor Graham Gibbs’ reflective cycle. This is designed to help people learn.
The conclusion of a reflective composition can point to what the writer intends to do with the lessons learned or principles acquired from particular experience or personal event that was described. The conclusion should not deviate from the main idea, and it should sum up whole write-up perfectly.
Reflective teaching means looking at what you do in the classroom, thinking about why you do it, and thinking about if it works - a process of self-observation and self-evaluation. By collecting information about what goes on in our classroom, and by analysing and evaluating this information, we identify and explore our own practices and underlying beliefs.
Examples Of Reflective Essay. reflection in the mirror. The same can be said about the reflective compositions. A reflective composition is the result of introspection into past experiences or memorable events in our lives. We introspect into these memorable events and reflect over them with regards the emotions and influences they have left in our lives.
A short guide to reflective writing 3 Helping yourself to reflect Keeping a reflective learning journal You may want to consider keeping a learning journal, as a form of informal, regular reflection. Below is an example of one way of approaching it. Event What did I learn? What went well? What could I have done better? Long-term implications.
Dedicate a bigger portion of the paper to the lessons learned. Crafting the Best Reflective Essay Outline. Consider the readers as you write these essays. They should comprehend the message contained. That can only happen if you organize the content properly. Hence, the reflective essay should have an introduction, body, and conclusion.
EXAMPLE REFLECTIVE ESSAY FOR. I had learned that it was better to control rather than to chase pain ( e.g. Mann and Carr, 2006; Forbes, 2007). Mrs Drew was diagnosed with lung cancer a year earlier and had initially had her illness treated by chemotherapy. This had helped her to achieve a remission that lasted for nearly ten months (Hunt et.
Reflection based on Gibbs reflective cycle (Example 1) Gibbs, G. (1988) Learning by doing. A guide to teaching and learning methods. On reflection, this was not as unexpected as it felt. Conclusion. I have learned to be kinder to myself and to recognise that it is OK to grieve on those occasions and to give myself time to do so. Author. | http://patsy.homeschoolwritingtutor.com/page/Lessons-Learned-Reflective-Essay-Example.html |
It is part of the human condition to suffer from some measure of frustration, emotional distress, or dissatisfaction in your life. But, sometimes those feelings can be ongoing, overwhelming, or preventing you from achieving your goals. Individual therapy offers help for whatever you may be struggling with.
Are you apprehensive about beginning therapy?
You may feel apprehensive about beginning therapy. It is not uncommon to worry about being judged or not having the words to talk about your experiences. Maybe you feel out of touch with your feelings, or have a sense that something is missing but feel trapped in fear, anxiety, or pain. Or perhaps what is bothering you is related to your past and revisiting the past seems daunting. I work collaboratively and empathetically to create a safe environment for you to explore your thoughts and feelings.
The way we change is through our relationships and experiences with others. From the moment we meet, my focus is to understand the particular ways in which you experience yourself and others. It is this exploration and understanding of all of your relationships, including the relationship we form as therapist and patient, that is at the heart of psychotherapy. Our relationship becomes a vehicle for you to reach and comprehend parts of yourself that are otherwise closed to your consciousness and that you cannot reach on your own.
As the therapy relationship develops, your ability to talk about different thoughts and emotions expands, as does your capacity to reflect upon and understand your feelings. Psychotherapy is an opportunity to know ourselves deeply and work through and understand parts of our self that have been closed off to create new meaning and positive experiences in the present.
Psychotherapy can increase your feelings of self-worth, enhance your ability to tolerate difficult emotions, and improve your relationships and communication with other people.
Studies have shown that psychotherapy can have long-term benefits, but those long-term benefits and changes will only result if the therapy and your relationship with the therapist are given a sufficient amount of time to unfold. The sort of emotional changes that therapy allows to happen often can be both hopeful and frightening because no matter how much the person wants to effectuate those changes, they may still, unconsciously, resist and oppose those very same changes. The amount of time it takes for therapy to result in a measurable and significant change in your life is based on your individual background, your goals, your level of motivation, and the frequency of your therapy sessions, along with other factors. | https://www.drpanish.com/services/individual-psychotherapy/ |
Getting Personal in Your Application Essay
Some applications will include a question that simply asks for more information about you as a person. Although all questions are designed to help the readers learn about your character, this type of question is meant to be more open-ended. Some schools might ask what matters most to you, while others will ask for a summary of your personal background. Another common approach is to ask about the influences and experiences that have shaped your development.
While your answers to questions about diversity should make you stand out, your response to the "getting personal" questions should present you as a complete (and preferably likeable) human being. This is not to say that you should not emphasize unique qualities, but you also should not hesitate to focus on common, everyday activities. For example, many people choose to write about their families, and as long as they do so in a personal and engaging way, the result can invoke empathy and understanding in the mind of the reader.
- Med School Personal Statement: Things You Didn't Know About the Editing Process
- College Application Essays: Dos And Don'ts
The rule that applies everywhere is paramount in this case: be sincere. Answers that attempt to meet presumed expectations are not only transparent, but also counterproductive, because the best essay you could write is the one that you approach honestly.
Make sure to supplement your genuine ideas with personal details. If you choose to write about the family you're raising, for example, provide stories about the time you spend with your children instead of simply telling the reader how much you care for them.
Offer a focused portrayal. Some questions will ask you to comment on one or two specific aspects of your life, but others will leave it up to you to determine the breadth of your discussion. In those cases, you should aim to convey one or two key themes. This discussion may encompass several experiences, but they should be explored in a coherent manner. This advice applies even to those questions that ask for a summary of your personal background. Instead of approaching the essay with a haphazard list of significant ideas in mind, develop a clear plan to organize your points into a logical, flowing structure. For example, you might choose to organize your essay around a defining quality and trace how it has developed and applied to different aspects of your life. On the other hand, you could choose an external point (e.g., your hometown or city) and describe how your relationship to that point has changed and grown.
Identify defining moments. Some questions will in fact use this exact phrase. A request to summarize your entire history seems daunting, but by focusing on key turning points in your life, you can convey a great deal more meaning than a shallower listing of events. You should not have to search hard for these defining moments, because if they were truly significant to you, they will hold a significant place in your memory.
Coming across as a likeable human being is not enough to get you admitted, but if you have the other relevant qualifications, this additional edge can make a significant difference.
This applicant offers a simple portrait of his family and small-town upbringing. There is nothing remarkable in the experiences he discusses, and he even notes negative elements for the sake of presenting a whole representation: "My mother was eager for me to test my aptitude in other areas as well and so involved me in art, piano, guitar, and tap dancing, none of which engaged my interest as much as sports." Note how he identifies and reflects on "the most memorable event of [his] youth," offering a concrete image of the moving van pulling up for the reader to grasp. Despite its apparent simplicity, the essay accomplishes its purpose of leaving us with a little more understanding of who the writer is.
This applicant takes a similar approach by focusing on his family and the rural setting in which he grew up. Note how his descriptions of family members can be revealing because they show what the writer values and offer context for the relationships he has built with them. He also does an effective job of tying his youth to his recent past: "For example, starting at age 16, I often attended cattle sales in our rural Irish community, where I would haggle with much older and extremely shrewd farmers over the price of cows. Just ten years later, I found myself using those very same negotiating skills in the conference rooms of the U.S. Senate." The connection is intriguing but doesn't sound forced, because the writer has so effectively brought us into his world.
The applicant also does not hesitate to explore conflict and sensitive issues. Because he places such an emphasis on the positive aspects of his upbringing, he can discuss past struggles in a way that invites compassion without seeking pity. Showing how you coped with difficulties, even if they're on a smaller scale than the Ireland conflict, can be a very effective way to convey your greatest strengths. | http://joysrivervalleypecans.com/Followers/getting-personal-in-your-application-essay |
Why invest in Psychoanalysis?
– To be able to release suppressed feelings and experiences, by making the unconscious conscious.
– To be open to the present and free from your past, by confronting yourself with where the suffering began and allow yourself to reexperience it.
– Allow yourself to find out who you really are and want to be, who you were, who you should have been and who you would have been, if your upbringing would have been healthy and natural.
– To be able to be present in the moment, respond authentically to situations and be free of infantile reactions unsuitable to the circumstance.
– Studies show that long-term psychoanalytic therapy or psychoanalysis was an effective treatment, with moderate to large effects on symptom reduction and personality change that appeared to be maintained years after treatment termination (Leichsnerring, 2003).
– Qualitative improvement in social functioning, self esteem and work relationships.
-Help you to understand the problems that caused deeply rooted issues and an unhealthy perspective on life and through this, adopt a fresh point of view, which can lead to significant life change and growth.
-To help you identify hidden thoughts, behaviors and desires that are creating difficulties in daily experiences.
-Work toward changing destructive behaviors.
-Get to the basic cause of the issue instead of simply focusing on symptoms.
What to expect:
By opening up to the process of psychoanalysis you can accomplish the following:
Gain in-depth insight into your inner world and how it affects your emotions, behavior and relationships.
Achieve deeper change, self-awareness and understanding of the influence of the past on present behavior.
Gain a broader examination of yourself and dive into the heart of the matter, your suffering and your needs.
How does Psychoanalysis work?
The client speaks about whatever comes to mind. These can be dreams, hopes, wishes, fantasies and feelings. The more freely and openly the client speaks, the easier it is for the psychoanalyst to help. The analyst will listen, and will make a comment when he realizes that the patient might be unaware of something, giving the client access to a new insight. The analyst listens with empathic neutrality and a non-judgemental stance, creating a safe environment for the client.
Sessions take palce four to five times per week (each session lasting 50 minutes). | https://www.lilianstrobl.com/en/psychoanalysis/ |
For example, many academic writers are asked to reflect on how they improved as writers over the semester or quarter.
Those writers often share how different assignments and lessons made them stronger writers.
A reflective essay is an essay in which the writer examines his or her experiences in life.
The writer then writes about those experiences, exploring how he or she has changed, developed or grown from those experiences.
A strong reflective writer will not only share the change but also give examples as supporting details.
For example, if a writer discusses becoming more optimistic in life, then examples should be given of what made this change, such as sharing an incident in which the writer took a positive approach to resolving the incident.
Often, the writer will compare past and future selves to emphasize the difference.
Numerous essayists have used the reflective essay style to share ideas that are important to them or lessons that they have learned through personal experience.
In this type of assignment, the writer shares impressions of his or her life experiences.
The author describes his or her personal feelings and thoughts concerning of certain moment of life.
Comments Reflection Essays
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Reflective Essay Examples Shared by Native English Pros.
Wondering how to write a reflective essay? US experts share their best practices and groundwork. Use it to compose a solid work of your own.…
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How to write a reflective essay
When students are assigned reflective essays, the goal is for them to write a personal account of an experience that has happened to them, and to reflect.…
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Self Reflection Essays - Examples of Research Paper Topics.
Absolutely FREE essays on Self Reflection. All examples of topics, summaries were provided by straight-A students. ✍ Get an idea for your paper.…
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How to Write a Reflective Essay Effectively from the.
Learn what a Reflective Essay is from professional writers. Moreover, master useful tips on how to write this article well from the introduction through to the.…
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Reflections
The Senior Reflection Final Essays. At the end of each year, TSR students write an essay in which they reflect on their projects, trajectories through Stanford.…
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What Is a Good Way to Start Writing a Reflective Essay? Pen.
Whether writing about a group project or a significant personal event, a reflective essay lets you present an overview of a personal experience and its impact on.…
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What Should the Conclusion Do in a Reflective Essay.
A reflective essay, also known as a personal essay, requires you to not only tell a story about an event, person or other important element from your past but to.…
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Struggling with How to Write a Reflection Paper? - Pay for Essay
Why spend sleepless nights stressing about your assignment when you can get a quality reflection paper example and affordable custom help from a top service.…
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How to Write a Reflective Essay Its Definition at KingEssays©
Learn how to write a Reflective Essay with informative samples and examples, correct paper format, structure and outline, great prompts.…
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College Reflective Essay Writing Service In Canada - Ca. | https://srk-msk.ru/reflection-essays-1560.html |
Preparing to write a eulogy for father
Eulogies are usually delivered as a short funeral speech of 3 to 5 minutes.
The point of a eulogy is not to fit every event of a person’s life into that brief speech. Eulogies are about carefully selecting the significant life events and the memories we want to share about a person we loved. You might find the task of writing a eulogy for your dad daunting, but you don’t have squeeze his whole life into it.
When writing a eulogy for your father, you’ll want to share his biographical information and your memories in a way that honours who he was.
Good eulogies for a father will weave biographical information with select moments of his life, peppered with stories and anecdotes that show who he was and what he meant to you.
By spending time thinking about what you want to say, collecting the biographical information, and talking to others about your dad, you’ll make the whole process a lot easier than rushing straight into writing the eulogy.
While there are no hard and fast rules, on this page, we’ll step you through the process for how to write a eulogy for a father.
If you want to get right into straight away, download a copy of our Eulogy Workbook with samples.
[Download the workbook with eulogy samples now]
Step 1 – Reflect on your dad’s life
Talk to your children, brothers and sisters, aunts and uncles, and other members of your extended family to gather their memories of your dad. Talk to your father’s friends and current or former colleagues. Take notes.
While a funeral is not the time to reveal family secrets and make shocking revelations, it’s important to be honest. But always focus on the positives.
Write down your own memories of you dad, those memories that stand out from your childhood and into adulthood. Think about what life lessons you learnt from your father and the times he had a positive impact on your life. What was he known for? What did people love about him? What will people miss?
Step 2 – Look for patterns
Reflect on your notes and what people have shared with you. Looks for ways to catalogue each memory. You’ll probably start to see patterns emerge.
From these patterns, choose the theme that resonates the strongest with you—that key characteristic about your dad that others saw, too.
This could be how he’d do anything for his kids, his love of driving long distances or his life-long thirst for learning and trying new things.
If nothing leaps out at you, give it some time. A theme isn’t necessary, but it can help you to structure your eulogy. It can also help you choose which memories to share and which to save for a different day.
Step 3 – Gather biographical information
Write down your dad’s biographical details, such as:
- his full name
- nicknames
- what other relatives called him
- his parents’ names
- his date of birth and where he was born.
Step 4 – Write down significant life events
Include details such as his:
- marriage or significant relationships
- first job
- career highlights
- education
- achievements
Next, write down his favourite things — hobbies he enjoyed, his special talents, people he loved spending time with, his favourite food, and any grand adventures he had.
Talk to family members and his friends about these events and his favourite things. Check if they have anything to add.
Step 5 – Set the tone
When you’re writing the eulogy, write as though you’re talking to friends, which you will be at the funeral. There’s no need to be formal or businesslike.
A warm, conversational tone always goes well.
How you talk about your father depends on your relationship with him and how he died.
You can use humour but do so with warmth. A mean-spirited joke that pokes fun at your dad might not be well received.
Humour can also ease the tension people feel during the funeral.
If you collected amusing stories and anecdotes while reflecting on your father’s life, find those that are a good fit for your chosen theme and you can work them into the eulogy.
Step 6 – Write your opening
State why you’re there — to celebrate the life of your dearly loved father. You might want to include something about what he will be remembered most for.
Share who you are and what your connection to your father is. There could be people at the funeral who don’t know you.
You can also thank people for coming. It’s good to recognise any who’ve travelled a distance to be at the service. If you have chosen to the funeral you could also acknowledge those who are joining within you online.
Next, state your father’s biographical details. You can do this in chronological order. These are the basic details you gathered at Step 3.
Feel free to include other details you think are important and worth stating up-front.
Talk about other loved ones—those who were close to your dad. This could include his:
- wife or partner
- brothers and sisters
- cousins, nieces and nephews, aunts and uncles
- children, grandchildren and great grandchildren
- much adored pets
- close friends, past and present.
Step 7 – Share significant life events
From the life events you gathered, choose those most important that fit with your father’s life story. Next, choose a memory to share about each event and preferably one that fits with your eulogy’s overall theme.
Your memories will enrich the eulogy.
This is your eulogy and it’s OK to write it and share memories from your perspective.
Step 8 – Write the conclusion
Eulogies often end with a heartfelt message and comforting words.
You can address your final goodbye to the people at the funeral, your father directly, or to both.
Revisit your overall theme to help you find the right message to conclude the eulogy. What would your dad say? How would he comfort you?
Step 9 – Review the eulogy
If you can, leave the eulogy for at least a day so you can come back to it with fresh ideas.
Read it out loud and time yourself.
Ask close friends and family to review it for you. While you should be open to their feedback, ultimately, it’s your funeral speech for dad and you get to make the final decision.
Step 10 – Prepare to deliver the eulogy
Practice reading the eulogy out loud many times. This will help you feel more confident about delivering the eulogy at your father’s funeral.
If you’re worried about your emotions getting the better of you while you’re speaking, there are a few things you can do to prepare for it:
- plan to take a short break and a few deep breaths to help regain control over your emotions
- remind yourself not to rush
- have a glass or bottle of water nearby so you can take a sip
- plan to have someone sitting near you who you can make eye contact with and they can give you nod of encouragement while you take a pause
- print the eulogy in a large font to make it easy to read
- have someone on standby who can take over on your behalf.
Download our eulogy workbook
To help you craft a eulogy that will remember your father with the love, warmth and respect he deserves, download a copy of our Eulogy Workbook. It includes what to write in a eulogy and offers eulogy examples for a father. | https://www.bethelfunerals.com.au/how-to-write-a-eulogy-for-dad/ |
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