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If you suffer an injury and want to be compensated for lost wages or non-economic damages, you first need to determine who was at fault for the personal injury. The problem is that accidents, like life, are often messy and complicated. There may not be just one person entirely at fault. If the court finds you to have displayed “contributory negligence” at the time of the injury, they may choose to reduce the monetary compensation you will be able to recover.
It’s important to understand contributory negligence going into your case so that you can know if it applies to your situation and how to defend against such a claim.
What Does Contributory Negligence Mean?
So, what is contributory negligence? The contributory negligence definition is relatively straightforward — it is the argument or finding that the plaintiff contributed to their personal injury through their own negligence. Contributory negligence states that in such findings, the defendant may not have to pay as much to the plaintiff for their injury. In some instances, the defendant may not be required to pay anything at all.
The rule of contributory negligence is not always used in court, as it can lead to extreme or unfair court rulings. Many judges prefer to use comparative negligence instead of absolute contributory negligence for a more nuanced case.
How Does It Compare To Comparative Negligence?
Comparative negligence is a type of contributory negligence. It is sometimes referred to as “non-absolute contributory negligence” or “modified contributory negligence.” By the rule of comparative negligence, the court determines the percentage of negligence on the part of the plaintiff that contributed to the injury. This may mean that the plaintiff will receive less than their request, but a percentage of that amount that is proportional to the defendant’s fault.
How Do Courts Determine Percentage of Negligence In Lawsuits?
To determine the percentage of negligence in lawsuits, the jury or judge will review evidence of negligence on the part of both the plaintiff and the defendant to come to a conclusion about the percentage of fault. They may take into account suggestions from one or both attorneys. The judge will also allow the plaintiff to reference past findings that might be relevant to their case. Upon completing this review, the jury or judge will assign a percentage of fault to both parties. The plaintiff will receive the percentage of their award based on the defendant’s fault in the case.
Examples of Personal Injury Lawsuits Where Contributory Negligence Comes Into Play
Most personal injury cases involve some amount of contributory negligence. These are complex, often traumatizing events in which one small choice or movement can affect your entire life. So what does contributory negligence look like? Let’s consider some examples:
Wrongful Death Cases
Aside from car accidents, workplace accidents are one common cause of a wrongful death lawsuit. According to the CDC’s Mortality Data report in 2020, 200,955 deaths were attributed to unintentional injury, making it the fourth most common cause of death in the U.S. Consider a situation in which a construction worker died on a site when an improperly secured beam fell on them. The construction worker’s surviving family would likely have a case for wrongful death. However, one contributory negligence example would be the construction worker failing to take standard safety precautions, such as wearing a hard hat on-site.
Car, Truck, or Motorcycle Accidents
In 2020, motor vehicle traffic accidents resulted in 40,698 deaths. Contributory negligence most frequently comes up with car, truck, or motorcycle accidents. Perhaps a collision occurs when a speeding car rear-ends another vehicle about to turn without using a turn signal, resulting in a back injury. Regardless of which party was the plaintiff of the case, contributory negligence would likely be found. The driver who rear-ended the turning car was speeding, which affected their reaction time. The driver who was rear-ended neglected to use their turn signal, meaning the driver behind them had no idea they would slow down to turn.
Animal Bites
The WHO reports that 4.5 million people are bitten by dogs each year, and 3%–18% then develop infections after the bite. In most cases, if a pet bites you, the pet’s owner will be found liable for any damages you suffer. You may have heard of incidents of dogs getting loose and running across the yard to bite someone on the sidewalk or biting a visitor to their owner’s house.
However, there may be some cases in which the defense can claim contributory negligence. If you trespassed on the property or if you immediately reached out to pet a strange (leashed) dog without asking the owner if the dog was friendly, these incidents may be considered contributory negligence.
What Is Evidence of Negligence?
When a plaintiff argues that the defendant’s negligence caused their injury, they must provide evidence to demonstrate four key categories:
- Duty — the standard of care that was required
- Breach — how the defendant failed to uphold that standard of care
- Causation — how that breach was the actual cause of the plaintiff’s injury
- Damages — proof that the plaintiff suffered damages that can be quantified in the amount they request
Contributory negligence is held to the same standard. The defendant must prove that the plaintiff had a duty to take certain precautions, that they failed to do so, and that this failure contributed to their injury and should be deducted from the compensation awarded.
What States Follow a Contributory Negligence Model?
Contributory negligence can make a case challenging and extreme in some cases, which is why it is not widely used today. When it comes to comparative negligence versus contributory negligence, most courts prefer to follow the comparative negligence model. However, these five states still hold to contributory negligence:
- Alabama
- Maryland
- North Carolina
- Virginia
- Washington, D.C.
In Cincinnati, courts are more likely to use comparative negligence. Nonetheless, if your personal injury case falls under the jurisdiction of any of the relevant states, it’s good to find an attorney who understands contributory negligence.
How To Know If You Could Have Contributory Fault
Are you worried about contributory fault in your case? Consider the duty, breach, causation, and damages relevant to your situation. Most importantly, work with a personal injury attorney who can help you determine the best outcome for your personal injury lawsuit. We can handle at-fault accidents, car accidents where personal injuries are sustained, and more. We will fight for your personal injury case. Contact us today to learn more or to schedule a free consultation with us.
If you have been injured or have lost a loved one as a result of another person's negligence, you deserve to be fully compensated for your losses. The simple fact is that you should not be forced to pay the price for another person's careless or reckless actions. | https://www.moorelaw.com/resources/contributory-negligence-in-personal-injury-cases/ |
Personal injury lawsuits usually involve claims of negligence. Understanding a particular jurisdiction’s approach to negligence is key to understanding a personal injury lawsuit. Further, damages in personal injury cases are based on either comparative negligence or contributory negligence. The difference can be startling.
In personal injury cases, negligence is a primary basis for claims. Negligence has several elements. First, the defendant owes a duty to the claimant, or plaintiff. Second, the defendant must have breached that duty. Third, the plaintiff must have suffered an injury. And fourth, the defendant’s breach must be the cause of the plaintiff’s injury.
For example, in a personal injury case involving a car accident, the defendant typically caused the accident, either intentionally or unintentionally. The driver that caused the accident owes a duty to all other drivers on the road. The driver caused the accident, breaching the duty. The plaintiff sustained an injury, the basis for a claim of damages. Finally, the other driver’s failure to drive reasonably caused the accident, resulting in the plaintiff’s injury.
A majority of jurisdictions in the United States apply the concept of comparative negligence when awarding damages. An award of damages is reduced in proportion to the plaintiff’s percentage of fault. Imagine someone (called “the plaintiff” in lawsuits) is hit by a car and sustains injury. However, the plaintiff was not using the crosswalk. Imagine the jury finds her 25 percent at fault for the accident, because she wasn’t in the crosswalk. In that case, she recovers 75 percent of her damages from the defendant. If the plaintiff is 65 percent at fault for an accident, she recovers only 35 of their damages from the defendant.
In the example above, there are only two parties. However, in some cases, there are more than two parties. For example, imagine one driver is texting and driving. They don’t realize traffic is stopped and they crash into the car in front of them. Imagine further the driver of the car crashed into has taken their foot off the brake and they reach into the back seat to recover their dropped cell phone. This car then hits a pedestrian. The injured plaintiff pedestrian can sue both parties, and the jury will determine percentages of fault (or the absence of fault) for each party involved.
In a contributory negligence jurisdiction, a person is barred from recovering damages when any fault is attributed to the plaintiff. For example, if the plaintiff is 5 percent responsible for an accident, he or she collects nothing in a personal injury case.
Washington, D.C. is one of the few remaining jurisdictions that applies contributory negligence in personal injury cases. As a result, any finding of negligence on the part of the plaintiff means the plaintiff will be unable to collect any damages in a personal injury case.
Because Washington, D.C. is a contributory negligence jurisdiction, it is extremely important that an injured party hire a qualified, experienced personal injury attorney. Insurance companies take advantage of the fact D.C. is a contributory negligence jurisdiction by claiming that the plaintiff is somehow even slightly responsible for causing an accident – even in cases where the defendant is 100% at fault.
This means plaintiffs, and their attorneys, have no margin for error in personal injury cases. In a comparative negligence jurisdiction, when a jury finds a plaintiff five percent responsible for an accident, the consequences are minimal. The plaintiff receives 95 percent of his or her damages. However, in a contributory negligence jurisdiction, such as Washington, D.C., that finding of 5 percent responsibility means a plaintiff collects nothing.
Hiring a qualified, experienced Washington DC personal injury lawyer is always a good idea in any legal proceeding. However, this is particularly true in contributory negligence jurisdictions when hiring a personal injury attorney.
Hire an attorney familiar with the typical defense arguments in injury and wrongful death cases in contributory negligence jurisdictions. Your attorney must have a team of legal professionals to guide you through the legal process. The legal team assembles and evaluates police reports, accident reports, medical records, depositions and other documentation. Your attorney must know the case law and regulations surrounding contributory negligence defenses. A qualified attorney prepares to counter those claims. For a free consultations with an experienced Washington DC personal injury lawyer from the Law Office of Duane O. King call 202-331-1963 or contact us online. | https://www.dkinglaw.com/contributory-negligence-washington-personal-injury-cases/ |
Battle Born Injury Lawyers | August 29, 2022 | Personal Injury
Many personal injury claims filed in Las Vegas are resolved through settlement negotiations or mediation. However, when insurance companies and other parties refuse to negotiate in good faith, it can become prudent to file a personal injury lawsuit. Though filing a lawsuit extends the timeline to receive a settlement check, going to court might be the only way to receive the compensation you deserve.
What Are the Steps of a Personal Injury Lawsuit?
Filing a personal injury lawsuit typically occurs after we thoroughly investigate the accident and the personal injuries sustained and attempt to settle the claim through negotiations. Once we file a lawsuit, several pre-trial phases must occur before we can argue the matter in court. Those phases include:
Filing Pleadings
A lawsuit begins with the filing of pleadings. The plaintiff (injured party) files a complaint against the defendant (the party who caused the injury). The complaint is served on the defendant.
The Nevada Rules of Civil Procedure set the deadlines for filing pleadings. If they do not respond before the deadline, the plaintiff can request the court to find the defendant in default and grant the relief requested in the complaint.
In most cases, the defendant files an answer denying the allegations in the complaint. However, the defendant might counterclaim, alleging the plaintiff is at fault for various causes of action. The plaintiff may then respond to the allegations by filing an answer to the counterclaim.
Discovery
Discovery is the process of obtaining evidence and other information relevant to the case. Each party may engage in various discovery methods, including:
- Request to Produce
- Interrogatories
- Depositions
- Request for Admissions
- Subpoenas
The discovery process could take several months, depending on the complexity of the case. Parties may need to depose the other party, witnesses, and experts. The parties might need to obtain evidence for experts to review and formulate opinions.
Failing to respond to discovery requests could result in an Order to Show Cause and contempt charges. Furthermore, responses to discovery requests are under oath. Therefore, you commit perjury if you provide false information or intentionally leave out information.
Settlement Attempts
After the discovery phase, each party better understands its position. They know the strengths and weaknesses of their case, as well as the other party’s case. Therefore, the lawyers may try to settle the case at this phase instead of going to trial.
Many lawsuits settle after the discovery phase. However, if your case does not settle, you proceed to the pre-trial motion phase.
Pre-Trial Motions
Pre-trial motions do not decide the guilt or innocence of a party. Instead, these motions deal with matters of law.
For example, the plaintiff might file a motion asking the court to grant summary judgment based on the facts presented in the complaint. The defendant may file a motion to dismiss, alleging the plaintiff has failed to present sufficient evidence to support a claim.
The judge rules on each motion filed with the court. Unless the judge decides otherwise, the case proceeds to the trial docket. How quickly the case goes to trial depends on the court’s schedule and other factors.
Trial & Appeals
At the trial, the plaintiff begins by presenting their case. The plaintiff has the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant caused their injury. A preponderance of the evidence means that there is a greater than 50% chance the claim is true.
Most personal injury lawsuits are based on negligence claims. Therefore, the plaintiff must prove:
- Duty of Care – The defendant owed the plaintiff a legal duty of care to act with reasonable prudence to avoid an accident or injury
- Breach of Duty – The defendant’s actions or omissions breached their duty of care.
- Causation – The defendant’s breach of duty was the direct and proximate cause of the plaintiff’s injury.
- Damages – The plaintiff incurred damages because the defendant breached their duty of care.
Damages in a personal injury case can include economic and non-economic damages. The plaintiff can receive an award for their financial losses, such as lost wages and medical bills. They can also receive money for their pain and suffering.
The defendant can present their case after the plaintiff. Even though the plaintiff has the burden of proving a legal claim, the defense typically offers evidence to refute the plaintiff’s claim and might offer evidence of the plaintiff’s contributory fault for the cause of the injury.
The jurors deliberate and return a verdict. If either party believes they have legal grounds to overturn the verdict, they can appeal the decision to a higher court.
If neither party appeals, the jury verdict is final. If the jurors ruled in favor of the plaintiff, they also determined an amount for damages. The defendant has a personal judgment against them until they pay the plaintiff the award.
Accident victims and their families can discuss their options for receiving compensation during a free consultation with a personal injury lawyer.
Contact the Las Vegas Personal Injury Attorneys at Battle Born Injury Lawyers Today
If you or a loved one were injured in an accident in Las Vegas and you need legal assistance, contact our personal injury attorneys at Battle Born Injury Lawyers and schedule a free consultation with our legal team. | https://www.battleborninjurylawyers.com/blog/how-to-proceed-with-a-las-vegas-personal-injury-lawsuit/ |
If you are hurt by another party’s misconduct or negligence in North Carolina, you likely have grounds to start a personal injury claim against them to recover the losses they caused you to suffer. However, this is a complex process that can be very demanding for anyone who is recovering from painful injuries. Additionally, you have a limited time in which to file your claim, or you could permanently lose your chance to secure compensation for your damages.
North Carolina’s statute of limitations for personal injury claims is three years from the date an injury occurs. This may seem like a generous time limit, but if a victim attempted to wait out their recovery before attempting to file their case independently, they would likely have very little time to compile an effective case. They would also be likely to overlook crucial details of their case that can significantly influence their final recoveries.
It is always best to consult a personal injury attorney as quickly as possible after any workplace injury. The sooner you secure legal counsel, the more time they have to work on your case, and the easier it will be to ensure your claim meets the statute of limitations. If the root cause of your personal injury can’t be immediately discerned, the statute of limitations pauses until the harm is discovered. The same three-year statute of limitations applies starting on the date of discovery.
Every personal injury claim revolves around one party’s claimed loss resulting from another party’s actions. A personal injury claim may pertain to an act of negligence or a specific act of illegal misconduct. Whatever your claim entails, you must be prepared to prove the foundational elements of liability to succeed:
It is crucial for anyone who intends to start a personal injury lawsuit in North Carolina to understand the state’s contributory negligence law. In addition to ensuring you meet the statute of limitations for your personal injury suit, you must also ensure that you bear no partial liability for any damages you are claiming from the defendant. The state’s contributory negligence law prohibits a plaintiff from recovering civil damages if they bear partial responsibility for causing those damages. If there are any concerns about bearing partial liability for your personal injury,it’s vital to consult an experienced personal injury attorney as quickly as possible. A defendant may falsely assert contributory negligence in an effort to deflect their own liability, but a good attorney can help you counter any such claims.
An experienced attorney can assist you in compiling whatever evidence, testimony, and supporting documentation you need for a solid civil claim for damages. Reaching out to an attorney as quickly as possible after your injury ensures you can meet the statute of limitations and that your claim can unfold uninterrupted by procedural issues.
North Carolina allows the plaintiff of a personal injury lawsuit to claim compensation for any economic damages the defendant caused. These are typically proven with the appropriate documentation and may include:
A plaintiff could also have grounds to receive other forms of compensation beyond repayment of these economic losses. State law permits a personal injury plaintiff to recover pain and suffering compensation in proportion to how severe their injuries are. There is no limit on how much they can claim unless their personal injury action is a medical malpractice claim. In this case, their non-economic damages are limited to $500,000 by state law.
It is also possible for a plaintiff to receive punitive damages if the defendant caused their personal injury through intentional misconduct or criminal behavior of any kind. Punitive damages aren’t claimed directly by the plaintiff and are instead awarded at the discretion of the judge handling the case.
Ultimately, every personal injury claim is unique, and even though the three-year statute of limitations may seem generous for your case, it is always best to seek legal representation as quickly as possible after any personal injury. Ayers, Whitlow & Dressler has extensive professional experience helping North Carolina clients resolve all types of civil claims for damages, including complex personal injury cases.
Whether you need assistance identifying the parties bearing fault for your injury or don’t know the full breadth of damages you can claim from a defendant; we can help. Contact Ayers, Whitlow & Dressler today to learn more about how an attorney can help you meet the procedural demands of your personal injury claim in North Carolina. | https://www.ayersandwhitlow.com/blog/2022/08/what-the-statute-of-limitations-north-carolina-for-personal-injury/ |
Can You Still File a Claim if You Are Partially at Fault for a Medical Injury?
The difficulty arises because Maryland and DC, along with Alabama, North Carolina, and Virginia, recognize contributory rather than comparative negligence as the standard in personal injury and malpractice cases. As a legal standard, comparative negligence seeks to hold everyone responsible for their actions or lack thereof. On the other hand, contributory negligence requires partially-at-fault victims to take full responsibility, even if their portion of blame pales in comparison to the main at-fault party.
Comparative Negligence Allows for a “Partial” Defense
Whether a comparative negligence case settles in or out of court, insurance adjusters or juries attempt to arrive at an acceptable percentage of blame for each party. The at-fault insurer deducts the victim’s percentage of fault in the injury from the total amount of damages awarded. Simple math ensures that the overwhelmingly-at-fault party’s insurer pays damages, and those less to blame are proportionately compensated.
Contributory Negligence Demands That Baltimore Plaintiffs Bear No Blame for Their Injury
Identifying a Victim’s Partial Negligence
Happily for insurers and less so for plaintiffs seeking damages, the threshold for establishing partial fault by the victim is low. Defendants need only prove that plaintiffs failed to exercise reasonable caution by either engaging in a dangerous activity or ignoring posted or verbal warnings regarding their safety. In those instances, the court must conclude that the plaintiff has accepted the assumption of risk to the degree that renders them at least partially to blame.
Assumption of Risk Affects But Doesn’t Govern Contributory Negligence
The “Last Clear Chance” Rule Is the Contributory Negligence Plaintiff’s Only Weapon
One rule allows some plaintiffs partially at fault to still collect damages. The language varies in each state, but the Last Clear Chance doctrine lays out three standards the plaintiff must meet to be eligible for compensation.
- The plaintiff must have been in real, immediate, and unavoidable danger from the defendant
- The defendant recognized the danger to the plaintiff
- The defendant could have reasonably avoided inflicting injury on the plaintiff
The Last Clear Chance Rule essentially dictates that a defendant remains liable for damages if they were the party with the final reasonable opportunity to prevent the plaintiff’s injury. That is still a high bar to clear for plaintiffs, but it allows for awarding damages in some instances where partial fault exists in contributory negligence states.
Establishing Contributory Negligence in Medical Malpractice Cases
As noted, defendants need only prove plaintiffs are partially responsible for their accident injuries in contributory negligence states to avoid paying damages. The standard applies equally to malpractice claims. A Baltimore patient who ignores their physician’s advice not to drive after a procedure involving anesthesia or other medication probably won’t receive damages from the physician for injuries sustained when they ignore that advice. According to the Last Chance Rule, the plaintiff had the final opportunity to prevent injury.
Contributory negligence remains in effect when the malpractice claim involves injuries from seizures, strokes, or other complications sustained on the operating table or due to undiagnosed or misdiagnosed conditions. For instance, the patient who misses appointments that would have allowed doctors to make a correct diagnosis is partially responsible for their state and cannot successfully press a claim for damages. Failure to disclose one’s full medical history for any reason, including forgetfulness, can also be ruled contributory negligence.
Can a Medical Malpractice Lawyer Obtain Damages for a Partially Responsible Patient?
The burden is always on the plaintiff and their attorney in Maryland and DC, where contributory negligence standards apply. They must prove the defendant had the final opportunity to prevent any injury or fatality. If an attorney cannot demonstrate that their client attended every appointment, disclosed their full medical history, took all medications as prescribed, and followed medical advice to the letter, only one alternative remains. The medical malpractice lawyer must completely separate any medical errors from their client’s negligence.
In other words, the plaintiff must prove that any missed appointments, unfollowed advice, or improperly used medications did not affect the doctor’s ability to treat them successfully. Examples of malpractice that might persuade a jury to apply the Last Chance Rule despite the plaintiff’s partial fault include but are not limited to the following:
- Medical professionals who operate or consult while under the influence of alcohol or narcotics
- Procedural errors such as leaving sponges or other medical equipment inside the patient after surgery
- Filing errors such as inadvertently switching patients’ charts
- Patients who fail to keep appointments to avoid an abusive physician.
Receiving compensation from a hospital, physician, or another medical professional with contributory negligence in their corner requires that the facts and a top medical malpractice lawyer are in yours. Preferably, that attorney should be backed by the resources of a firm with a strong tradition of successfully obtaining compensation for personal injury and malpractice in the Baltimore area. We’re confident you’ll find us to be that firm. Contact Peter Angelos Law for a consultation today. | https://angeloslaw.com/legal-blog/2022/03/can-you-still-file-a-claim-if-you-are-partially-at-fault-for-a-medical-injury/ |
Like any example of medical malpractice, a surgical error can harm the affected patient. Frequently, the commission of such an error qualifies as an act of negligence.
Features of a physician’s negligence
It differs from the sort of action normally taken by a reasonable doctor. A reasonable doctor would have acted differently, if placed in the same circumstances, and provided with the same materials.
Some of the things a reasonable physician would not do:
• Operate on the wrong limb of the surgical patient
• Leave a surgical tool in the patient, before closing the incision.
• Not pay attention to information that was coming from the anesthesiologist.
Possible legal recourse for patients that have been harmed by error made during an operation:
In some states a patient that has considered initiating a lawsuit must first submit a claim to the medical review board. That board consists of a panel of 3 physicians. The board’s ruling could not end the patient’s plans for taking the case to court. Still, that same ruling would become part of the evidence in any scheduled trial. Most malpractice claims get decided through pre-trial negotiations. Those negotiations usually take place following a discovery session.
If a trial were to take place, then the plaintiff could need to count on the performance of the expert witness, the one that was introduced by the plaintiff’s personal injury lawyer in San Leandro.
–The judge and jury would view that expert as someone that was representing all reasonable doctors.
–A good lawyer would select an expert that could appreciate the defendant’s circumstances and materials on the day of the allegedly negligent behavior.
–A personal injury attorney should study the expert’s ability to deliver facts in a clear and understandable fashion.
Understand that the defense team would also be able to introduce its own medical expert.
–The strength of that second expert’s argument would depend on the extent to which his or her experiences suggested an appreciation for the defendant’s circumstances and materials.
–In addition, the same argument could pale in comparison to the one in support of the plaintiff, if it was not delivered in a clear and understandable manner.
–On the other hand, the second expert’s argument could outshine the one in support of the plaintiff, if it helped the judge and jury to gain a greater insight into the challenges faced by the defendant, on the day of his or her allegedly negligent behavior.
Experts play a key role in any trial that was scheduled, following initiation of a malpractice lawsuit. That fact would apply to any lawsuit that had been filed following harm to one of a surgeon’s patients. | https://brafflawco.com/legal-guide-for-victims-of-surgical-errors/ |
If you have been injured in an accident, you may be experiencing trepidation in entering the legal system. The good news is that most personal injury claims settle prior to any lawsuit needing to be filed. Furthermore, bringing a claim after an accident is one of the first steps towards pursuing the compensation to which you are legally entitled should you have been injured due to the negligent action or inaction of another. Also, with the help of the right personal injury attorney, the process can be as seamless as possible.
With most personal injury claims being settled out of court, why do some end up in a full-blown trial? There can be a number of reasons for this that can highly depend on the unique facts and circumstances of a case. If there are potential questions regarding who is at fault in an accident, the claim may go to trial. If the insurance company refuses to acknowledge the extent of the damages sustained by an injury victim, it may go to trial. The road to trial can be long, to say the least, but an actual personal injury trial usually only lasts several days. Here is more about what goes on at a personal injury trial.
What Goes on at a Personal Injury Trial?
At trial, both the plaintiff, the injured party, and the defendant, the at-fault party, and/or his or her insurance company, will be provided with an opportunity to present their respective cases. The plaintiff carries the burden of proving that the defendant was actually at fault for causing an accident and that the accident was the direct and proximate cause of the plaintiff’s injuries. This means that the plaintiff will likely need to present evidence that supports the defendant’s liability for an accident. This could include accident reports, witness testimony, photographic evidence, and security camera footage.
It also means that the plaintiff will need to present evidence supporting the fact that he or she sustained injuries as a direct result of the accident caused by the plaintiff. Medical reports will, of course, be a critical element of doing this. Expert testimony of treating medical professionals may also be necessary. It is also important to note in all of this that the defense team will be given the opportunity to try and undermine all claims asserted by the plaintiff. They may have experts and evidence of their own that they will try to employ to cast doubt on claims asserted by the plaintiff.
At the end of the trial, the judge or jury will be tasked with determining whether the defendant should be held liable for damages sustained by the plaintiff and, if so, what that damage amount should be. Both sides have the right to appeal a verdict they find unfavorable.
Personal Injury Attorneys
The team at SoCal Injury Lawyers does not back down from a fight with an insurance company. We will take them to trial if that is what we need to do for them to pay our clients the monetary compensation to which they are entitled. Contact us today. | https://www.socalinjurylawyers.com/2021/03/03/what-goes-on-at-a-personal-injury-trial/ |
Swimming and drowning accidents are those that occur while swimming in a private or public pool, or some other body of water. According to the CDC, over 3,500 people drown each year. Approximately one-fifth of these deaths are children aged fourteen or younger. Additionally, the CDC states that drowning is the number one cause of unintentional death for children between the ages of one and four years old. The CDC estimates that for every child in the United States that drowns, five other children receive E.R. care for injuries suffered in a swimming pool.
Drowning accidents occur when a person is submerged underwater, and becomes unable to resurface or recover for air. This generally results in serious injury, or even death. In technical terms, drowning can be defined as respiratory injury from being in a liquid. However, it typically implies a fatal outcome.
Swimming and drowning accidents are generally considered to be a type of personal injury, and are commonly associated with the legal theory of negligence.
How Do Swimming/Drowning Accidents Typically Happen?
The most common examples of swimming accidents include:
- Slip and fall accidents resulting in broken bones, scrapes, infection, etc;
- Diving board injuries;
- Electrocution when there are electronics near the water source;
- Traumatic brain injury resulting from slipping, falling, drowning, etc; and
- Drowning.
Such accidents typically occur in the following places:
- Backyard swimming pools;
- Public pools, such as a hotel pool or a community pool;
- Water parks;
- Lakes; and
- Boats.
Accidents and drowning typically happen when a person cannot swim, or in the case of most children, they are left unsupervised around the water source. Other causes of swimming accidents and/or drowning include:
- Intoxication, such as the swimmer themselves being intoxicated or others being too intoxicated to help a drowning swimmer;
- Roughhousing near the water source, which could lead to a slip and fall incident; and/or
- Inadequate security around the water source.
Who Can Be Held Liable for a Swimming or Drowning Accident?
As previously mentioned, cases involving swimming accidents and/or drowning are generally treated as a personal injury or negligence case. The owner or operator of a swimming pool has a duty to use reasonable care in operating that pool. Failure to exercise reasonable care can lead to injuries, or in severe cases, death.
In order to prove a pool owner or operator was negligent in operating his or her pool, you must demonstrate the following:
- The pool owner/operator owed a duty of care;
- The owner/operator committed a breach of that duty;
- You suffered an injury as a result of the owner/operator’s breach; and
- The injury was a proximate cause of the breach.
Swimmers can be contributorily negligent. An example of this would be by swimming despite knowing that they are not strong swimmers, and not taking the necessary precautions. However, if a child wanders to a pool and falls in due to insufficient supervision and lack of a barrier around the pool, it is likely that the pool owner will be responsible for the drowning.
Simply put, if you were invited or paid to use the owner’s pool, it can be argued that they owed you a duty of care. If you were following the rules of the pool and your injury was due to the pool owner’s lack of care, they breached their duty of care towards you and may be held liable for your injuries resulting from their negligence. An example of this would be if the ladder out of the deep end of the pool was broken, and therefore not safe to use. But, you were unaware of that fact, and the pool owner or operator failed to warn you. It is very likely that the pool owner would be found negligent in the eyes of the law.
What Types of Damages are Available for a Swimming or Drowning Accident?
Compensatory damages are the most commonly awarded damages for personal injury cases such as those resulting from swimming and/or drowning accidents. Compensatory damages are intended to restore the injured person or party (the “plaintiff”) to the position they were in before the harm or loss occurred. As such, compensatory damages are awarded in cases where quantifiable damages, injury, or loss has occurred.
A damages award is generally meant to reimburse or cover the following expenses related to the incident:
- Medical bills;
- Hospital bills;
- Therapy costs, whether physical or mental; and/or
- Funeral costs in cases resulting in wrongful death.
Are There any Unique Swimming/Drowning Laws in Fairfax?
Swimming and drowning incidents are treated as personal injury cases in D.C. As such, all personal injury laws apply. Additionally, there is a statute of limitations of three years. What this means is that you must make your claim within three years of the incident, or else you forfeit your right to take legal action.
D.C. adheres to what is known as a contributory fault rule. If the plaintiff contributed to their injury in any sort of way, they cannot recover any damages at all. Beyond that, there are no unique swimming and/or drowning laws in Fairfax. Each parks and recreation department may have their own rules for their own pools.
What Type of Evidence is Needed to Prove a Swimming or Drowning Case in the Fairfax Area?
In order to prove a swimming or drowning case in the Fairfax area. the plaintiff will need to prove that they were not at all contributory to their injuries. They must also prove that the defendant owed them a duty of care, which was then breached. Some examples of evidence that will likely be needed include, but may not be limited to:
- Video and/or photographic evidence of the incident;
- Video and/or photographic evidence of the resulting injuries;
- Medical records;
- Doctor’s notes; and
- Copies of any communication between the parties once the incident occurred.
Compiling evidence in preparation for a lawsuit can be a daunting challenge. Most people may not know exactly what is all needed to prepare for such a claim. In such cases, the direction and guidance of a personal injury lawyer can be of great assistance. An attorney can relieve much of this burden by gathering the documents and evidence on your behalf.
Additionally, a lawyer can help organize and review this evidence in preparation for trial. They can review the evidence and determine the best strategy that will allow for maximum compensation of the injured party. In other words, the amount of damages that the victim receives is often dependent on the skills and capabilities of the attorney representing them in court.
Should I Hire a Fairfax Lawyer for Help with a Swimming or Drowning Case?
If you are involved in a swimming injury and/or drowning case, and you are in the Fairfax area, you should consult with a skilled and knowledgeable personal injury attorney as soon as possible.
An experienced personal injury attorney can help prove that you were not contributorily negligent, and can ensure that your case is filed within the required timeframe of three years. Additionally, they will represent you in court as needed and work to get you a damages award. | https://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/fairfax-dc-swimming-drowning-accidents.html |
Most personal injury claims are filed on the basis of negligence. In tort law, negligence refers to a failure to exercise a level of care that a person of ordinary prudence would have exercised given the circumstances.
To prevail in a negligence claim, the claimant must prove:
- The defendant owed the victim a duty of care;
- The defendant breached that duty of care; and
- The breach of duty caused the claimant’s injury or loss.
The success of your case will ultimately hinge on the strength of the available evidence. Unfortunately, it is not uncommon for defendants to alter or destroy evidence of negligence, so it is important that your attorney is able to investigate your case at the earliest possible point in time.
At Coxwell & Associates, we can evaluate your case for free to determine if you have grounds for a claim and how to approach the investigation. We will then get to work immediately to gather all available evidence of negligence, liability, and damages. Call 877-231-1600 to schedule a consultation with a personal injury attorney in Jackson.
Let’s take a closer look at the elements that must be proven to win a negligence claim:
- The Defendant Owed the Claimant a Duty of Care
In every successful personal injury claim, the defendant owed the plaintiff a duty of care in some capacity prior to the accident. The duty of care can be either implied or express.
If it was implied, as it is between automobile drivers, cyclists, and pedestrians, proving a duty of care existed should be fairly straightforward. A police report listing the defendant’s name and detailing the nature of the accident should suffice. If the duty of care was express, as it is between doctors and patients, your attorney may be able to use receipts, invoices, correspondence, or other documentation to prove the nature of your relationship with the defendant.
- The Defendant Breached the Duty of Care
The second component of proving negligence in a personal injury claim is demonstrating how the defendant breached the duty of care. The strongest evidence of the breach will depend on the specifics of the case.
In car accident claims, for example, relevant evidence might include cell phone records, eyewitness testimony, dash cam footage, and the police report. In cases involving medical malpractice, the testimony of a well-credentialed specialist may help your attorney prove how your provider deviated from the most widely accepted standards of care.
- The Breach of Duty Caused the Claimant’s Injury or Loss
Causation is the final element that you must demonstrate to prove negligence. You must show how the defendant’s breach of duty was the proximate cause of your damages.
If you were hit by a reckless driver, for example, but the crash didn’t cause an injury or worsen an existing condition, you wouldn’t be able to include any medical bills in your claim. But if you suffered whiplash due to the collision, your attorney might use medical documentation, the police report, and expert witness testimony to prove causation.
Discuss Your Case with a Personal Injury Lawyer in Jackson
If you were hurt or lost a loved one due to another person’s negligence, turn to Coxwell & Associates. We have been representing Mississippians for more than 35 years. Call 877-231-1600 or fill out our Contact Form to schedule a free consultation with an accident attorney in Jackson.
Disclaimer: This blog is intended as general information purposes only, and is not a substitute for legal advice. Anyone with a legal problem should consult a lawyer immediately. | https://blog.coxwelllaw.com/how-to-prove-negligence-in-a-personal-injury-claim/ |
The most common legal theory under which car accident victims sue the responsible parties is that of negligence. The elements of a negligence lawsuit are: (1) a duty recognized by law that requires the defendant to act in accord with a certain standard of conduct, or in this case, to drive safely; (2) breach of that duty; (3) "proximate" cause; and (4) actual damages or loss. "Proximate" in this context means that the defendant's actions have a reasonably close causal relationship to the plaintiff's harm. A cause that is too remote will not be considered a "proximate" cause. If a defendant can demonstrate that a plaintiff cannot prove one of these elements, the plaintiff's claim will be defeated.
If a plaintiff with serious injuries is able to prove these four elements, he or she may be awarded damages including medical expenses, lost wages, out-of-pocket expenses, mental anguish, and pain and suffering. In certain instances, a plaintiff may also be able to claim punitive damages, which are awarded to punish the defendant, rather than to compensate the plaintiff. Punitive damages are only appropriate if there is clear and convincing evidence of a defendant's intentional misconduct or gross negligence.
A defendant who is able to show that a plaintiff is partly responsible for his or her own injuries may be able to assert the defense of "comparative negligence." This means that a plaintiff's recovery is reduced by the percentage for which he or she, rather than the defendant, was responsible. Unlike some other states, Florida does not bar a plaintiff's claim simply because he or she was at fault to some degree.After a Florida Car Accident
If you have been hurt in a car accident, your first concern should be to rest and recuperate. Unfortunately, medical bills, lost income, and the needs of your family make recuperation difficult. An insurer for the responsible party may approach you about a settlement immediately after the accident. Often the settlement offer will be lower than what you deserve or need. The insurance company will do their best to settle your case as quickly and inexpensively as possible. You should not talk to an insurer for the other side without first consulting a personal injury attorney who is loyal to you and has your best interests at heart.
In our experience, the full extent of personal injuries resulting from a motor vehicle accident may not be known immediately. It may take many months for all injuries to manifest themselves. However, there are time limitations that apply to your ability to bring a claim, so it is important to consult an attorney as soon as possible.Knowledgeable Ocala Car Accident Lawyers Fighting for You
If you have been seriously hurt in an automobile accident, the attorney you choose can make a big difference. You need a personal injury attorney who not only has the experience to handle your case effectively, but who also has the dedication to fight for the compensation you deserve.
Our diligent and passionate advocates work hard to recover the greatest compensation possible for clients throughout Central Florida communities including Ocala, Crystal River, and The Villages. All of our personal injury cases are handled on a contingency fee basis. That means you pay us no fees to represent you unless we are successful in your case. For a free consultation with one of our experienced Ocala car accident attorneys contact us at 352-387-8700 or via our online form. | https://www.deanfirm.com/car-accidents.html |
Traffic Fatalities through 4th of JulyClore Law ·
The South Carolina Department of Public Safety announces a preliminary number of nine people being killed on South Carolina highways from Friday, July 1, at 6 p.m. until Monday, July 4, at midnight. During the 2010 Fourth of July weekend six people were killed. In 2005, the last time the holiday fell on a Monday, 17 traffic fatalities on state roads and highways.
|Interstates||1|
|US routes, SC roads and secondary roads||8|
|Seat belt used||2|
|Seat belt not used||4|
|Seat belt unknown||1|
|Seat belt not applicable||2 (1 motorcyclist, 1 pedestrian)|
Traffic Fatalities Year to Date in South CarolinaAs of July 4[th], 399 people have died on South Carolina highways, compared to 392 highway deaths in this same time period in 2010. Of the 288traffic fatalities in 2011, 152 were not wearing seat belts. Through midnight July 4th, 48 pedestrians, 48 motorcyclists and seven bicyclists have died on state roads and highways.
Contributory Negligence in Traffic FatalitiesTraffic fatalities can result in a wrongful death lawsuit if a person's death was caused by another person's or company's negligent actions. Generally, negligence on the part of a decedent contributing to his or her death bars recovery by the beneficiaries. Moreover, it is a defense against beneficiaries whose negligence proximately contributed to the death sued upon. It is also a defense against parents and other custodians seeking to sue for the wrongful death of a child. Pursuant to the Uniform Law Commissioners' Model Survival and Death Act, the conduct of a survivor which contributed to death is a defense to the survivor's recovery in death actions. The negligence of the personal representative, who is not a beneficiary but who brings the action, does not affect the matter or amount of recovery where the cause of action belongs to the beneficiaries. The defense of contributory negligence is not available when the cause of action is based upon wanton negligence. Contributory negligence bars an action based upon ordinary negligence. Contributory negligence has no application where defendant is guilty of willful and wanton negligence. Such negligence incurs liability irrespective of contributory negligence. Willful and wanton negligence is the reckless disregard of the safety of a person or property of another by failing to exercise ordinary care to prevent the impending injury after discovering the danger. The defense of contributory negligence is grounded on the assumption that a court of law cannot apportion the damages arising from an injury caused by the negligence of two parties. The law will not undertake to apportion the consequences of concurring acts of negligence. Therefore, when injury is caused by the concurring negligence of two or more persons, each is liable for all the damages thus caused. Moreover, when damage is caused by the concurring negligence of the plaintiff and defendant, the former cannot recover at all, for the same reason. Wrongful death lawsuits arising from traffic fatalities requires experience that not all personal injury lawyers posses. The Clore Law Group is a Charleston wrongful death law firm experienced in traffic fatalities.
Contact Us
Clore Law Group welcomes your questions about any issues concerning a serious personal injury, car accident, medical malpractice, nursing home neglect, business tort, or workplace injury. If you have a viable claim, we’ll explain the legal process. Since consultations are always free, there’s no cost in learning your legal options. | https://www.clorelaw.com/insights/traffic-fatalities-fourth-july |
Most personal injury cases, whether they involve car accidents, slip and falls, or medical malpractice, hinge on the legal theory of "negligence." Negligence occurs when an individual who owes a duty to another person fails to exercise a certain degree of care and causes injury to that other person. For instance, a grocery store that fails to clean up a known leak on the floor may be held negligent for the shoppers' resulting slip-and-fall injuries. Massachusetts negligence laws incorporate the doctrine of contributory negligence that reduces damages rewards for plaintiffs (individuals who file the lawsuit) who are partially at fault for the incident that causes their injuries.
Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 231, section 85 governs contributory negligence in the commonwealth.
Contributory negligence does not bar recovery so long as the plaintiff’s negligence is not greater than that of the defendant. But, any damages awarded are diminished in proportion to plaintiff’s attributed negligence. If there are multiple defendants, the plaintiff’s negligence is compared to the total combined negligence of all defendants.
In determining whether a plaintiff was negligent, the judge or jury may consider whether the plaintiff violated a statute, ordinance, or regulation. The violation by itself may not, however, prevent the plaintiff recovering damages.
When there are multiple defendants, there are special rules that can be found in Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 231B, sections 1-4. For example, if a plaintiff reaches settlement with one defendant, that agreement does not prevent the plaintiff from recovering damages against other defendants. In that circumstance the plaintiff’s damages would be reduced by the amount agreed to in the settlement.
No defendant is required to pay more than his or her share of the total liability. Section 2 discusses rules for determining a defendant’s pro rata share of negligence liability.
Massachusetts has complex tort and negligence laws. Oftentimes, you need a local expert to evaluate your legal claim and to understand Massachusetts' comparative negligence regulations. If you want to know if you have a valid legal claim in Massachusetts and you want to maximize your financial award, you should contact a local injury law attorney today. | https://statelaws.findlaw.com/massachusetts-law/massachusetts-negligence-laws.html |
Joe D. WENTZ v. UNIFI, INC. and Norris Lee Blevins.
No. 8726SC551.
Court of Appeals of North Carolina.
March 1, 1988.
*200 Moore & Van Allen by Randel E. Phillips and Charles E. Johnson, Charlotte, for plaintiff-appellant.
Hedrick, Eatman, Gardner & Kincheloe by Edward L. Eatman, Jr. and Mark C. Kurdys, Charlotte, for defendants-appellees.
WELLS, Judge.
Plaintiff, in his first argument contends that because of the factual inconsistencies between the plaintiff's and defendants' pleadings, the trial court committed error in submitting the issue of contributory negligence to the jury. Relying on Dennis v. VonCannon, 272 N.C. 446, 158 S.E.2d 489 (1968) and Jackson v. McBride, 270 N.C. 367, 154 S.E.2d 468 (1967), plaintiff argues that acceptance of the facts which he alleges in his complaint must necessarily preclude the acceptance of facts alleged by defendants in their answers thereby negating defendants' affirmative defense of contributory negligence. We disagree.
The overriding concerns in both Dennis and VonCannon were premised upon the earlier pleading rules that any material variance between the pleadings and the proof offered at trial constituted a failure of proof. Where the complaint set forth facts indicating defendant's negligence, the facts asserted in defendant's answer to support the affirmative defense of contributory negligence were required to concur with, but not negate, the facts asserted by plaintiff. If defendant asserted facts logically irreconcilable with those in the complaint, defendant's defense of contributory negligence could not prevail and was defeated on its pleadings. This, however, is no longer the law.
North Carolina has since adopted the Rules of Civil Procedure, Chapter 1A-1 of the General Statutes (1967), which abolished the rigid and strict technical requirements of form pleading and replaced these requirements with the more liberal and flexible requirements of notice pleading. Sutton v. Duke, 277 N.C. 94, 176 S.E.2d 161 (1970); Smith v. City of Charlotte, 79 N.C.App. 517, 339 S.E.2d 844 (1986); Note, "Specificity in Pleading Under N.C. Rule 8(a)(1)," 48 N.C.L.Rev. 636 (1970). The adoption of the notice theory of pleading indicated the legislature's intention that controversies be resolved on their merits, "... following an opportunity for discovery, rather than resolving them on technicalities of pleading." Smith, 79 N.C. App. at 528, 339 S.E.2d at 851.
In the present case, the parties' pleadings were sufficient to give notice of all theories, claims and facts sought to be proven by each party. We therefore hold that the trial court did not err in submitting the issue of contributory negligence to *201 the jury. Plaintiff's first argument is overruled.
As the second part of his argument, plaintiff contends that even if the issue of contributory negligence were properly submitted to the jury, the evidence was insufficient to have supported a finding thereof.
While defendant bears the burden of proving contributory negligence, the defendant is entitled to have the issue submitted to the jury if all the evidence and reasonable inferences drawn therefrom and viewed in the light most favorable to defendant tend to establish or suggest contributory negligence. Atkins v. Moye, 277 N.C. 179, 176 S.E.2d 789 (1970); Coppley v. Carter, 10 N.C.App. 512, 179 S.E.2d 118 (1971). In the case before us, the evidence presented the question of whether defendant Blevins actually caused plaintiff to lose control of the car or whether plaintiff lost contol first and swerved in front of defendant. There was substantial evidence tending to show that plaintiff was negligent in not keeping a proper lookout and not keeping his car under proper control, allowing it to swerve or drift into Blevins' lane of travel. Such evidence was sufficient for the jury to have found contributory negligence. Plaintiff's argument regarding the sufficiency of the evidence to support a finding of contributory negligence is overruled.
Plaintiff next argues that the trial court erred by admitting evidence of defendant Blevins' prior good driving record. While Rule 404(b) of the N.C. Rules of Evidence prohibits admission of evidence of prior specific acts to show conformity therewith and evidence of a party's prior driving record is inadmissible in automobile cases, Rouse v. Huffman, 8 N.C.App. 307, 174 S.E.2d 68 (1970), our concern on review is whether the admission constituted prejudice. N.C.Gen.Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 61 of the Rules of Civil Procedure, Broyhill v. Coppage, 79 N.C.App. 221, 339 S.E.2d 32 (1986). Because the jury found the defendant negligent, we cannot see how the admission of defendant's good driving record could have influenced the jury's verdict to plaintiff's detriment. We therefore find no prejudicial error.
In his next argument, plaintiff contends the trial court erred by admitting Patrolman Yates' two accident reports because each contained inadmissible hearsay and speculative opinions as to the positions of the vehicles involved in the collision. We disagree.
Under N.C.Gen.Stat. § 8C, Rule 803(6) (1986) of the N.C. Rules of Evidence, "Records of Regularly Conducted Activity," highway accident reports may be admissible, as a business records exception to the hearsay rule. To be admissible such reports must be authenticated by their writer, prepared at or near the time of the act(s) reported, by or from information transmitted by a person with knowledge of the act(s), kept in the course of a regularly conducted business activity, with such being a regular practice of that business activity unless the circumstances surrounding the report indicate a lack of trustworthiness. Fisher v. Thompson, 50 N.C.App. 724, 275 S.E.2d 507 (1981). Such reports may also be admissible as "official" reports under Rule 803(8), "Public Records and Reports," if properly authenticated.
In the present case, the reports were fully authenticated and a proper foundation laid by Trooper Yates' testimony. He stated that he had observed the scene of the accident, had spoken with both drivers and later prepared the first report as part of the standard protocol required of patrol officersall of which complied with the business records exception.
Plaintiff contends that the reports were inadmissible because they were inherently untrustworthy. Because Yates did not actually witness the collision plaintiff claims the reports were unreliable and therefore incompetent as evidence. The business records exception expressly provides for the use of information from those having first-hand knowledge of the incident in question. Trooper Yates was entitled to report his understanding of the accident as told to him by both plaintiff and defendant. Our careful review of the reports and testimony persuades us that Patrolman Yates *202 did not express an opinion as to how the collision occurred, but merely reported the versions given to him by plaintiff and Blevins during his investigation. In his cross-examination by plaintiff, Patrolman Yates clearly disavowed any assessment of fault on the part of plaintiff. We also note that Yates was allowed to testify as to the contents of his first report without objection by plaintiff, and that the contents of the second report, to which plaintiff did object, clearly gave plaintiff's version of the collision. We fail to see how plaintiff was prejudiced by these reports.
Finally, plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in refusing to allow plaintiff to introduce evidence to rebut defendant's implication that plaintiff had deliberately excluded a second set of skid marks located in the left lane purportedly indicating that defendant's tractor-trailer had tried to stop well before impact. Plaintiff sought to put before the jury the fact that defendant Unifi made its own investigative photos of the accident site. Plaintiff argues that if the skid marks actually existed in the left lane, as defendants claimed, then defendant Unifi would have had photos of those marks and introduced them into evidence. We disagree for several reasons.
Rulings by the trial court regarding the admission of rebuttal evidence are reversible only by a showing of clear abuse of the trial court's discretion, Gay v. Walter, 58 N.C.App. 360, 283 S.E.2d 797 (1981), on rehearing, 58 N.C.App. 813, 294 S.E.2d 769 (1982). Moreover, plaintiff must show that the trial court's denial of plaintiff's request to introduce rebuttal evidence in some way prejudiced plaintiff's case. Broyhill v. Coppage, supra. In re Lee, 69 N.C.App. 277, 317 S.E.2d 75 (1984).
The evidence plaintiff sought to introduce, while possibly helpful to his case, was collateral to the primary issue and too remote in terms of relevancy to have required its admission. At most, the trial court was entitled but not required to have allowed plaintiff's request and its denial, therefore, did not constitute abuse of discretion. Secondly, even if the evidence should have been introduced, it is not at all clear that making the jury aware of the existence of Unifi's photos would have affected their decision. Accordingly, we find
No Error.
PARKER and ORR, JJ., concur. | https://law.justia.com/cases/north-carolina/court-of-appeals/1988/8726sc551-1.html |
How Do I Know if I Have a Personal Injury Case in AL?
When someone is injured and it appears to be the fault of another person or party, one of the first questions that comes to mind is, “do I have a personal injury case?” Essentially, they want to know whether or not pursuing a personal injury claim is in their best interests.
There are numerous factors that come into play in determining whether or not you have a viable claim, and to really know for sure, it is best to have a conversation with an experienced personal injury lawyer. Whether you decide to retain legal representation or not, a skilled and knowledgeable attorney will be able to thoroughly review the specifics of your case and advise you of your legal rights and options, so you can make the most informed decision on how you wish to proceed.
Important Factors that go into Personal Injury Cases
There are several things that will be looked at when you discuss your case with an attorney. These may include:
The Extent of your Injuries/Medical Treatment
How badly were you injured? Did you just have a few minor scrapes and bruises, or were your injuries more extensive? Whenever you are involved in any type of accident where you may have sustained an injury, it is important to seek medical treatment right away, so your injuries can be properly diagnosed, treated, and documented. Insurance companies will look for any way they can to minimize the amount of compensation they pay out to injured parties, and one way they may do this is by poking holes in your medical claims.
For example, the insurance company might tell you that your injury is not related to the accident in question, because you waited too long to seek treatment. They might also tell you that you are exaggerating the extent of your injuries, because they have not been officially documented. Finally, they might say that you failed in your legal duty to mitigate your losses by not getting treated right away.
The bottom line here is that if you seek immediate medical attention, it makes it much harder for the insurance company to dispute your injuries. At the end of the day, if you do only have some minor bumps and bruises, a legal claim may not be worthwhile. But if you suffered moderate to severe injuries, you could be eligible for damages not only for economic losses such as medical bills and lost earnings, but also for noneconomic losses such as pain and suffering and psychological distress. Your medical report will be very helpful in determining whether or not you have a case.
Evidence of Negligence/Liability
Even if you have suffered significant compensable losses because of your injury, you will still need to prove that another party was liable. Sometimes, this is fairly cut and dry, such as if another driver ran a red light and crashed into you. At other times, however, fault may be in question. When this is the case, a thorough investigation will be needed, which may include reviewing the police report, interviewing witnesses, reviewing any available visual evidence, and bringing in accident reconstruction experts and other specialists for assistance.
Proving liability is especially important in a state like Alabama, where they apply the “contributory negligence” legal standard. Under contributory negligence, if an injured party is found to be even 1% at fault for the underlying accident or event that caused the injury, they can be barred from recovering damages. You can be sure that insurance companies will attempt to use Alabama’s defendant friendly legal standard against you, so if there is any question at all over who was at fault, it is absolutely essential to retain strong legal counsel.
Time Elapsed Since the Injury
In Alabama, the statute of limitations for most personal injury claims is two years from the date of the injury. This means that you have a two-year deadline to file a personal injury lawsuit, otherwise, your lawsuit will most likely be thrown out of court. There are times in which the statute of limitations is shorter, such as if you are suing a government entity, in which case it could be six months or a year depending on which entity you are suing.
The clock starts on the statute of limitations as soon as the injured party knows or should reasonably have known about the injury. There are some cases, such as with repeated exposure to toxic substances for example, when an injury is not discovered until years later. Generally, the clock would start at the first sign or symptom.
Recoverable Assets
If you have extensive injuries, strong evidence of negligence, and you are within Alabama’s statute of limitations, you may have a viable personal injury case. However, you will still need to find out if there are recoverable assets that are worth pursuing. In most accident injury cases, damages are recovered through the defendant’s liability insurance policy. But if the defendant was uninsured or did not have a sufficient amount of insurance, then you may be able to recover compensation through the uninsured/underinsured motorists (UM/UIM) portion of your own auto insurance policy. If there is not enough available from these sources, you may be able to file a personal injury lawsuit directly against the defendant if he/she has assets that can be recovered.
Unfortunately, there are some instances in which none of the aforementioned sources are available, or there is some available, but it does not come close to covering all of your losses. In such cases, it may not be worthwhile to pursue a personal injury claim, or you will need to significantly lower your expectations. Before deciding anything for sure, however, your lawyer will explore every potential avenue for recovering compensation.
Contact a Seasoned Alabama Personal Injury Attorney Today If you or someone close to you has been injured because of someone else’s negligence or reckless actions, you may or may not have a personal injury case. To find out for sure, get in touch with Alsobrook Law Group today. Call our office at 334.737.3718 or message us online to schedule a free consultation. | https://www.alsolaw.com/tag/personal-injury/ |
Maryland is one of five jurisdictions, including Virginia, the District of Columbia, Alabama and North Carolina, that continues to hold onto the old rule of contributory negligence. Contributory negligence is a complete defense to a victim’s claims in personal injury cases (note—it doesn’t apply in workers’ compensation cases). If the defendant can prove that the plaintiff was negligent, then the plaintiff loses the case.
Regardless of whether a personal injury lawsuit (like a Maryland automobile accident, slip-and-fall, or other type of injury) is decided by a judge or jury, the defendant may claim that the plaintiff should lose his case because he was contributorily negligent. This is essentially the defendant stating that, “even though my negligence caused your injury, you were also negligent and your negligence caused your injury as well.” If the defendant proves that the plaintiff’s negligence contributed to his own injury, even less than 1%, the plaintiff loses the entire case.
An example may help to explain how it works. This is an issue that comes up frequently in slip-and-fall cases. Let’s suppose that a store owner has a lawn in front of his store which is directly between the parking lot and his front door. He knows that most people walk across the lawn. He also knows that there is decent-sized hole in the lawn, and one or two customers have tripped on the hole. A customer comes to his store and, predictably, steps in the hole. The customer’s injuries include a broken ankle.
The customer will allege in his lawsuit that the business owner had a duty to maintain the property and to warn or prevent dangerous conditions. He will also allege that the business owner knew or should have known about the hole.
One of the property owner’s defenses will be that the customer should have more carefully watched where he was going, or perhaps that he should not have been walking in the grass with flip-flops.
Even if the customer proves his case and the judge or jury believes that the property owner was negligent, he might still lose his case. If the decision-maker believes the property owner, and finds that the customer failed to properly watch where he was going, and that his failure to pay attention contributed 1% to the accident, then the customer loses his entire case. It doesn’t matter that the business owner was 99% at fault for the accident.
Now, that’s the law—any amount of contributory negligence means the plaintiff loses his case. Juries sometimes play a little fast and loose with the law, however (whether intentionally or not, we don’t always know). If the facts are compelling, a jury might ignore the plaintiff’s contributory negligence, but instead reduce the total damages verdict (that is, the amount of money). This isn’t always likely to happen, though, because juries are not informed of the effect of contributory negligence. That is, they are not told that if the plaintiff was negligent, he will lose the entire case.
Type I: under pure comparative negligence, the plaintiff’s damages are reduced by the amount of his negligence. For example, if the plaintiff was 10% negligent, he may only recover 90% of his damages.
Type II: one version of modified comparative negligence holds that the plaintiff cannot recover if he was more negligent that the defendant. So, if the plaintiff was 51% negligent, he would be out of luck. If he was 50% negligent, he wins.
Type III: another version of modified comparative negligence holds that the plaintiff cannot recover unless his negligence was less than the defendant’s. The plaintiff loses unless he was less than 50% negligent.
There is currently a case pending before the Maryland Court of Appeals (the highest court in Maryland) called Coleman versus Soccer Association of Columbia. It might seem unusual for the Court to agree to hear a case challenging the 160-year-old rule, but there are indications that the Court may be willing to change the law in this area. The Court recently explored whether a change in the contributory negligence law would be possible through the Rules Committee. Until now, the only way to change it would have been through legislation, but they issue has deadlocked legislators for years.
The Maryland Court of Appeals has heard arguments on the case, and we are awaiting its decision. There is no deadline for the Court to rule, but we are betting that the ruling will come by spring of 2013. We are optimistic that the current contributory negligence rule will be modified to something that is fairer, and which allows a jury to take into account relative fault.
Every case is unique. We can listen to your story and tell you if contributory negligence might factor into your case. Even if it does right now, there is the possibility that the Maryland Court of Appeals will overturn the law, which means that if you have ever been denied representation because of contributory negligence, your case might have a chance. Contact our personal injury lawyers at 1-800-776-4529, or send us some brief information about your claim through our online portal. | https://www.ihlaw.com/contributory-negligence-completely-preventing-plaintiff-recoveries/ |
All civil lawsuits go through an orderly pattern: pleadings, discovery, trial and appeal.
In the first step of ‘Pleadings’, both parties get a chance to discuss their side of the dispute. The plaintiff will explain how the defendant’s actions (or lack of) caused harm to the plaintiff and how he or she is now accountable under the law.
After this, the defendant formulates a reply to this formal complaint and may even file counter-claims against the plaintiff if the defendant feels the plaintiff was actually the one to have caused the damages. Many times, one or both of the parties, may request the court to dismiss part or all of the charges as well if they are baseless.
The second step in a civil lawsuit is that of discovery which involves thorough case preparation based on detailed data that both parties get from each other or from other parties. A key method is through ‘depositions’ in which the witness will be interviewed under oath. Depositions are often very helpful in building a time line of how events happened and whether there are any inconsistencies between the stories of different witnesses.
Some experts can help in strengthening your case as they can help provide technical information or validate a certain argument that your party is trying to build. Often financial experts can help the jury understand the financial burden of the losses that the injured party has had to suffer. Sometime before the trial, one or both of the legal parties may use motions to request the court to take some action. These motions can seek clarifications or resolution of procedural disputes or they may request presentation of certain information pertinent to the case.
At the start of the trial, both plaintiff and defendant attorneys are present at the opening statement after which they present their evidence supported by witness interrogation. The plaintiff is given the opportunity to present their evidence first after which the defendant is allowed to present evidence that proves their innocence. Once evidence presentation is done, both parties make their closing arguments after which the jury or judge deliberate on the verdict.
After the verdict has been passed, both parties have the right to appeal as well in which the dissatisfied party can approach a higher court and present the previous court’s trial proceedings. The appellate court reviews the trial for legal error and forms an opinion; if it believes that the verdict was based on legal error, they may reverse the verdict or order a new trial.
It is a good idea to evaluate the merits of all alternatives to litigation early on in the legal process. The most common alternative is a settlement which can be pursued at any stage during the litigation process. Sometimes, parties may request outside mediation which can help them assess their risks if they go forward with the trial. Another alternative is arbitration in which a neutral third party is selected to help resolve the dispute; it is less formal than a court trial but still involves presentation of evidence.
While it is true that each civil lawsuit case is different, it helps tremendously if you understand the litigation procedure in detail. Your attorney can assist you in gauging the merits of all options available to you in order to choose the least burdensome and financial viable legal course.
Attorney Barry Boches provides personalized legal representation for criminal defense, DWI and personal injury lawyers in Illinois.
The Illinois Equal Pay Act became effective on January 1, 2004. This Act was enacted to guarantee that workers in Illinois would be protected from wage discrimination based on gender for men and women who perform the same or similar work. | https://www.allengabelaw.com/civil-litigation-process/ |
- Product Description
Pyridazine derivatives have received much attention due to their reactions. Since, many pyridazine derivatives possess potential therapeutic effects, one can expect that replacement of a heterocyclic aromatic moiety in a bioactive molecule with the pyridazine nucleus would alter the physiochemical characteristics of that molecule significantly. Literature surveys showed that triazole, thiazole and thiophene derivatives, which are both commercially available drugs and agents under clinical investigations were the subject of a comprehensive review. On the other hand, Sulfonamides and sulfonylureas groups form the bioactive moiety of many compounds with therapeutically interest such as antibacterials, diuretics, antidiabetics and antibiotics. Also, mesoionic compounds have received much attention and have been extensively studied due to their unique structures, reaction behavior and pharmaceutical activities. All these properties aroused my interest in synthesizing new heterocyclic compounds including the triazolo, thiazolo and thieno pyridazine moieties and evaluating their biological activities as antibacterial and antidiabetic agents. | https://www.clickoncare.com/biologically-active-pyridazines |
Magnesium has been studied extensively due to the promising potential of using magnesium alloys in different applications, especially for biomedical implantation devices and other medical applications. This growing interest is due to the abundance of magnesium metal in the Earth's crust, as well as the fact that magnesium is 37% less dense than aluminum, has good mechanical properties, and is a nontoxic element with good biocompatibility. However, most Mg-based alloys contain alloying elements that are added to improve the mechanical properties but have toxic characteristics. At the same time a number of these alloys are still used in medical applications.
This proposed work focuses on designing and investigating a novel biomedical-biodegradable-nontoxic Mg-Mn-Zn-Na-K alloying system. Each of these alloying elements were selected based on two criteria. First, they fulfil the desired combination of biomedical-biodegradable-nontoxic alloying systems. Second, they improve the mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of relative to un-alloyed magnesium. Additionally, highly controlled melting and rapid cooling systems were developed for this study to reduce the processing defects and attain alloys with optimum properties. Furthermore, this work includes studying the effect of various cooling rates on the performance of pure magnesium made by casting in addition to investigating the effect of alloying elements. The fabrication of the alloys will be followed by four main characterization methods to determine the mechanical properties, corrosion performance, microstructure, and composition of the alloying systems.
The current study intends to develop a roadmap to analyze the effective factors in improving the performance of Mg alloys, starting from the selection of alloying elements and followed by the casting and solidification procedures. While the focus is on biomedical applications, developing casting and alloying systems for Mg alloys could be applied to other applications such as the automotive and aerospace industries due to the light weight and abundance of Mg.
Recommended Citation
Jamel, Murtatha Mohammed, "Designing and Investigating a Novel Biodegradable-Nontoxic Mg-Mn-Zn-Na-K Alloying System" (2020). Theses and Dissertations. 2528. | https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/2528/ |
The compounds M3AX (M: magnetic elements, Mn, Ni, Fe, etc.; A: transition and main group elements, Ga, Cu, Sn, Zn; X: N, C, B) with the so-called “antiperovskite structure” have exhibited a wide range of interesting physical properties, such as superconductivity (SC), giant magnetoresistance (GMR), negative/zero thermal expansion (NTE or ZTE) and nearly zero temperature coefficient of resistivity (NZ-TCR), magnetostriction and piezomagnetic effects, and magnetocaloric effect (MCE), due to strong correlation among lattice, spin, and charge. Therefore, these compounds have attracted great attention. Early reports suggested that the physical properties of these materials are mainly originated from the complex magnetostructure and the induced variable band structure. The strong coupling between crystal structure, magnetic, and even electric ordering parameters and/or fields is also of great interest for the design of novel magnetoelectronic devices. The ability to control and tune the electronic transport, magnetic transition, and abnormal thermal expansion behaviors of these materials makes it worthy to be studied for fundamental research as well as for potential applications.
We invite investigators to contribute original as well as review articles on research and development of physical properties in antiperovskite M3AX compounds, including theoretical calculation and simulation. Relevant high-quality articles on negative/zero thermal expansion phenomena in Invar, ABO3 perovskite compounds, and Fe-based superconductors, whose mechanism is related with magnetovolume effect (MVE) and magnetoelastic coupling, are also accepted. Potential topics include, but are not limited to:
- Magnetic phase transitions, magnetostructure, abnormal thermal expansion phenomena and their mechanism, applications, theoretical calculation, and simulation
- Strong correlation among lattice, spin, and charge, the physical properties and potential applications in the compounds
- Effects under extreme conditions: high pressure, high magnetic field
- MVE in Invar, ABO3 perovskite compounds, and Fe-based superconductors
- Preparation of thin films, composites, and single crystals
Before submission authors should carefully read over the journal's Author Guidelines, which are located at http://www.hindawi.com/journals/acmp/guidelines/. Prospective authors should submit an electronic copy of their complete manuscript through the journal Manuscript Tracking System at http://mts.hindawi.com/ according to the following timetable: | https://www.hindawi.com/journals/acmp/si/139080/ |
Investigators: Wong, C. P.
Institution: Georgia Institute of Technology
EPA Project Officer: Klieforth, Barbara I
Project Period: December 22, 2003 through December 21, 2008
Project Amount: $325,000
RFA: Technology for a Sustainable Environment (2003) RFA Text | Recipients Lists
Research Category: Nanotechnology , Pollution Prevention/Sustainable Development , Sustainability
Objective:
The primary objectives of this research are to:
· Develop low-cost high performance electrically conductive adhesives
(ECA) as a replacement of lead containing solders for environmentally friendly
electronic packaging manufacturing.
· Understand corrosion behavior for ECA joints on various metal surfaces.
· Understand relationship between corrosion behavior and electrochemical potentials of ECA and various metal surfaces.
· Understand mechanism of corrosion control by cathode protection method in ECA joints and a role of sacrificial anode materials in the joints.
· Introduce reworkable and repairable resin binders to ECA formulation in order to reduce the waste of PCB or IC component to be produced during manufacturing.
· Introduce short chain aliphatic or conjugated organic compounds as well as properly functionalized carbon nanotubes into ECA formulations to increase the current carrying capability.
· Understand the thermomechanical failure of ECA joints, and improve the thermomechanical performance with conductive particles functionalized with self-assembled monolayer molecules.
· Realize further energy savings by using variable frequency microwave curing of ECAs.
Approach:
Proposed is a study of chemical, physical and thermomechanical properties of ECA materials. The morphological study will be followed by the electrical test, to understand corrosion behavior at the interface between ECAs and the metal surface such as Cu, NiAu, Sn and Sn-alloys. To enhance the stability of the contact resistance under the extreme conditions, the electrical properties of ECAs will be modified via incorporating corrosion inhibitors and sacrificial anode materials for cathodic protection. Mechanism of corrosion control by corrosion inhibitors and sacrificial anode materials will be investigated through electrical, electrochemical and morphological studies. Effect of self-passivating property of sacrificial anode will be studied as well. Introducing short chain aliphatic or conjugated organic compounds into ECA formulations as interfacial self-assembly monolayer modifiers, and properly functionalized carbon nano-tubes will be implemented to increase the current carrying capability of ECAs. The electrical, physical and mechanical properties of the ECAs with functionalized fillers will be studied. Improvement of thermomechanical performance of ECAs is expected with conductive particles functionalized with self-assembled monolayer molecules. The thermomechanical performance of ECAs under the harsh environment will be studied through the fatigue test in a temperature/humid control chamber. In-situ measurement of electrical resistance during the fatigue test will tell us how the thermomechanical stress affects the electrical and mechanical properties of ECAs. For further energy saving concerns, variable frequency microwave will be explored for curing of the ECAs. Reworkability and recyclability of ECAs will be explored by using reworkable polymer matrix or new binder systems. All those proposed researches would enhance the overall competitiveness of ECA materials against metal alloy based interconnect materials.
Expected Results:
The intellectual merit of the proposed research lies in the fundamental understanding of properties, performance and reliability of ECAs, which will define the guidelines for developing lead-free interconnect materials for next generation environmentally benign packaging manufacturing.
Reducing the use of lead, and eventually eliminating the use of lead at the source, either mining of lead or other metals for the so-called lead-free alloy solders, are obvious benefits of the proposed research to our society. Total replacement of tin-lead solder has the potential of reducing the US lead consumption by as much as 10% in short term. That is a significant reduction, which will have a long lasting impact on human health and environment. In addition, using ECAs instead of alloy solders decreases the reflow temperature by more than 60% in electronic packaging manufacturing. This represents a significant energy saving for the electronics industry, which will have a positive impact on the environment. The wide application of ECAs for electronic packaging will enable us to manufacture more green-labeled electronic products, and this will be extremely important regarding the technological leadership and global market share of the US microelectronic industry.
Throughout the proposed project students at pre-college, undergraduate and graduate levels, especially those from the underrepresented groups, will be recruited and advised in the research and education activities. In addition to publishing in archived and trade journals, the project results will be disseminated through workshops and short courses. An industrial consortium would also be expected to attract industrial sponsorship and to serve as a vehicle for speedy technology transfer. | https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/INDEX.cfm/fuseaction/display.abstractDetail/abstract/6352 |
Owing to the variety of systems studied by the Grosvenor group, and the large number of tools used to investigate them, a large number of projects are available for graduate and undergraduate students to work on which can focus on synthesis, X-ray spectroscopy, surface analysis or a combination of these.
The long-term goal of this research program is the investigation and development of ordered compounds that sequester actinide elements in the structure. To this end, it is important to examine model compounds as host materials in order to gain a clear understanding of the relationship between crystal structure, composition, bonding, electronic structure, and surface reactivity to the sequestration of actinides such as U. The materials being studied by the Grosvenor group have been chosen because the structures are common in nature and all contain sites large enough, and with a high enough coordination number, to contain actinide elements. All materials synthesized are studied by a combination of X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES), and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS).
Examples of current research projects:
An Examination of the electronic structure and structural stability of Pyrochlore
-
and Zirconolite-type oxides:
Of the systems being examined for use in nuclear waste sequestration applications, the pyrochlore and zirconlolite phases have been studied the most. Materials adopting either the zirconlite (A2B2O7; A = Ca, V, Zr, Ti; B = Ti, Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf; X/X' = O, F, OH) or pyrochlore (
A2B2X6X'
; A = Ca, Mn, Fe, rare-earths (RE), Gd; B = Ti, Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf; X/X' = O, F, OH) structure can have a variety of chemical compositions. Along with being able to incorporate actinides and being examined for possible sequestration applications, these materials have also been studied for their catalytic and magnetic properties. The focus of these studies is the investigation of Hf, Zr, and Ti containing systems by XANES and XPS owing to the suitability of these materials for sequestration applications (e.g., Gd2Ti2-xSnxO7, Yb2Ti2-yFeyO7-x, RE2ZryTi2-yO7). The use of X-ray spectroscopy has allowed us to understand how the electronic structure of these materials varies depending on composition. The strucuture of a material must be stable upon decay of incorporated radioactive elements to make it an appropriate material for nuclear waste sequestration. To test this, the surfaces of materials are implanted using ion beams of different energies. Glancing angle XANES is being used to investigate how the structure of a material responds to ion implantation.
See
here
for a recent presentation on our work on pyrochlore-type oxides.
A XANES examination of the stability of the crystal structure of monozite and xenotime rare-earth phosphates after implantation by heavy ions:
Monazite (
CePO4
) is a rare-earth phosphate mineral that has been studied for nuclear waste sequestration applications because of its chemical durability; ability of actinide elements to substitute for Ce in the structure; and ability of the structure to remain crystalline for long periods of time even when substituted actinide elements undergo radioactive decay. The monazite structure contains 9-coordinate Ce and 4-coordinate P. Many light rare-earth elements can be substituted for Ce in the structure while As and V can substitute for P. In the related xenotime (
YPO4
) structure (equivalent to the zircon structure), rare-earth elements are present in an 8-coordinate site. In monazite, the REO9 and PO4 polyhedra are all edge sharing while in xenotime, the REO8 and PO4 polyhedra are edge and corner sharing. Members of the Grosvenor group are investigating the electronic structure of these materials, and the ability of these materials to resist radiation induced structural damage depending on structure and composition.
Understanding materials using X-ray spectroscopy:
The primary goal of our research program is the development of materials for nuclear waste sequestration; however, understanding the properties of materials, in general, is also important. X-ray spectroscopy, particularly XANES, is an appropriate technique for developing this knowledge. As such, the research group has conducted a number of studies to understand the properties of materials using X-ray spectroscopy. Two examples of these investigations are found below.
See
here
for a recent presentation on our investigation of how the electronic structure of the Cu2FeSn3-xTixS8 spin cross-over materials changes depending on composition and temperature.
See
here
for a recent presentation on our investigation of how the local structural environment in Al1-xGaxFeO3 changes depending on composition and the synthetic method used to make the material.
Available 483.6 research projects: | http://www.usask.ca/chemistry/groups/grosvenor/research.html |
Seal applications require rubber compounds capable to endure numerous cycles of deformation without crack initiation. more...
This study investigates the effect of carbon black (CB) filler loading on the mechanical and rheological properties of natural rubber (NR) / styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)/ acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) ternary rubber composites. Physico-mechanical properties such as tensile strength, modulus, stress, elongation at break , tear strength, compression stress, and crosslink density were studied. more...
Tire treads are exposed to rolling and sliding impacts leading to damages, which are known as Chip and Cut (CC) effects. A reliable prediction of the CC behaviour of new designed tire tread compounds is very difficult without field tests. more...
A model of a pneumatic bias tire based on the technique of overlaying the orthotropic reinforcing elements on isotropic rubber elements is presented. more...
Additive Manufacturing of plastic or metal parts is state of the art. But in order to use different materials there is still a great need for development. more...
The dynamic response of reinforced rubber laminates is related to the viscoelastic properties of the constituent materials and to their distribution within the thickness in a quite complex manner. more...
The objective of this work was to study the preparation and properties of a novel biopolymer composite produced from waste paper (PF) and natural rubber-graft-cassava starch (NS) made by using water based route potted plant application. more...
Change in compression set of an elastomeric product with respect to time shows long-term sealing behavior of the material and indicates the quality of the product. more...
Acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) in sealing applications are highly reinforced with various fillers to improve their end-use properties. more...
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is one of the most important compounding ingredient in rubber technology. more...
For analyzing arbitrary static 3D stress states in solid rubber compounds, three different material tests are performed. more...
Necessity of solvent extractions in the linear combination fitting method of sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (S-XANES) spectroscopy is described for evaluation of a sulfidic structure of isoprene rubber (IR) vulcanizate prepared using N-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)cyclohexanamine as an accelerator, and zinc oxide and stearic acid as activators. more...
The aim of this paper is to present a method for the evaluation of the stabilizing effect of various antioxidants and their mixtures in rubber matrices. more...
Adhesion between rubber and counterpart is strongly influenced by roughness. more...
Blending of rubbers is often used to enhance the properties of rubber products. This study deals with blends containing rubber only because of the elimination of the potential side effects of the additives. more... | https://www.kgk-rubberpoint.de/en/thema/rubber/ |
In the last few years, a class of materials called antiferroelectrics has been increasingly studied for its potential applications in modern computer memory devices. Research has shown that antiferroelectric-based memories might have greater energy efficiency and faster read and write speeds than conventional memories, among other appealing attributes. Further, the same compounds that can exhibit antiferroelectric behavior are already integrated into existing semiconductor chip manufacturing processes.
Now, a team led by Georgia Tech researchers has discovered unexpectedly familiar behavior in the antiferroelectric material known as zirconium dioxide, or zirconia. They show that as the microstructure of the material is reduced in size, it behaves similarly to much better understood materials known as ferroelectrics. The findings were recently published in the journal Advanced Electronic Materials.
Miniaturization of circuits has played a key role in improving memory performance over the last fifty years. Knowing how the properties of an antiferroelectric change with shrinking size should enable the design of more effective memory components. | https://lifeboat.com/blog/2021/11/researchers-discover-predictable-behavior-in-promising-material-for-computer-memory |
Key dynamic processes at nano-scale, such as graphene hydrogenation and fluorination, and carbon nanotube (CNT) growth, cannot be observed in situ in real time. Nevertheless, such processes can be studied through complementary ...
A Multiscale Model of the Enhanced Heat Transfer in a CNT-Nanofluid System
(2011)
Over the last decade, much research has been done to understand the role of nanoparticles in heat transfer fluids. While experimental results have shown "anomalous" thermal enhancements and non-linear behavior with respect ...
Low electrical resistivity carbon nanotube and polyethylene nanocomposites for aerospace and energy exploration applications
(2012)
An investigation was conducted towards the development and optimization of low electrical resistivity carbon nanotube (CNT) and thermoplastic composites as potential materials for future wire and cable applications in ...
Tailoring vessel morphology in vivo
(2012)
Tissue engineering is a rapidly growing field which seeks to provide alternatives to organ transplantation in order to address the increasing need for transplantable tissues. One huge hurdle in this effort is the provision ...
Key steps towards carbon nanotube-based conductors
(2012)
Making a robust carbon nanotube-based conductor as a replacement of copper in electricity grids can initiate a paradigm shift in energy transmission. This dissertation identifies four fundamental factors for making carbon ...
Solvothermal Synthesis and Supported Catalysis of Polyanion-derived Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
(2012)
Supported metal oxides (SMOs) are important catalytic materials that find numerous applications in important industrial processes. Improving the structural properties of SMOs is a challenging objective due to material ...
Synthesis and Characterization of Two Component Alloy Nanoparticles
(2011)
Alloying is an old trick used to produce new materials by synergistically combining at least two components. New developments in nanoscience have enabled new degrees of freedom, such as size, solubility and concentration ...
Development of injec table nanocomposite scaffolds of single -walled carbon nanotubes and biodegradable polymers for bone tissue engineering
(2007)
Nanocomposites based on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) were developed and characterized as injectable scaffold materials for bone tissue engineering. Similar to other synthetic ...
Synthesis and chemical modification of carbon nanostructures for materials applications
(2009)
This dissertation explores the structure, chemical reactivities, electromagnetic response, and materials properties of various carbon nanostructures, including single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), multi-walled carbon ...
Hybrid finite elements nanocomposite characterization by stochastic microstructuring
(2008)
In this thesis the impact of entangled and non-straight fibers in the determination of the effective elastic and thermal properties of polymer nanocomposite (PNC) is addressed. Most of the models in recent studies assume ... | https://scholarship.rice.edu/handle/1911/8299/discover?filtertype_0=degreename&filtertype_1=subject&filtertype_2=subject&filter_relational_operator_1=equals&filter_relational_operator_0=equals&filter_2=Applied+sciences&filter_1=Materials+science&filter_relational_operator_2=equals&filter_0=Doctor+of+Philosophy&filtertype=degreediscipline&filter_relational_operator=equals&filter=Engineering |
Ph.D.
Abstract
Of all the transition metal oxides which exhibit metal-insulator transitions (MIT), one of the most extensively studied in recent years is the vanadium sesquioxide (V2O3), both from experimental and theoretical point of view. At a transition temperature of about 160 K at an ambient pressure of 1 atm, pure V2O3 transforms from a rhombohedral paramagnetic metallic (PM) to a monoclinic antiferromagnetic insulating (AFI) phase upon cooling, with a jump in the resistivity of about seven orders of magnitude. Experimental studies have focused more on bulk V2O3 and recently there have been significant interest in thin film fabrication of this material due to potential applications as thermal sensors, current limiters, Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) thermistors, and optical switches. ^ This study addresses the deposition, characterization, and properties of high-quality epitaxial V2O3 thin films grown on a-, c-Al2O3 and c-LiTaO 3 substrates by a straightforward method of pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Various characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy were used to examine the structural, crystallographic, and surface properties, while four point probe resistivity measurements were used to examine the electrical properties of the films. V2O3 thin films of different thicknesses ranging from 10-450 nm were deposited on c-Al 2O3 and c-LiTaO3 substrates by PLD to understand also the role of epitaxial strains. Resistivity measurements showed that depending on the thicknesses of films, different electrical transitions were exhibited by the samples. While some of the samples displayed the expected metal-insulator transition typical of bulk V2O3, some showed insulating behavior only and others exhibited metallic characteristics only over the whole temperature range. For example, for films on c-LiTaO3 with increasing film thickness, first an insulator-insulator, then a metal-insulator, followed by a metal-metal transition is observed. Thicker films (>202 nm) remain metallic in the temperature range of the measurements. ^
Recommended Citation
Allimi, Bamidele S, "Metal-insulator transition in epitaxial V2O3 thin films" (2008). Doctoral Dissertations. AAI3323497. | https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/AAI3323497/ |
In light of the growing resistance of parasites and pathogens to synthetic drugs, the study of animal self-medication and ethno-medicine offers a novel line of investigation to provide ecologically-sound methods for the treatment of parasites using plant-based medicines in populations and their livestock living in the tropics.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES IN THE DIET OF GORILLAS: AN ETHNO-PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION
- Sociology
- 2002
A growing body of literature in the behavioral, ecological and pharmacological sciences suggests that animals use certain plants for the control of parasite infection and related illnesses. It has…
Neanderthal self-medication in context
- PsychologyAntiquity
- 2013
In a recent study, Hardy et al. (2012) identified compounds from two non-nutritional plants, yarrow and camomile, in a sample of Neanderthal dental calculus from the northern Spanish site of El…
Folklore, Animal Self-Medication, and Phytotherapy-Something Old, Something New, Something Borrowed, Some Things True.
- MedicinePlanta medica
- 2021
14 case studies of purported animal-inspired plant medicines used by cultures around the world are presented together with ethnomedicinal and pharmacological evidence and a role for animal self-medication research in the rejuvenation of old therapies and possible new discoveries of phytotherapies for human and livestock health is encouraged.
Primate Self-medication and the Treatment of Parasite Infection
- Medicine
- 2013
Of any species studied thus far, chimpanzees have provided the most details for level 2 and 3 behaviors, exemplified by such behaviors as bitter pith chewing and whole leaf swallowing behaviors, used in response to parasite infection.
Ethnomedicinal and bioactive properties of plants ingested by wild chimpanzees in Uganda.
- Medicine, BiologyJournal of ethnopharmacology
- 2005
Primate Self-Medication, Passive Prevention and Active Treatment - A Brief Review
- Medicine
- 2017
Primates have provided the most details for level 3 and 4 behaviors, exemplified by such diverse dietary selection and behaviors as bitter pith chewing and whole leaf swallowing behaviors, used directly in response to increased levels of parasite infection.
The evolution of herbal medicine: behavioural perspectives
- BiologyAnimal Behaviour
- 2005
Self-medication by orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus) using bioactive properties of Dracaena cantleyi
- Biology, MedicineScientific Reports
- 2017
This work documents self-medication in the only Asian great ape, orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus), and for the first time, to the authors' knowledge, the external application of an anti-inflammatory agent in animals.
Unusual feeding behavior in wild great apes, a window to understand origins of self-medication in humans: Role of sociality and physiology on learning process
- Biology, MedicinePhysiology & Behavior
- 2012
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- Biology
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It has been proposed that chimpanzees use a number of toxic plant species for their medicinal value. Based on behavior, plant pharmacology, and ethnomedical information, hypotheses concerning the…
The adaptive significance of self-medication.
- Biology, MedicineTrends in ecology & evolution
- 1993
The impact of plant secondary compounds on primate feeding behavior
- Biology
- 1982
The observed selectivity and preferences of primates for specific plant or insect species and parts are now viewed as strategies for dealing with the nutrient and secondary compound content variation in these foods.
Grooming with Trattinnickia resin: possible pharmaceutical plant use by coatis in Panama
- Biology
- 1993
Behavioural, ecological, physiological, phytochemical, and ethnobotanical evidence have been combined to show that the plants are probably used by these animals for medicinal rather than nutritional purposes.
Taste perception and feeding behavior in nonhuman primates and human populations
- Biology
- 1996
The taste abilities of nonhuman primates in terms of threshold and above‐threshold responses to potential foods must be taken into account, together with psychosensory and sociocultural factors, to understand food choices.
Further Obervations on the Use of the Medicinal Plant, Vernonia amygdalina (Del). By a Wild Chimpanzee, Its Possible Effect on Parasote Load, and Its Phytochemistry
- Biology
- 1993
New evidence for the effectiveness of medicinal plant use in primates is provided and the current hypothesis regarding the use of V. amygdalina for the control of symptoms from parasitic and gastrointestinal illness by wild chimpanzees is strongly supported.
Strategies in Herbivory by Mammals: The Role of Plant Secondary Compounds
- BiologyThe American Naturalist
- 1974
Large herbivores must select food from a wide variety of plant parts, species, and strains, and should prefer to feed on foods that contain small amounts of secondary compounds, and their body size and searching strategies should be adapted to optimize the number of types of foods available.
Natural Diet of Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii): Long-Term Record from the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania
- Sociology
- 1983
All the plant and anin1al foods recorded to be eaten by wild chimpanzees ofKasoje in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania between 1965 and 1981 are listed up together with some additional miscellaneous…
FURTHER MEDICINAL PLANT CONSUMPTION IN WILD CHIMPANZEES
- Biology
- 1987
Leaves of Lippia plicata Baker (Verbenaceae) were consumed by an adult female of the M group chimpanzees in thc Mahale Mts. National Park, western Tanzania. The leaves were consumed in a manner…
Possible anti-tumour promoting properties of traditional Thai food items and some of their active constituents.
- Biology, MedicineAsia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition
- 1994
The high potential of the traditional food items of Thailand in the search for potent anti-tumour promoters is described in this article, and curcumin and 1-acetoxychavicol acetate have been idenflfied as the constituents of strongly active plants in the tumour promoter-induced EBV activation test. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Current-evidence-for-self-medication-in-primates%3A-A-Huffman/d8e63b09c91c286e6cb2996ae456ab80d43d946f |
Hi Students! If you are in Intermediate First Year and searching for JAC Board Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus 2020, then you are at the right page. You will get here complete details about Class 12 Chemistry NCERT Syllabus for Jharkhand Board.
Chemistry Syllabus for Intermediate Second Year is divided into two books, namely Part I and Part II. The first part consists of 9 Chapters and the other one also contains 7 Chapters. Thus, there are 16 chapters in total.
We will discuss both the parts, their chapters and some major topics in all chapters. Also, if you need, you can Download PDF of JAC Board Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus by clicking the download button given on the last section of this article.
NCERT Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus 2019-20
The chapters included in the first part & second part of JAC Board Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus are as follows:
|PART I||PART II|
|1. The Solid State||10. Haloalkenes and Haloarenes|
|2. Solutions||11. Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers|
|3. Electrochemistry||12. Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids|
|4. Chemical Kinetics|
|5. Surface Chemistry||13. Amines|
|6. General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements||14. Biomolecules|
|7. The p-Block Elements||15. Polymers|
|8.The d-and f-Block Elements||16. Chemistry in Everyday Life|
|9. Coordination Compounds|
So, these all are the 16 chapters which you have to study in Class 12 Chemistry subject. Now, let’s jump into the detailed discussion of the topics of each chapter of JAC Board NCERT Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus.
Chapter 1: The Solid State
We know that liquids and gases are called fluids because of their ability to flow. The fluidity in both of these states is due to the fact that the molecules are free to move about.
On the contrary, the constituent particles in solids have fixed positions and can only oscillate about their mean positions. This explains the rigidity in solids. These properties depend upon the nature of constituent particles and the binding forces operating between them.
The correlation between structure and properties helps in the discovery of new solid materials with desired properties. For example, carbon nanotubes are new materials that have potential to provide material that are tougher than steel, lighter than aluminium and have more conductive property than copper. Such materials may play an expanding role in future development of science and society.
Some other materials which are expected to play an important role in future are high temperature superconductors, magnetic materials, biodegradable polymers for packaging, biocompliant solids for surgical implants, etc. Thus, the study of this state becomes more important in the present scenario.
- General Characteristics of Solid State
- Amorphous and Crystalline Solids
- Classification of Crystalline Solids
- Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells
- Number of Atoms in a Unit Cell
- Close Packed Structures
- Packing Efficiency
- Calculations Involving Unit Cell Dimensions
- Imperfections in Solids
- Electrical Properties
- Magnetic Properties
Chapter 2: Solutions
In normal life we rarely come across pure substances. Most of these are mixtures containing two or more pure substances. Their utility or importance in life depends on their composition.
For example, the properties of brass (mixture of copper and zinc) are quite different from those of German silver (mixture of copper, zinc and nickel) or bronze (mixture of copper and tin); 1 part per million (ppm) of fluoride ions in water prevents tooth decay, while 1.5 ppm causes the tooth to become mottled and high concentrations of fluoride ions can be poisonous (for example, sodium fluoride is used in rat poison); intravenous injections are always dissolved in water containing salts at particular ionic concentrations that match with blood plasma concentrations and so on.
- Types of Solutions
- Expressing Concentration of Solutions
- Solubility
- Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions
- Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions
- Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass
- Abnormal Molar Masses
Chapter 3: Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry is the study of production of electricity from energy released during spontaneous chemical reactions and the use of electrical energy to bring about non-spontaneous chemical transformations. The subject is of importance both for theoretical and practical considerations.
A large number of metals, sodium hydroxide, chlorine, fluorine and many other chemicals are produced by electrochemical methods. Batteries and fuel cells convert chemical energy into electrical energy and are used on a large scale in various instruments and devices. The reactions carried out electrochemically can be energy efficient and less polluting.
Therefore, study of electrochemistry is important for creating new technologies that are eco-friendly. The transmission of sensory signals through cells to brain and vice versa and communication between the cells are known to have electrochemical origin.
- Electrochemical Cells
- Galvanic Cells
- Nernst Equation
- Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions
- Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis
- Batteries
- Fuel Cells
- Corrosion
Chapter 4: Chemical Kinetics
Chemistry, by its very nature, is concerned with change. Substances with well defined properties are converted by chemical reactions into other substances with different properties.
For any chemical reaction, chemists try to find out: (a) the feasibility of a chemical reaction which can be predicted by thermodynamics ( as you know that a reaction with ∆G < 0, at constant temperature and pressure is feasible); (b) extent to which a reaction will proceed can be determined from chemical equilibrium; (c) speed of a reaction i.e. time taken by a reaction to reach equilibrium. Along with feasibility and extent, it is equally important to know the rate and the factors controlling the rate of a chemical reaction for its complete understanding.
For example, which parameters determine as to how rapidly food gets spoiled? How to design a rapidly setting material for dental filling? Or what controls the rate at which fuel burns in an auto engine? All these questions can be answered by the branch of chemistry, which deals with the study of reaction rates and their mechanisms, called chemical kinetics.
- Rate of a Chemical Reaction
- Factors Influencing Rate of a Reaction
- Integrated Rate Equations
- Temperature Dependence of the Rate of a Reaction
- Collision Therapy of Chemical Reactions
Chapter 5: Surface Chemistry
Surface chemistry deals with phenomena that occur at the surfaces or interfaces. The interface or surface is represented by separating the bulk phases by a hyphen or a slash.
For example, the interface between a solid and a gas may be represented by solid-gas or solid/gas. Due to complete miscibility, there is no interface between the gases. The bulk phases that we come across in surface chemistry may be pure compounds or solutions.
The interface is normally a few molecules thick but its area depends on the size of the particles of bulk phases. Many important phenomena, noticeable amongst these being corrosion, electrode processes, heterogeneous catalysis, dissolution and crystallisation occur at interfaces. The subject of surface chemistry finds many applications in industry, analytical work and daily life situations.
- Adsorption
- Catalysis
- Colloids
- Classification of Colloids
- Emulsions
- Colloids Around Us
Chapter 6: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
The history of civilisation is linked to the use of metals in antiquity in many ways. Different periods of early human civilisations have been named after metals. The skill of extraction of metals gave many metals and brought about several changes in the human society. It gave weapons, tools, ornaments, utensils, etc., and enriched the cultural life.
The ‘Seven metals of antiquity’, as they are sometimes called, are gold, copper, silver, lead, tin, iron and mercury. Although modern metallurgy had exponential growth after Industrial Revolution, it is interesting to note that many modern concepts in metallurgy have their roots in ancient practices that pre-dated the Industrial Revolution. For over 7000 years, India has had a rich tradition of metallurgical skills.
- Occurrence of Metals
- Concentration of Ores
- Extraction of Crude Metal from Concentrated Ore
- Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy
- Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy
- Oxidation Reduction
- Refining
- Uses of Aluminium, Copper, Zinc and Iron
Chapter 7: The p-Block Elements
The p-block elements are placed in groups 13 to 18 of the periodic table. Their valence shell electronic configuration is ns2 np1–6 (except He which has 1s 2 configuration). The properties of p-block elements like that of others are greatly influenced by atomic sizes, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy and electronegativity.
The absence of dorbitals in second period and presence of d or d and f orbitals in heavier elements (starting from third period onwards) have significant effects on the properties of elements. In addition, the presence of all the three types of elements; metals, metalloids and non-metals bring diversification in chemistry of these elements.
- Grou 15 Elements
- Dinitrogen
- Ammonia
- Oxides of Nitrogen
- Nitric Acid
- Phosphorus – Allotropic Forms
- Phosphine
- Phosphorus Halides
- Oxoacids of Phosphorus
- Group 16 Elements
- Dioxygen
- Simple Oxides
- Ozone
- Sulphur – Allotropic Forms
- Sulphur Dioxide
- Oxoacids of Sulphur
- Sulphuric Acid
- Group 17 Elements
- Chlorine
- Hydrogen Chloride
- Oxoacids of Halogens
- Interhalogen Compounds
- Group 18 Elements
Chapter 8: The d-and f-Block Elements
The d-block of the periodic table contains the elements of the groups 3-12 in which the d orbitals are progressively filled in each of the four long periods. The f-block consists of elements in which 4 f and 5 f orbitals are progressively filled.
They are placed in a separate panel at the bottom of the periodic table. The names transition metals and inner transition metals are often used to refer to the elements of d-and f-blocks respectively. There are mainly four series of the transition metals, 3d series (Sc to Zn), 4d series (Y to Cd), 5d series (La and Hf to Hg) and 6d series which has Ac and elements from Rf to Cn.
The two series of the inner transition metals; 4f (Ce to Lu) and 5f (Th to Lr) are known as lanthanoids and actinoids respectively.
- Position in the Periodic Table
- Electronic Configurations of the d-Block Elements
- General Properties of the Transition Elements (d-Block)
- Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements
- The Lanthanoids
- The Actinoids
- Some Applications of d- and f-Block Elements
Chapter 9: Coordination Compounds
The transition metals form a large number of complex compounds in which the metal atoms are bound to a number of anions or neutral molecules by sharing of electrons. In modern terminology such compounds are called coordination compounds.
The chemistry of coordination compounds is an important and challenging area of modern inorganic chemistry. New concepts of chemical bonding and molecular structure have provided insights into the functioning of these compounds as vital components of biological systems.
Chlorophyll, haemoglobin and vitamin B12 are coordination compounds of magnesium, iron and cobalt respectively. Variety of metallurgical processes, industrial catalysts and analytical reagents involve the use of coordination compounds. Coordination compounds also find many applications in electroplating, textile dyeing and medicinal chemistry.
- Werner’s Theory of Coordination Compounds
- Definitions of Some Important Terms Pertaining to Coordination Compounds
- Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds
- Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
- Bonding in Coordination Compounds
- Bonding in Metal Carbonyls
- Importance and Applications of Coordination Compounds
Chapter 10: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
The replacement of hydrogen atom(s) in an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon by halogen atom(s) results in the formation of alkyl halide (haloalkane) and aryl halide (haloarene), respectively. Haloalkanes contain halogen atom(s) attached to the sp3 hybridised carbon atom of an alkyl group whereas haloarenes contain halogen atom(s) attached to sp2 hybridised carbon atom(s) of an aryl group.
Many halogen containing organic compounds occur in nature and some of these are clinically useful. These classes of compounds find wide applications in industry as well as in dayto-day life. They are used as solvents for relatively non-polar compounds and as starting materials for the synthesis of wide range of organic compounds. Chlorine containing antibiotic, chloramphenicol, produced by microorganisms is very effective for the treatment of typhoid fever.
Our body produces iodine containing hormone, thyroxine, the deficiency of which causes a disease called goiter. Synthetic halogen compounds, viz. chloroquine is used for the treatment of malaria; halothane is used as an anaesthetic during surgery. Certain fully fluorinated compounds are being considered as potential blood substitutes in surgery.
- Classification
- Nomenclature
- Nature of C-X Bond
- Methods of Preparation of Haloalkanes
- Preparation of Haloarenes
- Physical Properties
- Chemical Reactions
Chapter 11: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
The substitution of one or more hydrogen atom(s) from a hydrocarbon by another atom or a group of atoms result in the formation of an entirely new compound having altogether different properties and applications.
Alcohols and phenols are formed when a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon, aliphatic and aromatic respectively, is replaced by –OH group. These classes of compounds find wide applications in industry as well as in day-to-day life.
For instance, have you ever noticed that ordinary spirit used for polishing wooden furniture is chiefly a compound containing hydroxyl group, ethanol. The sugar we eat, the cotton used for fabrics, the paper we use for writing, are all made up of compounds containing –OH groups. Just think of life without paper; no note-books, books, newspapers, currency notes, cheques, certificates, etc.
The magazines carrying beautiful photographs and interesting stories would disappear from our life. It would have been really a different world.
- Classification
- Nomenclature
- Structure of Functional Groups
- Alcohols and Phenols
- Some Commercially Important Alcohols
- Ethers
Chapter 12: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
In the previous Unit, you have studied organic compounds with functional groups containing carbonoxygen single bond. In this Unit, we will study about the organic compounds containing carbon-oxygen double bond (>C=O) called carbonyl group, which is one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry.
In aldehydes, the carbonyl group is bonded to a carbon and hydrogen while in the ketones, it is bonded to two carbon atoms. The carbonyl compounds in which carbon of carbonyl group is bonded to carbon or hydrogen and oxygen of hydroxyl moiety (-OH) are known as carboxylic acids, while in compounds where carbon is attached to carbon or hydrogen and nitrogen of -NH2 moiety or to halogens are called amides and acyl halides respectively. Esters and anhydrides are derivatives of carboxylic acids.
- Nomenclature and Structure of Carbonyl Group
- Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Physical Properties
- Chemical Reactions
- Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group
- Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
- Physical Properties
- Chemical Reactions
- Uses of Carboxylic Acids
Chapter 13: Amines
Amines constitute an important class of organic compounds derived by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms of ammonia molecule by alkyl/aryl group(s). In nature, they occur among proteins, vitamins, alkaloids and hormones. Synthetic examples include polymers, dye stuffs and drugs.
Two biologically active compounds, namely adrenaline and ephedrine, both containing secondary amino group, are used to increase blood pressure. Novocain, a synthetic amino compound, is used as an anaesthetic in dentistry. Benadryl, a well known antihistaminic drug also contains tertiary amino group.
Quaternary ammonium salts are used as surfactants. Diazonium salts are intermediates in the preparation of a variety of aromatic compounds including dyes.
- Structure of Amines
- Classification
- Nomenclature
- Preparation of Amines
- Physical Properties
- Chemical Properties
- Methods of Preparation of Diazonium Salts
- Physical Properties
- Chemical Reactions
- Importance of Diazonium Salts in Synthesis of Aromatic Compounds
Chapter 14: Biomolecules
A living system grows, sustains and reproduces itself. The most amazing thing about a living system is that it is composed of non-living atoms and molecules. The pursuit of knowledge of what goes on chemically within a living system falls in the domain of biochemistry.
Living systems are made up of various complex biomolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, etc. Proteins and carbohydrates are essential constituents of our food. These biomolecules interact with each other and constitute the molecular logic of life processes.
In addition, some simple molecules like vitamins and mineral salts also play an important role in the functions of organisms. Structures and functions of some of these biomolecules are discussed in this chapter.
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Enzymes
- Vitamins
- Nucleic Acids
- Hormones
Chapter 15: Polymers
Do you think that daily life would have been easier and colourful without the discovery and varied applications of polymers? The use of polymers in the manufacture of plastic buckets, cups and saucers, children’s toys, packaging bags, synthetic clothing materials, automobile tyres, gears and seals, electrical insulating materials and machine parts has completely revolutionised the daily life as well as the industrial scenario.
Indeed, the polymers are the backbone of four major industries viz. plastics, elastomers, fibres and paints and varnishes. The word ‘polymer’ is coined from two Greek words: poly means many and mer means unit or part. The term polymer is defined as very large molecules having high molecular mass (103 -107u).
These are also referred to as macromolecules, which are formed by joining of repeating structural units on a large scale. The repeating structural units are derived from some simple and reactive molecules known as monomers and are linked to each other by covalent bonds. The process of formation of polymers from respective monomers is called polymerisation.
- Classification of Polymers
- Types of Polymerisation Reactions
- Molecular Mass of Polymers
- Biodegradable Polymers
- Polymers of Commercial Importance
Chapter 16: Chemistry in Everyday Life
By now, you have learnt the basic principles of chemistry and also realised that it influences every sphere of human life. The principles of chemistry have been used for the benefit of mankind. Think of cleanliness — the materials like soaps, detergents, household bleaches, tooth pastes, etc. will come to your mind.
Look towards the beautiful clothes — immediately chemicals of the synthetic fibres used for making clothes and chemicals giving colours to them will come to your mind. Food materials — again a number of chemicals about which you have learnt in the previous Unit will appear in your mind. Of course, sickness and diseases remind us of medicines — again chemicals. Explosives, fuels, rocket propellents, building and electronic materials, etc., are all chemicals.
Chemistry has influenced our life so much that we do not even realise that we come across chemicals at every moment; that we ourselves are beautiful chemical creations and all our activities are controlled by chemicals. In this Unit, we shall learn the application of Chemistry in three important and interesting areas, namely – medicines, food materials and cleansing agents.
- Drugs and their Classification
- Drug-Target Interaction
- Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs
- Chemicals in Food
- Cleansing Agents
Conclusion: Jharkhand Board Class 11 Chemistry Syllabus
So friends! This is the Complete NCERT Syllabus for Intermediate Second Year Class 12 Chemistry. I hope this article might have helped you in your search for JAC Board Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus 2020.
If you have any query/doubt regarding Jharkhand Board NCERT Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus, freel free to Comment it down. Also, if you want to get all the updates of Jharkhand Academic Council, then you can follow us; as JACBoard.com is the #1 Educational Portal for Jharkhand Board Exam Results, Syllabus & Study Material. | https://jacboard.com/class-12-chemistry-syllabus/ |
Browsing by Subject "Thermoelectric properties"
Now showing items 1-17 of 17
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Article
Effect of antimony-doping and germanium on the highly efficient thermoelectric Si-rich-Mg2(Si,Sn,Ge) materials (2017)Two series of materials (a) Mg2Si0.55-ySn0.4Ge0.05Sby, 0 ≤ y ≤ 0.0175 and (b) Mg2Si0.5875-xSn0.4GexSb0.0125, 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.20 have been developed and studied in terms of structural features and thermoelectric properties/performance. ...
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Article
Effect of Bi-doping and Mg-excess on the thermoelectric properties of Mg2Si materials (2014)In this work, Bi-doped magnesium silicide compounds were prepared by applying a combination of both, short-time ball milling and heating treatment. The effect of Mg excess was also studied, aiming towards further improvement ...
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Article
Effect of microstructure on the thermoelectric performance of La1−xSrxCoO3 (2016)We present a case where the microstructure has a profound effect on the thermoelectric properties of oxide compounds. Specifically, we have investigated the effect of different sintering treatments on La1−xSrxCoO3 samples ...
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Article
Effect of sintering in ball-milled K 2Bi 8Se 13 thermoelectric nano-composites (2012)K 2Bi 8Se 13 has many attractive features for thermoelectric applications. Recently, K 2Bi 8Se 13-based nanocomposite materials, consisting of nano-crystalline, micro-crystalline and amorphous phases, have been fabricated ...
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Article
High thermoelectric figure of merit of Mg2Si 0.55Sn0.4Ge0.05 materials doped with Bi and Sb (2013)Thermoelectric properties of new Bi- and Sb-doped Mg2Si 0.55Sn0.4Ge0.05 compounds prepared by powder methods were studied in the temperature range 300-823 K. The materials exhibited compositional inhomogeneites consisting ...
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Article
Highly anisotropic crystal growth and thermoelectric properties of K 2Bi 8-xSb xSe 13 solid solutions: Band gap anomaly at low x (2002)The thermoelectric properties of solid solutions of the type β-K 2Bi 8-xSb xSe 13 (0<x<8) were studied with respect to thermal behavior, band gap variation, and charge transport properties as a function of x. At x values ...
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Article
Modification of thermoelectric properties using insertion techniques (1999)In this work is presented the application insertion techniques for the modification of the performance of thermoelectric materials. The results indicate that in cases as in Bi2Se3 compounds where insertion of foreign species ...
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Article
Solid-state synthesis and thermoelectric properties of Sb-doped Mg 2Si materials (2013)Sb-doped magnesium silicide compounds have been prepared through ball milling and solid-state reaction. Materials produced were near-stoichiometric. The structural modifications have been studied with powder x-ray diffraction. ...
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Article
Solid-state synthesis of Mg 2Si via short-duration ball-milling and low-temperature annealing (2013)In this work, a short duration ball-milling of elemental Mg and Si followed by a thermal treatment is suggested in order to synthesize magnesium silicide via solid-state reaction. The formation of magnesium silicide was ...
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Article
Structural Characterization and Thermoelectric Properties of Hot-Pressed CoSi Nanocomposites (2014)Fabrication of nanocomposites by introduction of SiO2 metal oxide nanoparticles into a cobalt silicide thermoelectric matrix is studied. The CoSi matrix material was prepared through solid-state synthesis, and the nano-SiO2 ...
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Article
Structural features of ball-milled nanostructured K2Bi 8Se13 thermoelectric material (2011)In this work, K2Bi8Se13 material was ball-milled in order to develop nanostructures through the modification of structural features. Structural changes during ball-milling were followed by powder X-ray diffraction measurements, ...
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Article
Synthesis, Crystallographic Studies, and Characterization of K 2Bi8Se13-xSx Solid Solutions (2003)The detailed crystal structures of selected members of solid solutions of the thermoelectric compounds K2Bi8Se13-xS x with x = 4, x = 6 and x = 10 were determined. The purpose of this study was to understand the nature of ...
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Article
Synthetic conditions and their doping effect on β-K2Bi8Se13 (2009)In this work the synthetic conditions for K2Bi8Se13 and their effect on its thermoelectric properties were investigated. K2Bi8Se13 was prepared as a single phase using K2Se and Bi2Se3 as starting materials in a furnace or ...
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Article
Thermoelectric properties of Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition (2015)We report on the pulsed laser deposition of p-type Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 thin films onto fused silica substrates by ablation of dense targets of Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 with an excess of 1 wt% Te. We investigated the effect of film thickness, ...
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Article
Thermoelectric properties of hot-pressed β-K2Bi 8Se13-x Sx materials (2013)In this work, hot-pressed pellets of the K2Bi8Se 13 family of compounds were prepared for the first time. The pellet fabrication of selected members of the K2Bi8Se 13-x Sx series was studied. Sintering parameters, such as ...
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Conference Object
Thermoelectric properties of K 2Bi 8Se 13-xS x solid solutions (Affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United StatesAffiliation: Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, CyprusAffiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United StatesCorrespondence Address: Kyratsi, T.Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States, 2006)Derivatives of β-K 2Bi 8Se 13 are an interesting series of materials for thermoelectric investigations due to their very low thermal conductivity and highly anisotropic electrical properties. Up to now substitutions on the ...
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Article
Thermoelectric properties of nanocrystalline PbTe synthesized by mechanical alloying (2010)In this work, nanocrystalline lead telluride powder was synthesized from high-purity elements by mechanical alloying by means of a planetary ball-milling procedure. The milling medium was tungsten carbide, and the diameter ... | https://gnosis.library.ucy.ac.cy/browse?type=subject&value=Thermoelectric%20properties |
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering.
Advisor
Yet-Ming Chiang.
MetadataShow full item record
Abstract
Olivine LiMPO4 (M = Fe, Mn, Co, Ni) compounds have received most attention from the battery research community as the cathodes for Li-ion batteries because of several advantages, including a high theoretical capacity, 170 mAh/g, and flat discharge potential (with respect to Li/Li+) of 3.45 V, 4.1V, 4.8V, and 5.1V, respectively, for Fe, Mn, Co, and Ni. Among these, LiFePO4 has received the most attention for its likelihood to provide low price, good cycling stability, thermal stability, and low-toxicity. It is being utilized in a new generation of Li-ion batteries for high power applications such as power tools and electric vehicles. However, LiFePO4 cathodes also have several drawbacks, such as low electronic conductivity, and slow Li-ion transport during the LiFePO4/FePO4 two-phase transformation during the charge-discharge process. This results initially in poor rate capability and making the practical utility of these compounds unclear. Numerous studies have attributed the rate capability of olivines purely to chemical diffusion limitations. Many efforts have been devoted to improving the conductivity and the rate performance of LiFePO4 cathodes. Since this class of olivines undergoes a first-order phase transition upon electrochemical cycling, in order to improve rate capability, an equally important goal is to maximize the rate of phase transformation. In this work, the impact of phase behavior and phase transformation on electrochemical properties such as voltage profile, cycle life, and rate capability of olivine compounds was studied in several aspects.(cont.) We found that: (1) the phase diagram of LilxFePO4 is size and composition-dependent; (2) elastic misfit between the triphylite and heterosite phases during electrochemical cycling plays a significant and previously unrecognized role in determining the rate capability and cycle life of olivine compounds; (3) the phase transformation path of nanoscale olivines Li1-xMPO4 (M = Mn, Fe) is much more complex than their conventional coarse grained counterparts. Upon electrochemical cycling, a fraction (increasing with increasing size) of the delithiated LiyMPO4 that is formed is partially amorphous or metastable. Finally, (4) aliovalent cation substitution is an effective and controllable way to improve electrochemical properties, especially rate capability, of the Li1-xFePO4 olivine compounds.
Description
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2009.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references.
Date issued2009
DepartmentMassachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering.
Publisher
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Keywords
Materials Science and Engineering. | https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/53252 |
August 1, 2011.
Abstract
Lanthanide containing materials are receiving increasing attention due to their wide range of potential applications including bioanalytical imaging, dye-sensitized solar cells, nano-biotechnology and catalysis. The unique spectroscopic properties (intense and sharp emission bands with high color purity and high quantum efficiency) of lanthanides make them strong candidates for use as bio-markers or selective detectors. The attractiveness of lanthanides as future imaging agents as well as recent interest in their potential use in biological media has increased the need to understand the behavior of lanthanides in the presence of other ions or in ionic media.
The complexity of the biological media and the diversity and variability of the ions present in it makes it important to be aware of any interactions between the lanthanide complexes and ions. The focus of this research is to add to the knowledge base on the absorption and emission behavior of various lanthanide complexes in the presence of a range of ionic media. This study is designed towards understanding the spectroscopic behavior of lanthanides in ionic environments.
For the first segment of the study, absorbance spectra for solutions of lanthanide (III) nitrates in de-ionized (DI) water, and in aqueous solutions of NaCl and MgCl2 were compared and contrasted. These were complemented by measurements of emission spectra. While the presence of ions did not produce distinguishable changes in the absorbance spectra, there were significant changes in the emission intensity and emission profile of those lanthanides tested.
The next step would be to measure the emission of lanthanide compounds in ionic liquids and to test a broader variety of lanthanide compounds in biological media. These results suggest that further study is warranted with consideration to the use of lanthanides as biomarkers. PNNL-SA-82039
Disciplines
Inorganic Chemistry
Mentor
Dev Chatterjee
Lab site
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)
Funding Acknowledgement
This material is based upon work supported by the S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation and by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0952013. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation or the National Science Foundation. | https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/star/85/ |
Procedures for noninvasive and minimally invasive imaging of cardiac neurons and neuronal function using radiolabeled compounds were developed in the second half of the 20th century. The foundation for these procedures was several centuries of research that identified the structural components of the autonomic nervous system and explored the means by which neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and norepinephrine contributed to neuronal control of target organ effector cells. This article provides a brief clinical overview of modern approaches to the assessment of cardiac neurons as an introduction to the in-depth articles on the current status of cardiac neuronal imaging presented in this supplement.
The importance of the role of the autonomic nervous system as a regulator of human physiologic balance and homeostasis has been appreciated for several centuries. Most of the early discoveries about this system were based on results of anatomic dissections; later research included the use of mechanical, electrical, and pharmacologic stimulation to elicit neurologic responses (1). In the 20th century, improvements in analytic techniques allowed more accurate in vitro measurements of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, which provided further understanding of the interactions and responses of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems (2,3). The use of radiolabeled versions of these neurotransmitters later offered a means to monitor in vivo pharmacodynamics and provided the first quantitative estimates of uptake and clearance of these compounds in living tissues (4,5). Research with compounds labeled with tritium (3H), 14C, and 125I laid the groundwork for the development of compounds labeled with γ- and positron-emitting radioisotopes (6). These latter developments permitted external imaging of living animals with scintillation-detection devices and gave rise to the use of nuclear medicine techniques for neuronal imaging in the second half of the 20th century (7–10).
To appreciate the strides made in imaging of the cardiac sympathetic nervous system in the past 30 y, it is necessary to understand the foundational research on norepinephrine kinetics in sympathetic nerves. Much of this research involved measurement of norepinephrine turnover, a quantitative method for estimating sympathetic nerve function that has been widely used in both animal and human subjects (6). The best validated method of measuring norepinephrine turnover involves injecting radiolabeled 3H-norepinephrine and measuring its initial uptake and then its disappearance from the heart and other organs over several hours (5,11). Studies in animals have shown that, in a variety of physiologic and pathophysiologic situations,3H-norepinephrine disappearance from the heart follows first-order kinetics, which can be characterized in terms of a fractional turnover rate, k, or turnover half-time, T1 (12). By analogy, subsequent imaging measurements using norepinephrine analogs such as metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) for SPECT and metahydroxyephedrine (MHED) for PET have sought to provide similar estimates of organ turnover as a means to discern neuronal system function in health and disease (9,13). The potential value of such information resides in its usefulness for disease quantification in general, and more specifically, in its use to estimate prognosis and likely response to therapy—both current standard of care and future cutting-edge pharmacologic, device, and genetic treatment procedures.
Because of the enormous potential value of in vivo quantitative information on the status of the autonomic nervous system, it is somewhat puzzling that clinical practitioners—and more specifically, clinical cardiologists—have been resistant to incorporating new imaging procedures into assessment and treatment algorithms and clinical guidelines. The main imaging agents in this field, 123I-MIBG and 11C-MHED, have both been widely studied for 30 y, and 123I-MIBG has been used in clinical cardiology in Japan and, to a lesser extent, in Europe, for 2 decades (10,13,14). There is no shortage of quality data on the effect of various diseases on uptake and clearance of these agents from the heart, and many studies have shown that the imaging results are predictive of both the likelihood of therapeutic response and the relative risk for various adverse outcomes despite apparently optimal, guidelines-based therapy (15–18). What then is missing from the published literature to convince cardiology thought-leaders that the imaging information is not only valuable but also actionable? The most common response to this question is that there are insufficient data documenting clinical utility. In other words, data are needed that demonstrate a better clinical outcome for patients who are studied with these procedures than comparable patients who are treated without access to this information.
This supplement presents an update on the status of autonomic nervous system imaging of the heart from experts in the field. The primary focus is on the sympathetic system and potential clinical applications of the imaging methodologies. This article provides a brief historical perspective for the more in-depth examinations that follow.
NOREPINEPHRINE
As noted previously, characterization of tissue content and turnover of norepinephrine in vivo has been extensively studied using 3H-norepinephrine. Under conditions of a steady-state infusion of this radiolabeled compound, spillover rate can be determined on the basis of the ratio of the infused radioactive norepinephrine concentration and the measured plasma norepinephrine specific activity (Fig. 1) (7,11). Cardiac spillover can be measured by intracoronary infusion of 3H-norepinephrine and sampling of the coronary sinus blood for radioactivity content. Although this method provides a total estimate of norepinephrine spillover, the relative contributions of decreased neuronal uptake and increased turnover cannot be determined using this technique, and its invasive character makes it unsuitable for use as a routine clinical diagnostic procedure.
Early efforts to produce compounds that would allow in vivo imaging of norepinephrine biologic behavior were primarily focused on direct labeling of neurotransmitters such as epinephrine and norepinephrine and the use of false neurotransmitters that were not as readily metabolized as the catecholamines. Several compounds were successfully labeled with 11C for PET imaging, including norepinephrine and epinephrine and the false neurotransmitters ephedrine and MHED (7,10). Later work using 18F as the radiolabel resulted in the synthesis of fluorodopa and fluorodopamine for sympathetic neuronal imaging (9). For conventional γ-camera imaging, the false neurotransmitter guanethidine was used as the structural basis for several iodine-labeled agents, the most successful of which was MIBG, developed by Wieland et al. (19,20) and Raffel and Wieland (21). During the past 30 y, imaging with 18F-fluorodopamine has provided data for the in vivo assessment of norepinephrine synthesis, whereas 11C-MHED, 11C-ephedrine, and 123I-MIBG have been extensively used to estimate the presynaptic reuptake and storage behavior of norepinephrine (7,9,10).
More limited work has been done to investigate the postsynaptic receptors in the myocardium. This has primarily involved PET imaging using labeled β blockers such as 11C-(4-(3-t-butylamino-2-hydroxypropoxy)-benzimidazol-1) and 18F-fluorocarazolol (Fig. 2) (10). Postsynaptic muscarinic receptors have also been imaged using the compound 11C-methylquinuclidinyl benzylate (7). Although results using these and similar agents have provided valuable insights into the effects of various cardiac disease processes on receptor density and function, it is unclear whether this type of imaging will have clinical applications in the foreseeable future.
123I-MIBG
Of all cardiac neuronal imaging agents, the one with the greatest research and clinical experience is 123I-MIBG. Hundreds of research studies and tens of thousands of clinical examinations have been performed since the compound was developed more than 35 y ago at the University of Michigan (13,15,21). 123I-MIBG scintigraphy identifies tissues capable of concentrating neuroadrenergic amines, thereby providing a means to document the loss of autoregulatory sympathetic neuronal function (22). In the heart, 123I-MIBG imaging can identify sympathetic neuronal injury that may not be apparent from other functional or anatomic imaging examinations (23).
During the past 25 y, studies have shown that the degree of reduction of cardiac 123I-MIBG uptake is related to the severity of heart failure and the subsequent prognosis (24–28). 123I-MIBG imaging can also be used for assessing response to any therapies used to treat heart failure, including angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (29), angiotensin receptor blockers (30), β blockers (31), aldosterone inhibitors (32), and devices such as biventricular pacemakers for cardiac resynchronization (33) or left ventricular assist devices (34). Heart failure patients with moderate to severely reduced myocardial 123I-MIBG uptake as a reflection of myocardial denervation have the poorest outcomes (27,28,35), in terms of morbidity and mortality from pump failure as well as from unstable arrhythmias that often precede the occurrence of sudden cardiac death (Fig. 3) (36–38).
CONCLUSION
Because derangements of cardiac innervation are common in most heart diseases, and because heart failure is a chronic condition that affects more than 5 million patients in the United States (39), there is a compelling reason to identify the clinical circumstances under which imaging of neuronal function is beneficial. It is evident that quantitative measures of the condition of the cardiac nervous system can provide useful supplementary information for the clinician. In the same way that assessment of myocardial perfusion supplements anatomic information on the status of the coronary arteries, assessment of myocardial innervation adds to the information provided by functional and anatomy-based techniques such as echocardiography, CT, and cardiac MR imaging. The challenge is to define the patient populations for whom neuronal imaging has the greatest benefit for improving quality of life and clinical outcome.
The articles in this supplement summarize the current thinking of cardiology and imaging experts. The essential message is that imaging of neuronal function provides new information about a fundamental physiologic attribute of the heart that is complementary to the results of other standard imaging and in vitro methods currently used by clinicians as part of routine clinical care. The ultimate beneficiary of cardiac neuronal imaging will be the patient, who will not only have a better understanding of the severity of his or her heart condition but will also be better equipped to judge whether the potential benefits of the proposed therapeutic options are sufficient to justify any associated risks.
DISCLOSURE
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
- © 2015 by the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Inc.
REFERENCES
- Received for publication February 5, 2015.
- Accepted for publication April 2, 2015. | https://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/56/Supplement_4/3S.full |
Experiments cast light on elusive element
A study of newly made chemical compounds is giving scientists a fresh understanding of an elusive element.
Researchers made compounds of neptunium – which is difficult to work with owing to its high radioactivity – and examined them to learn more about its properties and behaviour.
These challenging experiments, carried out in a specialised lab, were designed to give insight into the fundamental structure and bonding properties of elements in parts of the periodic table that have not been studied in detail.
Waste management
Their fundamental discoveries may aid research into the management of nuclear waste, by helping scientists understand how chemicals can be used to separate the most radioactive elements.
This could reduce the time taken for stored waste’s radiation levels to decay to safe levels from hundreds of thousands to a few hundred years.
It could also help a greater amount of nuclear waste to be recycled.
International team
A global team led by University of Edinburgh chemists made a series of metallo-carbon neptunium compounds and carried out in-depth analyses to determine their molecular and electronic structures.
Studying such compounds in the lab also helps computational researchers to improve their predictions about the more highly radioactive elements present in nuclear waste that are even more difficult to study.
The work, published in Nature Chemistry, was carried out in collaboration with the European Commission’s Institute for Transuranium Elements, the University of Manchester, and the University of Tasmania.
It was funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and the European Commission.
These new results open avenues for improving our understanding of this most elusive area of the periodic table, and how we may be better able to manage these elements safely. | https://www.ed.ac.uk/news/2016/experiments-cast-light-on-elusive-element |
VITEEE Syllabus 2022, Section & Subject Wise Syllabus- Check Here
Latest Applications Open 2022:
VITEEE 2022 Syllabus most Important part of Examination. Vellore Institute of Technology Engineering Entrance Examination (VITEEE) organizes its entrance exam.
VIT University claims to admit students on merit basis through an online entrance exam.
In Chennai Campus, they are offered B.tech programs are- behaviors Civil Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering, Electronics and Computer Engineering, Fashion Technology, Electronics, and Communication Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Mechanical Engineering.
Physics
Laws of Motion & Work, Energy, and Power
Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications. Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction, lubrication.
Properties of Matter
behaviors, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus, bulk modulus, the shear modulus of rigidity, Poisson’s ratio, elastic energy. Viscosity, Stokes’ law, terminal velocity, streamline and turbulent flow, critical velocity. Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications.
Electrostatics
Charges and their conservation; Coulomb’s law-forces between two point electric charges, Forces between multiple electric charges-superposition principles. Electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines; electric dipole, electric field intensity due to a dipole, the behavior of a dipole in a uniform electric field.
Electric potential, potential difference-electric potential due to a point charge and dipole-equipotential surfaces electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges.
Current Electricity
Electric Current flow of charges in a metallic conductor drift velocity and mobility and their relation with an electric current. Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics electrical resistivity and conductivity-classification of materials in terms of conductivity, Carbon resistors, color code for carbon resistors, combination of resistors- series and parallel, temperature dependence of resistance, internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, combinations of cells in series and in parallel.
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
Magnetic effect of electric current, Concept of magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment, Biot-Savart law-Magnetic field due to an infinitely long current carrying straight wire and circular coil, Tangent galvanometer, construction and working, Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines.
Electromagnetic Induction & Alternating Current
Electromagnetic induction, Faraday’s law, induced emf and current, Lenz’s law. Self-induction, Mutual induction, self-inductance of a long solenoid, the mutual inductance of two long solenoids. Methods of inducing emf, (i) by changing magnetic induction (ii) by changing area enclosed by the coil and (iii) by changing the orientation of the coil (quantitative treatment).
Optics
Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total internal reflection, and its applications, optical fibers, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens maker’s formula.
Magnification, the power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, the combination of a lens and a mirror. Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism. Scattering of the light-blue color of the sky and reddish appearances of the sun at sunrise and sunset.
Dual Nature of Radiation & Atomic Physics
Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics, laws of photoelectric emission, Electromagnetic spectrum, Photoelectric effect, Light waves and photons, Einstein’s photoelectric equation, photo cells and their applications Atomic structure, particle nature of light, discovery of the electron, specific charge (Thomson’s method) and charge of the electron (Millikan’s oil drop method) alpha scattering, Rutherford’s atom model.
Nuclear Physics
Nuclear properties, nuclear radii, masses, binding energy, density, charge, isotopes, isobars and isotones, nuclear mass defect, the stability of nuclei, binding energy, Bainbridge mass spectrometer.
Discovery, properties, artificial transmutation, Nature of nuclear forces, Neutron, particle accelerator. Radioactivity, alpha, beta and gamma radiations and their properties, Radioactive decay law, half-life, mean life, artificial radioactivity, radio isotopes, effects and uses, Geiger, Muller counter. Radio carbon dating. Nuclear fission, chain reaction, the atom bomb, nuclear reactor, nuclear fusion, Hydrogen bomb, cosmic rays, elementary particles.
Semiconductor Devices and their Applications
Insulators and semiconductors, Semiconductor basics, energy band in solids: the difference between metals, semiconductor doping, Intrinsic and Extrinsic semiconductors.
Formation of P-N Junction, Barrier potential and depletion layer-P-N Junction diode, Forward and reverse bias characteristics, diode as a rectifier, Zener diode-Zener diode as a voltage regulator, LED. Junction transistors, characteristics, transistor as a switch, transistor as an amplifier, transistor as an oscillator.
Logic gates, NOT, OR, AND, EXOR using discrete components, NAND and NOR gates as universal gates, De Morgan’s theorem, Laws and theorems of Boolean algebra.
Chemistry
Atomic Structure
Bohr’s atomic model-Sommerfeld’s extension of atomic structure; Pauli’s exclusion principle, Electronic configuration, and Quantum numbers; Shapes of s,p,d,f orbitals, Hund’s Rule of maximum multiplicity- Aufbau principle. Emission and absorption spectra, line and band spectra; Hydrogen spectrum Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Brackett and Pfund series; de Broglie’s theory; Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle wave nature of electron Schrodinger wave equation (No derivation). Eigen values and eigen functions. Hybridization of atomic orbitals involving s,p and d orbitals.
p,d and f Block Elements
Hydrogen halides, p-block elements Phosphorous compounds; PCR, PCR Oxides. Inter halogen compounds. Xenon fluoride compounds. General Characteristics of d-block elements electronic Configuration Oxidation states of first-row transition elements and their colors.
Occurrence and principles of extraction: Copper, Silver, Gold, and Zinc. Preparation and properties of CuSO, AgNO and K Cr O.Lanthanides-Introduction, electronic configuration, General characteristics, oxidation, state lanthanide contraction, uses, the brief comparison of Lanthanides and Actinides.
Coordination Chemistry & Solid State Chemistry
Introduction, Terminology in coordination chemistry, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds. Isomerism, Geometrical isomerism in 4-coordinate, 6-coordinate complexes.
Theories on coordination compounds, Werner’s theory (brief), Valence Bond theory. Use of coordination compounds. Bioinorganic compounds (Haemoglobin and chlorophyll).
Lattice unit cell, systems, types of crystals, packing in solids; Ionic crystals, Imperfections in solids, point defects. X-Ray diffraction, Electrical Property, Amorphous solids (elementary ideas only).
Thermodynamics, Chemical Equilibrium & Chemical Kinetics
spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes, I and II law of thermodynamics, entropy, Gibb’s free energy, Free energy change, and chemical equilibrium, the significance of entropy.
Le Chatlier’s principle, Law of mass action, applications of chemical equilibrium. Rate expression, order, and molecularity of reactions, zero order, first order, and pseudo-first-order reaction, half-life period.
Determination of rate constant and order of the reaction. Temperature dependence of rate constant, Arrhenius equation and activation energy.
Electrochemistry
Theory of electrical conductance; metallic and electrolytic conductance. Faraday’s laws, the theory of strong electrolytes Specific resistance, specific conductance, equivalent and molar conductance, Variation of conductance with dilutionKohlrausch’s Law, Ionic product of water, pH and pH buffer solutions, use of pH values. Cells, Electrodes and electrode potentials, construction of cell and EMF values, Fuel cells, Corrosion, and its prevention.
Also, Check
Isomerism in Organic Compounds
Classification, structural isomerism, Definition, stereoisomerism- geometrical and optical isomerism. Optical activity chirality, compounds containing chiral centers, R, S notation, D, L notation.
Alcohols & Ethers
Classification of alcohols, distinction 0 0 0 between 1, 2 and 3 alcohols, Nomenclature of alcohols, General methods of preparation of primary alcohols, properties. Methods of preparation of dihydric alcohols: Glycol, Properties, Uses.
Methods of preparation of trihydric-alcohols, Properties Uses. Aromatic alcohol preparation and properties of phenols and benzyl alcohol.
Ethers, Nomenclature of others, general methods of preparation of aliphatic ethers, Properties, Uses. Aromatic ethers Preparation of Anisole, Uses.
Carbonyl Compounds
Nomenclature of carbonyl compounds, Comparison of aldehydes and ketones. General methods of preparation of aldehydesProperties, Uses. Aromatic aldehydes, Preparation of benzaldehyde, Properties, and Uses. Ketones general methods of preparation of aliphatic ketones (acetone), Properties, Uses. Aromatic ketones, preparation of acetophenone, Properties Uses, preparation of benzophenone, Properties.
Name Reactions; Clemmenson reduction, Wolff Kishner reduction, Cannizzaro reaction, Claisen Schmidt reaction, Benzoin Condensation, Aldol Condensation. Preparation and applications of Grignard reagents.
Carboxylic Acids & their derivatives
Preparation of aliphatic monocarboxylic acid formic acid, Nomenclature, Properties, Uses. Monohydroxy monocarboxylic acids; Lactic acid, Synthesis of lactic acid. Aliphatic dicarboxylic acids; Preparation of oxalic and succinic acids. Aromatic acids; Benzoic and Salicylic acids, Properties, Uses.
Derivatives of carboxylic acids; acetyl chloride (CH COCl), Preparation 3 Properties, Uses. Preparation of acetamide, Properties- acetic anhydride -Preparation, Properties. Preparation of esters methyl acetate, Properties.
Organic Nitrogen Compounds & Biomolecules
Aliphatic nitro compounds, Preparation of aliphatic nitroalkanesProperties, Uses. Aromatic nitro compounds, Preparation Properties, Uses. The distinction between aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds.
Amines; aliphatic amines, General methods of 0 0 0 preparation Properties Distinction between 1, 2 and 3 amines. Aromatic amines, Synthesis of benzylamine Properties, Aniline Preparation Properties, Uses.
Differences between aliphatic and aromatic amines. Aliphatic nitriles, Preparation – properties Uses. Diazonium salts, Preparation of benzene diazonium chloride Properties.
If you HAVE any query regarding VITEEE Syllabus 2022, you can ask your query leave comments below. | https://www.iaspaper.net/viteee-syllabus/ |
National Eligibility cum Entrance Exam (UG) 2019 is applicable for all quota seats. It is basically for admission to MBBS/ BDS course. On official website www.aipmt.nic.in all the information is displayed for the NEET Phase 2 exam. NEET Phase II Exam Pattern & Syllabus is being defined below as per which the candidates can prepare well for the exam. PCB syllabus has to be prepared well for the MBBS & BDS course so that you can score much above the cut off level in exam.
NEET II Exam Pattern:
|Exam Type||Objective|
|Total Questions||180|
|Subjects Included||Physics, Chemistry, Biology|
|Total Time||3 Hours|
|Exam Mode||English/ Hindi|
NEET II Syllabus: The topics studied in Class 11th & 12th will be part of exam. For each subject the details of topics are given below-
CLASS 11-
|Biology||Physics||Chemistry|
|Human physiology||Motion of system of Particles||Equilibrium|
|Diversity in living world||Physical world & Measurement||Structure of atom|
|Cell structure and function||Gravitation||Thermodynamics|
|Diversity in living world||Work, Energy & Power||Basics of Chemistry|
|Plant physiology||Kinematics||Redox reaction|
|Laws of motion||Classification of elements and periodicity in properties|
|Properties of bulk matter||Hydrogen & Organic chemistry|
|Thermodynamics||Chemical bonding and molecular structure|
|Behavior of perfect gas||s- block & p- block elements|
|Oscillations & Waves||States of matter|
|Kinetic Theory||Hydrocarbons|
|Environmental Chemistry|
CLASS 12-
|Biology||Physics||Chemistry|
|Ecology and Environment||Current electricity||Solid state|
|Reproduction||Electrostatics||Haloalkanes & Haloarenes|
|Biology and Human welfare||Electromagnetic waves||Electrochemistry|
|Genetics and Evolution||Optics||Chemistry in Everyday life|
|Biotechnology and its applications||Dual nature of matter & radiation||Solutions|
|Atoms & nuclei||Chemical Kinetics|
|Electronic devices||Surface Chemistry|
|Magnetic effects of current & Magnetism||General Principles and processes of isolation of elements|
|Electromagnetic induction and alternating currents||Alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, nitrogen containing compounds|
|Biomolecules|
|P, d, f block elements|
|Polymers|
|Coordination Compounds|
For any further details of NEET syllabus, you can download the syllabus PDF for the exam. NEET II Syllabus PDF is attached along for your exam practice. | https://www.questionpaperz.in/neet-syllabus-exam-pattern/ |
The influence of biogenic organic compounds on cloud formation
Abstract: Aerosols and clouds provide the largest uncertainty in the atmospheric radiation budget. The main focus of this thesis was to investigate the ability of organic compounds in aerosol particles to form clouds, and more specifically those emitted by living organisms.The cloud forming properties of the highly water-soluble methyltetrols and polyols, which are compounds produced by plants and fungi that are common in aerosol, were studied. All compounds and their salt mixtures have a moderate potential to serve as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). They are thus not likely to have a significant global impact on cloudiness.The potential presence of surfactants released by microorganisms was investigated for aerosols sampled at different locations. Very low surface tension values were measured for these aerosol extracts (30 mN/m), which implies that these aerosols have good CCN properties and indicate the presence of biosurfactants. Their occurrence in aerosols still needs to be confirmed directly by chemical identification.Reactions of organic compounds in sulfate salt solutions exposed to UV-light were studied and found to produce surface active compounds. Thus, mixed sulfate/organic aerosol could have more favourable CCN properties after exposure to light than when kept in the dark. The surface active compounds were proposed to be long-chained organosulfates with hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts, similar to other amphiphilic surfactants.Mixtures of salt and strong surfactants formed by bacteria were studied using two different techniques for determining their CCN properties. There were inconsistencies between the two methods which could be accounted for by surface partitioning. The studied mixtures were determined to be good potential CCN material in both techniques.All these aspects require further investigation, but if the impact of strong biogenic surfactants on cloud formation is confirmed, a new link between living organisms and climate would be identified. | https://www.dissertations.se/dissertation/b1c4d97884/ |
The Lab aims to increase the use of scientific research, tools, and analysis to improve development outcomes. From mapping critically endangered species in the Lower Mekong River region of Southeast Asia, to working with local university partners in Sub-Saharan Africa to equip vulnerable communities to respond to complex crises and build a platform for collaborative learning. Our programs are also breaking down cultural stereotypes to support and encourage more women to pursue careers in science.
We are partnering with academic communities, other Federal agencies, and the private sector to build local scientific capacity through three broad programs:
Higher Education Solutions Network (HESN)
HESN is a partnership between USAID and seven top universities to harness the ingenuity and passion of university students, researchers, and faculty to deliver solutions to global development challenges. Through HESN, USAID has created eight Development Labs that incubate, catalyze and scale new science and tech-based solutions.
Partnerships for Enhanced Engagement in Research (PEER)
PEER is a grants program that funds scientists and engineers in developing countries in partnership with U.S. government-funded researchers to address global development challenges. PEER catalyzes collaborative research and establishes enduring relationships that build scientific capacity and strengthen the research ecosystem in developing countries.
Research and Innovation Fellowships (RI Fellowships)
RI Fellowships connects U.S. graduate student researchers from six universities to host organizations globally that have articulated a need for scientific, research, or technical expertise to address pressing development challenges. Students provide critical research and technical expertise to development projects and initiatives driven by the goals and priorities of nongovernmental and governmental host organizations in developing countries.
Additional Research Partnerships
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Pakistan-U.S. Science and Technology Cooperation Program
A joint program between USAID and the government of Pakistan, the Pakistan-U.S. Science and Technology Cooperation Program has supported approximately 70 research projects that reflect Pakistani development goals and USAID priorities.
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U.S.-Egypt Joint Fund
The U.S.-Egypt Joint Fund fosters development, strengthens scientific and technological capabilities, and promotes cooperation for peaceful purposes.
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Seeding Labs
USAID provides funding for Seeding Labs, a non-profit organization that provides donated lab equipment to universities in developing countries around the world. Seeding Labs helps create and support a culture of sustainable scientific research and productivity. | https://2012-2017.usaid.gov/GlobalDevLab/about/science |
Centre for Research in Sustainable Aviation (CRSA)
Housed in the University of Toronto’s Institute of Aerospace Studies, the Centre for Research in Sustainable Aviation combines traditional education with research projects and industrial partnerships. Such projects and partnerships produce a new generation of highly qualified engineers and innovative solutions addressing the environmental impacts of aviation.
Designing modern aircraft is a tightly integrated process requiring interdisciplinary interaction between aerospace practitioners: aerodynamicists, structural designers, propulsion experts, and control specialists. The CRSA addresses the need for scientists and engineers with the skills to develop future generations of environmentally sustainable aircraft. Its NSERC CREATE program boasts interdisciplinary technical training and collaborative opportunities with leaders in academia and industry, professional development opportunities, and four-month internships with the largest employers for aeronautical engineers and researchers in Canada. | https://trilliummfg.ca/ecosystem_partners/centre-for-research-in-sustainable-aviation-crsa/ |
Center for Clean Energy Engineering (C2E2) at the University of Connecticut is a multi-disciplinary research center focusing on education, research, and innovation in sustainable energy systems. By catalyzing the transformation of science-to-systems for a global "Sustainable Energy Economy," our faculty and students work together in partnership with federal, state, and industrial leaders to develop and accelerate cost-effective solutions to tackle global energy and environmental concerns.
Our Mission is to become a leader in transforming science to systems; bridging the gap from fossil fuels to 100% renewable energy and enabling the development of economical solutions for critical technical issues; and providing guidance and leadership in solving global societal issues ranging from sustainable energy to the environment.
From Ideas to Implementation
Capitalizing on its historical leadership in fuel cells, C2E2 continuously reevaluates and expands its mission and capabilities encompassing a comprehensive portfolio of energy technologies from conventional fuels to renewables, to energy storage. This broader focus uniquely positions us to provide breakthrough research and world-class education that, in collaboration with partners, enables the development and adoption of cost-effective engineered energy solutions.
Research and Innovation
Our center consists of an excellent and diverse group of faculty and researchers who are experts in their field. Our team conducts fundamental and applied research through programs sponsored by federal and state government agencies, national laboratories, and industrial partners. Through these efforts we discover and apply scientific knowledge and develop innovative solutions to real-world concerns in the areas of:
Education and Workforce Development
Through our research and educations programs, we are dedicated to providing individuals with foundational knowledge and skills pertaining to energy technology and policy. We offer our students and researchers opportunities to participate in integrated, hands-on opportunities under the mentorship of leading energy faculty and industry experts. We manage a graduate degree program (MS in Advanced Manufacturing for Energy Systems) funded by US DoE and hold outreach programs for students and educators at the K-12 level, undergraduate and graduate students, and industry professionals.
Partnerships
We are proud of our collaborative research culture. We are committed to providing our partners with cost-effective solutions to their energy challenges through the development and deployment of state-of-the-art technologies. Our commitment to these professional collaborations ensure relevancy of our research and provide a real-world experience for our faculty and students. | https://www.energy.uconn.edu/about/ |
Since the beginning of 2020, scientists at the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR) have been working together on the designs of climate-neutral commercial aircraft in the EXACT project (Exploration of Electric Aircraft Concepts and Technologies). The concept of a fleet consisting of regional, short-haul and medium-haul aircraft with a wide range of propulsion concepts is now available as an interim result. These include regional aircraft with distributed electric drives and short- and medium-haul aircraft with turboprop and turbofan drives. These can be operated hybrid-electrically by means of hydrogen fuel cells as well as by direct combustion of hydrogen or sustainable aviation fuels (SAF).
"Especially between the technology options based on hydrogen and SAF, a race is emerging. We would now like to take the aircraft concepts and energy scenarios we have developed forward together with partners from industry and science and deepen them in joint cooperation projects for climate-neutral aviation," explains project leader Dr. Johannes Hartmann from the DLR Institute for System Architectures in Aviation in Hamburg.
Both the full life cycle of the aircraft and the process of extracting, transporting and delivering renewable fuels have now been comprehensively considered in the climate impact analysis of the new configurations. The overall goal of the EXACT project is to design new aircraft configurations that can be operational with at least 70 seats and a range of 2,000 kilometers by 2035. The innovative aircraft designs are to use new technologies to eliminate CO2 emissions. To this end, the project team first studied conventional propulsion systems in order to understand them in detail. From these findings, the team was able to develop different propulsion concepts and possible aircraft configurations, as well as evaluate their interaction in an entire fleet of different aircraft sizes.
Climate neutral from the start
The collaboration of 20 DLR institutes with their respective expertise and joint system competence makes it possible to consider and consider the entire life cycle of an aircraft - from production and operation to decommissioning and subsequent recycling. To this end, the project team has designed all the components of the respective aircraft in detail and examined how they interact.
"Next, we want to look at certification and industrialization requirements in more detail in joint projects with industry," says Hartmann "Medium-sized companies in particular can use our aircraft concepts to plan the pre-development of their supplier parts for larger industrial operations at an early stage."
In the near future, SAF could already reduce the climate impact. In the long term, these, like direct hydrogen combustion, offer the potential to reduce the climate impact by up to 90 percent. However, completely different technologies are needed for hydrogen-powered aircraft. In addition, airport infrastructures and maintenance operations will have to be adapted, and aviation personnel will have to be retrained.
There is also a special focus on looking at the life cycle - not only of the aircraft, but also of the individual energy sources. The engineers and scientists are investigating the environmental impact of individual aircraft types from design to decommissioning. By environmental impact, the researchers mean not only the emission of CO2 and greenhouse gases, but also, for example, water consumption or the contamination of soils by pollutants. This means they also look at the impact on the environment and climate before an aircraft component is produced and what happens to the materials after recycling.
"Green" energy sources
Green electricity and water are needed to produce enough "green" hydrogen. In special industrial processes, the hydrogen is further processed into SAF. The EXACT project is investigating scenarios for transporting the energy sources to the places where aviation takes place in the most sustainable way possible. "Directly linking such issues to aircraft design and technology development is completely new in our project. Petroleum has always been extracted from the earth and processed in refineries to produce kerosene. Producing sustainable fuels is much more complex. Solar power, for example, could be generated in the desert, and water is available on coasts. In EXACT, we are researching how these energy sources can be transported and processed as efficiently as possible so that they can ultimately be used in aircraft," says Hartmann. The scientists are already taking fuel production into account in scenarios for sustainable energy generation with subsequent production of hydrogen and SAF when planning new types of aircraft. They link this to the correspondingly necessary infrastructure so that a new aviation system is planned from the outset to be sustainable and economically operable.
In the second half of the project, holistic solutions are now to be found in which the technology modules interlock optimally. Only then will it be possible to make a final, reliable assessment of the various technologies and energy sources in terms of their impact on the climate. | https://www.hamburg-aviation.de/en/detail/details/news/dlr-presents-new-aircraft-concepts-for-climate-neutral-aviation.html |
From advice to project acceptance - we support you holistically with our expert knowledge.
Our specialists work closely with you to realize joint ideas. They are at your side from the start of a project to providing support when the project is handed over. Whether individual development or ambitious large-scale projects - with us you have a sovereign and powerful partner at your side.
With modern and advanced systems, we achieve the highest levels of efficiency and tailor-made solutions in production. Maximum energy efficiency is achieved through the use of nano filter technology and sensor monitoring. Benefit from our innovative and flexible products in high quality Made in Germany.
Research and development results developed with well-known experts and universities flow continuously into new and innovative solutions. This ensures that our products and their sustainable production meet contemporary requirements.
Through our products, we assume responsibility for bringing nature into the cities for future generations. Our efforts go far beyond reducing emissions. Rather, the recyclability of our products through to the reprocessing and return of valuable materials to the production cycle is firmly anchored in our actions.
Find all the information about our products in one place in our download area. | https://humberg-baumschutz.de/en/services/professionals |
DTU will promote promising fields of research within the technical and the natural sciences, especially based on usefulness to society, relevance to business and sustainability.
International collaboration is an integrated part of DTUs activities and a prerequisite for DTUs status as an international elite university.
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Learn more about President Anders O. Bjarklev.
FOSS contributes to the sustainable use of our planet’s agricultural resources and thus to the nutrition and health of the people of the world. We make it our business to build analytical solutions, which add value by improving food quality and optimising production, from raw material to finished product.
Our analyses turn measurement into information. Information, which businesses use to run intelligent data-driven productions with less waste and bigger yields.
FOSS is family-owned and was founded by Nils Foss in Hillerød in 1956. We are a global company and our products and services are sold all around the world. FOSS employs 1,500 highly qualified people worldwide.
A new strategic partnership between DTU and FOSS will strengthen the existing relations within research, development and education. The aim is to create a platform for common projects and goals, and to ensure a long-term collaborative relationship between the two parties. Focus areas will be AI and analytics in food quality and safety, and sensors and measurement technologies within the field of food and agriculture.
Tommy Bysted, SVP for Research & Development at FOSS, says on the partnership: “Innovation is part of our DNA here at FOSS, and new thinking thrives in a learning environment, where ideas can be bounced around, challenged and developed. Strong and strategic partnerships with innovative institutions such as DTU is definitely a catalyst for further innovation for FOSS, and I hope also for our partner.”
“DTU has a long tradition of working with decision-makers and industry. When students, researchers and companies cooperate, new innovative ideas and new jobs can be created,” says Marianne Thellersen, Director for Innovation and Entrepreneurship at DTU.
“DTU’s strategic partnerships have a positive impact on our researchers and students, who can enter into research collaborations with the industry. In doing so, I hope we can join forces in developing sustainable solutions to the benefit of society."
Focus Areas for Innovation
The strategic partnership will focus on areas where FOSS and DTU have common or compatible interests. That is the case specifically within four fields: artificial intelligence in food and agriculture, food and agriculture analysis, food and agriculture safety, and finally sensors and measurement technologies.
Collaboration in these four areas will evolve around research, development and education, and will take the forms of collaborative projects, joint seminars, workshops, symposia, and student programs. The aim is to build up capacity and competencies both at FOSS and at DTU, and to develop leading edge science, technology and innovation. Further, the collaboration is meant to increase students’ and graduates’ knowledge of career possibilities within the focus areas.
The partnership will run over the next years. In the shorter time horizon, FOSS will be present at the High Tech Summit, a trade fair and conference at DTU this October, and relevant departments at DTU will be invited for the Prize Talks in connection to this year’s Nils Foss Excellence Prize in November.
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PROCiência 2020, Incentive System for the Production of Scientific and Technological Knowledge of the Autonomous Region of Madeira, is aimed directly at companies (SMEs and Non-SMEs) and with the objective of strengthening the competitive capacity of the regional economy by boosting projects in strategic areas Research, Development and Innovation (R&D&I) in companies, between companies and the entities that make up the Regional System for the Development of Research, Technology, and Innovation (SRDITI) and Higher Education institutions, fully aligned with the objectives and priorities defined within the scope of the regional RIS3, in order to ensure a threshold of technological skills that allow the transformation of the knowledge generated into new products and services.
FCT and the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD) hereby launch a call for joint project proposals from Portuguese and German research teams, for the 2022-2023 period. The funding is intended, strictly, for the mobility of researchers participating in the projects: travel costs and stay of Portuguese researchers in Germany (project budget: 2000€/year). Priority will be given to new projects/new teams and to teams that have not had funding in the last calls.
The aim of the network is to promote the growth of start-ups, SMEs, large companies, research centers, and HEIs by funding and supporting international cooperation in R&D, providing services to prepare them for access to investment.
ERC Advanced Grants are designed to support excellent Principal Investigators at the career stage at which they have already established research leaders with a recognized track record of research achievements. Principal Investigators must demonstrate the ground-breaking nature, ambition, and feasibility of their scientific proposal. Researchers with a track record of at least ten years can apply for up to €2.5 million.
This action aims to foster cooperation and coordination between EU-level actions and complementary national, regional, and local actions in support of the implementation of missions. The mission concept aims to deliver societal impact. The missions will require commitment and a sense of ownership across the European Union. The support of Member States and Associated Countries, regional and local actors, and actions that are complementary to EU-level action is needed to deliver on the envisaged societal impacts of missions.
Cities are at the forefront of the transition towards greater sustainability. An increasing number of European cities are actively pursuing the transition towards climate-neutrality, aligning with the objectives set by the European Green Deal Strategy.
In order to contribute to the European Green Deal objectives of climate-neutrality, sustainability, prosperity, and inclusiveness, cities will have to undergo a rapid and radical transformation and come up with creative, sustainable, and collaborative solutions. A well-co-designed public space provides the unique opportunity to improve its climate-neutrality while increasing its attractiveness and social inclusiveness. As promoted by the New European Bauhaus initiative, a systemic co-designed approach to ‘quality climate-neutral urban transformation’ can create a living space, where the best technical performances meet citizens’ social, emotional, cultural, and aesthetic needs and values.
Aligned with the strategic objectives of the Program, this call aims to support actors of our transatlantic community implementing short-term thematic advanced training actions, led by experts from UT Austin and Portugal to offer a deep dive into topics falling under the Program’s Knowledge Areas.
The EIC Transition Open aims at funding innovation activities that go beyond the experimental proof of principle in the laboratory. The EIC Transition Open is twofold, supporting both the maturation and validation of novel technology and the development of a business case and business model towards the innovation’s future commercialization. EIC Transition projects should address both technology and market/business dimensions where iterative learning processes based on early customer feedback are possible. For further information, please refer to the EIC Work Programme 2021 under the EIC Transition Open section.
The proposals are expected to develop energy storage technologies or combined energy harvesting/storage technologies ready for investment and business development, with the perspective to capture specific systems integration opportunities.
This topic concerns the generation of innovations that combine technological and social innovation and engage industry and society to serve the EU’s priorities. It will provide social innovators with financial and capacity-building support to develop their ideas into concrete solutions enabling businesses to transform towards more resilience, sustainability, and inclusion. It will also promote a new European culture of social innovation and social entrepreneurship.
Proposals under this topic bring together several complementary and interdisciplinary RIs to provide trans-national access (in-person, when the user visits the infrastructure to make use of it or remote access) and/or virtual access to integrated and customized RI services for challenge-driven research and innovation.
Climate change and land use are increasing the occurrence and the severity of natural hazards notably floods, storm surges, landslides, droughts, desertification, cryosphere melting, and fires in Europe and their negative impacts. Research to understand the interlinked processes and to develop new knowledge and tools necessary to better predict, mitigate and adapt to these risks requires an integrated and strongly cross-disciplinary approach and access to very diverse research infrastructures (such as observatories, experimental facilities, modeling capacities, or data infrastructures).
This topic aims at integrating and providing transnational and/or virtual access to complementary and interdisciplinary research infrastructures services to support R&I in view of achieving sustainable and resilient agriculture and support agroecological transitions, in line with the One-Health approach. This approach appears to be particularly relevant to provide evidence to restore biodiversity, increase efficiency in the use of resources and prevent future crises
Proposals should address an integrated development of the next generation of industrially scalable and robust reactor technologies and associated catalytic materials for an electrified chemical production with an optimized design, up to pilot unit; environmental and techno-economic impact studies should be part of the objectives to demonstrate the industrial feasibility and integration within the value chain of production and use of renewable energy sources; solutions allowing the combined use of renewable energy resources with process intensification should be investigated in order to optimize energy efficiency, product yield, and purity as an integrated part of the total process.
This action brings together several complementary and interdisciplinary key research infrastructures relevant for materials research and innovation for a circular economy. The facilities will provide coordinated and integrated transnational and/or virtual access to technically advanced instrumentation and scientific methods in a user-friendly way. The facilities will also jointly develop and provide specific service workflows that are relevant for the R&I activities. The facilities will provide training for their use including for services such as materials modeling, data mining, and experiment design.
To develop tools for industry to enhance efficiency and contributing to less waste and emissions while improving material/product/process quality all along the lifecycle of a product/service system. The proposals should have a holistic approach, with a minimum of three demonstrators/use-cases, covering the entire material/product/process life cycle and proving the interoperability of data across the life cycle stages across industry domains.
Actions should develop and demonstrate innovative pilots for the clean and sustainable production of non-energy, non-agricultural raw materials in the EU from end-of-life products, targeting at least one of the following: waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), batteries, wood-based panels, multi-material paper packaging, end-of-life tires finishing at Technology Readiness Levels (TRL) 6-7.
This topic aims at providing trans-national access and/or virtual access to integrated and customized RI services for curiosity-driven research in wide scientific domains, offered by a wide range of complementary and interdisciplinary top-level research infrastructures. Scientific domains are identified on the basis of a Multi-Annual Priority Setting (MAPS) exercise aiming at achieving a balanced coverage of scientific disciplines addressed under the INFRASERV destination as well as complementarities with Horizon 2020 ongoing grants offering access provision.
Enable the enforcement and implementation of the EOSC Persistent Identifier (PID) policy by developing tools, processes, and additional infrastructure required to support the use of PIDs to a maximal extent, for both the management and analysis of data, and also the publication, curation, and tracking of research outputs.
Actions should develop digital twins that provide advanced modeling, simulation, and prediction capabilities to RIs and their research communities through a convergent use of advanced digital technologies such as high-performance computing, software, AI methods, and big data analytics.
Societal trust in the research system and confidence in its outcomes are vital to ensure the EU’s contribution to attaining the Sustainable Development Goals and to achieve the European Green Deal targets; for the uptake of innovation in society; and for continued public support for investment in R&I.
The call for projects from the EUROGIA Cluster, promoted within the scope of the EUREKA Network, is now open. The call, aimed at innovative international collaboration projects for the development of green transition technologies and sustainable environmental solutions, accepts applications until September 30th.
In line with the European Green Deal’s zero pollution ambition and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive, successful proposals will support the development and implementation of a policy vision and the transition needed to reach clean European seas, cutting across behavioral, social-economic, and governance spheres. A better understanding of major obstacles and showcasing of best practices on the implementation of sustainable and effective marine pollution reduction, prevention, mitigation measures, and monitoring; Improved support, with a set of guidelines, for the needed blue-green transition to reach the policy vision of achieving clean European seas by 2030.
The increased use of drones for sectoral and societal purposes can be observed in the EU. Also in the field of agricultural production, drones are used in the EU, whereby to different extents across the Member States because of environmental, socio-economic, and also regulatory framing conditions. While the use of drones can bring advantages to agricultural production, e.g. to collect data on crop conditions, it also goes along with risks emanating from the use of the unmanned vehicle itself, or the activity it is carrying out. For several reasons, e.g. a lack of cost-effectiveness, the potential of drones is not fully exploited by the agricultural sector in the EU.
This destination and its topics target climate-neutral circular and bioeconomy transitions, covering safe integrated circular solutions at territorial and sectoral levels, for important material flows and product value chains, such as the textile, electronics, plastics, and construction sectors, as well as key bioeconomy sectors such as sustainable bio-based systems, sustainable forestry, small-scale rural bio-based solutions, and aquatic value chains.
The EIC Accelerator supports companies (principally start-ups and SMEs) to scale up high-impact innovations with the potential to create new markets or disrupt existing ones. The EIC Accelerator focuses in particular on innovations building on scientific discovery or technological breakthroughs (‘deep tech’) and where significant funding is needed over a long timeframe before returns can be generated (‘patient capital’).
Organization of the European Researchers’ Night, the largest research communication and promotion event taking place across the EU Member States and Horizon Europe Associated Countries. The European Researchers’ Night will include the Researchers at Schools initiative which aims to strengthen the connection between research and education, by bringing researchers to schools to encourage interaction with pupils at all levels of primary and secondary education.
Fellowships will be provided to excellent researchers, undertaking international mobility either to or between the EU Member States or Horizon Europe Associated Countries, as well as to non-associated Third Countries. Applications will be made jointly by the researcher and a the beneficiary in the academic or non-academic sector.
Fellowships will be provided to excellent researchers, undertaking international mobility either to or between the EU Member States or Horizon Europe Associated Countries, as well as to non-associated Third Countries. Applications will be made jointly by the researcher and the beneficiary in the academic or non-academic sector.
Proposal results are expected to contribute to the following expected outcome New generation of AI-Powered Robotics: enabling robots to have more profound impacts than they currently have, in powering them with a deeper kind of AI, endowing them with better perception and understanding of the world (up to semantic and explainable representations). This would allow the next generation of autonomous robots, with increased capabilities to work without/with limited supervision, as well as the next generation of interactive robots, with greatly improved intuitive, safe and efficient cognitive, social and physical capabilities, to assist humans.
Proposal results are expected to contribute to at least one of the following expected outcomes: 1 - Innovative AI, data, and robotics solutions for resource optimization and minimization of waste in any type of sector, reduction of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions including exploitation of all data and information sources contributing to optimizing applications for a greener planet; 2 - Optimized AI, data, and robotics to maximize contribution to the Green Deal in various applications such as environmental and waste management, including for instance waste clean-up or in the circular economy value chain; 3 - Advanced physical intelligence and physical performance of robotics solutions in diverse harsh environments serving the Green Deal.
A Coordination and Support Action to create and catalyze a forum for emerging interdisciplinary areas and new technological visions. These actions enable and support a broad range of participants to meet, mutually inspire, cooperate and develop together innovative ideas for future enabling technologies from early stages on. They will help the industry to navigate rapidly changing environments, for instance by actively transferring ideas and early technologies between players that would not normally interact, or by combinations of different foresight activities (short-term, long-term, cross-sectorial) to prioritize strategic directions while avoiding narrow visions for the future. | https://www.arditi.pt/pt/newsletter/archive/332-open-calls-july-2021 |
Science and Technology Beyond Borders
Network and connection amongst international researchers are important in advancing emerging science and technologies. Epidemics and pandemics may be restricted within borders, but innovation and breakthroughs may be achieved beyond frontiers.
To create a strong collaborative research network to promote science and technology beyond borders, Professor Adarsh Kumar Pandey from the Research Centre for Nano-Materials and Energy Technology (RCNMET), School of Engineering and Technology at Sunway University initiated a joint research network on advanced energy storage materials under the “International Research Networks Grant Scheme (IRNGS). This initiative is also supported by the Jeffrey Cheah Foundation. IRNGS aims at harnessing scientific excellence in clean and affordable energy (SDG7) and meeting global climate change challenges (SDG13) through advanced energy storage materials by supporting Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 10-10 MySTIE.
The IRNGS brings together interdisciplinary expertise from Sunway University with top external collaborators. Besides Professor Adarsh, other internal team members from the University include Professor Saidur Rahman (Head, RCNMET), Dr. Tan Kim Han (RCNMET), and Professor Yap Kian Meng (Research Centre for Human-Machine Collaboration). The external collaborators include Dr. Ir. Krismadinata (Universitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia), Dr. P Abdul Salam (Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand), Dr. Kinnaleth Vongchanh, and Dr. Sarin Chan, (Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Cambodia), Dr. Nguyen Van Cong (Can Tho University, Vietnam), Dr. Vineet V. Tyagi (Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, India), Dr. Jamal Uddin Ahamed (Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology, Bangladesh), and Dr. Dranreb Earl Juanico (Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.), Philippines).
In the first phase of the IRNGS, the team successfully conducted and contributed to activities like organising a seminar on “Nanomaterials and Energy Storage” with participants from around the world, while collaborating and utilising each other’s research facilities to carry out high-impact research as well as publishing joint research papers. Members also signed MoU, obtained joint research grants, established new collaborating partners, and conducted online meetings to discuss further strategies for the next phase.
Currently, the IRGNS is in its second phase (IRNGS2.0) which targets to expand the team comprising new researchers with expertise in real-time case studies to ensure self-sustainability. Other targets include organizing joint seminars/workshops/international conferences and lecture series, publishing high-quality joint research articles, having joint supervision of Ph.D. and Master’s students, submitting international and industry research grants, and visiting partner countries and host partner institutes to further strengthen the research network.
Further, in IRGNS2.0, the team expands with the addition of Dr. Yogeshwar Nath Mishra (NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California), Professor Yogendra Kumar Mishra (Smart Materials Group SDU NANOSYD, Denmark), Dr. S.K. Tyagi (Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India), Dr. Zafar Said (University of Sharjah, UAE), Professor Zhenjun Ma (University of Wollongong NSW, Australia), Dr. Jeyraj Selvaraj (University of Malaya, Malaysia), Dr. Mahendran Samykano (University Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia), Professor Kamal Sharma (GLA University, India), Dr. Belqasem Aljafari (Najran University, Saudi Arabia), and Dr. V. Ashok Kumar (Chulalongkorn University, Thailand).
These researchers are expected to work on novel nanoparticles and phase change materials for enhanced thermal energy storage focusing on application towards battery thermal management, solar photovoltaic and thermal systems for electronic cooling units, aerospace industries, refrigeration, and heating and cooling for buildings.
The collaboration avails platforms for learning beyond the classroom, to transform students to be curious, research-oriented, innovative, and responsive to societal needs as well as to foster greater collaborative efforts between Sunway University and partner institutions. | https://university.sunway.edu.my/Explore/ThinkPieces/science-and-technology-beyond-borders |
Positive Energy Districts and Neighbourhoods for urban energy transitions
Proposals will mobilise networks of national (and/or regional) research, innovation and demonstration programmes in the field of smart and sustainable cities and sustainable decarbonised integrated energy systems. They will pool the necessary financial resources with a view to implementing a joint call for proposals resulting in grants to third parties with EU co-funding in this area, and for related programme management, synthesis and dissemination of the results. Activities funded through the joint calls should focus on a circular, resource efficient and low carbon integrated system perspective. The joint calls should include the following three formats, which should be interlinked and integrated to achieve highest impact.
The joint calls will firstly include applied research, strategic innovation and demonstration projects to develop specific innovative approaches and solutions for the planning, implementation and operation of PED/PENs, which are relevant in many European cities and urban areas. Strategic innovation projects resulting from the joint calls should create opportunities for cross-linking and collaboration and target more than one of the following aspects:
- increasing energy efficiency of neighbourhoods and reduction of performance gaps, reducing climate impact and facilitating energy transition at urban scale promoting integrated and holistic approaches through optimization of the energy system in the built environment, innovative building solutions and innovative approaches for interoperability of new and existing technologies;
- integrating renewable energy production and transformation technologies to support and optimize storage and transfer of locally produced energy to other parts of the districts for synthetic on-site energy production and supply, including flexibility and resilience of PED/PENs through concepts for seasonal transferability of energy as well as PED/PEN integration in regional energy systems through flexible and optimised energy consumption within the district and through compensation measures and smart interfaces to balance real time energy supply and promotion of the prosumer concept;;
- support integration and development of integrated and smart solutions for sector-coupling in PED/PENs with focus on innovation need across energy, mobility, and ICT in a systemic setting, including user involvement and different socio-cultural target groups, local governance aspects and balancing urban green-blue-grey infrastructures;
- streamlining and alignment of the spatial planning processes and developing digital planning strategies and optimization tools (e.g. using building/neighbourhood information modelling (BIM)) along the entire life cycle of PED/PENs;
- developing societal innovation, social entrepreneurship and citizen participation aiming to integrate all relevant stakeholders to spur the implementation of PED/PENs within an integrated urban transformation process, where relevant, aspects of gender and diversity, inclusiveness and accessibility should be addressed and
- developing business models for implementing and operating PED/PENs on full scale that consider the whole process of planning, operation and operation of PED/PENs; as well as for refurbishment of existing housing stocks to safeguard accessible and affordable housing and sustainable mobility; engaging all actors such as users, owners, city authorities, real estate developer, operators of the energy infrastructure, and investors to create economically viable models for all parties.
The joint calls will secondly include the establishment of transdisciplinary and transnational innovation labs, innovation platforms and experimental areas for PED/PENs that facilitate the testing of prototypes, the co-creation and piloting of new concepts, approaches and urban designs, innovative formats and services in the planning, implementation and operation and replication phase of PED/PENs covering TRL 3-7. This should enable feasibility studies, field testing, sharing of test facilities, development of use cases and replication profiles for different PED/PEN types (e.g. new construction and retrofitting of neighbourhoods) to speed up the technology and service learning curves over the whole value chain. Particularly the PED/PEN innovation labs, innovation platforms and experimental areas shall bring together city administrations, PED/PEN business and industry, service developers/providers, and research organisations tying together actors bridging the whole value chain in different countries and regions.
The joint calls will thirdly include the development of formats to build local capacity and institutional learning in PED/PEN planning, development and operation with the aim to replicate and mainstream PED/PENs in a local, national and European environment. It should take into account the need to develop new public services and public innovation governance, in particular concerning effective public participation and challenge driven approaches in practice. This should enable sharing of experience, development of standardised packages, adaptation of regulations, human capacity building/trainings etc.
Proposers are requested to include other joint activities including additional joint calls without EU co-funding.
The Commission considers that proposals requesting a contribution of EUR 5 million would allow this specific challenge to be addressed appropriately. Nonetheless, this does not preclude submission and selection of proposals requesting other amounts.
The ambition of the SET-Plan Action 3.2 is the planning, deployment and operation of 100 Positive Energy Districts/Neighbourhoods (PED/PEN) in Europe by 2025. This requires integrated and holistic sustainable system approaches including technological, social, urban planning, economic, financial and legal/regulatory perspectives. Tackling such challenges, calls for integrated and innovative solutions to spur the implementation of Positive Energy Districts and Neighbourhoods on larger scale. The aim is to accelerate the ongoing energy transition and to support the parties to the Paris Agreement to reach their national greenhouse gas emissions targets, and so contribute to achieve sustainable urban transformation process to decrease greenhouse gas emissions and ensure high liveability and affordability for citizens.
The ERA-NET Cofund will significantly support and contribute to:
- the testing, implementation and replication of 100 Positive Energy Districts and Neighbourhoods in Europe by 2025 as set out in the SET-Plan Action 3.2 Implementation Plan;
- transitions towards sustainable urban development, as set out in the UN SDGs and the Urban Agenda of the EU;
- the fulfilment of the role of Europe in Challenge 7 of Mission Innovation, where PED/PENs - a physical aggregator of technologies/solutions collaborating each other with the aim of promoting the transition to a sustainable urbanization - would be a decisive asset for the climate and energy performance of the European built environment; and
- an enhancement of European capacities and knowledge to become a global role model and market leader for the development of PED/PENs. | https://cordis.europa.eu/programme/rcn/704679/en |
Strategic Partnership RWTH Aachen and University of AlbertaCopyright: © Andreas Schmitter
Britta Baron, Associate Vice-President of the University of Alberta, RWTH Rector Ernst Schmachtenberg and Henriette Finsterbusch, Head of the RWTH International Office, signed a memorandum of understanding.
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On the Strategic Partnership
It was a first step towards a fully-fledged strategic partnership: researchers from the University of Alberta, Canada, and RWTH Aachen agreed on joint research activities in the fields of medical engineering, biofuels, and energy supply. Furthermore, the Asssociate Vice-President of the University of Alberta, Britta Baron, and RWTH Rector Ernst Schmachtenberg signed a memorandum of understanding between the universities. “We have great ambitions. By joining forces, we can achieve higher international visibility,” said Ernst Schmachtenberg.
2017 and 2018 were significantly shaped by concerted efforts to get to know each other better and identify the potential of future collaboration, regarding both the expansion of the existing contact and for attracting and continuing contact with new collaborative parners.
Scientific exchange is promoted through the Junior/Senior Research Fellowship program, which is open to Master's students, doctoral candidates, post-docs, and scientists in all faculties at RWTH. The University of Alberta supports stays made by RWTH students with the UARE program, even outside of the otherwise set application period. Furthermore, funds are available from other programs for mobility between Germany/EU and Canada/Norther America, which can also be used within the framework of the strategic partnership.
FAQ
What is a strategic partnership?
RWTH adopts strategic partnerships with renowned partners with similar profiles, such as the Chinese Tsinghua University in Beijing, the Canadian University of Alberta in Edmonton, and the Indian IIT Madras in Chennai. These special partnerships distinguish themselves through the sustainable expansion of collaboration at all institutional levels. This concerns teaching, research, and administration. Part of this collaboration includes developing joint structures and innovative teaching offers, establishing research associations, and solidifying synergetic collaborative formats. The objective is to sharpen the teaching and research profile and to promote the internationalization of RWTH and its partner universities.
What are the core objectives of the strategic partnership between RWTH – University of Alberta?
The core objective of the strategic partnership is to develop innovative solutions and key technologies together and thus face global challenges. To achieve this scientific collaborations will be built and expanded; a high level of applicability, entrepreneurship, and industrial collaborations will be promoted, and the training of highly qualified and interculturally trained personnel will be intensified. These efforts will increase the international visibility and mobility at all levels, strengthen research-oriented (and digital) teaching, and create joint governance and administrative structures. Optimal research opportunitites and career promotion will add to the attraction for talented individuals and top researchers.
What are the core topics of the strategic partnership between RWTH – University of Alberta?
The University of Alberta and RWTH Aachen are characterized by many joint research focuses. Current core topics includes energy/smart grids, biofuels, medical technology, and data science. The Helmholtz-Alberta Initiative also offers close collaboration in the fields energy/environment and health/life sciences (JARA). Furthermore, other partnerships in welding engineering and at the intersection of cultural studies and computer science are underway.
University of Alberta Profile
The University of Alberta was founded in 1908. It is located in Edmonton, the capital of Alberta, and is one of the top 5 universities in Canada. The university's campus is at the center of Edmonton, on the south bank of the North Saskatchewan River. Augustana College in Camrose, 90km southeast of Edmonton, has been part of the of the university since 2004.
The University employs highly-qualified personnel; 40 lecturers have already received the 3M Teaching Fellowship, Canada's highest award for excellent teaching. This is evident in the class sizes, which are among the smallest when compared to other universities. Roughly 39,500 from Canada and 152 other countries study in approximately 400 courses of study at 18 faculties.
The University of Alberta is one of the best research universities and was recently a recipient in Canada's own excellence iniative. | https://www.rwth-aachen.de/go/id/nlog/lidx/1 |
The cost of using renewable energy sources was reduced by 80%
Within the framework of the St. Petersburg Economic Forum, world-renowned scientists evaluated modern energy trends and gave forecasts of the industry development. The main trend was the increasing role of renewable energy sources. According to experts, in 15 years the gradual reduction of the use of coal and oil will begin, and in 50 years renewable energy sources will take a prominent place among the resources.
According to the Director General, IRENA, a member of the Global Energy Prize International Award Committee, Adnan Amin, many countries are currently reviewing their plans for the development of renewable energy production. "Now there are more opportunities for a wider application of renewable energy than there were a few years ago," Mr. Amin said.
According to him, the cost of generating energy from renewable sources has decreased by 80% since 2010. Last year, about 170 gigawatts were produced in this way. This became possible due to significant investments in the industry that were committed. One of the main trends is an increase in the share of solar energy in total production. A few years ago, this type of RES was accounted for only a few percent, but by 2035, this figure will reach 7.4%, and by 2100 will exceed 25%. Such forecasts are contained in the study of the Global Energy Prize Association for the development of international research and projects in the field of energy, which was presented at the SPIEF.
"In the future, renewable sources, nuclear and hydropower will provide up to 50% of the total production. There is no doubt that hydrocarbons will be used less and less,"said Rodney John Allam, chairman of the Global Energy Prize International Award Committee, a member of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
High-Level Expert and Leaders Panel (Help) on water and disasters, Advisor to the Chair, Former Principal Advisor on climate change to the Secretary-General of the UN, Contributor to the reports of the IPCC, Rae Kwon Chung believes that the climate changes that are taking place on the planet no longer leave a choice. "Now it seems to great many people that renewable energy is a burden that requires significant additional costs and only in the long term it makes sense. However, this is not quite true. This issue is extremely relevant already today, "he stated.
Adnan Amin stressed that the current situation is a signal not only for scientists but also for the governments of the countries of the world who should fully realize the importance of measures to support the production of energy from renewable energy sources. "Only with joint efforts will it be possible to ensure the sustainable development of this direction," he said.
According to Rae Kwon Chung, an ambitious project to create a super grid for the export of renewable energy sources from Asia can be considered an example of this. "This is not just an idea, but an initiative that does not cause doubts in the implementation. In particular, this is confirmed by the consent of Japanese banks to provide funding, "- he says.
The president of the Global Energy Association, Igor Lobovsky, believes that acknowledgment of the growing attention of the world community to renewable energy sources is also the fact that this year the Global Energy Prize was first awarded for research in the field of renewable energy sources.
This year's laureate is Professor of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, the world-famous scientist Michael Graetzel is one of the undisputed leaders in the field of renewable energy, in particular solar energetics. He was recognized as the best «for transcendent merits in development of low cost and efficient solar cells, known as “Graetzel cells”, aimed to creation of cost-efficient, large-scale engineering solutions for power generation». They operate on the principles of photosynthesis– the process similar to biochemical one and used by plants for light energy conversion. "Michael Graetzel's research has made a significant contribution to the development of renewable energy sources. Thanks to his developments, it was possible to significantly expand the range of solar energy applications, "Igor Lobovsky emphasizes.
According to Rae Kwon Chung, Professor Graetzel's research can completely change the rules of the game and finally debunk all doubts about the effectiveness of widespread use of solar energy.
"Photosynthesis is the most important chemical reaction in the world, without which life on the planet would be impossible. Our technology allows us to use this process to generate electricity. On its basis, a whole range of products can be produced: from building materials to innovative portable energy sources. This opens up new markets for the use of renewable energy sources, "says Michael Graetzel.
Michael Graetzel is confident that the awarding of the Global Energy Prize, which is funded by the largest Russian energy companies - PJSC Gazprom, Surgutneftegaz and PJSC FGC UES - will strengthen the introduction worldwide of a commercial deployment of innovative technology that resulted from its Research. | https://globalenergyprize.org/en/media-room/news/2017/06/the-cost-of-using-renewable-energy-sources-was-reduced-by-80 |
As an industry, oil and gas is no stranger to volatility. For a considerable length of time, companies in the service and supply sector have survived and thrived despite a constant cycle of pendulum pricing and bottom-dollar bids. But as oil and gas prices continue to remain low leading to fewer projects and rising job losses, it is clear that change is on the horizon.
Hydrocarbon resources in shallow water are depleting and deepwater development is the key for future opportunities and growth in Borneo. However, with few deepwater projects being executed, a greater emphasis is needed on innovative project management to improve project execution cycle and manage supply chain to meet the demanding costs and schedule. It is high time that industry stakeholders, host authorities, government organisations, operators and service companies come together and share their best practices, winning solutions, issues, and challenges on deepwater exploration and production for the benefit of the industry.
The European Association of Geosciencists and Engineers (EAGE) in collaboration with Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) are convening the EAGE/SPE Borneo Deepwater Symposium: Synergy for Sustainable Development from 29 – 30 July 2019 in Brunei Darussalam and we encourage you to bring forth your expertise in tackling the challenges of the deepwater industry at this symposium.
The symposium will provide a critical platform for speakers to enrich the audience by presenting initiatives to improve deepwater exploration success, optimum development concepts, risks and uncertainties, latest industry trends in terms of innovative technical solutions, operational excellence and commercial models for field development to address deepwater collaborative efforts and support the fulfilment of both local government and operators’ aspiration. View topics. | https://events.eage.org/en/2019/EAGESPE%20Workshop%20on%20Deepwater |
Ontario Premier Kathleen Wynne recently concluded her trade mission (February 1 – 5, 2016) in India.
Premier Wynne signed Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs) with five Indian states during the mission. These agreements will make it easier for the regions to work together in areas of mutual interest.
Ontario-based Novo Plastics announced it will start the production and sale of the world’s first plastic exhaust system in India.
This ground-breaking technology was made with support from the Ontario Innovation Demonstration Fund.
Seneca College and the Max Institute of Health and Education and Research will partner to train 3,500 medical sales graduates. India’s Life Sciences Sector Skills Development Council identified the need for 20,000 trained medical sales representatives.
National Skills Development Corporation and five Ontario colleges launched a joint initiative that is aimed at enhancing training programs to Canadian and international standards while strengthening educational and economic ties between Ontario and India.
The Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation will invest $900,000 to support three strategic, bilateral research collaborations under the Ontario-India Research Collaboration Fund, to support researchers from Ontario and India who are involved in developing new anti-malarial treatments, new water purification technologies and a community energy storage system. This funding will be matched by India’s Department of Science and Technology and Department of Biotechnology.
The Premier delivered a keynote address on the economic benefits of fighting climate change to several hundred Indian business leaders and innovators at the Economic Times Global Business Summit.
While in New Delhi, Premier Wynne signed Ontario’s first MOU with the state of Andhra Pradesh.
This agreement will make it easier for the two regions to share knowledge about climate change and will support economic cooperation through joint activities such as seminars, trade missions and conferences.
The Premier also participated in a panel with female parliamentarians from Afghanistan, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka on empowering women through skills development and economic independence.
Unique Broadband Systems Limited and Astra Microwave Products Limited established a joint venture to provide broadcasting services, satellite uplinking and medical imaging products to India and other regional markets.
DataWind signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the Government of Telangana to open a manufacturing base in Hyderabad, which is expected to be in production within months.
Solantro and Smarttrak announced that they will collaborate on the development of electric power solutions, renewable energy and micro inverters.
Kinectrics and Nuclear Fuel Complex signed an MOU for an advanced partnership in nuclear energy initiatives.
McMaster University signed a Research Partnership Agreement with the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) – Hyderabad, which will generate opportunities to create intellectual property through innovation and to commercialize research outcomes.
India and Ontario have an excellent track record of collaboration in the automotive sector and continue to grow partnerships in automotive trade, innovation and investment.
For example, India’s Tech Mahindra is piloting its Intelligent Electric Vehicle Charging technology in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario. The company selected Ontario because of its leadership in Smart Grid and renewable energy technologies.
Ontario is the first Canadian province to allow on-road testing of automated vehicles and is home to almost 100 companies and institutions involved in connected vehicle and automated vehicle technologies.
Several agreements are valued at over $240 million and will create more than 150 high-value jobs in Ontario.
Ontario and the State of Maharashtra signed a MOU that will focus on strengthening connections in key commercial areas, including urban infrastructure, information and communications technology, advanced manufacturing, agriculture and education.
eCAMION, Ryerson University Centre for Urban Energy and L&T Technology Services will work with the Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation and Anna University-Ryerson University Urban Energy Centre to launch India’s first community energy storage system at Anna University on the Tamil Nadu state grid.
With the goal of providing customers with safe and healthy drinking water through cutting-edge technologies and customized water solutions, Process Research ORTECH (PRO), a Mississauga-based company that incubates and commercializes innovative technologies for process industries, signed a $10-million MOU to form a strategic partnership with Eureka Forbes, India’s leading health and hygiene company. Through this collaboration, the companies will leverage their core competencies and skills to introduce a unique and innovative technology with Automated Variable Filtration (AVF), a high-quality water filtration system, to India.
Seneca College and College of Engineering Pune announced that they will launch an innovative project competition in the area of health care through Seneca’s incubator HELIX (Health Entrepreneurship and Lifestyle Innovation Xchange). This tri-party MOU, also with the City of Markham, will promote global entrepreneurship among young entrepreneurs from India and Ontario.
McMaster University and Indian Institute of Technology – Bombay announced that they will work together on new collaborative research initiatives and training models. Key areas are automotive research, materials and biotechnology.
The City of Toronto and the Maharashtra Film Stage and Cultural Development Corporation signed a Memorandum of Understanding to work together on common interests in the creative screen industries, including studio production, post-production, visual effects and interactive/digital media.
The Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) and the Mumbai Academy of Moving Image (MAMI) highlighted their collaboration on a boot camp to help Indian filmmakers bring their work to international film festivals.
These new partnerships will enhance the relationship between Ontario and India’s film industries and pave the way for more collaboration between producers, directors and artists from both regions.
The provincial budget for cultural media tax credits will increase from $399.7 million in 2014–15 to nearly $440 million in 2015–16.
The Premier also met with representatives from several Indian companies — including ICICI Bank, Mahindra Group and the Tata Group — to promote Ontario as an ideal place to invest, and participated in a financial services roundtable held by the Canada-India Business Council.
The Premier attended a Bollywood-style film event in Mumbai, where she met with leaders from India’s film industry to promote Ontario as an ideal location for future productions.
Attracting new investment and helping the province’s businesses compete globally is part of the government’s plan to build Ontario up and deliver on its number-one priority to grow the economy and create jobs. The four-part plan is investing in people’s talents and skills, making the largest investment in public infrastructure in Ontario’s history, creating a dynamic, innovative environment where business thrives, and building a secure retirement savings plan. | http://www.sweetloveable.com/ontario-plus-india-more-than-150-high-value-jobs-to-be-created-in-ontario-canada/ |
The purpose of this assignment is to apply your understanding of simple and multiple linear regression.
For this assignment, use the “Example Dataset” to complete a simple linear regression using SPSS. Select one dependent variable, one primary independent variable, and one potential confounding variable. You will need to recode string variables into numeric variables to use them in the regression analysis. Prepare a Word document that includes all SPSS outputs.
Based on the results, create a second Word document and answer the following questions in 500-750 words.
- State your research question and hypotheses.
- Run the regression again without the potential confounding variable and discuss the impact on the coefficient of the primary independent variable. Did it change? If so, to what extent did it change? Based on this, do you think the added variable confounds the association between the independent and dependent variables?
- Export both regression output tables as part of the Word document containing the SPSS outputs.
- Provide your regression equation based on the results of the full regression model.
- Interpret the results by (a) stating the reason the study or test was done; (b) presenting the main results, including coefficients on the main independent variable and significance levels; (c) explaining what the results mean; and (d) making suggestions for future research.
Submit both Word documents to the instructor.
APA style is not required, but solid academic writing is expected. | https://homeworkbureau.com/projects/linear-regression-using-spss-and-answer-the-following-questions/ |
where b0 is a constant, b1 is the slope (also called the regression coefficient), x is the value of the independent variable, and ŷ is the predicted value of the dependent variable.
To construct a confidence interval for the slope of the regression line, we need to know the standard error of the sampling distribution of the slope. Many statistical software packages and some graphing calculators provide the standard error of the slope as a regression analysis output. The table below shows hypothetical output for the following regression equation: y = 76 + 35x .
In the output above, the standard error of the slope (shaded in gray) is equal to 20. In this example, the standard error is referred to as "SE Coeff". However, other software packages might use a different label for the standard error. It might be "StDev", "SE", "Std Dev", or something else.
Previously, we described how to construct confidence intervals. The confidence interval for the slope of a simple linear regression equation uses the same general approach. Note, however, that the critical value is based on a t score with n - 2 degrees of freedom.
Identify a sample statistic. The sample statistic is the regression slope b1 calculated from sample data. In the table above, the regression slope is 35.
Find the margin of error. Previously, we showed how to compute the margin of error, based on the critical value and standard error. When calculating the margin of error for a regression slope, use a t score for the critical value, with degrees of freedom (DF) equal to n - 2.
In the next section, we work through a problem that shows how to use this approach to construct a confidence interval for the slope of a regression line. Note that this approach is used for simple linear regression (one independent variable and one dependent variable).
What is the 99% confidence interval for the slope of the regression line?
The correct answer is (C). Use the following four-step approach to construct a confidence interval.
Identify a sample statistic. Since we are trying to estimate the slope of the true regression line, we use the regression coefficient for home size (i.e., the sample estimate of slope) as the sample statistic. From the regression output, we see that the slope coefficient is 0.55.
Find the margin of error. Elsewhere on this site, we show how to compute the margin of error. The key steps applied to this problem are shown below.
Find standard deviation or standard error. The standard error is given in the regression output. It is 0.24.
Find critical value. The critical value is a factor used to compute the margin of error. With simple linear regression, to compute a confidence interval for the slope, the critical value is a t score with degrees of freedom equal to n - 2. To find the critical value, we take these steps.
df = n - 2 = 101 - 2 = 99.
The critical value is the t statistic having 99 degrees of freedom and a cumulative probability equal to 0.995. From the t Distribution Calculator, we find that the critical value is 2.63.
If we replicated the same study multiple times with different random samples and computed a confidence interval for each sample, we would expect 99% of the confidence intervals to contain the true slope of the regression line. | http://stattrek.org/regression/slope-confidence-interval.aspx?Tutorial=reg |
least squares estimate excel
The least squares method is presented under the forms of Simple linear Regression, multiple linear model and non linear models (method of Gauss-Newton). Definition and explanation. known_x’s: The known x’s is a range or array of x values from the line equation. $\begingroup$ +1 But is there any rationale behind treating $\ln Z_i$ as the dependent variable and $\ln(-\ln(1-i/(n+1)))$ as the independent variable in the least squares fit? It is also known as linear regression analysis. Choose the variable to be explained (y) and the explanatory variables (x 1, , x k, where x 1 is often the constant that always takes the value 1). The paper referred to by the OP does it the other way around. That’s what the Linest and Trend functions do. Practice: Interpreting slope and y-intercept for linear models ... And that difference between the actual and the estimate from the regression line is known as the residual. Thus the least square s estimate is x 112=−+ − −228.2 1.5* 38.2* 12.9*Ip p. Note: this method … This approach optimizes the fit of the trend-line to your data, seeking to avoid large gaps between the predicted value of … Excel’s ten LINEST cells): 1. The intercept can now be expressed as Example 1: Repeat Example 1 of Least Squares using total least squares regression (the data are replicated in Figure 2). $\endgroup$ – Jarle Tufto Apr 21 '17 at 18:53 For more information, look up "Trendlines" in Excel's on-help. Linest uses a different set of numerical methods -- specifically the technique known generically as "linear least-squares regression." Least squares linear regression in Excel is easy. Interpreting The Least Squares Regression Calculator Results. (yi 0 1xi) 2 This is the weighted residual sum of squares with wi= 1=x2 i. Specify y and h 2 as inputs to the Output and Regressor inports. Excel provides the function SUMSQ, which can perform sum of squares calculations quickly on large and small data sets. The calculation involves computing the square of each number in a set, then adding up all the squares. WLS, OLS’ Neglected Cousin. At Metis, one of the first machine learning models I teach is the Plain Jane Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model that most everyone learns in high school. Compute the least squares regression line. That is, the formula determines the line of best fit. Regression Analysis using Excel ... What the SUMMARY OUTPUT reveals is that the least squares estimate is x 11=−433 142p The R2 is 0.85 indicating that we have “explained” 85% of the variation. The least squares estimates can be computed as follows. Implementing the Model. Excel LINEST function - syntax and basic uses. Here, y is linear with respect to θ. Plot it on the scatter diagram. Step 1. Ordinary Least Squares regression, often called linear regression, is available in Excel using the XLSTAT add-on statistical software. Practice: Calculating the equation of the least-squares line. The parameters m, c, and S yx for the least squares regression represent the best estimate of the variability model where we are assuming some stochastically linear relationship between x and y. I Ý L J∑ á Ü @ 5 T Ü U Ü F∑ á Ü @ 5 T Ü∑ á Ü @ 5 U Ü ; J∑ á T Ü 6 F Ü @ 5 k∑ T Ü á Ü @ 5 o 6 L 5 5 ë ì For example, suppose that you want to estimate a scalar gain, θ, in the system y = h 2 θ. There wont be much accuracy because we are simply taking a straight line and forcing it to fit into the given data in the best possible way. Equations for the Ordinary Least Squares regression Ordinary Least Squares regression ( OLS ) is more commonly named linear regression (simple or multiple depending on the number of explanatory variables). The LINEST function calculates the statistics for a straight line that explains the relationship between the independent variable and one or more dependent variables, and returns an array describing the line. This linear regression calculator fits a trend-line to your data using the least squares technique. Regression tools in the Analysis Toolpak Add-in Subjects like residual analysis, sampling distribution of the estimators (asymptotic or empiric Bookstrap and jacknife), confidence limits and intervals, etc., are important. The total fixed cost and variable cost per unit are determined mathematically through a series of computations. Moreover, as in ANCOVA, it’s possible to mix qualitative and quantitative explanatory variables. LINEST Function in Excel includes the following parameters: known_y’s: The known y’s is n range or array of y values from the line equation. That is, when any other number is plugged into this sum, the sum can only increase. With some tricks you can also perform LS on polynomes using Excel. The function uses the least squares method to find the best fit for your data. That is, they find the coefficients of a straight line (or higher dimension shape) so that the sum of the squares of the distances of each data point from the line is a minimum. From these, we obtain the least squares estimate of the true linear regression relation (β0+β1x). Estimating Errors in Least-Squares Fitting P. H. Richter Communications Systems and Research Section While least-squares fltting procedures are commonly used in data analysis and are extensively discussed in the literature devoted to this subject, the proper as-sessment of errors resulting from such flts has received relatively little attention. If this x value is null excel will assume those x_values as 1,2,3..with the same number of values as y values. 1.287357370010931 9.908606190326509. I Ý, Least Squares Estimator of the Slope – the slope of the ordinary least squares best‐fit line; also available with the Excel function SLOPE(yrange,xrange). The least squares method, with no surprise, tries to minimise sum of the gaps squared, between the z value of each points and the one from the “ideal” plan. This calculates the least squares solution of the equation AX=B by solving the normal equation A T AX = A T B. Now we will implement this in python and make predictions. This is the Least Squares method. Non-Linear Least Squares Analysis with Excel 1. The LINEST function uses the least squares regression method to calculate a straight line that best explains the relationship between your variables and returns an array describing that line. The best first place to start to really understand these methods is probably an intro to stats text where there should be a chapter or two discussing least squares … Load the worksheet containing the numbers on which you want to perform the sum of squares calculation. Weighted Least Squares as a Transformation The residual sum of squares for the transformed model is S1( 0; 1) = Xn i=1 (y0 i 1 0x 0 i) 2 = Xn i=1 yi xi 1 0 1 xi!2 = Xn i=1 1 x2 i! Therefore, in a similar way to the ordinary least squares (OLS) model, the coefficients of the QR model can be interpreted as the rate of change of some quantile of the dependent variable distribution per unit change in the value of some regressor. Figure 2 – Total Least Squares Regression. Least squares regression analysis or linear regression method is deemed to be the most accurate and reliable method to divide the company’s mixed cost into its fixed and variable cost components. You can find the detailed explanation of the function's syntax in this tutorial . Excel has a way of removing the charm from OLS modeling; students often assume there’s a scatterplot, some magic math that draws a best fit line, then an r² in the corner that we’d like to get close to 1. The best estimate p is that value which makes the sum of the squares of the residuals a minimum. The least-squares criterion is a method of measuring the accuracy of a line in depicting the data that was used to generate it. Installation An add-in package for Excel, which performs certain specific non-linear least squares analyses, is available for use in Chem 452. Least squares estimation Step 1: Choice of variables. We see that the regression line based on total least squares is y = -0.83705x + 89.77211. In practice, for other types of dataset, the structure of W is usually unknown, so we have to perform an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression first. Step 2: Collect data. The reason that an uncorrected sample variance, S 2, is biased stems from the fact that the sample mean is an ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator for μ: ¯ is the number that makes the sum ∑ = (− ¯) as small as possible. From the plot above it is easy to see that the line based on the least squares estimates of \(\beta_0\) and \(\beta_1\) is a good estimate of the true line for these simulated data. The Help provides information on the trendline equations, forecasting and projecting values, etc.--Regards, Excel provides us with a couple of tools to perform Least Squares calculations, but they are all centered around the simpler functions: simple Linear functions of the shape y=a.x+b, y-a.exp(b.x), y=a.x^b and etcetera. Uncertainty about least squares regression parameters. Launch Excel. If there is a single range of x-values, the calculated line satisfies the simple straight line equation: Interpreting y-intercept in regression model. Collect n observations of y and of the related values of Least squares fitting with Numpy and Scipy nov 11, 2015 numerical-analysis optimization python numpy scipy. The package, named nlls11.xla , might be loaded automatically when you launch Excel. Most use a least squares fit, which is calculated as part of creating a regression line for a linear trend. For real data, of course, this type of direct comparison is not possible. Interpret the meaning of the slope of the least squares regression line in the context of the problem. Least Squares Method (Linear Regression) The use of linear regression (least squares method) is the most accurate method in segregating total costs into fixed and variable components. Least squares regression method is a method to segregate fixed cost and variable cost components from a mixed cost figure. Interpreting slope of regression line. You can use the Recursive Least Squares Estimator block to estimate θ. Least Squares Approximation. The least squares method is a statistical technique to determine the line of best fit for a model, specified by an equation with certain parameters to observed data. Suppose a four-year-old automobile of this make and model is selected at … Excel can calculate a variety of trendlines via the Charting tool. Both Numpy and Scipy provide black box methods to fit one-dimensional data using linear least squares, in the first case, and non-linear least squares, in the latter.Let's dive into them: import numpy as np from scipy import optimize import matplotlib.pyplot as plt The Excel Linest Function uses the least squares method to calculate the line of best fit through a supplied set of y- and x- values. The calculations are shown in Figure 2.
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An example on how to audit AI Bias using a Black Box approach
Each algorithm and related processes associated with training the AI must be evaluated to determine a strategy to test the AI algorithm for bias. We are auditing AI Bias (the code), not the process (human actions).
Before performing any kind of analysis, please review your contract agreement with the manufacturer, as any approach to measure and identify a tendency or bias can be considered an attempt to reverse engineer the algorithm and infringe their Intellectual Property. For those cases, make sure you obtain a written consent and authorization from your provider.
Information Gathering and Documentation Analysis
Request the job description for the positions to use in the test. That documentation will explain how the algorithm would be instructed to identify the optimal skills for candidate selection criteria (e.g., which skills are needed, what is the value assigned to them, and any other factor used to select best candidates for a job), and the information process and classification to determine the final score and criteria for identifying valid candidates (e.g., a skill may be missing but still a valid candidate, or the weight of experience, etc.).
Seek to understand how the algorithm works and process parsing of the data for the algorithm to analyze.
Seek to understand the sets of selection criteria and determine if there is any inherent bias even before the algorithm is fed the data. If the data is Bias, the algorithm will respond accordingly. Garbage in garbage out.
Data Analysis
From the data set provided (all applicants for a particular job posting), perform a regression Analysis. In the example of a testing for AI bias for selection of candidates for employment based on race or gender, run the regression analysis to identify candidate population, segment it by race and gender, and analyze population of rejected candidates and accepted ones, compare skills between both populations for potential discrimination (similar skills found in the accepted and rejected populations).
Additionally, perform Multiple Regression Analysis by groups (gender, race). In multiple regression, the objective is to develop a model that describes a dependent variable x(Candidate selection) to more than one independent variable y, z (gender and race).
Regression is used to predict the future result. If one segment (variable) shows a higher predictive result, it will identify the algorithm’s “ideal” characteristics of a candidate (in this example would be gender and race), it will show its biases. To be unbiased, the regression should be “not significant”.
You can use any statistical software (e.g., SPSS, Excel, R, Q, etc.) to perform the analysis.
Review of Data Criterion Provided to the Algorithm
Perform a review of data set considerations. The data set considerations (what data to select) and weight must be challenged, reviewed, and updated periodically.
Review for Transparency
Contact us today for assistance with auditing AI systems for Bias or contractual obligations with third parties! | https://elevateconsult.com/service/ai-bias-audit/ |
Multicollinearity occurs when independent variables in a regression model are correlated. This correlation is a problem considering independent variables should exist
contained. If the caste of correlation betwixt variables is high enough, information technology can cause problems when yous fit the model and interpret the results.
In this blog mail, I’ll highlight the problems that multicollinearity can cause, show yous how to exam your model for it, and highlight some ways to resolve it. In some cases, multicollinearity isn’t necessarily a trouble, and I’ll show you how to make this determination. I’ll work through an example dataset which contains multicollinearity to bring information technology all to life!
Why is Multicollinearity a Potential Problem?
A cardinal goal of regression analysis is to isolate the relationship between each independent variable and the dependent variable. The estimation of a regression coefficient is that it represents the hateful modify in the dependent variable for each 1 unit alter in an independent variable when you lot
hold all of the other independent variables constant. That last portion is crucial for our word about multicollinearity.
The thought is that you can alter the value of one contained variable and not the others. However, when independent variables are correlated, it indicates that changes in one variable are associated with shifts in another variable. The stronger the correlation, the more difficult it is to change one variable without irresolute another. It becomes difficult for the model to estimate the human relationship betwixt each independent variable and the dependent variable
independently
considering the independent variables tend to change in unison.
There are ii basic kinds of multicollinearity:
- Structural multicollinearity: This type occurs when we create a model term using other terms. In other words, it’s a byproduct of the model that we specify rather than being present in the data itself. For example, if you square term X to model curvature, clearly in that location is a correlation between 10 and X2.
- Data multicollinearity: This type of multicollinearity is nowadays in the data itself rather than beingness an artifact of our model. Observational experiments are more likely to exhibit this kind of multicollinearity.
Related mail: What are Independent and Dependent Variables?
What Issues Do Multicollinearity Cause?
Multicollinearity causes the following two basic types of issues:
- The coefficient estimates can swing wildly based on which other independent variables are in the model. The coefficients become very sensitive to small changes in the model.
- Multicollinearity reduces the precision of the estimated coefficients, which weakens the statistical power of your regression model. You might non be able to trust the p-values to identify independent variables that are statistically significant.
Imagine you lot fit a regression model and the coefficient values, and even the signs, change dramatically depending on the specific variables that you lot include in the model. It’south a disconcerting feeling when slightly unlike models lead to very dissimilar conclusions. You don’t experience like you know the bodily effect of each variable!
Now, throw in the fact that you can’t necessarily trust the p-values to select the independent variables to include in the model. This problem makes it difficult both to specify the correct model and to justify the model if many of your p-values are non statistically significant.
As the severity of the multicollinearity increases then practise these problematic effects. However, these issues touch merely those independent variables that are correlated. You can accept a model with severe multicollinearity and notwithstanding some variables in the model can be completely unaffected.
The regression example with multicollinearity that I work through later on illustrates these problems in action.
Do I Accept to Fix Multicollinearity?
Multicollinearity makes it difficult to interpret your coefficients, and information technology reduces the power of your model to identify independent variables that are statistically meaning. These are definitely serious problems. Yet, the good news is that y’all don’t always have to notice a way to fix multicollinearity.
The need to reduce multicollinearity depends on its severity and your master goal for your regression model. Keep the following three points in mind:
- The severity of the problems increases with the degree of the multicollinearity. Therefore, if you lot have only moderate multicollinearity, you may non demand to resolve information technology.
- Multicollinearity affects only the specific independent variables that are correlated. Therefore, if multicollinearity is not nowadays for the independent variables that you lot are particularly interested in, you may not need to resolve it. Suppose your model contains the experimental variables of involvement and some control variables. If high multicollinearity exists for the control variables but non the experimental variables, then yous can translate the experimental variables without problems.
- Multicollinearity affects the coefficients and p-values, but it does not influence the predictions, precision of the predictions, and the goodness-of-fit statistics. If your primary goal is to make predictions, and you don’t demand to understand the function of each independent variable, you don’t demand to reduce severe multicollinearity.
Over the years, I’ve found that many people are incredulous over the third signal, so here’south a reference!
The fact that some or all predictor variables are correlated among themselves does non, in general, inhibit our power to obtain a good fit nor does it tend to touch on inferences nigh hateful responses or predictions of new observations. —Applied Linear Statistical Models, p289, 4thursday
Edition.
If y’all’re performing a designed experiment, it is probable orthogonal, meaning information technology has nil multicollinearity. Acquire more about orthogonality.
Testing for Multicollinearity with Variance Aggrandizement Factors (VIF)
If you lot tin can identify which variables are afflicted by multicollinearity and the strength of the correlation, y’all’re well on your way to determining whether you need to fix information technology. Fortunately, in that location is a very simple test to appraise multicollinearity in your regression model. The variance inflation factor (VIF) identifies correlation betwixt independent variables and the strength of that correlation.
Statistical software calculates a VIF for each independent variable. VIFs start at 1 and have no upper limit. A value of ane indicates that in that location is no correlation betwixt this contained variable and any others. VIFs between ane and 5 suggest that there is a moderate correlation, but it is not severe enough to warrant corrective measures. VIFs greater than 5 represent critical levels of multicollinearity where the coefficients are poorly estimated, and the p-values are questionable.
Utilize VIFs to identify correlations between variables and determine the strength of the relationships. Most statistical software tin display VIFs for you. Assessing VIFs is particularly important for observational studies because these studies are more decumbent to having multicollinearity.
Multicollinearity Example: Predicting Bone Density in the Femur
This regression example uses a subset of variables that I collected for an experiment. In this instance, I’ll show yous how to discover multicollinearity besides as illustrate its effects. I’ll also bear witness you how to remove structural multicollinearity. Yous can download the CSV data file: MulticollinearityExample.
I’ll use regression assay to model the relationship between the contained variables (concrete activeness, body fat per centum, weight, and the interaction betwixt weight and body fat) and the dependent variable (bone mineral density of the femoral neck).
Hither are the regression results:
These results show that Weight, Activity, and the interaction between them are statistically meaning. The percent body fat is non statistically significant. However, the VIFs indicate that our model has severe multicollinearity for some of the independent variables.
Notice that Activity has a VIF near one, which shows that multicollinearity does not affect it and we tin can trust this coefficient and p-value with no further action. However, the coefficients and p-values for the other terms are suspect!
Additionally, at least some of the multicollinearity in our model is the structural type. Nosotros’ve included the interaction term of trunk fat * weight. Clearly, there is a correlation between the interaction term and both of the chief event terms. The VIFs reverberate these relationships.
I have a neat fob to testify yous. There’s a method to remove this blazon of structural multicollinearity quickly and easily!
Middle the Independent Variables to Reduce Structural Multicollinearity
In our model, the interaction term is at least partially responsible for the loftier VIFs. Both higher-society terms and interaction terms produce multicollinearity because these terms include the main effects. Centering the variables is a simple way to reduce structural multicollinearity.
Centering the variables is likewise known as standardizing the variables past subtracting the hateful. This process involves calculating the mean for each continuous contained variable and then subtracting the mean from all observed values of that variable. Then, use these centered variables in your model. Nigh statistical software provides the characteristic of plumbing fixtures your model using standardized variables.
In that location are other standardization methods, but the reward of merely subtracting the mean is that the estimation of the coefficients remains the aforementioned. The coefficients proceed to represent the mean modify in the dependent variable given a 1 unit of measurement change in the independent variable.
In the worksheet, I’ve included the centered independent variables in the columns with an S added to the variable names.
For more than virtually this, read my post about standardizing your continuous independent variables.
Regression with Centered Variables
Permit’s fit the same model but using the centered independent variables.
The almost apparent divergence is that the VIFs are all down to satisfactory values; they’re all less than v. By removing the structural multicollinearity, nosotros can see that there is some multicollinearity in our information, but it is not severe enough to warrant further corrective measures.
Removing the structural multicollinearity produced other notable differences in the output that we’ll investigate.
Comparing Regression Models to Reveal Multicollinearity Effects
We can compare 2 versions of the aforementioned model, i with high multicollinearity and ane without it. This comparison highlights its effects.
The starting time contained variable we’ll look at is Activity. This variable was the just i to have most no multicollinearity in the showtime model. Compare the Activeness coefficients and p-values between the two models and you’ll see that they are the aforementioned (coefficient = 0.000022, p-value = 0.003). This illustrates how only the variables that are highly correlated are affected past its problems.
Permit’southward look at the variables that had high VIFs in the outset model. The standard error of the coefficient measures the precision of the estimates. Lower values indicate more than precise estimates. The standard errors in the 2d model are lower for both %Fat and Weight. Additionally, %Fat is significant in the 2d model even though it wasn’t in the first model. Not only that, but the coefficient sign for %Fatty has inverse from positive to negative!
The lower precision, switched signs, and a lack of statistical significance are typical bug associated with multicollinearity.
Now, take a expect at the Summary of Model tables for both models. You’ll notice that the standard error of the regression (S), R-squared, adjusted R-squared, and predicted R-squared are all identical. As I mentioned earlier, multicollinearity doesn’t affect the predictions or goodness-of-fit. If you merely want to make predictions, the model with severe multicollinearity is simply equally good!
How to Bargain with Multicollinearity
I showed how there are a variety of situations where you don’t need to bargain with it. The multicollinearity might not be severe, it might not affect the variables you’re most interested in, or maybe you just need to make predictions. Or, possibly information technology’due south just structural multicollinearity that you tin can go rid of by centering the variables.
But, what if yous accept severe multicollinearity in your data and yous find that you lot must deal with it? What practice you do then? Unfortunately, this state of affairs can be hard to resolve. In that location are a diverseness of methods that you can try, just each one has some drawbacks. You’ll need to employ your subject-area cognition and factor in the goals of your report to pick the solution that provides the all-time mix of advantages and disadvantages.
The potential solutions include the post-obit:
- Remove some of the highly correlated independent variables.
- Linearly combine the independent variables, such as adding them together.
- Perform an analysis designed for highly correlated variables, such equally principal components analysis or partial least squares regression.
- LASSO and Ridge regression are advanced forms of regression analysis that tin can handle multicollinearity. If you know how to perform linear least squares regression, you’ll be able to handle these analyses with just a petty additional study.
As you consider a solution, remember that all of these accept downsides. If you lot can accept less precise coefficients, or a regression model with a high R-squared but hardly whatsoever statistically significant variables, then not doing anything nigh the multicollinearity might be the best solution.
In this post, I employ VIFs to check for multicollinearity. For a more in-depth expect at this mensurate, read my mail about Computing and Assessing Variance Aggrandizement Factors (VIFs).
If you’re learning regression and similar the approach I use in my blog, check out my Intuitive Guide to Regression Analysis book! You can observe it on Amazon and other retailers. | https://binary.ihowin.com/binary-options-fixed-risk-known-cost-jim-prince-complaints/ |
The constant term in linear regression analysis seems to be such a simple thing. Also known as the y intercept, it is simply the value at which the fitted line crosses the y-axis.
While the concept is simple, I’ve seen a lot of confusion about interpreting the constant. That’s not surprising because the value of the constant term is almost always meaningless!
Paradoxically, while the value is generally meaningless, it is crucial to include the constant term in most regression models!
In this post, I’ll show you everything you need to know about the constant in linear regression analysis.
I'll use fitted line plots to illustrate the concepts because it really brings the math to life. However, a 2D fitted line plot can only display the results from simple regression, which has one predictor variable and the response. The concepts hold true for multiple linear regression, but I can’t graph the higher dimensions that are required.
I’ve often seen the constant described as the mean response value when all predictor variables are set to zero. Mathematically, that’s correct. However, a zero setting for all predictors in a model is often an impossible/nonsensical combination, as it is in the following example.
In my last post about the interpretation of regression p-values and coefficients, I used a fitted line plot to illustrate a weight-by-height regression analysis. Below, I’ve changed the scale of the y-axis on that fitted line plot, but the regression results are the same as before.
If you follow the blue fitted line down to where it intercepts the y-axis, it is a fairly negative value. From the regression equation, we see that the intercept value is -114.3. If height is zero, the regression equation predicts that weight is -114.3 kilograms!
Clearly this constant is meaningless and you shouldn’t even try to give it meaning. No human can have zero height or a negative weight!
Now imagine a multiple regression analysis with many predictors. It becomes even more unlikely that ALL of the predictors can realistically be set to zero.
If all of the predictors can’t be zero, it is impossible to interpret the value of the constant. Don't even try!
Even if it’s possible for all of the predictor variables to equal zero, that data point might be outside the range of the observed data.
You should never use a regression model to make a prediction for a point that is outside the range of your data because the relationship between the variables might change. The value of the constant is a prediction for the response value when all predictors equal zero. If you didn't collect data in this all-zero range, you can't trust the value of the constant.
The height-by-weight example illustrates this concept. These data are from middle school girls and we can’t estimate the relationship between the variables outside of the observed weight and height range. However, we can get a sense that the relationship changes by marking the average weight and height for a newborn baby on the graph. That’s not quite zero height, but it's as close as we can get.
I drew the red circle near the origin to approximate the newborn's average height and weight. You can clearly see that the relationship must change as you extend the data range!
So the relationship we see for the observed data is locally linear, but it changes beyond that. That’s why you shouldn’t predict outside the range of your data...and another reason why the regression constant can be meaningless.
Even if a zero setting for all predictors is a plausible scenario, and even if you collect data within that all-zero range, the constant might still be meaningless!
The constant term is in part estimated by the omission of predictors from a regression analysis. In essence, it serves as a garbage bin for any bias that is not accounted for by the terms in the model. You can picture this by imagining that the regression line floats up and down (by adjusting the constant) to a point where the mean of the residuals is zero, which is a key assumption for residual analysis. This floating is not based on what makes sense for the constant, but rather what works mathematically to produce that zero mean.
The constant guarantees that the residuals don’t have an overall positive or negative bias, but also makes it harder to interpret the value of the constant because it absorbs the bias.
Why Is it Crucial to Include the Constant in a Regression Model?
Immediately above, we saw a key reason why you should include the constant in your regression model. It guarantees that your residuals have a mean of zero.
Additionally, if you don’t include the constant, the regression line is forced to go through the origin. This means that all of the predictors and the response variable must equal zero at that point. If your fitted line doesn’t naturally go through the origin, your regression coefficients and predictions will be biased if don't include the constant.
I’ll use the height and weight regression example to illustrate this concept. First, I’ll use General Regression in Minitab statistical software to fit the model without the constant. In the output below, you can see that there is no constant, just a coefficient for height.
Next, I’ll overlay the line for this equation on the previous fitted line plot so we can compare the model with and without the constant.
The blue line is the fitted line for the regression model with the constant while the green line is for the model without the constant. Clearly, the green line just doesn’t fit. The slope is way off and the predicted values are biased. For the model without the constant, the weight predictions tend to be too high for shorter subjects and too low for taller subjects.
In closing, the regression constant is generally not worth interpreting. Despite this, it is almost always a good idea to include the constant in your regression analysis. In the end, the real value of a regression model is the ability to understand how the response variable changes when you change the values of the predictor variables. Don't worry too much about the constant! | https://blog.minitab.com/blog/adventures-in-statistics-2/regression-analysis-how-to-interpret-the-constant-y-intercept |
04/07/2020 - COVID -19 Changes:
Polk County is hiring people for $20-$25/hr to assist at the quarantine center for homeless or other that don't have quarantine options at the fairgrounds.
No medical experience needed. 515-229-1215
POLK COUNTY CRISIS AND ADVOCACY SERVICES is a division of...
CRISIS INTERVENTION & ADVOCACY CENTER services range from crisis intervention counseling, legal, medical and/or personal advocacy, safe shelter and safety planning, transitional and emergency housing, community education and outreach. CIAC staff and volunteers will travel to meet victims in order to accommodate their needs. Advocacy is provided wit...
|3-24-2020 COVID-19 Update: |
Please see website:
https://www.lincoln.ne.gov/city/covid19/resident-resources.htm
Crime victim support message boards provide crime victims a safe, web-based support service that allows them to share their feelings. These messages are also used during the Offenders/Victims Impact Classes. Empathy and life skills classes available for offenders.
Crime prevention information.
Family violence crisis line provides support 24/7.
Emergency shelter.
Emergency transportation.
Protection order assistance, criminal justice/legal advocacy, and medical advocacy.
Peer support groups.
Child advocacy.
Counseling or counseling referrals for survivors of domestic violen...
|4-21-2020 COVID-19 Update:|
At Voices of Hope, we are committed to serving and empowering those who have experienced relationship violence, sexual assault and abuse.
Voices of Hope is modifying services to take into account the health and safety of our clien...
Abuse and Crisis Intervention Services
Agency: Friendship Home, Inc.
4-21-2020 COVID-19 Update:
Domestic Violence Hotline
Agency: Domestic Violence Intervention Program
04/07/2020-COVID-19 Changes:
Abuse and Crisis Intervention Services
Agency: Spouse Abuse Sexual Assault Crisis Center (SASA), Inc
Crisis intervention services and an emergency confidential domestic violence shelter..
Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Program
Agency: Catholic Charities - Council Bluffs
Residential shelter for up to 24 abused women and their children.
Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Services
Agency: Crisis Center, Inc.
Services for domestic violence clients include:
Domestic Violence/Sexual Assault Program
Agency: Heartland Family Service
Domestic violence and sexual assault services including emergency shelter and transitional living arrangements, support groups, counseling, life skills training, children's group, food, clothing, personal items, medical and legal advocacy, and therapy.
Domestic Violence Support Group
Agency: Southwest Iowa Holly's Hope
Support group meets to talk about issues including substance abuse, ongoing violence, or issues with the abuser, children, housing, work, etc. Each member is given a journal and given affirmations that they are encouraged to select from to focus on during the intervening weeks.
Abuse and Crisis Intervention Services
Agency: Sandhills Crisis Intervention Program
Domestic violence hotline available 24 hours.
Domestic Violence Crisis Intervention Services
Agency: Children and Families of Iowa (CFI)
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE SERVICES (formerly know as the FAMILY VIOLENCE CENTER) provides comprehensive services for victims of domestic violence. Services include shelters for those affected by domestic violence and Outreach Services. Shelter location is confidential and not available to the general public. Outreach Services include counseling, court assi...
Sexual Abuse and Domestic Abuse and Violent Crime Services
Agency: ACCESS (Assault Care Center Extending Shelter and Support)
ACCESS provides free and confidential support to victims of domestic abuse, sexual abuse, and homicide or other violent crimes. ACCESS advocates meet with clients where the client is in Boone, Greene, Marshall, Story, and Tama counties.
Abuse and Crisis Intervention Services
Agency: LUNA
Provides a 24 hour crisis line for victims (men, women, children) of domestic violence, sexual assault and human trafficking. Individual counseling, support groups, court advocacy, safety planning, community groups, referrals and domestic violence and sexual assault advocacy training.
Exhale Project, The
Agency: Exhale Project, The
Offers Trauma informed yoga for survivors of sexual violence and other traumas. Provides a safe space where survivors can find healing and/or tools to manage symptoms of trauma. Non offending family/friends and social service providers may also attend.
Abuse and Crisis Intervention Services
Agency: DOVES Program, The
Services for victims of domestic, dating, sexual violence, and stalking.
Abuse and Crisis Intervention Services
Agency: Rape/Domestic Abuse Program
Emergency shelter available short term to survivors of domestic violence or sexual assault.
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In response to the evolving COVID-19 pandemic, the City of Chicago has joined the State of Illinois in issuing a Stay at Home order effective Saturday, March 21st at 5pm CT. In addition, City of Chicago facilities are closed to the public. Staff are prioritizing essential services to protect the health and safety of our residents and employees. As such, we may be delayed in responding to non-essential inquiries and service requests. To stay up to date on the City of Chicago’s COVID-19 response, please visit the City Coronavirus Response Center site.
The City of Chicago is committed to providing leadership and help throughout the evolving COVID-19 crisis. As the situation develops, the City will continue to offer resources and support to people across the city. Chicago.gov/Coronavirus provides the latest information on a range of topics regarding COVID-19.
Direct all media inquiries on COVID-19 to [email protected]
Community Service Centers are open during the Stay at Home Order for individuals and families in need of access to rental, utility and other financial assistance programs. Centers hours are 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., Monday through Friday.
Rental Assistance Program
In response to COVID-19, temporary changes are in place for obtaining an application for the Rental Assistance Program coordinated by the Chicago Department of Family & Support Services (DFSS). For now, instead of applying on site at a Community Service Center, residents can call one of the centers to have an application mailed to them. In addition, the application can be submitted by visiting any of the six Community Service Centers during regular business hours. Since the Illinois Stay at Home Order has been in place, up to 90 percent of calls/visits to the centers have been related to the Rental Assistance Program. An average of 20 applications are being mailed per day.
Many older adults in Chicago are deciding to put their health first and the Chicago Department of Family & Support Services (DFSS) is partnering with them to ensure their safety and wellbeing needs are being met. Older Chicagoans should limit travel, avoid large gatherings, stay home as much as possible and, if needed, ask others for help. Everyone has a role to play in getting ready and staying healthy. We all should call older loved ones, neighbors and friends to check up on them.
For Senior Services,
For Home-Delivered Meals,
Resources
Wellbeing Checks
Volunteers are conducting ongoing wellbeing checks, over the phone, to engage with older Chicagoans and to make sure their needs are being met during the Stay at Home Order.
Shelters
As part of the City of Chicago’s ongoing efforts to coordinate resources for vulnerable residents in response to COVID-19, the City is partnering with social services organizations to build an emergency shelter network in efforts to ensure social-distancing, access to food and safe accommodations for residents experiencing homeless. An agreement with the YMCA of Metro Chicago to house 400 beds across three local Y locations was the first step in a series of partnerships to build the network. An expanded partnership with the Salvation Army has been finalized and includes 265 beds across two local Salvation Army facilities. This emergency response effort complements the City’s existing network of shelters and expands citywide shelter bed capacity to nearly 3,000. Residents can make a request for shelter by calling City Services at 311. Shelter beds are available for families, youth and single individuals.
Resources
Encampments & Unsheltered Residents
To ensure that the needs of residents living in encampments across the city are being met, the City’s Homeless Outreach Program (HOP) visits encampments throughout the week to assess the need for resources at the location, to identify residents that are at higher risk for COVID-19 due to older age and severe chronic health conditions, and to gauge a resident’s interest in shelter placement. The HOP team has deployed handwashing stations to the city’s larger encampments and has made sure hygiene kits, hand sanitizer and wipes are available. This outreach has been in partnership with multiple city-funded agencies that provide wraparound services for unsheltered residents year-round. We are fully committed to ensuring that residents experiencing homelessness and all other vulnerable populations continue to receive care and the support they need to protect them from the spread of COVID-19.
The IL Domestic Violence Hotline is available 24/7 via call or text:
Phone: 1.877.863.6338
TTY: 1.877.863.6339
The Chicago Department of Family & Support Services (DFSS) is the lead agency for the Illinois Domestic Violence Hotline and works exclusively with The Network, a local nonprofit, to ensure residents have access to domestic violence support resources 24/7/365 – especially during this time of crisis. The Illinois Domestic Violence Hotline is available 24/7 via call or text in over 240 languages for residents affected by domestic violence. Through collaboration between the State of Illinois and the City of Chicago, the availability of resources provided by the Hotline has been expanded to meet the increasing demand during COVID-19. In addition to direct victim response, the Illinois Domestic Violence Hotline supports a network of service providers that address counseling and legal needs for Illinois residents affected by domestic violence.
Governor Pritzker announced a temporary suspension of public schools statewide. For Chicago Early Learning, the suspension applied to programs that operate in a Chicago Public Schools setting. Programs that operate outside of a school-setting, made individual organizational decisions based on the needs of their staff and the families they serve. DFSS has been told from its federal and state funders for early learning programs that funding will remain available for all early learning and childcare delegate agencies while their operations are temporarily interrupted.
The 2020 One Summer Chicago application is open at OneSummerChicago.org. | https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/depts/fss/provdrs/serv/alerts/2020/march/dfss-response-to-covid-19.html |
This is a new project created by ADVCL. The mission of ADVCL is to provide a continuum of services to American women and children experiencing family violence while living in a foreign country. ADVCL works with abused American women and children in foreign countries to provide domestic violence and child abuse advocacy, resources and tools so that they can navigate the complicated jurisdictional, legal and social international landscapes, to be able to live their lives free of abuse either in the foreign country or back in the United States. As part of the danger to safety planning advocacy, ADVCL works with women on the logistics and relocation to a safe place, be that in the foreign country or back in the U.S. ADVCL also assists with finding emergency financial funding, legal consultation with international family law attorneys, and basic needs, such as housing.
Battered American women who are abused in foreign countries by their partners often feel they have no choice but to flee back to the U.S. for the protection of themselves, and their children, in their search for safety. This is partly due to the barriers they face in the foreign countries including language, culture, and restrictive marital and child custody laws. Additionally, resources available in the foreign country are often non-existent and if there are some available, they are generally inadequate. Most often survivors say they feel the U.S. will have the most inclusive legal protection for them and their children. ADVCL helps with the logistics of relocation, danger to safety planning, and assistance with emergency needs.
ADVCL has provided danger to safety transportation for 34 families fleeing domestic violence trans-nationally since 2003. Of this population, we have found some have family that they can return to, while others enter directly into emergency shelters, yet either way, the majority of survivors are homeless from the minute they land back in the US. In 2008, at least 10 or more families contacted ADVCL after they had arrived in the US seeking assistance after fleeing trans-nationally. The crisis line received approximately 1182 calls or emails in FY 2008 and provided services to 363 families with 448 children in 56 different countries.
Project Reports on GlobalGiving are posted directly to globalgiving.org by Project Leaders as they are completed, generally every 3-4 months. To protect the integrity of these documents, GlobalGiving does not alter them; therefore you may find some language or formatting issues.
If you donate to this project or have donated to this project, you will get an e-mail when this project posts a report. You can also subscribe for reports via e-mail without donating.
We'll only email you new reports and updates about this project. | https://www.globalgiving.org/projects/danger-to-safety-relocation-for-dv-survivors/reports/?subid=3553 |
The information below is provided by the CARE Education Team.
Listed resources are specific to Minnesota, but not exhaustive. By providing this information, Hennepin Technical College does not assume responsibility for the quality provided by the agencies or websites.
Additional resources for:
- aging
- bilingual resources
- caregiver resources
- domestic violence
- health care resources
- legal resources
- unemployment
Aging Resources
MN Association of Area Agencies on Aging
Area agencies on aging help for individuals live and age well in their communities.
Bilingual Resources
Emergency and Community Health Outreach for Minnesota's refugee and immigrant populations.
TPT’s ECHO programming supports bridging the gap for immigrants and refugees in Minnesota, providing multi-language health, safety, civic engagement and emergency readiness information.
Navigate MN
NAVIGATE staff and trained volunteers provide presentations about how to prepare for, apply for, and pay for higher education. Presentations are given in English or Spanish to students, families, and educators
Caregiver Resources
Family Voices of Minnesota
Family Voices of Minnesota's mission is to cultivate strong families across Minnesota by connecting them with one another for support and information so they become empowered advocates improving health and quality of life for their children and youth with special health care needs and disabilities.
Living Well Disability Services
Providing exceptional services that transform the lives of people impacted by disabilities.
Domestic Violence
Beacon (Interfaith Housing Collaborative)
Beacon's vision and mission is that all people have a home and as a collaborative of congregations united in action we create homes and advance equitable housing.
Sojourner Project
Sojourner’s mission is to provide emergency shelter, support, and legal advocacy services to those victimized by domestic violence and other forms of interpersonal violence.
Health Care Resources
Brivia Health
Briva Health is MNsure’s largest assister and enrollment partner in Minnesota. Our MNsure certified assisters are available to help all Minnesotans and their families enroll on health coverage over the phone or in-person on weekdays from 9 am to 5 pm.
MNSure Information at HTC
Carver County Health and Human Services
Health and Human Services provides a wide array of services and programs designed to protect and maintain the health and welfare of County residents. The division determines eligibility and assists residents applying for financial assistance, food support, child care assistance, health care coverage, and long-term care programs and services.
Dakota County Health Services
Dakota County Public Health provides programs and services that help improve the health of all Dakota County residents. Staff work with partners in health care, non-profits, schools, and the community to prevent disease, promote wellness, and protect health for individuals, children and families.
Hennepin County Health Care Assistance
Health care assistance can provide coverage for health care expenses.
Ramsey County Health and Medical
Scott County Health and Human Services
Legal Resources
Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota
Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota (ILCM) is a nonprofit agency that provides immigration legal assistance to low-income immigrants and refugees in Minnesota.
Modern Military Association of America
Through our legal services program, we assist members of the LGBTQ military and veteran community with discharge upgrades, legal name changes and a wide range of other legal issues.
Sojourner Project
Community Legal Advocates help victims of violence and abuse stabilize their lives, maintain safety for themselves and their children, and increase their understanding of options and resources available to them while they live in their own residence.
Unemployment
Minnesota Unemployment Insurance (UI) Program
This is the official resource for information about Minnesota Unemployment Insurance (UI) benefits. UI benefits provide a temporary partial wage replacement to workers who become unemployed through no fault of their own. If you have become unemployed or had your hours greatly reduced, complete the Application Process – we will determine whether or not you are eligible and notify you. | https://hennepintech.edu/current-students/care/basic-needs/additional-resources.html |
This sample Victim Services Research Paper is published for educational and informational purposes only. Like other free research paper examples, it is not a custom research paper. If you need help writing your assignment, please use our custom writing services and buy a paper on any of the criminal justice research paper topics. This sample research paper on victim services features: 6400+ words (22 pages), an outline, APA format in-text citations, and a bibliography with 17 sources.
Outline
I. Introduction
II. Services for and Rights of Violent Crime Victims
A. 1960s: Medical Definitions of Victimization and Law Enforcement Involvement
B. 1970s: Grassroots Advocacy and Victim Compensation Programs
C. 1980s: Medical, Legal, and Legislative Action
D. 1990s: Continued Advocacy, Direct Service Provision, and Legislative Action
E. 2000s: Federal Legislation and the Diversification of Services
III. Victims and a Federal Constitutional Amendment
IV. Financing Victim Services and Improving Service Delivery
V. Diversity of Services for the Diverse Population of Violent Crime Victims
I. Introduction
A social and academic interest in the lives of violent crime victims reflects the changing role and importance of victims in the public imagination, public policy, lawmaking, criminal justice, and social service provision in recent decades. Prior to the 1960s, both the criminal justice system and the human and social service system largely ignored the plight of victims, instead focusing on the causes and nature of crime and the rehabilitation or punishment of offenders (see Wallace, 1998). The victims of crime have therefore gone largely unrecognized in public discourse and within the criminal justice system (see Elias, 1992). More importantly, until the last several decades, the impact of criminal victimization had not been a focus of public concern. Instead, the victims’ role in crime was largely filtered through their role as witnesses within the criminal justice system. Beginning in the late 1960s and taking hold in the 1970s, academic research, the medical community, and law enforcement’s concern and actions taken for victims of crime began to expand. The research, activism, and legislation helped to identify and highlight the toll of violent crime in terms of the social, physical, mental health, and financial consequences of victimization. This public concern owes much of its impetus to the actions and advocacy of grassroots organizations that organized and mobilized to offer victims the tangible assistance and support they needed in the way of shelters, crisis care, advocacy, and representation within the criminal justice system.
II. Services for and Rights of Violent Crime Victims
The creation and growth of the victims’ rights movement, reflecting an expansion of the feminist and civil rights movements, led to the provision of services to victims and an extension of their rights within law and criminal justice (see Office for Victims of Crime, 2004). Changes within the criminal justice system and the wider collective experience of crime, which include a heightened fear of stranger crime, changes in the day-to-day activities of households, increasing evidence of public disorder, and increased media interest and dramatization of crime, have led to dramatic changes in the way victims of crime are responded to. These changes reflect and reinforce widespread concern about victims and public safety, the ineffectiveness of the criminal justice system, and the politicizing of crime issues and crime victims. The evolution and implementation of services for violent crime victims may therefore be viewed as reflecting the history of the victims’ rights movement (see Office for Victims of Crime, 2004).
The victims’ rights movement has shaped the definition of victimization and the types of crime events that warrant concern for those victims affected by crime and violence. An examination of victim services through the lens of the victims’ rights movement over the last four decades provides a systematic view of how victims have evolved in the public imagination and how victim services have developed and evolved. The evolution of social, mental health, and legal services, and the advocacy for victims over the last 40 years, may be seen as moving from financial compensation programs, to social service initiatives, to the development of federal legislation for the victims of violent crime that works to ensure stability of funding for services for victims and their rights within the criminal justice system.
A. 1960s: Medical Definitions of Victimization and Law Enforcement Involvement
Some of the first concerns for the victims of crime focused on child victims. One of the earliest definitions of child abuse was suggested by physician C. Henry Kempe. In his benchmark paper, ”Battered Child Syndrome” (Kempe, Silverman, Steele, Droegemueller, & Silver, 1962/ 1984), he defined child abuse as a clinical condition with medical injuries that resulted from a physical assault. As early as the 1960s, pediatric radiologists began exposing the injuries experienced by infants and children and subsequently reported these victimizations to law enforcement officials. After involvement by the medical community, laws were passed in 1962 prohibiting parents from abusing their children. During this same time, mandatory child maltreatment reporting laws were passed by every state. Today, every state has mandatory child maltreatment laws and in some states—North Carolina, for example—this extends to all citizens who have knowledge of abuse.
After the early 1960s, there was a dramatic increase in the demand for child protective services. Some of the services provided by these agencies included assistance for children and families, foster care placement for abused children, support for youth making the transition to adulthood while living in foster care, and placement of children in adoptive homes. Today, there are close to 3 million referrals made yearly to state-level protective service agencies, involving more than 4.5 million children. In dealing with the impact of child abuse, more than 350 communities have established children’s advocacy center programs. These centers permit law enforcement officers, prosecutors, child protection workers, victim advocates, and therapists to interview children in a single, child-friendly location rather than in several intimidating environments. Child advocacy programs also provide holistic multidisciplinary case management to children during various stages of therapeutic treatment and criminal justice intervention.
B. 1970s: Grassroots Advocacy and Victim Compensation Programs
The earliest assistance and services for the victims of violent crime came in the form of victim compensation programs. The first program of its kind was established in California in 1965 through that state’s Victims of Violent Crime Act. This act provided for “reimbursement to persons who, as a result of a violent crime, have suffered a monetary loss due to a physical or emotional injury not covered by another source” (California Attorney General’s Office, 1998, p. 21). In addition, the act allowed for the reimbursement of medical and hospital bills, loss of income, loss of support, funeral and burial expenses, rehabilitation or retraining costs, counseling and therapy, and attorney fees. It also required that members of law enforcement inform victims about the availability of state compensation funds and the location of the local victim/ witness assistance center where they could file for a reimbursement. In outlining the need for such a service and provision to victims, California State Senator Eugene McAteer made a convincing case to then Governor Edmund G. Brown by stating the following:
The State of California spends millions of dollars for the maintenance of prisoners in penal institutions and the furnishing of dental and medical care, while the victimized persons and their families must bear any medical or dental expenses on their own and may suffer addtional economic hardship from temporary or even permanent loss of employment. (McGagin, 2005, p. 2)
Similar victim compensation programs were subsequently adopted in NewYork and Massachusetts during the late 1960s. These programs were developed in recognition of the tremendous financial burden placed on the victims of violent crime. They included financial reimbursement for victims in which compensation administrators often became advocates for victims of violent crime.Today, every state has a victim compensation program, but California continues to be a leader in victim compensation, providing the largest outlays of awards.
It is important to note that to benefit from such programs, victims are required to make contact with the criminal justice system and report their victimization to the police. Given that the majority of victims, particularly victims of sexual violence and domestic assaults, do not report their victimization to the police, the receipt of compensation is often limited to a narrower group of violent crime victims. In addition, while many victims would benefit from these programs, they were not met without resistance given the potential cost of such programs. Today, the majority of the money for these programs comes from offenders via fees and fines charged against those convicted of crime, as opposed to public tax dollars.
The 1970s may be largely characterized as reflecting the hard work and dedication of grassroots organizers. Both rape survivors and battered women commonly founded programs, crisis centers, and shelters for victims; worked to organize coalitions; and provided opportunities for the growth of activism. The advocacy taken on the part of victims included the development of the first battered women’s shelter for female domestic violence victims, established in 1974. The network of shelters then spread across the United States. Today, there are over 2,000 shelters and direct services offered to women leaving violent and abusive intimate relationships.
Shelters most often offer temporary and transitional living programs for women and their children who have experienced family and intimate partner violence. Agencies may also offer women and their children an apartment for an extended period of time during which they receive counseling and assistance. Shelters often have programs designed specifically for children who have witnessed violence and abuse. This may include group and individual counseling, education and play-therapy services, along with case management services. It is important to note that roughly half of the residents in domestic violence shelters are children. Domestic violence agencies may also offer programming for batterers in the form of workshops and group therapy for both men and women. Some agencies offer outpatient services including support groups, vocational counseling and job training, outreach to high schools and the community, court advocacy, and mental health services or referrals. Finally, many agencies have funding for women dealing with the economic reality of leaving a violent relationship, including locating temporary shelter, if none other is available, and putting women and their children up at a hotel for a few days. While the operation of shelters initially was focused on (and continues to focus on) assisting women in leaving abusive relationships, it soon became part of the battered women’s movement, working to reduce the incidence of family violence. The actions taken by those involved in the shelter movement include educating the public and law enforcement officials, advocating for victims, and working for legislative change and funding of domestic violence programming.
During the 1970s, grassroots organizations also worked to assist sexual assault victims in dealing with the trauma of rape and drew public attention to the issue of violence against women more broadly. The work and actions taken by these small, grassroots feminist groups led to the development of the first rape crisis centers in 1972. The primary purpose of the centers was to counsel and assist women who had been raped, offering them assistance, information, and advocacy in medical settings, the criminal justice system, and court proceedings. As part of the feminist movement, rape crisis centers also served the purpose of empowering women and politicizing violence against women. The initial funding of rape crisis centers was largely erratic, but over time these centers have been funded by hospitals, universities, and local governments. Today, rape crisis centers across the United States offer comprehensive medical, mental health, and legal services to victims of sexual violence, as well as sexual assault awareness and prevention education, and advocacy.The actions taken during this time period helped to direct attention to rape survivors and led to the impetus to change the criminal justice system and laws to facilitate prosecution and encourage women to report their experience of sexual violence to the police.
By the 1970s, formal programs for crime victims also expanded to include a wider array of victim assistance programs, including the development of criminal-justice- and law-enforcement-based victim assistance programs. The important role of law enforcement in the provision of services to victims is evident in the organization of the first “Victims’ Rights Week,” in 1975, by Philadelphia District Attorney F. Emmett Fitzpatrick. The National Organization for Victim Assistance, founded in 1975, is an organization of victim and witness assistance programs and practitioners, criminal justice agencies and professionals, mental health professionals, researchers, former victims, and survivors committed to the recognition and implementation of victim rights and services. Its primary mission is now to promote the rights of and services for victims of crime and crisis through national advocacy, direct services to victims, supporting the activities of victim service professionals, and forging relationships between members. With respect to the provision of services, the National Organization for Victim Assistance’s contact with victims, primarily via its national hotline, leads to service referral, counseling, and advocacy for the victims of crime.
During the 1970s, a number of coalitions formed to attend to the issue of violence against women. In 1978, as part of a United States Commission on Civil Rights, women’s advocates came together in Washington, D.C., to form the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence (NCADV). The primary mission of NCADV is to engage in leadership within communities to help bring an end to violence. To that end, NCADV engages in educational programming, policy development, and coalition building, and supports the provision of direct services for battered women and their children. During this same decade, the National Organization for Women (NOW) formed a task force to examine the problem of domestic violence and wife battering. These grassroots movements may be seen as the starting point for research, shelters, hotlines, abolishment of the marital rape exemption, and mandatory arrest policies. Minnesota led the way in criminal domestic violence interventions with the development of probable cause (warrantless) arrests for domestic assault.
Finally, the 1970s saw some of the first federal legislation related to victimization with the U.S. Congress passing the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act. Through this act of Congress, federal funding went to states to support a variety of programs and criminal justice interventions including education and prevention, criminal justice interventions, and direct treatment and services for victims. As with other legislation, there was concern over its financial impact and some discussion over whether the funding would benefit offenders.
C. 1980s: Medical, Legal, and Legislative Action
Whereas the provision of services to the victims of crime in the 1960s and 1970s reflected activism, the 1980s was a period of medical, legal, and legislative action to ensure the institutionalization of victim services and assistance. This includes the President’s Task Force on Victims of Crime, which recognized the plight of crime victims and placed a national focus on expanding crime victims’ rights and services. During the 1980s, a growing interest in the trauma and mental health impact of violent victimization led to the development of innovative models of crisis intervention and community approaches to collective trauma experiences. The first Crisis Response Team was deployed by the National Organization for Victim Assistance to attend to a situation in Edmond, Oklahoma, in which a postal worker killed 14 fellow employees and himself. Within a day, experienced crisis interveners arrived to attend to the needs of the community as a whole, not just the individuals directly affected by the tragedy. Today, Crisis Response Teams are composed of mental health specialists, victim advocates, public safety professionals, and clergy members. Once these teams arrive at the site of a community crisis, the team engages in a variety of activities. These include assisting local decision makers in identifying the individuals and groups at greatest risk for experiencing trauma, the training of local service providers and caregivers to attend to the needs of traumatized victims after the Crisis Response Team has left the scene, and leading the group crisis intervention that assists victims in coping with their distress.
The 1980s also brought new legal services to the victims of crime. Through civil litigation, crime victims may be able to file lawsuits against perpetrators and responsible third parties for the damages the victims suffered as a result of the crime. The Victims’ Assistance Legal Organization and the National Crime Victim Bar Association are two such organizations dedicated to facilitating civil actions brought by crime victims. In a continued effort to protect child victims, legislation passed in 1984 included the Missing Children’s Assistance Act. After the act was passed, a clearinghouse and national resource center was established (National Center for Missing and Exploited Children). The primary purpose of the center is to assist in finding missing children and offer services to victimized and exploited youth. To date, the Center has handled more than 1 million calls.
During the 1980s, there began the first political and public discussion in favor of a federal “Crime Victims’ Bill of Rights.” This included a recommendation to amend the Sixth Amendment to guarantee that “the victim, in every criminal prosecution, shall have the right to be present and to be heard at all critical stages of judicial proceedings.” This would later, in 2004, become the Justice for All Act. Other major legislation and federal action included the Federal Victim and Witness Protection Act of 1982, which brought “fair treatment standards” to victims and witnesses in the federal criminal justice system; the United States Department of Justice creating the Office for Victims of Crime; and deposits into the Federal Crime Victims Fund totaling $133 million. This was also a period of major reforms with respect to intimate partner violence.
Finally, the 1980s may be viewed as a turning point in the country’s focus on victims with respect to public policy, program implementation, and public awareness. An example of continued grassroots advocacy was the founding of Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) during the 1980s. The actions taken by MADD helped to create the impetus for impaired-driving laws across the United States and enhanced penalties for drunk drivers who kill children.
D. 1990s: Continued Advocacy, Direct Service Provision, and Legislative Action
The actions taken in the name of victims in the 1990s continued to reflect advocacy and the direct provision of services to victims. The decade saw the inception of the National Domestic Violence Hotline, which attends to almost a quarter of a million phone calls each year from the victims and survivors of intimate partner violence, concerned family members and friends, and victims advocates. The anonymous and confidential calls are answered by advocates who offer support and assistance to those who have experienced violence in an intimate relationship. The services offered include crisis intervention, safety planning, information about domestic violence, and referrals to local service providers.
During this decade, researchers continued efforts to examine the plight of victims and evaluate social and criminal justice interventions and programs. This includes the implementation of mandatory arrest policies for domestic violence victims and the evaluation of their efficacy for protecting victims. The 1990s was also a decade of continued and more diverse legislation to change the circumstances faced by crime victims. There were a number of contributions of research to practice, as reflected in the work done by domestic violence researchers examining the efficacy of mandatory arrest policies, domestic violence courts, and batterer interventions. While the findings are often mixed on whether mandatory arrest policies reduce revictimization, most states have adopted either a mandatory or pro-arrest stance on domestic violence.
There were also a number of advances made in responding to the trauma experienced by crime victims, including the expansion and deepening of services to the varied victim populations. There continued to be a worldwide movement to articulate the rights of victims within the criminal justice system and attempts to develop interventions to enforce those rights. During this time period, for example, many states incorporated victims’ rights into their state constitutions. There was also a growing sensitivity to the varied experience of crime victims and the extensive consequences of violence. For example, there was recognition of the lack of sensitivity to victims of sexual assault during medical evidentiary examinations. This led to the development of sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE) programs. The SANE programs addressed the waiting time for victims of sexual violence, and the lack of training and experience of those working with sexual assault victims during forensic examinations.
The increased sensitivity to the diversity and experiences of violent crime victims also led to important state and federal legislation expanding what had traditionally been viewed as crime. Some examples include the Hate Crime Statistics Act, the Church Arson Prevention Act, and anti-stalking laws and legislation. The 1990s was also a decade of growing interest in the welfare of children as victims of crime. This led to a host of legislation meant to protect children including “Megan’s Law,” the National Child Sex Offender Registry, the Child Protection and Sexual Predator Punishment Act, and enhanced sentences for drunk drivers with child passengers.
In 1990, the Victims of Child Abuse Act established rights and services for child victims. The act was amended in 1993 to provide funding to support local children’s advocacy centers and to set up regional training centers to assist communities in establishing interagency teams to respond to child abuse cases. Continued concern for the child victims of crime through the late 1990s included the adoption of the “Amber Alert” system. This system began in 1996 and was formalized in 2003 when television broadcasters teamed with local law enforcement to develop an early warning system to help find abducted children.
During the 1990s, presidential and congressional acts to address crime and victimization included the signing of the “Brady Bill” and the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, which carried a number of provisions including one outlining the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA). This act would authorize more than $1 billion in funding for programs to combat violence against women. By the end of the 1990s, the Federal Crime Victims Fund deposits totaled a record $985 million.
E. 2000s: Federal Legislation and the Diversification of Services
Whereas the 1990s reflected varied federal legislation addressing a number of diverse victim issues, the decade of the 2000s may be viewed as the consolidation of federal action for victims in the passing of the Justice for All Act in 2004 (a statutory alternative to the Federal Crime Victims’ Rights Amendment), and the provision of financial resources to combat crime and help the victims of crime. The year 2000 saw the passing of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) and record funding for domestic violence and sexual assault victims. The passing of the VAWA authorized $80 million annually for direct sexual assault prevention and education grants, $875 million (over 5 years) for battered women’s shelters, $25 million for the one-time funding of transitional housing programs, and $25 million to address violence against older women and women with disabilities. Finally, reflecting the expansion of technologies used by offenders to victimize their victim, the federal government also expanded federal stalking statutes to include stalking on the Internet.
The decade may also be seen as suffering from a failure to take federal action to recognize the rights of victims in the same way the U.S. Constitution protects the rights the of accused. With support from both Democrats and Republicans, the Senate Judiciary Committee passed the Federal Victims’ Rights Amendment to ensure basic rights to victims nationwide. However, the Congress failed to approve the amendment. As an alternative, the Justice for All Act was passed in 2004, providing substantive rights for crime victims and legal mechanisms to enforce those rights.
III. Victims and a Federal Constitutional Amendment
The move to enact federal legislation to protect the rights of violent crime victims and in particular an amendment to the United States Constitution has a long history and support from both liberals and conservatives. On June 25, 1996, President Bill Clinton voiced his position on such proposed legislation:
I have supported the goals of many constitutional amendments since I took office, but in each amendment that has been proposed during my tenure as President, I have opposed the amendment either because it was not appropriate or not necessary. But this is different. I want to balance the budget, for example, but the Constitution already gives us the power to do that. What we need is the will and to work together to do that. I want young people to be able to express their religious convictions in an appropriate manner wherever they are, even in a school, but the Constitution protects people’s rights to express their faith.
Two hundred twenty years ago, our Founding Fathers were concerned, justifiably, that government never, never trample on the rights of people just because they are accused of a crime. Today, it’s time for us to make sure that while we continue to protect the rights of the accused, government does not trample on the rights of the victims.
Until these rights are also enshrined in our Constitution, the people who have been hurt most by crime will continue to be denied equal justice under law. That’s what this country is really all about—equal justice under law. And crime victims deserve that as much as any group of citizens in the United States ever will. (Office of the Press Secretary, the White House, 1996)
Almost 7 years later, on May 9, 2002, President George W. Bush voiced similar support for the victims of crime. In a speech at the Department of Justice, President Bush gave his support to a federal constitutional amendment for violent crime victims:
The victims’ rights movement has touched the conscience of this country, and our criminal justice system has begun to respond, treating victims with greater respect. The states, as well as the federal government, have passed legal protections for victims. However, those laws are insufficient to fully recognize the rights of crime victims. Victims of violent crime have important rights that deserve protection in our Constitution. And so today, I announce my support for the bipartisan Crime Victims’ Rights Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. As I mentioned, this amendment is sponsored by Senator Feinstein of California, Senator Kyl of Arizona—one a Democrat, one a Republican. Both great Americans.
This amendment makes some basic pledges to Americans. Victims of violent crime deserve the right to be notified of public proceedings involving the crime. They deserve to be heard at public proceedings regarding the criminal’s sentence or potential release. They deserve to have their safety considered. They deserve consideration of their claims of restitution. We must guarantee these rights for all the victims of violent crime in America.
The Feinstein-Kyl Amendment was written with care, and strikes a proper balance. Our legal system properly protects the rights of the accused in the Constitution. But it does not provide similar protection for the rights of victims, and that must change.
The protection of victims’ rights is one of those rare instances when amending the Constitution is the right thing to do. And the Feinstein-Kyl Crime Victims’ Rights Amendment is the right way to do it. (Hearing Before the Subcommittee on the Constitution of the Committee on the Judiciary on the 2002 Victims’ Rights Amendment, 2002)
Although the proposed amendment had 24 cosponsors, including a majority of the members of the subcommittee, and it had also been endorsed by President Bush and by Attorney General Ashcroft, it failed to pass. As a statutory alternative, as mentioned above, the Justice for All Act of 2004 was enacted to protect crime victims’ rights.
The Justice for All Act accomplishes a number of major goals. As noted by the Office for Victims of Crime (2004),
The Act adds new victims’ rights and modifies some of the existing rights. Most notable is the new right of victims to be reasonably heard at any public proceeding involving release, plea, or sentencing. The Act also requires prosecutors to advise victims that they can seek the advice of an attorney with respect to the rights established by the Act. Although the Act does not provide grounds for a new trial, it allows victims to file motions to reopen a plea or a sentence in certain circumstances.
For purposes of the Act, a victim is “a person directly and proximately harmed as a result of the commission of a federal offense or an offense in the District of Columbia.” This language expands the definition of victim in the “Services to Victims” section of the Victims of Crime Act, which allows such services only for those who suffered “direct physical, emotional, or pecuniary harm.”
Some of the specific elements of the Justice for All Act are to amend the federal criminal code to grant crime victims specified rights, including a number of rights that relate to victim compensation and the criminal justice process. The specific rights include (1) the right to be reasonably protected from the accused; (2) the right to reasonable, accurate, and timely notice of any public court proceeding or any parole proceeding involving the crime, or of any release or escape of the accused; (3) the right not to be excluded from any such public court proceeding, unless the court, after receiving clear and convincing evidence, determines that testimony by the victim would be materially altered if the victim heard other testimony at that proceeding; (4) the right to be reasonably heard at any public proceeding in the district court involving release, plea, sentencing, or any parole proceeding; (5) the reasonable right to confer with the attorney for the government in the case; (6) the right to full and timely restitution as provided in law; (7) the right to proceedings free from unreasonable delay; and (8) the right to be treated with fairness and with respect for the victim’s dignity and privacy (Office for Victims of Crime fact sheet, http://www.ovc.gov/publications/factshts/justforall/content.html#3).
IV. Financing Victim Services and Improving Service Delivery
While the stability and amount of funding for services for the victims of crime have changed over the past 40 years, the focus in terms of the “crime problem” continues to be on the punishment and treatment of offenders. Consider an example: Since 1982, there has been a 620% increase in the funding of jails, prisons, and offender treatment. In the year 2005, the United States spent over $60 billion on the maintenance and operation of the correctional system (U.S. Department of Justice).
At the same time, programs designed to directly provide services and assistance to the victims of crime are highly underfunded, often grant-based, and frequently required to annually reapply for continued support (See Elias, 1992). Most often, the funding of services reflects federal distributions to states in the form of victim assistance grants. The magnitude of the funding of victim services is described as follows, by the U.S. Department of Justice:
During FYs 1999 and 2000, OVC [Office forVictims of Crime] distributedmore than $608million to states throughVOCA victim assistance grants ($238 million in FY 1999; $370 million in FY 2000). States sub-granted these funds to criminal justice agencies, social service agencies, private nonprofit agencies, andAmerican Indian tribes to support direct services to victims of child abuse, domestic violence, sexual assault, drunk driving, elder abuse, and robbery; family members of homicide victims; and victims of other violent crimes. The services provided include crisis counseling, therapy, shelter, information and referral, help in filing compensation claims, and advocacy support. Between FY 1999 and 2000, VOCA funds supported some 4,000 programs across the country and reached more than 6.4 million crime victims. This represents a 15-percent increase in the number of victims served since the previous biennium. (https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/reporttonation2001/chp2.html)
While federal and state funding for victims has increased in recent decades, even those criminal justice initiatives that incorporate issues specific to victims’ rights often depend for their funding on fines and victim surcharge fees collected from offenders.
In addition to increasing the funding of victim services, federal and state governments and social service providers have worked hard to improve the implementation and delivery of services. This has included significant changes and improvements within the criminal justice system to better assist the victims of crime. A 2001 report by the Office for Victims of Crime notes the following:
States and sub-grantees have made and continue to make major strides in several key areas in working with crime victims. First, significant improvements are being made in the criminal justice system response to crime victims. Specialized domestic violence courts, community policing, automated notification systems, registries of protective and restraining orders and of sex offenders, and standardization of sexual assault evidence collection all support services to victims and increase offender accountability. Second, the need for and value of collaboration with other disciplines, agencies, and systems is recognized. Protocols are now in place for domestic violence and sexual assault cases and for criminal crisis response. Criminal justice officials and community-based advocates coordinate activities and, with increased training, both fields are more aware of the responsibilities of the other. Finally, states are increasingly expecting persons who serve crime victims to be trained and, in some instances, certified. Some states have developed standards for programs that receive VOCA funding. Several states have annual statewide conferences and others are implementing state victim assistance academies. (https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/reporttonation2001/chp2.html)
The area of domestic violence is an excellent example of the integration of service provision, increased training of criminal justice officials and social service providers, and coordination of justice officials and community-based organizations. For example, specialized domestic violence courts have served to integrate the screening, referral, and monitoring of criminal cases. These courts are dedicated to dealing with felony or misdemeanor domestic violence crimes, and they have been supported by federal STOP Violence Against Women funds. Some notable improvements in the treatment of domestic violence through the implementation of these courts include the training of court officials to promote the consistent and efficient handling of cases and on-site victim advocates. These victim advocates serve as the primary contact to victims, creating safety plans and coordinating housing, counseling, and other social services. They also provide victims with information about criminal proceedings and special conditions contained within their orders of protection. These courts have also employed resource coordinators and implemented technology that assists in maintaining links between service providers and court officials, providing information on the status of victims and offenders, and holding agencies accountable for accurate and prompt reporting.
V. Diversity of Services for the Diverse Population of Violent Crime Victims
Social services, victim programs, and crisis centers were largely devised to deal with female victims of intimate partner violence and sexual assault and as such may not reflect the needs of all crime victims nor accommodate the types of coping strategies typical of male victims (see Wallace, 1998). Yet, over the last 40 years there has been increased public attention to the diversity of victims of crime, and this has translated into a number of services to attend to the needs of this population.
In the early part of 2000, the federal and state governments directed an initiative to attend to previously underserved victims of crime. Victim assistance programs received increased funding and began to direct resources to victims of elder abuse, child exploitation, child witnesses to domestic violence, cybercrime, hate crime, and stalking. Attention has also been directed to tailoring programs to previously underserved populations including immigrants, visible minorities, and rural and disabled victims. This includes improving programs to be more culturally relevant to the populations they serve, physically accessible, and in close geographic proximity to the victims of crime.
An example of the recognition of the diversity of victimization includes the legislation, advocacy, and services for the victims of hate/bias crimes, which have been important milestones within the evolution of victim services. The Hate Crimes Statistics Act of 1990 and the Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act are notable in that they laid out the definition of bias crimes and extended federal law to allow state and local authorities to take advantage of federal investigative resources and personnel in bringing cases based on state law. Yet, it has been the advocacy of local service agencies that has most often assisted victims of crime motivated by bias, which less often comes to the attention of law enforcement. Since the late 1980s, local community organizations have run 24-hour crisis lines and have offered victims referrals to attorneys, counselors, and therapists. These agencies have also served as court advocates for victims who press criminal charges. Prevention and education are also at the forefront of victim services within the hate crime arena. Some of these projects include training residents how to protect themselves from the risk of violence and providing training for local law enforcement on how to respond to hate crime incidents.
See also:
Bibliography:
- California Attorney General’s Office. (1998). Crime victims’ handbook. Crime andViolence Prevention Center. Retrieved July 20, 2013, from http://caag.state.ca.us/publications/victimshandbk/pdf/handbook.pdf
- Cohen, M., & Miller, T. (1998). The cost of mental health care for victims of crime. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 13, 93–110.
- Elias, R. (1986). Politics of victimization—Victims, victimology, and human rights. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Elias, R. (1992). Which victim movement? The politics of victim policy. In E. Fattah (Ed.), Towards a critical victimology (pp. 130–152). New York: St. Martin’s Press.
- Hearing before the Subcommittee on the Constitution of the Committee on the Judiciary on the 2002 Victims’ Rights Amendment, House of Representatives, 107d Cong., 2 (2002).
- Jerin, R. A., Moriary, L. J., & Gibson, M. A. (1995). Victim service or self service: An analysis of prosecution based victim witness assistance programs and providers. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 7(2), 142–154.
- Kempe, C. H., Silverman, F. N., Steele, B. F., Droegemueller, W., & Silver, H. K. (1984). The battered-child syndrome. Journal of the American Medical Association, 251(24), 3288–3294. (Original work published 1962)
- Logan, T. K., Stevenson, E., Evans, L., & Leukefeld, C. (2004). Rural and urban women’s perceptions of barriers to health, mental health, and criminal justice services: Implications for victim services. Violence and Victims, 19(1), 37–62.
- Marion, N. C. (1995). The federal response to crime victims, 1960– 1992. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 10(4), 419–436.
- McGagin, K. (2005, February). From the desk of Karen McGagin. Victim Compensation Connection. Retrieved July 20, 2013, from http://vcgcb.ca.gov/docs/newsletters/2005/02-VCC.pdf
- Miller, T. R., Cohen, M. A., &Wiersema, B. (1996). Victim costs and consequences: a new look (NCJ 155282). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
- Newmark, L. C. (2006). Crime victims’ needs and VOCA-funded services: Findings and recommendations from two national studies (NCJ 214263).Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
- Office of the Press Secretary, the White House. (1996, June 25). Remarks by the president at announcement of Victims’ Rights Constitutional Amendment. Retrieved July 20, 2013, from https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/nvaa/supp/c-ch4.htm
- Office for Victims of Crime. (2004). The history of the crime victims’ movement in the United States. A component of the Office for Victims of Crime Oral History Project. Retrieved July 20, 2013, from https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/ncvrw/2005/pg4c.html
- Pahl, J. (1985). Private violence and public policy—the needs of battered women and the response of the public services. Boston: Routledge/Kegan Paul.
- Wallace, H. (1998). Victimology: Legal, psychological, and social perspectives. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
- Zweig, J. M., Burt, M. R., & Van Ness, A. (2003). The effects on victims of victim service programs funded by the STOP formula grants program. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. Retrieved July 20, 2013, from http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/410645_VictimServicePrograms.pdf
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Welcome to the St. Mary’s Healthcare System Resource Directory
This resource directory is for families/caregivers of children who have medically complex needs or long-lasting conditions that require extra health care and support services.
The information in this directory is provided to help you find resources to assist you with finding help for your child and family. The range of care/disability/health issues varies amongst children so the information may or may not pertain to your child.
What you'll find
After a family learns that their child is ill parents/caregivers typically begin to think about how they can best care for their child. The resources in this directory include agencies, service providers, advocacy organizations, and other resources to assist with providing a quality life for children with medically complex needs.
To find a resource enter your area of interest in the search box on the side bar and the location in the box located on the top of the screen. The directory is intended to assist you with being the best advocate for your child. Although we attempt to keep the directory current resources change constantly.Got it!
Category: FAMILY SUPPORT
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Administration for Children’s Services NYC nyc.gov
The New York City Administration for Children’s Services protects New York City’s children from abuse and neglect. Along with our community partners, Children’s Services provides neighborhood-based services to help ensure children grow up in safe, permanent homes with strong families
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Bayside Jewish Center bayterrace.org
Contact Information
718 428 6363
[email protected]
Address
13-00 209th Street Bayside NY
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Catholic Charities of Brooklyn and Queens ccbq.org
- Benefit assistance
- Community Support Agencies
- Day Habilitation Programs
- Faith Based Disability Outreach
- Prevention Services
- Residential Programs
- Respite Services
Large multi-service agency serving the needs of the poor, sick, aged, developmentally disabled.Offers preventative services, such as parenting classes. Languages spoken English, Creole, French, Spanish.
Contact Information
Phone: Brooklyn 718-722-6001
Queens 718-726-9790
Address
Brooklyn: 191 Joralemon Street, Brooklyn, NY 11201 Queens: 23-40 Astoria Blvd, Astoria, NY 11102
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Chabad Lubavitch of Northeast Queens chabadnequeens.com
Chabad House will provide housing and food for families whose children are hospitalized over the Sabbath/High Holy Days.
Contact Information
Phone: 718-279-1457
Address
212-12 26th Avenue Bayside, NY 11360 USA
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Chai Life Line chailifeline.org
Since 1987, Chai Lifeline’s mission has been to restore the light of childhood to children whose innocence ended when life-threatening or lifelong illness was diagnosed. Through programs that address the emotional, social, and financial needs of seriously ill children, their families, and communities, Chai Lifeline restores normalcy to family life, and better enables families to withstand the crises and challenges of serious pediatric illness
Contact Information
212.465.1300
877 CHAI LIFE
Address
Chai Lifeline New York/Greater Atlantic Region 151 West 30th Street Third Floor New York, NY 10001
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Children’s Aid Society childrensaidsociety.org
- Advocacy Organizations
- Benefit assistance
- Foster Care Services
- Housing Assistance
- Legal services
- Parenting
- Prevention Services
Today, Children’s Aid serves New York’s neediest children and their families at more than 40 locations in the five boroughs and Westchester County. Our caring begins even before birth, through prenatal counseling and assistance, and continues through the high school years with college and job preparatory training programs. All aspects of a child’s development are addressed as he or she grows, from health care to academics to sports and the arts. And because stable children live in stable families, a host of services are available to parents, including housing assistance, domestic violence counseling and health care access
Contact Information
CAS switchboard: (212) 949-4800
Address
The Children's Aid Society 105 East 22nd Street New York, NY 10010
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Disabled and Alone/Life Services for the Handicapped, Inc. disabledandalone.org
Life Services is a non-profit organization established to help families provide a secure future for their loved ones with a disability.
Families pay a one-time membership fee and begin a yearlong planning process, with a local Personal Advocate selected by the organization and approved by the family.
The Advocate helps the family complete the Planning Journal while becoming well acquainted with the person with a disability and the family
Contact Information
Phone: (212) 532-6740 | (800) 995-0066
Email: [email protected]
Address
1440 Broadway 23rd Floor New York, NY 10018-2326
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Health Care Chaplaincy Network healthcarechaplaincy.org
A nonprofit health care organization that helps people in distress from illness and suffering find comfort and meaning.
Contact Information
Phone: (212) 644-1111
[email protected]
Address
65 Broadway, 12th Floor New York, NY 10006-2503
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Heart Share-St Vincent’s- Specialized Preventive Services heartshare.org
Preventive services provided by Administration for Children’s Services (ACS) and its network of social service agencies can include family or individual counseling, parenting classes, substance abuse treatment, domestic violence intervention, home care, support for pregnant and parenting teens, and other services.
Contact Information
(718) 422-4253
Address
191 Joralemon Street- 5th Floor Brooklyn, N.Y. 11201
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Muslim Center of New York muslimcenter.org
Muslim Center of New York is a 501(c) religious organization in the heart of Flushing, Queens- a community of believers adhering to the Qur’an and the life traditions of Prophet Muhammad (Peace and Blessing Be Upon Him). | https://resources.stmaryskids.org/category/parenting-supports/ |
As an employee providing direct services to FJC clients (victims of domestic violence and abuse) and their children, the Domestic Violence Advocate plays an important role in advocacy, safety planning, crisis intervention, discussing options, telephone hotline assistance, information/referral services and community education/outreach.
ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS
- Provide immediate support, crisis intervention, counseling, risk assessment, safety planning and referrals to victims of Domestic Violence. This includes all core services in accordance with Part 462 of the New York State Social Services regulations.
- Answer hotline phone calls and provide telephonic assistance to domestic violence victims
- Discuss options for filing criminal and civil orders of protection, drafting Family Offense Petitions, eFiling, web conferencing at all FJC Locations and court accompaniment
- Advocates may be required to cover shifts at multiple locations: Amherst, Orchard Park, Grand Island and downtown Buffalo.
- Oversee, train and work with interns and volunteers
- Provide court advocacy for clients, assisting in accessing legal remedies and protections and accompanying clients to Family Court or Criminal Court
- Provide follow up services and case management to assure on-going support and links to appropriate services
- Adhere and enforce an understanding of Client Confidentiality
- Assist in compiling data for monthly grant reports
- Reliability and Attendance – begin work on time and conform to work hours and schedule unless arrangements have been made with a supervisor
OTHER JOB DUTIES
- Assist with administrative duties as needed
- Report to and perform all other duties as assigned by CEO and Operations Manager including training and supervision of interns and volunteers
- Engage in a collaborative working relationship with a variety of stakeholders( e.g. Law Enforcement Agencies, community service and legal organizations, Civil and Criminal Courts)
REQUIREMENTS/QUALIFICATIONS
- Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in social work or related field
- 1-3 years paid professional experience
- Bi-lingual preferred
- Thorough understanding of domestic violence, courts, Dept. Of Social Services and community agencies
- Have extensive knowledge of local and statewide Domestic Violence resources
- Possess training and knowledge in Mandated Reporting of suspected child abuse
- Exceptional written, interpersonal, and communication skills
- Able to multi-task, respond to rapidly changing situations; organize, prioritize, and perform work with minimal supervision
- Able to work in a team and independently
- Highly organized and very effective time management skills. | https://www.fjcsafe.org/employment/ |
Violence 101” webinar. Presented via Zoom and Facebook Live, leaders from each of the participating agencies,
service providers, and organizations discussed several topics with community members participating in the session.
Topics included types of services offered for domestic violence survivors, steps for victims to safely and
confidentially report abuse, how to make a safety plan, and ways to access available domestic violence resources.
The webinar was organized following an uptick in calls and inquiries from community members wanting to know
more about resources for domestic violence victims on Staten Island. A video of the webinar can be viewed here.
District Attorney Michael E. McMahon said, “My office takes domestic violence incredibly seriously and we are
committed to working with our partners to ensure survivors of abuse have access to the resources and help they need
to thrive. While my Domestic Violence Bureau is always ready and able to help victims move forward with the
prosecution of a criminal case, we are also cognizant of the difficult circumstances many victims face in not wanting
to report abuse to law enforcement. Regardless of their situation, my office, the NYPD, and all of our partners are
here to serve as a lifeline for those struggling with domestic violence. Do not hesitate to contact us if you are in need
of assistance.”
Police Commissioner Dermot Shea said, “The NYPD’s Domestic Violence Unit works tirelessly to reduce
domestic violence and to keep families safe. Every New Yorker has the right to be safe in their own home and our
professional cadre of domestic violence officers are committed to securing this right. We urge anyone who has been
a victim of domestic violence to contact the NYPD so we can initiate comprehensive investigations and offer support
and services to victims and survivors. Through our collaboration with other specialized units within the NYPD, and
with our partnerships with city agencies and community-based stakeholders, we aim to provide the best assistance
possible to survivors of Domestic Violence.”
Commissioner Cecile Noel, Mayor’s Office to End Domestic and Gender-Based Violence (ENDGBV): “Our
partnerships with community-based organizations, the legal and the law enforcement community during this
especially difficult and isolating time forsurvivors has been nothing short of crucial in serving these clients. COVID19 puts into sharp focus the vulnerabilities that many people in our city face every day, especially gender-based
violence survivors; and it highlights the barriers and challenges that we know keep people from seeking help and
finding safety. Survivors need us now more than ever in these extraordinary times, and our top priority remains to
ensure continuity of services and unwavering support. Together, we can tell survivors that they are not alone, they
are never alone…and help is here for them.”
Dr. Demetrius Carolina, Sr., Executive Director, Central Family Life Center,said, “The social emotional health
and wellbeing of everyone is of vital importance for our communities to thrive. As such, the issues surrounding
domestic violence are many and must be examined, discussed and mitigated. The DV conference is a step towards
that end. Let’s come together as partners for the betterment of our families and friends. Many hands make light work
and lifts many people.”
STATEN ISLAND FAMILY JUSTICE CENTER
• Contact the Staten Island Family Justice Center at (718) 697-4300 for vital services including immediate
safety planning, shelter assistance, legal consultations, counseling sessions, case management sessions,
mental health counseling, and more. All services are free, confidential, and available to survivors of intimate
partner and family violence, stalking, sexual assault, sex trafficking, and elder abuse. People of all ages,
sexual orientations, and gender identities, regardless of language spoken, income, or immigration status are
welcome. Domestic violence shelters are operating. For evenings and weekends, survivors can call NYC’s
24-hour Domestic Violence Hotline (1-800-621-4673), to access assistance with immediate safety planning,
shelter assistance and community resources. Survivors with access to the internet can
visit nyc.gov/NYCHOPE for additional resources and information. Survivors are additionally encouraged to
call NYC Well (1-888-692-9355) for help with stress and anxiety, as well as to call 911 for emergencies. | http://statenislander.org/2021/03/17/press-release-rcda-staten-island-family-justice-center-central-family-life-center-nypd-true-2-life-cure-violence-host-domestic-violence-101-webinar/ |
What We Do
The Child Protection Program embraces six elements:
Evaluating children referred
to Childrens Hospital Boston for suspected abuse or neglect and referring
them to appropriate services within the hospital and in the community
Educating and providing services for parents and caretakers
Consulting with staff about protective issues, coordinating with the Department of Social Services (DSS) and law enforcement, and providing courtroom testimony, when necessary
Providing services to battered women and their children
Training hospital staff to recognize and respond to child abuse and neglect
Community outreach and prevention efforts
Children can be referred to the Child Protection Clinical Services (outpatient) clinic by staff in the hospitals Emergency Department, DSS, community physicians, or family members (self-referrals). The clinic staff includes physicians, social workers, psychologists, a nurse and administrative/intake staff trained to deal with children in a sensitive manner. After the evaluation, staff may recommend further evaluation or refer children for treatment. Referrals for treatment may include counseling. Clinicians may also communicate with the childs pediatrician or other professionals as indicated. If necessary, Childrens Hospital staff may file a report of suspected abuse or neglect with DSS, as required by law. If a report has already been filed, we coordinate closely with DSS to provide information and assistance. We may also work with the district attorneys office in cases which are criminal in nature.
In some cases, children may be better served by evaluation with professionals who can see them more quickly or who are located closer to the childs home. Thus, the hospital refers some children and families to any number of outside agencies.
In addition to accepting referrals from community physicians, professionals on the Child Protection Program also consult with outside professionals and agencies who have child protection concerns.
Inpatient Evaluations
When a child who may be abused or neglected is admitted to Childrens for medical or social reasons (most often through the Emergency Department), members of the Child Protection Team coordinate efforts with hospital social workers, medical staff, and other clinical caregivers. We also help to formulate a safe discharge plan, often in conjunction with DSS.
Education and Services for Parents and Caretakers
For parents and other primary caretakers of abused children, staff may make referrals for counseling to therapists with expertise in child maltreatment and/or child trauma.
Consultation with Hospital Physicians
Members of the Child Protection Program are available 24 hours a day to consult with hospital staff about protective issues concerning their patients. Consultation may include the provision of clinical and legal information as well as guidance in the filing of the mandated 51A report, facilitating the tracking of cases, and helping to assure child protection and safety. To maintain uniform and effective practice standards, and to assure compliance with Massachusetts law, Childrens Hospital requires that the Child Protection Program be consulted on all cases in which a 51A report is anticipated or filed.
Response to the Needs of Battered Women and Their Children
The AWAKE Project is considered a national model for domestic violence intervention within a pediatric healthcare environment, and has been replicated in a myriad of healthcare settings. AWAKE advocates provide individual and group domestic violence intervention services for adolescent patients, parents/caretakers of patients, and also employees at Childrens Hospital and The Martha Eliot Health Center. AWAKE staff members advocate on behalf of battered women with local, state, and federal agencies. All AWAKE services are offered in English and Spanish by AWAKE staff members, and interpreters are used for other linguistic needs, including American Sign Language. All AWAKE services are offered free of charge. In addition to these clinical services, AWAKE also provides case consultation and educational sessions for hospital and health center staff, and community and state agencies.
Training and Education for Staff
Childrens has undertaken a hospital-wide program to train all staff and employees to recognize signs of family violence and to educate them about available resources and support services for families affected by violence. Training covers historical contexts that have fostered family violence and its prevalence today, indicators and symptoms of family violence, myths and misconceptions, diversity and its implications in practice, screening skills, response to disclosure, legal mandates and documentation standards. Sessions are designed to help staff become comfortable with the language and techniques used to screen for abuse. Staff also learn how to respond sensitively to a disclosure in ways that ensure the safety of the victim, as well as other family members, hospital patients and families, or staff who may be placed at risk by the disclosure. There is also ongoing training for Emergency Department staff specific to their needs.
Members of the Child Protection Program provide information on child abuse and family violence at scheduled teaching conferences in all clinical departments. Typically, training systematically covers the range of knowledge, diagnostic and therapeutic techniques, and complexities of case management essential in understanding and responding to different types of child abuse.
Community Outreach and Prevention Efforts
Childrens Child Protection Program members serve as the sole consultants on protective issues to Dana Farber Cancer Institute; along with the AWAKE team, we also consult with staff at Martha Eliot Health Center. The CPP also supports and works with the Childrens Advocacy Center of Suffolk County, a public-private partnership of child service agencies dedicated to providing multidisciplinary services to children of Suffolk County who have been allegedly abused or who have witnessed violence. In addition, the CPP works closely with other Massachusetts child welfare agencies. Members of the Child Protection Program also frequently speak in the community to educate service professionals and families about child abuse and neglect. We hope that this website will be an integral part of our community outreach efforts. | http://child-protection.org/CPTtext/tTeam/tWhat.htm |
While more than 67,000 victims of domestic violence received assistance from shelters and services across the United States during one 24-hour period in 2013, nearly 10,000 others could not be helped due to a lack of resources, a report from the National Network to End Domestic Violence finds. Based on a survey of 1,649 domestic violence programs, the report, Domestic Violence Counts 2013 (16 pages, PDF), found that on a single day more than 36,000 adults and children found refuge in emergency shelters and transitional housing, while over 30,000 received counseling, legal advocacy, children's support group services, and other non-residential assistance. The report also found that 9,641 requests for services went unmet that day, of which 60 percent were requests for housing. But even as demand for their services grows, domestic violence programs are struggling with cuts in funding from government (27 percent), insufficient staffing (20 percent), cuts in funding from private sources (12 percent), and declines in donations from individuals (10 percent). Funded by the Avon Foundation for Women and Allstate Foundation, the report calls on funders, policy makers, advocates, social service providers, law enforcement officials, courts, and communities to work together to secure additional funding for prevention programs and services for victims of domestic violence. | http://philanthropynewsdigest.org/connections/domestic-violence-counts-2013 |
As the COVID-19 pandemic upends our lives and local economies, Legal Voice remains committed now more than ever to protecting and advancing gender equity and racial justice. The pandemic has exacerbated inequities in our health care, economic, educational, and social structures, highlighting the intersecting systems of oppression that leave the most vulnerable in our communities at greater risk and hardship.
Women of color, immigrants, LGBTQ and low-wage workers are on the front lines, often at huge personal and professional costs to themselves and their families. Moreover, racial discrimination and harassment have resurfaced against AAPI communities, while national and local groups stand together to push back against xenophobic and dangerous rhetoric.
On this page, we pulled together a comprehensive list of resources and advocacy efforts to support each other and our communities as we navigate these uncertain and challenging times together. We will continue to update this list in the coming weeks.
Reproductive Health Care:
Legal Voice continues to ensure that people have access to the full range of reproductive health care services, including abortion care, and that they have the autonomy to decide when, whether, and how to form families and how they will consent to medical care.
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Abortion pill available by mail while COVID emergency declaration is in effect
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Gender-Based Violence:
As states and cities are forced to stay-at-home, domestic violence is on the rise. We are working to ensure now more than ever that the legal system is responsive to the needs of survivors.
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Coronavirus (COVID-19): The Person who harmed you might be released from prison (Washington State)
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Washington State Court Operations (Information on what is open & telephonic hearings)
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Helplines and Support Programs, Regional and National:
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King County Sexual Assault Resource Center 24 hours every day 1-888-998-6423
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Domestic Violence Resource Center in Washington County: 503-469-8620 or 1-866-469-8600
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Domestic Violence Assault Services (Bellingham, WA)
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Oregon Coalition Against Domestic and Sexual Violence: Project Unica, which serves, Latinx survivors: 503-232-4448
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National Domestic Violence Hotline 24 hours every day chatting available on their website 1-800-799-7233
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National Human Trafficking Hotline 24 hours everyday 1-888 -373-7888
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Domestic Violence Services of Snohomish County: 24/7 Support Line - (425) 25-ABUSE or 24/7 Chat Line - (425) 252-2873
Economic Justice:
Women, women of color, and immigrant women are disproportionately employed in low-wage industries as a result of systemic racism and structural barriers. During this pandemic, we are working in partnership to ensure that workers have access to safety-net programs to support themselves and their families, regardless of their immigration status.
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Unemployment Insurance:
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Paid Leave: Workers who are not laid off may be able to take paid sick leave or paid family and medical leave (leave for longer-term health or family reasons) for COVID-19 reasons. There are city, state and federal laws on paid sick leave and Paid Family and Medical Leave that give rights to workers that may apply to you.
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Immigrant Eligibility for COVID-19 Benefits
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Benefits for Undocumented Persons (including employment, healthcare, housing, and public assistance benefits)
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Essential Workers Safety: Essential workers such as nurses, grocery workers, hotel housekeepers, janitors, airport workers, homecare workers, and farmworkers are continuing to work often in extremely unsafe conditions given the coronavirus. These workers have been struggling to get adequate safety protections from employers and government.
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OSHA Guía sobre la Preparación de los Lugares de Trabajo para el virus Covid-19
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COVID-19 Toolkit for Essential Workers Health and Safety (A manual that provides guidance on how to keep safe in many different kinds of Essential Work jobs. Thank you to Massachusetts Coalition on Safety and Health.)
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Gov. Inslee’s order protecting Workers at High Risk: (over 65 or underlying health conditions)
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Legal Voice Know Your Rights Materials
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Undocumented Advocacy:
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Washington State Budget & Policy Center study on undocumented individuals in Washington state.
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Washington Immigrant Relief Fund is up and running. Deadline is December 6th.
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LGTBQ Communities:
LGBTQ people are particularly impacted by COVID-19 because many are concentrated in high-risk industries and/or have underlying health conditions that make them particularly vulnerable. Legal Voice will continue to collaborate with trans-led and LGBTQ-led organizations to ensure that support programs and resources reach all communities.
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COVID-19 Assistance and Low-Income LGBTQ people and families
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Racial Discrimination, Racial Disparities, and Community Power:
Racist rhetoric surrounding the global pandemic has led to scapegoating and even violence against the AAPI community and communities of color. Legal Voice continues to stand in solidarity with local and national community partners to track incidents of discrimination, uplift stories of community resilience, and capture better data.
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Documenting and Addressing COVID-19 related Hate Crimes, Discrimination, and Harassment
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Disaggregating COVID-19 Data by Race/Ethnicity in Washington
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Resources for Reporting Discrimination:
Additional Resources: | https://www.legalvoice.org/covid-19resources |
Description:
Initiative Overview
The Human Trafficking Fellowship, a two year opportunity, represents the collaborative efforts of three organizations—My Sisters' Place, LexisNexis, and the Somaly Mam Foundation—that have come together to respond to the increased prevalence of human trafficking in the United States. The Human Trafficking Fellow, in conjunction with a Project Committee comprised of staff from each organization, will be coordinating this response, which includes ensuring that victims are assisted with a range of case management services, as well as providing technical assistance, researching and developing protocols, trainings, and best practice models for intake, case management and legal representation of victims of human trafficking. In addition, a strategic goal of the Initiative is to replicate this model of service delivery throughout the United States and to share best practices with international organizations serving victims of human trafficking.
The Fellow will join and be a member of a team of expert staff at My Sisters’ Place (MSP). MSP is a not-for-profit 501(c)(3) organization located in Westchester County, New York, that has grown from a grassroots task force and drop-in center formalized in 1978 into a cutting-edge leader and resource in the fields of domestic violence and human trafficking advocacy and services. MSP’s many programs include two emergency shelters, a 24/7 hotline, individual counseling and advocacy, children’s programs, support groups throughout Westchester, a legal center including family law, immigration and appellate divisions, life skills training, and extensive community education, training, and outreach programs.
Fellowship Description
- Oversee agency’s human trafficking project, including coordinating with local, state, and federal governmental and law enforcement agencies, other community partners, and agency staff to help victim’s access safety and services and to promote victim engagement with law enforcement.
- Provide technical assistance, training, and support to Legal Center Staff regarding legal representation and advocacy to victims of trafficking with Immigration and Family Law matters in the Westchester County Family Courts (Yonkers, New Rochelle, and White Plains) and the Integrated Domestic Violence Courts (Yonkers and White Plains) on a variety of legal matters including but not limited to: orders of protection, child support, paternity, custody and visitation matters.
- Together with guidance and assistance from the Project Committee (Somaly Mam Foundation, LexisNexis, MSP) research and create best practice model for human trafficking intervention, advocacy, legal representation and case management. Develop curricula to conduct peer training on best practices model throughout the United States and abroad.
- Provide technical assistance to law enforcement agencies and service providers working with potential trafficking victims to assess and identify victimization type and to begin to address victim needs.
- Work with the Project Committee to organize and conduct trainings, conference, and workshop presentations on human trafficking. Participate in media interviews to present MSP’s work and to discuss issues related to addressing the crime of human trafficking.
- Facilitate, organize and/or attend meetings and other events to advocate with local, state, and federal legislators for the drafting and passage of key legislation affecting the lives of victims and the agencies that serve them, in addition to accessing increased funding for services.
- Coordinate collaboration meetings with partner agencies to improve interagency communication and develop cross-training for staff.
- Oversee statistical data collection to ensure grant compliance, meet reporting deadlines, and identify/evaluate program needs.
- Assist with case management reimbursement contracts, including client spending limits, contract reports, and monthly billing.
- Other duties as assigned.
- J.D./M.S.W. joint degree preferred; however, J.D. or M.S.W. will be considered
- Some direct service experience with trafficking victims, immigrants/refugees, or other vulnerable or disenfranchised populations
- Experience in the areas of legislative change/public policy or human rights activism, preferably involving any of the above populations
- Strong project management or coordination skills, including ability to work independently, assess priorities, take initiative, handle multiple assignments, and meet deadlines
- Strong public speaking and written communication skills a must
- Team player who can work collaboratively with and serve as a liaison between the legal and social services departments of MSP
- Ability to network and maintain strong relationships with governmental and community partner agencies.
Send resume, cover letter, and brief writing sample by mail, e-mail, or fax to: | http://www.traffickingproject.org/2010/05/human-trafficking-fellowship-my-sisters.html |
Accessibility Content Topic Results
The results displayed below have been grouped first by VAWnet Special Collections - containing our most highly valued resources - then by individual related materials. Refine your search by category, types, author and/or publisher using the options provided. Sort by date published, date added, or alphabetically. For assistance in locating a resource, use our online contact form.
Results displayed are grouped first by VAWnet Special Collections then by individual related materials. For assistance in locating a resource, use our online contact form.
Special Collection
Special Collection
April 2014
Violence in the Lives of the Deaf or Hard of Hearing
This Special Collection offers information regarding the experiences and needs of individuals who are Deaf or hard of hearing and have experienced abuse. The purpose of this collection is to: 1) increase victim advocates' knowledge and understanding of Deaf culture, 2) provide resources to assist helping professionals in direct service work with Deaf individuals, and 3) highlight best practices for addressing domestic and sexual violence in the Deaf community.
Special Collection
April 2013
Trauma-Informed Domestic Violence Services: Developing Collaborations and Increasing Access (Part 3 of 3)
The third of a 3-part collection, which also includes Understanding the Framework and Approach (PART 1 of 3), and Building Program Capacity (PART 2 of 3), PART 3 provides resources for building collaboration to ensure that survivors and their children have access to culture-, DV- and trauma-informed mental health and substance abuse services.
Special Collection
February 2000
Serving Trans and Gender Nonconforming Survivors of Gender-Based Violence
Despite the fact that people who identify as trans or gender nonconforming experience violence at alarming rates, there are still significant gaps in services for TGNC survivors of domestic and sexual violence. This collection supports domestic and sexual violence advocates and agencies seeking to provide accessible, sensitive, and relevant services that are inclusive to survivors of all genders.
Materials
Materials
- General Material
- NRCDV Publications
July 2017
Serving Male-Identified Survivors of Intimate Partner ViolencePublisher(s):
This paper offers guideposts for responding to the needs of male-identified victims of intimate partner violence. It is meant to be a resource to foster meaningful dialogue around supporting inclusive services for all victims and survivors seeking safety and healing.
Materials
- General Material
May 2017
Impact of Increased Immigration Enforcement on Victims Experiencing Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault SurveyPublisher(s):
Asian Pacific Institute on Gender-Based Violence (APIGBV), ASISTA, Casa de Esperanza, National Alliance to End Sexual Violence (NAESV), National Domestic Violence Hotline, National Network to End Domestic Violence (NNEDV), Tahirih Justice Center
Seven national organizations released the results of the 2017 Advocate and Legal Service Survey Regarding Immigrant Survivors.
Materials
- General Material
- Training Tools
April 2017
Integrating Transgender Survivors into Shelter and Support GroupsPublisher(s):
Traditionally, these services have been restricted to non-transgender women or they have been sex-segregated, excluding male survivors (transgender and non-transgender) or individuals who do not identify within the gender binary (as male or female). A growing number of shelters and support groups affirm that inclusion of survivors of all genders is much easier than some may think.
Materials
- General Material
- Training Tools
January 2017
Working with Sign Language Interpreters for EventsPublisher(s):
The Working with Sign Language Interpreters tip sheet provides information on how to find, select, and evaluate sign language interpreters for in-person events.
Materials
- General Material
December 2016
Rural Grant Evaluation Report: Journeys Home Home Visiting ProjectPublisher(s):
This report evaluates home-based advocacy programs in rural Vermont.
Materials
- General Material
October 2016
Shelter TipsheetsPublisher(s):
This series of tip sheets from FORGE is designed to assist domestic violence shelters in making their programs trans-inclusive.
Materials
- General Material
- Training Tools
June 2016
Working with Older Survivors of Abuse: A Framework for AdvocatesPublisher(s):
This toolkit will help community based domestic violence and/or sexual abuse programs assess existing services and provides guidance to enhance program and advocates response to older survivors of abuse.
Materials
- General Material
April 2016
National Consensus Statement of Anti-Sexual Assault and Domestic Violence Organizations in Support of Full and Equal Access for the Transgender Community
Over 300 national, state, and local anti-sexual assault and domestic violence organizations oppose anti-transgender initiatives. As organizations that care about reducing assault and violence, these organizations favor laws and policies that protect transgender people from discrimination, including in accessing facilities that match the gender they live every day.
Materials
- General Material
March 2016
Gender-Integrated Shelters: Experience and AdvicePublisher(s):
This report focuses on the agencies who have integrated or are in the process of integrating transgender and gender nonconforming individuals, as well as men, into their domestic violence shelters. | http://vawnet.org/materials/accessibility?field_author_target_id&field_publisher_target_id&page=0 |
What We are Doing & Available Resources in the Nation’s Capital
Since the COVID-19 public health outbreak in the U.S., we have adjusted our programming to meet the needs of our client population and ensure that no one falls through the cracks. We have recently reopened our pantry in order to provide grocery bags to our clients on Thursdays from 10 am to 12.30 pm, while abiding to CDC public health guidelines and social distancing measures. On Thursdays clients can also come in to pick up their mail, which includes important information about their benefits and stimulus checks. We also provide remote mental and emotional support, case management, substance use counseling, victims’ assistance and reentry services to our client population.
Advocating for the Sick & Those Most Impacted by Covid-19:
Unfortunately, some of our clients have been infected with Covid-19, thus we are making sure they have access to the necessary services during their illness and have a place to quarantine and recover. We are advocating alongside other local organizations to address policies that has a direct impact on our clients. These include policies regarding people inside correctional facilities and halfway homes, housing and quarantine policies for the homeless, and access to health care for those who are disproportionately impacted by this pandemic (people of color, immigrants who continue to work because they have to, and people with underlying health conditions.) For those who have become incapacitated as a result of the virus, we are working to maintain what they have a right to: food stamps, unemployment benefits, housing, etc. We also continue to compile a list resources for those most in need of support during these trying times. Please share the information below with anyone you know who may need help and let us know of initiatives that we should be listing. Protect yourself and others by following the CDC guidelines.
Census 2020
We are in the middle of a public health emergency but the U.S. Census 2020 is going forward and this matters to us. Why? Because we want all of our clients to be counted. Every 10 years, the U.S. government counts every person living in our country in the constitutionally-mandated Census. Once the Census collection is over, the U.S. Census Bureau analyzes and releases critical census data. The Census is a way to ensure funding for 📓 Education 🚑 Healthcare 🏠 Housing and 🚌 Public Transportation. Let’s make sure that we ALL #GetCountedDC: 2020census.gov
Federal Resources & COVID-19 Pandemic
Congresswoman Norton’s District Office wants to flag the following resources for information on commonly asked questions during the coronavirus pandemic. These FAQs includes questions regarding who is eligible for the stimulus payments, how individuals on social security and/or SSI are affected by the stimulus rebate program, what assistance for small businesses and nonprofits was included in the bill, how workers are protected by sick leave, how will student loans be impacted, how to apply for food assistance and how individuals apply for “state” unemployment benefits through local authorities. There are several downloadable one-pagers that all D.C. residents should be directed to:
- For information on CARES Act (the Stimulus Bill) including resources on filing for unemployment, please visit the House of Representatives Ways and Means Committee website
- For detailed information on the economic impact payment (stimulus checks), please visit the IRS website
- Assistance for small businesses loans, please visit the SBA website
- Nonprofits and small businesses, please visit the House Committee on Small Business
- Emergency Paid Leave, please visit the Department of Labor website
- Temporary Relief on Student Loans, please visit the Federal Student Aid website
- SNAP Benefits and Food Assistance, please visit the House Committee on Agriculture website
Food & Hot Meals in Washington D.C.
- DC Dream Center– Serving free hot meals in Southeast DC every day from noon until they run out, no ID required.
- Catholic Charities-Spanish Catholic Center Food Pantry is open every Wednesday from 1pm to 3pm. Clients must wait outside the front of 1618 Monroe St NW and be ready to practice social distancing.
- Jose Andres – Think Food Group Restaurants – Operating community kitchens in select locations, beginning March 17th daily from 12-5pm for take out service only at their side doors. View link for all restaurants in the DC Metro Area.
- Little Sesame – In partnership with Dreaming Out Loud DC, they will provide meals to vulnerable communities. Buy a gift card give a meal. Distribution begins March 16th at Kelly Miller Middle School 301 49th St NE, Weekdays 4-6pm
- Bread for the City – Operating reduced hours at NW Center, but offering groceries to medical patients with urgent care needs. SE Center is closed through March 31st.
- St. George’s Episcopal Church – Providing a hot breakfast to anyone in need every other Saturday. The next “Breakfast Bags to Go” will be Saturday April, 4 at 9am.
- $50 SNAP Matching by Expensify.org – Expensify.org is going to temporarily redirect all of its charitable funds to a new program: matching SNAP grocery purchases up to $50 per family. Go to their website here to learn how.
- Martha’s Table – In partnership with DC Health and Capital Area Food Bank, they will support DCPS and DCPCS to offer pre-bagged groceries for neighbors at their SE and NW DC locations and will continue to serve pre-packaged meals through McKenna’s Wagon – a mobile food service that delivers hot meals to two downtown locations to support community members experiencing hunger and/or homelessness
Meals for Seniors and Vulnerable Populations
- DC Department of Aging and Community Living – From March 16-31, all DACL-funded Senior wellness centers & community dining sites closed for activities. Boxed lunches will be available 10am-2pm or until last lunch is picked up at all 46 meal sites. Must be age 60 and over. Call 202-724-5626 for info.
- Medium Rare – Delivering FREE meals to the senior community in DC. Email [email protected] or directly message on Instagram (@MediumRareDC)
- Food For All DC – Serving those who are homebound, including elderly citizens, handicapped, or single mothers with young children. Deliveries every Saturday, 9:00am – 2:00pm. (240) 505-4607.
- Food and Friends DC – Free meal and grocery delivery available to people living with life-challenging illnesses. Clients must be referred by a healthcare provider.
- Some grocery stores in the area have incorporated special hours to allow seniors and other vulnerable populations to shop before anyone else has entered the store. Contact your local store to confirm hours!
Employment
Our Reentry Coordinator is working hard to continue to support people coming out of the justice system in getting stable housing and employment. We have been alerted that companies such as Safeway, Amazon, and other retailers are looking to hire immediately. If you are interested in working at Safeway, you can apply through the their parent affiliate Albertsons Companies here.
Special Services
Domestic Violence and Family Legal Clinic: Are you a survivor of domestic violence or know anyone who is? If so, please be aware that the DC Volunteer Lawyers Project (DCVLP) is a local a nonprofit that provides free legal services to domestic violence victims, caregivers of at-risk children, and immigrants. In light of COVID-19, they have established a free Call-In Clinic, which is available Monday through Friday from 9am to 5pm. Any domestic violence survivor, caregiver of an at-risk child, or immigrant can call them at 202-425-7573 to obtain legal advice about protection orders, custody, divorce, or immigration relief. They also offer resources for safety planning, emotional support, housing and other non-legal needs.
Essential Products for Infants and Small Children:
If you are a family in need with infants or small children in this time of crisis, you do not have to choose between feeding or diapering your child. The Greater DC Diaper Bank is there to help you. They are partnering with other basic need providers to set up “Diaper Need Hubs” across the region where families can get food and diapers at one location. Their partners include Martha’s Table, United Communities Against Poverty, Inc. (UCAP), and Northern Virginia Family Services, and hopefully more as the current situation evolves. They also providing diapers to the DC Department of Human Services for families in Transitional Shelters and families in the Motel Shelter overflow. If you need baby diapers, please visit their Diaper Hub page to determine eligibility requirements. Image courtesy of DC Diapers Bank.
Advocacy
In an official letter to the Department of Human Services, Thrive DC joins other local organizations in offering specific recommendations for ensuring the health of shelter residents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Individuals living in homeless shelters are at a high risk of serious illness or death from COVID-19 due to age, preexisting health conditions, and residence in high density settings. Cognizant that housing saves lives and ends homelessness, and that DC must do more to fund proven solutions that end homelessness, the organizations recommend that DC takes additional steps to ensure the health and safety of shelter residents. These recommendations include: 1) Transform Adam’s Place Day Center, where operations have ceased, into a quarantine site for people experiencing homelessness who have tested positive for COVID-19 but who do not require hospital care and for the duration of their period of contagion; 2) Ensure shelter residents over 60 years of age, and those who are medically vulnerable in high-density shelters, can move into locations where they can self-quarantine. You can read an interesting article in the Washington City Paper about some of the current measures being taken by city officials.
A recent report from researchers at the University of Pennsylvania, UCLA, and Boston University projects that people experiencing homelessness will be twice as likely to be hospitalized, two to four times as likely to require critical care, and two to three times as likely to die than the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. The researchers also estimate that costs for appropriate shelter and quarantine space for people experiencing homelessness would total around $11.5 billion in this year alone.
As reported by our friends at the National Alliance to End Homelessness, the Senate has passed the CARES Act, the third and largest supplemental spending bill responding to the COVID-19 epidemic and resulting economic dislocation. Every indication is that the House of Representatives will pass the bill and the President will sign it. The bill includes $4 billion for homeless assistance, to be distributed through the Emergency Solutions Grants program (ESG). This grant to states and local governments funds a broad range of activities for people who are homeless or who are at risk of homelessness. Take action here. | https://www.thrivedc.org/blog/covid-19/ |
Synergistic dominance is a self-serving substitution system that allows us to carry on with life even though parts of our structure may be slowly breaking down and decompensating.
A typical synergistic substitution pattern often exists in runners with a unilaterally tight/hypertonic iliopsoas (hip flexor) that is reciprocally inhibiting the ipsilateral (same side) gluteus maximus. The hamstrings and adductor magnus (synergists in hip extension) are overly recruited to aid the weakened gluteus maximus in hip extension efforts. This substitution pattern is one of the primary causes of hamstring pulls and is initiated by the late firing of the weakened gluteals during hip extension, especially during activities that include running.
Synergistic dominance eventually leads to a more serious condition called Arthrokinetic Dysfunction, which is the result of prolonged alterations of length-tension forces at a joint, that result in abnormal joint movement and loss of joint play. Synovial fluid dries and cartilages degrade under these conditions. If gone undiagnosed and/or not correctly treated, surgery is sometimes the only answer.
When overworked hamstrings are recruited to compensate for a weakened gluteus maximus, the constant unilateral tug on one ischial tuberosity slackens the sacrotuberous, sacrospinous, long dorsal, and sometimes the iliolumbar ligaments causing the pelvis to lose alignment and stability. The brain frequently forces the piriformis muscle on the affected side into a state of sustained isometric hypercontraction to help stabilize the SI joint. Since muscles (contractile tissue) are not designed to be restraining tissues, problems are soon reflected in painful conditions such as piriformis syndrome, unilateral extended sacrums, backward sacral torsions, and lumbosacral dysfunction.
A common arthrokinetic dysfunction suffered by many running athletes is termed the Lumbo-pelvic Hip Disorder. Typically, this imbalance presents as a unilateral dysfunction. The following muscles tend to be short/tight on one side only: iliopsoas, piriformis, rectus femoris, adductors, latissimus dorsi, and lumbar erectors. The lengthened/weak muscles which permit the asymmetry are gluteus maximus/medius, biceps femoris, transverse abdominus, internal obliques, mutifidi, and some pelvic floor muscles. The painful hip condition that ensues is a result of a unilateral pelvic tilt, functional short leg, compensatory lumbar scoliosis, and jammed lumbar facets on the side opposite the anteriorly/inferiorly rotated ilium.
The pain that accompanies this torsional postural pattern can irritate the superior and/or inferior gluteal nerves. These branches of the sciatic nerve exit on the sacral plexus located on the anterior side of the sacrum. The superior gluteal nerve supplies the gluteus medius/minimus and tensor fascia latae muscles and is often mis-assessed as greater trochanteric bursitis. If the client has trouble lying on one side, the therapist should suspect trochanteric bursitis. But, if the pain comes and goes in the absence of hip movement, one should suspect superior gluteal nerve problems usually a result of SI joint dysfunction.
Inferior gluteal nerve pain is one of the most common incorrectly assessed disorders seen in pain practices. When agitated, (usually SI problems) the inferior gluteal nerve refers pain into the gluteus maximus. This “pain-in-the-butt” irritation is commonly (but wrongly) treated as piriformis syndrome. Beating on the piriformis, particularly the muscle belly, will cause even greater irritation of the inferior gluteal nerve.
Agitation of either of the gluteal nerve branches may be caused by:
- Repetitive movement at work;
- Athletic movement patterns;
- Prolonged sitting;
- Improper lifting.
Frequently, this type of arthrokinetic dysfunction is so intense that it excites alpha and gamma gain in surrounding muscles causing sympathetic spasm and involuntary tightness in all the hip extensors and abductors. As the spasm digs deep into the SI and lumbar joint capsules, all associated hip and back muscles become inflamed and are subjected to increased accumulations of waste products at the injured site. The brain continues to layer the area with spasmodic tissue to protect sensitive nerve structures. This process only serves to further shorten the lumbopelvic connective tissues often creating tissue micro-tearing and increased inflammation.
As this self-perpetuating pain-spasm-pain cycle splints the area with muscle guarding, vital blood supply is choked off causing disruption of the body’s self-regulating mechanisms. The brain attempts to prevent excessive movement by forming dense collagen adhesions or knots that encase and “cast” the muscle. Because the brain fears the muscle itself may be damaged, it tries to protect it…much like a doctor would when casting a broken arm. | https://castlebodywork.com/2016/01/15/runners-hip-pain/ |
Hamstring strains are one of the most common soft tissue injuries. Unfortunately these tears can sideline athletes for 2-6 weeks, depending on the severity and location of the tear. The hamstrings refer to a group of muscles of the posterior thigh (biceps femoris, semimembranosus and semitendinosus) which allow us to complete knee flexion and hip extension, predominantly. These muscles are therefore more prone to tears due to the fact they are bi-articular (crosses two joints). When the forces demanded of the hamstrings are greater than their ability to cope, a tear occurs. The majority of tears (83%) occur within the biceps femoris which is the most lateral of the hamstring muscles.
If left un-treated hamstring tears can become a recurring niggle injury which never seems to truly go away. Research has found poor management of these injuries can see up to one third of athletes experiencing a tear within the initial two weeks following return to sport.
Clinical presentation:
The majority of hamstring tears typically occur in running sports which require high power and speed i.e. AFL, basketball, hockey or soccer. An athlete will feel localised pain in the hamstring region, mid stride of their run, generally disabling them from continued play. A rarer mechanism of hamstring injury can occur during gymnastics or dance whereby an individual places excessive stretch upon their hamstrings i.e. splits.
It’s important to understand the mechanism of injury as healing time, rehabilitation and return to sport can vary immensely between the two types of tear and the severity (grade) of the tear.
These are the usual signs and symptoms of an acute hamstring tear:
• Sudden onset during a particular activity i.e. running or completing the splits
• Localised pain within the posterior thigh
• Pain with walking and difficulty running
• Localised bruising or swelling over the posterior thigh
• Reduced strength with contraction
Risk Factors:
• Biomechanics
o Studies have identified the hamstrings are biomechanically vulnerable during the terminal swing phase of running due to the high eccentric force required of them to decelerate the lower leg for foot strike. This is why rehabilitation focus has shifted in recent years to focus on eccentric loading exercises to specifically strengthen the muscles to overcome this biomechanical flaw.
• Past injury history
o Previous injury and poor adherence to a previous rehabilitation program results in adverse physiological changes i.e. neuromuscular inhibition, reduced strength, scar tissue and altered muscular recruitment.
• Lumbar spine
o Tightness in structures in the lumbar spine or gluteal region can cause referred pain, poor activation of muscles, or excessive tightness in the hamstring muscles
• Physiological
o Older age, increased BMI, reduced flexibility and muscular imbalances.
• Sport and position
o High intensity, speed and power
• Training load
o Reduced recovery, inappropriate warm-up/cool downs, increased loads
Rehabilitation:
Our physiotherapists will take you through an individualised rehabilitation program, tailored to meet your sporting needs and injury. An emphasis is placed upon manual therapy, strengthening program and progression through key functional sport specific skills, ensuring a safe and appropriate return to sport.
Management of hamstring rehabilitation needs to be specific to the stage of the injury:
Acute phase-settle inflammation and pain: • RICE • Isometrics • Gentle Range of motion
Sub- acute- Strength and Neuromuscluar control: • Hamstring curls • Eccentric loads • Pelvic/gluteal control • Jogging/running
Return to sport- specific drills: • Sports specific agility • Plyometrics
Prevention- reduce recurrence rate: • Eccentric exercises • Mobility • Correct warm –up procedures
Prevention:
Adherence to a tailored rehabilitation and continued self-management is crucial in reducing your risk of future injury and ensure you don’t spend more time on the sidelines. Research has identified eccentric loading exercises of the hamstring can significantly prevent new and recurrent hamstring injuries. These exercises are shown in the following videos; arabesque, Nordic curls. | https://www.physiohealth.com.au/hamstring-strains-southern-twang/ |
*Asymmetry training is in the extended range of motion category as it is tested in this range.
†Unilateral sliders are chosen to correct hamstring asymmetry as it’s a high load unilateral hamstring exercise reaching peak force in a similar angle as the test. Asymmetry for the hip extensors and hamstrings are advised to train on separate days to avoid excess volume sessions.
Coaches choose one exercise (based on preference) from each category once to twice per week depending on test results. If asymmetry is found, complete the described extra exercise once per week. Rest between sets: 2 min. Set volume is manipulated based on athlete exposure/fatigue. RM for the given day is an approximation based on how the athlete is feeling. Athletes are advised to leave two to three repetitions in reserve in all exercises and avoid any technical sign of fatigue in stiffness exercises.
RM, repetition maximum. | https://bmjopensem.bmj.com/highwire/markup/138888/expansion?width=1000&height=500&iframe=true&postprocessors=highwire_tables%2Chighwire_reclass%2Chighwire_figures%2Chighwire_math%2Chighwire_inline_linked_media%2Chighwire_embed |
To understand the cause of the pain one must understand the anatomy of the foot and some basic mechanics in the function of the foot. A thick ligament, called the plantar fascia, is attached into the bottom of the heel and fans out into the ball of the foot, attaching into the base of the toes. The plantar fascia is made of dense, fibrous connective tissue that will stretch very little. It acts something like a shock absorber. As the foot impacts the ground with each step, it flattens out lengthening the foot. This action pulls on the plantar fascia, which stretches slightly. When the heel comes off the ground the tension on the ligament is released. Anything that causes the foot to flatten excessively will cause the plantar fascia to stretch greater than it is accustom to doing. One consequence of this is the development of small tears where the ligament attaches into the heel bone. When these small tears occur, a very small amount of bleeding occurs and the tension of the plantar fascia on the heel bone produces a spur on the bottom of the heel to form. Pain experienced in the bottom of the heel is not produced by the presence of the spur. The pain is due to excessive tension of the plantar fascia as it tears from its attachment into the heel bone. Heel spur formation is secondary to the excessive pull of the plantar fascia where it attaches to the heel bone. Many people have heel spurs at the attachment of the plantar fascia with out having any symptoms or pain. There are some less common causes of heel pain but they are relatively uncommon.
There are several factors that cause the foot to flatten and excessively stretching the plantar fascia. The primary factor is the structure of a joint complex below the ankle joint, called the subtalar joint. The movement of this joint complex causes the arch of the foot to flatten and to heighten. Flattening of the arch of the foot is termed pronation and heightening of the arch is called supination. If there is excessive pronation of the foot during walking and standing, the plantar fascia is strained. Over time, this will cause a weakening of the ligament where it attaches into the heel bone, causing pain. When a person is at rest and off of their feet, the plantar fascia attempts to mend itself. Then, with the first few steps the fascia re-tears causing pain. Generally, after the first few steps the pain diminishes. This is why the heel pain tends to be worse the first few steps in the morning or after rest.
Another factor that contributes to the flattening of the arch of the foot is tightness of the calf muscles. The calf muscle attaches into the foot by the achilles tendon into the back of the heel. When the calf muscle is tight it limits the movement of the ankle joint. When ankle joint motion is limited by the tightness of the calf muscle it forces the subtalar joint to pronate excessively. Excessive subtalar joint pronation can cause several different problems to occur in the foot. In this instance, it results in excessive tension of the plantar fascia. Tightness of the calf muscles can be a result of several different factors. Exercise, such as walking or jogging will cause the calf muscle to tighten. Inactivity or prolonged rest will also cause the calf muscle to tighten. Women who wear high heels and men who wear western style cowboy boots will, over time, develop tightness in the calf muscles.
The diagnosis of heel pain and heel spurs is made by a thorough history of the course of the condition and by physical exam. Weight bearing x-rays are useful in determining if a heel spur is present and to rule out rare causes of heel pain such as a stress fracture of the heel bone, the presence of bone tumors or evidence of soft tissue damage caused by certain connective tissue disorders.
Treatment of heel pain generally occurs in stages. Taking an oral anti-inflammatory medication and over-the-counter arch supports or heel cushions may be beneficial. The next phase of treatment might consist of cortisone injections and orthopedic taping of the foot to support the arch. If this treatment fails, or if there is reoccurrence of the heel pain, then functional foot orthotics might be considered. A functional orthotic is a device that is prescribed and fitted by your foot doctor, which fits in normal shoes like an arch support. Unlike an arch support, however the orthotic corrects abnormal pronation of the subtalar joint. Thus orthotics address the cause of the heel pain and abnormal pronation of the foot. Surgery to correct heel pain is generally only recommended if orthotic treatment has failed. There are some exceptions to this course of treatment and it is up to you and your doctor to determine the most appropriate course of treatment. Following surgical treatment to correct heel pain the patient will generally have to continue the use of orthotics. The surgery does not correct the cause of the heel pain. The surgery will eliminate the pain but the process that caused the pain will continue without the use of orthotics. If orthotics have been prescribed prior to surgery they generally do not have to be remade.
Article provided by K. Kyle Ballew, D.P.M. | http://drkkyleballew.com/resources_heel_pain.html |
So what’s the difference between sprains and stains?
Sprains and strains both affect joints and soft tissues of the musculoskeletal system.
The signs of both injuries are very similar. These words are often used interchangeably. For some severe injuries though, it is useful to differentiate between them.
Both sprains and strains involve tearing of soft tissue associated with a joint.
A SPRAIN is an overstretched or torn ligaments. In humans, this often happens with the ankle.
A STRAIN involves a torn or overstretched muscle or tendon. For humans, hamstrings and back muscles are often affected.
If a sprain or strain is so severe that it results in the total disruption of a ligament, tendon or muscle, that is a rupture. Ruptures are bad news and almost always require surgery to allow healing. Most sprains and strains will heal with time, rest and therapy.
Signs your dog may have sprained something:
The main sign is lameness/limping. Often it is immediate and may occur during training or exercise. The limping may subside after the initial pain of the tear subsides, but it will them become worse as inflammation and swelling start to set in.
Sprains and strains display similar signs when injured.
Sprains and very often strains affect a joint.
Common signs indicating an affected joint:
- Pain.
- Swelling.
- Limited flexibility or movement of the joint.
- Reduced range of motion.
(Where there is a rupture or complete tear, there will an abnormal, excessive range of movement)
Additional signs of a sprain:
- Bruising.
- Additional signs of a strain:
Muscle spasm.
Strained muscles commonly occur in the following places in dogs:
- Iliopsoas
- Gracilis
- Quadriceps
These injuries are probably poorly or underdiagnosed as they are not easily recognised. Very careful examination is needed to identify the affected muscle. This is sometimes not easy without the input of the patient unless we actually cause acute pain.
Sprained ligaments affect all joints.
Cruciate ligaments, medial collateral ligaments of the stifle, and ligaments of the digits and carpi are vulnerable and most common.
Diagnosis of sprains is easier than strains, as pain and a smaller range of movement can be observed. However, sprains of upper limb joints may be harder to detect and early signs of a cruciate ligament sprain may be difficult to diagnose with confidence.
What causes a sprain or strain to occur?
Sprains and strains occur when any muscle, tendon or ligament is stretched or torn be due to overstretching, repetitive strain on the tissues or twisting.
Strains and sprains are often exercise/training-induced and found mostly in working dogs and sporting dogs.
Don’t be fooled though! Pets who don’t get regular exercise may also suffer sprains and strains.
Here are some factors that that may predispose your dog to these types of injuries:
1. Weight
An overweight pet is generally an unfit pet. This extra weight will put much undue stress and tension on muscles and joints due to the extra load they have to carry. The extra stress placed on muscles that are not readily equipped to take the extra strain. Soft tissues become injured more quickly under the extra strain.
2. Previous injuries
Any muscle, tendon or ligament which has been injured before would have healed but the healed tissue or scar tissue will be less flexible and not as strong compared to the original tissue. The healed tissue creates a weak area which is more prone to damage or injury. A recent injury is more predisposed to further damage if not properly assessed and managed.
3. Other injuries
Your dog will compensate by shifting his weight onto his other limbs when one of his legs are affected by a disorder of some sort. This imbalance will place extra stress on the soft tissue in those limbs, making injuries more likely. This holds true for and problems associated with the back and spine which would place unequal stresses on certain limbs.
4. Fitness
Unfit animals which suddenly take on vigorous exercise are at risk. Their muscles and joints don’t have the flexibility or resilience to cope with the extra demands of suddenly running around on a training field to perform various exercises.
5. Conformation irregularities
Changes from the normal development of a limb, which may be from birth (congenital) or from and injury, will put extra stress on soft tissues. These types of abnormalities remain for a long time an will place abnormal forces placed on soft tissue over time. This situation will eventually result in injury if not properly managed.
Examples of anatomical causes:
i. Misalignment of the stifle joint (knee) may lead to anterior cruciate ligament injuries
ii. Shallow patellar grooves can cause stretching and possibly rupture of the collateral patellar ligaments or a luxating patellar.
iii. Bowing of long bones of the legs puts abnormal forces on muscles and tendons
iv. Fractures which have not healed in perfect alignment will place abnormal forces on the muscles and joints associated with that limb.
6. Other disease processes
Some endocrine disorders (imbalance in hormones) may result in weaker muscles and tendons, making injuries more likely. Cushing’s syndrome is one example. One of the side effects of chronic corticosteroid overdose is muscle loss and weight gain. Long term treatment with corticosteroids will have the same effect.
Hypothyroidism will reduce fitness and muscle strength as well as cause weight gain making soft tissue injuries more likely.
Strains and sprains must not be taken lightly.
When a small sprain is ignored it can develop into a much bigger problem which then takes months to heal. The result is training down-time, vet bills and rehab costs.
Proper warmups and cool downs most certainly help to prevent these injuries along with a balances fitness and conditioning pre-hab program. At The Biokinetic K-9 an individualised fitness and conditioning program is designed around you, your dog and your activities, sport or work. Go visit them today! | https://dogsolutions.co.za/sprains-and-strains/ |
Injuries to the muscles and ligaments around the hip affect both competitive and recreational athletes. These injuries can interfere significantly with sports enjoyment and performance levels, and they occasionally will end participation completely. Excessive pronation and poor shock absorption have been found to be an underlying cause or a contributing factor for many leg injuries.1 Functional orthotics which have been custom-fitted to improve the biomechanics of the feet and reduce the extent of pronation can help to prevent many sport-related leg injuries.
Lower Extremity Problems in Athletes
One study looked at the foot biomechanics of athletes who reported a recent foot or leg injury and compared them to an uninjured control group.2 The researchers determined that those athletes with more foot pronation had a much greater statistical probability of sustaining one of five leg injuries, including iliotibial band syndrome (which is due to excessive tightness of the hip abductor muscles).
This study helps us understand how providing appropriate functional foot orthotic support to patients who are involved in sports or recreational activities lowers their likelihood of developing both traumatic and overuse hip injuries.
In this paper, sixty-six injured athletes who ran at least once a week, and who had no history of traumatic or metabolic factors, were the study group. Another control group of 216 athletes were matched who did not have any symptoms of lower extremity injuries. The amount of pronation during standing and while running at “regular speed” was determined by measuring the angles of their footprints.3 The investigators found a significant correlation: Those athletes with more pronation had a much greater likelihood of having sustained one of the overuse athletic injuries.
Hip and Thigh Injuries
Many injuries experienced at the hip develop from poor biomechanics and gait asymmetry, especially when running. Smooth coordination of the muscles that provide balance and support for the pelvis is needed for optimum bipedal sports performance. This includes the hamstring muscles and the hip abductor muscles, especially the tensor fascia lata (the iliotibial band). When there is a biomechanical deficit from the feet and ankles, abnormal motions (such as excessive internal rotation of the entire leg) will predispose to pulls and strains of these important support muscles. The hamstrings (comprised of the biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus muscles) are a good example.
During running, the hamstrings are most active during the last 25% of the swing phase, and the first 50% of the stance phase.4 This initial 50% of stance phase consists of heel strike and maximum pronation. The hamstring muscles function to control the knee and ankle at heel strike and to help absorb some of the impact. A recent study has shown a significant decrease in electromyographic activity in the hamstrings when wearing orthotics.5 In fact, these investigators found that the biceps femoris (which is the most frequently injured of the three hamstring muscles) had the greatest decrease in activity of all muscles tested, including the tibialis anterior, the medial gastrocnemius, and the medial and lateral vastus muscles. The scientists in this study theorized that the additional support from the orthotics helped the hamstrings to control the position of the calcaneus and knee, so there was much less stress into the hip joint and pelvis.
Excessive Pronation and Hip Injuries
Using functional orthotics to correct excessive pronation and to treat hip problems requires an awareness of the various problems that can develop. The following is a list of the pathologies that are seen in the hip and pelvis secondary to pronation and foot hypermobility:7
Iliotibial band syndrome Tensor fascia lata strain
Trochanteric bursitis Hip flexor muscle strain
Piriformis muscle strain Hip adductor muscle strain
Hip joint capsulitis Anterior pelvic tilt
These conditions will develop much more easily in athletes, who push their musculoskeletal systems, and who seek more efficient and effective functional performances.
In 2002, researchers at Logan College of Chiropractic recruited a total of 40 male subjects that demonstrated bilateral pes planus or hyperpronation syndrome. Subjects were cast for custom made orthotics; their right and left Q-angles were measured with and without the orthotic in place. Thirty-nine of 40 test subjects showed reduced Q-angle, which was in the direction of correction, suggesting that wearing orthotics can improve stability and levelness of the pelvis, thus protecting the body to some degree from hip injury.8
Conclusion
Excessive pronation and/or poor shock absorption have been shown to be an associated or causative factor in many leg injuries — from the foot itself, up the lower leg to the knee, thigh, and into the hip joint. The good news is that many of these conditions can be prevented with custom-fitted functional orthotics. Evaluation of foot biomechanics is a good idea in all patients, but is especially necessary for those who are recreationally active, or for anyone who has experienced hip problems.
To avoid potentially disabling hip injuries, competitive athletes must have regular evaluations of the alignment and function of their feet. Additional preventive measures include wearing well-designed and solidly-constructed shoes. When athletes are provided with custom-fitted functional orthotics, it can help prevent arch breakdown and biomechanical foot problems, and also treat numerous injuries of the lower extremities, including the hip joints.
Sourced through Scoop.it from: circleofdocs.com
Many injuries experienced at the hip develop from poor biomechanics and gait asymmetry, especially when running. Smooth coordination of the muscles that provide balance and support for the pelvis is needed for optimum bipedal sports performance. For Answers to any questions you may have please call Dr. Jimenez at 915-850-0900
Purpose & Passions: I am a Doctor of Chiropractic specializing in progressive, cutting-edge therapies and functional rehabilitation procedures focused on clinical physiology, total health, practical strength training, and complete conditioning. We focus on restoring normal body functions after neck, back, spinal and soft tissue injuries.
We use Specialized Chiropractic Protocols, Wellness Programs, Functional & Integrative Nutrition, Agility & Mobility Fitness Training and Rehabilitation Systems for all ages.
As an extension to effective rehabilitation, we too offer our patients, disabled veterans, athletes, young and elder a diverse portfolio of strength equipment, high-performance exercises and advanced agility treatment options. We have teamed up with the cities premier doctors, therapist and trainers to provide high-level competitive athletes the possibilities to push themselves to their highest abilities within our facilities.
We’ve been blessed to use our methods with thousands of El Pasoans over the last three decades allowing us to restore our patients’ health and fitness while implementing researched non-surgical methods and functional wellness programs.
Our programs are natural and use the body’s ability to achieve specific measured goals, rather than introducing harmful chemicals, controversial hormone replacement, un-wanted surgeries, or addictive drugs. We want you to live a functional life that is fulfilled with more energy, a positive attitude, better sleep, and less pain. Our goal is to ultimately empower our patients to maintain the healthiest way of living.
With a bit of work, we can achieve optimal health together, no matter the age or disability.
Join us in improving your health for you and your family.
It’s all about: LIVING, LOVING & MATTERING! 🍎
Welcome & God Bless
EL PASO LOCATIONS
Central:
6440 Gateway East, Ste B
Phone: 915-850-0900
East Side: | https://chiropracticscientist.com/sports-related-hip-injuries-how-orthotics-can-help/ |
Do you find that sitting is cramping your running style? The fact of the matter is sitting causes only some muscles to contract or flex while never allowing the other balancing muscles to do anything. The most common sign of muscle imbalance due to sitting a lot (which is nearly all of us) is weakness or tightness in the following muscle pairs: deep abdominal muscles and hip flexors, buttocks and hips, and hamstrings and quadriceps.
Signs of muscle imbalances can quickly transform into a number of injuries and running performance reducers including, but not limited to:
- Abnormally tight hamstrings and hip flexors which don’t allow for the full range of motion required for an efficient stride.
- Tendonitis of the hip flexors due to tight hip flexors.
- Patellorfemoral Pain Syndrome (Runner’s Knee) due to the lack of strength of the quadriceps and its inability to track your knee properly. The opposing muscle to the quadriceps is the hamstring which tightens while sitting.
- Weak buttocks and outer hip muscles cause instability in the hips, knees and pelvis which can cause illiotibial band syndrome (IT Band Syndrome) among many other related hip and pelvis injuries.
- Weak abdominal muscles, caused by sitting, allow the pelvis to tilt forward while running and can result in lower back pain and hip flexor tendonitis.
How can you protect yourself from the punishing side effects of sitting?
- Correct Sitting Posture: Correct posture can almost alleviate all muscle imbalance issues caused by sitting. To initiate correct posture, place your monitor at eye level if at all possible. Avoid slouching to engage the abs. Keep your mouse close to your body and your feet comfortably flat on the floor. Also, make sure your chair has a high and straight back rest. Some people also use a physio-ball to achieve good posture.
- Move Around: It’s very important to move around as often as possible. You should move around once every 20 to 30 minutes for at least 3 minutes at a time. Consequently, your legs will be refreshed by the influx of oxygenated blood and you will begin to feel more awake – and this will give your eyes and mind a break, too!
- Exercise Weak or Underused Muscles: Wherever you are most comfortable, do sit-ups, pushups and/or other various core related strength exercises just before lunch or during an extended break.
- Stretch: Stretch out your hamstrings, hip flexors, shoulders, neck and back throughout the day. | https://cbphysicaltherapy.com/sitting-killing-running-game/ |
The hamstrings are a group of three muscles that run down the back of the thigh from a common insertion point on your Ņsit boneÓ (ischial tuberosity) to just below the knee and the sciatic nerve passes through them.
Flexibility of the hamstrings is an essential component in the maintenance of joint range of motion and in the prevention of hamstring injury as well as injuries to the lower back, hip, sacroilliac joint and knee injuries such as patellofemoral pain and patella tendinopathies.
Whilst stretching of the hamstring muscle is important, it is equally, if not more important to consider the nerves passing through the muscle and ensure that there is no impedance to the nerve as it slides through a muscle during movement (neurodynamic mobilisation) as altered neurodynamics can lead to pain, tightness and recurrent injury.
Whilst most of us know the traditional ŅstaticÓ hamstring stretches, the addition of neurodynamic hamstring stretches to a static stretching program has been demonstrated to increase hamstring flexibility in healthy individuals.
STATIC HAMSTRING STRETCH
The introduction of a neural mobilisation program will be different for each individual.
The movements need to be graduated, controlled and never static or painful instead relying on joint movement to slide the nerve through its surrounding tissue (much like flossing oneÕs teeth).
NEURODYNAMIC MOVEMENT
(Lower leg is continuously moving)
If you want to know more about neurodynamic mobilisation and think you may be able to incorporate it into your stretching program, talk to your practitioner who will be able to assess whether these movements are right for you.
References:
Butler, D.S. (2000). The Sensitive Nervous System. Adelaide: Noigroup Publications.
Shacklock, M (2005) Clinical neurodynamics a new system of musculoskeletal treatment. Elsevier, China
Sharma, S., Balthillaya, G., Rao, R. and Mani, R. (2016). Short term effectiveness of neural sliders and neural tensioners as an adjunct to static stretching of hamstrings on knee extension angle in healthy individuals: A randomized controlled trial. Physical Therapy in Sport, 17, pp.30-37. | https://www.sportslab.com.au/hamstringstretching/ |
Each person hast two sacroiliac joints, one on each side just below the waistline on the back side of the pelvis, not too far from the hip joint. The sacroiliac joint lies next to the bottom of the spine – below the lumbar spine and above the tailbone (coccyx). The SI joints, as the sacroiliac joints are sometimes called, are formed at the place where the sacrum connects with the two ilium (hip) bones.
The sacroiliac joints are “kidney bean” or “L-shaped” and allow for only a small amount of movement, perhaps 2-16 degrees of normal movement. This small amount of movement allows a slight but complex pattern of twisting and rocking of the pelvis to occur when the legs are moved in a normal manner while walking. As a result the pelvis is able to gently rock or sway as we walk – women more than men – without much wasted lateral movement of the head.
The sacroiliac joints have important characteristics for weight bearing in the upright posture:
- Very strong in spite of their small size, due to reinforcement from many large strong ligaments that surround the SI joints
- Does not allow much movement, keeping it stable
- Transmits forces from the upper body down to the pelvis, hip joints and legs
- Shock absorbing structure
- Provides for smooth pelvic movement while walking or running
The sacroiliac joints move together as a single unit. From the back it is common to see a pair of dimples on the buttock near the base of the spine. These are sometimes called the “dimples of Venus” and they are a landmark for the top portion of the sacroiliac joints.
Only a minor part of the stability of the SI joints comes from the placement of the two joint surfaces against each other bony structure; the great majority of SI joint strength is due to a deep and complex group of intrinsic and extrinsic sacroiliac ligaments. The small movements of both sacroiliac joints are limited by the thick ligaments on the back of the pelvis that hold the SI joints together. Any painful or abnormal movement of the sacroiliac joints is typically due to weakness of the ligaments or excessive forces applied to the SI joints – or both.
Sacroiliac joint dysfunction
There are many different terms for painful sacroiliac joint problems, such as SI joint dysfunction, SI joint syndrome, SI joint dysarticulation, SI joint strain, and SI joint inflammation. Each term describes a different aspect of a problem in the SI joints that causes pain as a result of a variety of causes.
Pain in the region of the sacroiliac joints is thought to be caused by inflammation of the ligaments and joint surfaces of the SI joints, or sacroiliitis. Growing evidence over the last 20 years suggests that lower back, that may be accompanied by thigh pain in the front or buttock pain with or without leg pain is commonly due to the inflammation of one or both of the sacroiliac joint(s), or sacroiliitis.
Common problems of the sacroiliac joint that cause mild and diffuse ache or massive pain with limited movement and leg pain can be due to what is called sacroiliac joint dysfunction, also known as SI joint dysfunction. Sacroiliac joint dysfunction is a general term for variable pain in the area of the sacroiliac joint(s), caused by abnormal motion in the sacroiliac joint. This abnormal movement can be in the form of too much movement or too little movement. In either case, joint inflammation of the SI joint, or sacroiliitis, results because of this excessive or reduced movement.
- Too much movement causes instability, or the tendency to move more than normal or necessary. The pain that results is typically felt in the lower back and/or hip; it may extend into groin or upper thigh area.
- Too little movement causes fixation or a fixed or locked feeling in the joint with inability to move easily. This abnormal reduction of movement is irritating to the joint and eventually causes low back pain. The pain that results is typically felt on one side of the low back or buttocks, with possible radiation down the back of the leg, similar to sciatica. However, in SI joint fixation the leg pain usually remains above the knee, and rarely extends to the ankle or foot.
Effective help for sacroiliac joint pain
It can be difficult to accurately diagnose a sacroiliac joint dysfunction because the symptoms are so similar to and overlap those from several common lower back pain problems, such as lumbar facet syndrome, disc herniation, and sciatic nerve radiculopathy.
A diagnosis is usually arrived at through physical examination (eliminating other causes) and/or an injection (utilized to block the pain).
Sacroiliac pain and pregnancy
A common cause of SI joint dysfunction and pain is the stress applied to the low back and pelvis during pregnancy. The hormones relaxin and oxytocin are released all throughout the pregnancy into the woman’s body to allow for widening of the pelvis to give more room to the growing baby and prepare for ligament relaxation that occurs during childbirth. Relaxation of the many ligaments around the SI joints can result in excessive motion in the SI joints, allowing for abnormal pelvic mechanics, increased SI joint stress, abnormal wear and pain. The changes in the SI joint ligaments are the reason for the altered waddle gait so common in pregnancy.
Sacroiliac joint arthritis
Just like any other weight-bearing joints of the body, the SI joints have a layer of cartilage that covers the bone surface of the joint. This cartilage serves to provide improved movement and a shock absorber between bones of the joint . If this joint cartilage becomes damaged or is worn down by excessive use, the bones begin to rub against each other, allowing degenerative arthritis (osteoarthritis) to develop. Arthritis of the SI joint is said to be the most common reason for pain and joint dysfunction.
Lifting Do’s and Don’ts to avoid sacroiliac joint pain
Symptoms and signs of SI joint dysfunction
Common signs and symptoms/signs of an SI joint problem:
- Deep dull pain lower back pain on one side, occasionally on both sides.
- Pain is often a mild to moderate ache around the dimple near the sacrum.
- Pain aggravated while doing those activities that stress the SI joints (getting up from a chair, bending the knees while climbing stairs).
- When SI joint dysfunction is severe it can cause referred or reflex pain into the hip, groin or lower leg on the same side as the involved SI joint. Even when severe the pain rarely radiate below the knee.
- SI joint pain often increases with prolonged sitting or prolonged walking.
Treatments for sacroiliac joint dysfunction (SI joint pain) are usually effective and are conservative in nature, designed to ultimately restore normal motion in the joint and provide low back pain relief.
Typical treatments for sacroiliac joint pain:
- Ice and rest – with heat only later in the recovery cycle
Initially use ice or cold packs, applied in 20 minute intervals to reduce inflammation in the SI area, along with rest to reduce irritation. The need for ice and rest is based on the presence of intense and sharp pain that is aggravated by prolonged sitting or standing. This can continue for several days to several weeks, depending on ability to reduce pain and increase activity. After the pain subsides, meaning the inflammation is reduced, the use of moist heat to the same area can begin to assist the healing process. At this time it is advised that a slow and gradual return to normal activities that do not provoke a return of pain.
- SI brace or support
When the SI joint movement is excessive (“hypermobile” or too loose), an orthopedic support can be used to snugly hold the SI joints together. The SI brace looks like a rather wide 3-4” belt that is worn below the hips and waist, to stabilize the area and allow rest for the excessively mobile SI joints. Pain reduction and comfort are often immediate when the SI brace is worn. As the symptoms improve the belt is worn less often and more loosely than during the acute stage, perhaps only during extreme or prolonged activity.
- Medications
A small amount of pain medication (acetaminophen), or anti-inflammatory medication (ibuprofen) to reduce the swelling that is contributing to the pain can be used. Once acute pain is reduced this probably should be discontinued to allow the individual to know exactly how much inflammation is present and what types of actions and postures are aggravating the SI joint problem. Too much medication allows the individual to often aggravate the condition because of the absent pain warning signal.
- Acupuncture
Because a high percentage of SI joint arthritis is the wear and tear type (osteoarthritis) treatment with acupuncture or acupressure can be extremely effective.
- Chiropractic manipulation
Manual manipulation provided by a chiropractor or osteopath is indicated to restore normal SI joint movement when the joint is fixated or “stuck” outside its normal position.
- Exercise
Controlled, gradual stretching and exercise of muscles is often indicated to tone the ligaments and muscles around the affected sacroiliac joint, as well as to increase range of motion. This activity will increase the flow of blood into the area, and increase the flow of lymphatic fluid out of the area, both promoting a healing response. | https://drlumbago.com/si-sacroiliac-joint-joints-pain-treatment-exercise-stretch-hip-dysfunction-ligaments-ligament-ilium-painful-sacroiliitis/ |
As a kid and teenager, it seemed as though flexibility was a given, but with age it becomes more elusive, and something that must be consciously improved. Prolonged sitting takes a toll on the flexibility of the leg muscles, particularly those of the hips and knees, and unfortunately many of us work seated desk jobs.
Some forms of exercise also decrease our flexibility. For example, running promotes tightness of the hamstrings and IT bands. Upper body strengthening exercises with weights or push-ups promotes shortening of the biceps and chest muscles.
Many common aches and pains are related to limited muscle flexibility. When muscles are tight, they limit the range of motion of the joints that they cross. This limited range of motion can lead to improper joint mechanics while walking or performing daily tasks, in addition to poor posture. Follow these strategies to improve your flexibility.
1. Assess Your Flexibility
Are you flexible? Are you tight? Do you have any idea? Take a couple of minutes and assess your own flexibility to determine your baseline starting point. Some people are naturally more flexible than others, and women are typically more flexible than men. Try to sit with your legs extended in front of you. Can you reach down and touch your toes? This is a test for hamstring flexibility in the back of your legs. For your upper body, try to make your opposite hands touch behind your back, near your shoulder blades. This is a great indication of upper body flexibility. Also, you can assess any areas that you are having discomfort. More than likely, in the area of discomfort, you will have associated muscle tightness. | http://lifemix.today/health/8-fantastic-exercises-to-improve-flexibility/ |
Everything we do in the gym — squats, lunges, pushing, pulling, rotating, etc. — should become a reflection of what we do in everyday life. Longevity of our bodies, especially our joints, is largely dependent upon good movement patterns that are reproducible. So if you want to spare your lower back, and save your knees from debilitating arthritis, you must take the time to move with purpose both in the gym and daily life.
What does this take? How do you begin? There are many facets, which we’ll be taking step-by-step in this and future issues; the first is mobility. I like to think of mobility as the ability to move freely and easily into and out of positions that are essential for everyday life. If you can’t squat in a balanced position with your thighs parallel with the floor, your upper body upright, and your feet facing forward — then you lack mobility. This lack of mobility may be in your ankles or your hips, and may be combined with a variety of short and tight muscles such as your hamstrings. This inability to squat correctly — this lack of mobility — must be addressed; it makes no sense to overload your squat patterns with weights, or to perform heavy leg presses, until you establish a good squat pattern. Otherwise you just wear your joints down.
So the question is: how do you improve mobility? Keep in mind that mobility is much more than muscular flexibility — so the traditional approach of simply stretching tight muscles, such as your hamstrings or quadriceps, will do very little by itself to improve the way you move. This so-called “static stretching” does have a role, but by itself it’s not enough. In order to move better, we need to also enhance joint mobility — and put that mobility into motion. Hence the dynamic approach to stretching, in which you move into (and out of) various positions; with each repetition the joint being addressed is stretched a little more, and the muscles being stretched are under tension. This results in greater range of motion that is controllable by muscular contractions. This is the key to moving better: don’t simply attempt to get greater range of motion, but rather greater range of motion with control.
Here’s a little insight for most of you: the areas of the body where most people begin to lose motion as they age are in the shoulders, the midback, the hips, and the ankle. Loss of motion in any one of these areas will effect the overall quality of your movements in almost anything you do. For instance, if you need to lunge down to pick things off the floor you need mobility in your ankles, hips, and midback; if you lack mobility in any of these areas, you’ll compensate in the way you move — and put abnormal stress on one or more of your joints. Often the knees bear the brunt of this compensation, which is why so many aging people experience knee pain. So the best way to prevent knee problems is to make sure you have good ankle and hip mobility — and the muscular control to support your knees as you move into and out of positions.
Previous Article Time For A Juice Cleanse? Really? | https://www.youngernextyear.com/why-mobility-matters/ |
My biceps is usually in quite a shortened position due to shoulder flexion and elbow flexion. Ditto for my neck flexors and hip flexors. But they’re not actually shortened (or tighter than normal). I have full flexibility in each of those muscle groups. Muscles can indeed become shortened, but it’s not a given they will get short if they spend most of their day like that.
Again, there are ways to test muscle length/flexibility. I don’t rely on muscle length/flexibility tests alone because they are not very specific. That is, when you test the flexibility of a muscle, you are also testing other structures. What I do if I suspect muscle shortening is perform the muscle length test and note the findings. Then I will do dynamic movement testing and assess the effect on the muscle length test when re-tested. If we rule out everything else, and the muscle stays tight, then we can diagnose muscle tightness.
But my distinct point here is that we can’t make an assumption based on daily positions or activities. If you think “hip flexors get tight” because they’re shortened all day, well then what about all the other muscles that are shortened all day? Isn’t it more likely that something else is going on in the hip area? Things can be figured out with competent testing - not assumptions. -- Laura
Increasing Dorsiflexion
12/2/2020
How do I increase a person's ankle dorsiflexion range of motion? There is no one way to fix a sign/symptom. I can name ten possible things I would do to increase a person's dorsiflexion depending on the source of the deficit. A sign or symptom is not a diagnosis. You diagnose the problem that causes the sign/symptom and provide the appropriate treatment for that diagnosis. It’s the same as with other medical problems. There’s not one way to relieve head pain nor one way to increase low blood pressure. You figure out the reason (the diagnosis) and address that.
I know I sound like a broken record, but people want to oversimplify orthopedics when it actually takes solid diagnostic skills to achieve effective care. If a patient of mine has decreased dorsiflexion, that is just one piece of data in isolation. Combined with the other data I obtain (verbally and physically) and combined with the response to repeated dynamic testing, that piece becomes more intelligible. If you think you simply need to stretch your Achilles to gain more dorsiflexion, by all means, go ahead. It will help sometimes, but it’s not high on my list of treatments I use to gain dorsiflexion. There are many treatments I use more commonly than simple muscle/tendon stetching. So the answer to how I increase dorsiflexion is: “It depends.” -- Laura
Joint mobility is an extremely important piece of data when diagnosing and treating orthopedic disorders. Even though testing a joint’s mobility is easy, it is rarely done well. While the length of a muscle may matter, the strength very rarely does. A tight muscle (which is rare) may reduce a joint’s range of motion in a specific direction (the direction in which the tight muscle is put on stretch), but weakness is rarely a factor.
A muscle would have to be significantly inhibited and/or significantly weak for the patient not to be able to achieve full active range of motion, especially with gravity eliminated or gravity assisted procedures. (Remember: muscle inhibition usually comes from a nearby joint or spinal joints.) Muscle weakness does not impact passive range of motion, which is when the joint is moved by something external (not internal muscle strength). If a joint doesn’t move well - passively and/or actively - my investigation starts with joints themselves (local and spinal). If that proves fruitless, only then will I consider that muscles are causing reduced joint range of motion. -- Laura
Structures other than muscles can be tight. For example, nerves can get tight. Clinically we say they have lost extensibility, are compressed, or are entrapped. However, they do effectively get “tight” in many cases. Joint capsules can also get tight, as can the joints themselves. I usually use the word obstructed when referring to joints, but, to most patients, they in essence feel tight.
Tightness is also a common referred sensation. With referred symptoms, people tend to name the muscle where they feel the symptom. For instance, if the joints in the low back are referring symptoms to the front of the thigh, people usually say (and assume) they have a quadriceps problem. Understanding the concept of referred symptoms is crucial ... but it’s also very important to recognize that it’s not just pain, numbness, and tingling that can be referred. It’s also common to have referred sensations that feel tight, achy, or even hot or cold. -- Laura
It takes many weeks for tissue to form adhesions and become tight. And when it is indeed tight, it does NOT vary day to day or week to week. I understand that the sensation patients report is one of “tightness,” but if there is variability, then the source of this tight feeling is not the tissue itself.
When I say tissue, what do I mean? I subdivide it into two main categories: contractile tissue (muscles and tendons) and non-contractile tissue. In the second group, most of the time we’re talking about joint capsular tissue, but there could also be problems with skin, fascia, etc.
Tissue can become tight for many reasons. Think of a simple cut on your skin. If you don’t move the affected tissue, over time the tissue will become tight as scar tissue lays down haphazardly, restricting normal, fluid motion. (This is a good thing - you want scar tissue to be strong! But consistent movement in the right direction will make it flexible.) Surgery is like a simple cut writ large. Many tissues are cut and repaired and, without proper re-integration of movement, often are tight months or years later. Some tissues get tight because they don’t get moved properly. That could be from life habits, patterns after a prior injury, or from 8 weeks in a cast, for instance. A frozen shoulder is another example of tight tissue - which, in the absence of an instigating trauma, usually comes on insidiously.
In these examples, it’s clear that tissue can certainly get tight - and that it can restore to normal length (with informal or formal therapy). It’s also obvious from these scenarios that this process doesn’t allow for a patient to report, “Well, some days it feels really tight, but then some days I’m fine.” Tissue does not behave like that. But joints do ... and they refer that tight feeling to nearby tissue. When I take a patient’s history, I ask very specific questions that narrow my possible diagnoses. If the patient describes variability, local tissue tightness is not the cause. --Laura
Tight Muscle?
3/20/2020
A tight flexor muscle will be apparent with extension. End-range extension will be limited, painful, or both. Other motions are not commonly as affected, if at all. For certain, flexion won’t be limited because, with flexion, the tight flexor muscle is on slack.
As I’ve stated before, muscles are incorrectly incriminated as someone’s problem way too often. While I see tendinopathies (a contractile issue, not usually a length or tightness issue), I can’t remember the last time I diagnosed a “tight muscle” or had a patient stretch a muscle. What I typically find are joint derangements - joint problems which refer symptoms to muscles. Joint derangements are fixed (often very quickly) with directional preference exercises.
Tight muscles exist, but they are very rarely the source of someone’s complaints. The better we are at diagnosing a problem, the better we are at fixing it. -- Laura
When reaching hard enough, will you feel pulling in your hamstrings? It’s likely. Tendons and muscles (unlike other structures) will usually allow you to eek out another centimeter in pursuit of your toes, which you’ll feel. But “feeling it there” does NOT mean that is necessarily the limiting factor. To touch your toes you’ll need sufficient hip mobility, low back mobility, and sciatic nerve length for starters, not to mention mid back mobility and even arm length! Whereas so many (I want to say most) fitness professionals and medical clinicians alike make assumptions such as this, I critically assess why someone cannot do something. We move your body in various ways repeatedly to understand the source of a complaint or functional deficit. And by the way: it’s usually not your hamstrings.
-- Laura
Regularly sitting for prolonged periods, especially slouched, can lead to orthopedic problems. But the problems arise almost always from joints, not muscles. I continually hear people (health professionals, notably) declare that sitting’s “shortened” position of the hip flexors can cause painful, tight hip flexors. Granted this doesn’t affect all sitters (nothing does), but if large amounts of time in shortened states can lead to painfully tight muscles, then where is the observable pattern? Why aren’t more biceps affected secondary to prolonged elbow bending? Where’s the complaint of painful anterior neck muscles as our heads are so often forward?
Though I make my case verbally, people won’t budge. It’s likely the only way to prove my point would be to demonstrate an evaluation and treatment of someone with this given “diagnosis.” In the absence of that, I put forth that, one, we have ways of clinically determining if this is occurring, which, importantly, involves ruling out joints and nerves. Two, if we consider joint mechanics, deranged upper-mid lumbar segments and hip joints can send referred/radicular pain to the hip flexor area. Deranged elbows usually refer pain to the medial, lateral, or posterior elbow. And neck derangements typically send pain posteriorly and laterally – rarely anteriorly. The deranged joint pattern is observable. --Laura
If you lie propped up on your elbow for some time, it’s likely when you go to first move it, it’s stiff. Same with sitting on a crossed hip or ankle. As you start to move, the joint rapidly loosens and there’s no lasting impact. Do this enough, though, and it can become harder for a joint to consistently rebound to its correct alignment. And as the joint further deforms, this stiffness may become pain.
While this applies to extremity joints, these days it seems more prevalent in the spine. If your day entails primarily kneeling, it can become increasingly stiff and painful to straighten your knee(s). More commonly, though, if your day is spent protruding your neck looking at a computer or rounding your back driving in a car’s bucket seat, your spine may enter the stiffness-pain paradigm.
For many joints, it can be hard to notice stiffness/motion loss. Detecting stiffness, however, is often important in the prevention of pain, especially with previously painful joints. I therefore teach my patients how to self-test their affected joint each day. If stiffness is spotted, their corrective exercise should be performed to restore full joint motion and prevent unwanted escalation into pain. --Laura
So You Can't Touch Your Toes?
6/24/2018
Many, many bodily joints and tissues need to function well to be able to fully bend forward. Poor hamstrings, though … they always get blamed!
To regain forward bending ability, I hardly ever loosen patients’ hamstrings. However, say a patient did simply need looser hamstrings - then clinical care is hardly needed. (Stretching is not rocket science!) With consistent home stretching, hamstring length better consistently improve.
In almost all cases, forward bending is limited because lumbar structures are moving improperly. Usually it’s that the joints themselves are misaligned. In other cases, compressed/adhered/trapped nerves create nerve tension that limits this movement (with or without contemporary joint malalignment).
Forward bending (lumbar flexion) is usually restored once we get the patients’ lumbar structures moving properly again. Importantly, using forward bending to achieve this is beneficial in only a small group of patients. More commonly I utilize lumbar extension or sidegliding.
So why do people say they “feel it” in their hamstrings? It’s either that they’re actually feeling the sciatic nerve(s) pull or that, in attempting to bend further, their body eeeks out more motion in the only structures it can – muscles and tendons – so they “feel it” there. Expert mechanical clinicians know better. --Laura
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Orthopedics Blog
Learn more about the world of diagnosing and treating orthopedics here! | https://www.drlauramanneringpt.com/blog/category/tightness |
Medial patella-femoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction is a procedure used to correct serious and recurring dislocation of the kneecap. MPFL is the major ligament, which stabilizes the kneecap and helps in preventing dislocation.
The surgery involves using a ligament take from another part of the body (usually hamstring tendon) to replace the damaged ligament. The MPFL is reconstructed to keep the kneecap in the trochlear groove, preventing dislocation.
MPFL reconstruction is usually very successful. After surgery, patients will need to complete physical therapy/ rehab for 3-6 months to ensure the muscles are strong and stable. Patients can expect to return to unrestricted activities by 6 months to 1 year after surgery.
The main risks associated with this surgery:
– Infection
– Excessive stiffness
– Swelling of the knee
– Bleeding in the knee joint
– Damage to the blood vessels or nerves
– New injury to the knee causing rupture of the ligament graft
– Ongoing instability
MPFL RECONSTRUCTION
Instructions for AFTER the surgery
- You may put full weight through your leg when walking.
- Patient must use crutches.
- Try not to limp.
- Stop using crutches when able to walk comfortably WITHOUT a limp.
- All wounds are closed with steri-strips (NO stitches) AND covered with a WATERPROOF dressing.
- Leave bulky dressing undisturbed for 48 hours.
- Remove bulky dressing after 48 hours and replace with elastic bandage (Tubigrip) supplied.
- Wear elastic bandage at all times except for daily shower. (NO soaking, baths or swimming yet)
- You will need to book the physio, this should start 2-3 days after surgery.
- Swelling. This is to be expected. Try to rest with the leg fully straight. A pillow under the heel will help with this. DO NOT REST WITH A PILLOW UNDER THE KNEE. Elevate the leg on a pillow or cushion while sitting. An ice pack can be used.
- Pain. This is worst in the first 48-72 hours after surgery and gradually improves after that. You will receive a prescription for pain medication on discharge. Take the medications as required until the pain is tolerable
- Possible temporary numbness and/or tingling around the wound site.
- Excessive persistent pain
- Pus discharge from wound
- Fever
- Excessive pain AND tenderness AND swelling in the calf.
Should any of these symptoms persist, please contact Dr Sim’s rooms or after hours emergency.
Movement
0-2 WEEKS
Goals
- Decrease pain and swelling
- Restore full extension (i.e. getting the knee fully straight)
- Quadriceps (front of thigh muscle) activation
- Gait training (i.e. learning to walk properly WITHOUT limping)
Exercises Suggestions
Your first physio appointment should be within 3 days after surgery.
ROM & Flexibility
Remember it is important to restore and maintain range of motion early, especially full extension. This is not harmful to the graft or its stability.
Gait
Use two crutches until you can walk WITHOUT a limp. Then try with one crutch. You can stop using crutches once you walk WITHOUT a limp.
3-6 WEEKS
Goals
- Achieve near of full ROM in knee flexion and extension
- Normal gait pattern
- Quad activation
- Full knee extension is needed for normal gait
DRIVING
You can consider driving if:
- You are off strong prescription pain killer (eg Endone)
- You are OFF your crutches
- You have GOOD leg control (e.g. you are able to simulate and emergency braking manouvre in a stationary car without any PAIN in the knee)
DO NOT PROGRESS TO STAGE 2 UNTIL ALL GOALS ARE MET
Strengthening
(MUST BE GUIDED/SUPERVISED by Physio)
6-9 WEEKS
Goals
- Full and pain free knee range of motion
- Functional quad strength
Exercise suggestions
Hydrotherapy/Pool
- Knee ROM
- Walking forward/backward, static lunge, lunge walking squats, side shuffles, step up/down, calf rises (2-1 foot)
- Hip extension/flexion, adduction/abduction
- Deep water: stride walking, cycling, flutter kick
Cardiovascular Fitness
- Stationary bike
- Swim – Flutter kick only
- Treadmill – walking
9-12 WEEKS
Goals
- Continue flexibility/stretching exercises
- Quadriceps strength progression
Exercise Suggestions
Hydrotherapy/Pool
- Increase time, speed and repetitions of exercises
- Pool running
Cardiovascular Fitness
- Bike – Increased resistance and time parameters
- Treadmill – Walk +/- incline – quick walk
12-16 WEEKS
Goals
- Continue with flexibility exercises for the lower chain
- Continue strengthening (including hamstrings) of all leg muscle
- Bike – increase time and resistance
- Treadmill – increase time + incline
Advanced strengthening
4-6 MONTHS
Goals
- Quadriceps, hamstrings and other leg muscle strengthening.
- Proprioception training (i.e. learning to sense movement within joints AND the joint’s position)
- Adequate cardiovascular fitness
- Running: Progression to running may only occur once a smooth and normal pattern has been attained to prevent abnormal tissue/joint loading in the knee. Running should NOT be initiated if swelling, loss of motion or pain is present.
Exercise Suggestions
- Continue upper body strengthening
Muscle Strength and Endurance
- Continue with lower extremity strengthening with specific emphasis on client specific deficits.
Return to Sport
> 6 MONTHS
Goals
- Return to competitive sport once all goals achieved
AND
- Physio and Surgeon have declared you fit to do so
Braces
- These are neither MANDATORY nor NECESSARY whilst playing sport. | https://drshannonsim.com.au/services/knee/mpfl-reconstruction-surgery/ |
Torticollis and cerebral palsy are both conditions characterized by muscle stiffness that causes the head to tilt. Sometimes, these conditions can be mistaken for one another. Therefore, it’s essential to know the differences between them and get an official diagnosis from your child’s pediatrician.
To help you understand the differences between torticollis and cerebral palsy, this article will go over their:
Causes of Torticollis vs. Cerebral Palsy
Torticollis refers to the sideways tilting or turning of the head caused by the tightening of a large muscle in the neck called the sternocleidomastoid (SCM). Sometimes, cerebral palsy may be mistaken for torticollis because individuals with CP can also experience head tilting due to abnormal muscle tone in the muscles that make up the neck.
Both CP and torticollis can be caused before or after birth. When an infant is born with torticollis, it is called congenital muscular torticollis. There are many causes of congenital muscular torticollis, but it is most commonly a result of injury to the SCM muscle due to birth complications or abnormal positioning in the womb. This injury causes scarring of the SCM, making it too tight to stretch easily on one side of the neck.
In contrast, cerebral palsy is the outcome of damage to areas of the developing brain responsible for movement. In cerebral palsy, differences in muscle tone are a secondary effect of the brain damage sustained.
Common causes of CP-related brain damage include:
- Stroke
- Lack of oxygen to the brain
- Blood clots
- Premature birth
- Brain infections
- Abnormal brain development
- Birth complications
The main difference in causation between these two conditions is that torticollis is primarily caused by pressure on the body while CP is caused by damage to the brain.
Now that you understand what causes these two conditions, let’s go over the differences in symptoms.
Symptoms of Torticollis and Cerebral Palsy
Torticollis and cerebral palsy might be mistaken for one another because they may share a common symptom: stiffness in the neck that causes the head to tilt or twist.
As a result, infants may struggle to turn their heads from the twisted or tilted position, and are stuck with their head almost always in the same position. As it is challenging to turn the head, infants often develop a flat spot on the affected side of their head from lying in the same position too often. Generally, symptoms of torticollis become evident within the first 4 weeks of life. However, head tilting might be difficult to notice in young infants.
While torticollis is limited to tightness in the neck, cerebral palsy has many more defining symptoms. For example, cerebral palsy can cause muscle stiffness in various areas of the body, not just the neck. Similarly, cerebral palsy may not affect the neck at all.
Common symptoms of cerebral palsy include:
- Abnormal walking patterns
- Speech difficulties
- Poor feeding
- Lack of coordination and balance
- Tremors
- High or low muscle tone
- Overreactive reflexes
Cerebral palsy is a neurologically-based movement disorder while torticollis is a muscular condition that solely affects the neck. In the next section, we’ll review treatment approaches for torticollis vs. cerebral palsy.
Treatment of Torticollis and CP
Although cerebral palsy and torticollis are very different conditions, their management interventions are similar. Torticollis can be treated. However, timely treatment is necessary to prevent permanent abnormalities to head shape.
According to one study, with the right treatment, 90-95% of infants with torticollis improve by age 1. Interestingly, if treatment begins before 6 months of age, almost all infants (97%) demonstrate improvements.
In contrast, the brain damage that causes cerebral palsy cannot be healed. However, it is not a progressive disease, so with proper intervention and management, symptoms should not worsen over time. Luckily, the brain is extremely adaptable. The earlier and more intensively therapy is pursued, the better the chances are of improving motor impairments caused by cerebral palsy.
Management of torticollis and cerebral palsy can both consist of:
- Physical therapy (to stretch and strengthen affected muscles)
- Orthotics (to provide structural support)
- Home exercises (to increase frequency of stretching and improve range of motion)
- Botox injections (to temporary relieve muscle tightness and maximize mobility for exercise)
- Surgery (to relieve extreme muscle tightness that does not respond to any of the treatments mentioned above)
Treatment will vary depending on the severity of one’s cerebral palsy or torticollis.
Understanding Torticollis and CP
Torticollis and cerebral palsy vary in causes and symptoms but share similar methods of treatment. One is a muscular condition, while the other is a neurological disability.
It’s essential to seek early management for both conditions to minimize their effects on balance and pain. We hope this article helped you understand the differences between torticollis and cerebral palsy. | https://www.flintrehab.com/torticollis-and-cerebral-palsy/ |
I have seen quite a bit of research in recent months on stretching and the negative effects it is alleged to have on performance. Apart from what I consider to be terminal errors in the experimental design what is never made clear is just exactly what kind of stretching is being done in these researches. And, as it happens, a number of people have written to me recently asking me to talk about stretching and what it can do for you.
I have been a stretching and conditioning teacher for nearly 30 years. In that time I have never seen any authority on stretching actually recommend slow static stretching be done before the execution of something like a squat or a deadlift. Yet the researchers look precisely at this recommendation. Had anyone asked me to comment on the likelihood of this protocol resulting in a loss of capacity to demonstrate maximum strength I would have answered this way: yes.
The reason is that slow static stretching calms the neural system down which is precisely the opposite state one needs it to be in to be able to demonstrate maximum speed or strength. Calming the system down results in the experience of being more relaxed; high muscle tonus is interpreted by the brain as a state of readiness. If tonus is decreased by conscious efforts, readiness is reduced, not enhanced. To prepare oneself for any activity that requires the neural system to be operating at peak efficiency, one needs to ramp the system up, not calm it down. And I have found the best way to do that is to engage in the activity itself at a submaximal level of intensity. And this is precisely what you see if you watch an experienced group of Olympic or powerlifters preparing for a maximum lift everywhere these things happen.
About 10 years ago an Olympic sprinter called me asking if I could help with his many-times recurring hamstring problem. He said he was hoping that I could show him a better way to stretch his hamstrings. When we met as part of the assessment process I asked him to bend and touch his toes and he was flexible enough to lay his whole body on his thighs with straight legs. I asked him to show me how he stretched his hamstrings and he sat down on the floor and did the hurdler hamstring stretch. He was extremely flexible in the hamstrings by any measure—and I told him that the lack of flexibility was unlikely to be his problem.
We went out on the oval behind my place and, via my trusty binoculars, I watched him run across my vision, towards me, and away from me. One thing I noticed was the absolutely outstanding hamstring development his body displayed. What was also obvious was his strong anterior pelvic tilt and what appeared to be a lack of glute strength. Back in the clinic we played around with a few hip flexor stretches and it was obvious that his hip flexors were extremely tight. So we spent a good half hour working on this muscle group, especially rectus femoris. And he then went back to the airport and flew back to his home state.
Three days later my mobile phone rang and it was this athlete: he was very excited and a little mechanical voice called out, “Kit, Kit Kit”. I asked him what he was excited about and he said that his glutes were really sore today—and he went on to say that this was the first time time they had ever been sore after a sprint training session, the evening before.
This is a long way around to making a simple point: one use of stretching exercises is simply to release muscles which, in this case, were inhibiting the action of a primary strength group, the glutes. The further point is that no one needs very flexible hamstrings to run world record hundred meter pace. If you look carefully at one of the greatest technical practitioners of this event, Michael Johnson, you will see that his front leg is never lifted higher than the front leg’s hip (so, less that 90 degrees of flexion at the hip joint). Further, the front foot is never in front of the knee at any time in this event either (so, 90 degrees of knee flexion). If you can put your foot up on an 18 inch high block, then you are loose enough. From a range of movement perspective everyone on the planet has enough hamstring range of movement to run this sort of speed.
The critical flexibility in sprinters is the capacity for the hip flexors (at the front of the joint) to have a sufficient range of movement that the glutes can be active in that part of the range of movement they need to be: hip extension. To understand the significance of this, one needs to understand the reciprocal inhibition reflex, one of the most important reflexes in the human body. In the sprinting action, if there is insufficient extensibility in the hip flexors, the brain will switch gluteus maximus off at the very point in the range of movement where it needs to be producing maximal force: as the body’s weight passes over the support leg. And it is no coincidence that the most commonly injured hamstring in sprinters and footballers is biceps femoris, the only hamstring muscle that can actually secondarily perform this hip extension movement.
I was able to attend a training session with the same sprinter a couple of weeks later. I was surprised to see that all of the trainees were sitting around preparing for the sprint session by doing long held static stretches of the hamstrings which in his case were already perfectly flexible. I asked him what he thought he was doing. He said, very reasonably, ‘stretching my hamstrings”, and I asked him “why?” I suggested to him to stretch the hip flexors instead and, moreover, to stretch them dynamically in the lunge position that we use in solo hip flexor stretching. And, further, to do this in bare feet so that the proprioceptors in the soles of the feet are maximally involved in the experience of the action. As well, I suggested to him that he reserve the slow held static stretches for after the training session and this time use these explicitly to calm the system down and help in the muscle repair process (by realigning the fascia through a process of what we call ‘interrogation of the body’, explicitly to finding out what the body needs following any strenuous activity). The conscious mind cannot know what this is; but by sitting down on the ground and going through a few stretches, the body will tell the owner of the conscious mind exactly what needs to be worked on. In my view this is far and away the most important use of slow held stretches.
In the summer of that season he was able to run his best ever hundred meter pace and without any hamstring problems. More to come. | https://stretchtherapy.net/what-is-stretching-and-what-does-it-really-do-part-i/ |
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) are the two major ligaments in the knee that work together to provide stability in the knee. They cross each other and form an 'X' which allows the knee to flex and extend without side to side movement. Injuries to these cruciate ligaments of the knee are typically sprains. The ACL is most often stretched, or torn by a sudden twisting motion while the feet remain planted.
Causes
Both the ACL and PCL can be injured or torn by a sudden twisting of the knee joint.
PCL injuries are likely with impacts to the front of the knee, or from hyper-extending the knee. The PCL can also be injured by a direct impact from the outside of the knee joint, such as those that occur during football.
ACL injuries, including partial or complete tears, can occur when an athlete changes direction rapidly, twists without moving the feet, slows down abruptly, or misses a landing from a jump. This type of movement may cause the ACL to stretch to the point of tearing.
The degree of injury to the ACL may determine the type of treatment recommended.
Cruciate ligament injuries don't always cause pain, but typically a loud popping sound can be heard at the time of the injury.
Treatment
Incomplete ACL and PCL tears are treated conservatively to allow the body to heal on its own. Rest, ice, compression and elevation are the immediate treatment. Anti-inflammatory medications can help reduce pain. Physical therapy is often recommended to regain and build muscle strength over time.
For a complete tear of the ACL Arthroscopic surgery and ACL Reconstruction is usually performed.
Medial Collateral Ligament Injuries
The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is more easily injured than the lateral collateral ligament (LCL). It is most often caused by a blow to the outer side of the knee which occur often in contact sports, that stretches and tears the ligament on the inner side of the knee.
The classic sign of this injury is hearing a "pop" and feeling the knee buckle sideways. Pain and swelling are are immediate. To diagnose a collateral ligament injury, a medical professional will perform several manual tests (applying ressure on the side of the knee to determine the degree of pain and looseness of the joint) and possibly order an MRI to confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment
Minor sprains of the collateral ligaments will heal with rest and gradual return to activity. R.I.C.E. - rest, ice, compression and elevation help reduce pain and swelling and a knee brace may be used to protect and stabilize the knee. A sprain may take 2 to 4 weeks to heal. A severely sprained or torn collateral ligament may occur along with a torn anterior cruciate ligament, which usually requires repair with Arthroscopic surgery.
Pain in the groin is often the result of a groin (adductor muscle) pull or strain. This is similar to any other type of pulled or strained muscle, but it occurs when the muscles of the inner thigh (the adductors) are stretched beyond their limits. This can result in small muscle tears that cause pain and swelling. The groin muscles include the adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, pectineus, and gracilis.
The adductors are fan-like muscles in the upper thigh that pull the legs together when they contract. They also help stabilize the hip joint. The adductors attach from the pelvis to the femur (thigh bone).
The most common cause of groin pain is a muscle strain that causes localized pain in the inner thigh, or groin. A severe tear can cause a sudden, acute pain and may be accompanied by swelling and bruising. They are painful to the touch, and pain increases with resistance movements, and stretching of the inner thigh and hamstrings.
These injuries often occur during a sudden change of direction while running and quick starts and stops. These injuries are especially common in field or court sports.
Is It a Groin Pull or a Hernia?
The symptoms of sports hernia are sometimes mistaken for a a groin pull or strain. A dull aching pain that intensifies with exercise may be the only symptom of an sports hernia. An inguinal hernia, however, typically creates a bulging protrusion in the lower abdomen or upper groin that is hard to miss. If you suspect a hernia, a visit to your physician is the next step.
Treating a Groin Pull
For immediate relief of a groin pull, use the R.I.C.E. treatment method. Rest, ice, compression and elevation are the best immediate treatment for pulls and strains. Avoid aggravating activities for the first one to two weeks and gradually return to sports.
Once activity is started again, ice the muscle after exercise to reduce any swelling. After applying the ice, wrap the thigh to keep it compressed.
An over-the-counter anti-inflammatory can be helpful to reduce pain and inflammation for up to a week after the injury.
When inflammation subsides, you can start with gentle groin stretching and progress to a strengthening program of low-intensity exercises.
Running may be started during recovery, but it should be gentle, gradual and not include hill or sprint work. Pay attention to signs of pain or increased tenderness, and reduce exercise if any develops. Stretch gently and never force a stretch. A return to activity should be possible within two or three weeks.
Preventing a Groin Pull
Proper warm up and stretching is helpful to prevent groin pulls
Hamstring injuries are common among athletes who play sports that require powerful accelerations, decelerations or lots of running. The hamstring muscles run down the back of the leg from the pelvis to the bones of the lower leg. The three specific muscles that make up the hamstrings are the biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus. Together these powerful knee flexors are known as the hamstring muscle group. An injury to any of these muscles can range from minor strains, a pulled muscle or even a total rupture of the muscle.
Symptoms of a Hamstring Injury
A hamstring injury typically causes by a sudden, sharp pain in the back of the thigh that may stop you mid-stride. After such an injury, the knee may not extend more than 30 to 40 degrees short of straight without intense pain. Like most sprains and strains hamstring injuries are usually caused by excessive stretching (tearing) of muscle fibers or other soft tissues beyond their limits.
Severity of a Hamstring Injury
Hamstring strains are classified as 1st (mild), 2nd (moderate), or 3rd (severe) degree strains depending on the extend of the muscle injury.
Mild (Grade I) Hamstring Injury
- Muscle stiffness, soreness and tightness in the back of the thigh.
- Little noticeable swelling.
- A normal walking gait and range of motion with some discomfort.
- Flexing the knee to bring the heel up
Moderate (Grade II) Hamstring Injury
- Gait will be affected-limp may be present .
- Muscle pain, sharp twinges and tightness in the back of the thigh.
- Noticeable swelling or bruising.
- Painful to the touch.
- A limited range of motion and pain when flexing the knee.
Severe (Grade III) Hamstring Injury
- Pain during rest which becomes severe with movement
- Difficulty walking without assistance.
- Noticeable swelling and bruising.
Common Causes of Hamstring Injuries
Hamstring pulls or strains often occur during an eccentric contraction of the hamstring muscle group as an athlete is running. Just before the foot hits the ground, the hamstrings will contract to slow the forward motion of the lower leg (tibia and foot). Less commonly, a hamstring injury is the result of a direct blow to the muscle from another play or being hit with a ball. Some of the factors which may contribute to a hamstring injury includes:
- Doing too much, too soon or pushing beyond your limits.
- Poor flexibility.
- Poor muscle strength.
- Muscle imbalance between the quadriceps and hamstring muscle groups.
- Muscle fatigue that leads to over exertion.
- Leg Length Differences. A shorter leg may have tighter hamstrings which are more likely to pull.
- Improper or no warm-up.
- History of hamstring injury.
Treating Hamstring Injuries
Treatment for hamstring injuries depends upon the severity of the injury. Due to the pain and limited ability to use the muscle, a third degree strain usually results in a visit to a physician for evaluation and treatment. Less severe hamstring strains may be treated at home. These general treatment steps are commonly recommended for mild or moderate hamstring injuries.
- After an injury it's important to rest the injured muscle, sometimes for up to two or three weeks before you can return to sports after your injury.
- R.I.C.E - Rest, apply Ice and Compression. Elevate the leg if possible.
- An anti-inflammatory can be helpful to reduce pain and inflammation.
- A stretching program can be started as soon as the pain and swelling subsides.
- A strengthening program should be used to rebuild the strength of the injured muscle in order to prevent re-injury. Make sure you increase this gradually.
- A thigh wrap can be applied to provide support as the muscle heals.
Preventing Hamstring Injuries
- Warm up thoroughly. This is probably the most important muscle to warm-up and stretch before a workout.
- Stretching after the workout may be helpful.
- Try adding a couple sessions per week of retro-running or backward running which has been should decrease knee pain and hamstring injuries.
- Follow the "Ten Percent Rule" and limit training increases in volume or distance to no more than ten percent per week.
- Other ways to prevent injury are to avoid doing too much, too soon, avoid drastic increases in intensity or duration, and take it easy if you are fatigued.
A hip pointer injury is extremely painful, acute injury to the iliac crest of the pelvis. The injury causes bleeding into the abdominal muscles, which attach to the iliac crest. The bone and overlying muscle are often bruised, and the pain can be intense. Pain may be felt when walking, laughing, coughing, or even breathing deeply.
Causes
Hip pointers are the result of a direct blow to the iliac crest, whether from a direct hit from a helmet, or a hard fall. Hip pointers are common in contact sports such as football, and soccer.
Treatment
For immediate relief, follow the treatment plan. Rest from aggravating activities for the first 1 to 2 weeks, is the only real way to heal a Hip pointer. Ice and medication can be helpful to reduce pain and inflammation for the first 7 to 10 days after the injury.
It's important that the athlete not return to quickly to activity. If he still has pain or tenderness, he is liable to compensate by altering his gait and technique. The result is another injury to another body part.
Prevention
Proper protective equipment is key. Additionally, developing appropriate skills and techniques may help avoid a hip pointer. Ultimately, however, there isn't much an athlete can do to prepare for such a blow. | http://www.londonwarriorsafc.co.uk/index.php/13-warriors?start=8 |
Was there a clinical experience that inspired you to create this tool for clinicians? It was inspired from my clinical experience as a resident and fellow trying to differentiate between septic arthritis and transient synovitis of the hip in children in the emergency department.
Share Your Story The most common symptom of spondylolisthesis is lower back pain. This is often worse after exercise especially with extension of the lumbar spine. Other symptoms include tightness of the hamstrings, and stiffness and decreased range of motion of the lower back.
Pain in the legs, thighs, and buttocks may worsen with standing. Some patients can develop painnumbness, tingling, or weakness in the legs due to nerve compression.
Severe compression of the nerves can cause loss of control of bowel or bladder function, or cauda equina syndrome. What types of doctors treat spondylolisthesis?
Orthopedic surgeons, neurosurgeons specializing in the spine, physical medicine and rehabilitation doctors, neurologists, internists, primary-care providers, and rheumatologists commonly treat spondylolisthesis.
Chiropractors and physical therapists also frequently treat patients with spondylolisthesis. How do doctors diagnose spondylolisthesis? How is the grading determined for spondylolisthesis?
Usually, it is not possible to see visible signs of spondylolisthesis by examining a patient. Patients typically have complaints of pain in the back with intermittent pain to the legs.
Spondylolisthesis can often cause muscle spasmsor tightness in the hamstrings. The diagnosis of spondylolisthesis is easily made using plain radiographs.
A lateral X-ray from the side will show if one of the vertebra has slipped forward compared to the adjacent vertebrae. Spondylolisthesis is graded according the percentage of slip of the vertebra compared to the neighboring vertebra.
Grade V, or spondyloptosis, occurs when the vertebra has completely fallen off the next vertebra. If the patient has complaints of pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the legs, additional studies may be ordered.
These symptoms could be caused by stenosis, or narrowing of the space for the nerve roots to the legs. Occasionally, a PET scan can help determine if the bone at the site of the defect is active. This can play a role in treatment options for spondylolisthesis as described below.Nclex Questions About Arthritis H Psoriatic Arthritis Bottom of Foot — Click image to review more details.
In the United States after congenital heart defects Kawasaki disease is leslutinsduphoenix.coms Rocky Mountain spotted fever juvenile rheumatoid arthritis or an allergic.
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Lupus Apple Cider Vinegar Treatments. Lupus arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis have overlapping symptoms that make it difficult to recognize one from the other. Introduction/Thesis Statement.
Rheumatoid arthritis, RA, is a chronic autoimmune disease in which both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the disease process. It is characterized by flare-up and remission periods affecting over million people in the United States. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a serious, painful, and chronic (long-lasting) leslutinsduphoenix.com is an autoimmune disease - a disease where the body's immune system attacks healthy leslutinsduphoenix.com a person has RA, their immune system attacks the joints and the tissues around the joints in the body.
This causes different problems, like: The capsules around the joints get swollen. Arthritis Arthritis is a joint disorder with a wide range of types and symptoms.
The two most common types are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoarthritis is characterised by the degradation of cartilage and abnormal subchondral bone remodelling this leads to . | https://wyvigolenejabe.leslutinsduphoenix.com/thesis-on-arthritis-1097uj.html |
People use their hands for just about anything – cooking, eating, driving, holding things, working, etc. Hands make daily tasks and routines easier. Most people don’t realize the importance of their hands until they experience pain or a tingling sensation that prevents them from doing their usual routines.
Wrist pain is usually the most common complaint. Affected areas will present specific symptoms such as dull pain, sharp pain, tightness in the area, or a sensation of pins and needles. There are many causes of pain that occur in the hands. Due to the complex structure that makes up the fingers, wrists, and hands; determining the root cause of the pain entails a comprehensive medical history, physical inspection, and diagnostic imaging tests.
Here are the four causes of wrist and hand pain:
De Quervain’s Tenosynovitis is one of the top conditions that cause wrist and hand pain. Its presenting symptom is pain on the side of the thumb and wrist. It is also considered as Wrist Tendinitis as a result of a repetitive or sudden injury to the wrist.
Women appear to be more affected by De Quervain’s Tenosynovitis than men. This condition is also called “mommy’s wrist” due to a higher prevalence in new mothers and postpartum moms. This is associated with repetitive motion of holding and picking up a baby combined with hormonal fluctuations that result in fluid retention and swelling around the joints after giving birth.
Pain is usually felt around the thumb and its nearby wrist structures where two thumb tendons occupy the same space.
Neuropathy, often popularly called ‘peripheral neuropathy’ is the dysfunction or damage of the nerves in your body. It is an indication of a problem occurring in the peripheral nervous system. Neuropathies will usually start in your hands and feet but will also manifest in other body parts.
Common signs and symptoms of Neuropathy include ‘pins and needles’ sensation, numbness, sharp pain, changes in sensation, loss of coordination, muscle weakness or twitching, paralysis, abnormal heart rate, excessive sweating, problems with bladder, digestion, and bowels.
Arthritis is the most common cause of wrist and hand pain for people age 40 and older. Although the wrist is the least affected part when it comes to arthritis compared to other joints of the body, arthritis on the wrist can occur as a result of wear and tear or a history of wrist joint injury. When a tear in the wrist ligaments happens, bones form in an unusual pattern. This abnormal movement causes the cartilage breakdown. The cartilage acts as a cushion between the two bones in a joint. When the cartilage breaks down, bones rub each other that causes bone spurs which is one aspect of arthritis.
Symptoms include swelling, stiffness, loss of normal range of motion, and pain in the affected part.
Carpal tunnel syndrome is a prevalent condition among office workers who are always using the computer. This condition is a result of a compressed or squeezed median nerve.
The median nerve is located in the middle of the wrist and travels to the hand. It is surrounded by flexor tendons and tissues. When the surrounding structures become swollen, the tunnel becomes narrowed putting pressure on the median nerve. This pressure causes numbness, tingling, pain, and weakness in the hand.
You need to see a chiropractor when the symptoms of wrist and hand pain prevent you from doing your activities of daily living. The chiropractor will perform a physical examination, thorough medical history, and diagnostic procedures to determine the cause of pain in your wrist or hand. The doctor will often use manual therapy techniques and adjustments which often resolves the problem.
Sources: | https://www.mycantonchiropractor.com/four-causes-of-wrist-and-hand-pain/ |
Ensuring lasting impacts of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programme investments is a strategic, ambitious and complex task. It is not enough simply to invest more in WASH service delivery; we must also consider how those services are delivered. Only then can we achieve the ambitions of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 – ensuring lasting positive effects on children’s survival rates and their general development.
The SDG agenda is extremely ambitious, clearly setting out where the world should be in 2030, in terms of access to safely managed water and sanitation. It is a vision we all can – and must – unite behind.
The importance of the sustainability of safely managed water and sanitation is embedded in the SDG 6 wording. Success will mean changing the mind-set of stakeholders – including development partners and donors, who will need to move beyond measuring the functionality of infrastructure investments, to embedding the concept of sustainability into programming from the design and proposal phase through to implementation, monitoring and follow-up. Moving away from an infrastructure focus to ensuring that services are maintained and enhanced, with no time limit, is particularly ambitious in the context of the mounting pressures facing the water sector. Urbanization, mitigating the impacts of climate change, and increased demand from rising populations, need to be taken into account, as well as ongoing political, social or financial changes.
This document explores different programming intervention levels and models, the upstream enabling environment, as well as the importance of meaningful interaction with communities to ensure better access to sustainable water and sanitation services.
The document is rooted in UNICEF’s ambition to strengthen national capacity to deliver lasting WASH services, while, as ever, leaving no one behind.
The framework offers guidance on how to understand and integrate sustainability in WASH programming throughout the programme cycle, from the assessment phase to implementation and monitoring of results and how to feedback findings for reinforcement or course correction. Available supporting tools and examples are provided throughout. A guidance to simplified ’Sustainability Checks’, including a list of core indicators and underlying factors to be analyzed in sustainability monitoring, has been developed and complements this document. | https://smartwatermagazine.com/news/water-governance-facility/programming-sustainability-water-services-a-framework |
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The responsible ownership and operation of real estate can have a significant positive impact not only on the environment but also on the financial performance of an investment. Recognizing the importance of this topic to clients and consultants and its potential positive impact on long-term performance, our Real Estate & Private Markets investment area's Sustainability Workgroup (comprising representatives from several countries and various disciplines) has published a Responsible Investment (RI) policy. Regional teams have been established to implement sustainable and RI strategies at the fund and individual property levels. Our RI strategy is integrated into the management of our investments and is implemented by all operational functions of the company during the entire ownership cycle of a project, from development or acquisition through on-going asset management, marketing, renovation and maintenance to successful sale. We integrate sustainability into our strategy, meaning we design sustainability and resilience into new buildings and improve the sustainability performance of existing properties. Our mission is to integrate sustainability and Responsible Investment into our investment processes and implement sustainable practices.
We believe that there is a direct link between responsible investment and long-term returns. Our corporate policy focuses on increasing the value of our investments for our investors and tenants and ensuring that our assets and funds remain secure, resilient and profitable today and in the future.
Our mission consists of the following major principles, which we seek to apply in our own funds and encourage in the funds in which we invest: | https://reporting.unpri.org/surveys/PRI-reporting-framework-2019/28AD3F86-DC98-47F3-BA56-CA10BD6ED403/843a25c0b1c24963bf6359b46b459b09_1/html/2/?lang=en&a=1 |
Chapter 1. Demystifying AI
A majority of analytics exist to take operational data (e.g., past/present stock prices) and provide focused insights (e.g., predicted stock prices) that inform decision making. This essential objective is the same for conventional business analytics and AI analytics and includes a range of functions (e.g., automation, augmentation, conversational AI for consumers, etc.).
The key difference is how developers create the code that transforms operational data into insights. For conventional business analytics, this is a static process where the developer manually defines each logical operation the computer must take.
AI analytics, via machine learning (ML), attempts to derive the necessary operations directly from the data, reducing the onus on the developer to create and update the model over time (but not eliminating the developer) and making it possible to address otherwise prohibitively sophisticated use cases (e.g., computer vision).1
Beyond the initial challenge of the ML algorithm teaching an AI analytic to complete a basic task, we must ensure that it does not learn additional, undesirable behaviors that may impact its long-term sustainability (reliability, security, etc.). The ability to holistically understand the learned behavior of an AI analytic is called explainability and will be explored in detail in the following chapters.
With machine learning, computer models use experiences/historical data to make decisions by recognizing patterns in data. These experiences take several forms. For example, they could be collected by reviewing historical process data or observing current processes, or they could be generated using synthetic data. However, in many cases, practitioners must manually extract these patterns before they can be used. The sophistication of patterns and resulting operations can vary wildly based on the algorithm selected, the learning parameters used, and the way in which the training data is processed into the algorithm.
Similarly, AI (to be more specific—the sub-area of deep learning) uses models, such as neural networks, to learn highly complex patterns across various data types. To summarize at a high level, AI enables computers to perceive, learn from, abstract, and act on data while automatically recognizing patterns in provided datasets.2
AI can be used for a variety of use cases—some of which you may be familiar with. A few common examples where AI can be deployed to recognize patterns include:
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Detecting anomalous entries in a dataset (e.g., identifying fraudulent versus legitimate credit card purchases)
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Classifying a set of pixels in an image as familiar or unfamiliar (e.g., suggesting which of your friends might be included in a photo you took on your phone)
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Offering new suggestions for entertainment choices based on your history (e.g., Netflix, Spotify, Amazon)
We can also describe what AI is not—at least not today. For example, some older sci-fi movies depict robots with the ability to have sophisticated, improvised, and fluent conversations with humans, or carry out complex actions and decisions in unexpected circumstances as people can. In fact, we’re not at that level of AI sophistication; to get there will take significant, persistent investment to advance current AI capabilities.
Currently, operational instances of AI represent what is known as narrow intelligence, or the ability to supplement human judgment for a single decision under controlled circumstances. Artificial general intelligence, in which machines can match a human’s capacity to perform multiple decisions in uncontrolled circumstances, does not exist at this point in time. While there have been recent advances to move in the direction of general intelligence,3 we are still quite far from this type of AI being seen at any meaningful scale. Figure 1-1 provides a high-level overview on what AI can and cannot do well today.
AI Pilot-to-Production Challenges
Mature AI capabilities do not appear overnight. Rather, they require months to years of sustained, cooperative, organization-spanning efforts to achieve. Creating and maintaining buy-in across stakeholders (e.g., strategic leadership, end users, and risk managers) is a critical and essential challenge for change agents within your organizations.
AI analytic pilots performed in laboratory conditions (handpicked use cases, curated data, controlled environments) are one of the best ways to create initial buy-in at modest cost. However, most analytical use cases will require organizations to graduate these pilots from a laboratory setting to a production environment in order to fully succeed with solving the analytical challenges within these selected use cases.
A common mistake many organizations make is underestimating the challenge of transitioning between these environments and failing to mature their development capability in response. A few main challenges include scalability, sustainability, and coordination.
Scalability
During a pilot, AI development teams can be small and simple in terms of roles and processes because they are addressing only a single use case. As AI capabilities mature and migrate from pilot to production, project volume will generally rise much more rapidly than available personnel. Particularly, analytics already in production will begin to compete for resources with new deployments (amplified by the sustainability challenges in item 2). This calls for the evolution of the development team, process, and tooling to allow individual and collective distribution of labor across multiple teams and projects. Additionally, the volume and velocity of data involved in development will increase, demanding increasingly powerful, efficient, and sophisticated training pipelines (discussed extensively in Chapter 5).
Sustainability
By design, the laboratory environment limits threats to analytic sustainment to help the pilot team focus on functionality. Once in production, analytics are subject to a diverse range of issues, including operational (e.g., load variability, data drift, user error), security, legal, and ethical. Ensuring that sustainability does not compromise scalability requires evolution of development to anticipate and resolve these issues prior to release. Sustainability also benefits from coordination (see item 3) to allow key stakeholders to participate in the effort (see Chapter 3).
Coordination
In a laboratory environment, the pilot team interacts with a limited number of stakeholders by design. The number of stakeholders climbs drastically as these pilots enter production, and your teams must be prepared to motivate and facilitate coordination across data owners, end users, operations staff, risk managers, and others. Coordination also helps ensure equitable and efficient distribution of labor across the organization.
In addition to the three we just discussed, Table 1-1 provides a more complete list of challenges you might face when moving your AI solutions from pilots to production.
|Challenges to Operationalizing AI|
|AI Pilots||AI in Production|
|Simplified, static use case||Multistakeholder, dynamic use case|
|High-performance laboratory environment||Distributed legacy systems with dynamic fallback options|
|Openly accessible, low latency, data remains consistent||Access controlled; latency restricted; high-velocity data|
|Complete responsibility and control over data||Data mostly controlled by upstream stakeholders|
|No change or widely anticipated changes to data||Rapid, unexpected data drift|
|One-time, manual explanation for algorithm’s results||Real-time, automated explanation|
|AI developer does not reexamine model after pilot||AI developer continues to monitor model|
|No-cost shut-down, refactor||Costly shut-down, refactoring|
|One-off development against a single use case||Reproducible development against multiple use cases|
|Small team with well-defined focus and requisite skill sets||Continual training for a wide mix of experience, skill levels, and specialties|
|Informal, research-oriented project management||Hybrid research/development project management|
Failing to mature AI capabilities to meet these challenges threatens the long-term viability of AI adoption since organizations will struggle to implement artificial intelligence in a production capacity. AI development will slow, existing analytics will remain difficult to sustain, leadership will become disillusioned with the lack of lasting mission impact, end users will lose faith, and hard conversations will ensue. Proactively addressing these challenges during the design phase results in organizations dramatically increasing the speed of adoption and impact of AI initiatives.4
In coming chapters, we’ll introduce a framework (AIOps) to address these challenges and allow your organization to maximize the impact of AI across the enterprise.
1 Aurélien Géron, Hands-On Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn and TensorFlow (O’Reilly Media, 2017).
2 While there are many, often competing, technical definitions of AI, we wanted to provide a broad, high-level definition for this report. Our definition of AI is extracted from the National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence. You can view their 2021 report at their website, where they define AI on page 20.
3 An example of current research and thinking in the area of artificial general intelligence that continues to evolve rapidly is David Silver, Satinder Singh, Doina Precup, and Richard S. Sutton, “Reward Is Enough”, Artificial Intelligence 299 (October 2021).
4 Mike Loukides, AI Adoption in the Enterprise (O’Reilly Media, 2021).
Get Enterprise AIOps now with the O’Reilly learning platform.
O’Reilly members experience live online training, plus books, videos, and digital content from nearly 200 publishers. | https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/enterprise-aiops/9781098107291/ch01.html |
A few weeks ago, Civil Initiatives Libya announced a Call for Proposals open to all civil society organizations in Libya, for its Quick Impact Project grant. In two weeks, we received over 60 project proposals from 19 cities across Libya.
The infographic on the right details the geographic distribution of the applicants, the type of proposals that were sent and the types of organizations that applied. In the spirit of transparency and openness, Civil Initiatives Libya would like to clarify the evaluation and selection process of these projects, as detailed below.
Evaluation:
The evaluation process of each proposal is done through a three-person evaluation committee. The committee is comprised of the ACTED staff and is chaired by the grants officer. Each project is thoroughly evaluated by this committee, as well as the history of the organization. The criterion of evaluation was:
- The project must align with the goals of Civil Initiatives Libya, with priority given to key issues in Libya such as psychosocial support, education, local governance and youth.
- The organization must benefit from the capacity-building component of the grant, i.e. the organization requires support to improve their administrative and financial capabilities.
- The proposal must be clearly written, with a set of feasible activities and a clear set of goals and outcomes, and should positively affect the target group.
- There should be a fair geographic representation in the chosen projects, and a level of diversity in the projects chosen.
Within this criterion, a total of 18 projects were shortlisted. This was followed by a second round of evaluation, in which personal interviews were conducted with the focal point of each applicant organization in order to discuss the proposals further in detail, as well as the capacity and history of the organization itself.
Selection:
After completing this second round of evaluation and gaining more information on the technical aspects of the project and the long-term effects, the committee again met to sort through the proposals. From 18 projects, nine were further shortlisted.
The last nine projects underwent a new round of evaluation. During this process, the budgets were explored in detail, to determine if the cost of the activities to be implemented were clearly reflected, and if they could realistically achieve the goals of the project. The impact and sustainability of each project was also taken into account. Another important consideration was how feasible and relevant the project was in the current Libyan context.
After an intense final evaluation process, three projects were ultimately chosen for funding by the selection committee. The proposals and applicant organizations met all the requirements and fit within the criteria laid out by the committee.
Civil Initiatives Libya would like to sincerely thank all the organizations who took the time to apply for our grant. We recognize the importance of each proposal and the need for these projects in the current context of Libya today. We regret that the limited nature of the grant has prevented us from funding more than three projects. But we remain committed to our goal of supporting Libya’s civil society, and we will continue to offer support and assistance to all civil society organizations and initiatives.
For further inquiries and comments, you can contact our grants project officer at [email protected]. | http://www.cilibya.org/quick-impact-projects-evaluation-selection-process/ |
Case Study: ESSTEAM Lab
By introducing STEAM and maker education through the lens of sustainability and entrepreneurship, the nonprofit teaches students to consider the lasting impact and deeper meaning behind their actions. Instead of merely responding to the problem itself, students are challenged to expand their perspective and produce solutions that carefully consider the impact on long-term environmental, economic and societal well-being. The result? Solutions that meet the needs of the present, without compromising the needs of future generations.
ESSTEAM Lab began by teaching students how to code the Root® coding robot to move and drive, and before they knew it, were coding the robot to sing and dance. In future programs, they look forward to leveraging the robot’s expandable design using its Root™ Brick Top accessory and their own 3D printed creations. | https://uk.bettshow.com/bett-2022-suppliers-brochures/case-study-essteam-lab |
Proposals are lengthy documents with various components, comprising of the background information, current situation analysis and the future projections. NGOs are expected to write every part of the proposal carefully with in-depth research, knowledge and detailed planning. In this free guide, we cover information about the various elements of a standard proposal to help NGOs apply for their grant funding.
1. Cover Page
A cover page is sometimes also referred to as the title page and as the name indicates, it is the first page that introduces the document to the reader. The title page provides the reader with the basic information regarding the content of the document (in this case the proposal). When drafting the proposal, enough attention should be given to prepare the cover page, as it is the first thing that the donor will see and a nicely prepared cover page may help in creating interest. The cover page should:
- Be attractive
- Be professional and formal
- Provide information about the proposal
- Not be over cluttered
- Use official fonts and color scheme
- Use an image that is synchronized with your project and organization
The cover page should capture the essence of the project proposal and should immediately catch the attention of the reader. Most experts suggest including the following information in the cover page:
- Title of the Project
- Organization Name and Logo
- Name of the donor
- Complete contact details of the organization (Address, Website, Email)
- Submission date
- Relevant Image (Optional)
2. Table of Content
The table of content goes after the cover page and provides the reader with an organized list of the various sections and subsections of the proposal. The reader gets a clear idea of the way you have organized the proposal and they can move to the sections that are most relevant to them. Things to consider while you make the table of content are:
- Use a simple format
- Lists all the sections
- Page numbers are correct
- The title and headings match in the text
3. Executive Summary
The executive summary is considered to be the most valuable and important part of the proposal. The primary purpose of the executive summary is to create interest in your proposal and help in convincing the donor that your proposal needs funds. In simple terms, it helps you sell your project. Things to consider while writing the executive summary:
4. Problem Statment
This is an important section of the proposal as it presents the argument of why your project needs funding. It describes the issues and problems that a particular community faces and how your organization would address the given problem. The primary purpose of this section of the proposal is to convince the donor that your project is important and the problem that you intend to solve is real. At the same time, it should also make the donor hopeful, that his support can help in addressing the problem and practical solutions exist to reduce the issue.
While writing this section of the proposal it is critical that you quote facts and figures as evidence to your problem. These facts can be from data that your organization has collected or can be from research articles or government reports. Along with stating data to justify the project, you should also mention about why your organization is suitable to carry out the project (mention about similar projects that you have implemented). The problem statement should answer the 5 Ws (Who, What, Where, When and Why):
5. Project Description
This is the main narrative of your project and provides the reader with all the necessary information of the project. This section of the proposal will have important elements of the proposal and will describe the project goal, objectives, methodology, impacts, etc. to the reader. We will be describing the various components of the project description below:
Goal
The goal is a broad statement that defines what you plan to do in a project. The goal basically defines the purpose of the proposal by giving an idea to the reader of what problem your organization intends to address. As the goal of the proposal shows the reader your intention towards solving a particular problem it should be linked with the problem statement. The following tips will help you to frame a quality goal:
-
- Avoid vagueness
- Link the Goal with the problem statement
- The goal should be consistent with your organization’s mission and vision statement
- Use simple language to write a goal
- Keep only one goal for a proposal
Objectives
Once you have a logical and well-reasoned goal, you have to frame three/four objectives that would help you in achieving the particular goal. Objectives are detailed statements describing the ways through which you intend to achieve the goal. Consider the following while framing the objective of your proposal:
Objectives should address the 5 Ws: (Why, What, When, Where, Who?)
- Objectives should support the goal: it is very important that each of your objectives contributes and supports in achieving the goal.
- Objectives should follow a logical order.
- Frame SMART objectives: SMART mean objectives that are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Time-bound.
- Use action verbs while drafting objectives: Use active verbs like create, identify, promote, enhance, increase, and develop etc.
- Keep 3-4 objectives: Most experts recommend keeping three to four objectives in a proposal.
Project Activities
- These refer to the smallest identifiable and measurable pieces of work planned for successful completion of the project. Defining the activities help the project staff to understand what actions to do and at what time. Every activity is associated with a definite interim goal or objective. The project activities will describe how each of your objectives will be achieved. Key questions that this section should answer:
- What are the specific tasks?
- Who is responsible for each task?
- What resources are needed?
- When will these activities occur and over what time period?
- Are there other organizations in your community serving a similar audience?
- Staffing and Administration: This section talks about project management aspects. Here, you mention about the implementation staff, the implementation schedule and other related stuff. You can describe the people who will be hired as part of the project along with their respective roles. Some of the points that can be considered while writing this section:
- Mention about the number of people to be hired for the project
- Mention about each role
- Describe qualifications for each role
Project Results
Project proposals should explain the expected results that will be achieved by the project. Project results can be divided into three types:
- Outputs: These are immediate results obtained after implementing an activity. g. No. of hand pumps installed.
- Outcomes: Outcomes are the mid-term results which are not observed immediately but are felt after some time. g. Improvement in water availability.
- Impact: Impact is usually a long-term result and is usually not achieved during the life cycle of the project. g. Reduced Water Stress in villages
Project Timeline
- The project timeline indicates when the various activities and processes will be carried out during the course of the project duration. The primary purpose of the timeline is to help the project staff to carry out the various activities in a timely and smooth manner. Some ways to write the timeline are:
- Use a simple format (Table, Gant Chart)
- Set realistic deadlines
- Allow some buffer time
Monitoring and Evaluation
This section discusses the proposed mechanisms and procedures for monitoring the project activities so that one can ensure that all activities occur as planned. You should have a well-defined plan to monitor your project activities and also to evaluate the success of the project. Monitoring allows the project team to keep a check on the progress, while evaluation helps the team to appraise data and improve project implementation in future. While working on the evaluation plan the following questions should be addressed:
How will success be measured?
- What do you consider success to be?
- How will the result be measured?
- What methods will be used to assess results?
- Who will conduct the evaluation and when?
Risk and Assumption
This section of the proposal describes the external factors that may impact the success of the project. Identifying the risks and assumptions will help you not only in developing a stronger proposal but will also show the donor that you have a good understanding of external and internal factors. Also by thoroughly analyzing these, you will be in a better position to mitigate the risks and reduce the chances of project failure. While assessing the risks and assumptions you should look at :
- Political Willingness
- Resource Availability
- Climatic Conditions
- Accessibility
- Support of government
- Internal organization issues (Experts, trainers and staff)
Sustainability
- To sustain the impacts of any community based project it is essential that suitable linkages are developed with the local community, government department and all relevant stakeholders. You should clearly spell out the sustainability measures in your project, so that the donor is convinced that the project will sustain itself even after the funding ends. While describing the sustainability section you should mention about the following:
- Participation: Describe how the project ensures ownership and participation throughout the planning, implementation and monitoring and evaluation phases of the project.
- Support from authorities: Explain about linkages that will be developed with local authorities, government departments that will help in long term sustenance of the project.
- Sustainability of the project: Describe the measures that will be taken to help ensure that the project activities will continue or that the project will have a lasting impact after the funding ends.
Communication
An important aspect of the project is the communication plan that will be used to disseminate the project results and key project learning. Your project proposal should mention about how you would ensure that the project results are shared with relevant stakeholders and target groups. Here you can mention about the following:
- Use of Social Media
- Type of reports that will be published
- Field manuals and training booklets
- Workshops for sharing project results
- Best practices
- Case studies
6. Budget
Often, the most difficult part of a proposal is budgeting. While developing the budget involve one of your finance team members and project team members to sit together and work on a tentative budget. Give this team a brief overview of what all you want to do in the project so that have an idea to work out the costs. Your budget should be divided into categories such as salaries, fringe benefits, travel, supplies, and equipment.
7. Organization Profile
NGO profile is an important document that tells about the NGO, where it has come from, and where it is heading to, who all are guiding it and who all are impacted by its action. A profile provides important information about your organization to the donor.
- Organization Name
- Established date
- Registration details
- Contact Details
- Aim and Objectives
- History
- Track record of experience
- Organization Structure
- Awards
- Certifications
Annexure
Annexure is the additional information that you wish to submit to the donor. All additional documents and reports should be submitted as appendix and should not be part of the main body of the proposal. Points to consider when preparing the annexure are as follows: | https://ask.fundsforngos.org/cat/how-to-easily-write-the-various-elements-of-your-project-proposal/ |
One of the criteria that funders consider when assessing project bids is the project’s approach to sustainability. In particular, they will assess the project’s ability to continue after the funded period without relying on continuation funding. Different funders and calls will have different criteria for assessing sustainability plans but requirements commonly include plans for reuse of previous software outputs and/or the provision for reuse of new outputs via collaboration with other community members and projects. This document describes how OSS Watch can help you plan for sustainability in your project bid. It takes you through the support available from OSS Watch and highlights the key areas you need to consider before making an informed decision. The first four sections discuss the main concepts, identify the resources available, and describe the activities you need to undertake. This is followed by a checklist aimed to be used as you work on your project bid.
The first step in initiating OSS Watch support for your project is to email us. Use this as an opportunity to introduce yourself, your team and partners and your proposal. Providing an early draft of your proposal as soon as one is available will allow us to begin to understand your project and so provide the best possible advice. One of our team members will then work with you, as described in Advice for project bids. If required, a face-to-face consultation can be arranged so that we can discuss and advise in more detail. Details of all the ways in which you can contact or interact with OSS Watch and the wider community can be found on the contact information page.
We have a wide range of excellent resources, including those on open development. We will, where appropriate, refer you directly to those that are most relevant to you. However, we do encourage you to browse at your leisure.
The open development method is one proven way of achieving sustainability through collaboration across project boundaries. OSS Watch will guide you through the process of deciding if the open development approach is appropriate for your project. We can do this while you are preparing your proposal, by helping you fully understand open development and its potential for your project. If you decide to follow open development, we can help you to make sure your proposal reflects this decision by adjusting the section on sustainability and possibly some of the resource allocation details. In addition, we will provide support after a successful bid, as the project work progresses.
In order to make an informed decision as to whether to follow open development or not, you need to understand the principles and how they apply in successful projects. OSS Watch provides many resources that introduce these concepts by answering common questions, providing in-depth guides and presenting case studies and interviews. These can be found on the website (quality controlled) and the team blog (opinion pieces). We also provide RSS feeds and a Twitter channel to notify you of new articles, news and events.
Once you have a basic familiarity with open development, you will be in a position to compare it with a closed development approach. You will also be able to see how to apply it to your individual project, and gauge the costs and benefits that may be involved. Only when you understand these factors will you be able to reach a useful decision as to whether to follow the open development method. In addition, you will need to be clear on what you must do in order to fully embrace it.
OSS Watch is here to help you develop your understanding of the benefits of open development and what you will need to do. Once we have your draft proposal, we can work with you on this. Our aim is to enable you to make a clear decision on which way to proceed, having fully understood all the possible effects of following the open development method.
One of the most important issues to consider is the long-term sustainability of your project. This requires a clear understanding of the models of sustainability that apply to your project. Understanding sustainability options will also inform your decision as to whether open development is right for the project. OSS Watch will provide feedback on your initial thoughts and make appropriate suggestions.
In order to become sustainable projects need to build healthy and active project communities. Even niche projects can benefit from community development work, as shown in our TexGen case study. It is therefore important that you demonstrate to the proposal reviewers that you considered how you would approach community development. You will also need to provide realistic plans for the project’s future. These plans need to show what value your project will create and how that value can continue to be developed and contributed to by community partners, now and in the future.
Achieving all this is not something that can be done by simply following a rule book. By drawing on the experience that the OSS Watch team has to offer, you will be ensuring that you have the best possible chance of achieving sustainability.
We can help you write the relevant section of the bid that explains the sustainability options you are considering for your project. This will confirm that you have considered the options carefully by consulting OSS Watch.
By working with OSS Watch, you will be able to make an informed decision whether to follow an open development model and will have made suitable provision for the long-term sustainability of your project. We can also provide additional consultancy services and adapt our templates and guidance materials to suit your specific needs.
Furthermore, if you are committed to open development, we can provide you with ongoing support as development work proceeds. Should you wish to include OSS Watch in such an ongoing commitment we are happy to consider being written into your proposal formally. This will ensure we have the resources available to work on your project and help making your project a successful open development project. OSS Watch can help you work out the appropriate resources to allocate to us for the services you require.
You can demonstrate that your decision is an informed one by showing in your proposal that you have fully considered all of the topics listed in section 2. You should also have selected initial implementations of each of these. Be reassured that this does not require a lot of upfront effort since we are able to provide templates for many of these requirements. For example we, provide templates for governance models.
The following checklist is provided to guide you through the process described above and to help ensure that you have covered each step. It will be useful while working through your bid and engaging with us to explore the suitability of open development for your project. The items in section 6.2 are important steps for maximising the possibility of becoming a sustainable open development project.
Emailed to introduce the project to OSS Watch.
Provided the draft proposal to OSS Watch.
Grasped the basics of open development through exploring OSS Watch Resources. In particular: governance models, copyright, IP and open source licences, contributor licence agreements, community development and essential online development tools.
Investigated the cost/benefit implications of open development and relationship to sustainability models.
Explored business models that can work with open development of your project.
Obtained and addressed OSS Watch advice and support in the proposal.
Made a decision as to whether to follow open development within the project.
If you have decided to follow open development, then the next group of actions are relevant. They should be considered before submitting your bid and then implemented once work commences on the project. If, however, you decided open development is not the right choice at this time, you may still want to look through these items.
Documented realistic plans for future sustainability.
Selected potential collaborations with other projects or partners and described dependencies.
Decided on a governance model.
Prepared appropriate Contributor Licence Agreements (CLAs).
Developed plan for community development, including use of appropriate community development tools.
Specified a build-and-test process with a regular release regime.
How to engage OSS Watch in support of your project bid by Steve Lee is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License . | http://oss-watch.ac.uk/resources/bidsupport |
This project (LC-SC3-RES-29-2019), which aims to convert solar energy into storable chemical products that provide a sustainable alternative, belongs to the Secure, clean and efficient energy sub-programme of the Horizon 2020 Programme.
To replace fossil energy with sustainable alternatives that provide the same flexibility and convenience of use, we need to store sustainable energy on a large scale and for a long time in new kind of energy storage compounds. This can be done by direct conversion of sunlight into storable chemicals that can be stored for a virtually unlimited time. At present, these processes can be performed at the level of small prototype devices at high cost. Therefore, research and innovation are needed to bring these approaches from infancy to maturity. The production of clean forms of storable chemical energy from direct sunlight is the next step.
Scope
Proposals are expected to address renewable energy technologies that will answer the challenge described in the “Converting Sunlight Innovation Challenge” of Mission Innovation, bringing them up to TRL 4 or 5. Beside the technological development, the proposal will have to clearly address the following related aspects: the potential lower environmental impact than the current technologies, possibly through a LCA analysis, the better resource efficiency, issues related to social acceptance or resistance to new energy technologies, related socioeconomic and livelihood issues, and prospective market analysis. The proposal needs to consider all three dimensions of sustainability, resource efficiency and scalability, i.e. not using materials which are uncommon, dangerous or scarce that could disable its future concept to be used at large scale.
At least one of the following technology-specific challenges has to be addressed:
- Improved light-harvesting and efficient charge separation in photocatalytic systems;
- Photoelectrochemical cells – PECs and catalyst development;
- Thermochemical pathways to energy rich chemicals (using concentrated solar light); and
- Design and engineering of devices, systems or prototypes integrating together the different processes, with day and night control and applicability for the production of chemical energy rich carriers.
Expected Impact
- Projects will not only contribute to mitigating climate change through the production of storable chemical energy from the sun, but also enhance energy security and provide opportunities for economic development across the globe.
- Projects should show its contribution towards establishing a solid European innovation base and building a sustainable renewable energy system.
- Contributing to Mission Innovation aims, projects will deepen the international collaboration in clean energy research and development. | https://www.cde.ual.es/en/h2020-secure-clean-and-efficient-energy-converting-sunlight-to-storable-chemical-energy/ |
We invest in clean energy technologies, partnering with innovators to transform their businesses into high-impact market leaders.
OUR HISTORY
GEC has invested in forward-looking energy technology, software and services businesses since 2008. Our experienced multi-disciplinary team, broad networks and thematic approach support our ability to build lasting value for our portfolio companies, investors and other industry partners.
Consistency in our focus and rigor in our investment process enables us to capture attractive opportunities as market dynamics change.
Our focus on delivering flexible capital solutions and amplifying growth leads to strong returns and long-term business viability.
OUR CULTURE
We believe lasting value is a direct result of building strong partnerships with our portfolio companies, our industry partners and among our team.
We communicate with honesty and transparency, unafraid to seek diverse views as we raise, discuss and resolve challenges along the path to success.
We believe in leveraging our skills and network to support the visionary entrepreneurs driving the energy transformation. We roll up our sleeves and walk alongside our partners to guide strategic planning and operational best practices.
OUR VALUES
Led by a shared vision for the future and an open, creative approach to problem solving, we advance each new opportunity with a clear perspective on ensuring the best long-term outcome.
We invest wisely and manage our portfolio actively, which has led to strong long-term value creation for all stakeholders.
GEC actively evaluates the sustainability and environmental impact factors of each investment as we strive to build a more efficient, cleaner energy supply chain. | https://www.globalenergycapital.com/strategy/ |
There are multiple dimensions to consider if hygiene programmes are to be sustainable: the sustainability of behaviour, infrastructure, services and systems. Each of these components reinforce each other.
Image: Hygiene Hub
1. Sustaining behaviour change: To increase and sustain hygiene behaviours, such as handwashing or mask-wearing, we need to consider whether people are likely to continue to practice the behaviours after active promotion comes to an end. Two systematic reviews of hygiene-related behaviour change address sustainability, and both conclude that evidence about the sustainability of behaviour change programmes is limited (Study 1, Study 2). One of the reviews explored factors that influence sustained WASH behaviours, but it was unable to draw conclusive findings. However, the factors outlined below are likely to be important for the adoption of handwashing behaviours during the programme period and sustaining them after the programme ends:
Knowledge alone doesn’t enable sustainable behaviour change – Interventions employing one-way communication with the intention of increasing knowledge or skills surrounding hygiene were not found to have any effect on sanitation outcomes nor lead to any sustained change in handwashing behaviour.
Design programmes based on theory and address determinants of behaviour – Interventions based on theory are more likely to increase handwashing behaviour change. Behaviour change interventions which combine psychosocial theory with an enabling environment are more likely to increase handwashing behaviour change and facilitate handwashing station maintenance. Addressing a range of determinants of handwashing, rather than just a few factors, will also likely lead to sustained changes.
Promote community ownership, leadership and support– Psychological and community-level resources (e.g. social support from the family and community) can help enable behaviours. Community engagement in running the program, from planning to design, implementation and oversight, will likely increase ownership. Some examples of community-based approaches for WASH interventions include Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) approaches which have a sanitation component. To make it possible for behaviour change to be sustained, a sufficient ‘dose’ of the intervention needs to be achieved. Achieving sufficient ‘dose’ requires programmes to reach and engage their target populations enough times to achieve an effect, therefore requiring community engagement over time. It also requires programmes to consider the best ways of reaching all members of a society. Utilising multiple delivery channels can also help in achieving a sufficient ‘dose’ and enabling programmes to be effective at changing behaviour in the short and longer-term.
Work towards longer-term habit formation – For a behaviour to become a habit it needs to move from something that we consciously think about to something that is semi or fully automatic and done in response to familiar cues. Creating an enabling physical and social environment can therefore contribute to habit formation. Including signs or nudges about when to practice the behaviour and mandatory handwashing or mask-wearing in institutional settings can facilitate behaviour change. A habit-enabling environment normally requires: a) a stable, unchanging setting where the behaviour takes place, b) continued access to the necessary products required to perform the behaviour, c) an existing routine or series of actions into which the new, desired behaviour can fit into, and d) adjusted perceptions of social norms related to these behaviours. Visual cues can remind people to practice hygiene behaviours. Legal and regulatory interventions may promote lasting behaviour change in the interest of public health. Laws limiting the sales of tobacco products to minors, restricting smoking in public places, and mandating the wearing of a seatbelt while driving are some examples of how regulations can influence public health outcomes and lead to long-term changes of behaviour.
Address motivators for behaviour – Motivators such as enjoyment and satisfaction from handwashing, self-determination, and identity can contribute to sustained behaviours. People may experience sensory rewards from practicing hygiene behaviours, such as having pleasant smelling hands after washing them with soap. The SuperAmma campaign to promote handwashing behaviour in Southern India is an example of how motivators can be leveraged to change behaviour, such as a mother’s motivation to nurture her child and ensure their future success. Another study conducted in Nepal, Pakistan and the Philippines explored other emotional motivations for handwashing behaviour, including shame and respect.
Leverage local norms – It can take time to change social norms. However, it can be relatively easy to change normative perceptions (i.e. people’s perceptions of what people do or how others should behave) and this in turn can contribute to behavioural change. Norm-based messaging can draw attention to the behaviour of others and make people more aware that others pay attention to their behaviour. There is evidence that individuals are more likely to practice handwashing behaviours when they are being observed or are in the presence of others. However, handwashing may often take place in settings that are private or hard for others to observe behaviour (e.g. bathrooms). To overcome this, other mechanisms within programmes can draw attention to normative behaviours, such as showing people washing their hands and adopting prevention behaviours on social media or television. One study conducted in Ethiopia found that people with strong injunctive norms (behaviours that are approved or disapproved by others) and descriptive norms (behaviours that are practiced by others) were more likely to practice handwashing behaviour, and suggested that an intervention requiring a public-commitment to wash hands would help promote both types of norms and likely lead to increased handwashing.
The table below is based on a systematic review of handwashing and sanitation behaviour change interventions and gives an overview of how uptake, adherence and sustainability are likely to vary between interventions. Community based approaches and interventions based in theory are more likely to result in uptake and adherence, but still do not have enough evidence to support sustainability.
2. Sustainable enabling technology: Sustainability may not be possible if the behaviour is not convenient and easy to practice. Having infrastructure in place is key for ensuring the behaviour can be convenient, and therefore having an ongoing supply of products to maintain the infrastructure is essential (Study 1, Study 2). If programmes involve the provision of infrastructure or encourage communities to invest in infrastructure that enables behaviours (such as handwashing stations in homes, health facilities and public places), then it is important to consider how to put in place a system for maintaining this technology. This resource explains how the design of handwashing facilities can have an impact on handwashing behaviour. Desirable facilities are more likely to be utilised and maintained. During COVID-19 there has been a dramatic scale-up in the number of organisations investing in handwashing facilities in public places. WaterAid and the Sanitation Learning Hub have developed guidance on public handwashing facilities, and both cover important steps for enabling the ongoing operation and maintenance of these facilities. The sustainability of handwashing facilities needs to be considered from the outset. This should include involving the target population in the design of the facilities to ensure that they are acceptable, desirable and accessible for everyone to use. Sustainability can also be improved by constructing the facilities from materials that are durable, or which can be replaced easily and locally. They also recommend establishing an operation and maintenance plan with local institutions or communities and set out roles and responsibilities in relation to who should fund, purchase and refill the soap and water, who should clean the facility (and how it should be cleaned), and who should fix the facility if it is broken.
3. Building sustainable services: Some behaviours, like handwashing with soap, require infrastructure, products and access to services such as a regular water supply. The pandemic has drawn attention to long-standing global inequities in water access and to the importance of promoting inclusive services which provide water for all sub-groups of the populations (e.g. including those in rural locations, who are displaced and living within camps or people with disabilities). During the pandemic, governments and water service providers in many regions adapted their services and put in place mechanisms to enable populations to access more water or make it more affordable. For example, some governments in Africa drilled additional boreholes or organised short-term, water trucking services to water scarce communities. Other countries have waived water bills or provided water subsidies during the pandemic. As COVID-19 response funding reduces or response initiatives wind down, it is important that we don’t see a return to the status quo. A coordinated systems approach will create lasting change. This may require actors to develop a better understanding of water vulnerabilities by mapping access and the regularity of water supply. Such information can be a vital tool for advocacy and the prioritisation of longer-term investment in water infrastructure. Secondly, it will require governments, community organisations, donors, NGOs and consumers to develop strategies and plans which actively work towards more sustainable water services. UNICEF’s Framework for Programming for Sustainability in Water Services outlines a pathway for actors to achieve this.
4. Building sustainable systems: During outbreaks, coordination between non-government response actors and governments is often suboptimal. However, past outbreaks have demonstrated that as the response progresses into a more protracted phase, these coordination systems also mature. Transitioning from the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic requires coordination of mechanisms, strategies and policies and even individual programmes are reviewed and adapted with sustainability and system-level changes in mind. COVID-19 created a ‘shock’ to international health systems and at the same time has created an opportunity to build more resilient health systems in the long term. Resilient health systems would be able to identify, prevent or mitigate the spread of future outbreaks and reduce the impact of chronic health challenges like diarrhoeal disease. This article explains that responding to such a health system ‘shock’ requires improvements to health information systems, funding/financing mechanisms and the health workforce. Realising these changes requires advocacy to highlight gaps in the health system and develop policies and strategies to address them. Many COVID-19 programmes have also been ‘vertical’, meaning that they only prevent or treat COVID-19. At this point in the pandemic, it is key that programming shifts to be more ‘horizontal’, meaning that COVID-19 prevention activities are integrated within other ongoing aspects of health programming. This is more likely to lead to health-system strengthening and allows for the continued provision of health and hygiene services without interruption or any decrease in quality.
Want to learn more about fostering a new generation of effective hygiene initiatives built on the pandemic experience? | https://resources.hygienehub.info/en/articles/4766778-what-do-we-know-about-the-sustainability-of-hygiene-programmes |
Writing fantasy is new to me, and my novella, the Rue Stone, is my first attempt at this genre.
The Rue Stone is based on the idea of a magical, portentous stone, and many years ago now with only this to go on, I rather hastily put a short story together. But I couldn’t decide on the ending, and I originally left it open ended. I thought it would be fun to let it hang, and let the reader decide what happened! Completely ignoring the element of resolution that is needed (?) in a story.
Unsurprisingly, when people read it, I got some emotive comments about my unresolved ending.
‘A story should have a nice neat ending!’
’It should have resolution; those are the rules!’
Well I don’t mind bucking trends and breaking rules, but to satisfy all tastes I re-wrote the story for my first book, Dark and Fluffy and added two endings, leaving it up to the reader to select which one they were happy with. Then I got comments about the story being too short, and readers wanted to know more about the rue stone and Janna, the female protagonist, and these comments I did agree with.
(https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1717946755/)
That was how the idea for a novella based on The Rue Stone came about.
It gave me the chance to explore Janna’s character in more depth and to describe the world in which she and the rue inhabited from her viewpoint. The setting could now be described in more detail, the magic could be expressed by the way the villagers gossiped about the mystical beings that reside in their world, and the whole fantasy element which grew from a love story could be explored and expanded.
Now love as a theme maybe considered a bit cheesy. But I think most of us,
even if we don’t like to admit it, find love in any form one of the most compelling and enduring themes.
The supernatural element of fantasy allows us to suspend our reality in a completely different direction, we’re given a story that allows us to be transported away from the real world in a manner that can surpass any other genre.
You may imagine yourself to be another person, in another place, experiencing new things when you read your favourite contemporary books, but only good fantasy can convey you to another level of being. Allowing your mind to really transcend all that is recognisable.
Fantasy allows you to change the people you interact with, from human to alien, or it can shift your home to an unexpected world. It can alter time and perception or pop you onto another planet after an inexplicable journey. You are in another realm where there are no limits, and physical, mental, and social bonds cease to exist. Anything is possible, there are no constraints.
So, whilst The Rue Stone maybe a gentle foray into this vast genre, I hope it’s enough to give some enjoyment. Who’s to say that that I won’t plunge further into the fantasy world in the future, with even more imagination, quirkiness, oddity and humour. All I need do now, is think of a different theme…
SYNOPSIS
The rue is a mysterious and rare being who is rarely seen, and Janna is amazed when one arrives at the inn where she works, looking for a room. The next morning, her life has changed, and she is left wondering whether she will ever see him again, but only time and the rue stone know the answer to that question.
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Author Bio
Having written all of my life, I decided to self-publish my writing when I turned 50. I have published four books since then. Two are collections of short stories; Dark & Fluffy; Dark & Fluffy II and 500 Words, which is flash fiction. My latest book, The Rue Stone, is a fantasy novella.
My passion is medieval fiction, and I am working on my first novel, The Little Servant – The Wait’s Son, set in the 12th century, in Lincoln, where I live.
All four books are available on Amazon.
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Giveaway
Win 1 of 5 paperback copies of The Rue Stone (UK Only)
*Terms and Conditions – UK entries welcome. Please enter using the Rafflecopter box above. The winner will be selected at random via Rafflecopter from all valid entries and will be notified by Twitter and/or email. If no response is received within 7 days, then Rachel’s Random Resources reserves the right to select an alternative winner. Open to all entrants aged 18 or over. Any personal data given as part of the competition entry is used for this purpose only and will not be shared with third parties, with the exception of the winners’ information. This will be passed to the giveaway organiser and used only for fulfillment of the prize, after which time Rachel’s Random Resources will delete the data. I am not responsible for dispatch or delivery of the prize. | https://nesiesplace.com/2020/09/17/bookbirthday-the-rue-stone/ |
Well, my post-2019 self has finally gotten into gear, and we’re back with another author interview and review. After diving into some short fiction with Ken Liu’s collection The Hidden Girl and Other Stories in January, I decided to pick up a short story anthology this time. Specifically, Running Wild Stories, Volume 3.
“Running wild” is actually a pretty accurate description of these stories as a whole. Each one took my imagination somewhere different and unique. The cool thing with anthologies is that stories of different genres or stories that don’t fit well into a single genre can comfortably find a home together. They can take you on a crazy tour through all different worlds and still leave you satisfied. Some of the stories in this anthology are strictly contemporary, others have a clear fantastic element, while others walk the thin paranormal line, leaving readers to decide which side they come down on. I loved that aspect of it, never knowing if something magical was about to happen. (One thing about reading a lot of urban fantasy; the protagonist might be shocked to learn magic exists, but the reader rarely is.)
There’s an air of mystery that ties all the stories together; the sense that something more is going on in the scene below the surface. And there’s quite a few gems here. Although some stories suited my tastes more than others, I can’t say I read any one in particular that didn’t feel like it belonged. I fell into the vibrant circus setting of Madam Ursa’s Performing Bears, a story where even after I had a hint where the plot might go, I thoroughly enjoyed watching it unfold. I had an immediate moment of “Yes, I’ve felt that!” when I started Running Man, a story which opens on a moment of regret for not helping a stranger in need. I sympathized deeply with Flora in Los Sueños, someone who’s always getting looked down on for being flighty at work. And I could almost smell the salty air as I listened to the fishermen’s tales in The One That Got Away.
As it happens, the author of this particular story, Gemma L. Brook, was able to chat with me for a short interview…
Urban Fantasy Magazine: First of all, congrats on your second inclusion in a Running Wild anthology! As the book was nearing publication, did it feel different than the first time around?
GEMMA L. BROOK: Thanks! It did feel different, honestly. The first time, I swayed between incredulity and euphoria, both basically about: ‘my stories are going to be in an actual printed BOOK!’ The second time was still exciting and a pleasure and a privilege – but I had learned a little about the necessity and realities of promotion. That sort of thing is just not as easy or natural to me.
Urban Fantasy Magazine: I’m sure you’re far from the only author who feels that way. One thing I enjoyed about this anthology is the variety of voices, settings, and genres. Many stories start off like contemporary fiction but soon reveal an element of the supernatural. What are some of your favorite supernatural creatures?
GEMMA L. BROOK: I’ve been in love with mythical beasts since childhood. In fact, I’ve invented (or discovered?) two supernatural creatures for the fantasy novel I’m writing. Some of my favorites are hippocampi and centaurs, and I am especially fond of flying horses. But for me, the paragon of all mythical beasts is the unicorn.
Urban Fantasy Magazine: He-he. There is at least one member of my household who couldn’t agree with you more. Now, your story, “The One That Got Away” centers around a group of fishers. Was this familiar territory or something new to you?
GEMMA L. BROOK: I have to humbly admit – it was not at all familiar! I feel like I owe an apology to all fishers out there. I did a tiny bit of online research, but I definitely don’t feel I did the art of fishing justice. In my defense, though, the fishers have gathered to swap tall tales, so I felt I had a little leeway for poetic license.
Urban Fantasy Magazine: Sounds fair to me. So, when it comes to writing short stories, do you prefer flash fiction like this one or do you tend towards longer pieces?
GEMMA L. BROOK: The small amount of short fiction I’ve written is mostly flash fiction. An online flash fiction course from Lisa Diane Kastner (before she founded Running Wild Press) taught me I could actually write something shorter than hundreds of pages. Then just last fall, I wrote a Halloween-inspired short story a bit longer than flash fiction.
Urban Fantasy Magazine: Oo! Sounds spooky! There are so many great speculative fiction books out there. What’s one you’ve enjoyed recently?
GEMMA L. BROOK: I am thoroughly hooked by The Great Library series by Rachel Caine. I think speculative fiction describes it perfectly – it speculates, “What if the Great Library of Alexandra was never destroyed?” Which should be a wonderful thing, but the Library keeps a stranglehold on all knowledge, and simply owning a book can get you hunted down by murderous automata. Which is a pretty terrifying concept for book lovers, including many of the characters, and me!
Urban Fantasy Magazine: Sounds like a great read! Thanks for sharing and here’s hoping for more of your stories going out to readers in the future! | https://www.urbanfantasymagazine.com/2020/02/02/review-and-interview-running-wild-with-gemma-l-brook/ |
If you’re curious about the difference between high fantasy vs medieval fantasy, you’ve come to the right post!
The fantasy genre is very broad and encompasses many different subgenres.
Knowing the difference between these subgenres can help readers identify their likes and dislikes within the genre.
Breaking down the genre into smaller categories is something that has been happening since the creation of the fantasy genre. It seems that there are more and more subgenres to be aware of all the time. If you have ever had trouble picking out your next read, a better understanding of some of the fantasy subgenres should help.
Each subgenre of fantasy has its own set of qualities that make it distinct from other subgenres. Some genres only have a small element of magic. Others have dark elements like vampires that make it fall into a particular fantasy category. Whatever subgenre the fantasy book you are reading falls into, you know that magic is going to play a key element in moving the story along.
Some of the most popular subgenres of fantasy are medieval fantasy and high fantasy. And these categories have some similarities. However, they also have a few distinct differences. High fantasy does not have to be Medieval fantasy, but Medieval fantasy is often high fantasy. If that is a little confusing, don’t worry. Keep reading to find out everything you need to know about the differences between high fantasy vs medieval fantasy.
What is High Fantasy?
High fantasy takes place in the “secondary world.” In other words, the setting is completely fictional. The secondary world may have similarities to our world, the “primary world,” but it does not actually exist. The author of a high fantasy novel has created a world that is entirely their own.
Taking place in the secondary world means that the characters in the novel do not have to follow the rules of our world. Gravity may not exist, for example. Or perhaps animals can talk to humans. The rules of the primary world do not necessarily exist in the secondary world. In contrast, the primary world generally follows the rules that we know in our everyday lives.
Another key aspect of high fantasy is a sense of adventure. High fantasy is sometimes also called epic fantasy. And in epic fantasy, characters often go on an epic quest or journey to find something or defeat evil. Sometimes they are also coming-of-age stories. These types of stories are likely very familiar to you since they are some of the most popular types of fantasy.
High fantasy relies largely on magic and supernatural elements to progress the story. Magic is an incredibly important element to a high fantasy novel. In fact, if magic exists in a story, but it is not a key part of the story, it is likely not high fantasy. High fantasy also almost always includes non-human characters. Elves, dragons, and Hobbits are great examples of non-human, fictional characters who are key parts of high fantasy.
Examples of High Fantasy
High fantasy is an incredibly popular genre. There are countless examples of high fantasy novels that exist in the world. Some of the most popular fantasy novels are high fantasy, and they are definitely ones you have heard of and read.
Of course, one of the most popular high fantasy novels of all time is The Lord of the Rings series. Fans of fantasy are familiar with this series of novels and their classic high fantasy storylines. This series is a perfect example of high fantasy because the main premise is an epic journey or quest. The characters are mostly non-human, and many of them are mythical creatures. Elves, Hobbits, and Orcs are at the forefront of these stories. The journey takes place in a fictional world with tons of lore weaving the fabric of the universe. It checks all the boxes of classic high fantasy.
However, The Lord of the Rings is also often considered a Medieval fantasy, which makes it a little tricky to define. As stated above, it has all the elements of high fantasy. As you will read below, it also maintains many of the key elements of being a Medieval fantasy.
A few other popular examples of high fantasy are a Song of Ice and Fire (you may know this as A Game of Thrones) and The Stormlight Archives.
What is Medieval Fantasy?
Medieval fantasy can be low fantasy, but it is much more common for it to be high fantasy. Medieval fantasy takes place in the middle ages, which is approximately the 5th-10th centuries. It encompasses everything that you might think of when you think “Middle Ages.” This includes knights and kings, as well as mythical creatures popular in this time period like dragons.
Medieval fantasy usually includes monarchs, warfare, and a distinct class system. It also often takes place in a Europe-like setting, but not always. Medieval fantasy can take place in a real location or a fictional one, meaning it can be either high or low fantasy. Regardless of whether the setting is real or not, it is almost always in a Medieval Europe-like place.
One of the most important aspects of Medieval fantasy is the lack of technology. Something that makes Medieval fantasy so popular is the fact that it is such a far cry from our world. There are no cell phones, no cars, no firearms, and no technology like we think of today. The lack of these things can make these stories more romantic, magical, and ultimately, appealing.
An underdeveloped justice system is another important aspect of Medieval fantasy. In many Medieval fantasy novels, characters can simply kill their enemy without any repercussions. This not only makes the story more interesting, but it also gives the author a lot of freedom with their characters’ adventures.
Examples of Medieval Fantasy
There are many examples of medieval fantasy that are incredibly popular. Some of these include the Eragon series and Assassin’s Apprentice. Because of their fictional world and heavy reliance on magic, both of these novels are also high fantasy.
What makes these stories Medieval fantasy along with being high fantasy is the fact that they take place in the Middle Ages. Typical Medieval elements are peppered throughout such as knights, kings, and a prominent class system. Either of these books is a great choice if you want to read some medieval fantasy.
Which to Choose
Medieval fantasy is one of the first fantasy genres that we learn about as children. Many of the classic fairy tales we know and love are set in medieval times. We learn about mermaids, elves, and dragons as children, so we tend to gravitate towards those topics as we get older, as well. They are familiar and comfortable.
Medieval times are riddled with dark magic, sorcery, and demons, Religion and magic went hand in hand during these times. Many modern medieval fantasy authors still use religious themes and ideas to tell their stories.
Medieval fantasy and high fantasy have some similarities. However, they also have many differences to be aware of. Medieval fantasy is the genre you will want to pick up if you are looking for a novel that will take you back in time. It is a genre that seems to have some relationship to our own history but still has fantastic elements. Medieval fantasy will have you learning about monarchs and knights, and it will take you on a trip to a different time.
High fantasy is where you will want to look if you are searching for a grand adventure.
If going on an epic quest to defeat evil and trekking across the globe is something you’re interested in reading about, high fantasy is likely the genre for you.
However, as I mentioned, many Medieval fantasy novels are also considered high fantasy due to their fantastic nature. Medieval fantasy often includes an epic journey, something that is a hallmark of high fantasy. Regardless, knowing the difference between these two genres can help you decide what book to pick up next.
High Fantasy Vs Medieval Fantasy: Conclusion
I hope this article has clarified the difference between these two fantasy subgenres!
And if you want to read more about fantasy subgenre differences, check out some of the other posts in this series!
Lastly, feel free to message me below if you have questions about this or another fantasy-related topic! | https://fictionlit.com/high-fantasy-vs-medieval-fantasy/ |
In the second book of the Rise of the Empress duology, author Julie Dao takes readers back to the mystical world of Feng Lu in Kingdom of the Blazing Phoenix. This rich East Asian inspired fantasy introduces us to eighteen-year-old Princess Jade, who has grown up in seclusion at a distant monastery after being sent away by her father the Emperor and her stepmother Empress Xifeng.
The first novel, Forest of a Thousand Lanterns, tells the story from Xifeng’s perspective as a young girl from humble beginnings and her rise to prominence at the imperial capital. In the sequel, we see the point of view from a more traditional protagonist in Jade. However, in this re-imagining of Snow White, the narrative isn’t just about good triumphing over evil, but emphasizes the power of choice. Kingdom of the Blazing Phoenix first begins with the young princess growing up far from the palace in the peace and tranquility of a monastery with her nursemaid when Jade is suddenly called back to the capital.
As she returns to court and meets her father and stepmother, Jade also witnesses the strife and misery that the people of Feng Lu endure. Throughout the whole novel she struggles with the heavy responsibility of being a leader reluctant to lead because she does not want power, only wishing to live as a simple monk. This is an interesting contrast to Xifeng who craved it, believing that being empress was her destiny. After seeing her viewpoint in the first novel, readers can understand why Xifeng would hold contempt for Lihua’s daughter who was born with a legitimate claim to the throne, while she’s had to make terrible sacrifices to attain it. Yet, Kingdom of the Blazing Phoenix depicts how the quest for power corrupts when it is for self-gain. Jade, having her whole life with women who dedicated themselves in service of others made a huge impact in her world view in comparison to Xifeng’s abusive one with Guma.
As Jade embarks on a quest to defeat her stepmother, we learn a number of mesmerizing magical folktales that aid the heroine in her journey across distant lands. We meet various supernatural creatures, gods, and mortals alike that would make an impact on the princess and the choices she makes. In addition, we also reunited with characters from the first book and discover what happened to them since Xifeng’s reign.
Dao weaves together a beautiful and complicated story filled with perseverance, sacrifice, loss, and tragedy, but also depicts relationships forged out of mutual respect, admiration, and love. While Xifeng grew to be isolated in her path to the throne, Jade gained allies in her determination to do the right thing for the people of Feng Lu. She strives to give those around her the capacity to choose for themselves the kind of life they want to live.
This novel is a worthy follow up to Forest of a Thousand Lanterns as readers are able to get the perspectives of two women determined to live life on their own terms, but in very different ways. In the first book we saw the cutthroat world of palace politics as characters vied for survival. With the sequel we come to understand that with great power comes great responsibility. Xifeng’s rite of passage led her to become a cruel monarch propelled by self-interest while Jade was able to trust others and accept their help in achieving a common goal.
Would highly recommend this for readers who love lush descriptive coming of age stories with a magical bent. Be prepared to get lost in a world filled with dragons, enchanted fruit, powerful totems and talismans, ghosts, and mythical gods.
For more on Forest of a Thousand Lanterns, click HERE. | https://www.theworkprint.com/kingdom-of-the-blazing-phoenix-with-great-power-comes-great-responsibility/123 |
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