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What are philosophical practitioners? How precisely are philosophical and psychological counseling related? Are they the same thing? Different? Do they utilize the same techniques or serve the same purposes? Following is an article on philosophical practice that appeared in Psychology Today in March 2019 and the NPCA’s position on these and related questions.
What are philosophical practitioners?
The NPCA recognizes two kinds of philosophical practitioners in the field of philosophical counseling: (1) philosophical counselors and (2) philosophical consultants. For details on the distinction and scope of practice, visit our practice areas/boundaries page.
What is the difference between philosophical counseling and psychological counseling?
Psychologists are social scientists and are, therefore, interested in causal explanations. As such, psychological counseling tends to view mental processes in causal terms. Clinical psychologists (and other licensed mental health practitioners) use this body of knowledge and theories about the underlying causes of mental processes to help their clients manage their psychological problems (e.g., mood disorders, anxiety, psychoses, etc.). In contrast, philosophical counseling applies training in philosophy (theories and philosophical ways of thinking) to human problems of living. They, therefore, tend to view mental processes in terms of epistemic justification, that is, the justification of beliefs or claims to know. For example, a philosophical counselor may help a counselee with a relationship problem apply standards of logic and critical thinking to correct fallacious reasoning. As such, the philosophical counselor specializes in the examination and analysis of arguments rather than in looking for the underlying causal etiology of dysfunctional mental processes. Philosophical counselors focus primarily on epistemic justification while psychological counselors focus primarily on applying empirical science.
Consequently, psychological counseling utilizes diagnostic criteria for assessing cognitive-behavioral-emotive dysfunctions—as defined by the latest iteration of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Philosophical counselors may sometimes also use assessment criteria but these criteria are related to the assessment of reasoning, for example, fallacies in counselees’ reasoning, which may be at the root of their problems of living. For example, a counselee may be experiencing stress over making a decision because she is constructing a false dilemma (“Damned if I do and damned if I don’t”), instead of engaging in proactive reasoning.
Do philosophical and psychological counseling have their own distinct techniques for helping?
Yes, but there is also significant overlap. Some techniques used by psychologists to help clients feel and do better can be helpful to philosophical counselors, and conversely. For example, some psychologists give behavioral assignments and use bibliotherapy (reading assignments) to help their clients. Similarly, a philosophical counselor might give his or her counselee a “homework assignment.” For example, Jean-Paul Sartre says essentially that one defines oneself through one’s actions. A philosophical counselor might accordingly ask a counselee to apply Sartre to his or her situation by making a decision and acting on it in order to overcome social inertia.
Similarly, Person-Centered Therapy emphasizes the importance of the counselor-client relationship as a vehicle of constructive change, especially the development of empathetic understanding, congruence (transparency), and unconditional positive regard (unconditionally accepting the doer although not necessarily the deed). Along with other helping professionals, philosophical counselors can benefit from incorporating such person-centered attributes into their philosophical practices in order to encourage counselees’ cultivation of autonomy and trust.
Conversely, psychological counselors have borrowed philosophical ideas from philosophers. For example, Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy, the earliest form of cognitive-behavior therapy, has made Stoic philosophy a cornerstone of its approach to helping. Existential Therapy has incorporated the insights of such existential philosophers as Buber, Sartre, Nietzsche, and Heidegger into the corpus of their practices.
There is, as such, a vast trove of valuable tools that can be gleaned from both philosophical and psychological counseling. This is what the NPCA means by saying that these fields are complementary and that any attempt to bifurcate philosophical from psychological counseling is misguided.
Can philosophical counseling serve as a substitute for psychological counseling?
Philosophical counseling uses philosophy, its theories and ways of critical thinking, to help counselees address ordinary problems of living. Such problems include midlife crises, loss, career changes, moral problems, work-related stress, and a host of other common, human, life challenges. Often, these problems can be addressed philosophically by helping the counselee to examine and reassess his or her reasoning about such matters. Psychological counseling can also address such problems using its extensive body of psychological knowledge and theories. However, there are other human problems for which philosophical counseling would not be indicated, and are the primary domain of psychological counseling. For example, those who have cognitive disorders (psychoses) or mood disorders (e.g., bipolar disorder, or major depression) may require medication and/or the causal approach used in psychological counseling. While people with such disorders can possibly benefit from philosophical counseling after or concomitant with psychological counseling, it cannot serve as an alternative or substitute for psychological counseling in such cases. It is therefore important that philosophical counselors develop support and referral networks with psychological counselors as a part of their practices.
Since some psychological counseling approaches such as Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) address irrational thinking errors, does that mean there is no difference between these approaches and those of philosophical counseling?
Approaches such as CBT examine irrational thinking within the context of a scientific body of knowledge/theory that looks for the underlying causal etiology of dysfunctional ideas. For example, Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), a form of CBT, holds that certain irrational beliefs about events in the world cause people to behave and emote in certain self-defeating ways; and, it further holds that, by changing these irrational beliefs to rational ones, these “behavioral and emotional consequences” can also be changed. In contrast, philosophical counseling approaches focus on epistemic justification of counselees’ arguments, not underlying causal mechanisms. For example, the philosophical counseling approach of Logic-Based Therapy (LBT) helps counselees find fallacious premises in the practical reasoning from which they deduce self-defeating conclusions. Thus, instead of looking for the causal etiology of dysfunctional behavioral and emotional consequences, it focuses on the epistemic justification of beliefs. As such, it takes a humanities perspective, not a social science one. The same may also be said of other philosophical counseling approaches. These approaches characteristically look at the epistemic justification (or lack thereof) of beliefs, not their underlying causal relationships. They are therefore akin to a Socratic dialogic investigation as distinct from a scientific investigation into the causes and effects of mental processes. Moreover, since philosophers are trained expressly in the analysis and dissection of logical arguments, they are appropriately trained to engage in such epistemic aspects of philosophical counseling.
Do psychological counselors also engage in Socratic dialogic investigations with their clients or look into the epistemic justification of their beliefs?
Clearly, some psychological counselors engage in such philosophical activities with their clients; and, to the extent that they do, they are engaging in philosophical counseling according to the NPCA’s understanding. Indeed, the NPCA strongly encourages and invites such participation by psychological counselors as part of its mission of working cooperatively with psychological counselors. To this purpose, it offers training programs, such as its certificate training program in LBT, open to individuals with a Masters Degree and/or Doctorate in a mental health area, and in Logic-Based Consultation (LBC), open to those with a Masters or Doctorate in philosophy. | https://npcassoc.org/philosophical-practice/ |
Frequently Asked Questions About My Counseling and Therapy Services in Covington, LA
Professional therapy is a collaborative effort between you and your counselor to identify goals and potential solutions to your problems using various forms of psychotherapy. It typically involves working with a mental health provider to gain greater insight into your moods, feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. However, it should be noted that a therapist will not “fix” your problems. Rather, you will have the opportunity to look at your life with a new perspective and modify your behavior in meaningful ways.
Here are some questions I often hear from those considering professional therapy.
What happens during a therapy session?
A therapy session is typically a problem-solving meeting in which you describe your current situation and I help you find ways to resolve your issues so that you can move forward with your life. At the beginning of the session, I will invite you to share what has been going on in your life, what is bothering you, and whether you have any goals you would like to discuss. You may want to consider how you will know when you are doing better. You will be invited to speak openly and I will listen, take notes, and never criticize, interrupt, or judge you as you speak. Our conversation will be kept in strict confidentiality and anything you want or need to say will be acceptable.
How often will we meet?
I generally meet weekly with private practice clients on weeknights and weekends from my in-home office in Covington, Louisiana. I am currently only offering HIPAA-compliant teletherapy sessions during the pandemic. Sessions are 50 minutes in length.
What is your role as a counselor?
The role of any counselor or therapist is to confront, push, and guide patients toward developing better cognitive and emotional skills that will reduce symptoms of mental illness and help them cope with life challenges.
What is the difference between a counselor, therapist, psychologist, and psychiatrist?
All mental health providers support those struggling with mental health issues, help individuals suffering from emotional disorders, provide counseling services to families, individuals, and couples, and perform crisis intervention when necessary. However, there are some noteworthy differences between these professionals:
- Counselors hold a master’s degree or higher in mental health counseling or marriage and family therapy. They offer assistance to those suffering from anxiety, marital issues, eating disorders, sexual disorders, life changes, and substance abuse.
- Therapists generally have at least a master’s degree. Many are trained to diagnose and treat mental conditions but are not licensed to prescribe medications.
- Psychologists have doctoral degrees in psychology. They perform duties similar to professional counselors, and also oversee psychological or diagnostic tests and consult with involved medical professionals regarding the appropriate treatment for their patients. As with counselors and therapists, these mental health providers do not prescribe medication.
- Psychiatrists are licensed medical doctors (M.D. or D.O.) who have completed at least four additional years of specialized training in psychiatric counseling. They specialize in preventing, diagnosing, and treating mental illness and are licensed to prescribe medications.
Will counseling fix all of my problems?
No, counseling is only one part of the work you will do – homework assignments, applying learned techniques and strategies on your own, and spending time to reflect on the work done in the session will also be part of the process.
Is online therapy right for me?
Research has found that online therapy can be just as effective, if not more so, than in-person therapy, and I’ve been surprised at how easily my clients have adjusted to live video, with only a handful of prospective clients having declined without even trying it. The best way to find out if teletherapy is right for you is to schedule a free introductory video session.
Do you prescribe medication?
No, but your primary care doctor may. I recommend all patients see their primary care provider for a physical examination if they have not done so in the last year. If you are currently taking medication, I can coordinate care with your doctor.
How long will I have to be in therapy?
Therapy is not an overnight cure. The process can take weeks, months, or even years in some cases, and will move faster the more effort you contribute to your goals.
How will I know when I am doing better?
The process of evaluating whether or not therapy is working looks a bit different for every person. Still, some of the signs that you are doing better are relatively universal – you’re focusing more on the present, self-care has become a priority, you’ve started to apply some of my suggestions and they appear to be working, and you leave each session feeling that your time and money are being well spent.
How much does therapy cost?
The professional fee is $135 for initial assessment and $120 per hour for follow-up sessions, but lower if using one of these contracted insurers: Blue Cross, United Health (Optum), Aetna, Vantage, Gilsbar, Humana, and EAP of Louisiana. Payment can be by cash, check, credit/debit card, or PayPal.
To verify your deductible and co-pay, call Therapy Support Services at (504) 309-7844. There is never a guarantee of reimbursement by any insurance company and, in case they do not pay the claim, you are responsible for the total professional fee.
What is your cancellation policy?
If you must cancel or reschedule an appointment, please do so no later than 24 hours in advance, by texting or calling (985) 778-6049, or by emailing me at [email protected] Except in case of a true emergency, you agree to a $120 late cancellation fee if you do not cancel within 24 hours of our appointed time.
Covington Patients Can Get the Help They Need With Confidential Counseling
Counseling is effective in treating a variety of emotional problems, including anxiety, depression, PTSD, and a host of other mental health setbacks. To schedule a free introductory session, contact me or call or send a text to (985) 778-6049. | https://reiddoster.com/faqs/ |
The alkaline earth metals or alkaline earths are a set of six elements found in the second group (column) of the periodic table. Atoms of each of these elements have two electrons in the outer electron shell. Take a look at the elements in this group and their common properties:
List of the Alkaline Earth Metals
There are six alkaline earths. In order of increasing atomic number, they are:
- Beryllium (Be)
- Magnesium (Mg)
- Calcium (Ca)
- Strontium (Sr)
- Radium (Ra)
- Element 120 will be an alkaline earth when it is discovered.
Alkaline Earth Metal Properties
Because each atom has two valence electrons, elements of this group share several common characteristics:
- Atoms have a full outer s electron shell (2 electrons), which means these elements form cations with a 2+ charge and have a 2+ oxidation state.
- Atoms have a low electron affinity and low electronegativity.
- All of the alkaline earths are shiny, silver-colored metals at ordinary temperatures and pressure.
- These metals are malleable and ductile.
- The alkaline earth metals tend to be soft, with relatively low densities, melting points, and boiling points for metals. The melting points and boiling points are still much higher than for nonmetals. While soft, these elements are harder than those of the alkali metal group.
- Elements of this group are moderately reactive, with reactivity increasing as you move down the periodic table (i.e., strontium is more reactive than calcium).
- The alkaline earth metals are found in compounds, not free in nature.
- The alkaline earths readily react with halogens (Cl, Br, etc.) to form halides. They also react with oxygen to form oxides.
- While not a property per se, it’s worth noting all of the alkaline earth elements are named for their oxides (the alkaline earths), which had the names beryllia, magnesia, lime, strontia, and baryta. | https://sciencenotes.org/alkaline-earth-metals/ |
What is the order of increasing reactivity metals?
The metals are Cu, Mg, Fe, Na, Ca, Zn.
What is the increasing order of reactivity series?
Therefore, according to question, increasing order of their reactivity is Ag.
What is the list of metals in order of reactivity called?
Reactivity Series
What is the Reactivity Series? The reactivity series of metals, also known as the activity series, refers to the arrangement of metals in the descending order of their reactivities.
What is reactivity series arrange the metals in descending order?
Explanation: The decreasing order of reactivity of Zn, Mg, Al, Cu, Fe is Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Cu. Reactivity series is K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb > H > Cu > Hg > Ag > Au.
Which metal has highest reactivity?
The most reactive metal on the periodic table is francium. Francium, however, is a laboratory-produced element and only minute quantities have been made, so for all practical purposes, the most reactive metal is cesium.
Which metals are more reactive?
Which are the highly reactive metals?
The highly reactive metals are potassium, sodium, calcium and aluminium.
Which of the following is arranged according increasing reactivity?
According to the increasing order of there reactivity, the given elements are arranged as Copper.
Which elements are highly reactive?
The halogens, alkali metals, and alkaline earth metals are highly reactive.
- The most reactive element is fluorine, the first element in the halogen group.
- The most reactive metal is francium, the last alkali metal (and most expensive element).
- The least reactive elements are the noble gases.
What is the second most reactive metal?
alkaline earth metals
The alkaline earth metals are the second most reactive family of elements. Beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium and radium are all shiny, and silvery-white. They all have low densities, melting points and boiling points, and they tend to form solutions with a pH greater than 7.
Which compound is more reactivity?
In a reactivity series, the most reactive element is placed at the top and the least reactive element at the bottom. More reactive metals have a greater tendency to lose electrons and form positive ions ….The reactivity series.
|Element||Reaction with water|
|Potassium||Violently|
|Sodium||Very quickly|
|Lithium||Quickly|
|Calcium||More slowly|
What are the metals in order of decreasing reactivity?
In order of decreasing reactivity, the metals potassium, sodium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron and copper can be put in order of their reactivity from their reactions with water and dilute acids.
How do you arrange metals in order to increase their reactivity?
Arrange the following metal in the increasing order of their reactivity towards water: Zinc, Iron, Magnesium, Sodium. A Iron Magnesium Sodium Zinc B Iron Zinc Magnesium Sodium
Which of the following metals is more reactive towards water?
Arrange the following metal in the increasing order of their reactivity towards water: Zinc, Iron, Magnesium, Sodium. The reactivity of elements (metals) towards water decreases towards the right in a period. It also increases down the group. But zinc is more reactive towards water than iron. Hence the correct order is:
How does the reactivity series rank metals?
The reactivity series ranks metals by how readily they react. More reactive metals displace less reactive metals from their compounds and react with water. | https://www.sweatlodgeradio.com/what-is-the-order-of-increasing-reactivity-metals/ |
Cubic and hexagonal close packing.
A metal (from Greek μέταλλον métallon, "mine, quarry, metal") is a material (an element, compound, or alloy) that is typically hard, opaque, shiny, and has good electrical and thermal conductivity. Metals are generally malleable - that is, they can be hammered or pressed permanently out of shape without breaking or cracking - as well as fusible (able to be fused or melted) and ductile (able to be drawn out into a thin wire). About 91 of the 118 elements in the periodic table are metals (some elements appear in both metallic and non-metallic forms).
Atoms of metals readily lose their outer shell electrons, resulting in a free flowing cloud of electrons within their otherwise solid arrangement. This provides the ability of metallic substances to easily transmit heat and electricity. While this flow of electrons occurs, the solid characteristic of the metal is produced by electrostatic interactions between each atom and the electron cloud. This type of bond is called a metallic bond.
Crystalline solids consist of repeating patterns of its components in three dimensions (a crystal lattice) and can be represented by drawing the structure of the smallest identical units that, when stacked together, form the crystal. This basic repeating unit is called a unit cell.
This is not a close packed structure. Here each metal atom is at the centre of a cube with 8 nearest neighbors, however the 6 atoms at the centres of the adjacent cubes are only approximately 15% further away so the coordination number can therefore be considered to be 14 when these are included. Note that if the body centered cubic unit cell is compressed along one 4 fold axis the structure becomes cubic close packed (face centred cubic).
Melting points are chosen as a simple measure of the stability or strength of the metallic lattice. Some simple trends can be noted. The transition metals have generally higher melting points than the others. In the alkali metals (Group 1) and alkaline earth metals (Group 2) the melting point decreases as atomic number increases, but in transition metal groups with incomplete d-orbital subshells, the heavier elements have higher melting points. For a given period, the melting points reach a maximum at around Group 6 and then fall with increasing atomic number.
Mercury, caesium and gallium have melting points below 30 °C whereas all the other metals have sufficiently high melting points to be solids at "room temperature". The structures of the metals can be summarised by the table below which shows that most metals crystallise in roughly equal amounts of bcc, hcp and ccp lattices.
The alkali metals have their outermost electron in an s-orbital and this electronic configuration results in their characteristic properties. The alkali metals provide the best example of group trends in properties in the periodic table, with elements exhibiting well-characterized homologous behaviour.
The alkali metals have very similar properties: they are all shiny, soft, highly reactive metals at standard temperature and pressure and readily lose their outermost electron to form cations with charge +1. They can all be cut easily with a knife due to their softness, exposing a shiny surface that tarnishes rapidly in air due to oxidation by atmospheric moisture and oxygen. Because of their high reactivity, they must be stored under oil to prevent reaction with air, and are found naturally only in salts and never as the free element. In the modern IUPAC nomenclature, the alkali metals comprise the group 1 elements, excluding hydrogen (H), which is only nominally considered a group 1 element.
Note that Housecroft and Sharpe has Ca and Sr both listed as hexagonal and not cubic (face) close packed lattices. Calcium and Strontium exist in several allotropic forms and the lowest temperature forms (for Ca < 450 °C) are ccp. At high temperatures phase transitions occur to give hexagonal.
Return to the course outline or move on to Lecture 5: Structure of the elements Boron, Carbon and Phosphorus, Sulfur.
Much of the information in these course notes has been sourced from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons License.
'Basic Inorganic Chemistry' - F.A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson and P.L. Gaus, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 3rd Ed., 1994. | https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_energetics_of_metallic_and_ionic_solids/6.03%3A_The_Packing_of_Spheres_Model_Applied_to_the_Structures_of_Elements/6.3C%3A_Solid_Metallic_Elements |
The purpose of this is to give quick reference to information or to use in an emergency (like if your text has accidentally been left under your desk at school).
This is NOT intended to replace reading the text with its excellent photographs, diagrams, charts, and tables.
PERIODIC PROPERTlES
We can see the periodic nature of the elements in groups as well as in periods of the table. The elements in the first group, hydrogen through francium all contain one s electron in the outer level.
A group is often called a family because of the similarity of the elements within it. Some families have a common name. We have already mentioned the alkali metal family and the halogen family.
The members of a family have a similar arrangement of outer electrons and thus tend to react similarly. For instance, lithium, sodium, and potassium all lose one electron to chlorine and form chlorides (LiC1, NaCL, KC1).
Hydrogen is also found in this group. It forms a chloride, hydrogen chloride. Let us take a closer look at some elements. From studying the properties of a few, we can predict the properties of many more.
11:1 HYDROGEN
Hydrogen, like the alkali metals, has only one outer electron. Because of its unique properties, it is usually considered, as a family by itself.
There are four ways in which the hydrogen atom can react.
It may lose its one electron to become a positive hydrogen ion. A positive hydrogen ion is simply a bare proton. Remember from Section 8:10 that a proton is about one trillionth the size of an atom. Because of its small size, the hydrogen ion has some unique characteristics. These characteristics will be considered in studying hydrogen bonding and acids later in this text.
The second way a hydrogen atom can react is by sharing its single outer electron. Most nonmetals react with hydrogen to form compounds involving shared electrons. Examples of these compounds are HCl and H2O. These compounds and their formation will be studied in more detail in Chapter 13.
The third way hydrogen can react is to gain an electron. When this change occurs, the atom becomes a hydride ion, H-. Such a reaction can take place only between hydrogen and atoms of elements which give up electrons easily.
The most reactive metals, Groups IA and IIA, form ionic hydrides. In these compounds, the radius of the hydride ion averages about 0.142 nm.
We can see that the hydride ion is larger than the fluoride ion. Such a radius indicates that the single proton of the hydride ion has a very weak hold on the two electrons. We would expect, then, that the ionic hydrides would not be highly stable. Experiment confirms this conclusion.
Ionic hydrides are found to be quite reactive compounds. By sharing or gaining electrons, hydrogen attains the stable outer level configuration of helium.
Hydrogen gas is used in the manufacture of other chemicals such as ammonia and methanol. One interesting use is the conversion of a vegetable oil such as corn oil into shortening, or oleo margarine. The reaction which takes place involves the addition (Chapter 30) of hydrogen atoms to double bonds (Chapter 13) in the oil molecules.
A fourth type of bonding involves the formation of bridges between two atoms by hydrogen atoms. The best examples of these compounds are found with the element boron and some of transition metals. A study of such compounds is beyond the scope of this book. Since they are not common compounds, their behavior is only a small fraction of the chemistry of hydrogen.
11.2 ALKALl METALS
The metals in Group IA are reactive. If one member of a family forms a compound with an element or ion, we can predict that other members will do the same. However, the members of a family are not the same in every way.
The outer electron of lithium occupies a volume closer to the nucleus than the outer electron of sodium. The sodium atom has many more electrons between the outer electron and the nucleus than lithium.
An increasing number of electrons between the outer level and the nucleus has a shielding effect. This effect blocks the attraction of the nucleus for the outer electrons. Larger atoms tend to lose their outer electrons more readily. This tendency is due to the distance of the electrons from the nucleus as well as the shielding effect.
As the atoms of the alkali metals increase in size, the nucleus increases in positive charge. However, the force af the increased positive charge is more than offset by the outer electron's distance from the nucleus and the shielding effect. As a result, we find that the alkali metals lose their outer electrons more readily as we proceed down the group. This trend indicates that the most active metal would be francium, which is in the lower left corner of the periodic table.
Sodium and potassium ions are important biologically. The ratio of their concentrations in the body is vital to the transmission of nerve impulses.
Sodium compounds are among the most important in the chemical industry. Millions of tons of sodium hydroxide are consumed each year in producing other chemicals, paper, and petroleum products.
Sodium carbonate is also produced in millions of tons and used in manufacturing glass and other chemicals. Sodium sulfate is another substance used in manufacturing as well as paper and detergents.
Sodium silicate is widely as a catalyst in addition to being consumed in making soaps, paper, and pigments. A catalyst speeds up a reaction. tripolyphosphate is used as a food additive, softening water, and in making detergents.
There are two other 1+ ions which, because of their size, behave in a similar fashion to the alkali ions. These are the ammonium ion (NH4+) ion and thallium (T1+). Their compounds follow much the same patterns as the alkali metal compounds.
11:3 LlTHlUM
The reactions of the alkali metals involve mainly the formation of 1+ ions. In general, the reactivity increases with increasing atomic number, with an exception. Lithium reacts more vigorously with nitrogen than any other alkali metal.
Lithium is exceptional in other ways, too. Its ion has the same charge as the other alkali metals, but the unusual behavior is due to its smaller size. The ratio of charge to radius is often a good indication of the behavior of an ion. The charge/radius ratio of lithium more closely resembles the magnesium ion (Mg2+) of Group IIA. Its behavior resembles Mg2+ more closely than the next member of its own family, sodium, Na+.
This diagonal relationship is not unusual among the lighter elements. One example of this relationship is that lithium burns in air to form the oxide, Li2O, as does magnesium to form MgO.
The lithium atom also differs from the other alkali metal atoms in some physical properties. Unlike the other alkali metals which dissolve in each other in any proportions, lithium is insoluble in all but sodium. It will dissolve in sodium only above 380oC.
In other respects, lithium metal is like the other members of its family. For example, it is a soft, silvery metal with a low melting point, as are the other alkali metals except cesium which is yellow.
All of the alkali metals will dissolve in liquid ammonia to give faintly blue solutions. These solutions conduct electricity. The alkali metals form binary compounds with almost all nonmetals. In these compounds, nonmetals are in the form of negative ions. In solution, the lithium ion, because of its high charge/radius ratio, attracts water molecules more strongly than any other alkali ion.
11:4 ALKALlNE EARTH METALS
The alkaline earth metals are quite similar to the alkali metals except that they form the 2+ ion. Most of their compounds exist as ions and are soluble except for some hydroxides, carbonates, and sulfates. Beryllium is used in making nonsparking tools and magnesium is widely used in lightweight alloys. The other metals are too reactive to be used as free elements.
Two calcium compounds find large markets. Lime (calcium oxide) is used to make steel, cement, and heat-resistant bricks. It is also applied to soils which are too acidic to farm without treatment. Calcium chloride is used in a wide range of applications. One interesting use is in controlling road conditions through de-icing in the winter and keeping down dust in the summer.
11:5 ALUMlNlUM
Aluminum is the only metal of practical importance in Group IIIA. With three electrons in the outer level, it is less metallic than the elements of Groups IA and IIA. For instance, in forming compounds it tends to share electrons rather than form ions. It is also less reactive than Group IA and IIA metals. Large quantities of aluminum are consumed each year in producing lightweight alloys to make everything from soda cans to aircraft. Aluminum finds applications in water purification, paper manufacture, and fabric dyeing.
11:6 GROUP IVA
The elements of Group IVA have atoms with four electrons In the outer level. These elements generally react by sharing electrons. However, the tendency to lose electrons increases as atomic number of Group IVA elements increases.
There are a few compounds in which carbon in the form of a carbide ion, C4-, be considered to exist. Silicon, the next member of this family, although nonmetallic, does not form 4- ions under any condition. However, there are compounds in which silicon exists as 4+ ions.
The major part of carbon chemistry is classed as organic chemistry. Carbon itself, carbonic acid and its salts, carbidies, cyanides, and the oxides and sulfides of carbon are considered inorganic.
Most organic compounds involve sharing electrons between a carbon atom and one or more other carbon atoms. The tendency to form "chains" of similar atoms is called catenation. Only carbon exhibits catenation to any great extent.
Carbon is found in nature in three different molecular forms, diamond, graphite, and fullerines.
In diamond, each carbon atom shares electrons with the four nearest carbon atoms.
In graphite, the sharing is to the nearest three carbon atoms.
In fullerines (buckeyballs), a cage of carbon atoms is formed (like a soccer ball).
The difference in structure results in different properties for these three forms of carbon. We will study these differences in Chapter 16.
Different forms of the same element are called allotropes.
Industrially, carbon is used in a form called "carbon black" made by burning natural gas or other fuel. Carbon black is often referred to as "soot" when it has accumulated in a place where it is unwanted. It is actually a microcrystalline form of graphite, and is used as a black pigment and wear-resistant additive in rubber tires.
Carbon dioxide gas is a byproduct of several chemical processes. It is collected, compressed, and sold as a liquid in steel cylinders. Customers use it for refrigeration, carbonating beverages, and producing other chemicals.
Silicon shows only a slight tendency toward catenation, much less so than carbon. However, the chemistry of silicon, like that of carbon, is characterized by electron sharing.
Silicon is the second most plentiful element in the earth's crust. (Oxygen most plentiful.) It is found in a large number of minerals and is bound to oxygen atoms in a variety of ways. In these compounds, called silicates, each silicon atom is surrounded by four oxygen atoms with which it shares electrons. Transistors, chips, and synthetic motor oils are three developments of silicon chemistry. Carbon and silicon differ more than any other two vertically neighboring elements in the periodic table.
Tin and lead are distinctly metallic members of Group IVA. They are quite similar except that for tin the 4+ state is more stable than the 2+ while the reverse is true for lead.
These two metals are easily produced from their ores and have both been known since early times. In general, their uses are based on their lack of chemical reactivity. They are common components of alloys which are mixtures of metals. Examples of alloys are solder, which contains lead and tin, and bronze, which contains copper and tin.
11:7 NlTROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS
Nitrogen and phosphorus differ quite a good deal for adjacent members of the same family. Nitrogen occurs in all oxidation states ranging from 3- through 5+. Phosphorus shows only 3-, 0, 3+, and 5+. Liquid nitrogen is used to maintain very low temperatures.
The unreactive gas is used to surround reactive materials which would otherwise react with oxygen in the air. Elemental nitrogen, N2, gas, is one of the most stable substances known.
Most nitrogen compounds are relatively unstable, tending to decompose to N2. Conventional high explosives, for example, trinitrotoluene (TNT) and dynamite, utilize nitrogen compounds. Nitrogen compounds are produced naturally from atmospheric nitrogen by nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
These bacteria convert molecular nitrogen to a form which can be used readily by plants. This process is essential to plant life. Nitrogen compounds a vital function in living systems in amino acids, essential components of proteins.
Nitrogen compounds are important to living systems.
However, most nitrogen compounds are produced from atmospheric nitrogen by synthetic processes. Huge quantities ot liquid N2 are obtained from the air in the Haber Process.
The most common use for ammonia is as a fertilizer. Much of the ammonia not used directly as a fertilizer is converted to other nitrogen compounds which are themselves fertilizers.
An example is ammonium nitrate, which is also used in explosives. Some ammonia is converted to nitric acid. Nitric acid itself is widely used in the manufacture of fertilizer and explosives. Large quantities of ammonium sulfate are obtained from the steel industry's conversion of coal to coke.
Elemental phosphorus occurs as P4 molecules and is solid at room temperature. The P4 molecules "stack" in different ways to form several allotropes.
One allotrope, white phosphorus, is so reactive that it ignites spontaneously on contacting air.
Red must be exposed to a flame to ignite. The principal source for phosphorus in nature is phosphate rock, Ca3(P04)2, Phosphate rock is used in producing Ca(H2P04)2 and for use as fertilizer.
Some phosphate rock is converted to phosphoric acid which is also used primarily in making fertilizer but has other applications in industry.
Organic compounds of phosphorus are vital to living organisms. Utilization of energy by living systems involves a compound adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The transfer of genetic information from generation to generation involves deoxyriboacid (DNA). Each DNA molecule contains hundreds of groups. Ribonucleic acid (RNA), used by cells in also contains phosphate groups.
11:8 OXYGEN
Oxygen is the most plentiful element in the earth's crust. It combines with all other elements except helium, neon, and argon. Since the atom has six electrons in its outer level, it can gain two electrons to achieve the stable octet configuration of neon. In so doing, it becomes the oxide ion, 02-.
It can also react by sharing electrons. With metals which tend to lose electrons readily, oxygen forms ionic oxides. With nonmetals, oxygen tends to share electrons. The behavior of these oxides when dissolved in water depends on their structure.
Ionic oxides generally react with water to produce basic solutions. However, oxides formed by the sharing of electrons tend to react with water to form acidic solutions.
There are some oxides which can produce either acidic or basic solutions, depending on the other substances present. Such oxides are called amphoteric oxides.
Like carbon, oxygen has allotropes. Oxygen usually occurs in the form of diatomic oxygen molecules, 02, The free oxygen you breathe from air is 02.
There is another allotrope of oxygen called ozone. Ozone is the triatomic form of oxygen, O3 , and is highly reactive.
Ozone can be synthesized by subjecting 02 to an electric discharge. It is formed naturally in small amounts by lightning, and in the upper atmosphere by ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
That layer of ozone protects living things on the earth from the sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation. In Europe, ozone is the main chemical used in water purification.
Pure oxygen is extracted from air, compressed, and sold in cylinders. Its largest uses are the production of steel, artificial breathing atmospheres, rocket engines, and welding torches.
The chemistry of sulfur is similar to the chemistry of oxygen, especially in the behavior of the 2- ion. The S2- ion shows similar characteristics to oxygen in solubility and acid-base behavior.
Unlike oxygen, whose longest chain is O2, sulfur can form long chains of atoms attached to the S2- ion. These ions are called polysulfide ions. Sulfur exhibits two important positive oxidation states represented by the oxides S02 and SO3.
When sulfur or sulfur compounds are burned in an ample supply of air, SO2 is produced.
Using a catalyst, SO2 can be converted to S03. When SO3 is dissolved in water, sulfurous acid (H2SO3) is produced.
If S03 is combined with water, sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is produced. The combination of SO3 and water is done by dissolving the SO3 in H2S04 and then adding water.
Sulfuric acid is produced in huge quantities. Twice as much H2S04 is produced as the next most common chemical. The principal sulfuric acid-consuming industries in the United States are fertilizer, petroleum refining, steel, paints, and pigments.
11:9 HALOGENS
Group VIIA contains fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. The elements of this group are called the halogen (salt forming) family.
In many chemical reactions, halogen atoms gain one electron. They become negatively charged ions with a stable outer level of eight electrons.
As in other families already discussed, three factors determine the reactivity of the halogens. They are the distance between the nucleus and the outer electrons, the shielding effect of inner level electrons, and the size of the positive charge on the nucleus.
Fluorine atoms contain fewer inner level electrons than the other halogens, so the shielding effect is the least. The distance between the fluorine nucleus and its outer electrons is less than the other halogens. Thus, the fluorine atom has the greatest tendency to attract other electrons.
This attraction makes fluorine the most reactive nonmetal. The astatine nucleus has the largest number of protons and the largest positive charge. However, the increased charge on the nucleus is not enough to offset the distance and shielding effects. Thus, of all halogen atoms, the astatine nucleus has the least attraction for outer electrons.
Notice that fluorine is active because the atoms of fluorine have a great tendency to gain one electron and become negative ions.
The active metals are active because they hold the single outer electron loosely and it is easily removed.
The groups between IA and VIIA vary between these two extremes. In general, on the right side of the table, the nonmetallic elements become more active as we move from the bottom to the top.
On the lefthand side of the table, the metals become more active as we move from the top to the bottom. The most active elements are located in the upper right-hand and lower left-hand corners of the periodic table.
11:10 FLUORlNE AND CHLORlNE
The halogens are the most reactive nonmetallic family. They usually react by forming negative ions or sharing electrons. Fluorine is the most reactive of all the chemical elements. It reacts with all other elements except helium, neon, and argon.
Fluorine is obtained from the mineral fluorspar, CaF2. Like hydrogen, halogen atoms can form bridges between two other atoms. An example of such a compound is BeF2. The halogens also form a large number of compounds among themselves. Examples are CIF, CIF5, BrF5, IF5, IF7, BrCI, and ICI3.
Chlorine, though less abundant than fluorine in the earth's crust, is more commonly found in both the laboratory and industry. Chlorides of most elements are available commercially.
These compounds are quite often used in the laboratory as source of positive metal ions bound with the chloride ions. Chlorine is produced primarily to make other chemicals, some is consumed in paper manufacture. Hydrochloric acid is a byproduct of many industrial processes. Its uses include manufacture, dye production, food processing, and oil drilling.
The commercial preparation of chlorine led to one of major water pollution crises of the early 1970s. The chlorine produced by running an electric current through a solution sodium chloride in water. One of the substances used to conduct current in the apparatus was mercury. The leakage of mercury into nearby water sources caused a public outcry.
Industries had to remove the mercury from their waste before dumping, or go to another method of producing chlorine. Chemists solved problem by designing new cells. There are many other pollution problems which must be given special attention by chemists now.
radon
11:11 NOBLE GASES
For many years after their discovery Group VIIIA, the noble gases, were believed to be chemically unreactive or inert. However, in 1962, the first "inert" gas compound was synthesized. Since these gases are not inert, we will refer to them as the noble gases. The first compound made was xenon hexafluoroplatinate (XePtF6).
Other compounds of xenon were soon produced. Once the techniques were known, the compounds could be made with increasing ease. Xenon difluoride (XeF2) was first made by combining xenon and oxygen difluoride (OF2) in a nickel tube at 300oC under pressure. The same compound can now be made from xenon and fluorine. An evacuated glass container of fluorine and xenon is exposed to daylight. The equation can be written as
Xe(g) + F2(g) ---> XeF2(c)
Compounds of xenon with oxygen and nitrogen have also been synthesized. Krypton and radon compounds have also been produced. Argon and helium are used to protect active metals during welding. Aluminum, for example must be welded in an argon or helium atmosphere. Argon is also widely used to fill light bulbs. Neon, krypton, and xenon are used to fill brightly colored gas discharge tubes for advertising.
111:12 TRANSITION METALS
The transition metals ("B" groups) are those elements who highest energy electrons are in the d sublevels. In all groups except IIB, the d orbitals are only partially filled. These partially filled d orbitals make the chemical properties of the transition metals different from the "A" group metals.
The major uses of the transition metals are as structural elements. The fourth period elements, titanium through zinc, are our principal structural metals. These metals are used either alone or as alloys. The only important transition metal compound produced commercially is titanium(IV) oxide, TiO2. The TiO2 is used extensively as a white paint pigment.
11:13 CHROMlUM
Chromium exhibits the typical properties of a transition metal. One property of chromium which is industrially important is its resistance to corrosion. Large quantities are used to make stainless steel and to "chromeplate" regular steel. In both cases, the chromium protects the iron in steel from corrosion.
Chromium usually reacts by losing three electrons to form the Cr3+ ion. Also of importance is the 6+ oxidation state. This state is formed when chromium loses all five of its 3d electrons, as well as its outer level 4s electron.
Two polyatomic ions are important examples of the 6+ state. These ions are the chromate ion, Cr042- and the dichromate ion, Cr2072-. Chromium also forms a Cr2+ ion. However, this ion is easily converted by oxygen in air to Cr3+. Consequently, the 2+ state is not of great importance. The 4+ and 5+ states are so unstable, they are just laboratory curiosities.
11:14 ZlNC
Although zinc is classed as a transition element, its behavior differs slightly due to a full d sublevel. It exhibits only one oxidation state, 2+. The special stability of the full d sublevel leaves only the two outer 4s electrons available for reacting. Zinc is the second most important transition element (after iron) in biological systems. Over 25 zinc-containing proteins have been discovered. As an example, lack of zinc in the diet prevents the pancreas from producing some digestive enzymes.
Metallic zinc, like chromium, is corrosion resistant. It is used extensively as a coating to protect iron. The coating can be applied in three ways. When the iron is dipped in molten zinc, the process is called galvanizing. The coating is also applied electrically. The third method is to allow gaseous zinc to condense on the surface of iron. Another major use for metallic zinc is in the production of alloys. Especially important is its combination with copper to form brass
11:15 NEODYMlUM
The electron configuration of neodymium (knee o DIM ee um) ends 6s24f4. From that configuration we would predict a 2+ oxidation state. However, Nd, as all the lanthanides, shows 3+ as its most stable state. The 3+ ion is pale violet in solution. The metal itself is soft and quite reactive. It tarnishes when exposed to air and has little practical use.
The compound Nd203, is used in glass filters and in some lasers. Neodymium is the second most abundant lanthanide metal. Its compounds are separated from the other lanthanides by a chromatographic technique (Chapter 14). The metal is obtained from the fluoride by a single displacement reaction.
3Ca + 2NdF3 ---> 3CaF2 + 2Nd
11:16 CURlUM
Curium's predicted electron configuration ends 7s25f8. However, its actual configuration is 7s25f76dl. Plainly, the stability of the half-full f sublevel more than offsets the promotion of one electron to the 6d. The element exhibits a 3+ oxidation state in its compounds, and the ion is pale yellow in solution.
The element itself is a silvery, hard metal of medium density and high melting point. It does not occur in nature. All curium (multigram quantities) has been produced by the slow neutron bombardment of the artificial element plutonium. It is reactive and highly toxic to the human organism. This metal is used as the energy source in nuclear generators in satellites.
SUMMARY
1. The most active metals are listed toward the lower left-hand corner of the table. The most active nonmetals are listed toward the upper right-hand corner.
2. Hydrogen is often considered as a family by itself because of the unique ways in which it reacts.
3. The alkali metals (Group IA) are the most active metals and react by losing one electron to form 1+ ions.
4. The alkaline earth metals (Group IIA) are second only to alkali metals in terms of reactivity. They form 2+ ions.
5. Aluminum (Group IIIA) is less reactive than the alkaline earth metals and forms 3+ ions.
6. In Group IVA, carbon and silicon have four electrons in the outer level and react by sharing electrons. Tin and lead, in the same family, are distinctly metallic.
7. Nitrogen and phosphorus (Group VA) form compounds by sharing electrons, but differ from each other considerably.
8. In Group VIA, oxygen is distinctly nonmetallic and reacts by gaining two electrons or by sharing electrons. Sulfur is similar to oxygen but also exhibits positive oxidation states.
4. The halogens (Group VIIA) are the most active nonmetallic elements and usually react by gaining one electron.
10. The noble gases (Group VIIIA) have very stable outer electron configurations and are much less reactive than most of the other elements.
11. Chromium is a typical, corrosion resistant transition metal exhibiting more than one oxidation number.
12. Zinc is corrosion resistant. However, because of its full d sublevel, it does not exhibit more than one oxidation state as do most transition metals.
13. Lanthanides exhibit the 3+ oxidation state. Curium, an actinide, also exhibits the 3+ oxidation state.
More on the Periodic Table:
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.......... The Song of The Elements by Tom Lehrer
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............... First Semester Chapters 1-18
............... Second Semester Chapters 19-30
Chemistry *** Class Notes & Overheads ***
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Chemistry Class 11 NCERT Solutions: Chapter 10 the S Block Elements Part 1 (For CBSE, ICSE, IAS, NET, NRA 2022)
Get top class preparation for CBSE/Class-7 right from your home: get questions, notes, tests, video lectures and more- for all subjects of CBSE/Class-7.
Q: 1. What are the common physical and chemical features of alkali metals?
Answer:
Physical properties of alkali metals are as follows.
(1) They are quite soft and can be cut be cut easily. Sodium metal can be easily cut using a knife.
(2) They are light coloured and are mostly silvery white in appearance.
(3) They have low density because of the large atomic sizes. The density increases down the group from Li to Cs. The only exception to this is K, which has lower density than Na.
(4) The metallic bonding present in alkali metals is quite weak. Therefore, they have low melting and boiling points.
(5) Alkali metals and their salts impart a characteristic colour to flames. This is because the heat from the flame excites the electron present in the outermost orbital to a high energy level. When this excited electron reverts back to the ground state, it emits excess energy as radiation that falls in the visible region.
(6) They also display photoelectric effect. When metals such as Cs and K are irradiated with light, they lose electrons.
Chemical properties of alkali metals
Alkali metals are highly reactive due to their low ionization enthalpy. As we move down the group, the reactivity increases.
(1) They react with water to form respective oxides or hydroxides. As we move down the group, the reaction becomes more and more spontaneous.
(2) They react with water to form their respective hydroxides and dihydrogens. The general reaction for the same is given as.
(3) They react with dihydrogen to form metal hydrides. These hydrides are ionic solids and have high melting points.
(4) Almost all alkali metals, except Li, react directly with halogens to form ionic halides.
Since ion is very small in size, it can easily distort the electron cloud around the negative halide ion. Therefore, lithium halides are covalent in nature.
(5) They are strong reducing agents. The reducing power of alkali metals increases on moving down the group. However, lithium is an exception. It is the strongest reducing agent among the alkali metals. It is because of its high hydration energy.
(6) They dissolve in liquid ammonia to form deep blue coloured solutions. These solutions are conducting in nature.
The ammoniated electrons cause the blue colour of the solution. These solutions are paramagnetic and if allowed to stand for some time, then they liberate hydrogen. This results in the formation of amides.
In a highly concentrated solution, the blue colour changes to bronze and the solution becomes diamagnetic. | https://www.flexiprep.com/NCERT-Exercise-Solutions/Chemistry/Class-11/Ch-10-The-s-Block-Elements-Part-1.html |
EQ: • How does the reactivity of metals change across the periodic table?
Identifying the groups • Color the alkali metals blue (use pages 620-…) to fill in your periodic table • Color the alkaline earth metals light green • Color the transition metals yellow • Color the metals in the mixed group purple • Color the actinides dark green • Color the lanthanides orange • Put a yellow circle on the metalloids chemical symbol
Identifying the groups • Outline the boron family in pencil • Outline the carbon family members in red • Outline the nitrogen family members in light blue • Outline the oxygen family members in green • Outline the halogen family members in brown • Outline the noble gases in dark blue • Draw in the stair case in black
Metals, Nonmetals, and Semi-metals Only nonmetal on the metal side Nonmetals are on the right of the stair-step Metals are to the left of the stair- step Semi-metals, “metalloids,” touch the stair-step
Group 1 – The Alkali Metals Most reactive metals on the Periodic Table Alkali metals react with other elements by losing one valence electron. Most common Na (Sodium) and K (Potassium) charge is +1
Group 2 – Alkaline Earth Metals • Still quite reactive. • Each is fairly hard, gray-white, and a good conductor of electricity. • Most common Mg (Magnesium) and Ca (Calcium) • Like to lose 2 valence electrons • Charge is +2 • Video on alkali and alkaline earth metals
T he Groups of the Periodic Table Groups 3-12: Transition Metals Found freely and in compounds in nature Charge is usually +2 Transition metal Video Group 13: Boron Family Charge is +3 (with 3 valence electrons)
Transition Metals • The elements in Groups 3 through 12 are called the transition metals. • The transition metals include most of the familiar metals, such as iron, copper, nickel, silver, and gold. • Most of the transition metals are hard and shiny. • All of the transition metals are good conductors of electricity. • Many of these metals form colorful compounds.
Groups 13-15 • Only some of the elements in Groups 13 through 15 of the periodic table are metals. • These metals are not nearly as reactive as those on the left side of the table. • The most familiar of these metals are aluminum, tin, and lead.
Carbon Family • Each element in the carbon family has atoms that can gain, lose, or share • four electrons (+4 or -4) when reacting with other elements. • In Group 14, only carbon • is a nonmetal. • What makes carbon especially important is its role in the chemistry of life. • Carbon is found in all living things.
Nitrogen Family • Nitrogen is an example of an element that occurs in nature in the form of diatomic molecules, as N2. • A diatomic molecule consists of two atoms. • In this form, nitrogen is not very reactive. -3 charge
Oxygen Family Group 16 • -2 electrons • Like nitrogen, the oxygen you breathe is a diatomic molecule (O2). • Oxygen sometimes forms a triatomic (three-atom) molecule, which is called ozone (O3). • Highly reactive since it can combine with almost every other element. • Most abundant element in Earth’s crust and the second-most abundant element in the atmosphere. (The first is nitrogen.)
Halogen Family • Group 17 contains elements are also known as the halogens, which means “salt forming.” • The most reactive non-metals. • A halogen atom typically has a charge of -1 when it reacts with other elements. Halogen Video
Noble Gases • The elements in Group 18 are known as the noble gases. • They do not ordinarily form compounds because atoms of noble gases do not usually gain, lose, or share electrons. • The noble gases are usually unreactive. Inert Gases
Properties of Metals • Conductivity • Ability to transfer heat or electricity to another object. • Reactivity • The ease and speed that elements combine (or reacts) with other elements and compounds. • Corrosion • Destruction of metal or the gradual wearing away of a metal element due to a chemical reaction.
Special Rows on the PT Lanthanides Actinides
Lanthanides • Two rows of elements are placed below the main part of the periodic table. • The elements in the top row are called the lanthanides (lan thuh nydz). • Lanthanides are soft, malleable, shiny metals with high conductivity. • They are mixed with more common metals to make alloys. An alloy is a mixture of a metal with at least one other element, usually another metal.
Actinides • The elements below the lanthanides are called actinides (ak tuh nydz). • All of the elements after uranium in the periodic table were created artificially in laboratories. (Synthetic) • The nuclei of these elements are very unstable, meaning that they break apart very quickly into smaller nuclei. In fact, many of these elements are so unstable that they last for only a fraction of a second after they are made.
Hydrogen +1 charge • The element with the simplest and smallest atoms. • Each hydrogen atom has one proton and one electron. Some hydrogen atoms also have neutrons. • Because the chemical properties of hydrogen differ very much from those of the other elements, it really cannot be grouped into a family. • Hydrogen is rarely found on Earth as a pure element. Most hydrogen is combined with oxygen in water (H2O).
Metalloids • Along the border between the metals and the nonmetals are seven elements called metalloids. • The metalloids have some characteristics of both metals and nonmetals. • All are solids at room temperature. • They are brittle, hard, and somewhat reactive. • The most common metalloid is silicon (Si). Silicon combines with oxygen to form silicon dioxide (SiO2). Ordinary sand, which is mostly SiO2, is the main component of glass.
Metalloids Continued • The most useful property of the metalloids is their varying ability to conduct electricity. • Whether or not a metalloid conducts electricity can depend on temperature, exposure to light, or the presence of small amounts of impurities. • Metalloids such as silicon, germanium (Ge), and arsenic (As) are used to make semiconductors. • Semiconductors are substances that can conduct electricity under some conditions but not under other conditions. Semiconductors are used to make computer chips, transistors, and lasers.
Summarizer • How does the reactivity of metals change across the periodic table? | https://fr.slideserve.com/naomi-olson/eq |
What is the family of elements that contains the most reactive metals?
1 Answer
Answer:
The family that contains the most reactive metals are the alkali metals.
Explanation:
Alkali metals are lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and francium (Fr).
As you move down the column, the metals become more reactive because the nucleus gains more electrons and protons (more electron levels), weakening their electrostatic force. Imagine that you're holding a bunch of books. You can't hold them all very easily, right? It's easy to drop one, which is why it's easy for them to donate 1 electron at STP.
This is why they're so dangerous because they can react easily with any element that doesn't have a full octet (complete set of valence electrons). For example, you wouldn't want any these reacting with fluorine because it has 7 electrons and really wants one more; it's got the highest electrostatic force because of its high nuclear charge and lesser amt. of electron shells. So, the alkali really wants to give one, and the halogens really want one, which is why they're so dangerous. | https://socratic.org/questions/what-is-the-family-of-elements-that-contains-the-most-reactive-metals |
Oxidation numbers, sometimes called oxidation states, are signed numbers that are assigned to atoms within molecules. They allow us to keep track of the electrons that are associated with each atom . Oxidation numbers are frequently used to write chemical formulas, to predict properties of compounds , and to help balance equations where electrons are transferred ( Oxidation-reduction reactions ).
Knowing the oxidation state of an atom gives us an idea about atom's positive or negative character. In themselves, oxidation numbers have no physical meaning;they are employed to simplify tasks that are more difficult to accomplish without them.
Rule 1 . All uncombined elements ( as they exist naturally ) are assigned the oxidation number of zero.
Rule 2. All monoatomic ions are assigned oxidation numbers equal to their charges.
3. Halogens normally have a -1 oxidation number in binary compounds.
4. Alkali metals and alkaline earth metals are assigned +1 and +2, respectively , as their oxidation numbers.
Rule 4. The sum of all oxidation numbers in a compound equals zero, and the sum of oxidation numbers in a polyatomic ion equals its charge.
Lets now look at each rule individually, starting with rule 1. All uncombined elements are assigned the oxidation number of zero , reagardless of how they exist in nature-by themselves , diatomically , or in larger aggregates ( P4 and S8 ). It is common practice to write oxidation numbers above the symbols of the elements.
In rule 3, note that the oxidation numbers correspond to the number of electrons that an atom loses or gains within a binary ionic compound . Halogens gain one electron , chalcogens gain two electron. Alkali metals lose one electron , and alkaline earth metals lose two electrons.
There are some exceptions to rule 3. For instance, in peroxides , the oxidation number of oxygen is -1, and not -2. Peroxides are compound that contain an O-O single bond. two examples of peroxides are hydrogen peroixde, H2O2, and sodium peroxide. Na2O2 . Metallic hydrides, compounds containing hydrogen bonded to a metal with a smaller electronegativity , are another exception to rule 3. Hydrogen's oxidation number is -1 in these compounds. Examples of metallic hydrides include sodium hydride, NaH, and calcium hydride, CaH2.
What is the oxidation number of S in SO2 ? again following rule 4, we assign -4 to the two O atoms;hence the oxidation number of S must be +4 in order for the sum to equal zero.
In a polyatomic ion the reasoning is the same except that the sum of the oxidation numbers is equal to the ion's charge. What is the oxidation number of P in PO43-? Four oxygen would have a total of -8 so P's oxidation state is +5 to add up to -3.
Determination the oxidation state for each element in the following (a) CuF2 (b) HNO3 (c) SO42- (d) C12H22O11.
b. HNO3 , H's oxidation number is +1 , and three O's have a total of -6; therefore , N's oxidation number is +5 to yield a total of zero.
c. SO42- , Each oxygen's oxidation number is -2, so four O's have a total of 8. To add up to -2, the charge on SO42-, the oxidation number of S is +6.
d. C12H22O11. Twenty-two H's give +22, and 11 O's give -22, so the 12 C's have a combined oxidation number of zero-each C has an oxidation state of zero.
With the exception of the metals in groups IA, IIA, and IIIB, metals generally exist in more than one oxidation state. Chromium , Cr , for example is found in the +6, +3, and +2 oxidation states. Gold is found in both +3 and +1 oxidation state. Nonmetals, except F, also exhibit a range of oxidation states. Sulfur's oxidation states include +6, +4, +2, and -2.
0 Response to "Oxidation Numbers Explanation ( Complete Explanation )" | http://www.panduankimia.net/2017/12/oxidation-numbers-explanation-complete.html |
The oxidation state the an aspect is concerned the number of electrons that an atom loses, gains, or shows up to use when joining with one more atom in compounds. It also determines the capacity of an atom come oxidize (to shed electrons) or to mitigate (to obtain electrons) other atoms or species. Almost all of the transition metals have multiple oxidation says experimentally observed.
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Introduction
Filling atomic orbitals needs a set variety of electrons. The s-block is composed of aspects of teams I and also II, the alkali and also alkaline planet metals (sodium and also calcium belong to this block). Teams XIII through XVIII make up of the p-block, which consists of the nonmetals, halogens, and noble gases (carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, and chlorine are typical members). Shift metals reside in the d-block, in between Groups III and also XII. If the following table shows up strange, or if the orientations are unclear, please review the ar on atom orbitals.
|1 orbital, 2 electrons||3 orbitals: px, py, pz; 6 electrons||5 orbitals: dx2-y2, dz2, dxy, dyz, dxz; 10 electrons|
|Highest energy orbital because that a provided quantum number n||Degenerate v s-orbital the quantum number n+1|
The key thing come remember about electronic configuration is that the most stable noble gas configuration is best for any kind of atom. Developing bonds room a method to method that configuration. In particular, the change metals type more lenient bonds v anions, cations, and also neutral complexes in to compare to other elements. This is because the d orbital is rather diffused (the f orbital of the lanthanide and actinide series much more so).
Neutral-Atom Electron Configurations
Counting through the periodic table is an easy way to determine which electrons exist in i beg your pardon orbitals. As pointed out before, by counting proton (atomic number), you can tell the number of electrons in a neutral atom. Organizing by block quickens this process.For example, if we were interested in determining the digital organization that Vanadium (atomic number 23), us would start from hydrogen and also make our method down the the periodic Table).
1s (H, He), 2s (Li, Be), 2p (B, C, N, O, F, Ne), 3s (Na, Mg), 3p (Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar), 4s (K, Ca), 3d (Sc, Ti, V).
If you perform not feel confident about this counting system and how electron orbitals space filled, please view the section on electron configuration.
Multiple Oxidation States
Most change metals have actually multiple oxidation states, because it is relatively easy to shed electron(s) for change metals compared to the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals. Alkali metals have actually one electron in their valence s-orbital and their ionsalmost alwayshave oxidation claims of +1 (from losing a solitary electron). Similarly,alkaline planet metals have actually two electron in your valences s-orbitals, leading to ions v a +2 oxidation state (from losing both). However, transitions metals are more facility and exhibition a range of observable oxidation claims due primarily to the removed of d-orbital electrons. The complying with chart describes the most usual oxidation states of the period 3 elements.
Summary
Oxidation states of shift metals follow the basic rules for most other ions, other than for the truth that the d orbital is degenerated with the s orbit of the higher quantum number. Transition metals accomplish stability through arranging your electrons appropriately and space oxidized, or they lose electrons to various other atoms and also ions. These resulting cations participate in the formation of coordination complexes or synthesis of various other compounds.
See more: What Does The Plus Sign With A Circle Around It Mean ? What Is The Half Circle With A Plus Sign
Questions
Determine the oxidation states of the transition metals found in this neutral compounds. Note: The transition metal is underlined in the adhering to compounds. | https://civicpride-kusatsu.net/what-are-the-charges-of-transition-metals/ |
Chemistry Year 9 End Of Year Exam, image - Coggle Diagram
Chemistry Year 9 End Of Year Exam
C1: Atomic Structure
Structure Of the Atom
Nucleus and shells: The atom has a central Nucleus and this is surrounded by shells. The radius of an atom is about 0.1nm and the radius of a nucleus is less than 1/10000 of the radius of an atom.
Subatomic Particles: t=The nuclei of all atoms contain subatomic particles, which are protons and neutrons. The outer shells of an atom contain subatomic particles called electrons. The relative mass of a proton is 1, the relative mass of a neutron is one and the relative mass of an electron is very small.
Atomic Number and Mass Number
Atomic Number: The number of protons in an atom in an element is its atomic number.
Mass Number: Atoms of different elements usually have different mass numbers.
Calculating Numbers of subatomic particles: The symbol for an atom can usually be shown by putting its mass number at the top and its atomic number at the bottom.
number of protons = atomic number
number of electrons = atomic number
number of neutrons = mass number - atomic number
Relative atomic mass
Total mass of atoms/total number of atoms
Isotopes: Atoms of the same element must have the same number of protons but they can have a different number of electrons. The same atomic number but different mass numbers.
C2: The Periodic Table
Development of the Periodic Table
Newlands' Octaves: John Newlands arranged the elements into what was know as relative atomic mass.
Mendeleev's periodic table: Mendeleev also arranged his elements in relative atomic mass but did some other things that made his table much more successful. He realized that physical and chemical properties of elements were related to their atomic mass in a repeating or periodic way and so arranged them in a way that groups of elements with similar properties fell into vertical columns in his table.
Electronic structure and the Periodic Table
Electrons in shells occupy energy levels also called electron shells, outside the nucleus. Different shells can hold different maximum number of electrons.The electrons in an atom occupy the lowest available energy level first. This is the shell nearest the nucleus.
First=2
Second=8
Third=8
Group 1: Alkali metals: Group 1 metals are very reactive. They must be stored under oil to keep air away from them. Group 1 elements form alkaline solutions when they react with water and this is why they are called alkali's. Lithium fizzes steadily when it reacts with water. When sodium reacts with water is melts to form a ball that moves around on the surface and fizzes rapidly. Potassium is added to water and it melts and floats. It moves around quickly on the surface of the water. The metal is also set on fire.
Group 7: The Halogens
Group 7 are all reactive non-metals. They react with metals to form metal halides and with hydrogen to form acidic hydrogen halides. The halogens show their trends in physical and chemical properties.
The halogens become less reactive going down group 7.
Physical Properties: The halogens are simple molecules. A molecule has two atoms joined by a single covalent bond. The melting points and boiling points increase as you go down group 7. The molecules become larger and the bonds become stronger.More energy is needed to break the bonds.
Chemical Properties: Group 7 have 7 electron in their outer shell. Halogens react with metals to produce salts. (Chlorine reacts with sodium) Sodium + Chlorine = Sodium Chloride
Bonding and structure
Covalent bonds
A covalent bond is a shared pair of electrons, electrostatically attracted to the positive nuclei of two atoms. Atoms can share electrons in order to gain a stable and full outer shell of electrons.
Ionic Bonds
Are usually formed between metal and non metal with a large difference between electronegativity. Eg..Sodium chloride. The Ionic bond is the electrostatic force of attraction between a metal ion and a non-metal ion. | https://coggle.it/diagram/Xtifj85SJiaq2i2_/t/chemistry-year-9-end-of-year-exam |
This crossword contains the following questions and answers:
A row of elements Period
vertical column of elements in the periodic table Group
The law that states that the repeating chemical and physical properties of elements change periodically with the atomic numbers of the element Periodic Law
Describes something that occurs or repeats at regular intervals Periodic
One of the elements of Group 1of the periodic table Alkali metal
One of the elements of Group 2 of the periodic table alkaline-earth metal
One of the elements of group 17 of the periodic table halogen
One of the elements of Group 18 of the periodic table noble gas
Elements in the first row follow lanthanum lanthanides
Groups 3-12 do not have individual names. Instead, all of these groups are called_____ transition metals
Elements in the second row follow actinium are called____ actinides
a yellowish green gas Chlorine
a dark red liquid Bromine
a dark gray solid Iodine
gas at room temperature nitrogen
a transition metal that is not very reactive titanium
Used in thermometers Mercury
is shiny, but it is brittle and can easily be smashed into a powder tellurium
a russian chemist who discovered a pattern to the elements in 1869 Dmitri Mendeleev
makes up 20% of air oxygen
This word search contains the following answers:
mole ratio
reaction
state symbol
diatomic element
dimensional analysis
matter
pure substance
homogeneous mixture
heterogeneous mixture
element
molecule
lanthanide
actinide
transition metal
octet rule
noble gas
alkali metal
period
group
periodic table
percent error
percent yield
molecular formula
empirical formula
atomic weight
significant figure
formula unit
molar mass
anion
cation
measurement
density
conversion factor
stoichiometry
proton
neutron
electron
avogadro
atom
mole
This crossword contains the following questions and answers:
I am a yellow nonmetal often associated with the smell of rotting eggs. Sulfur
I am an alkaline earth metal that burns with a brillian white flame. Magnesium
I am the Transition Metal with 78 electrons. Platinum
I am not a metal, but I hang out with some very reactive metals on the left side of the periodic table. Hydrogen
I am the Noble Gas in Period 5. Xenon
My address is Group 2, Period 2. Beryllium
I am an alkali metal most often found hanging with my buddy chlorine. Sodium
I have only two energy levels and do not react. Neon
I am one of the metalloids and I am used not only in microchips, but also in glass. Silicon
I am the Lanthanide used to make super strong magnets. Neodymium
Of the four ferromagnetic elements on the periodic table, three are found side-by-side in the transition metals. I am the heaviest of these three. Nickel
I am the Transition Metal with 79 electrons Gold
I am the Transition Metal found in most breakfast cereals and in your blood. Iron
I am the lightest of the Halogens. Fluorine
I am the third most abundant element and the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust. Aluminum
I am the Halogen in Period 5. Iodine
I make up about 20% of the air you breath. Oxygen
I am the Transition Metal in Group 6, Period 6. Tungsten
I make up almost 80% of the Earth's atmosphere. Nitrogen
I am the only metal that is liquid at room temperature. Mercury
I am the only element on the periodic table that is happy with just two electrons in my valence shell. Helium
I am the heaviest metalloid in Period 4. Arsenic
I am the metal that is solid at room temperature but melts in your hand. Gallium
I have five valence electrons and three energy levels. Phosphorus
My atomic Number is 92. Uranium
I am the heaviest metal in Period 5. Tin
I am the Period 4 element found in milk, bones and chalk. Calcium
This crossword contains the following questions and answers:
a substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means element
the smallest unit of an element that has all of the properties of the element; basic building block of matter. atom
the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of one atom of the element. atomic mass
the number of protons contained in each nucleus of its atoms of the element. atomic number
a horizontal row (left to right) in the periodic table. period
a vertical column (up and down) on the periodic table. group
a chart that organizes information about all of the known elements according to their atomic number. periodic table
describes how likely an element is to form bonds with other elements. reactivity
an element or substance that conducts heat and electricity, is malleable and ductile and has low ionization energy and low electronegativity values. Metals metal
an element that does not conduct electricity or heat and is usually a gas at room temperature. Nonmetals are brittle, have high ionization energies and high electronegativity values. Nonmetals tend to gain electrons to form anions nonmetal
group 1 metals on the periodic table that contain 1 valence electron and lose their valence electrons the most easily, making them the most reactive metals. alkali metals
group 1 metals on the periodic table that contain 2 valence electrons and are the second most reactive metals. alkaline earth metals
group 3-12 on the periodic table. They have varying valence electrons and do not follow the normal trends of the other metals. They form brightly colored compounds and ions in solution. transition metals
group 17 nonmetals on the periodic table that contain 7 valence electrons. They only need to gain 1 valence electron to have a stable octet. They gain valence electrons the most readily, making them the most reactive nonmetals. halogens
group 18 elements on the periodic table that contain 8 valence electrons (He has 2) and a full valence shell making them very stable and inert. noble gases
an element that has some properties of a metal and some properties of a nonmetal. The metalloids are found on the boron staircase, there are 7 metalloids: B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, and Po. metalloid
elements and/or compounds that when put together are unable to react chemically. The noble gases (group 18) elements are inert because of a full valence shell. inert
the charge of an atoms nucleus resulting from its number of protons nuclear charge
the distance between the nucleus of an atom and it's outermost energy level atomic raduis
the attraction a nucleus has resulting from its number of protons electronegativity
This crossword contains the following questions and answers:
I AM A METAL THAT IS A LIQUID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE MERCURY
I AM USED TO BLOW UP BALLOONS HELIUM
ELEMENTS ARE LISTED ON THE PERIODIC TABLE IN ORDER OF _______ ATOMIC NUMBER INCREASING
ELEMENTS THAT HAVE BOTH PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NONMETALS ARE CALLED _____ METALLOIDS
I HAVE 26 PROTONS IRON
I AM A METALLOID USED IN COMPUTER CHIPS SILICON
WHAT IS THE TERM THAT REFERS TO THE REPEATING PATTERNS OF CHEMICAL ACTIVITY ON THE PERIODIC TABLE PERIODIC
I AM SOMETIMES USED AS A POISON ARSENIC
ELEMENTS SUCH AS HYDROGEN, NITROGEN, AND OXYGEN ARE CALLED ______ DIATOMIC
THE SCIENTIST THAT ARRANGED THE FIRST PERIODIC TABLE MENDELEEV
I AM THE ONLY ELEMENT IN THE HALIDE FAMILY THAT IS A LIQUID BROMINE
THE FIRST COLUMN OF ELEMENTS IS NAMED ALKALIMETALS
I AM THE MOST ELECTRO NEGATIVE ELEMENT ON THE PERIODIC TABLE FLUORINE
I HAVE THE CAPACITY TO KILL SUPERMAN KRYPTON
I AM NOT REALLY A ALKALI METAL BUT SENSE I HAVE ONLY 1 ELECTRON I BEHAVE LIKE THEM HYDROGEN
MY ATOMIC NUMBER IS 79 GOLD
I AM A METAL WITH 28 ELECTRONS NICKEL
I AM A SILVERY WHITE METAL USED TO MAKE SALT SODIUM
I AM A GAS WITH 8 PROTONS AND 8 NEUTRONS OXYGEN
THE SCIENTIST WHO CAME UP WITH ATOMIC THEORY DALTON
I HAVE 92 PROTONS AND WAS USED IN MAKING THE ATOMIC BOMB URANIUM
THE VERTICAL COLUMS ON THE PERIODIC TABLE ARE CALLED GROUPS
ELEMENTS TO THE LEFT OF THE STAIR STEP LINE ON THE PERIODIC TABLE ARE CALLED METALS
THE VERTICAL COLUMNS ON THE PERIODIC TABLE ARE GROUPS
I HAVE 92 PROTONS AND WAS USED IN MAKING THE ATOMIC BOMB URANIUM
This crossword contains the following questions and answers:
Any of the elements belonging to group 1A of the periodic tab Alkali metal
any of the univalent elements belonging to group 2A of the periodic table Alkaline earth metal
any of the electroegation non-metallic elements in group 7A of the periodic table Halogen
an element in the latnide an actinide series that is characterized by the addiction of electrons inner transcription
any of the elements founf in group 8A noble gas
the B group elements (3-12) transition elements
the vertical colums on the periodic table chemical family
the number of protons founf in the nucleus atomic number
a positive charged subatomic particles founf in nucleus protons
a substance of subatomic particles of the nucleus neuton
a negative charged subatomic electron
the tiny very dense positively charged region in the center of an atom nucleus
the electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom valence eletrons
the colums on a periodic table groups
the rows in a priodic table periods
most elements are metalic typically solid and shiny metals
elements typically not shiny usually a gas not solid non-metals
A1 all the way to 2 letter representation of a specific element chemical symbol
This crossword contains the following questions and answers:
the smallest particle of an element atom
the center of an atom nucleus
a positively changed particle in the nucleus of an atom proton
a neutral particle in the nucleus of an atom neutron
a negatively changed particle electron
an electron in the outermost energy level of an atom valance electron
the properties of elements tent to repeat in a regular an pattern periodic law
a horizontal row of elements period
another word for family group
a quantity equal to one 1/12 the mass of a carbon atomic mass unit
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom atomic mass
the element that are usually poor conductors non-metal
the element that are good conductors of heat and electricity metal
an element that has properties of both a metal and non-metal metaloid
any atom that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons isotopes
another word for atomic mass unit amu
This crossword contains the following questions and answers:
Who created the Periodic Table? Mendeleev
What is another name for rows? Periods
What are the horizontal lines called? Rows
What are the vertical lines called? Columns
What is another word for columns? Groups
What is oxygen? Element
What is column 18? Noble Gases
What is column 17? Halogens
What is column 1? Alkali metals
What is column 2? alkaline earth metals
Columns 3-12 are what kinda of metals? transition
What kind of element is Helium? Gas
AU is what for Gold? Symbol
The amount of protons is equal to the what? Atomic number
Weighted average of mass of an element? atomic mass
What is hydrogen? nonmetal
What element has the symbol S? Sulfur
What element has the atomic mass of 1.008? hydrogen
How many protons does boron have? five
All elements have protons neutrons and what? electrons
This crossword contains the following questions and answers:
a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate Calcite
a machine that collects oil Guahers
This chemical element has the symbol S and atomic number of 16 Sulphur
India is the largest producer of this mineral Mica
A mineral usually made up of colorless or pale-colored crystals Feldspar
a component of soil formed by the decomposition of leaves and other plant material Humus
a fracture in rock containing a deposit of minerals or ore Vein
a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table Uranium
A fossil formed when sediment fills the inside or covers the outside of a dead organism Mold Fossil
a soft finely stratified sedimentary rock that formed from consolidated mud or clay Shale
also known as common mica, isinglass, or potash mica Muscovite
a hard, dark, glasslike volcanic rock formed by the rapid solidification of lava without crystallization Obsidian
a clay mineral composed of hydrated magnesium silicate Talc
The word from sweden directly translates to heavy stone Tungsten
the process of scraping or wearing away Abrasion
a metamorphic rock that may be foliated or nonfoliated Marble
Made up of sodium chloride and colorless cubic crystals Halite
a group of dark-colored amphibole minerals found in many types of igneous and metamorphic rocks Hornblende
a mixture of hydrous aluminum oxides, aluminum hydroxides, clay minerals, and insoluble materials Bauxite
unrefined petroleum Crude Oil
extracting a metal from ore by BLANK Smelting
a low-grade iron ore consisting largely of chert Taconite
a reddish-black mineral consisting of ferric oxide Hematite
a name used for a large group of black mica minerals that are commonly found in igneous and metamorphic rocks Biotite
flammable gas, consisting largely of methane and other hydrocarbons Natural Gas
This crossword contains the following questions and answers:
an organized system for elements periodic table
rows go left to right period
creator of the periodic table Dimitri Mendeleev
all of the elements in a period have the same number of _________? atomic orbitals
arranged the elements according to increasing atomic numbers Henry Moseley
column goes from top to bottom group
elements in a group have the same number of __________ in their outer orbitals electrons
a group of elements with similar chemical properties chemical families
a chemical family in group 1 , most reactive alkali metals
a chemical family that is in group 17 , inactive Noble gases
a chemical family found in groups 3-12 transition metals
all of the elements in the second row have _____ orbitals for their electrons two
chemical family in group 17 , salt-fomer halogens
not able to conduct electricity or heat very well non-metals
have properties of both metals and non -metals metalloids
rare earth metals Lanthanides actinides
softer and conduct more poorly than transition metals Post transition metals
modern periodic table is based on ________________ Moseley periodic law
This crossword contains the following questions and answers: | https://wordmint.com/public_puzzles/58348 |
'Properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic number Atomic number gives us the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom and this number increases by one in going from one element to the next. Elements, when arranged in order of increasing atomic number Z, lead us to the classification known as the Modern Periodic Table. Prediction of properties of elements could be made with more precision when elements were arranged on the basis of increasing atomic number.
Table, since the electrons in the atoms of these elements are filled in K, L and M shells.
Metals like Na and Mg are towards the left-hand side of the Periodic Table while the non-metals like sulphur and chlorine are found on the right-hand side. In the middle, we have silicon, which is classified as a semi-metal or metalloid because it exhibits some properties of both metals and non-metals. In the Modern Periodic Table, a zig-zag line separates metals from non-metals. The borderline elements - boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, tellurium and polonium - are intermediate in properties and are called metalloids or semi-metals. Metals tend to lose electrons while forming bonds, that is, they are electropositive in nature.
and increases down a group.
As the trends in the electro negativity show, non-metals are found on the right- hand side of the Periodic Table towards the top. These trends also help us to predict the nature of oxides formed by the elements.
It is know that the oxides of metals are basic and that of non-metals are acidic in general.
A group or family is a vertical column in the periodic table. Groups are considered the most important method of classifying the elements. In some groups/the elements have very similar properties and exhibit a clear trend in properties down the group. Under the international naming system, the groups are numbered numerically 1 through 18 from the left most column (the alkali metals) to the right most column (the noble gases). The older naming systems differed slightly between Europe and America . These groups tend to be given trivial (unsystematic) names, e.g., the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, pnictogens, chalcogens, and noble gases. Some other groups in the periodic table display fewer similarities and vertical trends (for example group 7). These have no trivial names and are referred to simply by their group numbers.
Elements in the same group show patterns in atomic radius, ionization energy, and electronegativity. From top to bottom in a group, the atomic radii of the elements increase. Since there are more filled energy levels, valence electrons are found farther from the nucleus. From the top, each successive element has a lower ionization energy, as it is easier to remove an electron since the atoms are less tightly bound. Similarly, a group has a top to bottom decrease in electronegativity due to an increasing distance between valence electrons and the nucleus.
A period is a horizontal row in the periodic table. Although groups are the most common way of classifying elements, there are some regions of the periodic table where the horizontal trends and similarities in properties are more significant than vertical group trends. This can be true in the d-block (or "transition metals"), and especially for the f-block, where the lanthanides and actinides form two substantial horizontal series of elements. Periodic trend for ionization energy. Each period begins at a minimum for the alkali metals, and ends at a maximum for the noble gases. Elements in the same period show trends in atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity. Moving left to right across a period, atomic radius usually decreases. This occurs because each successive element has an added proton and electron which causes the electron to be drawn closer to the nucleus. This decrease in atomic radius also causes the ionization energy to increase when moving from left to right across a period. The more tightly bound an element is, the more energy is required to remove an electron. Electronegativity increases in the same manner as ionization energy, because of the pull exerted on the electrons by the nucleus. Electron affinity also shows a slight trend across a period. Metals (left side of a period) generally have a lower electron affinity than nonmetals (right side of a period) with the exception of the noble gases.
The position of isotopes is taken care of when the elements are arranged in the ascending order of their atomic numbers. The isotopes will occur at the same position as its original element since the electronic configuration of the element and its isotopes is identical. Let us go back to the example of the isotope of carbon, "C. This would have to be accommodated now along with carbon ("C) itself and not with nitrogen.
The anomaly regarding few elements such as tellurium (Te) - iodine (I) and argon (A) - potassium (K) were solved elegantly. Although Te had a higher atomic mass, Mendeleev was forced to place it ahead of I which had a lower atomic mass. But if one sees their atomic numbers, Te is 52 and I is 53. Thus Te will naturally come before I when atomic numbers are considered. Similarly for the pair of Ar-K.
Thus the modern periodic table of elements removed all anomalies of the Mendeleev's periodic table, by simple considering the atomic numbers of elements.
It consists of 7 horizontal periods. The lengths of the periods increase with the order of the period. Elements in a period have consecutive atomic numbers.
(i) The 1st period is the shortest period. It consists of just two elements H and He.
(ii) The 2nd and the 3rd periods have 8 elements each and are called short periods.
(iii) The 4th and the 5th periods are long periods and have 18 elements each.
Lanthanide series, separated from the table. The lanthanide series are rare earth elements that show similar properties.
(v) The 7th period contains all the rest of the elements. It is incomplete. This period also has a 15 element series called the Actinide series, separated from the table. The actinide series have a separate identity and contains uranium and most of the known transuranic elements.
The vertical columns are called groups. There are 18 groups in the periodic table. Elements in a group do not have consecutive atomic numbers.
(i) The groups are divided into A and B groups.
(ii) Group 1A to VIII A has all the normal elements.
(iii) Group 1B to VIII B holds all the transition metal elements.
(iv) The other two groups are the lanthanide and the actinide series. They are also known as inner transition elements.
The modern periodic table is approximately divided into metals and non- metals. The most metallic elements such as alkalis are on the left-hand side. The non-metals are on the right hand side. The inert gases or the noble gases with their completely filled electronic shells are placed on the extreme right hand side. The transition metals, which are a bridge between highly metallic alkali elements and the non-metals, lie in the centre of the table. Lanthanide and actinide series (or the inner transition elements), which have metal like behavior, are kept separately as their outermost electronic configurations differ from the transition metal elements.
The first period starts with hydrogen (H) and ends with helium (He). It has just two elements H (Z = 1) and He (Z = 2). H has one electron in the K-shell. He has 2 electrons in the K-shell. As we have seen in the chapter on the structure of atoms, the K-shell can hold only 2 electrons. Thus the first period is complete. It has to be borne in mind that the place of hydrogen is unique in the periodic table. It has been placed above the alkali elements starting with Li in group 1A. This is because H has valency 1 just as the other alkali elements. But the properties of hydrogen otherwise are very different from the other group 1A alkali elements Li, Na, K, Cs, etc.
Now let us see the next periods : periods 2 and 3. The second period starts with Li (Z=3), where the K-shell is filled and the next shell, the L-shell is starting to fill. After Li the next element is beryllium (Be, Z=4). Its K-shell is complete and it has 2 electrons in the L-shell. The maximum number of electrons held in the L-shell is 8. So the period has 8 elements, in which each element's L-shell is getting filled. The last element in the period is neon (Ne, Z=10). Neon's both K and the L shell are completely filled. A similarly situation occurs for the third period. Here the next shell after L-shell, namely the M-shell is getting filled. The maximum number of electrons in the M-shell is 8. Thus across the period, starting with element sodium (Na, Z=11) the M-shell has 1 electron; and the period ends with argon (Ar, Z= 18) which has 2 electrons in the K-shell, 8. electrons in the L-shell and 8 electrons in the M-shell. In the fourth period, the N-shell starts to fill. N shell can hold a maximum of 2 electrons. Hence K has 1 electron in the N-shell and the next element Ca contains 2 electrons in the N-shell. Now the N-shell is complete. After Ca, there are 10 elements starting from Scandium (Sc) to Zinc (Zn). Here the next shell of electrons is filling. This shell can contain a maximum of 10 electrons. The next shell can have a maximum of 6 electrons. Hence the fourth period is long and has 18 elements. The same is true for the fifth period. In the sixth and the seventh period, the electrons start to fill a new orbital (f- shell). This has been separated out as the Lanthanide and the Actinide series. Now let us look at some of the chemical and physical properties in a particular period. What we will. learn from one period, will hold true for all the other periods. Consider the third period. The figure below shows how the electronic configuration is changing as we go from left to right in the period. The number of valence electrons is increasing in an integral fashion. The change in the valency is according to the tendency to give up or borrow electrons. Thus elements in the same period have consecutive atomic numbers and different valencies. If we see the atomic radii across the period, we will notice that the size decreases across the period. Now let us consider the metallic character of the elements in the third period.
We have proper metals in the first and the second places : sodium (Na) and magnesium (Mg) are alkali and alkaline-earth metals. They give up the electrons in the last shell very easily. They are shiny in colour and conduct electricity. After Mg comes aluminum (Al). Al has 3 electrons in its outermost shell and behaves like a metal. The next element is silicon (Si). It has 4 electrons in its outermost shell. It thus needs to borrow four electrons or give up all its four electrons to form a stable shell. Si does not do any of these, instead it binds tetrahedrally most of the time. Thus Si behaves neither like a metal nor like a non-metal. Hence it is called-as a metalloid. After Si, come three elements : phosphorus (P), sulphur (S) and chlorine (Cl). All the three are non-metals. Thus, while moving from left to right in the period, the metallicity decreases. Also the chemical reactivity first decreases and then increases. As discussed before, the chemical reactivity depends on how easily the outermost orbit gives off or borrows electrons to make a stable orbit. The two extremes of the third period, namely Na and Cl are very reactive. But Na is very electropositive in nature, where as Cl is very electro-negative in nature.
Who gave modern periodic law?
What was the basis of classification of modern periodic law?
Which group elements are known as alkali metals?
Who gave octate periodic law?
Which one of the following is most reactive?
Seven isotopes of sodium are known.
Natural neon is a mix of three isotopes. Five other unstable isotopes of neon are known.
The elements are arranged in the periodic table in the increasing order of atomic numbers.
The number of valence electrons in the elements increases from left to right in the periodic table.
The elements of the same period have different valencies.
The atomic radii decrease while going from left to right in a period.
Metallic character decreases, while going from left to right in a period.
Chemical reactivity is highest at the two extremes and is the lowest in the centre. The reactivity on the left extreme is most electropositive whereas on the extreme right it is most electronegative.
Oxides formed of elements on the left are basic and of elements on the right are acidic in nature. Oxides of elements in the centre are amphoteric. | https://studyadda.com/notes/10th-class/science/periodic-classification-of-elements/modern-periodic-classification/7019 |
The elements in the periodic table all have their use in applications in the real world. This article is about the elements in group number one, the alkali metals, and the alkali’s applications and uses.
The alkali metals are the most reactive of all the elements in the periodic table. The reason for this is that they all have one valance electron, or one electron in their outer energy level. In nature you will never find them in their elemental state, simply because they are so reactive so they always bond with other elements.
The alkali metals are soft, and all except for Cesium are silver colored. Looking at a detailed periodic table you will find that they are all low-density. The alkali metals get their name from their ability to react with water to form alkaline solutions, or basic solutions, and they will also react with the halogens in group 7 to form salt compounds. The halogens all have 7 valence electrons, so the alkalis fit right in, providing the last electron.
The specific elements in this group are Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb), Cesium (Cs), and Francium (Fr). Hydrogen isn’t really considered a part of the alkali metals, although it is in group 1. These metals all have their role in today’s world, as we will find out shortly.
Lithium (Li) has the highest heat capacity of all solids, and it’s therefore often used in applications involving heat transfer. You find them in Lithium-ion batteries, and in medicine treating mental disorders and migraine.
Sodium (Na) is often used in soaps, because it can provide a harder soap than other elements (have a higher melting point, and can take more before the soap starts to foam). You can also find its use in street lighting, in so called sodium vapor lamps. Sodium also has many chemical abilities, and one of its uses is in purifying molten melts.
Potassium (K) is a major element in fertilizers, as it provides plants with nutrition, and it can be found in most soil types. You can use potassium table salt to reduce your sodium intake, and potassium is also found in a variety of fruits and vegetables, including bananas.
The fifth element in group one, Rubidium (Rb) has limited uses. The primary applications for Rubidium are in vacuum tubes and photocells. In the future we might discover more applications for Rb, but as for right now it’s handled with precautions.
Cesium (Cs) can be found as a base for drilling fluids in the oil industry, and it is an environmentally safe choice. It can also be found in atomic clocks.
The last element in group one is Francium (Fr). With Francium there are a few interesting facts. It is the second rarest naturally occurring element, and it has the lowest electronegativity of all. Francium is very unstable, and is highly radioactive. These factors make Francium very unsuitable for any commercial applications, and it’s not used in today’s industry. | https://prawntail.com/the-secret-to-the-alkali-metals-in-group-1-and-their-applications/ |
Who is credited with creating the first periodic table?
Dmitri Mendeleev
Moseley rearranged the periodic table so that elements are listed by increasing ______ ____ (which is how our _____ periodic table is organized)
atomic number, modern
The _____ _____ states that when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, elements with similar properties appear at regular intervals
Periodic Table
In the modern periodic table, elements that have similar properties fall in the same _____
Group
The nonreactive elements in Group 18 are known as the _______. These elements do not react because their outermost energy levels are full of electrons
Noble Gases
F block elements located in period 6 are called the ___
Lanthanides
F block elements located in period 7 are called the _____
Acthanides
The reason for periodicity is the arrangement of ____ around the nucleus
electrons
A row in the periodic table is called a _____
period
An element's electron configuration is (Ar)3d^104s^24p^3. Which period is this element?
4
Which groups are included in the s block?
1 and 2
Which groups are included in the p block?
13-18
Which groups are included in the d block?
3-12
What is the name of the Group 1 elements?
Alkali metals
What is the name of Group 2 elements?
Alkaline-earth metals
All of the elements in Groups 1 through 12 are ______
metals
Group 1 elements are more ______ than Group 3 elements because they have only one valence electron
reactive
______ metals have a silvery appearance and are soft enough to cut with a knife, but are rarely found in nature as free elements because they are so reacitve
Alkali metals
______ metals have two electrons in their outer s sublevel and are harder, denser, and stronger than Group 1 metals. They are also too ____ to be found in nature as free elements
Alkaline- earth metals, reactive
Although it is located above Group 1 elements, ____ is a unique element with properties that do not closely resemble those of any group
Hydrogen
_____ is like a group 2 element in that is has an ns^2 configuration but it is part of Group 18 because its full energy level and subsequent chemical stability
Helium
Give the group, period, and block in which the element with the electron configuration (Rn) 7s^1 is located
2, 7, s
The d block elements are metals with typical metallic properties and are often referred to as the ______
Transition elements
_____ are good conductors of electricity and have high luster. They are also less reactive than the Group 1 and Group 2 metals, and therefore some can exist as free elements
Transition elements metals
The p block elements together with the s block elements are called the ______ elements
Main group elements
For p block elements, the total number of electrons in the highest occupied level is equal to the group number minus ______
10
All of the ______ and the metalloids are located in the p block
nonmetals
The elements of Group 17 are known as the ______
Halogens
The most reactive nonmetals are known as the ______. They are so reactive because they are just one electron short of a full valence shell
Halogens
The brittle solids that have properties of both metals and nonmetals are known as the ____ or the _______-f
Metalloids, semiconductors
All of the ______ are radioactive, some have been found on earth whereas others are synthetic
Actinides
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The pattern of valence and the type of bonding—ionic or covalent—characteristic of the elements were crucial components of the evidence used by the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev to compile the periodic table, in which the chemical elements are arranged in a manner that… History of the periodic law The early years of the 19th century witnessed a rapid development in analytical chemistry—the art of distinguishing different chemical substances—and the consequent building up of a vast body of knowledge of the chemical and physical properties of both elements and compounds. This rapid expansion of chemical knowledge soon necessitated classificationfor on the classification of chemical knowledge are based not only the systematized literature of chemistry but also the laboratory arts by which chemistry is passed on as a living science from one generation of chemists to another.
The low melting points of the alkali metals are a direct result of the large interatomic distances in their crystals and the weak bond energies associated with such loose arrays.
These same factors are responsible for the low densities, low heats of fusion, and small changes in volume upon fusion of the metals. Lithium, sodiumand potassium are less dense than water.
The large size of an alkali metal atom and the resulting low density of the metal results from the presence of only one, weakly bound electron in the large outer s-type orbital. Upon going from the noble-gas configuration of argon atomic number 18 to potassium atomic number 19the added electron goes into the large 4s orbital rather than the smaller 3p orbital.
When, however, potassium, rubidiumor cesium metals are subjected to increasing pressure up to one-half million atmospheres or morea number of phase transitions occur.
Ultimately, occupation of a d-type orbital becomes preferred over that of the s-orbital, with the result that these alkali metals resemble transition metals. Under such circumstances, alloys with transition metals such as iron can form, a result that does not occur at low pressures.
The alkali metals have played an important role in quantum physics. Some alkali metal isotopes, such as rubidium, are bosons. In this state, the cluster of atoms is in a single quantum state and exhibits macroscopic behaviours normally seen only with atomic-sized particles.
Chemical properties Since the alkali metals are the most electropositive the least electronegative of elements, they react with a great variety of nonmetals.
In its chemical reactivity, lithium more closely resembles Group 2 IIa of the periodic table than it does the other metals of its own group.
It is less reactive than the other alkali metals with wateroxygenand halogens and more reactive with nitrogencarbonand hydrogen. Therefore, neutral compounds with oxygen can be readily classified according to the nature of the oxygen species involved.
Ionic oxygen species include the oxide, O2- peroxideO, superoxide, O2- and ozonide O Rubidium and cesium and, possibly, potassium also form the sesquioxide, M4O6, which contains two peroxide anions and one superoxide anion per formula unit.
Lithium forms only the monoxide and the peroxide. All the alkali metals react directly with oxygen; lithium and sodium form monoxides, Li2O and Na2O, and the heavier alkali metals form superoxides, MO2. The rate of reaction with oxygen, or with air, depends upon whether the metals are in the solid or liquid stateas well as upon the degree of mixing of the metals with the oxygen or air.
In the liquid state, alkali metals can be ignited in air with ease, generating copious quantities of heat and a dense choking smoke of the oxide. The close approach of the small lithium ion to the oxygen atom results in the unusually high free energy of formation of the oxide.
The peroxides Li2O2and Na2O2 can be made by passing oxygen through a liquid- ammonia solution of the alkali metal, although sodium peroxide is made commercially by oxidation of sodium monoxide with oxygen.
Sodium superoxide NaO2 can be prepared with high oxygen pressures, whereas the superoxides of rubidium, potassium, and cesium can be prepared directly by combustion in air.
By contrast, no superoxides have been isolated in pure form in the case of lithium or the alkaline-earth metals, although the heavier members of that group can be oxidized to the peroxide state. The cyanides of potassium, rubidium, and cesium, which are less stable than the lower oxides, can be prepared by the reaction of the superoxides with ozone.Alkali metal, any of the six chemical elements that make up Group 1 (Ia) of the periodic table—namely, lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and francium (Fr).
The alkali metals are so called because reaction with water forms alkalies (i.e., strong bases capable of neutralizing acids).
at cesium concentrations between 10"1 and approximately 10~10 N in the presence of competing cations concentrations of V, Af, A7", N, and A7". at cesium concentrations between 10"1 and approximately 10~10 N in the presence of competing cations concentrations of V, Af, A7", N, and A7".
Potassium atoms have 19 electrons and the shell structure is The ground state electronic configuration of neutral potassium is [Ar].4s 1 and the term symbol of potassium is 2 S 1/2.
Potassium: description Your user agent does not support the HTML5 Audio element. belongs to the family of Alkali Metals which are located in group 1 Other Alkali Metals are Lithium, Potassium, Cesium, and Rubidium (extremely reactive, especially with water, soft, have a +1 charge, and are good conductors of heat and electricity).
Chemistry Chapter 6 Homework Questions. STUDY. PLAY. Two elements that have properties similar to those of the element sodium are Potassium (K) and Lithium (Li) because they are in the same group. Explain the difference between the first and second ionization energy of an element. | https://zuhaweqafybujy.caninariojana.com/a-description-of-the-37th-element-located-between-potassium-and-cesium-in-the-first-group-on-the-per-43379nn.html |
2003/3/19· The metals all react with water to produce hydrogen gas and the metal hydroxide. Lithium only reacts very slowly; sodium much faster; potassium with burning; rubidium and caesium explosively. Sodium, and sometimes potassium, are used therefore used to remove traces of water from hydrocarbon solvents, such as hexane or benzene, for use in air and moisture sensitive reactions.
The Reaction of Metals with Water. Potassium, sodium, lithium and calcium react with cold water, see alkali metals and alkaline earth metals. Metals in the reactivity series from magnesium to iron react with steam - H 2 O (g) but not water - H 2 O (l). The reaction .
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The following year, he succeeded in isolating small quantities of the element, but nowhere near the quantities obtained by French chemist Claude-Auguste Lamy who was working away independently with a greater bulk of raw material. When, in 1862, Lamy was
Of the following metals, _____ exhibits multiple oxidation states. Cs Al Ni Mg Rb Ni Which one of the following is a metal? S Ge Pb C Br Pb Ca reacts with element X to form an ionic compound with the formula CaX. Al will react with X to form
Chapter 8 test will be the following week. 13 When nonmetals react with metals, the atoms of the nonmetals _____. indd ii0i_0iv_CAG2FM_111966. These are ready-to-use Periodic Table worksheets that are perfect for teaching students about the periodic table of elements, simply known as the periodic table, which is a two-dimensional chart of the chemical elements.
7.61 Predict whether each of the following oxides is ionic or molecular: SnO 2, Al 2 O 3, CO 2, Li 2 O, Fe 2 O 3, H 2 O. Explain the reasons for your choices. 7.62 Some metal oxides, such as Sc 2 O 3, do not react with pure water, but they do react when the
2012/5/21· 6 *P40134A0628* 2 The diagrams show the reactions of some metals with cold water and with dilute hydrochloric acid. (a) Answer the following questions, using only the metals that appear in the diagrams. (i) Name two metals that react with cold water.(2)
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Group 1 metals, the most reactive metals in the periodic table, head up the rankings. They’re closely followed by the marginally less reactive group two metals. The metals designated as the transition metals in the periodic table are much less reactive, and metals such as gold and platinum prop up the bottom of the series, exhibiting little in the way of chemical reaction with any everyday
Ferrous metals are those which contain iron as their main constituent or base metal. Iron (Fe) is the principal element of Ferrous Metals. The ferrous metals includes all the types of Iron, Steel, and their alloys. In the present, their role in the engineering industries
Alkali metals also react vigorously with halogens: In each of these reactions of alkali metals, the alkali metal has formed an ionic compound. In fact, pure alkali metals are so reactive that they do not exist in nature. Alkali metals are only found naturally in ionic
11 · In react native font size can be customized through fontSize style attribute. 1 Workbench 2) In the toolbox menu on the left portion of the window, double click Thermal-Electric. You may need to handle clicks or other events in a table powered by jQuery DataTables plug-in. draggable: boolean: Specifies whether the appointment is draggable.
A. They are all non-metals. B. They are in the same period. C. They have the same nuer of valence electrons. D. They have four electrons in their outer shells. Refer to this portion of the periodic table to answer the question that follows. 3 Lithium Li 6.939 2,1
Alkali metals are highly reactive metals. Their reactivity is generally higher than the alkaline earth metals. The electronic configuration of alkali metals is ns1, and that for the
2019/12/2· Metals that interact weakly with oxygen (noble metals) are limited by low rates of the charge-transfer reaction due to the low affinity of the metals toward oxygen. The optimal materials appear to be Co, Ru, In, Rh, and Ni. These materials have also been shown to
Metals such as aluminium, zinc, magnesium, iron, etc., react safely with dilute acids. For example, The reaction Zn with dil. H 2 SO 4 is often used in the laboratory for the preparation of hydrogen gas.
Melting Point of Chemical Elements. The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which this phase change occurs. The melting point also defines a condition in which the solid and liquid can exist in equilibrium. Beryllium is a chemical element with atomic nuer 4 which means there are 4 protons and 4 electrons in the atomic structure. | https://gewoonreiki.nl/Aug-09/21513.html |
“Primavera” by Sandro Botticelli depicts a group of figures from classical mythology in a garden, brought together by Botticelli as an allegory based on the promised renewal of Spring and the seasons. The meaning of this masterpiece is debated by art historians, as the composition draws from many classical and Renaissance literary sources.
Viewed from right to left, at the right is Zephyrus, god of the west wind, who kidnaps the nymph Chloris, whom he later marries, and she becomes the goddess of Spring. Chloris the nymph overlaps Flora, the goddess she transforms into, as her future state, of Flora, is shown scattering or collecting roses from the ground. In the centre stands Venus, gazing at the viewer and appears to be blessing the scene or cycle. The trees behind her form a broken arch and the blindfolded Cupid aims his bow to the left. On the left of the painting the Three Graces, are joining hands in a dance; however, one of them has noticed Mercury. She is the target of cupids arrow. At the left Mercury, clothed in red with a sword and a helmet raises his rod towards the emerging clouds.
Botticelli has created a garden scenery, which he has detailed with hundreds of flowers and plant species. The costumes with which he has clothed his figures are versions of dress or theatrical costumes from contemporary Florence. Similar to his later mythological painting of “The Birth of Venus”, this allegorical composition’s primary appeal is its visual beauty. The debated elements of this composition add to the mystery and allure of this painting.
Botticelli was an Italian painter of the Early Renaissance who belonged to the Florentine School under the patronage of Lorenzo de’ Medici. His mythological masterpieces are his best-known works today. However, he painted a range of religious subjects and portraits. He and his workshop were primarily known for their many beautiful Madonna and Child paintings. He lived all his life in the same neighbourhood of Florence, and his only significant time elsewhere was the few months he spent painting in Pisa in 1474 and his work at the Sistine Chapel in Rome in 1481–82.
What makes Botticelli paintings masterpieces?
Is Botticelli the master of mystery and allure in his paintings? | https://joyofmuseums.com/museums/europe/italy-museums/florence-museums/uffizi-gallery/masterpieces-of-uffizi-gallery/primavera-by-sandro-botticelli/ |
It is now generally accepted that a painting in the Courtauld Gallery in London is the Pala delle Convertitedating to about — After he succeeds in taking her for his own, they are married and Chloris transforms into Flora, the Spring goddess.
The setting in an orange grove is also noteworthy, since the Medici had adopted the orange tree as its family symbol. The years from were dramatic ones in Florence: I chose this piece because I reviewed Mars and Venus and found the elegance of Botticelli style captivating.
That is the mystery of genius. His The Birth of Venus and Primavera are often said to epitomize for modern viewers the spirit of the Renaissance. The trees behind her form a broken arch to draw the eye. These are but a few of the theories and unresolved questions surrounding this famous painting that will most likely remain a mystery as it has for over years since its creation.
For some years until they were kept in the Galleria dell'Accademiaanother government museum in Florence. Their beauty was characterized by Vasari as exemplifying "grace" and by John Ruskin as possessing linear rhythm.
Recent scholarship suggests otherwise: In classical art but not literature they are normally nude, and typically stand still as they hold hands, but the depiction here is very close to one adapting Seneca by Leon Battista Alberti in his De picturawhich Botticelli certainly knew.
Floating overhead at the centre of the picture is Amor, the son of Venus, he is blindfolded as he shoots his arrows of love, their flaming tips certain to intensify the emotion of love in whoever they strike. Botticelli lived from to in Florence. The works do not illustrate particular texts; rather, each relies upon several texts for its significance.
While art historians consider Botticelli to have been an expert at using line, he was also adept at using color. Upon his death in he was buried in the Church of Ognissanti. Choose Type of service. Of the two Lamentations, one is in an unusual vertical format, because, like his Saint Sebastian, it was painted for the side of a pillar in the Church of Santa Maria Maggiore, Florence ; it is now in Milan.
This was given the highest value of the three paintings, at lire.
Coming ashore in a shell she had clothed her nakedness in myrtle, and so the plant became sacred to her. According to HesiodVenus had been born of the sea after the semen of Uranus had fallen upon the waters.
He may have also done a fourth scene on the end wall opposite the altar, now destroyed. Some of the poses and figures are derived from Greek sculpturealthough - as is evident from the slightly elongated torsos and distended stomachs - they are reworked to reflect contemporary Florentine aesthetics.
Today the painting resides in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy. Continuing scholarly attention mainly focuses on the poetry and philosophy of contemporary Renaissance humanists.Analysis and Interpretation of La Primavera by Botticelli A masterpiece of the Florentine Renaissance, La Primavera was commissioned by the Medici family from a.
Primavera Analysis. Primavera. Sandro Botticelli. Primavera. Sandro Botticelli. Primavera. Sandro Botticelli. Primavera. Sandro Botticelli.
Composition: The painting is set in a meadow complete with flowers and trees. It shows nine figures, all based on a mythological text. The man on the far left is Mercury and he separates the clouds so that. Oct 21, · A visual exploration of Sandro Botticelli's Primavera (), Allegories of Spring, Aby Warburg,Poliziano, Medici Villas, the Advent of Spring, Mercury, Adam.
An Analysis of Sandro Boticelli's Masterpiece, Primavera PAGES 3. WORDS View Full Essay. More essays like this: sandro boticelli, mythical garden, primavera. sandro boticelli, mythical garden, primavera.
Not sure what I'd do without @Kibin - Alfredo Alvarez, student @ Miami University. Botticelli’s masterpiece, Primavera, depicts a scene of slow moving grace in what appears to be a mythical garden. The actual subject of this masterpiece is unknown, but there are volumes of ideas concerning the purposes and meanings the painting could have. | https://gitubycolim.agronumericus.com/an-analysis-of-sandro-boticellis-masterpiece-primavera-29900kak606.html |
Botticelli's great mythical scenes (Primavera, The Birth of Venus, Pallas and the Centaur) are the precious fruit of the intellectual moment in time that was dominated by Lorenzo the Magnificent. Even though they have been interpreted in many ways and contain many hidden meanings, all the works are united by their incredible measure, grace, and kindness.
To the Florentine humanist culture, Venus represented beauty, harmony, and the triumph of human virtues against bestial instincts.
In the painting known as Primavera, or Spring, all the figures are aligned on a single level, with a wood in the background. To understand the scene, you have to look at it from right to left, beginning with the Zephyrus, who is the impetuous wind that chases his girlfriend Chloris among the trees. In the spring wind embrace, Chloris transforms into Flora, and fills the world with flowers: Botticelli painted about 130 different species of flowers with meticulous botanical precision. In the center, you see Venus separating from the dark green of a bush with a relaxed and gentle gesture; above her, her son Eros is ready to shoot his arrow of passion.
Then you see the group of the Three Graces: they are delightfully intertwined in a dance step, the very image of serenity. Lastly on the very left, the god Mercury clears the sky of its clouds with his traditional staff.
Now go on to The Birth of Venus. Even though it's not a difficult mythological interpretation, this painting can still be viewed on many different levels. Beautifully naked, blond hair waving in the wind, Venus glides through a vast, lightly rippled sea on a large shell, pushed by the breath of two tightly-embraced winds. At the shore, a loving young girl is waiting for her, getting ready to wrap the goddess in a rich pink cloak. In the painting, Botticelli used a double linen cloth as a base for holding a fine white-blue alabaster powder, thereby obtaining an effect of diffused brightness and transparency.
Now admire the third mythological painting, this time vertical and showing Pallas Athena crowned with olive branches, leaning against a finely chiseled lance while caressing a centaur's hair. Half man and half horse, and therefore a symbol of unbridled energy and instinct, the centaur seems calmed by the touch of the goddess of wisdom.
FUN FACT: in Botticelli's Primavera, the boy depicted as Mercury is Giuliano dei Medici, who had been assassinated in the Cathedral in the Pazzi conspiracy a few years earlier. The painting is also a tribute to him. | https://mywowo.net/en/italy/florence/uffizi/botticelli |
When I had the pleasure of visiting the city of Florence on a trip to Italy a few years ago, there were two paintings at the top of my “must see” list. Both were in the Uffiz Gallery — arguably the finest collection of Italian art anywhere — both were in the same room, and both were by the same artist, Renaissance master Sandro Bottecelli.
One was La Primavera, which I have written about previously, the other was The birth of Venus.
Like Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa, The birth of Venus is such a cultural icon, so famous and familiar and set in our mental map of the world that it’s difficult to see it as a painting.
The name was assigned after the fact by artist/historian Giorgio Vasari, and the painting might more properly be called “The arrival of Venus”, as it depicts the Roman goddess of love and beauty (and mother to Cupid) arriving at the shore, propelled by the breath of Zephyrus, the West Wind, and his companion Chloris, a nymph (minor deity). Waiting to cloak her in floral raiment is one of the Horae, or goddesses of seasons and nature. This one may be Flora, Goddess of Spring, and the subject of La Primavera, but all interpretation here is speculative.
This painting and La Primavera are often thought of as companion pieces. They have many similarities — both were likely commissioned by the Medici, both are of mythological subjects, laced with symbolism and meaning, and both are strikingly large and totally captivating when you stand in front of them.
The feeling and approach of The birth of Venus is quite different from La Primavera, which predates it by three or four years.
The dark, mysterious woods and more naturalistic figures of the latter are replaced by figures set in a soft, ethereal light, cast across the flat, calligraphically indicated surface of the sea.
The birth of Venus is roughly 6×9 feet (173×279 cm); and as much as I also was impressed with La Primavera (not to mention the other Botticelli works in the gallery, the rest of the museum’s astonishing collection), I found The birth of Venus entrancing as few paintings I’ve ever seen.
To someone familiar with the humanistic naturalism of the later Renaissance and subsequent centuries of painting, the painting is both wrong and completely right. The lovingly rendered figures are so stylized as to be anatomically impossible; allegory and iconography have swept away realism, and we are transported to the realm of the fantastic.
The beauty of Chloris and Venus is idealized, portrayed as otherworldly perfection. The face of the Hora, however — shown in striking profile — is another kind of perfection, having to my eye the hallmarks of a carefully studied portrait of a real individual.
It has been suggested that this figure (or even that of Venus) could be a likeness of Simonetta Vespucci, a Florentine noblewoman renowned for her beauty, and supposedly the subject of unrequited love on the part of Botticelli. There is little to substantiate this, but it makes for interesting speculation.
In the very high resolution images on Wikimedia Commons and the Google Art project, you can see the sensitive drawing-like characteristics of Botticelli’s painstaking application of egg tempera, particularly evident in the hands and the (sometimes oddly shaped) feet. What isn’t discernible in photographs, even those as high in resolution as this, is the captivating translucency and delicate textural qualities of the painted surface.
Unfortunately, I believe that the color in the high-resolution images is a bit over saturated, as often seems to be the case in art images posted to the web. I’ve taken the liberty of adjusting the color somewhat in the images above, based on my memory of the painting, and on other Botticelli paintings I have seen.
The birth of Venus was a landmark work, even in its own time. It was one of the first large scale works painted in Florence, and one of the earliest painted on canvas rather than wood panel. The painting deserves its reputation for beauty, and has earned its place in popular culture. | https://linesandcolors.com/2016/02/14/eye-candy-for-today-botticellis-venus/ |
Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi, well known as Sandro Botticelli was an Italian painter and draughtsman of the early Renaissance. During his youth, his father was a tanner, and because of his deep passion for painting, he introduced him to Filippo Lippi, an admired Florentine painter who later became Botticelli’s mentor (Lightbown, 2014). During Botticelli’s lifetime, humanist admired him for contributing in the decoration of the Sistine Chapel in Rome which led to wealthy families of Florence supporting his work. “The theological themes of the [Sistine Chapel’s] frescoes were chosen to illustrate papal supremacy over the church; Botticelli’s are remarkable for their brilliant fusion of sequences of symbolic episodes into unitary compositions.” (Lightbown, 2014).
Other than Botticelli’s Primavera painting, also known as Allegory of Spring of the Primavera, one of his other most notable work is the Birth of Venus. This famous painting was created between 1484–1486 and is considered the most important work of the Renaissance (Puchko, N.D.). In the 1480s, artists and intellectuals offer gathered together in Florence in effort challenge the past by creating new ways of thinking with approaching the world (Wilde, 2013). Lorenzo de Medici, also known as Lorenzo the Great was an Italian statesman and was the most powerful patrons of the Renaissance era. Lorenzo organized humanists, philosophers, and artists to form groups of intellects interested in literature. Together under the influence Lorenzo and other leaders, they interpreted works and generated ideas that soon inspired works of art and literature (Birth of Venus, N.D.).
Botticelli created this piece of work for the House of Medici, an Italian banking family. It is important to take note that this is a tempera painting on canvas. “During this time, wood panels were popular surfaces for painting, and they would remain popular through the end of the sixteenth century. Canvas, however, was starting to gain acceptance by painters. It worked well in humid regions, such as Venice, because wooden panels tended to warp in such climates.” (Botticelli’s Birth of Venus, N.D.). Canvas at the time was more affordable than wood, and it was more suitable for paintings to be displayed at non-official sites like Countryside villas (Botticelli’s Birth of Venus, N.D.).
Botticelli’s Birth of Venus is considered the first large-scale canvas created in Renaissance Florence. This fresco painting today remains solid and flexible with a few cracks. Also, Botticelli utilized techniques uncommon at the time. He developed tempera pigments and added a layer of pure egg white which was uncommon among painters at the time. “Venus is illustrated as a beautiful and chaste goddess and symbol of the coming spring. Her depiction as a nude is significant in itself, given that during this time in Renaissance history almost all artwork was of a Christian theme, and nude women were hardly ever portrayed.” (Botticelli’s Birth of Venus, N.D.). The pose of Botticelli's Venus is similar to Venus de Medici, a life-size marble sculpture portrays the Greek goddess of love Aphrodite which is a classical gem of the Medici collection.
House of Medici of Florence commissioned Botticelli to paint the Birth of Venus. Through commerce and banking, the Medici family, also known as the House of Medici, successfully become powerful family in Florence in the 13th century. In the early 1430s, the family’s support of artwork and literature created Florence helped them rise to power during the start of the Renaissance era (The Medici Family, 2009). This family was also well respected because they developed four popes: Leo X, Clement VII, Pius IV and Leon XI.
The theme of this painting was set up by Lorenzo de Medici inspired by the writings of the Greek poet, Homer. “This filtered through to [Sandro Botticelli] and he scrupulously followed the text in order to design the artwork.” (Birth of Venus, N.D.). According to ancient literature, after Venus was born, she rode on a seashell to an island called Cythera. The painting displays Venus in the center emerging from the sea as a grown woman. On the left of this painting, it shows Zephyrus carrying Chloris, a mythological spirit, while guides Venus by blowing the wind behind her (Botticelli’s Birth of Venus, N.D.). Venus's hair is long and golden which gently flows down her left shoulder.
A lot of movement and various shapes are shown in many aspects of Botticelli's Birth of Venus. In the background, the leaves of the orange trees, Venus’ long golden hair, the roses floating behind her, and the waves in the sea are moved by the breeze. “The proportions show their greatest exaggeration, yet the long neck and torrent of hair help to create the mystifying figure.” (Botticelli’s Birth of Venus, N.D.). Most of the figures in this painting display gentle facial expressions as well.
In Roman mythology, Venus is the goddess that embodies beauty, victory, love, sex, and fertility. Also, Venus is the Roman counterpart to the Greek goddess Aphrodite. “According to Hesiod's Theogony, Aphrodite was born of the foam from the sea after Saturn castrated his father Uranus and his blood fell to the sea. This latter explanation appears to be more a popular theory due to the countless artworks depicting Venus rising from the sea in a clam.” (Garcia, 2013). Venus is offer connect with growing fields and gardens. Along with The Birth of Venus painting, the goddess Venus represented in important art pieces including Venus de Milo, ancient Greek statue.
Today Botticelli’s Birth of Venus painting is displayed at the Uffizi Gallery, the world's top art museums located in Florence, Italy. The Uffizi Gallery has historical work from notable Italian artists: Botticelli, Giotto, Michelangelo, and Leonardo da Vinci among others. It is the largest collection of great work between the 12th and 17th centuries.
REFERENCES
Bayne, Jen. "Artwork Of The Week: Sandro Botticelli's 'Birth Of Venus'." The Huffington Post. The Huffington Post, 14 May 2012. Web. 19 Feb. 2017.
"Birth of Venus." Artble. N.p., 20 Jan. 2016. Web. 19 Feb. 2017.
"Birth of Venus by Sandro Botticelli at Uffizi Gallery in Florence." Birth of Venus by Sandro Botticelli at Uffizi Gallery in Florence. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Feb. 2017.
"Botticelli's Birth of Venus." ItalianRenaissance.org. N.p., 06 Feb. 2015. Web. 19 Feb. 2017.
Jones, Jonathan. "Botticelli's Birth of Venus Breathes New Life into an Ancient Religion." Jonathan Jones on Art. Guardian News and Media, 28 Mar. 2012. Web. 19 Feb. 2017.
Lightbown, Ronald W. "Sandro Botticelli." Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 30 Sept. 2014. Web. 19 Feb. 2017.
"The Medici Family." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 2009. Web. 19 Feb. 2017.
Robert, Wilde European History. "Renaissance Humanism." About.com Education. N.p., 08 Oct. 2013. Web. 19 Feb. 2017.
"Venus." Ancient History Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Feb. 2017. | https://www.productivegrind.com/2017/08/sandro-botticelli-italian-painter.html |
1957 | oil on canvas | 163.0×130.5cm
It is said that Magritte placed high importance not on paintings themselves but on a creative process where viewers’ imagination and senses are stimulated. This painting depicts a woman in a floral dress heralding the arrival of spring by scattering flowers around a bleak, thickly wooded garden. However, this painting has some elements that reject commonplace interpretations, including the female figure that is an accurate reproduction of Flora, the goddess of flowers in Primavera painted by Botticelli in the 15th century, and a bowler-hatted man in a black suit, a favorite motif of Magritte, which is depicted nearly twice as large as Flora. Unlike Primavera, which depicts a mythological world, the man’s clothes and the handrail in the garden suggest that this painting depicts a real setting. Confusion with awareness of incongruity derived from reference to ready-made images may be the mode of appreciating this painting in line with the painter’s intention. This important work, which Magritte painted at his peak of maturity just before reaching 60 years of age, is counted in a series of works that modify historic masterpieces, including those that replace human figures in paintings by Edouard Manet or Jacques-Louis David with coffins.
René MAGRITTE (1898–1967)
René Magritte was born in Lessines in the province of Hainaut, Belgium. While studying at an art school in Brussels, he came to know contemporary avant-garde art movements, such as Cubism and De Stijl. After starting his career as a graphic designer, he was inspired by works by Giorgio de Chirico and began to create surrealist paintings in 1925. He moved to suburban Paris in 1927, and came to personally know Paul Éluard, André Breton, Joan Miro, and Jean Arp among others. Three years after that, he returned to Brussels, which he made the base of his artistic creation throughout the rest of his life. From 1943, he painted impressionist works (which is known as his “Renoir period”), but returned to his previous style in four years. After World War II, retrospectives of Magritte were held in various cities inside and outside Belgium, including London and Paris. He died at 68 years of age in Brussels in 1967. | http://www.nak-osaka.jp/en/gallery_31.html |
① The Birth Of Venus Painting
The sea brings forth The birth of venus painting just as the Virgin gives Video Analysis: Farenheit 451 Week 5 Assignment to the ultimate symbol of the birth of venus painting, Christ. The hand that is supposed to be closer to the viewer is painted bigger than the the birth of venus painting. There the birth of venus painting seems to be a build-up of water at the birth of venus painting base of the shell which the birth of venus painting movement and her location in relation to the …show more the birth of venus painting The The birth of venus painting of Venus is an important part of Greek mythology and it showcases how according to mythology, The birth of venus painting was born. That was formed by truth and wisdom. Over 30 successfully the birth of venus painting orders. Today. This has the birth of venus painting some commentators american culture vs british culture speculate that Venus is a personification of the Christian Church. Various interpretations of the painting rely on the birth of venus painting origin the birth of venus painting its meaning. David L.
The Birth of Venus (Art History Documentary) - Perspective
This tempera painting shares several interesting similarities and differences when compared to an oil painting made in a later period. Renaissance painting. The emphasis comes from the diagonal of the tree to the left that directs the view of the scene down the valley toward the farmland. At first glance, Robert Poussin 's Birth of Venus or Triumph of Neptune is chaotic, unlike other paintings coming from Italy in the s. Venus is emerging from the ocean on a seashell, Neptune is riding in on the left side of the painting on a chariot pulled four hippocampi, and all the while, putti and other Roman gods and goddesses parade and frolic across the canvas. They wave cloth about in revelry all around Venus. Neptune and Venus compose the same space in the image, each with one third.
Lorenezo the great was the one who set the theme. Lorenzo had poet Angelo Poliziano to do the verses of the Birth of Venus. Once this was set this was how Botticelli was able to paint the painting; he translated the words of Poliziano into the painting. A myth of the Renaissance was that if a man painted Greeks and Romans they were to be superior. That was formed by truth and wisdom. In , Botticelli was commissioned to paint this painting by a member. Art is more than shapes and colors; art brings about so much more meaning. It expresses life, history, beauty, and morals. It shows beliefs and contributes to the many reasons that make a human being, a human. Art represents past, present, and future.
An ancient painting that was made over years ago could have all the meaning in the world. It shows what life was back. The theme of both of these pieces is that of Humanism, beauty, and love. Tempera on canvas. The Birth of Venus was created in This painting was sold to Catherine the Great of Russia in It was sold another time by the Hermitage Museum in when the Soviet government was desperate for western currency. It was then that it was acquired for the Philadelphia Museum of Art. The painting was made in Italy in either the year or The medium that Poussin used was oils on canvas, and the size of the painting is roughly around. Danny Cottingham Mrs. The work also shows a return to Greco-Roman culture and Romanesque architecture. His short lived life left a large body of elegant work.
The School of Athens is one of the most famous frescoes of the Renaissance. He painted many brilliant pieces, mastering the use of depth, perspective, and the use of shadow and light. Throughout his life, Raphael used the Madonna as a reoccurring subject in his work. One example of this subject is the Madonna of the Candelabra. In , he already had his own workshop where he developed his own personal style. Botticelli lived during the transition from the Early Renaissance to the High Renaissance period. These stories were told in paintings, statues, frescos, and other creative works of art Wundram.
Artists were mostly focused on mythological creatures, gods, warriors, and the monsters from the legends of classical Greek and Rome Wundram. Andrea Mantegna was deeply influenced by the Greek and Roman ethnicity. Which led Mantegna to create several works of art like the Parnassus, Allegory of Vice and Virtue, and more Impelluso Andrea Mantegna is an Italian painter and printmaker. Botticelli was a famous early Renaissance painter and is recognized for his well-known painting Primavera, which was known as the largest mythological painting of the Early Renaissance.
This work has a humanistic nature and is said to reflect contemporary Botticelli did such an amazing job of making a Greek fantasy come to life. Open Document. Essay Sample Check Writing Quality. His genre of painting was based around mythological ideals and also religious subject matter. His paintings like The Birth of Venus , were a great impact on the Humanist art movement. Humanism was a belief in human effort rather than religion, showing emphasis on education and the expansion of knowledge; focusing especially on classical antiquity.
Other figures in the painting include Zephyrus the west wind and the nymph Pomona. The painting is a mythological narrative which illustrates the birth of Venus, goddess of love. There, the nymph Pomana runs to meet her with a brocaded mantle. The Birth of Venus was painted in ca. The Medici were enthusiastic art collectors of the humanist art movement during the Renaissance. This painting can also be considered a relevant work of art, and the rebirth of the ancient ideal of beauty in the early Renaissance. Get Access. Better Essays. Medieval Art Essay Words 3 Pages.Rather than choosing one of the many interpretations offered for Botticelli's depiction of the Birth Arrival? If you need this or any other sample, the birth of venus painting can send it to you Important Interpersonal Skills email. Venus the birth of venus painting an albedo the birth of venus painting 0. Some of the birth of venus painting most famous pieces of artwork come from the the birth of venus painting Unifying The Constitution Thematic Essay, especially the Renaissance. | http://vrvsnwx2021.tftpd.net/professional-essay-writers/page-436-2021-08-22.html |
Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi (c. 1445 – May 17, 1510), known as Sandro Botticelli (/ˌbɒtɪˈtʃɛli/, Italian: [ˈsandro bottiˈtʃɛlli]), was an Italian painter of the Early Renaissance. He belonged to the Florentine School under the patronage of Lorenzo de’ Medici, a movement that Giorgio Vasari would characterize less than a hundred years later in his Vita of Botticelli as a “golden age”. Botticelli’s posthumous reputation suffered until the late 19th century; since then, his work has been seen to represent the linear grace of Early Renaissance painting.
As well as the small number of mythological subjects which are his best known works today, he painted a wide range of religious subjects and also some portraits. He and his workshop were especially known for their Madonna and Childs, many in the round tondo shape. Botticelli’s best-known works are The Birth of Venus and Primavera, both in the Uffizi in Florence.
Sandro Botticelli lived all his life in the same neighbourhood of Florence, with probably his only significant time elsewhere the months he spent painting in Pisa in 1474 and the Sistine Chapel in Rome in 1481–82.
Only one of his paintings is dated, though others can be dated from other records with varying degrees of certainty, and the development of his style traced with confidence. He was an independent master for all the 1470s, growing in mastery and reputation, and the 1480s were his most successful decade, when all his large mythological paintings were done, and many of his best Madonnas.
By the 1490s his style became more personal and to some extent mannered, and he could be seen as moving in a direction opposite to that of Leonardo da Vinci (seven years his junior) and a new generation of painters creating the High Renaissance style as Botticelli returned in some ways to the Gothic style.
He has been described as “an outsider in the mainstream of Italian painting”, who had a limited interest in many of the developments most associated with Quattrocento painting, such as the realistic depiction of human anatomy, perspective, and landscape, and the use of direct borrowings from classical art. His training enabled him to represent all these aspects of painting, without adopting or contributing to their development.
Botticelli Reimagined at the V&A is the story of shifting cycles of taste, ideology led re-appropriations and the power of populist fashion. The story is told backwards from the familiar deconstructions of contemporary post-modernism, through the 19th century rediscoveries, and triumphantly back to the master himself. Whatever else this exhibition is, it is also the largest exhibition of Botticelli paintings and drawings ever held in the UK – and essential viewing for that reason alone.
Although hugely famous in his lifetime, Sandro Botticelli was largely forgotten for more than 300 years until his work was progressively rediscovered in the 19th century.
The succeeding generation of artists including Michelangelo, Raphael and Leonardo were to overshadow the master with their technical innovations in naturalism. Botticelli’s figures looked rather flat, stiff and naive in comparison. This triumvirate was held up as the exemplars of art, until finally challenged by a new spirit in art in the mid 19th century.
The Pre-Raphaelites were particularly instrumental in promoting Botticelli and the early Renaissance over Raphael.
Of course the ideological attractions of the more primitive style of the early renaissance, continue to appeal to modern artists in much the same way as they did to their 19th century forebears. But this hardly explains why Botticelli is still so popular today, which may be mostly owed to the enduring power of one painting – the ‘Birth of Venus’.
It is perhaps the exceptionally ethereal and timeless beauty and surrealism of the Venus nude – one of the first nudes in post classical Western painting – that may really explain why this painting in particular is still so embedded in the popular imagination.
The primary aim of the exhibition is to explore the variety of ways artists and designers from the Pre-Raphaelites to the present have responded to the artistic legacy of Botticelli. Including painting, fashion, film, drawing, photography, tapestry, sculpture and print, the exhibition also features works by artists as diverse as Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Edward Burne-Jones, William Morris, René Magritte, Elsa Schiaparelli, Andy Warhol and Cindy Sherman.
View Sandro Botticelli Gallery
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We need to remember that before and during Milton's day much value was seen in classical myth. Even during the Middle Ages Dante employed Vergil as his guide in the afterlife. During the Renaissance classical myth was considered symbolic of universal Christian truth. Minerva was divine wisdom coming to bless mankind, etc. in the great painters. In Botticelli's mythological paintings Primavera and The Birth of Venus, the pagan story is taken with reverent seriousness and Venus is the Virgin Mary in another form. Vasari, speaking of the first printed Dante (1481) said of Botticelli "Being of a sophistical turn of mind, he wrote a commentary on Dante and illustrated and printed the Inferno, spending much time over it."
It is probably that the Cromwellians frowned on this, as they frowned on so much else that was beautiful, but, considering Milton's early Latin writings, it is doubtful that he shared the view that myth was evil. | https://lists.richmond.edu/pipermail/milton-l/2004-December/001397.html |
Home » Art & Design » Species list for La Primavera anyone?
Species list for La Primavera anyone?
Primavera was painted in Renaissance Italy around about 1480 by the artist Sandro Botticelli. It’s quite a big thing, almost life size, measuring 2.03m by 3.14m. If you want to see it first-hand, you will need to visit the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. Plant Curator would love to tell you it was writing this while sipping on an expresso in Piazza della Signoria post-viewing, but alas, it is not. The digital image is rather good though. You can click on the picture above for a full-screen sensorama and scan every inch in detail.
There is quite a lot going on in the painting and experts have debated for centuries what exactly is going on. A celebration of love and spring is one popular interpretation, hence its other name: Allegory of Spring. It is not hard to see why, set in a garden full of lush growth with flowers blooming everywhere, this and an array of mythological characters suggest such themes. Primavera (spring in italian) shows Venus, the roman goddess of love, presiding over the party with her son Cupid hovering overhead shooting love inducing arrows. Mercury, the messenger to the gods, is on the far left and he is either gay or pretending to ignore the trio of dancers known as the Three Graces behind him. On the right side is a rather blue looking guy called Zephyrus or god of the west wind. He is about to embrace (and pollinate) a rather startled looking nymph with flowers dropping from her mouth. In doing so, he miraculously turns her into Flora, the goddess of flowers and spring, ie the person standing by her side. After her transformation she appears calmer and can be seen strewing more flowers about the place.
The vegetative elements have been so well done that the BBC film below states: ‘For some it’s not so much high culture as horticulture’. We like that. It is widely reported that the meadow has over 500 individual flowers, each one uniquely painted. We assume this number has been reached by someone painstakingly counting them all. The species count this translates to seems less clear and varies from around 170 to 200 in different accounts of the painting. No one seems to know the fruit either – oranges, pomegranates and golden apples are all mentioned as possibles.
Could that be possibly be Leucanthemum vulgare?
Wikipedia cites Gloria Fossi and Elena Capretti as its source for plant numbers.
Hmmm…What does she mean by ‘real’ if they are not real how can they be botanical species? She goes on..
Then unfortunately Plant Curator gets cut off, with Google books saying “Pages 10-11 are not shown in this preview”. We are left wondering what she can possibly mean by ‘leaves-reality and fantasy’. Is she saying some are real species and others are Botticelli’s own fantasy hybrid species?
All plants depicted are flowering plants you would think, I don’t think Botticelli, as good as he was, tackled Bryophyta. So maybe she means currently in flower rather than just with vegetative parts.
Another blog reports “Mirella Levi D’Ancona (1992)… performed a meticulous and painstaking identification of the vegetable species present”. Plant Curator tries to find this book or paper online, but to no avail.
“The painting teems with life: the myriad shades of the flowers in the dark grass have been analysed by botanists, who identified 200 accurately depicted plants.” Where did you get this from Jonathan? Who are these botanists you speak of and where is their species list?
Primavera was a long time before Linnaeus, so who knows how plant names were recorded in 15th Century Florence (time to reread Anna Pavord’s brilliant The Naming of Names: The Search for Order in the World of Plants ), most likely some kind of local name. Is it possible that any of the ‘fantasy’ species listed above have gone extinct in 500 plus years? Has anyone got a plant id guide from 15th Century Florence? Has anyone got a species list for La Primavera? Mirella? Anyone? Plant Curator would love to know exactly how many of the plants in the picture have been identified as real species that exist today.
Anyhow, Primavera forms part of our Classic Artwork series because it has magic, it has mystery and most importantly it has lots and lots of plants.
4 Responses to Species list for La Primavera anyone?
Loved plant curator’s foray into the flower field of La Primavera and mythical references to springtime transformations.
Levi D’ Ancona, Mirella. Boticell’s Primavera: A Botanical Interpretation. Firenze: Leo S. Olschki Editore, 1983. | http://plantcurator.com/classic-artworks-series-4-botticelli-primavera/?replytocom=118 |
It’s difficult to know how 15th century Italians experienced the paintings of Sandro Botticelli.
What did they see, for instance, when they looked at La Primavera, the artist’s giant 70-square-foot canvas with a bunch of male and female figures, one of which has a vine coming out of her mouth?
What was the message or messages that Botticelli was sending? What was the message or messages that his patrons were paying him to convey?
Those are the sort of questions that German art historian Frank Zollner sets out to answer in the 1998 book Botticelli: Images of Love and Spring.
(This is one of nearly 50 titles in the Pegasus Series of sumptuously illustrated volumes issued between 1994 and 2007 by Prestel. Others include Arabian Nights: Four Tales from A Thousand and One Nights, art by Marc Chagall, text by Richard Francis Burton, and Titian: Nymph and Shepherd by John Berger and Katya Berger Andreadakis.)
Zollner parses La Primavera as well as The Birth of Venus, Mars and Venus, Minerva and the Centaur and two of the Villa Lemmi frescoes: Lorenzo Tornabuoni Presented to the Liberal Arts and Giovanna Albizzi, Venus and the Three Graces. And it’s hard to imagine anyone doing a better job.
The faces of the women
But I was bored.
That wasn’t Zollner’s fault. I was reading his book to luxuriate in the beautifully reproduced images of the paintings and details of the paintings.
I didn’t care how Botticelli’s contemporaries experienced his work (although, I know, that, at other times, I would want to learn all these details). I was very much attuned to my own reactions. How I, as a 21st-century man, was responding.
Particularly, to the images of the women. Specifically, the faces of the women.
Consider those long necks, for instance, in the images of Venus above — the one on the left from Venus and Mars and the one on the right from La Primavera.
What are they thinking?
And what’s going on above in the mind of one of the dancing Graces (left) and behind the eyes of Flora, both from La Primavera?
What does the image of Venus from The Birth of Venus, with her ropes of hair and her inward gaze, tell us?
What the eyes say
These two Graces from Giovanna Albizzi, Venus and the Three Graces — are they overly sentimental, even simpering? Or does Botticelli’s eyes save them from that?
There is a mournful, pensive quality to the faces of Grammar from Lorenzo Tornabuoni Presented to the Liberal Arts (above left) and Minerva from Minerva and the Centaur.
Odd and unsettling
For me, the history behind a piece of art — and the biography of the artist — is much less important than what I see in the work and feel from it.
Those background things are important, I know — why the work was created, what message it was sending to the patron and viewers, how the work fit into the life of the artist.
But when I stand in front of a work, I want to experience it without preconceptions and without distractions. All of the information that Zollner has gathered and analyzed so well are, for me, simply footnotes to the paintings themselves.
There is much that is odd and unsettling in these six paintings. I want to see the oddity, such as the two figures to the left of Venus in The Birth of Venus. It’s pretty obvious that they’re winds of some sort, but I find their faces and bodies captivating in a poetic way.
Women, not girls
Even more, it’s the odd and unsettling faces of Botticelli’s women that enthrall me.
They are, first of all, women. Not girls. Not flirts. Not otherworldly creatures, even though they are supposed to be mythological figures.
To me, they look as modern as the women I see on the el or walking down the sidewalk.
Which is to say that they have a universal quality to them that make them seem as human as any human.
Their necks are too long and too elegant. Yet, in some weird way, the out-of-proportion necks are right. Maybe it’s because they point the viewer to the faces which hold deep emotion, complicated and rich.
These are self-contained women who see the world and see life with its essential sorrow.
Even as they seem preoccupied, they’re present, here and not here, thinking and feeling, especially feeling.
So, to Frank Zollner, I say: Thank you for the book.
I’m not in a mood for your words. But the images you’ve brought here — they are an abundant treasure. | https://patricktreardon.com/book-review-botticelli-images-of-love-and-spring-by-frank-zollner/ |
yha Sud Baroque Rome F. Giacomini December, 2014 Allegory of the Divine Providence In the seventeenth century, the city of Rome became the consummate statement of Catholic majesty and triumph expressed in the arts, as evident through the Baroque style. Contradiction was inherent in the Baroque period; as it began, painting was governed by decorum, however, as the Baroque progressed, the Church saw art as a means to propagate the messages of the Counter Reformation. The popularity and success of the Baroque was encouraged by the Roman Catholic Church, which had decided at the time of the Council of Trent that the arts should communicate religious themes in both direct, and emotional involvement. The aristocracy saw the success of the dramatic
Artists like Bernini and Rembrandt are prime examples of how patronage affects their art, whilst still being part of the baroque era. These Baroque elements are so engrained in the system of patronage that even outside the Baroque era when an artist is commissioned through the patronage system their work can’t help but take on these and other baroque elements. Starting with an artist like Bernini who under the patronage system created some of the most revered sculptures of the baroque era. Born in Naples, Italy Bernini got a lot of his patronage form Italians. One of his more notable patronages includes the sculpture of “The Ecstasy of St. Teresa” which was commission by the Cornaro family for their personal chapel.
This time period became known as the Enlightenment. This movement was a breeding station; ideas about art was exchanged, and Rococo ideals of love and eroticism became less pertinent. Although some Rococo artists continued to paint in their own style, others developed a new kind of art, Neoclassicism. Neoclassicism marked a return to rational principles which protested against the superficial elegance of the Rococo and sponsored a return to classical ideals based on the Greek and Roman models. Marie Denise Villers painted the Marie Josephine Charlotte du val d’Ognes.
Due to the spread of humanism throughout Italy, artists were shaped by the revival of Greco-Roman teachings. The beauty and mystery of the natural world and the importance of education were once again esteemed as they were in Ancient Greece and Rome. To conclude, the spread of humanism and the reemergence of individualism had a major impact on the formation of Italian Renaissance
Commissions from wealthy families, who wanted mythological or literary scenes. Botticelli worked with other painters and his own workshop. In the 1480s, Botticelli created the large format mythological and allegorical paintings, including Primavera and The Birth of Venus, that have become some of his most famous
Because of this and Florence’s growing strength, the 15th century became a period of intense patriotism and civic pride. Florence felt that it had superiority over other Italian cities, and had the strong desire to express this through the use of arts. Florentine patrons wanted the best artists and sculptures to beautify their city so that it would appear to be the most prominent of the principalities in Italy. However, there was not just a rivalry between Florence and the various city states of Italy. There was also a rivalry amongst the different guilds that dominated Florence.
It 's also used as culture, for civilization. Civilization of Ancient Egypt had begun around 3000 BC ("Timemaps.ancientcivilization"). When the Egyptians started to civilize, they were very successful and have created a numerous amount of things, that have made them known. If the civilization of the Egyptians had never came up to or they have never started civilization, Ancient Egypt and Egypt today wouldn 't be big, or what it has come to today, with all
Romanticism, the dominant form of nineteenth century musical expression, is associated with the passion, dreams, emotion, and desire for freedom. In the history of culture, romanticism describes an artistic and intellectual movement against the order and restraint of classicism and neoclassicism. These emotional associations brought music into a commanding position as a link between the artist’s most personal thoughts and the realities of the outside world. According to Alfred Einstein "the Romantic movement made the opera composers specialists because it took its opera more seriously than did the eighteenth century". In this chapter I will focus on Italian Romantic opera and Verdi`s romantic impulses during his career.
“His texts were overtly and covertly propagandistic” and they celebrated the king in literal terms or in allegory (Burkholder, et al. 361). King Louis XIV’s influence can be seen most prominently in Armide’s grand French overture, but also within the undertones of the
The Maesta was painted in Siena which most of its time was at war with Florence, it is believed that Siena won the war because of the grace of Mary, this comes to show the importance of Mary to the Sienese people. In the Maesta the Virgin Mary is portrayed as the central point in the painting. Duccio uses bold colors such as red, gold and dark blue to draw attention to the Virgin Mary. Duccio’s bold use of color introduced greater elegance, another key element to his paintings was that the characters are also drawn with, unrealistic facial features which stands out drastically while analyzing the painting. When analyzing the Maesta you also see the characters in the main panel have a gold circle shaped background behind their heads, each panel has a gold background that depicts the amount of wealth and intelligence the Sienese wanted to claim about to each other. | https://www.ipl.org/essay/Medieval-Art-The-Art-Of-The-Early-F3P9BUH4SJPR |
Following our popular session on Botticelli’s Primavera, we are offering an in-depth contemplation of its sister painting, The Birth of Venus. We will study the mythology and cosmology behind this iconic image, and consider it in the context of the revival of the divine feminine in Renaissance Florence. There will be time for detailed observation and ‘perceptive depth’, inviting you to enter the scene and relate to the aspects of Love and Beauty which Botticelli portrays under the guidance of the Platonic academy. Who is this goddess of Love, born from the sky and the sea? Why were there ‘two Venuses’ in classical mythology? Has Botticelli painted a theurgic ‘symbol’ which can lead the viewer to participate in a love which is both divine and human? Come and share your insights and responses with Mary and Angela.
IMPORTANT – PLEASE READ. Your receipt from Worldpay is confirmation of your registration. Please note you will not receive a further confirmation from us. You will receive a Zoom link from us, with full joining details, 48 hours prior to the session start time. Please do make sure to check your spam folder too. | https://mythcosmologysacred.com/test-page/ |
Along with the Birth of Venus, Botticelli\'s Primavera is undoubtedly the most famous Uffizi Gallery painting.
In the painting there are nine characters, more or less aligned in the foreground. Two men, six women, one of which is in a central position and slightly set back respect to the others: above her, a winged putto is flying.
Figures are elegant and harmonious. They are located in a garden, surrounded by a grove. In the depiction of plants and turf, Botticelli creates a masterpiece of precision, representing over 190 different types of plants, chosen from among those that bloom in the Florentine countryside between March and May.
The interpretation of the work is complex and mysterious. It seems to contain a coded language that only those who belonged to the inner circle of humanist intellectuals of that time were able to understand. The literary, philosophical and iconography references are numerous and complicated: they are linked to the neo-Platonic philosophy, and to the humanistic and Latin literature most widely read at the time. So, different interpretations have been given.
According to the more traditional one, the painting is to be \"read\" from the right to the left. Through myth, moral truths are shown. The scene is set in the garden of the Hesperides, where the golden apples of immortality grow.
The first character on the right is Zephyrus - the wind that accompanies the arrival of Spring - represented while he is kidnapping the nymph Chloris, from whose mouth flowers come out. After their union, the nymph becomes the goddess Flora, protectress of agricultural jobs and female fertility.
Thanks to the mediation of Venus - the goddess at the center of the painting – the physical and irrational love of Zephyrus and Chloris elevates and perfects itself. Therefore we meet the three Graces, traditional representatives of liberality: Cupid\'s arrow, in fact, is addressed to them. On the left, finally, there\'s Mercury. He pledged to drive away the clouds from the sky, to defend the garden perfection. Thanks to him the love gets a further rise, to the celestial spheres.
This interpretation is closely related to the Platonic Academy of Careggi. However, over time art historians have proposed others: historical, allegorical or literary. In short, still today we admire this masterpiece and we try to interpret it, conscious that we will never be able to totally solve the mystery that surrounds it. | https://www.virtualuffizi.com/the-characters-of-botticelli%E2%80%99s-primavera-.html |
This portrait is of Galeazzo Maria Sforza, the fifth Duke of Milan. It was painted c1471 by Piero Pollaiuolo (also known as Piero Benci) and one which Giorgio Vasari sourced as a reference for the duke’s profile featured in his marriage picture of Henry II and Catherine de’ Medici (see previous post).
Vasari also utilised the portrait to connect with the figure of Giuliano de’ Medici depicted in Botticelli’s Primavera painting, and incorporated some of the Florentine’s features to create the dwarf figure standing beside the groom in the marriage scene.
Vasari colour-matched the Galeazzo portrait to the dwarf’s clothes, red and green, and both men hold leather gloves in their right hand.
Vasari’s dwarf wears boots and stands with a hand on hip, as does Botticelli’s figure of Giuliano. Both men look up, Giuliano at the cloud formation, the dwarf at the wool collar worn by the bridegroom intended to imitate the passing cloud, but also shaped to represent a sheep’s head and its horn.
This was intended to echo a reference Botticelli made to John the Baptist in the Primavera painting. Vasari instead selected a biblical verse in which the Baptist points out Jesus as he ‘passed’ by at the river Jordan and says, “Look, there is the Lamb of God” (John 1 : 36).
The raising of the Eucharist (the Lamb of God) during Mass was the signal for the assassins to attack Lorenzo and Giuliano de Medici in Florence’s Duomo where Giuliano died from his wounds.
The passing cloud in Primavera is a reference to the Passover but in Vasari’s painting he translates this as a passing from one side to another, a crossover – for example, the figure of Galeazzo transitioning from the men’s section to the women’s.
There are other examples of change-over in Vasari’s painting and more narratives connected to the dwarf which I shall explain at another time.
Note also Galeazzo’s pointed forefinger (and his gloves), and its match to Giuliano’s pointed forefinger. Vasari links this feature by shaping the dwarf’s gloves to represent a serpent’s head to connect with the serpent features on the caduceus raised by Giuliano in the Primavera painting. | https://catchlight.blog/2023/01/05/matching-pairs-2/ |
In my previous post I pointed out connections to the figure of Mars and his “harpe” with St Martin of Tours and the sword he used to cut his cloak in half to cover a half-naked beggar.
However, a sculpture of this scene displayed above eye level on the facade of Lucca Cathedral, and which inspired Botticelli to reference it in the Primavera painting, gives the impression that Martin is about to decapitate the beggar.
Botticelli adopts this illusion to link the figure and his sword to the Three Graces group. Remember, too, that the figure of Mars also represents Giuliano de’ Medici who was assassinated in Florence Cathedral in 1478.
Adjacent to the Duomo is the famous Baptistery of St John the Baptist, the last of the Old Testament prophets who was beheaded on the orders of Herod Antipas.
At one time, before the turn of the 15th century, a sculpture of the Three Graces, or Virtues, representing, Faith, Hope and Love, stood above one of the three doors that opened into the Florence Baptistery. So in this scenario, Botticelli’s Three Graces can be understood as symbolic of the Sacrament of Baptism and their diaphanous gowns as the flow of cleansing water associated with the sacrament.
The decapitation theme – suggested by Botticelli’s observation of St Martin’s sword at the beggar’s neck, linked to the beheading of John the Baptist, and the fact that Giuliano de Medici’s head was also cleaved – is portrayed in very small detail below the edge of the sword’s sheath as a head on a plate.
This feature – a head on a plate – is also a link to the East door of the Baptistery, bordered in parts with a series of encircled busts, one of which is Lorenzo Ghiberti the sculptor who designed the door. Ghiberti had earlier designed and sculpted another of the Baptistery doors which became known as the ‘Gates of Paradise’. The commission was awarded as a result of a competition in which Ghiberti and Filippo Brunelleschi were considered finalists. The judges were unable to decide on an outright winner and both men were invited to work together. However, Brunelleschi refused and took himself off to Rome before returning some years later when both men competed again for a commission to design and engineer the famous Duomo for Florence Cathedral. This time it was Brunelleschi who was favoured with the contract.
Botticelli references the Duomo – the Cathedral of St Mary of the Flower – with the figure representing the Virgin Mary beneath the dome shape formed by the branches of the trees and representing the two lungs of the Church, East and West, Byzantine and Latin.
Botticelli also extended the themes of water and severed heads to another Florentine sculptor to add to Lorenzo de’ Medici’s Sculpture Garden: Andrea del Verrocchio, who was a painter and goldsmith as well.
There are four works attributed to Verrocchio that can be linked to this section of Primavera – (1) The Baptism of Christ, (2) the bronze figure of David with the Head of Goliath, (3) The terracotta bust of Giuliano de’ Medici, and (4) the equestrian bronze statue of Bartolomeo Colleoni.
Mentioned earlier was Herod Antipas who ordered the beheading of St John the Baptist. Sculpted in the rock formation in Verrocchio’s Baptism of Christ painting is a depiction of Herod the Great, the father of Herod Antipas. Observe that the water flowing alongside the sculpted head has turned red with the blood from the children Herod the Great ordered to be slain in his attempt to find and kill Jesus, the ‘new-born’ King.
Verrocchio’s bronze of David with the head of Goliath at his feet can be compared with the figure of Giuliano whose sword is adjacent to the severed head of the Baptist. However, David is depicted as wearing armour on his upper body while Giuliano isn’t, as was the case when he was attacked and assassinated in Florence Cathedral. But in Verrocchio’s terracotta bust of Giuliano de’ Medici he is shown wearing a breastplate that depicts the head of a screaming angel which, in fact, is a representation of Leonardo da Vinci, who is also shown as one of the kneeling angels in the Baptism of Christ painting, and was the model for Verrocchio’s David. The stone which David used to slay Goliath was one of five he picked out of a stream. The weapon he used to decapitate Goliath was the Philistine’s own sword.
Verrocchio’s equestrian bronze of the Italian condottiero Bartolomeo Colleoni was commissioned by the Republic of Venice in 1483. Although he completed the wax model, Verrocchio died in 1488 before he could he could cast the work in bronze. This was undertaken by Alessandro Leopardi in 1496.
Botticelli has linked the military theme of Verrocchio’s equestrian sculpture with that of St Martin, who served in the Roman cavalry, and also to the equestrian statue of Mars (the Roman military god) that once stood on the Ponte Vecchio in Florence before it was swept away in the Arno River flood of 1333. Botticelli employs word-play in the Primavera, for instance, bridging Vecchio with Verrocchio.
The equestrian and water themes link back to the Three Graces which I touched on in a previous post.
• More on this and the Three Graces in my next post. | https://catchlight.blog/category/people/bartolomeo-colleoni/ |
Paintings of Andhra Pradesh done using natural pigments and colours are crystal reflections of the states tradition in the art.
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The rich art and craft culture of
Andhra Pradesh
is appealingly depicted through the paintings practised and indigenous to the South Indian state. Employing excellent craftsmanship and dexterity of adroit artists, these paintings traditionally showcase natural colours, be it
mural paintings
found on the ceilings of
Veerabhadra temple
in Lepakshi village or
Kalamkari
art done in fabrics.
Murals in Veerabhadra Temple, Lepakshi, Andhra Pradesh
Mural
Paintings found on the ceilings of Veerabhadra temple in Lepakshi, a small village in
Anantapur district
of Andhra Pradesh, are well-preserved outstanding examples of
paintings
and murals of the
Vijayanagara era
. They most vividly depict facets and features of murals existential during the Vijayanagara Empire, primarily dealing with mythological themes and depicting scenes from the epics and
Indian Puranas
. The high ceilings of the huge gateways of Veerabhadra temple are divided into a number of strips, and the individual strips are broken into square or rectangular panels. Each one of the panels displays a particular scene, or part of one, in keeping with the theme of representation in the central panel.
The paintings are detailed in very bright colours obtained from natural pigments, telling stories and legends of
Lord Vishnu
and
Lord Shiva
, mythological characters
Rama
,
Krishna
,
Arjuna
and more. There are also murals dedicated to figures unknown, probably kings and queens of the time. The costumes and ornaments of drawn figures have been intricately depicted. The panels are bordered with decorative margins on four sides, going very well with the central panel. The figures in front are well captured due to the light shade of the background. A rather prominent aspect of the figures is that they have been shown tilting backwards, from the feet upwards till the waist, and then again forward from the waist to the neck, with the head standing erect. In terms of both the brushwork and the lines, the parts of these murals do not attain synchronisation with the total figure.
Kalamkari Art, Andhra Pradesh
Kalamkari is the age old distinct art of painting fabrics with a "kalam" (pen). The "kalam' is no ordinary pen but a sharp-pointed pierced bamboo that regulates flow of colour on the fabric. The attractive mix of colours on the fabrics usually portrays characters from
Indian mythology
. During the 17th and the 18th centuries, the art of Kalamkari was popularized to an extent that it extended across the shores of India. Kalamkari is today very much prevalent in the holy town of
Srikalahasti
and
Machilipatnam
city in Andhra Pradesh. The colours employed in this art are extracted from vegetable dyes. Besides mythological themes, the paintings also showcase various forms of
lotus
flower, cartwheels, parrots and delicate patterns of leaves and flowers.
(Last Updated on : 01-12-2016)
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Copyright © 2008 Jupiter Infomedia Ltd. All rights reserved including the right to reproduce the contents in whole or in part in any form or medium without the express written permission of Jupiter Infomedia Ltd. | https://www.indianetzone.com/78/paintings_andhra_pradesh.htm |
Anais Azul, like Michael Genese, is a founding member of Voices 21c. She sees the mission of the group through a very personal and international lens. Born in Peru, raised in San Francisco and educated at Boston University and the Royal Academy of Music in London, Anais has an eclectic ear and an understanding heart.
Visit her website at anaisazulmc.blogspot.com to delve into the interesting collaborative work she has been doing since her time as a singer/song-writer on the BUMP record label as a teen.
"My favorite collaborative project this past year has been my senior recital: “Mundane Delirium, " a ten song narrative musical theater piece about healing internal psychological turmoil in order to be able to heal the world.
Once I compiled the songs for the piece, a few performers and I brainstormed ideas about creating poetic transitions and developing narrative continuity between the songs. Two poet-musicians and a rapper helped develop aleatoric sections within songs so multiple voices and experiences about internal turmoil were represented.
One of the most rewarding processes of the recital was working with three other vocalists to create improvised harmonies for a musicalized poem I wrote. Exchanging vulnerability with my fellow performer-collaborators in this project was the most fulfilling experience I have ever had." | http://www.voices21c.org/voices-blog/voices-21c-profiles-mundane-delirium-anais-azul-alto |
Imagine sitting in an ordinary room. The afternoon sun is shining through the blinds alighting on a languid scene, a couple of chairs, an empty table, and the shadows moving almost imperceptibly down the wall. Nothing seems to be stirring. But even in this peaceful stasis, there is unflagging activity as thousands of dust motes float on their lonely paths, ostensibly of their own whim.
Violist/improviser/composer Mat Maneri envisages his music as one of activity in stasis, or motion within stillness. His music continues from the lineage of master improvisers Paul Bley and Paul Motian with a sound that is distinctly his own and developed over years of discovery and practice. Maneri’s new recording, Dust, showcases his stirring playing alongside an ensemble of communicative and exploratory musicians.
The evolution of Maneri’s remarkable and individual sound began with his initial forays into classical violin. His discovery of Baroque music and its pure, vibrato-less sound was appealing to the young violinist. Further explorations into modern classical and improvisation led him to develop his own improvisational practices. Through the influence of his father, woodwind player and educator Joe Maneri, Maneri was able to find a way of vocalizing on the violin or viola, emulating the breathiness of Ben Webster and the sparsity of Miles Davis.
As Maneri focused more and more on viola, he began to find his voice while playing in ensembles of many styles and genres, developing a confidence in his approach to expressivity and creativity. A melodic language all his own emerged, as he looked to find the truth in melodies, or to play a melody “as you’d read a poem.” Many took notice of Maneri’s individuality and brilliance, which led to collaborators as diverse as Cecil Taylor, Evan Parker, Paul Motian, and Craig Taborn.
There is a sense of nostalgia in the music on Dust and that is intentional. Maneri chose to look back and to incorporate ideas, and collaborators, that have helped shape the musician he has become.
The ensemble features Maneri’s longest collaborator, drummer Randy Peterson, with whom he has been playing since the late 1980s in Boston and with whom he has a near telepathic musical connection. Pianist Lucian Ban has been a close associate for the past decade and an important springboard for ideas. The ensemble needed just the right bass player to balance it out and John Hébert fit perfectly.
The compositions are mostly Maneri originals with Ban adding a couple of his own. The pieces are not typical jazz pieces with A and B sections but are more open-ended, providing a jumping off point for improvisation. There is an intriguing quality to the tunes as they marry a harmonic lushness with a bluesy quality and the exotic microtonalities that Maneri has mastered.
The recording begins with Ban’s subtle and warm “Mojave,” a piece with a beautiful looseness and an old fashioned sensibility, albeit with an intriguing fresh approach. Ban’s ambiguously lush harmonies reinvigorate Maneri’s hazy “51 Sorrows,” while the violist’s “Red Seven” also revisits the feel of his earlier “Blue Seven” with its harmonic expansiveness providing the musicians intervals and shapes leading in any direction. The rollicking “Motian” is an in-and-out of time musical nod to the late, great drummer/conceptualist and also the first piece the ensemble recorded to set a mood for Dust. Ban’s solemn “Two Hymns” uses slow moving harmonies for a gradual progression that still has the power of a hymn.
Maneri’s “Losed” utilizes a specific sequence of harmonies with Peterson’s drums skittering over an unrelated melody, the band’s interplay making this wistful piece cohesive. Maneri’s “Last Steps” is another older piece that is reinvented, here as a solitary dirge with the weightiness of unknowing. The quietly tuneful “Retina” is Maneri’s tribute to Wayne Shorter, a composer whose mysterious quality resonates here in the disorienting loop structure. The recording ends with “Dust,” an improvisation that echoes Miles Davis’s musical openness, with hints of Indian classical music and the blues, and with an intentional playful feel and, ultimately, hopeful conclusion.
There is an introspective stillness that predominates Mat Maneri’s music even though there is much going on. Dust is a fantastic document showing how there can be depth in seemingly placid sounds, like the minute details fomenting in slow moving clouds.
released November 15, 2019
Mat Maneri - viola
Lucian Ban - piano
John Hébert - bass
Randy Peterson - drums
Tracklist
|1||Mojave||6:52|
|2||51 Sorrows||7:10|
|3||Red Seven||8:07|
|4||Motian||3:35|
|5||Two Hymns||6:26|
|6||Losed||7:41|
|7||Last Steps||6:32|
|8||Retina||5:01|
|9||Dust||5:17|
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A harmony is a relationship. There are four harmonies in this piece: the musical harmony of pitches, the spacial harmony of the sound, the visual harmony of the objects. The participants create the fourth harmony by walking through the space: their location within the first three harmonies. The music is a continuous four chord progression distributed across 21 speakers. Each speaker produces one tone of the chord in the progression. Over time, the speakers produce arpeggiations and harmonizations of their tone. The locations of the tones shift speakers, changing the shape of the harmony within the soundfield. Participants are encourages to explore the musical shapes as they transform around them. | http://www.justinwest.net/four-harmonies |
Program:
Henry Brant — Partita for Flute and Piano
Neely Bruce — Grand Duo for Flute and Piano
Henry Brant — “Sonate de chansons” based on Debussy’s “Five Poems of Charles Baudelaire”
Neely’s program notes:
Henry Brant’s Partita for Flute and Piano was written in the 1932 and extensively revised in 1954. Brant is justly famous for his innovations as a composer of spatial music. The Partita is not spatial, however, but is a piece of neoclassical chamber music, characterized by a strong rhythmic profile, beautiful melodic writing, and a unique harmonic style. I asked Henry about the harmonies in this piece, which I find quite striking. He said he had devised a specific harmonic palate for this piece and never used it again.
My “Grand Duo for Flute and Piano” was first performed at Wesleyan in 1978, then extensively revised for a concert in 1980. It was written for Peter to play and is dedicated to him. We came to Wesleyan in the same year (1974) and have been making music together for almost the entire time. He is a magnificent virtuoso performer, and I can report that he says my piece is, in some respects, the most difficult composition he has ever played. (Since he has played the Boulez Sonatine and lots of other really hard flute music, this is saying a lot.) If you’re going to write hard music it’s good to have a performer who can handle it! Structurally it is an ever-expanding one-movement sonata, the intersection of a form (sonata allegro form) and a process (expansion). The listener can follow the procedure without any problem, and there are some real surprises along the way. It is also quite exciting, if I do say so myself!
Henry’s “Sonate de chansons” [“Sonata of songs”] based on Debussy’s “Five Poems of Charles Baudelaire” is an elaborate arrangement of some of the French master’s most beautiful yet enigmatic music. When Claude Debussy wrote these songs he was completely under the spell of Wagner. The young, impressionable Frenchman had heard the German master’s operas at Bayreuth and was dizzy from the complex harmonies and the long, seemingly endless melodic wandering. Imagine Wagnerian harmonies and the beginning of Debussy’s mature, totally French, musical syntax’ topped off with an extravagant yet totally syllabic vocal line. The songs are difficult to sing and somewhat sprawling, and have never really caught on with singers. They have proved endlessly fascinating to composers and musicologists, however. Dissertations have been written on them, they have been orchestrated (by John Adams, no less), and in the case of this work of Brant, “recomposed.” While the piano part is almost what Debussy wrote, the flute part has been elaborately varied in an almost improvisatory manner. Sunday’s performance will be the WORLD PREMIERE of this unique work — a remarkable addition to the late-nineteenth century literature for the flute, conceived and written in the late twentieth century and first heard in the twenty-first. Ironically, it is the “newest” piece on the program, written in the mid-1980s, long after the Partita and a few years after the final revisions of the Grand Duo. | http://wesleying.org/2007/01/11/classy-not-classical/ |
by David Gary
Last week the Seattle Symphony and Chorale presented the Pacific Northwest’s first ever performance of György Ligeti’s ethereal and rarely performed Requiem (1965), conducted by Music Director Ludovic Morlot. This weekend, they’ll present a portion of it again as part of their live performance of Stanley Kubrick’s sci-fi classic 2001: A Space Odyssey.
Perhaps best remembered for his dense harmonies, tone clusters, and micropolyphonic textures, Ligeti was famous for crafting nearly impossible repertoire—and the fact it has taken half a century to mount a Seattle performance of his Requiem is a testament to its difficulty. This musical undertaking was certainly out of the typical chorale wheelhouse and was an audacious selection for the Symphony to perform. As a member of the chorale, I had the opportunity to learn this requiem and will share my experience in doing so.
Looking at the Score for the First Time
The physical score is bulkier than a standard choral scores, elongated both vertically and horizontally by the 20-part chorus notation. As singers, we are typically accustomed to four-part staffs—so it was immediately evident that this was not our standard choral repertoire.
Much of the Introit movement is written with sustained tones with shifts in tonality over quintuplet figures. The intended effect mimics a large crowd murmuring the Latin text of the Requiem Mass. However, the text throughout this movement remains entirely discernable because it is melismatic over so many different parts. (Ligeti’s own instructions call for a distant sound.) For many of us this piece was well outside our comfort zone, so this movement was a pragmatic place to begin breaking into Ligeti’s musical paradigm.
We quickly realized that pitches would not be our main focus throughout our work on the Requiem. Given the short time we had to learn the piece—only about three or four months with multiple other concerts sprinkled in—and the sheer difficulty of the written pitches, our pitch focus was aimed more at staying within certain range clusters and not wandering too far from the tonal core we were looking to find. Because finding pitches was going to prove so difficult, we put much of our initial energy on learning the rhythmic regime of this piece
Unique Musical Challenges
Like many musical undertakings, this piece presented three large challenges: notes, rhythm, and musicality.
Notes: One of the first things we realized was that we would not be able to learn our pitches as they were written. (This is not to say it is an entirely impossible task, but given our time constraints it would have proven impossible.) During the time of composition, Ligeti himself had to retract and edit some of his harmonies because choirs were unable to learn and perform their parts. There are times in the score where a thick black line appears over a vocal part indicating sections where exact pitches can be jettisoned. This is a challenge for any choir who is accustomed to learning and performing exactly what is on page.
Rhythm: This piece was easy to get lost in, so fighting to stay on track in this score was important. For instance, Ligeti subdivides some of his beats over 7 or 9. These unconventional rhythmic figures create an aural effect of dense clouds of quickly moving harmonies—but they are also incredibly difficult to learn and even harder to execute in context. Another challenge of this piece was remaining on your part’s staff within the score. In rehearsals, there were frequent times where upon flipping a page I would shift to a different line without noticing I was singing the wrong part for several measures.
Musicality: Some of the more important musical gestures in the piece have less to do with notes or rhythms than they do with the shaping of a particular phrase to achieve a human (rather than musical) effect. This sometimes proved a bit of a challenge, since many of us as singers are used to having our phrasing guided by melody and word stresses rather than purely visceral emotion.
Presenting the Performance
We had no idea how this piece would be received. For many of us, a piece like this wasn’t exactly the reason we had joined the chorus. Because it was so easy to get lost in the score, performing was a frantic combination of counting, score following, watching our conductor for the count, and finding first pitches. As any performer knows, one does not get on stage to necessarily listen and enjoy the performance but rather to focus in on one’s task as a musician: to present an audience with entertainment and an unforgettable experience. I believe we achieved this goal and helped evoke emotions in the audience that Ligeti strove to encapsulate in this piece.
Though this was an atypical finale for our regular season, I think many of us ultimately found great satisfaction in how this piece was received and the level of admiration bestowed upon presentation. As we move on to our next challenges, we can all agree that as a group our musicianship has been augmented—and I look forward to bringing what I learned from Ligeti to my next musical projects.
David Gary is the Development Coordinator at Classical KING FM 98.1 and a bass in the Seattle Symphony Chorale. The Seattle Symphony and Chorale perform Stanley Kubrick’s 2001: A Space Odyssey on June 30 and July 1 at 8pm. For tickets and additional information, click here. | https://www.secondinversion.org/2017/06/29/a-singers-account-of-gyorgy-ligetis-requiem/ |
About this Piece:
The musical material for Sound Reflections was inspired after a trip to the Grand Canyon. The opening voicings of quartal harmonies reflect the canyon's vast expanse. The figurative and literal echoes of the canyon are captured in this piece through imatative canonical writing including sections of rhythmic and tonal phasing. Sound Reflections embodies the breath-taking views and adventures of exploring the Grand Canyon through the juxtaposition of majestic yet serene melodic motives with tension building rhythmic canonical writing. This work is fun to perform and enjoyable to hear, and is ideal for competitions, conference preludes, and engaging concert programs.
There is also a duet version of this piece entitled Canyon Echoes. | https://www.fluteworld.com/product/sound-reflections/ |
Venice’s numerous canals are a labyrinth of images and reflections. These can appear as perfect mirrors – crystal clear and completely still – only to suddenly dissolve, disturbed by movement and motion, and then to slowly and magically reform.
It was this evocative imagery that provided the starting point for the first part of Diptych. The piece is invented out of a continuous sequence of vertical components; harmonic “pillars” of different densities and colours, that at times are on the edge of audible perception. They are aurally informed by heterophonic echoes and distant polyphonic murmurings that constantly articulate the surface of the music. This creates an unstable musical environment, one that is in a perpetual state of flux, with the harmonies either solidified or in the process of evolving or dissolving.
The second part of Diptych also has a strong visual association; the image of a large symphony orchestra shattered, fragmented and scattered into a plethora of different instrumental groupings that gradually reassemble (like an aural jigsaw puzzle) into a seamless and fluid kaleidoscopic continuity.
This was achieved by dividing the entire orchestration of the piece into three re-invented chamber orchestras, each of which has one of three interrelated tempi. All three orchestral groups were assigned a series of three 2-minute pieces, each one deploying different instrumental ensembles. These 2-minute pieces (nine in all) were initially composed as complete, organic miniatures. Then, in the course of the compositional process, they were cut up into sections from 5 seconds to 30 seconds in duration, and finally assembled into a fusion of fragments, creating a kind of continuous harmonic and linear labyrinth.
Although the orchestral layout is conventional, the many different chamber groups from within the orchestra invite the listener to explore and discover the orchestral space. Indeed in the many string divisi sections, I have utilised equally the back desks and front desks of each section, either soloistically or in sub groupings, further spatialising the instrumental textures.
Like viewing a large canvas, the act of listening to Diptych Part 2 was conceived as an accumulative experience of familiarisation with the details that make up the work’s surface, and where at its conclusion there is a memory not only of the many entwining components of the piece, but also of an eventual unity.
The two parts of Diptych can be performed either together or separately, which is my preferred choice. | http://resonate.abo.org.uk/simon-bainbridge/diptych |
Describe the ways in which Beethoven makes use of form and tonality in the first movement The first movement of Beethoven’s First Symphony is in sonata form. This means that the movement is divided into four sections, the first subject, the bridge, the second subject and the codetta. The movement starts off in the tonic key of C major. It remains in this key for a few bars until in changes to D minor in bar nineteen. The first subject starts at bar thirteen and ends at bar thirty-three on a perfect cadence in C major.
The second movement has a melancholy theme on the piano separated by fast happy interludes. 4. Why do composers often use exposition repeats? Composers often used exposition repeats to help the audience familiarize with the music. 5.
Bars 41-43 can be referred to as the Codetta which emphasises the tonic key. In Contrast to Corelli, Mozart wrote his Piano Sonata in sonata form. This form is split into the exposition (bars 1-63), development (63-93) and recapitulation (93-end). Both the exposition and recapitulation have smaller sections defined by themes and tonality. The Exposition begins with the first subject (bars 1-10) in b flat that ends on a perfect cadence.
THE CLASSICAL PERIOD (1750-1825) THE CLASSICAL PERIOD OF MUSIC 1) TIME OF GREAT MUSICAL EXPERIMENTATION AND DISCOVERY 2) CENTERS AROUND ACHIEVEMENTS OF VIENNESE SCHOOL A) HAYDN B) MOZART C) BEETHOVEN 3) THREE CHALLENGING PROBLEMS A) EXPLORE MAJOR-MINOR SYSTEM TO ITS FULLEST B) TO PERFECT A LARGE FORM OF ABSOLUTE INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC (THE SONATA CYCLE) C) TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN ITS (SONATA CYCLE) VARIOUS TYPES 1) SONATA 2) CONCERTO SYMPHONY 3) ELEMENTS OF THE CLASSICAL PERIOD 1) ELEGANT AND LYRICAL MELODIES A) ELEGANT AND LYRICAL MELODIES B) CLEAR-CUT CADENCES 2) THE HARMONIES THAT SUSTAINED THESE MELODIES A) FIRMLY ROOTED IN THE KEY RHYTHM 3) A) MUSIC WAS IN EITHER 2, 3, 4, OR 6/8 B) STAYED IN RHYTHMIC STYLE IT BEGAN WITH 4) FORM A) UNFOLDED
Although the full suite includes trumpets, oboe, and tympani as well as the strings and a bass line usually played on harpsichord and cello, this movement is reduced to the string orchestra only. The movement begins with a long, rhythmic opening that transitions smoothly to phrases in which the violin and the viola “communicate” with the melody. The piece also includes ornamentation and exaggerated dynamics common to Baroque style music. As the music is played, listen closely for the suspensions common throughout the movement. They provide the harmonic tension
Another example would be how on measure 128 the beginning of the piece is repeated but in a minor key, right after the long fermata, it changes in to a major key B flat major. At bar 35 the key D+ now modulates in to the dominant key A+, then after at 60 the key changes in to A-.After measure 66 there are different variations of the 4 note motif Beethoven likes to use the subdominant key in this case G+ in a special place, and you can see that he uses it very well close to the beginning of the coda. Like parts of a forest illuminated by the shifting sunlight that peaks through a cloudy sky, this proto-Impressionist piece repeats its quiet yet enchanted melody, with variations in pitch and length. The constant triplet figure in sixteenths in the beginning is found throughout the majority of the
These sections are the exposition, which starts from the first bar in K.333, the development, which between bars 63 and 93 and the recapitulation that occurs from bar 93 until the end of the piece. Poulenc’s Sonata is written in ternary form, which means that it follows an A-B-A structure. In this specific piece, the A section starts at bar 1, the B section starts at bar 26, then at bar 58 the A section returns again. In Mozart’s K.333 there are clear perfect cadences used in the piece that help reinforce the tonality, however in Poulenc’s Sonata although there are perfect cadences some of them are not completed and are instead suggested and then interrupted. In Mozart’s K.333 the cadences are used to reinforce the tonality, such as in bars 9-10 where the cadence is in the tonic key.
The development and the recapitulation manipulates the motive over and over again before pausing for an oboe solo which briefly halts the momentum of the music. The coda features a dominant-tonic harmony battling with the percussion emphasizing the beat. The second movement is in theme and variation form; as the form suggested, the movement features two different pastoral themes which becomes four simple elegant variations. The motive is heard during the variations, interrupting the peaceful mood until the basses create a powerful note heralding the return of the variations. The second movement ends with the bassoon and an accelerated passage in the coda.
The music of the Classical Period is characterised by objectivity and emotional restraint, clarity of form and adherence to certain structural principles. Although Beethoven made use of the concepts of music predominantly in the style of the classical era, he incorporates several aspects which are more evident in the romantic period. As a composer of the late classical and early romantic periods, Beethoven’s Symphony No. 5 epitomises the stylistic characteristics of the classical era but also a progression into romanticism is evident. Structure • Sonata form – repeat of the exposition was predominantly used in the classical period • Exposition x 2: o 1st subject – b.1-43 o Bridge passage – b.44-58 o 2nd subject – b.59-94 o Codetta – b.95-124 • Development – b.125-247 • Recapitulation: o 1st subject – b.248-287 o Bridge passage – b.288-302 o 2nd subject – b.303-372 • Extended Coda – b.373-502 Pitch Melody: • Piece begins in C minor with several modulations throughout: o The second subject modulates to E flat major through the descending arpeggios in the bridge passage o The development is in F minor before modulating back to the tonic of C minor in the recapitulation o The second subject in the recapitulation is in C major, the tonic major o The piece is back to C minor in the coda and there is an extended tutti perfect cadence from bar 496 to the end o The modulations are of major and minor tonalities, a classical characteristic • From bar 6 there is the use of imitation and sequences in the throughout the strings before the whole orchestra restates the theme at bar 18.
The instruments include one piccolo, two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, four French horns, two trumpets, three trombones, one tuba, timpani, bass drum, triangle, cymbals, harp, first violins, second violins, violas, cellos, doubles basses. I will address the instrumentation, texture, and a visual painting of the piece. This piece consists of a wide variety of instruments the flutes and harp start the piece off. The flutes give the piece an allegro commodo non agitato feel. Mainly because they have a very gentle tone that gives the intro to the piece a less agitated sound. | https://www.antiessays.com/free-essays/Sonata-Form-466951.html |
Prime Knots and Jasmine Flower
To me, prime knots are infinitely beautiful. Knot theory is my favorite branch of mathematics. A mathematical knot is any embedding of a circle into 3-D Euclidean space. Think of it as taking a piece of string, tying and twisting it up however you like (without cutting it), and then gluing the ends together. It is the same as a knot you might tie with real string, except the ends are stuck together creating a closed loop. A circle, the "unknot," is a trivial knot. In the same way that a prime number is not divisible by any number other than 1 and itself, a prime knot can only be composed of itself and the unknot. I associate different knots with variations of the traditional Chinese tune, "Jasmine Flower." Variations, fresh takes on something old, create interest and beauty-- in math, music, and life.
The cover art is a chart of all prime knots with seven or fewer crossings. Technically, the unknot (circle) is not considered prime, in the same way the number "1" is neither prime nor composite. Knots can be classified by the number of crossings they have. The numbers below each knot signify the number of crossings, and the subscripts indicate different prime knots with each number of crossings. As indicated, there is only one prime knot with four crossings (4-1). There are two with five crossings (5-1, 5-2), etc.
The back cover depicts Reidemeister moves, "allowed" operations which do not "change" or increase the complexity of the knot. These moves include twisting a loop, sliding a loop over another loop, or sliding a loop over a crossing.
KNOTS and JASMINE FLOWER
Each reharmonization in the Jasmine Flower Suite treats the traditional Chinese melody differently, using various keys, time signatures, instruments, and feels to capture certain moods. Roughly speaking, I wanted each arrangement to "sound" like the "shape" of a prime knot or related structure, with the harmonic density and ‘feel' of each piece mimicking the path taken to tie each knot. I associate different versions of "Jasmine Flower' with prime knots like trefoils, and their related structures including tori, tangles, braids, and wild knots.
As you listen to the pieces, try to envision the "shape" of each knot and think about the harmonies and dissonances. Some feel round and beautiful, and others remind you of a tangled ball of Christmas lights.
Jasmine Flower (MoLiHua) in the original a capella vocal version is bare, pure, hollow yet full: the "unknot."
Jasmine Flower: Wild Knot
In knot theory, the more poorly-behaved knots are called "wild knots." They exhibit "pathological" behavior, are counterintuitive and atypical. In this arrangement, the three-horn introduction and the alto saxophone counterline to the melody employ very non-traditional counterpoint. I ignored traditional rules of voice leading and crossing. The overall density of the intro is very "thick." It is hard to trace the individual lines of the instruments, similar to the infinitely knotted loop structure of a wild knot.
Jasmine Flower: Trefoil
A trefoil is the simplest prime knot and the only knot with three crossings. Trefoils are very open and round. This particular arrangement contains a lilting rhythmic pattern in the piano which eventually gives way to a bass groove. Every two measures are divided into three attacks. The harmonic environment and chord changes, coupled with the repeated rhythmic groove create a very open feeling and a round quality. The placement of the tenor saxophone (melody) and alto saxophone (counterline) in the same sonic register creates a feeling of balance and equality between the two parts.
Jasmine Flower: Torus
A torus knot lies on the surface of a torus, which is a topological figure resembling a doughnut or life preserver. Although the knot lies on a surface of a round torus, tori knots themselves can become complex and very hard to visualize. The sparse arrangement in this piece features a repeating bass arpeggio containing roughly the same rhythm and note voicings for each chord. Torus knots can become rather dense and convoluted, which is why I chose to use an ominous minor key for this piece.
Jasmine Flower: Tangle
Tangle theory is the same as knot theory except that instead of closed loops, the two ends of the string are nailed down. This arrangement sounds "tangled," like fishing lines or a ball of Christmas tree lights. The melody is stated in the right hand of the piano, but the chords underneath are dissonant and unresolved. The melody is preserved and played in the right hand without a counterline, reminiscent of the closed loops with their ends tied town. The left hand chords and thin-yet-opaque texture symbolize the crossings and convoluted ways to "tangle" up the melody. Although seeking a resolution, the piece closes, never untangled.
Jasmine Flower: Braid
Braids in math are like taking strands of string, "braiding" them together like with hair, and then connecting the ends of to make closed loops. They are like circles which are lying next to each other but crossed and intertwined along the way. This arrangement is a "blues" version of Jasmine Flower. I employed a piano trio, a swing feel, and used a chord progression that starts out as a normal blues, but then veers off dramatically into its own world. At the end of the form, the regular blues progression resurfaces, though it ends on the IV chord instead of the I. The different musical lines are woven together in a beautiful braid.
Bass Prelude was inspired by one of my favorite piano pieces: Rachmaninoff's Prelude in G-sharp minor, Op. 32 No. 12. The lush melody in the left hand and ostinato in the right hand inspired the texture and mood of my piece. Here, the melody features the acoustic bass. The classical opening evolves into a jazz waltz, with various "classical" figures that recur.
Granada has gone through several different versions over the past few years, and is a place I would like to visit soon.
I called this tune Prime Knot because it reminded me of how beautiful these structures are.
Uniform Convergence, a more angular composition, certainly doesn't sound uniform or convergent. It pokes fun at this mathematical property of functions, a topic which took me a long time to understand in school.
Piano Prelude #1 originally existed as part of "The Patchwork Life," but as I wrote more, it became its own piece. This is my first work for solo piano, and bringing back my classical piano chops and recording this tune was very personally rewarding. I incorporated influences from some of my favorite Debussy pieces including "L'isle Joyeause" and "La Fille aux Cheveux de Lin."
The various sections of The Patchwork Life represent the patches of my own life. The piece is a celebration of the ups, downs, unexpected twists, and myriad of influences that make up my music, experiences, and life.
I wrote Perugia while sitting by a water fountain in Perugia, Italy at the end of the Umbria Jazz Festival 2009.
Eye Contact contains the album's main message, which is simple and human: "I ask you to get to know me, I hope you think I'm worth the time." It is a new arrangement of one of the first vocal songs I ever wrote, and is not about anyone in particular. | http://www.stephaniechoumusic.com/prime-knots-and-jasmine-flower |
The Spring Song by Mendelssohn (whose bicentennial the festival is celebrating this year) is one of the more hackneyed pieces, known to all beginning piano students. If Pressler played it as a sprightly encore, we probably would have smiled indulgently. Beginning his recital with it was almost shocking; and the way he played it, rather slowly as if not missing a single nuance or harmony, was utterly disarming. It was if he was greeting the piano as a beloved friend, enjoining it to accompany him on a journey. The two other Songs Without Words that followed increased the sense of intimacy between performer and audience, and we knew that we were in for something very special.
The dramatic outburst that opens Schubert's late four-hand work Lebensstürme, with Pressler playing treble and Wu Han, one of the festival’s directors, taking the secondo part, sounded a symphonic alert. Both pianists came on with all 20 fingers blazing. Schubert felt he needed lessons to shore up his counterpoint technique during the last year of his life, yet there was nothing dry or academic about this work. It might be viewed as emblematic of the intense activity of Schubert’s short — and Pressler’s long —musical careers. In the midst of all the hurly-burly, there sounds the magical, calming chorale unforgettably intoned by Pressler, invoking a steadfast faith underlying all the strain and effort. It said, “Find peace and joy in the eye of the storm.”
Beethoven's Sonata Op. 110 explores regions of thought and feeling that can, and must, be contemplated over a lifetime. Pressler began the piece gently, but with a firm tone that implied great fortitude. The trills that descended in the bass of the first movement had an intensity that made the floor of the stage shake. Beethoven does away with the usual breaks between movements, despite the fact that the music clearly falls into sections: Sonata Allegro, Scherzo with trio, Arioso, and Fugal Finale. In most performances the sonata comes across like a late Beethoven work in four unconventional, rather rambling, movements. Not so here.
Playing as if Not Playing at AllHow does a life in chamber music affect a solo pianist’s work? I needed to know how the practice of listening deeply to one’s colleagues and entering into dialogue with them would show in the way Pressler played the most demanding of Beethoven’s solo works. The lack of self-indulgence in every bar (even those without barlines) showed that his approach might have been similar, if not identical, to both forms of music-making at the piano. The emphasis, of course, was on the musical aspect. This was most apparent in the two great laments, the Arias that are followed by Fugues, which are, as Claudio Arrau once said, not really about playing the piano at all.
Pressler resolved this apparent contradiction by bringing his pianistic prowess to bear without crossing the line between expression and the continuity of the structure. Thus the transitions from one “movement” to the next felt compelling. The transitions from one emotional state to another — from calm to manic activity to profound solemnity to darkest despair to blazing affirmation — seemed to spring from a sense of the music’s meaning and Pressler’s awareness that each phrase exists in relation to all the others.
Schubert’s Sonata in B-flat, his last work for solo piano, concluded the recital. Here, Pressler’s commanding feeling for musical form encompassed the vast reaches of the work. He also showed us that nothing is “simple” in this music and that live performances must embrace the accident. The finger slips in the opening phrase (the last place I would have expected it to happen) were immediately made right in the subsequent repetition ... and sounded even more beautiful. Moral: To err is human, but we must correct our mistakes.
How deeply Pressler knows and loves this music came across even in the most casual moments, as, for example, in the unself-conscious way he caressed the single-line melodies calmly following intense outbursts. His daring use of the pedal in the slow movement mixed harmonies that created an almost unbearable tension. The simple, yet haunting, trio of the scherzo movement with its “wrong” accents made way for the opening of the finale. I particularly admired the forte octaves that punctuate the mischievous theme of the finale, always beginning in the wrong key. Pressler let them ring out, and then at the last moment dampened the sound to bring the listeners closer, inviting them to enter more deeply into a new adventure. | https://www.sfcv.org/articles/review/deeply-touched-menahem-pressler |
Porcupine Tree has been riding a pretty significant wave since signing their first major label contract with Atlantic. While long time fans may have been disappointed with the huge shift in style from more ambient driven material to songs informed as much by bands like Opeth and the like, Porcupine Tree’s material has remained as strong and consistent as ever. As time has progressed Steven Wilson has found ways to merge those two seemingly incompatible musical styles in seamless ways. The Incident may well be the pinnacle of this journey to date.
A thematically centered album, The Incident features some of the band’s heaviest playing as well as some of their most fragile, precious arrangements. Moments evoke Pink Floyd, Crosby Stills and Nash and the Beach Boys, while other sections remind listeners of bands like Opeth or Enslaved. Throughout it all, the four members of Porcupine Tree offer up continued evidence that they are writing and performing at the peak of their capabilities; their playing has never been tighter on record, and memorable hooks and melodies are the standard, not the exception. While the 14 tracks on the first disc of this release are tied together, many of them can stand alone without the support of the pieces that surround them. At the same time, this is not a Kid A-like exploration…there are compositions here that only make sense in the context of the album as a whole.
I did mention first disc above; much like the band’s previous album, there are a number of tracks completed that did not fit the general theme or concept of the release. Unlike Fear of a Blank Planet, however, this time those separate tracks were released with The Incident, on a second disc that was included in the package. There can be no accusation out of the box of forcing a double dip, as all the material is there and available from the date of release.
This review is available in book format (hardcover and paperback) in Music Street Journal: 2009 Volume 6 at lulu.com/strangesound.
The Incident opens instrumentally with “Occam’s Razor.” The track features a series of slashing guitar chords, gradually and subtly developing from variation to variation.
“The Blind House” is a great example of shade and light in Porcupine Tree’s music as lighter vocal sections, filled with lush harmonies, alternate with heavy, grinding, metallic phrases. Richard Barbieri’s synths and keyboards add swaths of colour and texture during the quieter sections, while Gavin Harrison and Colin Edwin lock in impressively throughout, showing once again that they are perhaps the most impressive rhythm section in modern progressive music.
A pair of shorter tracks follow “The Blind House.” The first of these, “Great Expectations,” opens with a quiet acoustic section before the full band kicks in with an ascending musical motif that seems to remind in some ways of “Even Less,” more out of arrangement than from copying. Steven Wilson’s vocals are plaintive and pained, while his guitar playing wails and cries.
“Kneel and Disconnect” crawls out from the final ascending pattern from the pervious track, and Barbieri’s piano playing is simple, understated, and matches Wilson’s more restrained vocal delivery perfectly. We are again greeted by trademark lush vocal harmonies, and their presence throughout points toward artists like the Beach Boys and Crosby Stills and Nash as influences.
The piano theme from “Kneel and Disconnect” flows into this, the fifth track on The Incident. Opening fairly quietly, synths and a gentle drum rhythm create a quiet backing for Wilson’s vocals. When the band kicks in, a huge hook and loads of energy propel things along. This track has gotten some of the more negative attention from fans and listeners, feeling it was a blatant grab for pop attention. Yes, the hook is huge and blatant. Yes, the repeated “I’m drawing the line, I’m drawing the line, I’m drawing the line, I draw the line” lyrics, present throughout, seem less deep than one might expect. But this is not the first time Porcupine Tree has crafted a track that has definite pop aspirations; “Halo,” “Blackest Eyes,” "Four Chords That Made a Million” and “Piano Lessons,” among others, are every bit as pure pop.
“The Séance” is a strange mix of heavier Porcupine Tree and their earlier electronic style of music. Everything possible has been processed, tweaked, sampled and altered. A heavy grinding guitar part fits together with synths and processed rhythm loops. Harmony vocals alternate with Wilson’s patented ‘voice down a phone wire’ vocal effects. This is what the Porcupine Tree of 1993 would have sounded like had Wilson been listening to more metal at the time.
This piece, much like “Great Expectations,” seems to serve as a bridging piece joining more major compositions. A fairly mid-tempo rocker, it is still filled with the kind of lush arrangements that are expected from the band.
Yet another bridging piece, this time with plenty of spacey synths courtesy of Richard Barbieri, this is a nice, albeit far too brief nod to the fans who have been listening to the band since the early days, when Porcupine Tree seemed as much a space rock and ambient band as anything else.
“Tine Flies” was the advance single released from this album, and while that excerpt was pleasant and enjoyable, it didn’t come close to showing the breadth and depth of this piece. Easily the longest composition on The Incident at 11:40, the piece seems to be a paean to the past. Wilson’s opening lines, “I was born in ’67, the year of Sergeant Pepper and Are You Experienced?” is as autobiographical as it is symbolic. For music fans, 1967 was the year everything changed, with bands arising from the Summer of Love and taking rock music in all kinds of new directions. Wilson’s vocals and lyrics are wistful and longing, a sense of sadness pervading everything. And yes, the music is a complete homage to Pink Floyd, from the “Dogs”-like chords to the explosive bits that would feel right at home on “Sheep.” It all fits together seamlessly, creating a piece that is at once reminiscent of the past while being fresh and new.
After the symphonic intensity of “Time Flies,” a musical palate rinsing is necessary before the listener can move on. This comes in the form of “Occam’s Razor”…oops, I mean “Degree Zero of Liberty.” Offering a few variations on the initial themes that opened the album, this second iteration sets the stage for the four pieces that close out the album, re-centering attention on the present.
While modern Porcupine Tree draws as much from modern and extreme metal as it does space rock and progressive music, every album has featured a number of tracks that ramp back the sheer non-stop excess and show a firm grasp on dynamic, mood and tone. “Octane Twisted” is one of those tracks, with a slow, bubbling beat, layers of vocals (sometimes with alternating lyrical lines singing against each other), and shifts in style and tempo. The opening two minutes lead into a much heavier iteration of the theme, with crunchy rhythm guitar setting the pace. This composition features perhaps the widest divergence of style on the album, with the quiet moments being among the more subtle and the heavy moments rivaling anything in the band’s catalogue.
“The Séance” features a similar musical theme to the previous “Octane Twisted,” offering perhaps an inversion on the styles and arrangements of the pervious track. Vocals are tighter and simpler, relying more on harmony than dissonance and competing lines. The musical backing is more restrained as well, with guitars practically chiming over synth backing. As this piece moves toward its end, intensity starts to build, setting the stage for something heavy to follow.
The final instrumental on The Incident, “Circle of Manias” is a heavy little slab of metal that seems to be cast from the same kind of mould as songs like “Nil Recurring” or “Mother and Child Divided.” It grinds, it pounds, it practically snarls out of the speakers.
Porcupine Tree has a habit of closing out albums with a quiet, wistful piece of music. In Absentia had “Collapse the Light Into Earth,” Deadwing had “Glass Arm Shattering,” and The Incident has this lovely piece of music. I can’t say enough about this song; while “Time Flies” may well be the album centerpiece, this song may be the most impressive on the album. Vocal harmonies are right out of the CSN songbook, Barbieri’s synths are perfect in sound and execution, and Edwin and Harrison show off some sensitive, precise playing that fits the music like a second skin. Wilson’s vocals are at their most fragile, and his guitar playing is gentle and lulling.
This is an interesting piece of music, built around what sounds like a drum/bass loop (though it is likely actually played live). Vocals have a chopped, processed delivery, occasionally obscured in the mix. Overall, “Bonnie the Cat” is a strange bit of music that really doesn’t sound like anything else the band has done.
Co-written by Richard Barbieri and Steven Wilson, “Black Dahlia” as expected focused on Barbieri’s synth and keyboard playing. A gentle piece, this song is, much like “Flicker,” a composition that would have fit nicely on the band’s middle period releases Lightbulb Sun or Stupid Dream. | http://www.musicstreetjournal.com/artists_cdreviews_display.cfm?id=102493&art=102974 |
The song was first performed on the play’s opening night, at Herald Square Theater in New York City. It quickly became the first song from a musical to sell over a million copies of sheet music.
This arrangement offers early intermediate students hand position changes, a tag-style ending, and the traditional harmonies that make the chorus of this piece an all-time favorite! | https://alijammusic.com/shop/piano-solos/youre-a-grand-old-flag-cohan/ |
This page contains informative tutorials from academics, practitioners, and policy experts on a range of topics related to algorithmic fairness, accountability, and transparency. Some of these tutorials were presented at ACM FAT* conferences. Note that none of these whitepapers are peer-reviewed; instead, they are presented here as a resource to the community.
"Black box" models are increasingly prevalent in our world and have important societal impacts, but are often difficult to scrutinize or evaluate for bias. Binder is a software tool that provides anyone in the opportunity to examine a machine learning pipeline, promoting fairness, accountability, and transparency. Binder is used to create custom computing environments that can be shared and used by many remote users, enabling the user to build and register a Docker image from a repository and connect with JupyterHub. JupyterHub, repo2docker, and JupyterLab work together on Binder to allow a user to evaluate a machine learning pipeline with much greater transparency than a typical publication or GitHub page.
Decision support systems (DSS) are information systems that help people make decisions in a particular context like medical diagnosis, loan-granting, and hiring. As machine learning (ML) is integrated into these systems, we need better tools to measure and mitigate discriminatory patterns in both training data and the predictions made by ML models. This tutorial introduces themis-ml, an open source Python library for measuring and reducing potential discrimination (PD) in machine learning systems.
This document presents the findings obtained using a data pre-processing algorithm for discrimination prevention we have recently developed. We also discuss the salient aspects of its software implementation. Our optimization method transforms the probability distribution of the input dataset into an output probability distribution subject to three objectives and constraints: (i) group discrimination control, (ii) individual distortion control, and (iii) utility preservation.
Nearly all major lending institutions are taking steps to implement machine learning and artificial intelligence models to better measure marketing response rates and creditworthiness, assess the likelihood of fraud, and quantify other risks and opportunities. However, implementation of machine learning has proved difficult because banks are highly regulated and face substantial challenges in complying with model governance standards and anti-discrimination laws. A distinct challenge has been that the guidelines for compliance have not kept up with the breakneck speed of technological change in the ML/AI universe. This paper provides a high-level overview of these issues, and also outlines how we advise banks to comply with fair lending requirements when implementing machine learning. We describe the current focus of regulators, explain how discrimination is typically measured, and relate how we see fair lending compliance being implemented in the coming years.
There is a case to be made that society is in the early phase of another Industrial Revolution, driven by the rapid advancement of AI capabilities, with at least as significant an impact as the first Industrial Revolution and at an accelerated pace of adoption. However, inability to establish justified confidence in consequential AI systems will inhibit their adoption (wasting opportunities to tackle major problems) and/or result in adoption of systems with major latent flaws and potentially serious consequences. At MITRE, we are exploring how concepts from the systems safety community can be adapted to support the calibration, mitigation, and informed acceptance of fairness risks in consequential ML systems. | https://fatconference.org/tutorials.html |
Achieving Meritocracy in the Workplace (Paradox: Gender and race bias …
Achieving Meritocracy in the Workplace
Paradox: Gender and race bias
Possible explanation is that when companies think they're meritocracies, they become less vigilant.
If not administered carefully, merit-based approaches for attracting and retaining the best employees can trigger demographic biases
Water is wet of the day:
Women and minorities received lower salary increases than white men with the same performance evaluation scores, even after controlling for job, work, and supervisor effects.
Subjectivity
AKA humans being humans= The typical performance review process is vulnerable to biases based on gender, race, nationality, etc. which can impact decisions regarding salary increase, promotion, etc.
Ensuring Meritocracy
Accountability
Set of procedures to make certain individuals responsible for ensuring the fair distribution of rewards among employees
Transparency
Make relevant pay data available
Performance reward committee to monitor reward decisions and keep managers on the track of a formalized and not completely autonomous process
Implementing Transparency and Accountability
Three Key Dimensions
Processes and criteria
How will performance-based pay be distributed among employees? Assign responsibility for routines and criteria. Determine how they will be visible
Outcomes
Which aspects will be measured for fairness? Which pay decisions and results will be visible
Audiences
Who is accountable for pay processes ? Determine who makes pay processes visible and to whom.
Meritocracies- Hiring, promoting, | https://coggle.it/diagram/WKEcGoUaPwABDXtr/t/achieving-meritocracy-in-the-workplace |
The Equator Principles are a voluntary set of standards, adopted by approximately 100 financial institutions that are termed Equator Principles Financial Institutions (EPFIs). While the majority of these institutions are in the private sector, several national export credit agencies are also EPFIs. The EPs establish a management framework for determining, assessing, and managing social and environmental risk in projects. EPFIs commit to implementing the current version of the EPs in their internal environmental and social policies, procedures, and standards for financing projects. EPFIs will not provide Project Finance, Advisory Services, Project-Related Corporate Loans, or Bridge Loans to select projects where the client will not, or is unable to, comply with the EPs.
The EPs are based on the International Finance Corporation’s (IFC) Performance Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainability and the World Bank Group’s Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines.
The EP Association manages and ensures the long-term viability of the EPs. The Steering Committee of the EP Association manages and coordinates between EPFIs, Working Groups, and EPFI management. The Governance Rules, updated in December 2013, provide guidance on the processes for the management, administration, and development of the EPs.
There is currently no official process in place at the level of the EPs or the Association to hold the EPFIs accountable for noncompliance with the EPs or to ensure independent and transparent access to remedy for project affected people. This is a major gap in the legitimacy and credibility of the EPs. The question of accountability is one focus of our advocacy in the Equator Principles Revision Process (EP4), and in our collaboration with BankTrack.
The EPs only require that the borrower establish a project-level grievance mechanism to address concerns and facilitate resolution of grievances about the project’s environmental and social performance; while project-level mechanisms could provide affected communities with some measure of redress if operating properly, they lack independence and often fail to account for all potential harms that could be wrought by EPFIs and their clients.
To learn more about the scope and application of the EPs, please see our Accountability Resource Guide.
Accountability Counsel works closely with BankTrack and other partners to strengthen accountability and access to remedy through the EPs. There is currently no centralized accountability office for Equator Principles Financial Institutions (EPFIs) and many of these institutions do not have a mechanism to address harms caused by their financing. Instead, they rely on borrowers to take on this responsibility.
After years of advocacy, civil society met with the Equator Principles Association (EPA) steering committee on 28 January, 2016 in London to once again emphasize the importance of transparency and respect for human rights and the environment. Accountability Counsel participated in the meeting, raising questions about the lack of an EP accountability office. Although there were some commitments to improve transparency and reporting, the EPA did not commit to creating a grievance mechanism. In subsequent calls with the EPA, we have continued to emphasize the need for a robust accountability office.
Accountability Counsel is currently participating in the Equator Principles revision process, which will create the fourth version of the EPs – EP4. This initiative grew out of the 2017 Equator Banks, Act! campaign, which Accountability Counsel supported, and a series of problematic projects financed by EPFIs, including the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL) project. The EPA committed to reviewing the EPs to address issues including human rights, climate change, the rights of Indigenous Peoples, and the scope of applicability. We have been providing input to the EPA, both in our individual capacity and as a larger group of CSO stakeholders, to advise on the strengths and weaknesses of the EP’s policies and procedures. We have trained our focus on the need to increase transparency and accountability at the EPs, specifically calling out the lack of an accountability office and the failure of the EPs to cover all financial products within an EPFI’s portfolio. We have additionally called on the EPA to ensure that the EP4 process is inclusive of a wide variety of stakeholder voices. Alongside our partners at BankTrack, Accountability Counsel contributed to the drafting of the Open Letter to the Equator Principles Financial Institutions, calling on EPFIs to respect human rights, strengthen transparency, and ensure access to remedy through the institution of a legitimate, independent complaints mechanism.
On 16 October, 2018, Accountability Counsel participated in a meeting in Washington, DC with CSO partners, Indigenous leaders, and EPFIs, which raised important points on the importance of accountability for harm caused by EPFIs. The meeting was held on the sidelines of the 2018 Equator Principles Annual Meeting in DC. During the Annual Meeting, attendees recognized the need for improvement in several areas not currently explicitly included in the targeted EP4 review, including accountability and grievance handling.
In December 2018, the EPA released a summary report of the initial round of stakeholder feedback on the EPs and review process that mentioned many of our concerns. The EPA is currently considering the feedback and is expected to release a draft of the EPs for public comment in May 2019.
Accountability Counsel continues to seek new opportunities to work with EPFIs individually to develop new robust and effective mechanisms. As a result of advocacy from Accountability Counsel and other civil society partners, the Export-Import Bank of the United States (EXIM), an EPFI, created the Environmental and Social Project Information and Concerns Form. The portal is a promising development and a step toward greater accountability at EXIM. We are continuing to work with EXIM to move the portal towards being a robust accountability mechanism. | https://www.accountabilitycounsel.org/institution/equator-principles/ |
Data Protection Laws are changing and all podiatrists will need to comply!
Published 26 Nov 2017
Data protection rules are set to change in May 2018. These changes may impact on your use of PASCOM-10. The college of Podiatry hase recently published the following statement on their website here
Key Learning Points
- The Data Protection act is being updated with the EU General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR).
- All healthcare professionals should be aware of the key terms within the GDPR.
- Podiatrists will need to consider carefully the ways in which they process personal data.
Under EU law, the rights to privacy and fair processing of personal data are treated as fundamental rights. In the UK, these rights have been protected under the Data Protection Acts since 1984.
The existing regime is undergoing a major overhaul, and from 25 May 2018 a new system will take effect. At the heart is the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). In the UK the regulation will apply directly, but it will be supplemented by a new Data Protection Act, aspects of which are as yet unconfirmed. The new regime emphasises accountability and will affect the way that we all work with, and store, personal data.
People and organisations (including podiatrists) who process personal data will need to demonstrate that they have considered certain Data Protection Principles and adopted appropriate processes to achieve compliance. For podiatrists who are employed, the major burden will fall on the employer organisations such as the NHS. Employees of those organisations will need to adapt to changes in local policies and procedures implementing the new regime.
For podiatrists in independent or private group practice, there is far more work to do, as the burden of implementing reform and ensuring ongoing compliance will fall on you as controllers of the personal data that you collect and process. While the new system is evolutionary, not revolutionary, it appears that the prospect of new substantial fines has caused many data controllers to think seriously about their obligations for the first time.
The new regime is undoubtedly complex. As with any new major regulation, there are questions about the precise meaning of aspects of the new rules. However, the main thrust is clear, and the time to implementation is short, so the lack of certainty around the detail should not be a barrier to early action. There are areas where compliance will require controllers to put in a great amount thought and time.
In addition to driving a culture of accountability in data processing, the new system strengthens the rights of data subjects in areas such as access to personal data and rights to rectification and erasure. It also tightens up the regime relating to consent, setting more exacting requirements for consent when this is relied upon as the justification for data processing.
In this, the first of a series of articles looking at the key points of relevance to podiatrists, we explain some of the terminology and outline the first steps to implementing the changes.
KEY TERMS
Personal Data
Personal data is data that relate to identifiable natural persons.
Special Category Personal Data
The GDPR affords special protection to specific categories of data that are particular sensitive. These are referred to as ‘Special Category’ personal data, and include information about a person’s physical or mental health. Clinical records contain these data. Podiatrists may also be processing special category personal data in emails or other communications, although processing of these data is prohibited unless certain requirements are met.
Data Controller
A Data Controller is an individual or organisation that determines the way in which personal data is processed. It is likely that controllers will be required to pay an annual fee to the Information Commissioner.
Processing
The definition of processing is wide. It includes a range of common operations such as collecting, recording, accessing, disclosing, storing and destruction of personal data.
Data Protection Principles
The GDPR sets out six core principles that apply to the processing of personal data. These are similar to the existing principles under the Data Protection Act and can be summarised as follows:
- Lawfulness, fairness and transparency
- Purpose limitation
- Data minimisation
- Accuracy
- Storage limitation
- Security
Lawful Grounds for processing
In assessing the lawfulness of processing, at least one of the permitted ‘Lawful Grounds’ in Article 6 GDPR must apply. When processing special category personal data, it is also necessary that one of the lawful grounds in Article 9 GDPR applies.
These will be explored in more detail in a future article. For now we note that consent is one of the available lawful grounds, but that it may not be the most appropriate to rely upon. The full list can be accessed at: https://ico.org.uk
FIRST STEP IN COMPLYING WITH THE GDPR
Know your data
Podiatrists in independent practice will be processing the personal data of their patients, which includes special category personal data. The starting point in achieving compliance is to identify and understand the nature of the personal data that you process by data mapping. This entails reviewing how and where personal data is processed, whether it is shared, and if so with whom, and describing those data flows either in words or graphically.
Data Mapping
The first step in data mapping is to consider where you process personal data. The obvious starting point is a patient’s clinical records. These will contain special category personal data about the patient, and possible personal data about third parties, such as records of the patient’s family history or details of next of kin. They are also likely to include the podiatrist’s personal data.
However, it is probable that the processing of personal data will extend beyond the clinical record. You will need to think about how you communicate with, and about, patients. No doubt you send emails to patients about appointments or possibly more specific clinical issues. These emails comprise personal data, so it is important to think about how and where the information is stored. One way of approaching this is to think about the patient’s journey from their first enquiry to the end of treatment, and the storage of records after treatment is complete. You will also need to decide how to manage personal data from enquirers who never become patients.
Whether records are electronic or paper, it is important to think about who can access them and what security measures are in place. You should also think about where data are accessed, for example on remote devices, and to consider the security of electronic communications in transit.
If you use a cloud storage provider or email service provider you need to know where in the world your data is processed, and ensure that the processor is compliant with the GDPR.
Mapping your data collection and use in this way allows you to think about compliance in a structured way. It will help identify vulnerabilities and solutions and prioritise them. Once you understand your data flows you can document your risk assessment and write a formal policy for the processing of personal data. You should also review any contracts you have with third parties for processing your data, bearing in mind that Article 28 of the GDPR requires controllers to include certain express contractual terms in their contracts with data processors.
Mapping your data processing will also allow you to think about what processing operations you undertake and determine the most appropriate lawful grounds on which to rely for that processing. This in turn will help you to decide to what information to include in the privacy notice you give to your patients.
In subsequent articles we will look at the following: | https://www.pascom-10.com/november-2017/data-protection-laws-are-changing-and-all-podiatrists-will-need-to-comply |
Connected Development and BudgIT, a civil society organization (CSO), have launched the second phase of the COVID-19 Transparency and Accountability in Africa Project (CTAP).
The Nigerian News Agency reports that CTAP is advocating for better financing of health care.
The project will also address issues related to the deployment and equitable distribution of vaccines in target countries.
Introducing the project, Mr. Hamzat Lawal, CEO of CODE and Founder of “Follow The Money”, said CTAP will also counter misinformation and misinformation around COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Africa.
Lawal said the move became necessary because many people were skeptical about vaccination in Africa.
He said the project also aims to promote accountability and transparency by tracking COVID-19 response funds in 10 African countries from Nigeria, Ghana, Malawi, Kenya, Cameroon, Zimbabwe, Liberia, from Senegal, among others. .
Lawal said the first phase of CTAP focused on accountability for how funds were generated, spent and implemented, but the second phase will focus on how to strengthen the health sector.
Mr. Hamzat Lawal (in white and with a cap) during the presentation of the second phase of the COVID-19 Africa Transparency and Accountability Project (CTAP)
He said the second phase of the project would advocate for better financing of health care and address issues related to the deployment and equitable distribution of vaccines in target countries.
“CTAP is a game-changer. When COVID-19 first hit the world, Africa was unprepared let alone the world, with CTAP we help establish a framework where government, civil society, media and citizens s commit to the open government association.
“Today, CODE, in association with BudgIT and in collaboration with Global Integrity and its partners, is launching phase two of CTAP and is now expanding to 10 African countries, including Nigeria.
“Just two days ago, we signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the National Health Development Agency as part of our commitment to CTAP.
“In it, we agreed that we will jointly monitor the procurement, distribution and administration of vaccines,” he said.
Lawal said phase two of the CTAP would help counter misinformation and misinformation, while community leaders and actors would also be engaged to accelerate vaccine supply and improve administration.
He said it was because there were doubts about vaccines in Africa, which could have been partly due to mistrust, they feel there was a lack of openness, transparency and responsibility for all COVID resource income and expenses. -19.
He said the long-term vision of the group is to have strong health sector accountability in Africa and hopefully see CTAP become a pan-African accountability framework for healthcare.
He said it would also help inform the acceleration and realization of the Open Government Partnership that the President signed in 2016 in London.
In addition, Mr. Gabriel Okeowo, Country Director of BudgIT, said that the COVID-19 Africa platform created during the first phase of the project will be enhanced to also collect information data on health care accountability and health care data. in implementing countries.
Okeowo said the group is also looking to digitally engage around 1.7 million citizens so they can engage their governments to demand accountability in the health sector.
He added that CSOs plan to engage 850,000 citizens who have been unable to access information digitally using money tracking platforms to conduct grassroots outreach.
He said it was to empower and give a platform opportunity to those without a voice.
“We plan to organize capacity building sessions for around 100 CSOs who would come from these countries in partnership.
“We will use community champions and volunteers to train local community leaders who can provide insight into the healthcare system in their local community.
“What we are doing is not taking the place of government, it is bridging the gap, it is supporting the government’s overall program to improve governance.”
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Okeowo also said CSOs would look to broaden the scope to see how they could collaborate with the Open Government Partnership, a global platform for many governments to align with open government principles in the whole world.
Ms. Iyanu Fatoba, BudgIT Communications Associate, said the two organizations would conduct research on the post-COVID environment.
Fatoba said these include the distribution of health sector resources, government commitment to health care financing, vaccine supply plans and issues affecting equitable distribution in Africa.
He said this particularly focused on vulnerable groups in terms of business activity and socio-economic status.
He said the COVID-19 Transparency and Accountability Project has been instrumental in strengthening its funding accountability frameworks and designing strategies that improve citizen advocacy for reforms. | https://greenstart.net/cso-unveils-the-2nd-phase-of-the-covid-19-fund-management-project/ |
Since its creation in March 2010, the Corporate Secretaries International Association (CSIA) has not shied away from the tough challenges facing the global corporate secretarial profession. Perhaps the toughest of these challenges has been the attempt to establish globally-accepted principles of good governance for corporate secretaries; these were duly launched at a meeting in Kuala Lumpur in October this year.
There is huge diversity in the corporate secretarial profession at an international level, but the Corporate Secretaries International Association (CSIA) hopes to give the profession an international voice and presence. The CSIA, of which HKICS is a founder member, is an international federation of professional bodies that promotes best practices in corporate secretarial, corporate governance, and compliance services. In the three years since its launch, the CSIA has been working on three major initiatives:
- lobbying at a national and international level to improve global governance standards and establishing globally-accepted principles of good governance for corporate secretaries
- lobbying the World Trade Organisation (WTO) to include a new listing for ‘Corporate Governance, Compliance and Secretarial Advisory Services’ in the WTO’s ‘Trade in Services’ business classification listings, and
- developing a ‘Corporate Secretaries Toolkit’ for use in the training of corporate secretaries around the world.
At its third International Roundtable meeting in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, on 23 October 2013, the CSIA announced the first of these initiatives to be completed – its CSIA Governance Principles for Corporate Secretaries. The principles ‘aim to guide corporate secretaries across all countries, jurisdictions and cultures on how they can influence the implementation of good governance in their organisations,’ said Peter Turnbull FGIA FCIS, CSIA President.
Shared values?
Given the stark differences between corporate governance practices around the world, the attempt to encourage the adoption and application of good governance principles on a global basis was never going to be easy. The key distinction, however, is that the CSIA is not attempting to homogenise corporate governance practices globally. Clearly, the major differences in corporate ownership structures, legal traditions, regulatory infrastructures, etc, would make any such attempt futile.
The CSIA believes, however, that there are common global principles which can usefully guide corporate secretaries in their work wherever they happen to be. These are the core principles that should be present in any good governance framework, and the CSIA recognises that adjustments will need to be made for local needs and conditions.
The CSIA is not, of course, the first organisation to attempt to identify globally-accepted corporate governance principles. The OECD Corporate Governance Principles, the most widely known set of global governance principles, first came out in 1999. Since then other institutions – such as the International Corporate Governance Network (ICGN) – have brought out their own sets of principles (see ICGN Corporate Governance Principles at: www.icgn.org).
What then can the CSIA add to this space? The CSIA does not intend to double up on the work of organisations like the OECD and ICGN, but it believes that there is value in devising a set of governance principles specifically targetted at corporate secretaries. ‘Corporate secretaries have a pivotal role to play in implementing good governance in their organisation. Accordingly, the CSIA Governance Principles for Corporate Secretaries complement these existing guidelines by providing guidance to the corporate secretary so that they can encourage a good governance framework in their organisation,’ the CSIA principles state.
The principles
The CSIA Governance Principles for Corporate Secretaries are:
- integrity
- accountability
- stewardship
- transparency
- separation of board and management, and
- corporate responsibility to society and the environment.
To be applicable across different cultures, these principles are necessarily at a high level of abstraction but does that mean that they will not be of much practical use to corporate secretaries in their daily work? To facilitate this approach, the CSIA has added a commentary to the principles to aid their implementation at a practical level.
‘CSIA is of the view that good governance does not need to be unduly complex or burdensome. Quite the contrary, good governance principles and processes should be practical in their application, cost-effective and most importantly, a business enabler, which facilitates the achievement of overall business strategy and not “governance for the sake of governance”,’ said Peter Turnbull.
Integrity
The CSIA emphasises that integrity, the first and most important principle in the list, is at the core of all governance structures and processes. It believes that diverse cultures will have a common understanding of the concept of integrity and the importance of acting with honesty, fairness, ethics and moral character.
On a practical level the CSIA principles recommend that, among other things, corporate secretaries should ensure that:
- appropriate systems and processes, such as value frameworks or codes of conduct, are put in place to act as a guide to behaviour
- the actions of the board and senior management reflect the espoused values of the organisation by ensuring adequate induction and training of directors and all staff, including senior managers, with a particular emphasis that high integrity in all corporate actions is a non-negotiable aspect of the organisation’s values, and
- acting with integrity is a key performance indicator for senior management and other staff
Accountability
This principle will clearly be subject to local conditions since different jurisdictions have different views about the extent of a company’s accountability. Should a company be accountable only to its shareholders or also to a wider group of stakeholders? If the latter, which constituencies should be included – customers, employees, unions, the media, regulators, the local community, the general public?
The CSIA believes that judgements as to appropriate channels of accountability can only be made at the local level, but it contends that an ‘inclusive stakeholder approach is the correct one to enable sustainable and responsible businesses’.
The CSIA points out that the ability to be accountable will require good listening and communication skills from corporate secretaries. They need to understand stakeholder expectations and they need to communicate to those stakeholders what the organisation is doing, why it is doing it, how it is doing it and what it has achieved.
On a practical level the CSIA principles recommend that, among other things, corporate secretaries should ensure that:
- organisations engage with their members/ shareholders at least annually in a public forum, providing members/ shareholders with the opportunity to question the governing body on its decision making
- organisations establish communication channels whereby they can receive feedback from members/ shareholders and other stakeholders and that mechanisms are in place to review the effectiveness of the communication, and
- the board of directors or governing body conducts a performance review of itself annually and discloses to its members/ shareholders that such a process is in place.
Stewardship
There is a close connection between the goals of accountability and stewardship – the CSIA points out that both concepts require a longer-term view and vision. The CSIA principles define ‘stewardship’ as an ethic that embodies responsible planning and management of resources with a long-term perspective.
In a legal sense, stewardship is seen as a fiduciary duty – companies need to display the appropriate care and skill in their management of their operations on behalf of members/ shareholders. The principles also emphasise that stewardship involves the sustainable performance of an organisation whilst operating within stakeholder expectations.
On a practical level the CSIA principles recommend that, among other things, corporate secretaries should ensure that:
- the board has an annual calendar of important decisions, procedures for the effective flow of information from management to the board, formal agendas and minutes and effective follow-up mechanisms
- there is a periodic evaluation of the governing board’s performance and also their development programmes, and that the governance function entails ensuring succession planning for key positions, and
- the organisation has in place internal controls to ensure that all decisions benefit the organisation and its stakeholders and that conflicts of interest are registered, managed and minimised.
Transparency
The CSIA principles point out that transparency fosters trust in all relationships which is why it is so important. Moreover, transparency is not only an external concept in terms of information flows to stakeholders, it is also an internal concept where sufficiently detailed and open flows of information should be in place between the board, management and employees.
Perhaps the hardest lesson to learn, however, when it comes to transparency, is that it applies equally to positive and to negative information. The CSIA principles make it clear that transparency is not just about good PR – stakeholders need to know the bad news as much as they need to know about the good.
On a practical level the CSIA principles recommend that, among other things, corporate secretaries should ensure that:
- all relevant and material information, be it to members or other stakeholders, is published in a timely, accurate and complete fashion
- such information is published in a form in which it can be easily understood by the target audience, and
- such information is released digitally at every opportunity to ensure that it is timely and readily available, but requests to receive hardcopy information are met, particularly any requests in relation to financial statements and annual reports.
Separation of board and management
The CSIA principles aim to distinguish the roles of the directors who govern an organisation and the executives who manage it. This distinction is sometimes less clear where family and collective interests play a significant role in the affairs of companies and organisations. Nevertheless, the CSIA principles argue that a clear separation of the key oversight functions of the governing body from the operational management functions within an organisation is desirable. ‘When these functions are properly separated it creates transparency and avoids confusion in the decision making and oversight process, providing clarity as to responsibilities,’ the CSIA principles state.
Where, due to cultural and local factors, individuals combine the oversight and operational functions, the CSIA recommends that processes are put in place to clarify ‘which hat the individual is wearing’ to provide for accountability in decision making. It adds that any non- separation of these functions should be clearly communicated to stakeholders.
On a practical level the CSIA principles recommend that, among other things, corporate secretaries should ensure that:
- the supervisory and oversight functions of the board or governing body are set out in a charter or similar document
- the board of directors or governing body sets out clear delegations of authority, both financial and non- financial, to clarify the business execution functions of management, and
- the governing body or board of directors has authority to appoint and terminate the chief executive officer or managing director.
Corporate responsibility to society and the environment
Just as with the principle of accountability above, there will inevitably be differences between jurisdictions on this issue but there has been rising expectations globally for companies to operate in a sustainable, ethical and responsible manner. The CSIA recognises that this is not necessarily a duty prescribed in a legal sense, but that companies do nevertheless have to earn their ‘social licence’ to operate. Apart from anything else, companies need to create sustainable value for their members/ shareholders.
Moreover, the CSIA principles point out that this clearly has implications for corporate reporting. ‘Companies need to report not only on financial and commercial outcomes but on how the achievement of those outcomes may create social and environmental risks and how those risks are being managed to ensure the organisation is performing responsibly,’ the CSIA principles state.
On a practical level the CSIA principles recommend that, among other things, corporate secretaries should ensure that:
- their organisation implements and monitors its active compliance with the spirit as well as the letter of the law, ethical standards, international norms and stakeholder expectations
- their organisation agrees on a set of corporate responsibility-related goals that are embedded in key performance indicators for senior management, and
- their organisation integrates sustainability and financial reporting so that members/ shareholders and other stakeholders can assess the organisation’s management of its material business risks
The ‘CSIA Governance Principles for Corporate Secretaries’ is the second publication issued by the CSIA.
The first publication – ‘Twenty Practical Steps to Better Corporate Governance’ – is available on the CSIA website: www.csiaorg.com.
SIDEBAR: Background to the CSIA principles
The CSIA Governance Principles for Corporate Secretaries first took shape at the conference held by the CSIA and the Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE) in Shanghai in September 2011. Conference delegates reached the conclusion that a consensus on the fundamental principles underlying good governance is both a necessity and a very real possibility. However, the conference also concluded that any such principles would need to be genuinely global and culturally inclusive.
The draft principles were identified at the Roundtable discussion convened on the second day of the Shanghai conference. The outcome of the Shanghai Roundtable was then put before a second Roundtable in New York in October 2012. The New York Roundtable led to a reorientation of the focus of the principles such that they reflect what corporate secretaries could implement, or recommend to be implemented, within their own organisation. | http://csj.hkics.org.hk/site/2013/12/06/thinking-big-csia-launches-global-governance-principles-for-corporate-secretaries/ |
Civil Society organisations from across the globe are urging the G20 and the IMF (International Monetary Fund) for a fair channeling of Special Drawing Rights from IMF to benefit economies of the developing countries to help finance Covid response and hasten an equitable and inclusive economic recovery.
In a joint petition addressed to the G20 Finance Ministers, Central Bank Governors and the IMF they say, ‘With the SDR distribution being proportional to IMF countries’ quotas, the new allocation of US$650 billion does not ensure sufficient SDRs go to developing countries.’
The joint letter which is now being signed by civil society organizations is as follows:
As the pandemic exacerbates multiple crises in developing countries, Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) are a crucial option to help finance the COVID response and hasten an equitable and inclusive economic recovery. With the SDR distribution being proportional to IMF countries’ quotas, the new allocation of US$650 billion does not ensure sufficient SDRs go to developing countries. This is why many have been calling for an allocation in the order of US$3 trillion (link to the letter: https://bit.ly/3peg8h6). Moreover, advanced economies are in less need of SDRs given their access to a wider array of monetary and financial tools for the response and recovery. Thus, it is essential that the recent allocation be quickly followed by rechanneling a significant portion of advanced economies’ SDRs to developing countries.
We strongly believe that successful and equitable recovery is contingent on transparency and a participatory process inclusive of civil society in all countries. This also applies to international spaces making decisions on SDR channeling mechanisms, including the G20 and the IMF, where civil society has not had, so far, sufficient opportunities to engage on this matter.
We urge you to ensure SDR channeling options align with a basic framework of principles that many academics, experts and civil society colleagues around the world echoed over recent months.
THE CHANNELING OPTIONS SHOULD:
1. Provide debt-free financing, so it does not add to unsustainable debt burdens of developing countries, whose annual external public debt payments are projected to average US$300 billion over 2021 and 2022. Grant-based financing is ideal but, if additional loans are to be offered, then maximum concessionality is critical (zero interest and lengthy repayment terms with extended grace periods).
2. Refrain from tying transfers to policy conditionality (directly or indirectly). Conditionality will lengthen the time it takes to negotiate such financing, could force countries into adopting difficult adjustment or austerity measures; or put the financing beyond reach for countries unable to comply with such conditions.
3. Be accessible to middle-income countries. These countries have persistently been left out of debt relief initiatives and concessional financing, and should not be excluded from yet another financial assistance option when many of them face deep debt distress and challenging pandemic vulnerabilities.
4. Include transparency and accountability safeguards on both providers and recipients of such financing in the spirit of democratic ownership, strengthening independent scrutiny, participation and accountability to citizens.
5. Ensure that SDR contributions are additional to existing ODA and climate finance commitments. Only SDRs channelled to developing countries as grants should count as ODA, or, where appropriate, against the climate finance goal of US$100 billion.
6. Prioritize SDR use that expands international grant funding for combatting the pandemic through budget support for public services and the public sector workforce in health and education, for social protection and other needs. Grants can also target promotion of a fair recovery that supports climate justice, and tackles economic and gender inequality, including the unpaid care burden that women bear, and the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated.
We also call for agreement on a global repository to report on channeled SDRs. This will help limit fragmentation and be an important measure for accountability of commitments and tracking the overall impact of SDRs, including for ongoing learning.
We are aware that the Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust (PRGT) is being considered as a favoured option for SDRs channeling; however, it is important to note that the PRGT does not reflect the principles of being debt-free, conditionality-free, and accessible to all developing countries. We urge you to consider ways to improve the PRGT option, including channeling via its emergency financing vehicle (Rapid Credit Facility).
We also encourage you to identify SDR channeling mechanisms that support debt cancellation, including through the Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust, and to consider alternative options which align best with the principles stated above.
To create options to scale up SDR channeling volumes and reach more developing countries we encourage you to seriously discuss alternative options beyond the PRGT and beyond the IMF more broadly. However, other rechanneling vehicles under discussion, such as a Resilience and Sustainability Trust and Multilateral Development Banks, still appear far from embodying these principles.
Finally, neither the initial SDR allocation nor the channeling of SDRs can be a substitute for the urgent implementation of debt relief measures that benefit both low- and middle- income countries, especially to ensure that the additional resources are not directed to repay external private and other creditors. | https://greenwatchbd.com/finance/2092 |
Space archaeology is the study of human space exploration through material culture. I’m interested in how humans use objects and technology to engage with the space environment.
What do space archaeologists do?
In archaeology, space archaeology is the research-based study of various human-made items found in space, their interpretation as clues to the adventures humanity has experienced in space, and their preservation as cultural heritage.
Do Archaeologists make a lot of money?
Archaeologists made a median salary of $63,670 in 2019. The best-paid 25 percent made $81,480 that year, while the lowest-paid 25 percent made $49,760.
Do archaeologists keep what they find?
Archaeologists do not keep the objects they excavate, since the remains generally belong to the country in which they are found. Archaeologists are only interested in studying the objects and do not keep or sell them.
What are some activities that an archeologist would do?
Archaeologists spend much more of their time in the laboratory analyzing artifacts and data than they do in the field. Archaeologists analyze artifacts, features, and other information recovered in the field to help answer their research questions.
What is the oldest piece of space junk still in orbit?
The oldest known piece of orbital debris is the 1958 Vanguard 1 research satellite, which ceased all functions in 1964.
Is archeology a science?
Archaeology, archeology, or archæology is the science that studies human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, biofacts, human remains and landscapes.
Is archeology a good career?
Archaeology can be a great career, but it doesn’t pay very well, and there are distinct hardships to the life. Many aspects of the job are fascinating, though—in part because of the exciting discoveries that can be made.
Who is the richest archaeologist?
Howard Carter, (born May 9, 1874, Swaffham, Norfolk, England—died March 2, 1939, London), British archaeologist, who made one of the richest and most-celebrated contributions to Egyptology: the discovery (1922) of the largely intact tomb of King Tutankhamen.
Do archaeologists travel?
Do Archaeologists Travel? … Archaeologists whose research areas are not near where they live may travel to conduct surveys, excavations, and laboratory analyses. Many archaeologists, however, do not travel that much. This is true for some jobs in federal and state government, museums, parks and historic sites.
How are excavations done?
Some of the different processes used in excavation include trenching, digging, dredging and site development. Each of these processes requires unique techniques, tools and machinery to get the job done right. The processes used will depend upon the structure that will result from the construction process.
Who owns archeology?
The Antiquities Act of 1975 states that anything found must be reported to the Ministry of Culture and Heritage within 28 days. Then the ministry decides what to do with it. If the item was found before 1976, then it belongs to whoever found it.
How is Archaeology important?
Archaeology is important simply because many people like to know, to understand, and to reflect. The study of archaeology satisfies the basic human need to know where we came from, and possibly understand our own human nature.
What are 3 examples of artifacts?
Examples include stone tools, pottery vessels, metal objects such as weapons and items of personal adornment such as buttons, jewelry and clothing. Bones that show signs of human modification are also examples.
What is the most important artifact ever found?
Top 10 Most Important Historical Finds
- Qin Shi Huang’s Terracotta Army. A farmer in Xi’an named Yang was drilling for water when he found the Terracotta Army in 1947. …
- The Dead Sea Scrolls. …
- The Royal Library of Ashurbanipal. …
- Tutankhamun’s Tomb (KV62) …
- Pompeii. …
- Peking Man. …
- The Rosetta Stone. …
- The Behistun Rock. | https://shelbylanderson.com/archaeology/what-does-a-space-archeologist-do.html |
A large, beautiful mosaic floor and a church were uncovered in excavations carried out by the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) at Hirbet Madras in the Judean coastal plain. Various scholars who visited the site during the excavation proposed identifying the place as the residence and tomb of the prophet Zechariah. In recent months an archaeological excavation was conducted at Hirbet Madras in the wake of an antiquities theft during which robbers attempted to breach and plunder an ancient underground complex.
Hirbet Madras is known as the site of a large, important Jewish community from the Second Temple period until its destruction during the Bar Kokhba Revolt in 135 C.E. Among the remains at the site are those of buildings, caves, agricultural installations and extensive underground hiding tunnels.
The site was identified by a number of scholars as the location of a major community. Research of the site was begun in the late nineteenth century and continues until the present. In the 1980s, a lintel bearing a unique decoration was discovered at the site. Due to the similarity between it and an identical lintel from the Hirbet Nevoraya synagogue in the north of the country, Professor Amos Kloner and the late Dr. Zvi Ilan put forward the theory that an ancient Jewish synagogue is located nearby.
Recently, in the wake of the illicit excavations by antiquities robbers, the lintel was rediscovered by inspectors of the IAA Unit for the Prevention of Antiquities Theft. Following the discovery, an excavation was carried out with the aim of revealing the secrets of the monumental building which the lintel belonged to. The excavation, on behalf of the IAA, was directed by Amir Ganor and Alon Klein of the Unit for the Prevention of Antiquities Theft.
A public building of impressive beauty dating to the Byzantine period, in which there are several construction phases, was exposed in the excavation. In the last two construction phases the building was used as a splendid church. However, based on the results of the excavation and as evidenced by the artifacts, it seems that this church is built inside a large public compound from the Second Temple period and the Bar Kokhba Revolt, which was used in the first construction phases of the compound.
The church, in its last phases, was built as a basilica, at the front of which is a large flagstone courtyard from which worshippers passed into an entry corridor. Through a shaped opening one enters into the nave where there were eight breathtaking marble columns that bore magnificent capitals which were specially imported from Turkey. At the end of the nave is a raised platform and on either side of the nave are two wide aisles. All of the floors in the building were adorned with spectacular mosaic floors decorated with faunal and floral patterns and geometric designs that are extraordinarily well preserved.
Located behind the platform are two rooms, one paved with a marble floor and the other that led to an underground tomb devoid of any finds. Branching out beneath the entire building is a subterranean hiding complex in which there are rooms, water installations, traps and store rooms. This complex belongs to the large building from the Second Temple period which the Byzantine church was built into.
Among the artifacts discovered in the hiding complex are coins from the time of the Great Revolt (66-70 C.E.) and the Bar Kokhba Revolt (132-135 C.E.), stone vessels, lamps and various pottery vessels that are characteristic of the Jewish population from the community at that time.
Researchers who visited the site are of the opinion that the site is the residence and tomb of the prophet Zechariah. Ancient Christian sources identified the burial place of the prophet Zechariah in the village of Zechariah, and noted that his place of burial was discovered in 415 C.E. The researchers believe that in light of an analysis of the Christian sources, including the Madaba Map, the church at Hirbet Madras is a memorial church designed to mark the tomb of the prophet Zechariah. This issue will be examined and studied in the near future.
For the past month the IAA has been engaged in uncovering the magnificent structure, unraveling its secrets and preserving the mosaic floors. In the coming days the spectacular mosaics will be covered and the planning process will begin for the conservation of the site and its future presentation to the public, as one of the sites selected to be included within the framework of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s national heritage project. | https://www.christianheadlines.com/columnists/israel-insights/byzantine-church-uncovered-in-salvage-excavation.html |
A team of researchers at multiple institutions in Austria, the US and Portugal has identified the remains of two babies found in an old grave in Austria as identical twin babies. In their paper published in the journal Communication biologythe group describes their study of the remains and surrounding artifacts and what they learned about the burial.
In 2005, archaeologists discovered the remains of three very young people buried in a grave at the Krems-Wachtberg excavation site in Austria – all three were dated to about 30,000 years ago. Work on the site has revealed the presence of an ancient settlement called Gravettian. In this new effort, the researchers studied the remains of the three babies and analyzed other artifacts found in their graves.
Two of the babies were buried under about five meters of soil. They sat close together under a mammoth shoulder bone that had been cut and shaved to serve as the lid of a chest. The lid had protected the remains, making them in very good condition. A DNA analysis showed that the two babies (both boys) were newborn identical twin babies. The first died shortly after birth, the second died about 50 days later. The time between deaths indicated that the tomb had been reopened for use when the second baby died. The third child, buried a short distance away without a cover, was in bad shape, but the researchers were able to retrieve DNA material that showed it was a cousin of the other two babies. The cause of death of the infants is unknown.
The tomb itself was oval in shape, and the babies were laid out as if they were spoons – they had been laid on a bed of red ocher. The researchers also found 53 beads made of mammoth ivory lined up in the tomb, suggesting they were strung together. Since the beads showed no signs of wear, the researchers assumed they were strung for burial. The researchers also found three perforated mollusk shells in the grave and a fox incisor. The twins’ remains represent the oldest known monozygotic twins ever found.
Remains dug from Japan’s mass grave indicate an epidemic in the 19th century
Maria Teschler-Nicola et al. Ancient DNA Reveals Upper Paleolithic Monozygotic Newborn Twins, Communication biology (2020). DOI: 10.1038 / s42003-020-01372-8
© 2020 Science X Network
Quote: 30,000-year-old twin remains found in old grave in Austria (2020, November 12) Retrieved November 12, 2020 from https://phys.org/news/2020-11-year-old-twin-ancient-grave-austria .html
This document is protected by copyright. Other than fair treatment for the purposes of private study or research, no part may be reproduced without written permission. The content is provided for informational purposes only. | https://navva.org/zimbabwe/zimbabwe/30000-year-old-twin-remains-found-in-old-grave-in-austria/ |
The remains of a Nazi ‘terrorist rocket’ have been discovered in Kent, England.
Archaeological experts found a fragment of a German V2 terror rocket in the area it depicted 77 years ago.
It is believed that thousands of V2 rockets were launched by the Germans during World War II and caused around 9,000 fatalities in the UK alone.
The one in question is said to have been launched from Holland and took only minutes to reach England.
Fortunately, the rocket that exploded on the grounds of St. Mary’s Platt did not kill anyone when it detonated at midnight on Valentine’s Day 1944.
However, this left a crater 14 feet deep and 38 feet wide.
Archaeologists from Research Resources Archaeology were excavating at the crater site this week.
Brothers Colin and Sean Welch, who run the project, oversaw the excavation of the 31-foot hole, which soon revealed the remnants of a V2 terrorist rocket.
The team has previously worked on five other V2 sites but this was said to be different.
According to kent online, Colin Welch explained: “The rockets will enter Earth at an angle, in this case a trajectory of about 70 degrees.
“We usually expect to find most remains on the side of the crater farthest from the entry point, but when we dug there this time there was nothing.”
A bed of ragstone is said to have held the rocket close to the impact point.
Part of the rocket uncovered on Tuesday this week is a combustion chamber that would have contained a liquid oxygen and alcohol mixture.
“If they hit you you’d never know anything about it.” – Sean Welch, archaeologist
This concoction would have sent the rocket to the ground at 3,300 mph.
Sean Welch said: “Their rockets were traveling so fast. If they collided, you’d never know anything about it.”
The rocket remains will be cleaned and restored in a meticulous process that can take up to 18 months.
It is hoped that some Nazi secret source code may be discovered during the rocket project.
The Nazis put a three-letter stamp on the parts of the rocket.
After the war it was discovered that these codes could link rocket objects to the factory in which they were made.
Some V2 rocket parts are now made in a factory in Czechoslovakia and in Austria.
It is said that each rocket would require 30 tons of potatoes to make the alcohol necessary for a launch.
This production must have been taking place at a time of extreme food shortages for the Germans and attacks continued even as the war began to be lost.
The excavation team consists of ex-Royal engineers now working for Pearson TQ.
Daily live broadcast has been provided by the team to three local primary schools following the project.
The Welch brothers also hope to display their find in an online museum if they can secure grant money.
The Rocket case report will be filed with the Historical Records Officer for Kent shortly.
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In other archeology news, a new study is linking ancient evidence of a horrific ‘cosmic airburst’ to the biblical story of the destruction of Sodom.
The tomb of an ancient Egyptian king who lived some 4,500 years ago has been restored and opened to the public.
And, new analysis of the remains of an ancient Egyptian pharaoh has revealed that he may have been brutally murdered on the battlefield. | https://newsblok.net/nazi-3300mph-terror-weapon-prized-by-hitler-found-in-field-after-77-years/ |
Desert sand has long buried the area surrounding the Abusir pyramids, a necropolis known for its royal burials from Egypt's Fifth Dynasty, circa 2480 B.C. But that sand has also helped preserve the artifacts there. Now, Czech archeologists have uncovered an ancient funerary boat, a unique find, seeing as its wooden planks had to last through millennia.
The 62-foot-long boat, dating back more than 4,500 years, was found in a tomb or mastaba made of mud bricks, reports ARCHAEOLOGY magazine.
The discovery is unusual not just because it is so well preserved but also because the practice of boats burials, which began in Egypt's Early Dynastic Period, was thought to be reserved for members of the royal family. The Abusir discovery, however, was not located close enough to a royal pyramid to suggest that its owner was royal. The size of the tomb, however, indicates that whoever was buried in it was an elite, a press release from Charles University in Prague writes.
The millenia-old planks' wooden pegs are still visible in their original positions. Even plant fiber battens that covered the boat's seams are also still there, as are some of the ropes that held the boat together. "All these minute details are of the highest importance, since most of the ancient Egyptian boats and ships have survived either in poor state of preservation, or were dismantled in pieces," the press release notes.
Egyptologists still don't know exactly why boats were buried in tombs. They may have been the barges that bore the deceased into the afterlife or a form of transportation the dead could use once they arrived to the underworld. In Egypt's Old Kingdom, royals often had several boats buried inside their pyramids. Most of these boats have been lost thanks to the inexorable grind of time. Only "brown dust in the shape of the original boat" remains in some of the pits designed to hold them, according to the press release.
“It is by all means a remarkable discovery," says director of the excavations at Abusir, Miroslav Bárta. "The careful excavation and recording of the Abusir boat will make a considerable contribution to our understanding of ancient Egyptian watercraft and their place in funerary cult."
One of the only other surviving ancient Egyptian boats is a ship that was buried in pieces, found in the Great Pyramid of King Khufu in 1954. That 144-foot-long vessel was carefully reconstructed and put on display. Researchers hope this smaller vessel will help them learn more about the purpose of these boats and perhaps indicate the possibility of future discoveries in the area.
As Bárta puts it, "...[W]here there is one boat, there very well may be more." | https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/archeologists-find-rare-4500-year-old-egyptian-funerary-boat-180958020/ |
The City contains many historical and archaeological areas of international, national, and local importance, from all period of history, including pre-Columbian Indian villages, and British settlements. No individual shall be allowed to disturb or remove artifacts from public property without the written permission of the City Archaeologist, the City Manager, or his or her designee (§50-13[f], Code of Ordinances).
All proposed disturbances on City-owned or maintained property, including but not limited to those by the Utilities Commission, telephone, cable, and gas companies, the Department of Transportation, City contractors, and City subcontractors shall be reported to the City Archaeologist before those disturbances take place.
Within archaeological zones I and II, disturbances on City-owned or maintained properties shall be subject to intensive archaeological salvage excavations, to be conducted by the City Archaeologist prior to any underground disturbance, building construction, or utility excavation, and paid for by the entity initiating the disturbance. The extent of the archaeological salvage excavations by the City Archaeologist will be dependent on the extent of the proposed area of construction disturbance and the significance of the archaeological resource.
Within archaeological zones I and II, the City Archaeologist will be authorized to delay the proposed construction work or major disturbance for up to four weeks. The City Manager, or his or her designee may grant additional time, if needed. Early notification of and by the City Archaeologist, prior to any disturbances occurring, may minimize or eliminate the need for work delays. The applicant will be informed of any delays.
Where the City Building Official determines that there are emergency situations or conditions dangerous to life, health, or property, the City Building Official may order the remedying of the situation or condition and shall promptly notify the City Archaeologist and the City Manager, and shall not be subject to the regulations of this chapter.
Artifacts uncovered, recovered, or discovered during testing, salvage archaeology, excavation, or monitoring of City-owned or maintained properties shall remain the property of the City. If additional archaeological testing or excavation by the City Archaeologist is permitted within areas outside the proposed disturbances and artifacts uncovered, the City shall obtain written permission from the property owner to analyze, catalog, record, and conserve the artifacts for long-term storage, care, protection, and preservation (§50-13[g], Code of Ordinances).
Artifacts uncovered, recovered, or discovered during testing, salvage archaeology, excavation, or monitoring shall be washed, if the City Archaeologist deems appropriate, cataloged, analyzed, recorded, and conserved by the City Archaeologist. The Southeast Volusia Historical Society, Inc. will be the repository for artifacts discovered on City-owned or maintained properties. (§50-13[h], Code of Ordinances).
Human skeletal remains, uncovered, recovered, or discovered during testing, salvage archaeology, excavation, or monitoring shall be coordinated with the local medical examiner, the City, City Archaeologist, and the State Archaeologist. Such remains shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 872, Florida Statutes, and are not subject to private ownership. Such material shall be sensitively treated and, following its analysis by a physical anthropologist, shall be curated at a designated repository or appropriately buried (§50-13[i], Code of Ordinances).
City Archaeologist means the individual or group in charge of assessing the archaeological resources of New Smyrna Beach and directing or coordinating, monitoring, testing, and salvage excavations of these resources. The individual may either be a City employee, or may be an individual or corporation employed on a contract basis to perform the duties of the City Archaeologist. (§50-13[b], Code of Ordinances).
The City Manager or his or her designee shall appoint a City Archaeologist who shall meet the City's requirements and the standards for membership by the Register of Professional Archaeologists and shall have a demonstrated background in historic and prehistoric archeology. The City Archaeologist shall review all applicable ground disturbances on City-owned or maintained property in archaeological zones I and II; shall conduct such testing, excavations, or monitoring as shall be required by this chapter; shall prepare or oversee preparation of a final report on all projects, which report shall meet the guidelines established for archaeological reports by the department of state, division of historical resources, and be in accordance with the Cultural Resource Management Standards and Operations Manual; shall record archaeological sites and develop strategies for preservation of the archaeological resources of New Smyrna Beach; and shall participate in the planning state of applicable projects, to minimize the potential impacts on archaeological sites by any activities proposed for such sites; and shall maintain and update the archaeological base map; and shall advise the City Manager concerning archaeological issues (§50-13[j], Code of Ordinances). | https://www.cityofnsb.com/317/Archaeological-Preservation |
Arranged in the fetal position, this skeleton is among some 80 bodies discovered this spring in a vast Peruvian tomb—the largest yet found at the ancient site of Pachacamac. Buried a thousand years ago with wooden "false heads," the now decayed mummies were unearthed within a perimeter of infant human remains.
Once covered by a thatch roof, the tomb may have been a final resting place for diseased pilgrims drawn by promises of miracle cures, reports a team led by archaeologist Peter Eeckhout of Université libre de Bruxelles in Belgium.
As for the babies, Eeckhout doesn't rule out that they may have been sacrificed. It's just one more riddle of the Ychsma (pronounced EESH-MA)—the little-understood pre-Inca people who built their largest known city at Pachacamac, he said.
Skeletons and ceramic grave goods emerge from the newfound burial site at Pachacamac, not far from Lima. The oblong chamber was dug into the ground and covered with a roof of reeds, which was supported by tree trunks, according to the study team.
Apparently overlooked by 16th-century Spanish conquistadors and subsequent grave looters, the tomb contains fabric traces that suggest the dead had been traditionally mummified.
"Some, if not all, of the bodies we found were originally wrapped in textiles," said Eeckhout, whose past work at Pachacamac was funded in part by the National Geographic Society Committee for Research and Exploration. (National Geographic News is a division of the Society.)
Wooden "false heads"—including this one found in the new tomb—are trademarks of the Ychsma.
The five false heads in the newfound tomb didn't cover the faces of the deceased but were placed on or wedged into their curled-up mummies.
The artifacts "likely served to bestow an identity or persona to the [mummy] bundle and to aid in that individual's passage to the afterlife," University of Illinois anthropologist Matthew Piscitelli said via email.
Another face, this one in clay, stares out from a broken ceramic head excavated from the newfound Pachacamac tomb.
Before the Inca took over Pachacamac in the 15th century, the Ychsma had ruled the city for more then 500 years. The culture left their conquerors a vast complex of monumental buildings, including 18 mud-brick, stepped pyramids. (Find ou thow the Inca forged an empire.)
An important religious and pilgrimage center for nearly two millennia, Pachacamac "housed a powerful oracle, and several ancient groups constructed sacred structures and buried their dead among its many temples and cemeteries," said the University of Illinois's Piscitelli, who wasn't involved in the recent excavation and is also a National Geographic grantee.
The adult dead in the newfound tomb were found in the fetal position, which may have represented "some kind of rebirth" to the Ychsma, excavation leader Eeckhout said.
About half the bodies in the tomb belonged to babies—signaling either ritual sacrifice or that they'd "died from natural causes and then were deposited in some place until the moment of the foundation of that tomb," Eeckhout said.
Physical evidence of sacrifice, he added, may be hard to spot on the tiny corpses, particularly in cases of suffocation. Signs of sacrifice have been found in the past on very well preserved Pachacamac infant remains, he added. "But in this case it is absolutely not sure."
There's no doubt, though, that animals were sacrificed, Eeckhout said. Guinea pigs appear to have been the favored offerings, but dogs and parts of llamas or alpacas have also been recovered from the tomb. | http://www.archeolog-home.com/pages/content/pachacamac-perou-the-newfound-burial-site.html |
ACR conducted Class III survey of over 15,000 acres for a proposed land exchange between The Thunder Basin National Grassland and a private grazing cooperative. This project allowed for the exchange of 'land-locked' federally owned land parcels for plots of land contiguous with existing federal holdings. The parcels ranged in size from dozens of acres to over a Section (square mile) in size. Many of the parcels were located in remote and rugged areas with little to no road access. ACR's crack team of archeologists surveyed the entire project area to Class III standards on time and under budget, all while finding more archeological sites than predicted.
As a prerequisite for a coal mine expansion, ACR conducted a geoarchaeology study of a prehistoric site complex consisting of several NRHP eligible prehistoric sites. ACR directed the excavation of backhoe trenches on selected landforms in order to piece together the recent geomorphic history of the area. ACR collected radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) samples for chronometric dating of key stratigraphic layers and mapped soil sequences vertically and across the study area. ACR determined the depth and extent of sediment packages with the potential to contain buried artifacts and features. These findings were based on the interpreted age and energy regime of stratigraphic units in the study area.
ACR's archaeologists worked in the grid supporting a UXO identification and recovery project at the Vancouver Barracks site in eastern Washington. ACR's embedded UXO Tech 1 archaeologist allowed for maximum project efficiency, differentiating between historic artifacts and other recovered metal debris during intrusive operations. Historic components were documented thoroughly and promptly, allowing dig teams to continue work without interruption while maintaining compliance with federal regulations.
Preceding the excavation of a coal mine, ACR conducted an intensive survey, data recover and prehistoric land use study of the 4,800 acre project area. ACR's data recovery plan included detailed documentation and partial excavation of a potential breastwork feature identified by the Northern Cheyenne Tribal Historic Preservation Office (THPO). It included large format photo documentation of petroglyphs associated with eligible Native American sites in the area and excavation in and around features to recover buried artifacts and map subsurface stratigraphy.
Pole Mountain UXO RI/FS
(Unexploded Ordnance Remedial Investigation / Feasibility Study)
ACR designed and implemented field protocol, documentation methods, and printed field recording books specific to the needs of this project. These initiatives helped maximize UXO team efficiency using embedded archaeologists while maintaining UXO safety standards and compliance with the Programmatic Agreement (PA) between the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), US Forest Service (USFS), and Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO). Additionally, ACR's Field Director was certified as a UXO Tech 1 and assisted with intrusive operations and demolition setup. | https://www.acrcrm.com/copy-of-projects |
Tarkhan (Kafr Ammar), background information:
The reconstruction of the tombs:
Is mainly based on the tomb cards, published on a CD-ROM from the Petrie Museum, the measurements of the tombs are taken from the excavation reports (tomb register). All plans are orientated to the north if not otherwise stated.
Pottery:
The pottery types found in each tomb are published in the excavation reports (Petrie 1913, Petrie 1914). In Petrie 1913 only the types found in each tomb are published; for the number of pots, see the tomb cards. In Petrie 1914 is also given the number of each type found. It is still often not clear at which exact position within the tomb a certain pot was found.
Human remains:
Petrie was able to give from about 600 tombs the sex of the tomb owner. He does not explain in detail, which criteria he used. The sexing of the skeletons may in individual cases be doubted.
Dating:
The dating of the tombs by Petrie is given, who used for it his sequence dating system. Next to it, is a dating in terms of Dynasties.
Copyright © 2000 University College London. All rights reserved. | https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/tarkhan/tarkhanbackground.html |
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Children 12 and under must be accompanied by a paying adult.
The esteemed archaeologist Howard Carter is credited for discovering the Egyptian Pharaoh King Tutankhamuns tomb the Egyptian dessert in November of 1922.
Records show that at that time, when he supposedly found King Tuts tomb that
he was actually in the jungles of Capeche Mexico, the site of his very first Excavation where he was exploring the mysterious Mayan temples. It is also where, oddly enough, he discovered his first ancient Egyptian artifacts.
After nearly 30 years digging around Egypt looking for King Tuts tomb all he found were more ancient Egyptian artifacts, just like those he found in the jungle. He then decided to go back to the jungle and see if they were all some how related.
What were Egyptian artifacts doing in the Mayan jungles of Mexico? What did the Mayans and Egyptians have in common? How was Howard in the jungle and at the same time credited with discovering King Tuts tomb?
You and your team must go investigate the Mayan jungles of Mexico and figure out the secrets of the mysterious tomb! | https://www.iescaperooms.com/tomb-raider |
Textual value to be converted.
Points to place to store integer value converted from src.
Points to place to store double-precision floating-point value converted from src.
Points to place to store boolean value (0 or 1) converted from src.
These procedures convert from strings to integers or double-precision floating-point values or booleans (represented as 0- or 1-valued integers). Each of the procedures takes a src argument, converts it to an internal form of a particular type, and stores the converted value at the location indicated by the procedure's third argument. If all goes well, each of the procedures returns TCL_OK. If src does not have the proper syntax for the desired type then TCL_ERROR is returned, an error message is left in the interpreter's result, and nothing is stored at *intPtr or *doublePtr or *boolPtr.
Tcl_GetInt expects src to consist of a collection of integer digits, optionally signed and optionally preceded and followed by white space. If the first two characters of src after the optional white space and sign are “0x” then src is expected to be in hexadecimal form; otherwise, if the first such characters are “0o” then src is expected to be in octal form; otherwise, if the first such characters are “0b” then src is expected to be in binary form; otherwise, if the first such character is “0” then src is expected to be in octal form; otherwise, src is expected to be in decimal form.
Tcl_GetDouble expects src to consist of a floating-point number, which is: white space; a sign; a sequence of digits; a decimal point “.”; a sequence of digits; the letter “e”; a signed decimal exponent; and more white space. Any of the fields may be omitted, except that the digits either before or after the decimal point must be present and if the “e” is present then it must be followed by the exponent number. If there are no fields apart from the sign and initial sequence of digits (i.e., no decimal point or exponent indicator), that initial sequence of digits should take one of the forms that Tcl_GetInt supports, described above. The use of “,” as a decimal point is not supported nor should any other sort of inter-digit separator be present.
Tcl_GetBoolean expects src to specify a boolean value. If src is any of 0, false, no, or off, then Tcl_GetBoolean stores a zero value at *boolPtr. If src is any of 1, true, yes, or on, then 1 is stored at *boolPtr. Any of these values may be abbreviated, and upper-case spellings are also acceptable. | http://docs.activestate.com/activetcl/8.6/tcl/TclLib/GetInt.html |
# Piling-up lemma
In cryptanalysis, the piling-up lemma is a principle used in linear cryptanalysis to construct linear approximations to the action of block ciphers. It was introduced by Mitsuru Matsui (1993) as an analytical tool for linear cryptanalysis. The lemma states that the bias (deviation of the expected value from 1/2) of a linear Boolean function (XOR-clause) of independent binary random variables is related to the product of the input biases:
or
where ϵ ∈ {\displaystyle \epsilon \in } is the bias (towards zero) and I ∈ {\displaystyle I\in } the imbalance:
Conversely, if the lemma does not hold, then the input variables are not independent.
## Interpretation
The lemma implies that XOR-ing independent binary variables always reduces the bias (or at least does not increase it); moreover, the output is unbiased if and only if there is at least one unbiased input variable.
Note that for two variables the quantity I ( X ⊕ Y ) {\displaystyle I(X\oplus Y)} is a correlation measure of X {\displaystyle X} and Y {\displaystyle Y} , equal to P ( X = Y ) − P ( X ≠ Y ) {\displaystyle P(X=Y)-P(X\neq Y)} ; I ( X ) {\displaystyle I(X)} can be interpreted as the correlation of X {\displaystyle X} with 0 {\displaystyle 0} .
## Expected value formulation
The piling-up lemma can be expressed more naturally when the random variables take values in { − 1 , 1 } {\displaystyle \{-1,1\}} . If we introduce variables χ i = 1 − 2 X i = ( − 1 ) X i {\displaystyle \chi _{i}=1-2X_{i}=(-1)^{X_{i}}} (mapping 0 to 1 and 1 to -1) then, by inspection, the XOR-operation transforms to a product:
and since the expected values are the imbalances, E ( χ i ) = I ( X i ) {\displaystyle E(\chi _{i})=I(X_{i})} , the lemma now states:
which is a known property of the expected value for independent variables.
For dependent variables the above formulation gains a (positive or negative) covariance term, thus the lemma does not hold. In fact, since two Bernoulli variables are independent if and only if they are uncorrelated (i.e. have zero covariance; see uncorrelatedness), we have the converse of the piling up lemma: if it does not hold, the variables are not independent (uncorrelated).
## Boolean derivation
The piling-up lemma allows the cryptanalyst to determine the probability that the equality:
holds, where the X's are binary variables (that is, bits: either 0 or 1).
Let P(A) denote "the probability that A is true". If it equals one, A is certain to happen, and if it equals zero, A cannot happen. First of all, we consider the piling-up lemma for two binary variables, where P ( X 1 = 0 ) = p 1 {\displaystyle P(X_{1}=0)=p_{1}} and P ( X 2 = 0 ) = p 2 {\displaystyle P(X_{2}=0)=p_{2}} .
Now, we consider:
Due to the properties of the xor operation, this is equivalent to
X1 = X2 = 0 and X1 = X2 = 1 are mutually exclusive events, so we can say
Now, we must make the central assumption of the piling-up lemma: the binary variables we are dealing with are independent; that is, the state of one has no effect on the state of any of the others. Thus we can expand the probability function as follows:
Now we express the probabilities p1 and p2 as ½ + ε1 and ½ + ε2, where the ε's are the probability biases — the amount the probability deviates from ½.
Thus the probability bias ε1,2 for the XOR sum above is 2ε1ε2.
This formula can be extended to more X's as follows:
Note that if any of the ε's is zero; that is, one of the binary variables is unbiased, the entire probability function will be unbiased — equal to ½.
A related slightly different definition of the bias is ϵ i = P ( X i = 1 ) − P ( X i = 0 ) , {\displaystyle \epsilon _{i}=P(X_{i}=1)-P(X_{i}=0),} in fact minus two times the previous value. The advantage is that now with
we have
adding random variables amounts to multiplying their (2nd definition) biases.
## Practice
In practice, the Xs are approximations to the S-boxes (substitution components) of block ciphers. Typically, X values are inputs to the S-box and Y values are the corresponding outputs. By simply looking at the S-boxes, the cryptanalyst can tell what the probability biases are. The trick is to find combinations of input and output values that have probabilities of zero or one. The closer the approximation is to zero or one, the more helpful the approximation is in linear cryptanalysis.
However, in practice, the binary variables are not independent, as is assumed in the derivation of the piling-up lemma. This consideration has to be kept in mind when applying the lemma; it is not an automatic cryptanalysis formula. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piling-up_lemma |
Statement of intent: The particular purpose for this idea is to portray the idea of racial discrimination. The author, Harper Lee, expresses this purpose through the use of symbolism in her novel To Kill a Mockingbird.
In the Pullitzer award-winning novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee helped me understand an idea about the people who lived in the rural ‘tired old town’ of Maycomb where the novel was set. This idea is the idea of racial prejudice also known as narrow-mindedness; very common in areas like Maycomb where it is a part of Confederate States of America. Confederate States also known as ‘confederacy’ are the most resistant to abolish slavery. Although Maycomb is a fictitious town, it is set in Lee’s hometown in Monroeville, Alabama. The plot and characters in the novel are loosely based on Lee’s observations of her family and neighbours, as well as an event that took place near her hometown in 1936, when she was 10 years old. The story was told through the eyes of young and naive Scout Finch (Lee) where she reports more than she understands and her vocabulary was a mixture of a child’s and an adult’s. The idea of narrow-mindedness of some people also known as racial prejudice in the 1930’s when system of segregation was in force where blacks and whites were forbidden by law to mix in schools, in movie theatres, or in trains was developed through Lee’s use of symbolism. These include the mockingbird which represents innocence, snowman which represents unity and the house fire which represents moral outrage. These symbolisms link to racial prejudice which is the cause of people’s narrow-mindedness.
‘Mockingbirds are creatures of innocence. They make music for us to enjoy. They don’t eat people’s gardens, don’t nest in corncribs. They sing their hearts out for us. That’s why it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird.’ This quote parallels with Tom Robinson. With his crippled hand symbolises the crippled powerlessness of the black society. He was accused of…
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Essay Topics for the Novel "To Kill a Mockingbird"
"To Kill a Mockingbird," written by Harper Lee and published in 1960, is a story about standing up for those who have been wrongly accused and falsely judged by society. Essay topics should center on the primary characters and central themes, such as prejudice, human nature, good versus evil, friendship and compassion.
1 Noble Characters
Opt for an essay topic on one or more noble characters in the book who take a strong stance against prejudice and injustice. Discuss characters who refuse to conform to societal expectations and represent the moral, honorable side of human nature. For example, Atticus Finch -- protagonist Scout Finch's father -- agrees to defend a black man who is wrongfully accused of raping a white woman. Scout Finch narrates the story from the perspective of an adult looking back on the events, which took place when she was in elementary school. An essay on Scout could discuss her befriending of a local recluse -- Boo Radley -- who is the target of gossip and ridicule. Maudie Atkinson, the Finches' widowed neighbor, stands up for goodness and social justice when her wealthy lady friends belittle Radley and criticize Finch.
2 Symbolism of the Mockingbird
Select an essay topic on the symbolism of the mockingbird. The title of the book, along with Finch's quote "It's a sin to kill a mockingbird," are designed to help readers understand the role morality plays in human nature. Without a keen understanding of right and wrong, humans often make decisions that are selfish, careless and hateful. Use Atkinson's conversation with Scout in Chapter 10 to support reasons why the mockingbird represents innocent people who are mistreated, wrongfully accused and rejected.
3 Loss of Innocence Themes
You could also write about a central theme in the book -- the loss of innocence. Scout, her older brother Jem and their friend Dill are all examples of goodness and innocence in the book. However, injustice, selfishness and hatred in their small town eventually take a heavy toll on the kids. Each experiences difficult situations that erase a bit of their childhood innocence. Use examples from the trial, run-ins with local residents, encounters with Radley and conversations with Finch and Atkinson to support your arguments.
4 Finch Family Relationships
Discuss how Scout and Jem's views of their father change over the course of the book. Initially, Scout sees her dad as strict and unfair; he makes her apologize for her misconduct at school. Jem views his dad as emotionless and dispassionate -- a man who lacks effective parenting skills and stereotypical masculine traits. Over time, the two learn to respect, admire and empathize with their dad. Use Finch's quotes from the book, the scene with the "mad" dog, discussions with Scout and Jem about the trial, his response to the guilty verdict and his parental wisdom concerning Radley to support your points. | https://classroom.synonym.com/essay-topics-novel-kill-mockingbird-7870921.html |
Summary: A comprehensive essay on the book "To Kill A Mockingbird."
In the most profound and interesting novel To Kill a Mockingbird, there is a collection of intensifying themes: prejudice, justice, and cowardice. I chose these three things because they seem to be the stories strong points in this novel. During the story these three themes had its way of showing up at the right moments.
The amount of prejudice you see accumulate throughout this story makes you saddened and provoked. Mr. Bob Ewell, a lonely man in Maycomb, is a good example of prejudice. Bob is a very mean man towards black people and does not show them the affection he shows white people. "Why, I run for Tate as quick as I could. I knowed who it was, all right, lived down yonder in that nigger-nest, passed the house everyday. Judge, I've asked the county for fifteen years to clean out that nest down yonder, they're dangerous... | http://www.bookrags.com/essay-2004/1/10/23139/6581/ |
To Kill a Mockingbird: Themes and Symbols To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee is one of the most widely read books of American fiction. The three most important aspects of To Kill a Mockingbird: The title of To Kill a Mockingbird refers to the local belief, introduced early in the novel and referred to again later, that it is a sin to kill a mockingbird. The setting occurred at a time when people struggled for their Civil Rights especially on issues regarding racism in South America. How do Jem and Scout change during the course of the novel? He explains to Scout how the presiding over justice in the American justice systems harbor bias, therefore, tainting the working of the entire judicial process. Each second passing each layer is getting peeled off and then going into another. Scout is an individual and someone who will stand by her own perspectives no matter how cruel other people can be. Finch decries the existence of racism in law courts and in society at large.
Also, throughout the story Tom Robinson is convicted of rape. Basically, this is all you need to know. How To Kill a Mockingbird summary should look like? These prompts are quite specific, so you will know exactly what to write about. Her peers judge her for the desire to act like a boy and to play with boys only. The course of events in the novel spans over the period of fours years filled with life-changing experiences. It is always challenging to write the first sentence. Rumors run rampid and very little truth is usually in them.
Any type of interracial relationship between a black man and a white woman is completely unheard of, and for a white woman to desire a black man is unimaginable. Despite their differences, rich and poor whites are united through one shared view: their prejudice against blacks. The way of presenting an American family: Fact or fiction? The setup is predictable: an African-American man is found guilty of the crime he hasn't committed only because of his race. Harper Lee, the author of To Kill a Mockingbird, Was influenced by the society in which she lived in in many ways when it came to writing her book. Lee studied law similar to atticus and then published To Kill a Mockingbird in 1960 during the Civil Rights Movement. Atticus shows the essence of good morals to the legal system Lee, 1990. The issue of social injustice and prejudice are also explored in the documentary, Murder on a Sunday Morning directed by Jean-Xavier de Lestade and the film I am Sam directed by Jessie Nelson.
In the first part of the novel, she learns and grows exponentially, and it shows. Its goal is to show us that a child learns how to be a human being by observing all the hardships of surrounding reality. . In the first few chapters, Scout is shown to be a child who means well, but lacks the tact to not make her statements and explanations rude. All of these techniques and themes are amalgamated to make To Kill a Mockingbird a great been written about this shameful period.
Part of the reason for this racism is that impoverished whites feel that heir status is threatened by blacks, and want to feel that though they are not very high in the social structure, they are at least higher in status than someone: blacks. Here, you will be capturing the gist of the text which will include the most crucial events and the most focal ideas. Tom Robinson was just like Boo Radley nice and loving to others especially Mayella Ewell. Boo Radley was a man who was very nice and loving to others especially the Scout and Jem. In To Kill a Mockingbird, author Harper Lee uses memorable characters to explore civil rights and racism in the segregated Southern United States of the 1930s. Anonymous 9th Grade Every society has unwritten rules that everyone respects, and it is momentous when these boundaries are crossed.
Use ideas from this essay sample to form the focus of your writing assignment. However, this relationship was also unacceptable because for a woman to make advances towards a man was not socially acceptable at that time. Separately, Tom has a left arm that cannot function due to previous injuries. The mockingbird is first mentioned when Atticus tells his kids how it is sinful to kill a mockingbird. Rather than trying to get Jem to talk to her, or play with her, Scout uses the advice that Atticus gave her. The idea that justice will always be an issue for the individual is further illustrated by the injustice shown towards Boo Radley all throughout the novel by the people of Maycomb.
Besides, he has a skill hence he can hold undisputed courage, humor and intelligence in the entire Maycomb County. He then gives her some helpful advice. It is worth noting, however, that if you have read the book or a chapter once, recollecting all the meaningful details as you write your summary may appear tricky. They truly show mind over matter. The novel is about Jean Louis Finch whose screen name is Scout describing the events surrounding her father, Atticus, and all his team of legal defense that constitute Tom Robinson who is accused of rape.
In other words, To Kill a Mockingbird racism essay is the most popular kind of theme essays that students have to write on this novel. At this age, she has witnessed some significant flaws in the society in which she lives. Scout and Jem were cared for by their housekeeper Calpurnia especially where their father was away Santos, 2009. Be prepared to write on topics that have been revealed hundreds of times before you. Scout learns about the harsh realities of life and that the people who live around her are biased and racist. The fact Scout says that Atticus would not want her talking to him is amazing because Atticus is compared to a.
Courage is not the only main theme displayed in To Kill a Mockingbird; prejudice and education are also very important themes exhibited throughout the progression of the… 574 Words 3 Pages To Kill a Mockingbird. Dwell upon your opinion about it, as well as on your own attitude to the character. In the novel, some characters, such as Jam, Dill, Boo Radley, Tom Robinson, Mr. However, when many think of racism today, the issue of blacks and whites is the first to come to mind. When we talk about fiction literature, such as a novel, you should — among other things — keep track of the character development. He is an exclusively principled, liberal lawyer who advocates for the rights of a wrongly accused black man. She was all angles and bones; she was near-sighted; she squinted; her hand was wide as a bed slat and twice as hard. | http://comicsstation.be/who-is-the-mockingbird-in-to-kill-a-mockingbird-essay.html |
beginning of the novel? To Kill a Mockingbird what is the key theme of to kill a mockingbird. There are dozens of examples of courage in To Kill a Mockingbird. We partner with educators to share smart, creative practices for writing instruction. In chapter 3, Scout has a conflict with Walter Cunningham, whom she feels superior to because of her higher social status. The speaker assumes that,. Josh has twenty years of typing experience behind him; therefore, if you are looking for an efficient typist to enter your data into the new system, essay on importance of hindi language in india you need look no further.
When To Kill a Mockingbird was published in 1960, it brought its young first-time author, Harper Lee, a startling amount of attention and e novel replays three key years in the life of Scout Finch, the young daughter of an Alabama town's principled lawyer.
One could argue that chapters 19, 20, 24, and 28 are the four most important chapters in Part Two of the novel To Kill a Mockingbird.
In chapter 19, Tom Robinson takes the witness stand and tells.
To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, symbolism is used to show the innocence of the children and the innocence of some people.
There are a few main children in this story.
Learn More, provide Feedback. The children spend the majority of their day off playing outside. As their characters develop in the novel, it isnt hard to understand why they value and respect each other. Atticus and Miss Maudie are good friends who hold each other in high esteem. Empower students to think critically and take ownership of their work. | http://tunicatemeeting.info/64956-what-makes-atticus-finch-a-hero-essay.html |
Pride and prejudice jane austen, 1813 famous for: simpering fools, a spunky heroine, perhaps the greatest love story of all time did we mention that, even though jane austen wrote it, like, almost 200 years ago, pride and prejudice is still, like, totally cool and relevant. Jane austen has been back in the news this week - or her face has - as the bank of england revealed the image of the pride and prejudice author that will be used on the new £10 banknote the chosen image (the one on the right) has been criticised for offering a victorian 'airbrushed' take on austen's image. Pride and prejudice final test study guide by writlargelearning includes 121 questions covering vocabulary, terms and more quizlet flashcards, activities and games help you improve your grades.
The changes in elizabeth's feelings for darcy that began earlier upon reading his letter continue in this section elizabeth began the novel disliking darcy, and her prejudice caused her to find more and more reasons to dislike him. - analysis of jane austen's pride and prejudice pride and prejudice is a novel set in the late 17th century and was written by author jane austen the novel is based upon the theme of marriage and social settings of the 17th century. 1 grade 11 literature mini-assessment pride and prejudice by jane austen this grade 11 mini-assessment is based on an excerpt of the novel pride and prejudice. The georgian era between 1797, when a young jane austen began work on what would become pride and prejudice, and 1813, when the novel was published, the french revolution was fought, marie antoinette was guillotined and napoleon rose to power and conquered most of western europe.
Pride & prejudice is a 2005 romantic drama film directed by joe wright and based on jane austen's 1813 novel of the same namethe film depicts five sisters from an english family of landed gentry as they deal with issues of marriage, morality and misconceptions. Austen completed the first draft of pride and prejudice, which she titled first impressions, in 1797, but it was not published until after she had rewritten it nearly sixteen years later of her six complete novels, pride and prejudice seems to have been her favorite. Jane austen was born in hampshire, england, in 1775 her father was a country rector, and six children had already preceded jane into the world while the family was large, it was not very wealthy. Austen ends the novel with two happy marriages, assuring readers that love conquers all, including class differences, pride, and prejudice chapter 60 quotes cite this study guide. It is a truth universally acknowledged that a lot of people love pride and prejudice, and most readers love a well-placed pride and prejudice quote even the majority of hardcore fans who have.
Jane austen this study guide consists of approximately 91 pages of chapter summaries, quotes, character analysis, themes, and more - everything you need to sharpen your knowledge of pride and prejudice. Characters see a complete list of the characters in pride and prejudice and in-depth analyses of elizabeth bennet, fitzwilliam darcy, jane bennet and charles bingley, mr bennet, and mrs bennet. Marriage in pride and prejudice, jane austen introduces the major thematic concept of marriage and financial wealth throughout the novel, austen depicts various relationships that exhibit the two recurring themes.
Austen's pride and prejudice: elizabeth's change of heart toward darcy a 5 page paper looking at jane austen's novel in terms of a pivotal scene in chapter 43 (sometimes known as volume 3, chapter 1), where elizabeth learns of darcy's generosity toward the servants and the poor. Miscellaneous notes on pride and prejudice and jane austen's era fair the phrase fair x, indicating that x is a woman or women, had long been an unimaginative cliché by jane austen's day. Pride and prejudice study guide contains a biography of jane austen, literature essays, a complete e-text, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis.
Pride and prejudice is a novel about marriage the author's purpose is to make it possible for her two most interesting characters, elizabeth bennet and fitzwilliam darcy, to be united. Symbolism in pride and prejudice posted on august 19, 2016 by elaine owen • 15 comments when people talk about what makes jane austen's writings so marvelous, they usually mention her wit, her keen observations of society, and the vivid characters she creates. This study guide pride and prejudice is a novel written by jane austen, first published in 1813 the story follows the main character elizabeth bennet as she deals with issues of manners, upbringing, morality, education, and marriage in the society of the landed gentry of early 19th-century england.
Many think pride and prejudice comes from the final chapter of fanny burney's cecilia, a favorite book of austen's, which uses the phrase three different times in block letters ps for more fun. Pride prejudice american ending i do not own this. A summary of chapters 56-61 in jane austen's pride and prejudice learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of pride and prejudice and what it means perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans.
2018. | http://gjessayxyyk.designheroes.us/an-analysis-of-the-final-section-of-pride-and-prejudice-by-jane-austen.html |
We know, the movies hardly ever measure up. But that doesn't make a Book-to-Movie Club any less fun.
"The book was better" is a phrase I probably utter too much. I'm that killjoy in the room who will refuse to see movie adaptations because they never seem to measure up to what I imagined as I read the book. However, when a group of friends suggested we do a Book-to-Movie Club at the library, I knew it was too good an idea to pass up.
The premise: every month we read a book. Then we gather together one evening and watch a film adaptation of it. The program tends to run a bit long (between the movie and a short discussion, we're usually there between two and two-and-a-half hours). So we eat dinner while we watch.
We've been offering this program for about a year now, and while it doesn't draw a huge group, we do have an interesting array of people who come regularly. It's a fun thing to look forward to every month. It's also an easy and cheap program to pull off!
Here's how we do it:
First, I come up with a list of books (with movie adaptations) that we will read in the coming months. This past December, I chose books for January through June. In May, I will choose July through December. I take a few factors into consideration when choosing books:
- The book's length. I don't want to make anybody read a 1,000-page tome. Everyone has other books they're reading, and a couple attendees are members of other book clubs, as well. I try to choose books that are 400 pages or less. Less is preferable.
- I choose books with many copies already in the library system, preferably in a variety of formats (large print, regular print, digital and audio.) We don't purchase books for the book club, and we don't ask our patrons to, either. So it is important that there are enough copies to go around.
- I ask for recommendations from the regular participants. If they suggest one that fulfills all of my requirements, I make sure to put it on the list!
When I evaluate the books, I also evaluate their associated movies. For the purpose of this program, I will only show movies that are:
- Two hours long or less (so, sadly, we will not be reading "Heart of Darkness" and watching "Apocalypse Now" any time soon).
- Available to show through our blanket movie license.
I also appreciate finding movie adaptations that are slightly (or very) different from the book, because they always make for great conversations. For instance, when we read "Pride and Prejudice," we watched "Bride and Prejudice", the Bollywood version of the film. For "Frankenstein," we watched "Mary Shelley's Frankenstein," and the differences between the book and the movie made for quite a lively discussion!
I've found that this program works best when you try to attract a slightly varied audience. When I originally planned the program, I asked my friends what movies they would like to watch, and their answers were heavily weighted toward sci-fi and horror. I'd happily watch horror movies every month, but I wanted to expand the audience beyond my little group of friends, so I made sure to mix up the choices. For instance, one month we watched "Misery" and the next, we watched "To Kill a Mockingbird." This has had the effect of creating a diverse group of people from about 30 years old to over 70. This helps the discussions, especially about some of the older films, be very interesting due to the varying perspectives! And as with any book club, if somebody desperately hates one of the selections, they just don't come that month.
Finally, let's get to what everyone seems to come out for ... the food. We do a potluck dinner along with the movie every month, which makes the evening special. One of our patrons likes to come up with food themes for the movies, so before the meeting, I will usually distribute potluck ideas to the regular attendees. Often, the regulars bring so much food that if someone were to come in for the first time and not bring a dish, there would still be plenty for them to eat. Some food themes we've done are Indian food for "Bride and Prejudice," a tea party with tea sandwiches for "The Importance of Being Earnest," and Southern-style food for "To Kill a Mockingbird." We don't always match the food to the book, but it's a fun thing to do and gives some cohesion to the potluck meal.
There are a lot of really good lists online of book-to-movie adaptations, but here's my list to get you started: | https://programminglibrarian.org/blog/book-movie-clubs-library |
But despite this, there were also dark sides to the beauty: the classes, lack of women’s rights and working children. All these topics are conversed by the two famous authors Jane Austen and Charles Dickens. After reading “Persuasion” by Jane Austen, and watching two versions of “Mansfield Park” as well as “David Copperfield” and “Hysteria”, I have now decided that this essay will mainly be about equal rights between the genders and the differences between the working class and the aristocrats. In the text I will also mention socioeconomical issues and social science. My main focus will be women, how they lived, and survived, in the sexist society during the Regency era.
Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte is a revolutionary novel that since first released in 1847 and ever since then has been relevant despite it being a classic piece of literature. It is not only known for its new ideas, such as a relatable female protagonist, and defying the gender constraints placed on women during that time period, but for its extensive use of symbolism throughout the novel. Symbolism occurs when seemingly meaningless words and events lead to a deeper meaning. One example is how the splitting of the chestnut tree symbolizes the upcoming break in Rochester and Jane’s relationship and how while it may be damaged but is not beyond repair. Symbolism is expressed many times from the beginning of her journey at Gateshead to the end of her journey at ferndean.
Beginning with Charlotte Brontë, Jane Eyre is one of the most iconic works in Victorian literature that highlights the struggle of women in a patriarchal society – something which can be considered ahead of Brontë’s time. Jane’s character is the embodiment of the enlightened female consciousness, and represents women’s desires and ambitions for emancipation. With the novel being written in a time when the patriarchy served as the dominant power, the themes that were portrayed through the text were concerned with women’s social position, society’s regard for physical beauty, and gender inequality. Brontë also expressed women’s desires for education, economic independence, liberation, and equality. The characters portrayed in Brontë’s novel
A Feminist Reading of A Rose for Emily and Sonnet 43 1. Abstract: To simply introduce the term, Feminism according to Oxford dictionary is “The advocacy of women’s rights on the ground of the equality of the sexes.” (www.oxforddictionaries.com) Although there is a wide spectrum of Feminists’ views, they all share the assumption that women suffer from injustices at different levels based on their sex. Feminists’ desire is achieving sexual justice and women’s welfare. Feminism movement started back in 20th century and till today new movements, branches and theories are introduced, each of which has certain views from certain perspectives. For example, “Liberal feminism focuses on equal rights; radical feminism focuses on the sex war and separatism
Jane Austen’s first published work, Sense and Sensibility, a romantic novel, appeared in the year 1811. The world was first introduced to her portrayal of realism in English literature. Wisdom, self- control, emotion, enthusiasm, love, romance and heartbreak- all the basic realities of life are portrayed through Austen’s characters the Dashwood sisters- Elinore, Marianne and Margaret. At the end of the novel, the reader is given full freedom to decide whether sense and sensibility has emerged or not. This book is a beautiful and powerful introduction to Austen’s classics, a sensible, sensitive and delightful read about the extraordinary power of women ‘Pride and Prejudice’ is considered to be the finest novel of Jane Austen, and is a work of art in the history of English fiction.
The first critic was Nicola Watson, who argued about the origins, composition and reception. In addition Nicola explained the influence on the subsequent development of the girls and the feminist. The publication of Little Women in 1868 arguably inaugurated a founding myth of American girlhood, ensured the success of the transatlantic phenomenon of fiction for girl and contributed importantly to the genre of family story. The novel 's classic status may have served as much to conceal as revealing its originality in canon of children 's and adult literature alike. Critical reception of Little Women has tended to hinge on what value is accorded to the end novel.
180805 Brenda Brayko Junior English, period 5 January 26, 2017 The Growth of Elizabeth Bennet in Pride and Prejudice It’s not uncommon for an individual to make a judgment based on misconceptions. Whether it is social standing, appearance, arrogance or pride that leads to the bias, one will always be judged. The tendency to blindly prejudice one another is a problem that must be rectified. In Pride and Prejudice, the author Jane Austen demonstrates this through the protagonist Elizabeth Bennet and her dealings with morality and marriage among others in society. As with all girls her age during the 19th century, marriage is the only thing that is on Elizabeth's mind.
As Helen Cixous suggests, Gilman “breaks up truth with laughter.” (11) Although it was written hundred years ago yet it has so much relevance in the contemporary world. By strongly criticizing the culture and tradition of outside world, Gilman has brought this imaginary world with a feminist perspective. She has presented in her novel that, gender difference, suppression and oppression of women, sexual harassment, rape, will continue throughout the years. Gilman’s works are strongly embedded and connected with women like Women and Economics, Concerning Children, The home: Its work and Influence and many more. Herland depicts the breakdown of isolated society and expresses the changed ideas and the conflict between the outside world and their world. | https://www.ipl.org/essay/Gender-Inequality-In-Jane-Eyre-PK2JNB74SJPR |
Some 200 miles to the west, signs around Jackson, Miss., proudly direct tourists to the home of Eudora Welty. The house, now a museum, is a national historic landmark, a fitting tribute to one of America's greatest writers.
Here in Monroeville, population 6,519, there's no such shrine to Harper Lee. For one thing, she is, unlike Welty, still "alive and kicking," as she put it in a recent statement, albeit in reportedly poor health at the age of 89 in an assisted living facility in town. For another (and also unlike the gregarious Welty), Lee has never been the most accessible of writers. Although hardly a recluse like J.D. Salinger or a phantom like Thomas Pynchon, the author of "To Kill a Mockingbird" has always kept her circle of friends small and her availability for interviews even smaller.
This, of course, has only increased the public's curiosity about her — a curiosity that will be freshly stoked by the July 14 publication of "Go Set a Watchman," a novel that follows Scout Finch, her father, Atticus, and other characters from "Mockingbird" 20 years later. When announced in February, the decision to publish the manuscript, written in the 1950s and long believed to have been lost, was that rare thing in the book world: a media sensation.
This was inevitable, given Lee's long-standing position that she would never publish another novel. "One, I wouldn't go through the pressure and publicity I went through with 'To Kill a Mockingbird' for any amount of money," she told an Australian newspaper in a rare interview in 2011. "Second, I have said what I wanted to say and I will not say it again." After the February announcement, naturally, commentators worried that someone — her agent? her lawyer? her publisher, Harper? — might be taking advantage of the aging author and publishing "Watchman" against her will. The state of Alabama even launched an investigation of possible coercion and "elder abuse," charges investigators later described as unfounded.
I wasn't surprised, because all the (admittedly few) known facts about her suggest that, whatever the state of her health, Harper Lee is not a woman to be trifled with. On the occasions when her thoughts have become public, they often have a jagged, biting edge. "Recently I have received echoes down this way of the Hanover County School Board's activities," Lee wrote in 1966 when a Virginia school system banned "Mockingbird" as "immoral," "and what I've heard makes me wonder if any of its members can read." Writing to Oprah Winfrey in 2006 about her childhood love of literature, Lee declared: "Now, 75 years later in an abundant society where people have laptops, cell phones, iPods, and minds like empty rooms (my emphasis), I still plod along with books." As for her famous reluctance to engage directly with the public, she told an audience before being inducted into the Alabama Academy of Honor, "Well, it's better to be silent than to be a fool."
Even some of the locals in Monroeville have discovered that embracing the lady they persist in calling Miss Nelle — her first name, her grandmother's spelled backward — can be something like hugging a cactus. In 2013, Lee filed a lawsuit against the Monroe County Heritage Museum, claiming that the museum's gift shop was exploiting her name and the title of her novel for purposes of self-promotion and "palming off its goods," as the complaint tartly put it, including "Mockingbird"-themed T-shirts, coffee mugs and other souvenirs. The suit was settled in 2014 for an undisclosed figure, but the gift shop still sells plenty of Mockingbirdiana, including car decals and a book of recipes, by Tim Federle, entitled "Tequila Mockingbird: Cocktails with a Literary Twist."
Lee's ire at the Heritage Museum was no doubt complicated by the fact that the handsome 1904 structure on Alabama Avenue began its life as the Monroe County Courthouse, where her father, Amasa Coleman Lee, practiced law, and where he once defended two black men accused of murdering a white man. (Their fate was roughly the same as Atticus Finch's doomed client in "To Kill a Mockingbird.") Harper Lee grew up a few blocks from the old courthouse and watched her valiant dad in action on many occasions inside the courtroom, which was faithfully recreated for the film adaptation of "Mockingbird," right down to the wrap-around balconies and pot-bellied stoves. The movie's art director, Henry Bumstead, visited Monroeville — fictionalized in the book and movie as Maycomb — to ensure the authenticity of his designs, which paid off in the form of an Oscar in 1963.
As if the connection between life and art needed reinforcing, the courtroom — already Monroeville's chief tourist attraction — has served double duty as one of the sets for a stage version of "Mockingbird" each spring for the past quarter-century. The amateur theater troupe performing Christopher Sergel's script is called — what else? — the Mockingbird Players.
Indeed, the mockingbird is the unofficial mascot of Monroeville, perched everywhere on murals, storefronts and outsized birdhouses, the latter including one in a public park just down the street from the Heritage Museum that proclaims the town the "Literary Capital of Alabama," as the state legislature named it in 1997. There's a strong case to be made for this, in part since the local literati include Truman Capote, who spent his formative years here — a past immortalized in his beloved story "A Christmas Memory" — and became fast friends with young Nelle, who may have based the character of Dill on him. (She, in turn, was the model for Idabel in Capote's "Other Voices, Other Rooms.") Years later, the adult Lee helped her old friend research the infamous Kansas murders that became the subject of his "In Cold Blood."
That same city park, at the corner of Alabama Avenue and Claiborne Street, features a large mural, by Joe Wilson, illustrating a scene from "To Kill a Mockingbird." On the far right of the mural is the old courthouse; by turning your head slightly to the right, you can see the actual building two blocks away. Keep turning and you're treated to the sight of Lee Motor Company (no relation to the author), whose building sports a large medallion-shaped mockingbird mural alongside some of the finest pickup trucks GMC has to offer.
Perhaps the most striking use of the mockingbird and its symbolism is on display a few blocks away on a billboard featuring a Universal Human Rights Pledge. Adapted from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Birmingham Pledge and signed by the Monroeville Council and the Monroe County Commission, it reads in part: "I believe that every individual is entitled to dignity and respect, without prejudice toward race, color, gender, disability, language, religion, creed, national origin, property, age or other status. I believe that every thought and every act of such prejudice is harmful. If it is my thought or act, then it is harmful to me as well as others. Therefore, from this day forward, I will strive daily to eliminate such prejudice from my thoughts and actions. I will discourage such prejudice by others at every opportunity."
Just to the right of these words is an image of a mockingbird.
It's inarguable, I think, that any fair comparison of the achievements of Lee and Welty, her neighbor to the west, will be favorable to the latter, and not only because of her far larger body of work. Welty was a great artist, a social critic with a deep understanding of the culture of the South (including its complex racial history), an epic tragedian with rich veins of comedy and a prose stylist with an Olympian command of the English language. "To Kill a Mockingbird," notwithstanding its Pulitzer Prize and its fame — derived to a large degree from the film adaptation starring a magnificent Gregory Peck as the crusading Atticus — is a fine example of mainstream fiction that dovetailed an unconventional coming-of-age narrative with the important social issue of racial injustice. But unlike, say, Welty's "The Optimist's Daughter," which also won a Pulitzer, "Mockingbird" is not a great novel. Perhaps "Go Set a Watchman" will astonish us all. I hope so, but place no bets.
On the other hand, nothing in Welty's relatively vast output ever had anything like the cultural impact of "To Kill a Mockingbird." Scout Finch remains a heroine and model to readers of all ages throughout the world. Lawyers aspire to be as brave, as incorruptible, as persuasive as Atticus. Perhaps most telling, I can't name a single Welty character, major or minor, without consulting my bookshelf, but almost anyone on any street in America can tell you who Boo Radley is.
And what other city in America has had its racist history depicted so harshly in a best-selling novel by one of its own citizens and then responded, not only by cashing in on the author's notoriety but with an official declaration of dignity and respect for all human beings regardless of their race?
Now that's a legacy.
Kevin Nance is a Chicago-based freelance writer and photographer whose work has appeared in the Washington Post, the Wall Street Journal, USA Today, Poets & Writers Magazine and other publications. | https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/books/ct-prj-harper-lee-monroeville-20150702-story.html |
Pride and Prejudice, authored by Jane Austen, is a widely perused book in most schools. This novel is a classic that is perused for its magnificent utilization of imagery plus plot, discussing significant subjects, for example, expectations in the society, prejudice, etc. Because of this, this novel serves as the basis for several essays which learners are given to compose.
An essay composed on any subject may be challenging in the event that you aren’t zealous regarding that subject. There will exist a clear dissimilarity between a paper composed in a simplistic manner at all times, plus one that you relished composing, which was intricate plus engaging. There’re several exciting essay topics on pride and prejudice that you can choose from.
Below is a compilation of these fascinating pride and prejudice essay topics which you may refer to whenever you’re given an essay to compose regarding this book.
Take a look at the following pride and prejudice essay ideas.
Structure your paper around the life of the writer, Jane Austen. Talk about her reason for composing this book plus additional, critical bits of her.
Depict Darcy’s character (one main character in the book). Produce a depiction plus convey your perspective concerning Darcy.
Importance of dialog in the development of action.
The subject of social edifice. This book discusses the effect of classes in the society, plus without a doubt you can come up with examples from the contemporary world which are comparable.
Talk about the symbols displayed in the book plus the main theme.
The subject of matrimony. Several individuals think that this novel was intended to disapprove the misogynistic attitude towards matrimony during that period.
Masculine plus feminine outlook. There exist clear contrasts concerning the manner in which males and females view matrimony.
Connection involving mom plus kids. Utilize as an example the relations between Mrs. Bennet plus her kids.
Ethical ending of this book. There exists a lot of lessons which can be picked up from it. Choose the one that you wish to examine.
Discuss the cultural practices during that period regarding social life. Which norms are observed up to this day?
With reference to humor, select some amusing circumstances from the novel or depict a comical character.
The book’s first title was known as First Impressions. Is it relevant to the content?
Novel plus movie. Examine contrasts or resemblances involving these two.
Use of irony. All through this book, the author frequently utilizes irony to depict ordinary circumstances.
Conservatism in the society. Numerous regulations were encompassing the societal life, plus individuals who didn’t adhere to them were disparaged by the whole society.
The novel’s lesser characters. Indeed lesser characters may have an effect on the content in a huge manner. Provide several instances.
Advancement Darcy’s conduct. Can it be concluded that it’s in line with the content, or is it simply insincerity?
Your outlook concerning this book. Compose a paper from your viewpoint concerning effects of this novel, plus what constitutes various critical pieces of it.
The novel’s attempts to depict Elizabeth as a lady of the contemporary world. How is this so?
Ways in which Elizabeth is dissimilar from the other members of the Bennet family. Discuss the way in which the difference discloses her character.
Discuss the ways in which the author depicts family plus the community as being accountable for its members.
This novel occurs in various settings. Depict some of these settings plus the way in which they impacted the storyline. Discuss the reason why the author selected these specific places for the storyline to occur.
Individuals can learn various things from the experiences of Elizabeth’s character. Do you concur with this viewpoint?
Elizabeth is proposed to 3 times in this book. Discuss each of these 3 events, plus the way in which Elizabeth responded to them.
Discuss Elizabeth’s shifting viewpoint regarding disparity.
Other examples of essay topics on pride and prejudice include:
One forgotten character in this book is Mary. Discuss the references which you can come across that describe her character. What are the differences between Mary and Jane or Mary and Elizabeth?
Discuss the initial impression Mr. Darcy had on Lizzy.
Talk about the main obstacle in the future development of a romantic relationship between Jane and Bingley.
The way in which the author goes against the grain of traditional romance accounts of that time?
Instances of humor within chapter one.
Dissimilarity between pride and vanity, according to the author, Jane Austen. How is it different from yours?
The dissimilarities between Elizabeth plus other family members. What do they denote?
Come up with some notes on the viewpoint taken up by Jane Austen concerning class. Can it be considered extreme or moderate?
Talk about the way in which the author portrays women in this book. In what way does she have sympathy regarding their issues?
There’s a distinctive viewpoint of matrimony which Elizabeth provides in this book. In what way can other characters, particularly Charlotte plus Mrs. Bennet, gain from this outlook plus in what way will taking up this outlook be damaging to their relationships?
The author is praised for producing lifelike characters who are deemed to be complicated psychologically. Do you back this standpoint? Give your reasons.
It’s normal for humans to underestimate individuals based on initial impressions. Can this statement be factual with regards to the encounter between Darcy plus Elizabeth?
Romance in this novel defies the conventional romance stories of that era. Identify the dissimilarities plus elucidate the importance of this digression.
Talk about the role of minor characters such as Mr. Collins and Miss Bingley they play in bringing together Elizabeth plus Darcy.
The Meryton community can be termed as money-oriented plus inconsistent. Talk about the manner in which this viewpoint is depicted in this book.
Discuss the most convincing element of the Pride and Prejudice book which you can suggest to other individuals.
Mr. Collins possesses unpleasant social conducts even though he sticks out as being a comic. Discuss how this character can be elucidated.
Elizabeth can be termed as upfront plus independent while on the other hand Lady Catherine is old-fashioned. Discuss the way in which the 3 characters showcase their disapproval.
Themes covered in this novel include pride, women, family, and class. The following are explanations on how these themes have been depicted in this book.
The author is opposed to the unfairness based on gender in the 19thcentury English society, especially when it comes to matrimony. In this novel, various ladies, such as Charlotte, ought to wed exclusively for financial security. Nonetheless, in the depiction of Elizabeth, the author demonstrates that ladies are similarly as intelligent plus competent as their men. The author herself went against normal practice by not getting married and earning income via her books. In her letters, she advised pals just to wed only for love. In the book, Elizabeth’s joyful culmination uncovers Austen’s convictions that a lady can remain independent until she encounters the ideal man (in the event that she encounters him).
One critic stated that Darcy’s pride of pace is established on social prejudice, whereas Elizabeth’s first prejudice against him is established in pride of her swift viewpoints. Eventually, the egos of the two characters push them towards individual prejudice. Darcy has been trained to despise anybody not part of his circle plus ought to conquer his prejudice so that Elizabeth can be pleased by him. Also, Elizabeth’s extreme arrogance in her discernment drives her to disregard Darcy swiftly. Eventually, both of them discover joy by perceiving the obstacles that bias brings about.
This one’s of the most prevalent pride and prejudice themes. The author depicts the household as basically liable for the intellectual plus ethical edification of kids. All through this book, the more youthful characters gain from or are disadvantaged by family values. The inability of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet to give their girls a good edification brings about Lydia’s absolute absurdity plus depravity.
Jane plus Elizabeth figure out how to come up with virtue plus insight despite their folks’ neglect, although it’s prominent that they possess additional role models (such as the Gardiners). Darcy has his dad’s noble personality plus propensity towards big-heartedness, whereas Lady Catherine’s tough child-rearing approach has made her daughter too scared to talk.
There you have it. This novel is considered one of the best romantic fiction books out there. It has been utilized in various schools to teach learners early modern literature. You can utilize the above-mentioned pride and prejudice topics plus pride and prejudice themes to come up with an awesome essay. | https://essaywriterforyou.com/pride-and-prejudice-essay-topics/ |
As Scout waits for the verdict, she thinks of earlier events. What are these events and how do they remind us of the novel's central themes?
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In chapter 21, Scout does her best to stay awake while the jury takes a few hours to deliberate on the Tom Robinson case. Scout says that she gets a premonition or "impression" that makes her shiver even though the courtroom is hot and it is summertime (210). The best way Scout can describe this shivering feeling is to compare it to times in her life when the mockingbirds are still, carpenters aren't working on Maudie's house, and everyone on the street shuts themselves in their homes on a cold winter day. These images create a sense of coldness and desertion as people wait for the cold to go away. In the courthouse that night, everyone is waiting for the same thing—a break in the cold. For a year or so, the whole county has been anxiously waiting for the outcome of this trial, so it's as if the whole world stops.
Scout then says that the courtroom is like "A deserted, waiting, empty street," much like the one when everyone closed their doors and waited for Atticus to kill the mad dog Tim Johnson on that February day. It's as if everyone is waiting for the metaphorical mad dog, Tom Robinson, to be officially shot with a verdict. Everyone knows what the outcome will be, but they wait anyway. White men wait to get the verdict over with so they can move on with life and black men wait to support Tom in his predictable plight.
Scout's reference to the mockingbirds can certainly point towards the theme that people shouldn't shoot them because they are harmless and good. People shouldn't convict harmless Tom Robinson, either, but they do. The sin is on their heads when they convict him because it's a sin to kill a mockingbird.
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While waiting for the verdict, Scout recalls the incident back in February when her father shot dead the mad dog, Tim Johnson, with a single gunshot. Now, when Atticus returns to hear the verdict along with the rest of the court, she feels somehow that it was like that earlier time, but with a crucial difference:
...it was like watching Atticus walk into the street, raise a rifle to his shoulder and pull the trigger, but watching all the time knowing the gun was empty.
The earlier incident of the mad dog takes on an interesting symbolism when Scout recalls it at the climax of the trial. In the earlier incident, Atticus was able to eliminate the danger: he triumphed in an extremely tense, heightened situation. This time, however, he will be defeated. The linking of the two incidents in Scout's mind is understandable as in both cases she is watching her father taking on the odds, but this time he is deprived of ammunition. The mad-dog incident could also be taken as symbolic of the evil of racism which Atticus attempts to shoot down, as he did the dog. He is not able to prevail against the prejudiced majority however.
Scout also remembers how 'the mockingbirds were still' back on that cold day in February. This also reminds us of the novel's main themes as the mockingbird functions as a symbol of innocence. Now Tom, as an innocent victim of prejudice, is about to be convicted, and will eventually be killed, 'stilled' like the mockingbirds.
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In Chapter 21, while Scout is waiting for the verdict, she thinks about something Jem had told her about the power of human concentration, and she tries to act on it. (Much of the novel focuses on young people learning to act on what they've been taught, and on forming community.)
She also thinks about the mockingbirds and how they fall silent in February. (The physical world sometimes echoes the emotional world in the book. Also, winter is a time when the world is dark and despair seems likely; that's the case now, when Atticus loses the case.)
She thinks of the carpenters stopping their hammering on Miss Maudie's new house, and the workmen building a new house after the old burns down is like Maycomb must rebuild into a new community after this travesty of justice. | https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/scout-waits-verdict-she-thinks-earlier-events-770?en_action=hh-question_click&en_label=hh-sidebar&en_category=internal_campaign |
The legacy of female authors is one of strength, resilience, and determination. For centuries, women have been fighting for their voices to be heard and their stories to be told. They have been pioneers in the literary world and have inspired other women to pursue their dreams and follow their passions. Today, female authors are still leading the charge in championing female voices and stories. They are continuing to break barriers and broaden the spectrum of what is possible for women in the literary world. Their legacy is one of hope, and it is one that will continue to inspire generations of women to come. Once you’re done placing bets on Bizzo Casino Australia, check out these female authors and their groundbreaking works.
1. Suzanne Collins
Suzanne Collins is a fantasy and science fiction writer, best known for writing The Hunger Games series. She was born on August 10, 1962, in Hartford, Connecticut. She grew up in the town of Harwinton and attended Springside School in Chestnut Hill, Pennsylvania. She received a degree in dramatic writing from New York University’s Tisch School of the Arts.
Collins began her career in 1991, working on children’s television shows like Clarissa Explains It All and Oswald. She also wrote for several shows on Nickelodeon, including The Mystery Files of Shelby Woo and Little Bear. In 2008, Collins published the first book in The Hunger Games series, which quickly became a bestseller. The series has been made into a successful movie franchise, starring Jennifer Lawrence as the main character, Katniss Everdeen.
2. Jane Austen
Jane Austen is one of the most renowned and well-loved authors in literary history. She is known for her masterful storytelling, her sharp wit, and her ability to create complex and fully realized characters. Her novels are beloved by readers around the world and have been adapted for stage and screen numerous times.
Austen was born in 1775 in the village of Steventon, in Hampshire, England. Her father, George Austen, was a rector of the local parish, and her mother, Cassandra, was from a wealthy and well-connected family. Austen was the seventh of eight children and grew up in a close-knit and loving household. She was educated at home by her father, and later by her older brothers. Austen began writing when she was a teenager, and her first completed work, “Love and Friendship,” was a satire on the popular romance novels of the time.
Austen’s novels were initially published anonymously, and it was only after her death in 1817 that her true identity as the author was revealed. Her novels include “Sense and Sensibility,” “Pride and Prejudice,” “Mansfield Park,” and “Emma.” Austen’s writing is characterized by its insight into the human condition, its deft use of irony, and its elegant prose. Her novels continue to be hugely popular and have been translated into many languages.
3. Harper Lee
Harper Lee was an American author known for her Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, To Kill a Mockingbird. Published in 1960, the book sold over 50 million copies and was translated into over 40 languages. Lee was born in 1926 in Monroeville, Alabama, and attended the University of Alabama. After graduation, she moved to New York to pursue a career in writing.
To Kill a Mockingbird was Lee’s only novel, and she continued to live a private life in her hometown of Monroeville. In 2007, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. | https://navalaviation100.org/betting-secrets/top-female-authors-and-their-impact-on-the-world/ |
These authors created gentlemen detectives and evocative settings” (Wiehardt Ginny, 2017). This was a time where the detective fiction genre grew immensely because many playwrights inspired other playwrights in between the wars–Golden age–in England where certain rules on detective fiction determined whether a story was good enough. Ronald Knox: 10 Commandments of Detective Fiction tells of the rules/laws which had to be followed by all detective fiction
Anjaly Chacko 17/PELA/034 Clues from Novel to Screen in the Novel Agatha Christie’s Curtain: Poirot’s Last Case Agatha Christie is considered as the Queen of Crime all over the world. Agatha Christie’s novels are related to the Golden Age of Detective Fiction. An intelligent and famous investigator, Hercule Poirot is the major character in these Detective stories. Poirot is a French private who is world renown for solving some of the puzzling mysteries. Several films and television adaptations of Christie’s books have been made and several actors have been cast as Hercule Poirot.
The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle is a captivating book with mysteries, adventures, and bits of history. Avi’s exquisite narration makes it feel as though the narrator, Charlotte Doyle, is directly speaking to the reader. Also, Avi starts the novel with a brilliant hook, “Not every thirteen-year-old girl is accused of murder, brought to trial, and found guilty,” (pg. 1). This immediately catches the attention of the reader, urging them to read on.
Introduction The paper presents one of the major books that have been studied and analyzed through different critical perspective which is One Thousand and One Nights. The study depends only on two stories which are" Ala al-Din : The Marriage of Badr al-Budur " and "Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves”. The study aims to give an interpretation of the Freudian concept , Theory of Personality, and provides an application study on the two stories. The theory of Personality is very important in the development of the events and characters of each story. It helps the reader to understand the plots and the characters.
ATTWN Essay Throughout the novel “And Then There Were None”, the roles of the philosophy, the setting, as well as the separation of the distinct social classes maintain consistent prominence in effecting the upshot of the novel. This occurs primarily by aiding Justice Wargrave in his murders, and secondarily by exonerating him from the blame of the crimes. The novel takes place in 1940s Britain, where typical philosophy was radically different that in the contemporary time. Promptly after it is clear that the killings are the work of a murderer, Mr. Justice Wargrave, Dr. Armstrong, and Vera Claythorne are acquitted of guilt, as two rank very high in the sense of social status, and the third is a “harmless” woman. However, the feeling of urgency on the island prevails, and no one is exculpated from the criminality.
Maybe even insanity. All of these feelings would set in as you sit waiting to be the next victim. This is what the characters in the famous mystery novel, And Then There Were None, felt. The book is a famous mystery novel by Agatha Christie, who is known as the queen of mystery. This novel is seen as her masterpiece and was the hardest book for her to write.
Writers from all over the world use symbolism to enhance their stories and create something so beautiful in each of their pieces. In To Kill a Mockingbird and Night, symbolism was so effective because it provided depth to the text, allowed the reader to break through the surface layer of the story, and gave readers the freedom of interpreting the story in different ways. In Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, the author uses symbolism in her writing to create this bittersweet novel while one of the major symbols was the mockingbird. On page 119, Harper Lee wrote, “...it's a sin to kill a mockingbird, mockingbirds don't do one thing but make music for us to enjoy.. They don't do one thing but sing their hearts out for us.” In this book, the mockingbird took form in two different people from opposite sides of the
Primary 5 (GEP) English Language Name: Timothy Low (12) Date: 23 March 2015 Class: 5I Extensive Reading Programme (ERP) Assignment 1 Introduction I would like to recommend the book, “Hickory Dickery Dock” by Agatha Christie. In this book, the author has skilfully weaved the mystery of small thefts into murder cases. The book is an intriguing mystery thriller and has engaged my attention with excitement and suspense from the beginning till the end. This book has the key elements of a good mystery which include plot development with unusual twists, character development, their motives and red herrings. I am kept guessing who the culprit is and his motives.
5 Noted ubiquitously among such works created by Rodolfo Anaya and Harper Lee, powerful symbolism is carried out through wonderful conveyance of literary technique in each author’s respective novels. Granted both authors can employ symbolism accordingly, each author has their signature trademark in providing symbolism, and imploring the reader to search for a deeper meaning within given context. One of Harper Lee’s most powerful symbols is simply the title of her novel, To Kill a Mockingbird. The title itself has little connection to the plot, but it carries a great deal of symbolic weight in the book. One may simply look past this, but the symbol lies within the mockingbird itself.
She tackles both a subject and life of the 21st century with warmth and realism. The story has a concealed tale of sensitivity and forgiveness and yet also talks about the aftermath of the actions and decisions taken without knowledge. The book draws us in from the starting with the mystery of the letter as we all would want to know what is written inside. Once the letter was opened and the secret was revealed, the story took a much unexpected turn of events. The author has an enormous eye for detail, and nothing is wasted in the complexity of the story. | https://www.ipl.org/essay/Theme-Of-Suspense-In-And-Then-There-P375NRHESCFR |
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The NWT On The Land Collaborative is a collective of partners from government, industry, philanthropy, and beyond, working together to support land-based programs and projects in the NWT. Each of these partner organizations has a representative that participates in quarterly meetings and annual funding decisions. This is the thirteenth in a series of profiles of the people and organizations that make the Collaborative possible. You can read the other profiles here.
Angela Young and Jackie Siegel are roommates, colleagues in the Indigenous Languages and Education Secretariat, and, now, co-representatives for the Secretariat on the NWT On The Land Collaborative (though they assured me that they don’t actually spend that much time together). The two even share a job title, Co-ordinator, although they have different backgrounds and responsibilities within the division. Angela, a “recovering teacher,” supports the delivery of Indigenous culture and language programming in schools through curriculum development and training; Jackie, who has a background in public health, supports monitoring and evaluation initiatives.
Both Jackie and Angela are relatively new to Yellowknife. Jackie was drawn north from his hometown of Vancouver by a job with the Department of Education, Culture, and Employment (ECE). He only intended to stay a year. Three years later, he is still here with no intention of leaving. If you’ve attended any events organized by NWT Pride, then you’ve likely crossed paths with Jackie. He served as the organization’s President for two years. As with many new arrivals to the North, Jackie has expanded his repertoire of outdoor activities since relocating to Yellowknife: “I picked up canoeing since moving here. I’ve given up car camping for canoe camping, which has been exciting!” His goal for this winter is put his new cross country skis to use.
Angela, who also hails from British Columbia, moved to Yellowknife in 2015 after 13 years in Inuvik. For a decade, she was an English teacher at Samuel Hearne/East Three Secondary. She also spent two years working as the Literacy Coordinator for the Beaufort Delta Educational Council. Leaving the Delta was bittersweet. In addition to the relationships she developed with students and community members while in Inuvik, Angela formed a strong bond with the land through time spent at camps throughout the Delta. Ultimately, it was the vision and purpose of the Assistant Deputy Minister for Education and Culture that drew her to Yellowknife. For Rita Mueller, work at ECE headquarters is another way of serving and supporting the territory’s schools, students, and communities. One of the things she loves about her new community are the many wonderful yoga studios and instructors.
Angela and Jackie’s worlds collided in 2015 with the creation of the Indigenous Languages and Education Secretariat (at that time known as the Aboriginal Languages Secretariat). ILES (pronounced “isles”) is tasked with “support[ing] the preservation, promotion, and revitalization of Indigenous languages throughout the NWT.” It is a misconception that the Secretariat, which is housed in ECE, is primarily concerned with supporting language learning in schools. To the contrary, almost half of ILES funding is funnelled through Indigenous governments and non-profits to support grassroots language initiatives.
Members of the Secretariat have been following the Collaborative since it was created in 2015. Existing funding arrangements, however, prevented the division’s participation. A newly minted agreement with the federal Department of Heritage has changed this; as of fall 2017, ILES is officially a funding partner of the NWT On The Land Collaborative.
Equally attractive to ILES are the relationships that the Collaborative has built and strengthened over the last three years with a diverse collection of organizations and programs across the territory. Not only will tapping into this network give the Secretariat a better understanding of the language revitalization components of land-based programming, but it will also allow ILES to extend their reach and diversify the recipients of their support.
The Collaborative, for its part, is happy to have representatives from Education, Culture, and Employment at the table, especially given the number of applications received over the last two years from schools. In 2016, the Collaborative applications were submitted by 38 of the territory’s 49 schools. This year, almost a third of the grant requests came from educational institutions.
The Collaborative and grant recipients will benefit from the expertise that Jackie, Angela, and their colleagues bring to the table. Successful grant recipients will have access to ILES staff, including linguists, evaluators, and curriculum specialists. With the participation of the Secretariat in the Collaborative, more land-based projects with language revitalization as a primary focus will be supported. Jackie and Angela are also hopeful that the involvement of ILES will encourage more programs to make language revitalization a core component of their activities.
The NWT On The Land Collaborative depends on partners like the Indigenous Languages and Education Secretariat (ILES) to support land-based initiatives in the NWT. If your organization is interested in becoming a partner, please contact Steve Ellis ([email protected]). | http://www.nwtontheland.ca/blog/archives/02-2018 |
The Alaska Legislature last month passed a resolution urging Gov. Bill Walker to declare a linguistic emergency for Alaska Native languages. Now, advocates from across the state are collaborating to help breathe new life into some of these languages.
Approximately 140 language instructors, first-language speakers and language learners will attend the Alaska Native Language Revitalization Institute, May 21-24 at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. Hosted by the UAF College of Rural and Community Development, the institute is part of continued language revitalization efforts for the state’s Alaska Native languages.
“This is a critical moment in time for us to invest in Alaska Native languages,” said Sandra Kowalski, the college’s director of indigenous programs. “We are excited to host this institute in support of those at the front lines of language revitalization to advance this important work.”
Since the 1970s, the number of people speaking Alaska’s 20 indigenous languages has steadily declined. Earlier this year, the Alaska Native Language Preservation Advisory Council’s biennial report predicted that most of the state’s indigenous languages may be dormant or extinct by the end of the 21st century, should that trend continue. The report also advocated for policies supporting language revitalization efforts and programs that develop fluent speakers.
Sponsored by Rep. Dan Ortiz, I-Ketchikan, House Concurrent Resolution 19 was based on recommendations from the Alaska Native Language Preservation Advisory Council. The resolution calls for the Legislature, state agencies and Alaska Native groups to follow policies that encourage the use of Alaska Native languages.
The institute is hosting 10 languages, including Yup’ik, Iñupiaq, Tlingit, Haida, Gwich’in, Dena’ina, Ahtna, Sugpiaq, Alutiiq, and Denaakke’. During the institute, teams of 20 people will work together to promote language revitalization efforts and preparing educators to teach the language. Each team includes four elders or first-language speakers and 10 participants.
The institute has reached capacity for participation and registration is closed.
Source: UAF
Unlike many news organizations, the Alaska Native News does not utilize a paywall that bars readers from accessing our content. And, while many news portals have unlimited resources with which to publish content, our site is run on very limited funds, with our staff working on a volunteer basis. With ad revenues failing drastically, we find ourselves needing to reach out for help funding our portal in order to continue bringing news to our readers. | https://alaska-native-news.com/institute-to-further-alaska-native-language-revitalization/34947/ |
The Mental Health Services Act (MHSA) includes a rare and explicit commitment to fostering innovation in providing services and supports. The law requires counties to utilize 5% of their MHSA funds on innovation projects and charges the Mental Health Services Oversight and Accountability Commission (MHSOAC) with approving those projects. The MHSA’s Innovation component responds to the high costs and profound suffering associated with unaddressed mental health needs and the limitations of current services on those adverse outcomes.
Goals
The Innovation component of MHSA provides funding for projects not to exceed 5 years that do one or more of the following:
- Introduce a mental health practice or approach that is new to the overall mental health system, including, but not limited to, prevention and early intervention.
- Make a change to an existing practice in the field of mental health, including but not limited to, application to a different population.
- Apply to the mental health system a promising community-driven practice or approach that has been successful in non-mental health contexts or settings.
- Mental health practices or approaches that have already demonstrated effectiveness are only eligible with an adaptation and rationale for the adaptation.
Purpose
The primary purpose of an Innovation project shall be one of the following:
- Increase access to mental health services to underserved groups
- Increase the quality of mental health services
- Promote interagency and community collaboration related to mental health services and supports or outcomes
- Increase access to mental health services
Current Project - Third Sector Multi-County Full Service Partnership (FSP) Innovation Project
Lake County is embarking on a multi-county Innovation Project (PDF) focusing on Full Service Partnership (FSP) services.This project is focused on creating a data-driven Full-Service Partnership (“FSP”) that will increase the local capacity together and use data to better design, implement, and manage FSP services across various age groups and populations, with the ultimate goal of better understanding important client outcomes and continuously working to improve them.
CalMHSA serves as the administrative oversight for this innovation project and will contract with Third Sector who will be the lead contractor. This project has been developed as a multi-county collaborative, as such, CalMHSA will ensure additional counties are incorporated into the project as appropriate.
Goals
The Multi-County FSP Innovation Project’s five goals will build counties’ capacity to collect and use data to improve outcomes. When the Project is complete, counties will have increased capacity for collecting and using data for FSP services. These improvements will not only support participating counties’ clients in their recovery, but they will also be shared to improve the statewide system.
- Develop a shared understanding and more consistent interpretation of FSP’s core components across counties, creating a common FSP framework
- Increase the clarity and consistency of enrollment criteria, referral, and graduation processes through developing and disseminating clear tools and guidelines across stakeholders
- Improve how counties define, track, and apply priority outcomes across FSP programs
- Develop a clear strategy for tracking outcomes and performance measures through various state-level and county-specific reporting tools
- Develop new and/or strengthen existing processes for continuous improvement that leverage data to foster learning, accountability, and meaningful performance feedback
Past Innovation Projects
Reports
View annual Innovation Reports in the Archive Center. | https://recovery.lakecountyca.gov/254/Innovation |
AbstractWe study a collaborative scenario where a user not only instructs a system to complete tasks, but also acts alongside it. This allows the user to adapt to the system abilities by changing their language or deciding to simply accomplish some tasks themselves, and requires the system to effectively recover from errors as the user strategically assigns it new goals. We build a game environment to study this scenario, and learn to map user instructions to system actions. We introduce a learning approach focused on recovery from cascading errors between instructions, and modeling methods to explicitly reason about instructions with multiple goals. We evaluate with a new evaluation protocol using recorded interactions and online games with human users, and observe how users adapt to the system abilities.
- Anthology ID:
- D19-1218
- Volume:
- Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)
- Month:
- November
- Year:
- 2019
- Address:
- Hong Kong, China
- Venues:
- EMNLP | IJCNLP
- SIG:
- SIGDAT
- Publisher:
- Association for Computational Linguistics
- Note:
- Pages:
- 2119–2130
- Language:
- URL:
- https://aclanthology.org/D19-1218
- DOI:
- 10.18653/v1/D19-1218
- PDF: | https://aclanthology.org/D19-1218/ |
Despite the increasing need for language and intercultural proficiencies, cutbacks in language programs are a national trend. Programs in smaller, less well-endowed institutions are particularly at risk, especially in the Midwest, where there tends to be less linguistic and ethnic diversity. More than ever before, language programs must demonstrate how they are not only relevant, but marketable.
Note: Adapted from original project proposal
This collaborative project between French faculty and programs at Coe and Cornell reflects the need for smaller language programs and institutions to work together in order to strengthen and market our educational experiences to prospective students and the public. It will enable our students to take advantage of community-based experiential learning opportunities and courses in French in the Linn-Johnson County corridor of Iowa, home to French companies as well as a growing population of francophone African immigrants.
Joint programming and a shared digital platform that bridges the distance between our institutions affords students enriched curricular offerings related to professional paths using French and it will make the work we do more visible to the outside public.
Updated Jul 10, 2017
We need to be able to demonstrate viable vocational paths for all our students, especially outside the humanities. The best way to do address this challenge is to move our programs beyond the confines of our individual campuses and academic calendars and directly into the community, where students can apply and continue to develop their language skills in intercultural and immersive contexts.
This project would allow the Coe and Cornell faculty in French to build a digital foundation for a collaborative program in applied and pre-professional French, fostering student engagement in our local professional and immigrant francophone communities in Cedar Rapids, including courses, research projects, community-based and digital projects, and internships.
The French faculty at Cornell and Coe have a history of friendship and collaboration, most recently evidenced by their work on the FaCE grant on translation for global literacies across the curriculum. This current project would continue and deepen that collaboration through the sharing of curricular resources, a website and events related to practical and professional applications of French based upon community engagement.
A shared website focusing on our study of and work with the local francophone communities would offer a central point of contact and interaction that will help pave the way toward future collaborations. We are currently planning a joint Applied and Pre-professional French program unit (alongside a shared unit in translation studies) to give students the academic preparation they need in professional language standards and etiquette, accompanied by modules in medical French, translation and interpretation, education, media studies, and community and development work.
Coe College is currently completing an Internationalization Profile report recommending collaborative curricular development around global cultural studies, global perspectives in general education and departmental programs, and enhanced study abroad opportunities. Coe’s recently established Center for Creativity and Careers focuses on fostering greater connections between the campus and the Cedar Rapids community. Similar initiatives are underway at Cornell College, which was just awarded a $50,000 curricular-planning grant to revise the general education program. In 2016-17, the college consolidated its experiential learning programs in the Berry Career Institute where students learn to identify and pursue professional goals. Cornell’s faculty recently approved a set of educational priorities embedded in curricular, co-curricular and collaborative contexts.
Our collaborative project is clearly aligned with the strategic directions and innovations at both institutions and would directly benefit students.
For our students and programs with shared resources and a platform for the public presentation of student work.
This course could be adapted to a variety of learning formats including semester or block-length calendar courses, independent study projects or internship support.
Course Description: This course helps to create a bridge between students’ time at Coe/Cornell and their time after Coe/Cornell. They will explore the linguistic and cultural contexts of working in France and the francophone world, then examine a variety of professional paths through a series experiential exercises. These exercises are supplemented by videos of and Skype interviews with native speakers in banking, business and marketing, translation, education, media studies, and international development, and a visit to the University of Wisconsin-Madison which is home of the Professional French Masters Program. Throughout the course of the term, students construct and complete their own project, research career paths and opportunities, and create a CV and dossier that could be part of an application. The course culminates with staged interviews for a position they would be interested in seeking in the future.
Partnering with local organizations to introduce students to/engage students in applied and pre-professional uses of French in the Cedar Rapids community.
Creation of language-based volunteer, service-learning, and internship opportunities for students available independently or as part of the course.
Initial planning meeting with our Instructional Technologists and Directors of Community Engagement partners to decide upon the most appropriate digital format and how best to integrate digital and community-based learning experiences.
French faculty plans structure and collects materials for the shared Applied and Pre-Professional French course, builds site, and connects with potential local community partners. Coe student completes a pilot program in French with community partners and shares results with faculty.
Consulting meeting with Ritt Dietz, director of the Professional French Master’s Program at the University of Wisconsin-Madison to learn more about how this successful, one-of-a-kind program is structured, how it is administered, and how we might adapt elements of its model to our own initiative.
Faculty continue to develop course and site, attend training sessions offered by the French Embassy on teaching business, and if available, medical French. Faculty visit to consult with other programs that offer courses and experiences we are working to develop.
Course and community projects offered at Coe and Cornell.
Assessment and evaluation of course and community-based projects. Revisions and adjustments made as necessary. Completion of grant report. Course made available as independent studies or projects.
Upon completion, the project team will: | https://www.acm.edu/professional_development/project/87/locally-francophone |
From its inception, MALS has collected various Indigenous language resources in order to make them available to practitioners and to provide an overview of existing language practices. These resources are updated on an ongoing basis and categorized under the following headings:
Educational Resources for Teachers and Learners - There is an abundance of educational resources dedicated to the preservation of Indigenous languages. These range from formal textbooks, to community developed learning materials, to audio video resources, and computer software. This compendium in particular is updated on a continual basis as new resources are identified.
Language Acts - In recent years, many communities have developed Language Acts in an effort to provide legislative support to existing language preservation initiatives. A language act is essentially a statement which endorses the use of a particular indigenous language as the primary language of communication for a given community, group, or Nation.
Statistics on Indigenous Languages - The National Household Survey and other statistical studies provide insight into the state of Indigenous languages at the national, provincial, and local level. These surveys index factors such as the primary language spoken in the home, the ability to converse in an Indigenous language, and the incidence of Indigenous languages as mother tongues.
Provincial and Territorial Indigenous Language Initiatives – Certain provincial and territorial governments have developed various reports and initiatives related to the revitalization of their respective Indigenous languages. While few of these have been officially legislated, most offer a road map outlining possible revitalization efforts.
Second Language Acquisition Research - Second language acquisition research focuses on the process of second language acquisition, regardless of the language being learned. These studies provide valuable insight, and outline successful strategies and approaches which Indigenous language instructors and learners may not be familiar with. The Pimsleur approach, for example, is widely used as a methodology promoting rapid second language fluency, and its tenets could easily be adapted for use in any Indigenous language program.
Academic Theses and Dissertations Related to Specific Indigenous Languages - There are a wealth of theses and dissertations focused on various aspects of Indigenous languages. From local revitalization efforts, to innovative instructional approaches, to variations in dialects within particular languages, academic research is a readily available, but underutilized resource. | http://malsmb.ca/resources.html |
Biederman (1987, 1990) put forward a theory of object recognition extending that of Marr and Nishihara (1978). The central assumption of his recognition-by-components theory is that objects consist of basic shapes or components known as geons (geometric ions). Examples of geons are blocks, cylinders, spheres, arcs, and wedges. According to Biederman (1987), there are about 36 different geons. This may seem suspiciously few to provide descriptions of all the objects we can recognise and...
Focused Auditory Attention
The British scientist Colin Cherry was working in an electronics research laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, but became involved in psychological research. What fascinated Cherry was the cocktail party problem how are we able to follow just one conversation when several people are all talking at once Cherry (1953) found that this ability involves using physical differences (e.g., sex of speaker voice intensity speaker location) to maintain attention to a chosen auditory...
Cognitive Psychology Glossary Terminology
Accommodation one of the binocular cues to depth, based on the variation in optical power produced by a thickening of the lens of the eye when focusing on a close object. Achromatopsia this is a brain-damaged condition in which there is little or no colour perception, but form and motion perception are sometimes intact. Action slips actions that are performed in ways that were not intended. Affirmation of the consequent an invalid argument form in conditional reasoning where one concludes P,...
Speaking And Writing Compared
Spoken and written language both have as their central function the communication of information about people and the world, and so it is common-sensical to assume that there are important similarities between speaking and writing. On the other hand, children and adults often find writing much harder than speaking, suggesting there are major differences between the productions of spoken and written language. Speaking and writing will now be compared. The view that speaking and writing are...
Episodic And Semantic Memory
Our long-term memories contain an amazing variety of different kinds of information. As a result, there is a natural temptation to assume there are various long-term memory systems, each of which is specialised for certain types of information. Tulving (1972) argued for a distinction between episodic memory and semantic memory. According to Tulving, episodic memory refers to the storage (and retrieval) of specific events or episodes occurring in a particular place at a particular time. Thus,...
Historical roots of cognitive psychology
The year 1956 was critical in the development of cognitive psychology. At a meeting at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Chomsky gave a paper on his theory of language, George Miller presented a paper on the magic number seven in short-term memory (Miller, 1956), and Newell and Simon discussed their very influential computational model called the General Problem Solver (discussed in Newell, Shaw, & Simon, 1958 see also Chapter 15). In addition, the first systematic attempt to... | https://www.doctorabel.us/cognitive-psychology/ |
Behaviorist and memory | Psychology homework help
I see memory as being the vault in a bank; it holds all the information (money) needed to take part in everyday life. People generally don’t stop and think how important memory is in order to accomplish day to day activities. It’s like a vault that holds all lived experiences that get stored and can then be retrieved or recalled at a later point, or when needed. There are three types of memory which are as follows: Episodic, Semantic, and Procedural.
I describe episodic memory to be just like it sounds: episodes. Like episodes of your life which include autobiographical events such as birthdays, holidays, as well as any personal experiences. I remember getting my first puppy, my siblings and I were in the pool and my mom had told us our dad had a surprise for us, but we didn’t know what it was. When she saw him pull up to the driveway she told us he had arrived and we all jumped out of the pool soaking wet, and made our way to the front of the house and there he was standing with a big cardboard box and we saw the puppy.
Semantic memory sounds almost like “cement”, to me at at least. Like cement, which is strong and long-lasting, semantic memory is part of long-term memory. It holds common things like how to pronounce your name, how to count to ten, names of countries, and names of colors and shapes. Semantic memory harbors facts that aren’t acquired from personal experiences. An example of this the fact that I know Peru’s capital is Lima, and that Washington is a state while Washington D.C. is the U.S. capital.
Procedural memory, like procedure, helps in remembering how to do things and how perform certain procedures. Such include procedures followed when a surgeon is in the middle of performing a surgery, or the basics like walking, going up the stairs, bike riding, etc. Examples of procedural memory include my knowledge on how to ride a bike or how to play the flute.
Episodic memory, as previously stated, is like autobiographical episodes of one’s life. Memory of a typical individual declines with age, and episodic memory, which retains contextual information about personally experienced events in one’s life seems especially vulnerable to aging (Mohanty, Naveh-Benjamin, & Ratnwshwar, 2016. Pp. 25). For people with Alzheimer’s for example, episodic memory is one of the first things they cannot recall. They forget details from their life, like if their mental cassette has started to reset, and little by little these details escape their mind.
In contrast, patients with Alzheimer’s disease typically display impairments in episodic memory, but with semantic deficits of a much lesser magnitude (Irish, Addis, Hodges, Piguet, 2012. Pp. 2178). While in episodic memory personal events are forgotten first, with semantic memory basic facts such as colors and shapes are not forgotten as easily.
Last, there is procedural memory which is retained longer by individuals with Alzheimer’s disease, suggesting that structuring of activities based on well learned habits may preserve function (Bonder, Zadorny, Martin, 1998. Pp.88). This demonstrates that procedural memory which includes something as getting dressed is retained longer in some individuals.
Reference:
Staveley-Taylor, H. (Director). (1996). Memory processes [Video file]. In The study of memory. Retrieved from the Films On Demand database.
Staveley-Taylor, H. (Director). (1996). Storage and recall [Video file]. In The study of memory. Retrieved from the Films On Demand database.
Staveley-Taylor, H. (Director). (1996). Three kinds of memory [Video file]. In The study of memory. Retrieved from the Films On Demand database.
Mohanty, P., Naveh-Benjamin, M., Ratneshwar, S., Psychology and Aging, Vol 31(1), Feb, 2016 pp. 25-36. Publisher: American Psychological Association; [Journal Article], Database: PsycARTICLES
Irish,M., Addis, D.R., Hodges, J.R., Piguet, O., Neurological Disorders and Brain Damage (2012, March 11). Publisher: United Kingdom : Oxford University Press; [Journal Article], Database: PSYCINFO
Bonder, B., Zadorzny, C., Martin, R., Dressing in Alzheimer’s disease: Executive function and procedural memory, Vol 19(2), 1998 pp.88-92. Publisher: Haworth Press; [Journal Article], Database: PsycINFO
Need your ASSIGNMENT done? Use our paper writing service to score better and meet your deadline. | https://ratedassignments.com/behaviorist-and-memory-psychology-homework-help/ |
General Psychology Human Memory Lecture 55 1. 1.
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General Psychology Human Memory Lecture 55 1. 1. Definition of Memory 2. 2. Memory Processes 3. 3. Stages of memory storage 4. 4. Forgetting 5. 5. Improvement of memory
In order to remember smth learn it! To test learning measure what is remembered! Memory involves storing information that is learned, so that it can be retrieved and used at a later time.
Retention level the amount of info stored after learning has taken place. Retention is measured by asking a person to retrieve previously learned info. Retention loss = forgetting a part of original learning that can’t be retrieved.
Ebbinghaus Research H. Ebbinghaus demonstrated that a greater memory loss occurs in the first 20 min after learning than in the remaining 31 days. Savings score Time/Days App 100%- 80% App 60%- 50% 40%40% 35%35% 30%30% 25%25% 11 stst / immediate recall 11 stst / after 20 min 11 stst / after an hour 11 stst / after 9 hours 22 ndnd – 4 thth 66 thth — 31 stst
Memory processes
Encoding (1 stst step) process of putting information into our memory system (like in a computer) Influences on effectiveness 1)1) Perceive it (hear, see, touch, smell, taste) 2)2) Motivated to remember 3)3) Find this info meaningful or relevant to our life 4)4) Practice or rehearse it
Storage (2 ndnd step) process of retaining information in our memory system for some length of time 3 memory stores Sensory short-term long-term SM (iconic/echoic) STM ( working active/immediate) LTM (semantic/episodic/procedural)
Retrieval pulling information out of the memory system. We don’t know what is stored until we retrieve it. Sometimes it is adequately stored but not accessible at the moment. Success depends on effectiveness of encoding and storage.
Memory stores characteristics
Types of LTM Procedural Semantic Episodic Remembering The responses to stimuli How to do smth (riding a bike, being sick, eating a lobster) Mental models of the environment Access is automatic and retrieval involves answer, “What” (our dictionary) Highest memory system: events that have personal meaning (where? When? (our diary)
Forgetting – retention loss. To test the amount of forgetting use 3 measures of retention Recall (reconstruction) retrieve learned info from memory (essay, short-answer, fill-in-blank) Recognition Identify learned items and ignore new items that are used as distraction (true-false, multiple choice) Savings relearning
3 theories of forgetting Decay A problem of storage, operate in STM ( if not rehearsed) Interference A problem of retrieval Motivated forgetting repression
Memory improvement
Questions for the seminar: 1. Define memory 2. Describe encoding, storage, retrieval 3. Iconic/echoic sensory memory 4. Identify ‘attention’ and pattern recognition 5. Characteristics of STM 6. Metamemory 7. Compare 3 types of long-term memory 8. 3 measures of memory retention 9. 3 theories of forgetting 10. Techniques to improve memory
Essay task: Describe your knowledge of you own memory ability. (how you learn to remember, your ability to encode, store and retrieve, types of memory and techniques to improve your memory) Literature: R. Atkinson. Introduction to Psychology. Ch. 8 pp 288 -330. Volunteer Reports 1. Emotional Factors in forgetting p 309 -311 2. Implicit Memory in amnesia and normal subjects. Pp 311 -315 3. Improving Memory pp 317 -326 – 3 people. | http://present5.com/general-psychology-human-memory-lecture-55-1-1/ |
Co-Editors:
Felipe De Brigard, Duke University, USA
Sharda Umanath, Claremont McKenna College, USA
Muireann Irish, University of Sydney, Australia
Traditionally, episodic and semantic memory have been considered as two independent cognitive systems. Tulving suggested that episodic and semantic memories are governed by a set of distinct principles including mode of references (autobiographical vs. cognitive) and retrieval characteristics (remembering vs. knowing). The functional distinction between episodic and semantic memory gained wide acceptance and has influenced a variety of fields of research. Tulving’s powerful framework guided understanding of age-related decline in memory, memory distortion, categorization, event segmentation, and even language processing. However, in the past two decades, numerous findings have put in doubt the clear-cut nature of this distinction. In fact, a number of recent developments in the science of memory, both empirical and theoretical, strongly suggest that, contrary to the traditional view, episodic and semantic memory may not be as distinct as once thought.
The picture that has emerged since the formalization of the episodic and semantic distinction is that memories do not fall neatly or independently into one system. Event memories are composed of what Tulving would conceptualize as semantic and episodic. Older adults who demonstrate what has been characterized as age-related deficits in episodic memory are able to moderate observed deficits by relying on semantic components to scaffold recollection. The interactions between semantic and episodic memory are so entrenched and nuanced that it may no longer make sense to distinguish them, and to favor instead a different understanding of the processes involved in the tasks that traditionally were considered either episodic or semantic.
The purpose of this Special Issue of Memory & Cognition is to bring together researchers doing cutting-edge work at the intersection between episodic and semantic memory, not only to showcase studies directly probing this psychological distinction, but also articles that seek to provide conceptual and theoretical accounts that can help us to understand the precise relationship between these two apparently different kinds of memory. Of note, this Special Issue for Memory & Cognition will highlight important new behavioral findings that can help to illuminate the relationship between semantic and episodic memory.
As such, the editors of this Special Issue, and the journal, Memory & Cognition, welcome contributions that highlight not only behavioral but also modeling strategies to better understand the interdependence of episodic and semantic memory. Additionally, we seek contributions from authors working at the intersection between memory and other areas of research that could inform the E/S distinction, such as language, category learning, and perception. The goal will be to present a collection of articles that would not only systematize cutting-edge research but also help to establish a new foundation upon which to rethink a distinction that, to this day, is central for our understanding of declarative memory.
Submission Deadline
The deadline for submissions is November 1, 2020. Submission guidelines are here. Authors should select the Special Issue/Invited Manuscript type when submitting papers.
Questions?
Please email the co-editors with questions: | https://www.springer.com/journal/13421/updates/18031150 |
A historical lens is presented with which to contextualize the idea that conscious and unconscious memory processes are composed of distinct systems, and a current account for the multiple memory systems model is provided.
The hippocampus reevaluated in unconscious learning and memory: at a tipping point?
- Psychology, BiologyFront. Hum. Neurosci.
- 2012
It is concluded that a tipping point has been reached, and that while conscious recollection depends critically on hippocampal integrity, the reach of the hippocampus extends to unconscious aspects of memory performance when relational memory processing and representation are required.
Mechanisms for widespread hippocampal involvement in cognition.
- Biology, PsychologyJournal of experimental psychology. General
- 2013
A theoretical framework for how the hippocampus interacts with other brain systems and cognitive processes is developed, consistent with an emerging view that the most fertile ground for discovery in cognitive psychology and neuroscience lies at the interface between parts of the mind and brain that have traditionally been studied in isolation.
Memory: Normative development of memory systems.
- Psychology, BiologyHandbook of clinical neurology
- 2020
The hippocampus: A central node in a large-scale brain network for memory.
- Biology, PsychologyRevue neurologique
- 2015
Memory systems 2018 – Towards a new paradigm
- Psychology, BiologyNeurobiology of Learning and Memory
- 2019
Multiple Memory Systems in Humans and Rodents
- Biology, Psychology
- 2016
Is the hippocampus necessary for visual and verbal binding in working memory?
- Psychology, BiologyNeuropsychologia
- 2010
The Basic-Systems Model of Episodic Memory
- Psychology, BiologyPerspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science
- 2006
Autobiographical memory and oral traditions are used to demonstrate the usefulness of the basic-systems model in accounting for existing data and predicting novel findings, and to argue that the model is the only way to understand episodic memory for complex stimuli routinely encountered outside the laboratory.
Marr’s theory of the hippocampus as a simple memory
- Biology, Psychology
- 2016
Converging evidence suggests instead that the hippocampus is at the apex of a multi-level cortical hierarchy that encodes progressively more abstract information at each level, and is as involved in predictive perceptual coding as it is in memory.
References
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From Conditioning to Conscious Recollection Memory Systems of the Brain. Oxford Psychology Series, Volume 35.
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The neurobiological properties of dedicated and elaborate systems to their neuropsychological counterparts are related, and in so doing, account for the phenomenology of memory, from conditioning to conscious recollection.
Episodic memory: from mind to brain.
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This chapter provides a brief history of the concept of episodic memory, describes how it has changed (indeed greatly changed) since its inception, considers criticisms of it, and discusses supporting evidence provided by neuropsychological studies of patterns of memory impairment caused by brain damage, and functional neuroimaging studies of pattern of brain activity of normal subjects engaged in various memory tasks.
From Conditioning to Conscious Recollection
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A primary goal of this work is to relate the nuerobiological properties of dedicated and elaborate systems to their neuropsychological counterparts and, in do doing, account for the phenomenology of memory, from conditioning to conscious recollection.
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This analysis draws on studies of human memory impairment and animal models of memory impairment, as well as neurophysiological and neuroimaging data, to show that this system is principally concerned with memory and operates with neocortex to establish and maintain long-term memory.
The Oxford handbook of memory
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Due to the advent of neuropsychology, it has become clear that there is a multiplicity of memory systems or, at the very least, of dissociably different modes of processing memory in the brain. As…
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A memory system in the monkey.
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Do hippocampal lesions produce amnesia in animals? | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Memory-systems-of-the-brain%3A-A-brief-history-and-Squire/fe415ecc9f8f6ca21825775eb1fc647d54b50efc |
Are recovered memories accurate?
Date2005-08-29
Author
Gerkens, David
MetadataShow full item record
Abstract
Research in our laboratory has demonstrated blocked and recovered memories within the context of a controlled experiment. The comparative memory paradigm allows for comparisons of recovered memories, continuous memories, and false memories. Additional research in our laboratory has shown two distinct types of memory errors; semantic based errors which occur due to pre-existing category knowledge, and episodic based errors in which the source of details (list members) are misattributed. Independently, these two lines of research have illuminated basic memory processes, however, they have not been combined previously. That is, the experiments in the present study explore the susceptibility of recovered memories to semantic and episodic based errors relative to continuous memories. Experiment 1 replicated the large blocking and recovery effects previously found by our laboratory. Additionally, it demonstrated that recovered memories were no more prone to semantic based errors than were continuous memories. These errors occurred very infrequently despite the use of materials chosen specifically to induce such errors. Experiment 2 again replicated the large blocking and recovery effects. The equivalent low rate of semantic based errors was also replicated. However, Experiment 2 also revealed that recovered memories were more susceptible to episodic based errors than were continuous memories. This was especially true when the memory block occurred in an interference treatment condition. Finally, post-recall source recognition tests failed to improve memory accuracy. In fact, numerically both semantic based and episodic based errors increased on the source recognition test relative to the cued recall test. Findings are discussed in relation to the source monitoring and fuzzy-trace theories of memory as well as the legal and clinical recovered memory controversy.
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The use of memory state knowledge to improve computer memory system organization Isen, Ciji (2011-05)The trends in virtualization as well as multi-core, multiprocessor environments have translated to a massive increase in the amount of main memory each individual system needs to be fitted with, so as to effectively ...
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Characterizing the age-related decline of memory monitoring : neuroimaging and genetic approaches Pacheco, Jennifer Lynn (2011-05)Memory monitoring, or the ability to accurately assess one’s memory retrieval success, is known to be declined for older adults. The behavioral decline has been well explored, and is specific to tasks of source monitoring; ...
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Algorithms and Data Representations for Emerging Non-Volatile Memories Li, Yue (2014-04-29)The evolution of data storage technologies has been extraordinary. Hard disk drives that fit in current personal computers have the capacity that requires tons of transistors to achieve in 1970s. Today, we are at the ... | https://tdl-ir.tdl.org/handle/1969.1/2259 |
The psychological assessment of a 54-year-old woman with loss of identity and memories of 33 years of her life attributed to dissociative fugue, along with a follow-up 11 years later, concluded that the passage of time and a better emotional state did not lead to recovery of lost memories.
The Remains of the Day in Dissociative Amnesia
- Psychology, BiologyBrain sciences
- 2012
The relations between various long-term memory systems are illustrated by reviewing the spectrum of abnormalities in mnemonic processing that may arise in the dissociative amnesia—a condition that occurs in the context of psychological trauma, without evidence of brain damage on conventional structural imaging.
Perspectives on Episodic-Like and Episodic Memory
- Psychology, BiologyFront. Behav. Neurosci.
- 2013
The progress made in defining behavioral criteria of episodic-like memory in animals (and humans) as well as the perspectives in developing novel tests of human episodic memory which can also account for phenomenological aspects of episodi memory such as autonoetic awareness are summarized.
Psychogenic amnesia – A malady of the constricted self
- Psychology, BiologyConsciousness and Cognition
- 2010
Amnesia for Traumatic Experiences
- Psychology
- 2005
There is a heated clinical, legal and public discussion going on "recovered memories" of childhood sexual abuse: are these memories false or accurate ones? One of the arguments made by some false…
Combat-Induced Dissociative Amnesia
- Psychology
- 2002
Abstract Dissociative amnesia following combat trauma in various wars has been extensively documented. In this article, we describe theoretical constructs related to dissociative amnesia, and…
Apparent Amnesia : interidentity memory functioning in dissociative identity disdorder
- Psychology
- 2003
Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states that recurrently take control of the individual s behavior. Between 95…
Neuropsychological abnormalities in patients diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder
- Psychology
- 2017
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is presented as a dissociative identity clinical picture, accompanied by emotional disturbances such as depression, anxiety and apathy that lead to quality of…
Autobiographical Memory in Depression—A Case Study
- Psychology
- 2016
Introduction: Autobiographic memory allows shaping self identity over the time. Its main function is storing of information about oneself, which allows consolidating one’s own identity and provides…
Peas, Please: A Case Report and Neuroscientific Review of Dissociative Amnesia and Fugue
- Psychology, BiologyJournal of trauma & dissociation : the official journal of the International Society for the Study of Dissociation
- 2009
Current neurobiological models of dissociative amnesia that undermine the dichotomy of functional versus organic are reviewed, and it is suggested that the crucial distinction in such cases is between a patient's willful, conscious deceit and processes that occur without conscious intent.
References
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Functional retrograde amnesia: A quantitative case study
- Psychology, BiologyNeuropsychologia
- 1982
Impaired episodic memory retrieval in a case of probable psychogenic amnesia
- Psychology, BiologyPsychiatry Research: Neuroimaging
- 1997
A PET Study of Persistent Psychogenic Amnesia Covering the Whole Life Span.
- PsychologyCognitive neuropsychiatry
- 1997
These findings suggest, for the first time, a functional neuronal correlate for psychogenic amnesia, and suggest that normal controls access personal episodic information using mainly right hemisphere memory-associated brain regions.
Retrograde amnesia: Similarities between organic and psychogenic forms
- Psychology, Biology
- 1996
It is suggested that a blockade, disruption, or disconnection mechanism affecting access to (or the 'ecphory' of) stored engrams is the principal basis for retrograde amnesia.
Combat-Induced Dissociative Amnesia
- Psychology
- 2002
Abstract Dissociative amnesia following combat trauma in various wars has been extensively documented. In this article, we describe theoretical constructs related to dissociative amnesia, and…
Implicit memory: History and current status.
- Psychology
- 1987
Memory for a recent event can be expressed explicitly, as conscious recollection, or implicitly, as a facilitation of test performance without conscious recollection. A growing number of recent…
Dissociative Amnesia and Dissociative Fugue
- Psychology, Biology
- 1996
This chapter will update the prior review of dissociative (psychogenic) amnesia and dissociation-trauma model and discuss issues in the current controversy over the delayed recollection of traumatic events.
Toward a theory of episodic memory: the frontal lobes and autonoetic consciousness.
- PsychologyPsychological bulletin
- 1997
Evidence supports a preliminary theory of episodic remembering, which holds that the prefrontal cortex plays a critical, supervisory role in empowering healthy adults with autonoetic consciousness-the capacity to mentally represent and become aware of subjective experiences in the past, present, and future.
The handbook of memory disorders
- Psychology, Biology
- 1995
This book discusses the psychology of memory, development and management of memory problems in children, and the impact of Cognitive Impairment in Dementia and Schizophrenia. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Generalized-Dissociative-Amnesia%3A-Episodic%2C-and-and-Hart-Nijenhuis/ab72c822db78e8e18f9adec33f2a2b0ead95fcdf |
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has provided an update to Congress on where it’s at on evaluation of cannabidiol (CBD) products. It still has plenty of questions.
The agency says it is still concerned by the fact some Americans mistakenly believe CBD products generally have been evaluated to be safe by the FDA. As we’ve previously reported, a poll last year indicated 41% of Americans believe FDA had already developed safety standards for CBD. This is not the case and only one CBD product has been approved by the Administration to date.
The FDA says it still has many gaps in knowledge, including the effects of long term use, potential interactions with other drugs and a myriad other issues.
“This does not mean that we know CBD is unsafe to these populations or under these circumstances, but given the gaps in our current knowledge, and the known risks that have been identified, we also are not at a point where we can conclude that unapproved CBD products are safe for use.”
Some of what it says are the known risks outlined in a consumer update late last year.
On the issue of research, the FDA is taking new steps to provide a public and transparent way for stakeholders to provide new information to it in real time as it becomes available. Through this and other strategies, the FDA says it will be able to refine and revise its thinking and approaches.
Over the last year the FDA has also fired a number of warning shots across the bows of companies producing and selling CBD products that it feels are overstepping the mark as to claims made. The industry really needs some clarity on what is acceptable and what isn’t. On this point the FDA says it is mulling over issuing a risk-based enforcement policy that would provide greater transparency.
“Any enforcement policy would need to further the goals of protecting the public and providing more clarity to industry and the public regarding the FDA’s enforcement priorities while we take potential steps to establish a clear regulatory pathway,” it states.
So, in summary – while the FDA seems to have made some progress, it still appears to have a long way to go – and that’s frustrating for all parties involved.
The full report it provided to Congress can be viewed here. | https://hempgazette.com/news/usa-fda-cannabidiol-hg1127/ |
anticipated carrot from consumers in the pursuit of untainted products, i.e. public pressure, as well as the human rights business strategy.
4.1.1 The potential global effect
In accordance with previous discussions the U.S. and the EU, two powerful players on the global field have opened a new chapter by enforcing supply chain-related disclosure. What all of these supply chain-related regulations have in common is that they are domestic regulations with the power to initiate global harmonization of standards and practices. While so many companies affected by the new regulations are expected to disclose their supplier information a new trend could be set of making such information available, not only for consumers but for all stakeholders. The potential California effect could accordingly initiate a raise of standards in regards to transparency globally. With a trend of such wide range, not disclosing supplier information could be a competition disadvantage due to that it might suggest that there’s something to hide. Such companies could thus raise suspicions from third-party audits and thus be examined more closely.
4.1.2 The friction between a human rights business strategy and sceptical consumers
4.1.2.1 Pressure from society
In common for all of the above-introduced supply chain-related regulations are that all rely on public pressure. Although, this is a circle argument as comprehensive and assessable disclosure depends on public pressure, while the public pressure can’t be applied without comprehensive and assessable information. Presumably the reliance lies in a public ‘naming and shaming’ of those companies not disclosing comprehensive information, which is expected to incentivise such companies to better comply with the disclosure requirements. While complying with the new regulations at first may be challenging and costly, if the initial uphill road is rewarded, there’s an incentive to continue along the same path. It’s therefore crucial that the well performing companies do experience positive aspects
from committing to comply, not only to the minimum requirements of the law, but do it fully and introduce new policies at the core of the company.
4.1.2.2 Trusting the sustainability claims
As was established in chapter 3, consumers are well motivated to be sceptical towards various sustainability claims. While being required to disclose information on suppliers and the actions taken to assure no intolerable practises occur in the supply chains, companies can be expected to portray the image of a responsible and serious corporation. Thus information on the occurrence of intolerable practices will presumably not be disclosed. Rather than acknowledging that, companies may disclose the goals set and visions they have to portray a positive image. As long as consumers are overwhelmed or experience incomprehensible or vague information in regard to companies various sustainability commitments, and fail to fully understand what really goes on behind companies’ logos, the scepticism will remain unchanged. In that regard the legislators’ reliance on the consumer power to assess and react may thus be too optimistic.
Furthermore, certification that allergy facilitates for consumers to distinguish the
‘good’ products from the ‘bad’, don’t necessarily provide much assistance.
Companies having their own certification schemes may have such due to not meeting the standards of independent certification. After having assessed Fairtrade it can additionally be established that maintaining scepticism also towards third-party certification is well motivated. Various product information and price comparison tools have also been demonstrated to be of little help. As the tools expected to facilitate for consumers to orientate themselves amongst the overwhelming supply of allegedly untainted products not always are helpful, the core argument for what encourages companies to change lacks strength.
4.1.2.3 What power lies in the public pressure?
As initially addressed scholars argue a ‘naming and shaming’ doesn’t change much of corporate behaviour, though for instance Nike, known for running sweatshops and accordingly being responsible of intolerable working conditions, scored higher than most companies in the CHRB, likewise did Total and Nestlé. The legislators
enforcing the supply chain transparency requirements have placed a lot of faith in public pressure, thus perhaps it has been given too little credit. The limited effect of public pressure could presumably be the result of incomprehensive information consumers’ are faced with. While many care and do react when intolerable practices are made known, most often the unawareness could be the main cause for a lack of action. Whether this hypothesis is accurate can’t be determined until years have passed when the disclosed supply chain information no longer is at it’s infancy but ripe for evaluation. One thing is certain though, as the supply-chain regulations much rely on society to assess and react, this factor can determine whether the disclosure actually will make a difference or if it just will be another mandatory box to tick. In accordance with previous discussions it’s highly questionable if the current conditions are favourable for placing so much responsibility on a third party.
4.1.2.4 Internal business benefits from transparent supply chains
A third aspect affecting whether a positive development will be assured as a result of the more transparent supply chains is whether companies will experience positive aspects on their own, hence an internal carrot to work for improved standards. This factor could additionally be more powerful than many others as it’s not dependent on a third party, but rely on companies themselves experiencing a reason to disclose information not only because the law or stakeholders require so.
For example transparency can facilitate companies’ efforts to forestall harm by investigating its suppliers and terminate their business relationships with those not meeting adequate standards. Companies can also shield themselves from being subjects of wrongly raised criticism that could be the result of entities many tiers down in the supply chain that wrongly claim to supply a particular company.
4.1.3 Negative side effects of the laws
Not to be forgotten are the unexpected negative effects of the new regulations and other sustainability efforts. In line with the above addressed severe consequences section 1502 of the Dodd-Frank brought, hopefully a lesson was learned in regards to targeting only specific regions. The narrow aim of the law resulted in some companies turning elsewhere to escape the supply chain investigations, causing the
DRC to loose much badly needed trade. Robbing people of their livelihood is a side effect unacceptable while making efforts for improved human rights policies in supply chains. The aim is contrarily to maintain business relationships but ensure they’re harmless rather than harmful. The future EU regulations on conflict minerals will presumably mend this and remove what has been referred to as a de facto embargo of the DRC237. Moreover it’s vital that the supply chain investigations and audits are conducted thoroughly and not just for show. Audits testifying to inaccurate conditions in the supply chains may obstruct the efforts for further improving the conditions and provide a false portrayal of the actual conditions.
4.1.4 A continued pursuit of untainted products
Yet, we don’t know the end of this new transparency chapter, nor what the next chapter in the book of corporate human rights responsibility might hold. What we do know however is the great responsibility that now has been placed partly on companies to investigate their own supply chains, and partly on society to assess the information provided and react accordingly. Finding untainted products is still very challenging as it’s apparent that many sustainability efforts are more complex than one might think. While some sustainability certification could assure products are untainted in line with the above-presented definition, their impacts could still be negative. Competition amongst sustainability labels per se and the balancing between being inclusive to have a large market share, and maintain exclusivity not to infringe upon the standards, could hinder the strive upwards for achieving better standards. Finding untainted products is thus much harder than one initially might have thought. The sense of doing a good deed by spending extra money on Fairtrade products is much contaminated after knowing more about what goes on behind the logo. Similarly might it feel hopeless to investigate various products before purchasing since much of the information available is incomplete or vague.
As long as consumers can’t distinguish the better companies from others as well as better products, corporations carrot to continue the strive for better human rights related policies could stagnate. As it’s yet challenging to find reliable and understandable comparisons and assessments of companies’ sustainability commitments, the pursuit of untainted products goes on. In addition, as the core
237 Jeff Schwartz, p. 142.
argument for supply chain-related disclosure to bring shadowed supply chains into the light is dependent on a society’s ability to assess and react, it’s questionable if it will be an effective trigger for a change of corporate behaviour. | https://1library.net/article/the-new-chapter-of-transparent-supply-chains.ydor846z |
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Addressing the potential impact of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on medicines supply in the EU
The EU (EMA, the European Commission and national competent authorities in the Member States) have organised the first meeting of the EU Executive Steering Group on shortages of medicines caused by major events to discuss measures aimed at addressing the impact of the outbreak of COVID-19 on the supply of medicines in the EU.
The mandate of this group is to provide strategic leadership for urgent and coordinated action within the EU in case a crisis caused by major events, such as the COVID-19 outbreak, risks impacting the supply of medicinal products for human and veterinary use.
In the context of COVID-19, the group will identify and coordinate EU-wide actions to protect patients when medicines in the EU are at risk of supply shortage, e.g. due to a temporary lockdown of manufacturing sites in areas affected by COVID-19 or travel restrictions impacting shipment. The group will also ensure that patients and healthcare professionals across the EU are kept informed in a consistent and transparent manner about the risks and the remedial actions taken.
The steering group is chaired by the European Commission. Its membership is made up of representatives from the European Commission, the Heads of Medicines Agencies (HMA), EMA, the chairs of the Coordination groups for Mutual-recognition and Decentralised Procedures for both human and veterinary medicines (CMDh and CMDv), as well as risk communication specialists.
While the purpose of the group is to address disruptions of the supply of medicines in the EU through a coordinated approach, it is important to highlight that it is the responsibility of pharmaceutical companies to ensure the continuity of supply of their medicines. This includes for instance that manufacturers put in place appropriate resilience measures such as the increase of stocks or dual sourcing of products and materials.
Actions already taken
Medicines regulators are already taking measures to monitor the potential impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on medicines. The Agency and national medicines regulators are sharing information via the Single Point of Contact network on shortages.
The Agency requested EU pharmaceutical industry associations to raise awareness among their members of the potential impact of quarantine measures in China and elsewhere on the supply of medicines in the European Economic Area (EEA), both for human and veterinary use, and remind them of their obligation to report any possible shortages to the EU authorities.
EMA also asked the associations to assess the preparedness of their members to prevent possible shortages that may result from the outbreak and report back to the Agency and for specific products to the relevant competent authorities. Industry associations have indicated that no specific disruptions have yet been identified and that any impact in the short-term would be limited, given the current stocks in place. However, supply issues can be expected if lockdowns continue and/or other supply disruptions occur e.g. caused by logistical problems or export restrictions.
National medicines regulators are requesting information from marketing authorisation holders and/or manufacturers in their Member States.
Industry associations at national and EU-level will be asked to provide further information on the resilience of companies’ supply chains to regulators, which will be monitored through the steering group.
The Agency has also started to review all manufacturing information for centrally authorised human and veterinary medicines to identify those most at risk of shortages and disruptions and prioritise them for discussions about remedial actions with the marketing authorisation holder. The CMDh and CMDv will be coordinating actions for nationally authorised medicines and EMA is working closely with them.
Notes
- The epidemiological situation in relation to the outbreak is monitored by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control who is providing regular risk assessments and situation updates. For more information, see ECDC: Novel coronavirus.
- For more information on the EU’s response on coronavirus 2019-nCoV, see European Commission: Coronavirus response. | https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/addressing-potential-impact-novel-coronavirus-disease-covid-19-medicines-supply-eu |
Job Outlook (Based on 2019 BLS)
Employment of actuaries is projected to grow 20 percent from 2018 to 2028, much faster than the average for all occupations. However, because it is a small occupation, the fast growth will result in only about 5,000 new jobs over the 10-year period. Actuaries will be needed to develop, price, and evaluate a variety of insurance products and calculate the costs of new, emerging risks.
More actuaries will also be needed to help companies manage their own risk, a practice known as enterprise risk management. Actuaries will help companies avoid, manage, and respond to any potential financial risks across all areas of their business operations. This analysis helps companies adjust their business or investment strategies to achieve economic returns and respond to new financial regulations and requirements.
Insurance companies will need actuaries to analyze the large amount of information, such as medical or property data, collected from consumers. The increase in available data will allow insurance companies to better develop new products, set competitive prices, predict consumer behavior, and make more accurate projections of future risks and costs.
In addition, health insurance companies will require more actuaries to help evaluate the effects of changing healthcare regulations and guidelines, expand into new insurance markets, and offer products to new customers.
Number of Jobs (BLS, 2018): 25,000
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