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Expedition Log: BIOT – Day 5
Today we hear from Konrad Hughen, Senior Scientist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, about the process of coral coring and how it is being used to measure changes in climate in this remote region over the past several centuries. The information gathered will allow us to compare patterns here at Chagos with other regions around the world, and eventually help us to understand how the global climate system works on long timescales, beyond the limits of short instrumental and satellite records.
Massive corals growing in coral reefs around the world are like natural hydrographic stations, recording environmental information day and night throughout their lives. Corals are actually colonies of tiny polyps like sea anemones, that secrete calcium carbonate skeletons and actually live only in a thin layer at the surface of the coral structure. The skeleton itself contains annual density bands, like tree rings, that allow us to determine the coral’s age very precisely. Colonies of the boulder coral Porites lobata can, in extreme cases, grow to be more than 10 meters tall and live up to 800 years. Typically however, large colonies reach about 4 meters tall and approximately 400 years in age. The coral’s calcium carbonate skeleton is built from components found in seawater, and therefore contains a history of the seawater composition and environmental conditions in which the coral grew.
Coral Coring at Danger Island: WHOI Associate Scientist Colleen Hansell assists me in taking a drill core from a Porites lobata coral growing off Danger Island. We have just added an extension rod and are drilling down for the second core segment. (left) Colleen and I then work to pull a core segment out of the extractor after lifting it from the hole. Note the core segments that have already been drilled and extracted, lying on top of the colony. (right)
(Photos: Justin Ossolinski, WHOI).
(click-thru on images for greater detail)
As paleoclimatologists, we use these coral skeletons to construct records of past environmental change, revealing shifts in sea surface temperature, salinity, nearby river runoff and even pollution. To do this, we use a special underwater drill to take core samples right down the center of the colony from top to bottom. Our system has a motor onboard the boat that pumps seawater at very high pressure down to the drill head, which turns the drill bit, a hollow tube with diamond grinding teeth on the end. The seawater is finally pushed down the inside of the drill bit to flush the powder cuttings out of the hole. The drill assembly is operated by hand using SCUBA and can take a continuous core up to 80 cm long. Each core segment is broken free and retrieved from the hole using a special extractor, and then an extension rod is placed above the drill bit and a new 80 cm piece is drilled. The process is repeated, with multiple pieces being brought out, until we break through the bottom of the colony into the sand below. The core segments fit together perfectly like puzzle pieces, and together make up a continuous record representing the coral colony’s entire life history.
I put the coral core together piece by piece on the seafloor, to check for length and completeness. This core measured more than 1.2 meters long with relatively short growth bands (<1 cm/yr), and may provide a record extending back as much as 150 years. (Photo: Colleen Hansell, WHOI).
When coring is completed, we cap the hole using a concrete plug. The polyps surrounding the core hole will grow up and over the plug, completely covering and healing the scar within 1-2 years. Afterward, no one without a giant underwater xray would ever know a core was taken from inside the colony. We’ll take these cores back to our laboratory in Woods Hole, MA, where we will analyze the chemistry of the calcium carbonate skeleton. Trace elements within the cores are sensitive to environmental conditions like sea surface temperature, and we will measure elemental composition at 0.5 mm increments. For our longest core from here in Chagos, 1.8 meters long, this represents 3600 samples! These samples will reveal changes in temperature at about bi-weekly resolution, or one measurement encompassing every two weeks. These detailed records will show how the climate in this remote region has changed over the past several centuries, and allow us to compare patterns with other regions around the world, and eventually help understand how the global climate system works on long timescales, beyond the limits of short instrumental and satellite records.
We’ve placed a concrete plug in the drill hole to prevent bioeroding organisms from taking up residence inside the colony. Porites corals grow so fast that the scar will be gone after only a couple of years. (Photo: Konrad Hughen, WHOI). | https://www.livingoceansfoundation.org/coral-coring-danger-island/ |
Expedition Log: BIOT – Day 5
Today we hear from Konrad Hughen, Senior Scientist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, about the process of coral coring and how it is being used to measure changes in climate in this remote region over the past several centuries. The information gathered will allow us to compare patterns here at Chagos with other regions around the world, and eventually help us to understand how the global climate system works on long timescales, beyond the limits of short instrumental and satellite records.
Massive corals growing in coral reefs around the world are like natural hydrographic stations, recording environmental information day and night throughout their lives. Corals are actually colonies of tiny polyps like sea anemones, that secrete calcium carbonate skeletons and actually live only in a thin layer at the surface of the coral structure. The skeleton itself contains annual density bands, like tree rings, that allow us to determine the coral’s age very precisely. Colonies of the boulder coral Porites lobata can, in extreme cases, grow to be more than 10 meters tall and live up to 800 years. Typically however, large colonies reach about 4 meters tall and approximately 400 years in age. The coral’s calcium carbonate skeleton is built from components found in seawater, and therefore contains a history of the seawater composition and environmental conditions in which the coral grew.
Coral Coring at Danger Island: WHOI Associate Scientist Colleen Hansell assists me in taking a drill core from a Porites lobata coral growing off Danger Island. We have just added an extension rod and are drilling down for the second core segment. (left) Colleen and I then work to pull a core segment out of the extractor after lifting it from the hole. Note the core segments that have already been drilled and extracted, lying on top of the colony. (right)
(Photos: Justin Ossolinski, WHOI).
(click-thru on images for greater detail)
As paleoclimatologists, we use these coral skeletons to construct records of past environmental change, revealing shifts in sea surface temperature, salinity, nearby river runoff and even pollution. To do this, we use a special underwater drill to take core samples right down the center of the colony from top to bottom. Our system has a motor onboard the boat that pumps seawater at very high pressure down to the drill head, which turns the drill bit, a hollow tube with diamond grinding teeth on the end. The seawater is finally pushed down the inside of the drill bit to flush the powder cuttings out of the hole. The drill assembly is operated by hand using SCUBA and can take a continuous core up to 80 cm long. Each core segment is broken free and retrieved from the hole using a special extractor, and then an extension rod is placed above the drill bit and a new 80 cm piece is drilled. The process is repeated, with multiple pieces being brought out, until we break through the bottom of the colony into the sand below. The core segments fit together perfectly like puzzle pieces, and together make up a continuous record representing the coral colony’s entire life history.
I put the coral core together piece by piece on the seafloor, to check for length and completeness. This core measured more than 1.2 meters long with relatively short growth bands (<1 cm/yr), and may provide a record extending back as much as 150 years. (Photo: Colleen Hansell, WHOI).
When coring is completed, we cap the hole using a concrete plug. The polyps surrounding the core hole will grow up and over the plug, completely covering and healing the scar within 1-2 years. Afterward, no one without a giant underwater xray would ever know a core was taken from inside the colony. We’ll take these cores back to our laboratory in Woods Hole, MA, where we will analyze the chemistry of the calcium carbonate skeleton. Trace elements within the cores are sensitive to environmental conditions like sea surface temperature, and we will measure elemental composition at 0.5 mm increments. For our longest core from here in Chagos, 1.8 meters long, this represents 3600 samples! These samples will reveal changes in temperature at about bi-weekly resolution, or one measurement encompassing every two weeks. These detailed records will show how the climate in this remote region has changed over the past several centuries, and allow us to compare patterns with other regions around the world, and eventually help understand how the global climate system works on long timescales, beyond the limits of short instrumental and satellite records.
We’ve placed a concrete plug in the drill hole to prevent bioeroding organisms from taking up residence inside the colony. Porites corals grow so fast that the scar will be gone after only a couple of years. (Photo: Konrad Hughen, WHOI). | https://www.livingoceansfoundation.org/coral-coring-danger-island/ |
The Museum of Underwater Art continues to attract global attention by publishing a scientific paper in a special edition on artificial reefs in the Journal of Marine Science and Engineering.
Adjunct Assoc Prof Adam Smith, CEO of Reef Ecologic and Deputy Chair of the Museum of Underwater Art co-authored the paper titled Engineering, Ecological and Social Monitoring of the Largest Underwater Sculpture in the World at John Brewer Reef, Australia.
“This is a significant paper as artificial reefs featuring underwater art are still understudied,” Adam said.
The largest underwater sculpture in the world, the ‘Coral Greenhouse’ by artist Jason deCaires Taylor, was commissioned by the Museum of Underwater Art and installed at John Brewer Reef in December 2019. Since then, scientists and engineers have been researching various socio-ecological and structural factors.
The Coral Greenhouse is the first underwater museum in the southern hemisphere and the first Australian installation for Jason deCaires Taylor. The works bring into focus diverse fields of study including marine science, coral gardening, underwater and environmental art and architecture providing a starting point and new perspective for an understanding of the Great Barrier Reef and its ecology.
Jason deCaires Taylor, world-renowned sculptor said the design of the Coral Greenhouse is biomorphic and its form was determined by the forces of nature.
“As the sculptures are slowly colonised and built upon by the reef, they will be gradually absorbed into its surroundings, illustrating an organic architectural philosophy that centres on the unification and connection to their surroundings,” Jason said.
The published paper Adj Professor Adam Smith and his research co-authors identifies:
- Artificial reefs naturally turn into living structures as benthic organisms begin to colonise. Fish surveys by scientists from Reef Ecologic and TropWATER, James Cook University indicated significant increases in diversity and abundance, with 12 species and 65 individuals recorded in 2018 compared to 46 species and 365 individuals recorded in 2022. This is a 400% increase in diversity and a 500% increase in abundance over time. Macroinvertebrate species such as sea cucumbers and starfish maintained no significant trends in abundance, species richness, and diversity with respect to time between 2018 and 2022.
- Planting corals on underwater sculptures is an innovative method of linking art, science, tourism, and conservation. Coral restoration and natural recruitment at the site were monitored, measuring aesthetics, survivorship of planted corals, and coral recruitment. Of 131 corals transplanted in March 2020, survivorship was 100% at one month, 92% at six months, and 91.6% at 12 months. Hard and soft corals were recruited to the structure at a density of 8.35 hard corals/m2 and 10.9 soft corals/m2 over 26 months.
Nathan Cook, Reef Ecologic’s reef restoration expert said the Museum of Underwater Art showcases active reef restoration techniques used internationally.
“As a demonstration site, the Museum of Underwater Art showcases active reef restoration techniques used internationally to assist with the recovery of degraded reefs,” Nathan said.
Paul Victory, Chair of Museum of Underwater Art said artificial reefs are a popular attraction with scuba diving and snorkelling tourists.
“I am delighted that the community and dive industry value the Coral Greenhouse and the research has quantified the high satisfaction of scuba and snorkel divers experience at 8.7 out of 10,” Paul said. | https://reefecologic.org/moua-attracts-global-attention-with-the-transformation-in-marine-life-at-coral-greenhouse-great-barrier-reef/ |
I completed the "PADI Dive Centre Pro Photographer Diver" certification under Alex Tyrrell at Koh Tao Thailand during September 2018. For me, the certification was largely irrelevant - I was looking for a true underwater photography Pro to teach me the theoretical basis for proper underwater photography in a practical setting. Alex gave me that and so much more. His knowledge of theoretical photography, underwater gear, various photographic techniques, and composition is truly encyclopaedic. He was a great teacher and imparted his knowledge freely and without hesitation. From a practical perspective, he led us on many dives to explore unique settings particularly attractive for various subjects we were photographing - many of these critters and animals I am sure are rarely seen by most divers. That in itself was worth a lot.
I started the programme being a complete underwater photography novice. I have gained enough experience during this three-week programme to confidently take my underwater photography much further than I could have hoped for in such a short space of time.
If taking beautiful, well-lit and properly composed underwater photos is something you have always aspired to - then I can wholeheartedly and without reservation recommend Alex and this programme. | https://scubatribe.com/profile/dive4photos/review/8506 |
Coral reefs are built by colonial cnidarians that establish a symbiotic relationship with dinoflagellate algae of the genus Symbiodinium. The processes of photosynthesis, calcification, and general metabolism require the transport of diverse ions across several cellular membranes and generate waste products that induce acid/base and oxidative stress. This chapter reviews the current knowledge on coral cell biology with a focus on ion transport and acid/base regulation while also discussing related aspects of coral energy metabolism.
The maintenance and dosing of aquatic organisms, such as corals and mollusks, are essential for ecotoxicology studies, yet it is difficult to maintain many of these sensitive organisms for an extended period. Consequently, many previous aquatic ecotoxicology experiments have been limited in their number of replicates and maintained in one or a few experimental aquaria, with only a limited number of stressors tested in each experiment. Here we describe a modular system that overcomes many of the difficulties of maintaining large numbers of sensitive aquatic organisms in separate containers, and allows testing of a large suite of stressors in each experiment. The AADAMS (aquatic automated dosing and maintenance system) allows testing of 40 independent stressors with 10 independent replicates per stressor (400 individuals total). The AADAMS provides surge and regular water changes simultaneously with accurate dosing via Venturi valves. In a series of experiments over a 1-year period, the AADAMS was used to test the effects of various factors affecting water quality on Caribbean coral reefs. Roofing tar and road asphalt were two of the most damaging pollutants tested, with LD50 values (lethal dose that killed 50% of the corals) of 0.013 g L-1 and 0.079 g L-1, respectively, thus suggesting that runoff from roads and near-shore construction could be contributing to reef decline. The AADAMS is an accurate, reliable system for highly replicated ecotoxicological studies of sensitive aquatic organisms, which are important indicators of ecosystem health.
Background: The rising temperature of the world's oceans has become a major threat to coral reefs globally as the severity and frequency of mass coral bleaching and mortality events increase. In 2005, high ocean temperatures in the tropical Atlantic and Caribbean resulted in the most severe bleaching event ever recorded in the basin. Methodology/Principal Findings: Satellite-based tools provided warnings for coral reef managers and scientists, guiding both the timing and location of researchers' field observations as anomalously warm conditions developed and spread across the greater Caribbean region from June to October 2005. Field surveys of bleaching and mortality exceeded prior efforts in detail and extent, and provided a new standard for documenting the effects of bleaching and for testing nowcast and forecast products. Collaborators from 22 countries undertook the most comprehensive documentation of basin-scale bleaching to date and found that over 80% of corals bleached and over 40% died at many sites. The most severe bleaching coincided with waters nearest a western Atlantic warm pool that was centered off the northern end of the Lesser Antilles. Conclusions/Significance: Thermal stress during the 2005 event exceeded any observed from the Caribbean in the prior 20 years, and regionally-averaged temperatures were the warmest in over 150 years. Comparison of satellite data against field surveys demonstrated a significant predictive relationship between accumulated heat stress (measured using NOAA Coral Reef Watch's Degree Heating Weeks) and bleaching intensity. This severe, widespread bleaching and mortality will undoubtedly have long-term consequences for reef ecosystems and suggests a troubled future for tropical marine ecosystems under a warming climate.
Massive coral bleaching events associated with high sea surface temperatures are forecast to become more frequent and severe in the future due to climate change. Monitoring colony recovery from bleaching disturbances over multiyear time frames is important for improving predictions of future coral community changes. However, there are currently few multiyear studies describing long-term outcomes for coral colonies following acute bleaching events. We recorded colony pigmentation and size for bleached and unbleached groups of co-located conspecifics of three major reef-building scleractinian corals (Orbicella franksi, Siderastrea siderea, and Stephanocoenia michelini; n=198 total) in Bocas del Toro, Panama, during the major 2005 bleaching event and then monitored pigmentation status and changes live tissue colony size for 8years (2005-2013). Corals that were bleached in 2005 demonstrated markedly different response trajectories compared to unbleached colony groups, with extensive live tissue loss for bleached corals of all species following bleaching, with mean live tissue losses per colony 9 months postbleaching of 26.2% (+/- 5.4 SE) for O. franksi, 35.7% (+/- 4.7 SE) for S. michelini, and 11.2% (+/- 3.9 SE) for S. siderea. Two species, O. franksi and S. michelini, later recovered to net positive growth, which continued until a second thermal stress event in 2010. Following this event, all species again lost tissue, with previously unbleached colony species groups experiencing greater declines than conspecific sample groups, which were previously bleached, indicating a possible positive acclimative response. However, despite this beneficial effect for previously bleached corals, all groups experienced substantial net tissue loss between 2005 and 2013, indicating that many important Caribbean reef-building corals will likely suffer continued tissue loss and may be unable to maintain current benthic coverage when faced with future thermal stress forecast for the region, even with potential benefits from bleaching-related acclimation.
Marine ecosystems provide critically important goods and services to society, and hence their accelerated degradation underpins an urgent need to take rapid, ambitious and informed decisions regarding their conservation and management.The capacity, however, to generate the detailed field data required to inform conservation planning at appropriate scales is limited by time and resource consuming methods for collecting and analysing field data at the large scales required.The Catlin Seaview Survey', described here, introduces a novel framework for large-scale monitoring of coral reefs using high-definition underwater imagery collected using customized underwater vehicles in combination with computer vision and machine learning. This enables quantitative and geo-referenced outputs of coral reef features such as habitat types, benthic composition, and structural complexity (rugosity) to be generated across multiple kilometre-scale transects with a spatial resolution ranging from 2 to 6m(2).The novel application of technology described here has enormous potential to contribute to our understanding of coral reefs and associated impacts by underpinning management decisions with kilometre-scale measurements of reef health.Imagery datasets from an initial survey of 500km of seascape are freely available through an online tool called the Catlin Global Reef Record. Outputs from the image analysis using the technologies described here will be updated on the online repository as work progresses on each dataset.Case studies illustrate the utility of outputs as well as their potential to link to information from remote sensing. The potential implications of the innovative technologies on marine resource management and conservation are also discussed, along with the accuracy and efficiency of the methodologies deployed.10.1002/(ISSN)1099-0755 Copyright (c) 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The coral holobiont includes the coral, zooxanthellae, fungi, endolithic algae, and >30 species of Bacteria. Using culture-independent techniques, we now show that Archaea are also abundant and widespread on corals. Sequence analyses of Archaea on 3 species of Caribbean corals revealed that coral-associated Archaea are novel, diverse, and include representatives from both the Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. Unlike zooxanthellae and Bacteria, the Archaea do not appear to form species-specific associations with reef-building corals. Fluorescent in situ hybridizations with peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes showed that Archaea were present at >10(7) cells cm(-2) on Porites astreoides, comprising nearly half of the prokaryotic community. This study and one by Kellogg (Mar Ecol Prog Ser 273:81-88) show that Archaea are abundant, diverse, and potentially important components of the coral holobiont.
Coral reef ecosystems develop best in high-flow environments but their fragile frameworks are also vulnerable to high wave energy. Wave-resistant algal rims, predominantly made up of the crustose coralline algae (CCA) Porolithon onkodes and P. pachydermum1, 2, are therefore critical structural elements for the survival of many shallow coral reefs. Concerns are growing about the susceptibility of CCA to ocean acidification because CCA Mg-calcite skeletons are more susceptible to dissolution under low pH conditions than coral aragonite skeletons3. However, the recent discovery4 of dolomite (Mg0.5Ca0.5(CO3)), a stable carbonate5, in P. onkodes cells necessitates a reappraisal of the impacts of ocean acidification on these CCA. Here we show, using a dissolution experiment, that dried dolomite-rich CCA have 6–10 times lower rates of dissolution than predominantly Mg-calcite CCA in both high-CO2 (~ 700 ppm) and control (~ 380 ppm) environments, respectively. We reveal this stabilizing mechanism to be a combination of reduced porosity due to dolomite infilling and selective dissolution of other carbonate minerals. Physical break-up proceeds by dissolution of Mg-calcite walls until the dolomitized cell eventually drops out intact. Dolomite-rich CCA frameworks are common in shallow coral reefs globally and our results suggest that it is likely that they will continue to provide protection and stability for coral reef frameworks as CO2
Background: Coral reefs around the world are experiencing large-scale degradation, largely due to global climate change, overfishing, diseases and eutrophication. Climate change models suggest increasing frequency and severity of warming-induced coral bleaching events, with consequent increases in coral mortality and algal overgrowth. Critically, the recovery of damaged reefs will depend on the reversibility of seaweed blooms, generally considered to depend on grazing of the seaweed, and replenishment of corals by larvae that successfully recruit to damaged reefs. These processes usually take years to decades to bring a reef back to coral dominance. Methodology/Principal Findings: In 2006, mass bleaching of corals on inshore reefs of the Great Barrier Reef caused high coral mortality. Here we show that this coral mortality was followed by an unprecedented bloom of a single species of unpalatable seaweed (Lobophora variegata), colonizing dead coral skeletons, but that corals on these reefs recovered dramatically, in less than a year. Unexpectedly, this rapid reversal did not involve reestablishment of corals by recruitment of coral larvae, as often assumed, but depended on several ecological mechanisms previously underestimated. Conclusions/Significance: These mechanisms of ecological recovery included rapid regeneration rates of remnant coral tissue, very high competitive ability of the corals allowing them to out-compete the seaweed, a natural seasonal decline in the particular species of dominant seaweed, and an effective marine protected area system. Our study provides a key example of the doom and boom of a highly resilient reef, and new insights into the variability and mechanisms of reef resilience under rapid climate change.
Free Ocean CO2 Enrichment (FOCE) experiments are a relatively recent development in ocean acidification research, designed to address the need for in situ, long-term, community level experiments. FOCE studies have been conducted across different marine benthic habitats and regions, from Antarctica to the tropics. Based on this previous research we have formed some core operating principles that will aid those embarking on future FOCE experiments. FOCE studies have potential to provide important insight into the effects of ocean acidification that can add to or refine conclusions drawn from laboratory or single species studies because they are conducted in situ on intact assemblages. Scaling up from sub-organismal and individual effects to also include indirect impacts on the ecosystem and ecosystem services, make FOCE experiments essential in filling in current knowledge gaps in our understanding of ocean acidification. While FOCE systems are complex, relatively costly, and somewhat difficult to operate, the challenges they pose are tractable and they have proven to be a useful approach in ocean acidification research. The aim of this paper is to draw from the experiences of past FOCE experiments and provide practical advice for designing, building and operating a FOCE experiment. Some of the most important recommendations include: field testing the system design; having a backup power supply; using replicate treatment enclosures; monitoring and maintaining the chemistry appropriately; allowing sufficient time to achieve near CO2 equilibrium conditions; and having a scientific focus with a core set of hypotheses. Future FOCE experiments could focus on longer durations, multiple factors, and testing more intact benthic marine communities and ecosystems. We hope this paper will encourage further FOCE deployments and experiments, as well as provide some guidelines to improve future FOCE studies and advance ocean acidification research.
Free-ocean CO2 enrichment (FOCE) systems are designed to assess the impact of ocean acidification on biological communities in situ for extended periods of time (weeks to months). They overcome some of the drawbacks of laboratory experiments and field observations by enabling (1) precise control of CO2 enrichment by monitoring pH as an offset of ambient pH, (2) consideration of indirect effects such as those mediated through interspecific relationships and food webs, and (3) relatively long experiments with intact communities. Bringing perturbation experiments from the laboratory to the field is, however, extremely challenging. The main goal of this paper is to provide guidelines on the general design, engineering, and sensor options required to conduct FOCE experiments. Another goal is to introduce xFOCE, a community-led initiative to promote awareness, provide resources for in situ perturbation experiments, and build a user community. Present and existing FOCE systems are briefly described and examples of data collected presented. Future developments are also addressed as it is anticipated that the next generation of FOCE systems will include, in addition to pH, options for oxygen and/or temperature control. FOCE systems should become an important experimental approach for projecting the future response of marine ecosystems to environmental change.
Size and growth rates for individual colonies are some of the most essential descriptive parameters for understanding coral communities, which are currently experiencing worldwide declines in health and extent. Accurately measuring coral colony size and changes over multiple years can reveal demographic, growth, or mortality patterns often not apparent from shortterm observations and can expose environmental stress responses that may take years to manifest. Describing community size structure can reveal population dynamics patterns, such as periods of failed recruitment or patterns of colony fission, which have implications for the future sustainability of these ecosystems. However, rapidly and non-invasively measuring coral colony sizes in situ remains a difficult task, as three-dimensional underwater digital reconstruction methods are currently not practical for large numbers of colonies. Twodimensional (2D) planar area measurements from projection of underwater photographs are a practical size proxy, although this method presents operational difficulties in obtaining well-controlled photographs in the highly rugose environment of the coral reef, and requires extensive time for image processing. Here, we present and test the measurement variance for a method of making rapid planar area estimates of small to medium-sized coral colonies using a lightweight monopod image-framing system and a custom semiautomated image segmentation analysis program. This method demonstrated a coefficient of variation of 2.26 % for repeated measurements in realistic ocean conditions, a level of error appropriate for rapid, inexpensive field studies of coral size structure, inferring change in colony size over time, or measuring bleaching or disease extent of large numbers of individual colonies.
Coral reefs are suffering a long-term global decline, yet the causes remain contentious. The role of poor water quality in this decline is particularly unclear, with most previous studies providing only weak correlations between elevated nutrient levels and coral mortality. Here we experimentally show that routinely measured components of water quality (nitrate, phosphate, ammonia) do not cause substantial coral mortality. In contrast, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which is rarely measured on reefs, does. Elevated DOC levels also accelerate the growth rate of microbes living in the corals' surface mucopolysaccharide layer by an order of magnitude, suggesting that mortality occurs due to a disruption of the balance between the coral and its associated microbiota. We propose a model by which elevated DOC levels cause Caribbean reefs to shift further from coral to macroalgal dominance. Increasing DOC levels on coral reefs should be recognized as a threat and routinely monitored.
Ocean acidification poses multiple challenges for coral reefs on molecular to ecological scales, yet previous experimental studies of the impact of projected CO2 concentrations have mostly been done in aquarium systems with corals removed from their natural ecosystem and placed under artificial light and seawater conditions. The Coral-Proto Free Ocean Carbon Enrichment System (CP-FOCE) uses a network of sensors to monitor conditions within each flume and maintain experimental pH as an offset from environmental pH using feedback control on the injection of low pH seawater. Carbonate chemistry conditions maintained in the -0.06 and -0.22 pH offset treatments were significantly different than environmental conditions. The results from this short-term experiment suggest that the CP-FOCE is an important new experimental system to study in situ impacts of ocean acidification on coral reef ecosystems.
Worldwide, coral reef ecosystems are experiencing increasing pressure from a variety of anthropogenic perturbations including ocean warming and acidification, increased sedimentation, eutrophication, and overfishing, which could shift reefs to a condition of net calcium carbonate (CaCO3) dissolution and erosion. Herein, we determine the net calcification potential and the relative balance of net organic carbon metabolism (net community production; NCP) and net inorganic carbon metabolism (net community calcification; NCC) within 23 coral reef locations across the globe. In light of these results, we consider the suitability of using these two metrics developed from total alkalinity (TA) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) measurements collected on different spatiotemporal scales to monitor coral reef biogeochemistry under anthropogenic change. All reefs in this study were net calcifying for the majority of observations as inferred from alkalinity depletion relative to offshore, although occasional observations of net dissolution occurred at most locations. However, reefs with lower net calcification potential (i.e., lower TA depletion) could shift towards net dissolution sooner than reefs with a higher potential. The percent influence of organic carbon fluxes on total changes in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) (i.e., NCP compared to the sum of NCP and NCC) ranged from 32% to 88% and reflected inherent biogeochemical differences between reefs. Reefs with the largest relative percentage of NCP experienced the largest variability in seawater pH for a given change in DIC, which is directly related to the reefs ability to elevate or suppress local pH relative to the open ocean. This work highlights the value of measuring coral reef carbonate chemistry when evaluating their susceptibility to ongoing global environmental change and offers a baseline from which to guide future conservation efforts aimed at preserving these valuable ecosystems.
Global climate change and other anthropogenic stressors have heightened the need to rapidly characterize ecological changes in marine benthic communities across large scales. Digital photography enables rapid collection of survey images to meet this need, but the subsequent image annotation is typically a time consuming, manual task. We investigated the feasibility of using automated point-annotation to expedite cover estimation of the 17 dominant benthic categories from survey-images captured at four Pacific coral reefs. Inter- and intra- annotator variability among six human experts was quantified and compared to semi- and fully- automated annotation methods, which are made available at coralnet.ucsd. edu. Our results indicate high expert agreement for identification of coral genera, but lower agreement for algal functional groups, in particular between turf algae and crustose coralline algae. This indicates the need for unequivocal definitions of algal groups, careful training of multiple annotators, and enhanced imaging technology. Semi-automated annotation, where 50% of the annotation decisions were performed automatically, yielded cover estimate errors comparable to those of the human experts. Furthermore, fully-automated annotation yielded rapid, unbiased cover estimates but with increased variance. These results show that automated annotation can increase spatial coverage and decrease time and financial outlay for image-based reef surveys.
Coral reefs globally are declining rapidly because of both local and global stressors. Improved monitoring tools are urgently needed to understand the changes that are occurring at appropriate temporal and spatial scales. Coral fluorescence imaging tools have the potential to improve both ecological and physiological assessments. Although fluorescence imaging is regularly used for laboratory studies of corals, it has not yet been used for large-scale in situ assessments. Current obstacles to effective underwater fluorescence surveying include limited field-of-view due to low camera sensitivity, the need for nighttime deployment because of ambient light contamination, and the need for custom multispectral narrow band imaging systems to separate the signal into meaningful fluorescence bands. Here we describe the Fluorescence Imaging System (FluorIS), based on a consumer camera modified for greatly increased sensitivity to chlorophyll-a fluorescence, and we show high spectral correlation between acquired images and in situ spectrometer measurements. This system greatly facilitates underwater wide field-of-view fluorophore surveying during both night and day, and potentially enables improvements in semi-automated segmentation of live corals in coral reef photographs and juvenile coral surveys.
White band disease type I (WBD I) has been a major cause of the dramatic decline of Acroporid coral populations throughout the Caribbean during the last two decades, yet the aetiological agent of this disease is unknown. In this study, the bacterial communities associated with both healthy and diseased Acropora species were compared by 16S rDNA analyses. The bacterial communities of both healthy and diseased Acropora spp. were dominated by a single ribotype with 90% identity to a bacterium in the order Rickettsiales. Screening by nested PCR specific to the coral-associated Rickettsiales 1 (CAR1) bacterium showed that this microbe was widespread in both healthy and diseased A. cervicornis and A. palmata corals from 'healthy' (i.e. low WBD I incidence) and 'stressed' reefs (i.e. high WBD I incidence). These results indicate that there were no dramatic changes in the composition of the microbial community associated with WBD I. CAR1 was also associated with non-Acroporid corals of the Caribbean, as well as with two Acroporid corals native to the Pacific. CAR1 was not present in the water column. This bacterium was also absent from preserved Caribbean Acroporid samples collected between 1937 and 1980 before the outbreak of WBD I. These results suggest CAR1 is a relatively new bacterial associate of Acroporids and that a non-bacterial pathogen might be the cause of WBD I. | http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/dkline/publications/ag/B?sort=type&order=asc |
To tackle the growing demand for grid-scale energy storage, the ALPHEUS project proposes a novel low-head pumped hydro storage system aimed for coastal application in countries where the topography does not allow for traditional high-head storage. This system consists of a reversible pump-turbine technology with two contra-rotating runners coupled...
Subsea buoyancy gravity energy storage systems (SBGESS) could take advantage of large water depth to store energy in the form of potential energy. In the proposed system, drum hoists mounted on a semi-submerged support structure simultaneously lift concrete cylinders with hundreds of tonnes and lower floaters with equivalent buoyancy force, which c...
A crucial part of wave energy converters (WECs) is the power take-off (PTO) mechanism, and PTO sizing has been shown to have a considerable impact on the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). However, as a dominating type of PTO system in WECs, previous research pertinent to PTO sizing did not take modeling and optimization of the linear permanent magne...
The current focus of offshore wind industry and academia lies on regions with strong winds, neglecting areas with mild resources. Photovoltaic’s cost reduction has shown that even mild resources can be harnessed economically, especially where electricity prices are high. Here we study the technical and economic potential of offshore wind power in I...
Under real sea conditions, floating vertical-axis tidal current turbines experience motions in six degrees of freedom which impact the hydrodynamic performance. In this paper, a 2D freewake vortex panel method (U2DiVA) is adopted as a conservative and time effective tool to assess the hydrodynamic response of an existing floating vertical-axis tida...
This article presents a preliminary assessment of a subsea buoyancy and gravity energy storage system (SBGESS). The storage device is designed to power an off-grid subsea water injection system to be installed at the Libra oil field in Brazil at 2000 m below sea level. Two 12MW floating wind turbines provide the energy supply. The system performanc...
A spectral domain model is established to analyze the performance of a recently proposed wave energy concept, namely the adjustable draft point absorber. The non-linear hydrostatic force is incorporated in the spectral domain model. To improve the accuracy of the proposed model, the incident wave elevation is considered in the statistic linearizati...
Mexico is an attractive candidate for offshore wind energy development due to its geographical location with extensive coasts in the Pacific Ocean and Mexico's Gulf. Although potential offshore wind areas have been geographically assessed, an evaluation of the seasonal variations of the capacity factors has not been considered for the feasibility o...
The Power TakeOff (PTO) rating of Wave Energy Converters (WECs) is generally much higher than the average extracted power. Scientific literature has indicated that downsizing the PTO capacity to a suitable level is beneficial for improving the techno-economic competitiveness. In this paper, a novel design, namely the adjustable draft system, is pro...
The power take-off (PTO) system is a main component in wave energy converters (WECs), and it accounts for a notable proportion in the total cost. Sizing the PTO capacity has been proven to be significant to the cost-effectiveness of WECs. In the numerical modeling, the PTO size is normally represented by a force constraint. Therefore, to accurately...
To counteract a potential reduction in grid stability caused by a rapidly growing share of intermittent renewable energy sources within our electrical grids, large scale deployment of energy storage will become indispensable. Pumped hydro storage is widely regarded as the most cost-effective option for this. However, its application is traditionall...
The Industry 4.0 concept of a Digital Twin will bring many advantages for wind energy conversion systems, e.g., in condition monitoring, predictive maintenance and the optimisation of control or design parameters. A virtual replica is at the heart of a digital twin. To construct a virtual replica, appropriate modelling techniques must be selected f...
Desalination is a well-established technology used all over the world to mitigate freshwater scarcity. Wind-powered reverse osmosis plants are one of the most promising alternatives for renewable energy desalination, particularly for coastal areas and islands. Wind energy can satisfy the high energy consumption of desalination while reducing costs...
Clean water provision is one of the greatest challenges for the human population of the 21st century. One way to overcome this problem is through the desalin-isation of seawater using renewable energy solutions to minimise fossil fuel consumption. However, the cost of producing clean water with renewable energy technology is more expensive when com...
Downsizing the Power Takeoff (PTO) rating has been proven to be beneficial for decreasing the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of wave energy converters (WECs). However, the linear permanent magnet (PM) generator has not yet been modelled and optimized in detail in previous feasibility studies. This paper extends the study of the PTO downsizing to f...
Currently, the techno-economic performance of Wave Energy Converters (WECs) is not competitive with other renewable technologies. Size optimization could make a difference. However, the impact of sizing on the techno-economic performance of WECs still remains unclear, especially when sizing of the buoy and Power Take-Off (PTO) are considered collec...
The pan-European power grid is experiencing an increasing penetration of Variable Renewable Energy (VRE). The fluctuating and non-dispatchable nature of VRE hinders them in providing the Ancillary Service (AS) needed for the reliability and stability of the grid. Today’s grid is reliant on synchronous generators. In case of sudden frequency deviati...
Around 5% of the global offshore oil and gas production is consumed as fuel to power the platforms emitting around 200 million tons of CO2 per year. Adopting renewable energy can increase the oil and gas available for export by reducing internal consumption and opening space for the processing plant. This work presents an improvement to the classic...
The integration of wind energy to desalinate seawater can address the freshwater scarcity issue and alleviate the environmental impact of desalination. This paper presents the use of the Delft Offshore Turbine, an unconventional wind turbine with hydraulic transmission which can be used to directly drive a seawater reverse osmosis desalination proc...
Thermal cycling is one of the major reasons for failure in power electronic converters. For submerged tidal turbine converters investigating this failure mode is critical in improving the reliability, and minimizing the cost of energy from tidal turbines. This paper considers a submerged tidal turbine converter which is passively cooled by seawater...
Typically, oscillating water column (OWC) breakwater design is focused on optimization of efficiency in the design wave regime. However, damage to OWC’s during storms has been a major roadblock to further implementation of OWC technology. Here we compare J-OWC and U-OWC designs, and their behavior under extreme wave conditions. The first phase of t...
The vertical axis pendulum is a type of point absorber device which can absorb wave energy from a width exceeding the physical width of the device. Mechanical power is harvested from the rotation of the pendulum, in which the pivot point is directly connected to the generator. In this paper, a new concept of the vertical axis pendulum device is pro...
The integration of renewable energy sources to power seawater desalination is crucial to mitigate CO2 emissions and to face the increasing challenges that are stressing fresh water resources depletion. In particular wind energy is one of the most cost-effective forms of renewable energy with a high potential to reduce the seawater desalination’s en...
Oscillating-water-column (OWC) devices are a very important type of wave energy converters which have been extensively studied over the years. Although most designs of OWC are based on floating or fixed structures exposed above the surface level, little is known from completely submerged systems which can benefit from reduced environmental loads an...
Desalination of seawater from renewable energy sources is without doubt an appealing solution to face water scarcity issues in coastal areas. In particular, tidal energy technologies offer high potential to be integrated with existing desalination technologies. This paper contributes to the idea of using a horizontal axis tidal turbine for direct d...
A centralized approach for electricity generation within a wind farm is explored through the use of fluid power technology. This concept considers a new way of generation, collection and transmission of wind energy inside a wind farm, in which electrical conversion does not occur during any intermediate conversion step before the energy has reached...
A centralized approach for electricity generation within a wind farm is explored through the use of fluid power technology. This concept considers a new way of generation, collection and transmission of wind energy inside a wind farm, in which electrical conversion does not occur during any intermediate conversion step before the energy has reached...
The work presented in this thesis explores a new way of generation, collection and transmission of wind energy inside a wind farm, in which the electrical conversion does not occur during any intermediate conversion step before the energy has reached the offshore central platform. A centralized approach for electricity generation is considered thro...
A centralized approach for electricity generation within a wind farm is explored through the use of fluid power technology. This concept considers a new way of generation, collection and transmission of wind energy inside a wind farm, in which electrical conversion does not occur during any intermediate conversion step before the energy has reached...
An innovative and completely different wind-energy conversion system is studied where a centralized electricity generation within a wind farm is proposed by means of a hydraulic network. This paper presents the dynamic interaction of two turbines when they are coupled to the same hydraulic network. Due to the stochastic nature of the wind and wake...
In the pursuit of making wind energy technology more economically attractive, fluid power technology for the transmission of wind energy is being developed by several parties all over the world. This study presents a dynamic model of a fluid power transmission for the variable speed wind turbines and shows a parametric study on the dynamic behaviou...
The Delft Offshore Turbine (DOT) concept for the drive train of offshore wind turbines is to have the rotor shaft directly coupled to an oil-hydraulic pump in the nacelle. The hydraulic motor is located at the base of the turbine tower, where it is coupled to a seawater-hydraulic pump. The pressurized flow of seawater from each turbine converges to...
This paper presents a mathematical model of an innovative offshore wind turbine with fluid power transmission. The proposed concept is a variable-speed, pitch controlled turbine which differs from conventional technology by using fluid power technology as a medium to transfer the energy from the wind. The final aim is to use several turbines to cen...
The importance of transient analysis in hydraulic networks has been well recognized due to abrupt changes in flow or pressure introduced by valve closures or component failures. Therefore, accurate and robust numerical models are necessary to analyse the travelling pressure waves as a result of such sudden changes. This paper presents the formulati...
In this paper the results are presented of experiments to prove an innovative concept for passive torque control of variable speed wind turbines using fluid power technology. It is demonstrated that by correctly configuring the hydraulic drive train, the wind turbine rotor operates at or near maximum aerodynamic efficiency for below rated wind spee...
Fluid power transmission for wind turbines is quietly gaining more ground/interest. The principle of the various concepts presented so far is to convert aerodynamic torque of the rotor blades into a pressurized fluid flow by means of a positive displacement pump. At the other end of the fluid power circuit, the pressurized flow is converted back to...
The Delft Offshore Turbine (DOT) project is a research project within DUWIND. The main objective of the project is to reduce the costs of offshore wind energy through technical solutions. A defining characteristic of the DOT concept is the fluid power transmission. The next step for the DOT concept is to make a full preliminary design. A helpful to...
Projects
Projects (3)
Oil companies are looking for innovative ways to reduce their internal greenhouse gas emissions. One option considered is the adoption of renewable energies in their production facilities. The present research will focus on developing a new energy storage system to enable the renewable energy supply to a subsea oil production system. The first step is selecting the more suitable energy source for the location. This selection process is not obvious because it needs to address different dimensions: technical, social, economic, and environmental. A Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) method was applied to make this selection. The proposed energy storage system combines buoyancy and gravitational energy storage devices installed in a single semi-submerged support structure. The current project includes a basic design of an energy storage system. It will then identify the knowledge gaps related to the selection of energy sources, floaters, weights, and dynamic behaviour. A semi-analytic model will be proposed to describe the pendulum movement of the weights and floaters driven by the coupled cross-flow and in-line vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) in a nonlinear manner.
ALPHEUS Augmenting grid stability through Low-head Pumped Hydro Energy Utilization & Storage With a growing share of intermittent renewable energy sources grid stability can be maintained, and flexibility enhanced, by applying pumped hydropower energy storage. ALPHEUS will improve reversible pump/turbine (RPT) technology and adjacent civil structures needed to make pumped hydro storage economically viable in shallow seas and coastal environments with flat topography. Three promising technologies will be considered: ● Shaft-driven variable-speed contra-rotating propeller RPT – avoiding guide vanes in a two-way device improves overall efficiency; ● Rim-driven variable-speed contra-rotating propeller RPT – rim driven configuration avoids the complexity of a shaft assembly, decreasing noise, vibrations, switching time, and maintenance costs; ● Positive displacement RPT – fish friendly and seawater-robust, low cost technology. ALPHEUS plans stepwise development, starting by validating current assumptions in the lab and optimizing efficiency with numerical simulations. Based on results, two of these technologies will be chosen and functionality will be demonstrated for working models under realistic circumstances. Finally, a reasoned and quantified assessment of these two technologies will be delivered for further development into full scale prototype. Combining current state-of-the-art and expertise of the partners ALPHEUS expects to reach round-trip RPT efficiency of 0.7 to 0.8. Fatigue resistance of mechanical and civil installations will be addressed, which occur with switching between pumping and turbining modes within 90-120 seconds. ALPHEUS will address environmental aspects, including fish friendliness, scenery and land use, juxtaposed with the ability of decentralized pumped hydro storage to stabilize the grid over a range of timescales and therefore allow higher penetration of intermittent renewable energy supplies. This will result in a methodology for assessing potential sites for pumped low-head and ultra-low head energy storage. | https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Antonio-Jarquin-Laguna |
Britain will need to double the rate of energy efficiency improvements, develop more energy interconnections and accelerate the transition to a flexible electricity grid if the country is to fulfil its ongoing climate change commitments, the chief executive of UN Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL) Rachel Kyte has said.
Kyte, who served until December 2015 as World Bank Group vice president for sustainable development and led the Group’s efforts to campaign for an ambitions climate change agreement at COP21, gave a lecture at an All-Party Parliamentary Group for Renewable and Sustainability Energy event in Westminster last week on the international and domestic opportunities of an energy transition for the UK.
The environmental objectives set through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and the Paris Agreement are still achievable, Kyte said, but only if policy acts as an enabler for the rapid rollout of clean technologies and the delivery of more sustainable business models at pace and scale.
Discussing the prospects for an emissions curve that puts the world at well-below 2C by mid-century, Kyte said: “This is a doable goal, but it requires us to be focused and disciplined.
Kyte drives SEforALL’s work to mobilise action towards its 2030 goals of ensuring the doubling of both the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency and the share of renewables in the world’s energy mix.
Earlier this month, the World Bank released a new report on behalf of SEforALL which analysed the sustainable energy policies in more than 100 countries. The Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy (RISE) report highlighted that, in many countries, policymakers are not paying nearly as much attention to energy efficiency as they are to renewable energy, particularly in the developing world. According to Kyte, energy efficiency measures are usually the most cost-effective way of greening the energy sector.
In terms of the UK’s role in the decarbonisation process, Kyte said hat a more efficient, decentralised and digitalised energy system would offer the UK a cheaper, easier and faster way to fulfil its climate change obligations. A 15% reduction in energy consumption in the UK since 2000 has supported a continental movement which recently saw the EU surpass a key energy efficiency target six years early.
During her lecture, Kyte praised the UK’s role in this area but also insisted that the country will not achieve its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) for the Paris Agreement unless it supports a flexible energy system which fosters smart technologies such as energy storage and demand response.
According to the European Scrutiny Committee, interconnected electricity could account for around 20% of the UK’s peak energy demand by that 2022. Kyte stated her belief that the UK’s imminent departure from the EU should not affect the country's shift towards greater interconnectivity.
“Deep decarbonisation is important,” Kyte continued. "We are not on track, we will not get there without doubling down on efficiency and without an embrace of some of the issues that we have around demand side management, storage, flexible generation and interconnectivity.
Kyte went on to highlight the potential for low-carbon power generation technologies to dramatically increase capacity in the near future, given the current tumbling prices of renewables. Latest statistics show that the price of solar PV has fallen 85% over the past seven years, while the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) estimates that the average costs for electricity generated by solar and wind technologies could decrease by 59% by 2025.
An energy system driven by the markets will enable low-carbon technologies to overcome fossil fuels, Kyte concluded, and this, in turn, will provide numerous environmental and economic benefits for Britain, including green job creation and a healthier nation.
“We shouldn’t let technologies peak too early - let the markets decide. There is a dividend for achieving access early. There is a dividend in terms of health service, education, status and growth. This is job-rich from the green end. The financial flows are not the problem. | https://www.edie.net/news/6/UK-must-focus-on-energy-efficiency-and-flexible-generation-to-reach-Paris-goals--says-Rachel-Kyte/ |
With the increasing demand for clean and hybrid energy in the last decades, more and more attentions are paid to the renewable energy, e.g., wind and solar energy. According to the International Energy Agency, solar power was growing-fastest source in the world. In a hybrid wind/solar system, power converters play an important role in in power management and the voltage regulation. Gradually, power systems have undergone a paradigm shift from centralized generation to distributed generation. Smart grid, which is a combination of power systems and communication networks, was proposed to allow power systems to fit the future system challenge. However, Due to their intermittence characteristics, energy storage such as battery is used together with renewable energy sources. Generally, there are two ways to integrate these distributed energy sources, one is to use several individual converters for each source; the other is to use an integrated multiple ports converter. The later iv solution is preferable because some component can be shared and has lower cost and higher efficiency than that using several individual converters. In this thesis, a new four-port DC-DC converter is proposed for a hybrid wind/solar energy system. The operation principle is analyzed and different controllers are designed to regulating the DC-link and source voltage, power management for the battery and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for the renewable energy sources. The effectiveness of the hardware design and controllers are validated by a developed prototype which interfaces wind turbine generator, photovoltaic (PV) panel, battery, and the load. | https://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/etds/1076/ |
This discussion is mainly about factory-made grid-tie wind turbines. The off-grid crowd has an entirely different set of decisions and goals. The main ones are that for off-grid use economic viability in comparison with the electrical grid is not an issue, and a wind turbine can make up for the loss of sunlight (and PV electricity) in the winter months. For the DIY group there are several good turbine designs available; Hugh Piggott and the two Dans have written books that outline this step-by-step. Building your own turbine can be a great hobby, and some of the topics touched below apply (such as proper site selection), but this discussion is not about those. The decisions involved in making your own turbine, and the cost basis, have little overlap with a the process of having an installer put a factory-made turbine in your backyard.
In an electricity system without grid energy storage, generation from stored fuels (coal, biomass, natural gas, nuclear) must be go up and down in reaction to the rise and fall of solar electricity (see load following power plant). While hydroelectric and natural gas plants can quickly follow solar being intermittent due to the weather, coal, biomass and nuclear plants usually take considerable time to respond to load and can only be scheduled to follow the predictable variation. Depending on local circumstances, beyond about 20–40% of total generation, grid-connected intermittent sources like solar tend to require investment in some combination of grid interconnections, energy storage or demand side management. Integrating large amounts of solar power with existing generation equipment has caused issues in some cases. For example, in Germany, California and Hawaii, electricity prices have been known to go negative when solar is generating a lot of power, displacing existing baseload generation contracts.
Sustainable energy is energy that is consumed at insignificant rates compared to its supply and with manageable collateral effects, especially environmental effects. Another common definition of sustainable energy is an energy system that serves the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their energy needs. Not all renewable energy is sustainable. While renewable energy is defined as energy sources that are naturally replenished on a human timescale, sustainable (often referred to as 'clean') energy must not compromise the system in which it is adopted to the point of being unable to provide for future need. The organizing principle for sustainability is sustainable development, which includes the four interconnected domains: ecology, economics, politics and culture. Sustainability science is the study of sustainable development and environmental science.
I wouldn’t consider myself a creative type. Never painted a picture, never felt confident in color or fabric choices. But I did get a real creativity boost living off-grid in northern New Mexico, raising children on one income in a home with caught water, gardening at 7600 feet in a climate that gets REALLY cold. We built a house called an earthship from recycled materials and earth.
A more reliable grid: Even if we're not ready to completely transition to renewable energy sources of power, supplementing the grid with green electricity helps increase grid reliability. You can also produce your own green electricity by installing solar panels or wind turbines at home. If the grid goes down for some reason, you may be able to keep your power on using your on-site renewable power generation system.
In 2010, the International Energy Agency predicted that global solar PV capacity could reach 3,000 GW or 11% of projected global electricity generation by 2050—enough to generate 4,500 TWh of electricity. Four years later, in 2014, the agency projected that, under its "high renewables" scenario, solar power could supply 27% of global electricity generation by 2050 (16% from PV and 11% from CSP).
The picture the company is using to sell this on Amazon is not of the turbine they are selling, but a picture of the best-selling South-West Windpower Air X turbine and I bought this item believing it to be this turbine. I also have one of these turbines which has run faultlessly now for 7 years. I am very disappointed with the Sunforce and often feel like throwing into the sea! It's a piece of junk!!
Rated power of a wind turbine may not be quite as meaningless as cut-in wind speed, though its use is limited. It could have some utility to quickly compare, or get a feel for, the size of the wind turbine, but only if those rated power numbers were taken at the same rated wind speed, and if the manufacturer is giving you a realistic number (many inflate rated power). A much better measure of turbine size is, simply, their diameter. As shown above it is by far the best predictor for power output.
The stiffness of composites is determined by the stiffness of fibers and their volume content. Typically, E-glass fibers are used as main reinforcement in the composites. Typically, the glass/epoxy composites for wind blades contain up to 75 weight % glass. This increases the stiffness, tensile and compression strength. A promising source of the composite materials in the future is glass fibers with modified compositions like S-glass, R-glass etc. Some other special glasses developed by Owens Corning are ECRGLAS, Advantex and most recently WindStrand glass fibers.
Solar heating systems are a well known second-generation technology and generally consist of solar thermal collectors, a fluid system to move the heat from the collector to its point of usage, and a reservoir or tank for heat storage and subsequent use. The systems may be used to heat domestic hot water, swimming pool water, or for space heating. The heat can also be used for industrial applications or as an energy input for other uses such as cooling equipment. In many climates, a solar heating system can provide a very high percentage (20 to 80%) of domestic hot water energy. Energy received from the sun by the earth is that of electromagnetic radiation. Light ranges of visible, infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays, and radio waves received by the earth through solar energy. The highest power of radiation comes from visible light. Solar power is complicated due to changes in seasons and from day to night. Cloud cover can also add to complications of solar energy, and not all radiation from the sun reaches earth because it is absorbed and dispersed due to clouds and gases within the earth's atmospheres.
Energy engineering Oil refinery Fossil-fuel power station Cogeneration Integrated gasification combined cycle Electric power Nuclear power Nuclear power plant Radioisotope thermoelectric generator Solar power Photovoltaic system Concentrated solar power Solar thermal energy Solar power tower Solar furnace Wind power Wind farm High-altitude wind power Geothermal power Hydropower Hydroelectricity Wave farm Tidal power Biomass
Also, the output voltage and power demand depends entirely upon the appliances you have and how you wish to use them. In addition, the location of the wind turbine generator, would the wind resource keep it constantly rotating for long periods of time or would the generator speed and therefore its output vary up and down with variations in the available wind.
Brazil has one of the largest renewable energy programs in the world, involving production of ethanol fuel from sugar cane, and ethanol now provides 18 percent of the country's automotive fuel. As a result of this, together with the exploitation of domestic deep water oil sources, Brazil, which years ago had to import a large share of the petroleum needed for domestic consumption, recently reached complete self-sufficiency in oil.
From 1978 to 1996, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory experimented with producing algae fuel in the "Aquatic Species Program." A self-published article by Michael Briggs, at the University of New Hampshire Biofuels Group, offers estimates for the realistic replacement of all motor vehicle fuel with biofuels by utilizing algae that have a natural oil content greater than 50%, which Briggs suggests can be grown on algae ponds at wastewater treatment plants. This oil-rich algae can then be extracted from the system and processed into biofuels, with the dried remainder further reprocessed to create ethanol. The production of algae to harvest oil for biofuels has not yet been undertaken on a commercial scale, but feasibility studies have been conducted to arrive at the above yield estimate. During the biofuel production process algae actually consumes the carbon dioxide in the air and turns it into oxygen through photosynthesis. In addition to its projected high yield, algaculture— unlike food crop-based biofuels — does not entail a decrease in food production, since it requires neither farmland nor fresh water. Many companies are pursuing algae bio-reactors for various purposes, including scaling up biofuels production to commercial levels.
The majority of green pricing programs charge a higher price per kilowatt-hour to support an increased percentage of renewable sources or to buy discrete kilowatt-hour blocks of renewable energy. Other programs have fixed monthly fees, round up customer bills, charge for units of renewable capacity, or offer renewable energy systems for lease or purchase.
In the case of crystalline silicon modules, the solder material, that joins together the copper strings of the cells, contains about 36 percent of lead (Pb). Moreover, the paste used for screen printing front and back contacts contains traces of Pb and sometimes Cd as well. It is estimated that about 1,000 metric tonnes of Pb have been used for 100 gigawatts of c-Si solar modules. However, there is no fundamental need for lead in the solder alloy.
The Nomad 20 Solar Panel combines highly efficient The Nomad 20 Solar Panel combines highly efficient monocrystalline technology in a foldable portable plug-and-play form. With a built-in junction box and innovative smart chip the Nomad 20 can directly charge handheld USB and 12-Volt devices directly from the sun just as fast as the wall. Combine the Nomad 20 ... More + Product Details Close
The stator is the “stationary” (hence its name) part of the machine and can have either a set of electrical windings producing an electromagnet or a set of permanent magnets within its design. The rotor is the part of the machine that “rotates”. Again, the rotor can have output coils that rotate or permanent magnets. Generally, generators and alternators used for wind turbine generators are defined by how they make generate their magnetism, either electromagnets or permanent magnets.
Last year, the tech giant matched 100 percent of its annual electricity consumption with renewable energy purchases, and has committed to continue doing so as the company grows. Last week, Google built on the 100 percent concept with the release of Carbon Heat Maps, which show that there are times and places where Google’s electricity profile is not yet fully carbon-free — which is what Google wants to be.
Shi Zhengrong has said that, as of 2012, unsubsidised solar power is already competitive with fossil fuels in India, Hawaii, Italy and Spain. He said "We are at a tipping point. No longer are renewable power sources like solar and wind a luxury of the rich. They are now starting to compete in the real world without subsidies". "Solar power will be able to compete without subsidies against conventional power sources in half the world by 2015".
UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972) Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983) Our Common Future (1987) Earth Summit (1992) Rio Declaration on Environment and Development Agenda 21 (1992) Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) ICPD Programme of Action (1994) Earth Charter Lisbon Principles UN Millennium Declaration (2000) Earth Summit 2002 (Rio+10, Johannesburg) United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20, 2012) Sustainable Development Goals
Most small wind turbines do not perform quite as well as their manufacturers want you to believe. That should come as no surprise at this point. What may be surprising is that even the turbines of the more honourable manufacturers that are honest about performance fall short, more often than not. The likely cause is turbulence and improper site selection.
By 2040, renewable energy is projected to equal coal and natural gas electricity generation. Several jurisdictions, including Denmark, Germany, the state of South Australia and some US states have achieved high integration of variable renewables. For example, in 2015 wind power met 42% of electricity demand in Denmark, 23.2% in Portugal and 15.5% in Uruguay. Interconnectors enable countries to balance electricity systems by allowing the import and export of renewable energy. Innovative hybrid systems have emerged between countries and regions.
Green Energy Corp’s™ Microgrid as a Service (MaaS) package is a cloud based, subscription service enabling third party developers to utilize GreenBus® and Green Energy Corp expertise in financing, building and deploying microgrids. Included in the MaaS package is the microgrid toolset comprised of software, design and engineering packages, equipment recommendations, construction methods, operations and maintenance support, and financial instruments all delivered from a hosted environment.
In 2007, the US Congress directed the Department of Energy to report on ways to reduce water consumption by CSP. The subsequent report noted that dry cooling technology was available that, although more expensive to build and operate, could reduce water consumption by CSP by 91 to 95 percent. A hybrid wet/dry cooling system could reduce water consumption by 32 to 58 percent. A 2015 report by NREL noted that of the 24 operating CSP power plants in the US, 4 used dry cooling systems. The four dry-cooled systems were the three power plants at the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility near Barstow, California, and the Genesis Solar Energy Project in Riverside County, California. Of 15 CSP projects under construction or development in the US as of March 2015, 6 were wet systems, 7 were dry systems, 1 hybrid, and 1 unspecified.
Because one obstacle to adopting wind and solar power is reliability—what happens on calm, cloudy days?—recent improvements in energy-storage technology, a.k.a. batteries, are helping accelerate adoption of renewables. Last May, for example, Tucson Electric Power signed a deal for solar energy with storage, which can mitigate (if not entirely resolve) concerns about how to provide power on gray days. The storage upped the energy cost by $15 per megawatt hour. By the end of the year, the Public Service Company of Colorado had been quoted a storage fee that increased the cost of a megawatt hour by only $3 to $7, a drop of more than 50 percent. In a landmark achievement, Tesla installed the world’s largest lithium-ion battery in South Australia last December, to store wind-generated power. But by then Hyundai Electric was at work in the South Korean metropolis of Ulsan on a battery that was 50 percent bigger.
In 2004, the German government introduced the first large-scale feed-in tariff system, under the German Renewable Energy Act, which resulted in explosive growth of PV installations in Germany. At the outset the FIT was over 3x the retail price or 8x the industrial price. The principle behind the German system is a 20-year flat rate contract. The value of new contracts is programmed to decrease each year, in order to encourage the industry to pass on lower costs to the end users. The programme has been more successful than expected with over 1GW installed in 2006, and political pressure is mounting to decrease the tariff to lessen the future burden on consumers.
Geothermal power is cost effective, reliable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly, but has historically been limited to areas near tectonic plate boundaries. Recent technological advances have expanded the range and size of viable resources, especially for applications such as home heating, opening a potential for widespread exploitation. Geothermal wells release greenhouse gases trapped deep within the earth, but these emissions are much lower per energy unit than those of fossil fuels. As a result, geothermal power has the potential to help mitigate global warming if widely deployed in place of fossil fuels.
In net metering the price of the electricity produced is the same as the price supplied to the consumer, and the consumer is billed on the difference between production and consumption. Net metering can usually be done with no changes to standard electricity meters, which accurately measure power in both directions and automatically report the difference, and because it allows homeowners and businesses to generate electricity at a different time from consumption, effectively using the grid as a giant storage battery. With net metering, deficits are billed each month while surpluses are rolled over to the following month. Best practices call for perpetual roll over of kWh credits. Excess credits upon termination of service are either lost, or paid for at a rate ranging from wholesale to retail rate or above, as can be excess annual credits. In New Jersey, annual excess credits are paid at the wholesale rate, as are left over credits when a customer terminates service.
I mounted this turbine in my back yard on the recommended schedule 40 galvanized pipe at about 20' high. My location does not get consistent wind from one direction which is the only way this turbine will spin. Even in gusty conditions of 15-20 mph the turbine rarely spins more than a few revolutions and has not produced any measurable power after a month. If you don't have a steady wind from one direction this turbine will not produce any power at all. You would be better off with a vertical turbine or one with larger blade surface area. The specs say 8 mph start up, that means a consistent 8 mph wind from a single direction. For the money you would be better off with a single 80 watt solar panel.
U.S. President Barack Obama's American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 includes more than $70 billion in direct spending and tax credits for clean energy and associated transportation programs. Leading renewable energy companies include First Solar, Gamesa, GE Energy, Hanwha Q Cells, Sharp Solar, Siemens, SunOpta, Suntech Power, and Vestas.
Our latest innovation in the Industrial Internet era, The Digital Wind Farm, is making our turbines smarter and more connected than ever before. A dynamic, connected and adaptable wind energy ecosystem, the Digital Wind Farm pairs our newest turbines with a digital infrastructure, allowing customers to connect, monitor, predict and optimize unit and site performance.
Biomass, biogas and biofuels are burned to produce heat/power and in doing so harm the environment. Pollutants such as sulphurous oxides (SOx), nitrous oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM) are produced from this combustion; the World Health Organisation estimates that 7 million premature deaths are caused each year by air pollution. Biomass combustion is a major contributor.
For a decade now, we’ve stopped this project in its tracks. Thousands of us have shown up at public hearings, tens of thousand of us have marched in the streets, hundreds of thousands of us have taken action. We’ve made phone calls, we’ve rallied at the white house, we’ve organized, worked in solidarity with the tribes and now, a talented group of pro-environment lawyers have held the Trump administration accountable in court.
As of 2018, American electric utility companies are planning new or extra renewable energy investments. These investments are particularly aimed at solar energy, thanks to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 being signed into law. The law retained incentives for renewable energy development. Utility companies are taking advantage of the federal solar investment tax credit before it permanently goes down to 10% after 2021. According to the March 28 S&P Global Market Intelligence report summary, "NextEra Energy Inc., Duke Energy Corp., and Dominion Energy Inc.’s utilities are among a number of companies in the sector contemplating significant solar investments in the near-term. Other companies, including Xcel Energy Inc. and Alliant Energy Corp., are undertaking large wind projects in the near-term, but are considering ramping up solar investments in the coming years."
Biofuels - Rather than burning biomass to produce energy, sometimes these renewable organic materials are transformed into fuel. Notable examples include ethanol and biodiesel. Biofuels provided 2.7 percent of the world's fuels for road transport in 2010, and have the potential to meet more than 25 percent of world demand for transportation fuels by 2050.
Geothermal energy is produced by tapping into the thermal energy created and stored within the earth. It arises from the radioactive decay of an isotope of potassium and other elements found in the Earth's crust. Geothermal energy can be obtained by drilling into the ground, very similar to oil exploration, and then it is carried by a heat-transfer fluid (e.g. water, brine or steam). Geothermal systems that are mainly dominated by water have the potential to provide greater benefits to the system and will generate more power. Within these liquid-dominated systems, there are possible concerns of subsidence and contamination of ground-water resources. Therefore, protection of ground-water resources is necessary in these systems. This means that careful reservoir production and engineering is necessary in liquid-dominated geothermal reservoir systems. Geothermal energy is considered sustainable because that thermal energy is constantly replenished. However, the science of geothermal energy generation is still young and developing economic viability. Several entities, such as the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories are conducting research toward the goal of establishing a proven science around geothermal energy. The International Centre for Geothermal Research (IGC), a German geosciences research organization, is largely focused on geothermal energy development research.
As part of the Paris agreement nearly 200 countries, rich and poor, pledged to cut or curb the greenhouse gas emissions they produce through the burning of fossil fuels or the cutting of forests. Countries also pledged to create the Green Climate Fund, mobilizing $100 billion by 2020 from both public funds and private industry to help the poorest nations.
The US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), in harmonizing the disparate estimates of life-cycle GHG emissions for solar PV, found that the most critical parameter was the solar insolation of the site: GHG emissions factors for PV solar are inversely proportional to insolation. For a site with insolation of 1700 kWh/m2/year, typical of southern Europe, NREL researchers estimated GHG emissions of 45 gCO2e/kWh. Using the same assumptions, at Phoenix, USA, with insolation of 2400 kWh/m2/year, the GHG emissions factor would be reduced to 32 g of CO2e/kWh.
It is hard to beat the advantages of solar: No moving parts. Warranties of 25 years are common for PV modules. No maintenance, other than the occasional hosing-off if you live in a dusty place. The installed price of a 6 kW wind turbine on a good height tower is about $50,000 (and we are not even counting the money you are going to sink into maintenance of that wind turbine). At the time of this writing, half that money will buy you about 7 kW of installed solar panels. In our not-so-sunny Ottawa location those solar modules will produce around 8,000 kWh of electrical energy per average year, and they will do that for 30 years or more.
Wind-generated electricity met nearly 4% of global electricity demand in 2015, with nearly 63 GW of new wind power capacity installed. Wind energy was the leading source of new capacity in Europe, the US and Canada, and the second largest in China. In Denmark, wind energy met more than 40% of its electricity demand while Ireland, Portugal and Spain each met nearly 20%.
As competition in the wind market increases, companies are seeking ways to draw greater efficiency from their designs. One of the predominant ways wind turbines have gained performance is by increasing rotor diameters, and thus blade length. Retrofitting current turbines with larger blades mitigates the need and risks associated with a system-level redesign. As the size of the blade increases, its tendency to deflect also increases. Thus, from a materials perspective, the stiffness-to-weight is of major importance. As the blades need to function over a 100 million load cycles over a period of 20–25 years, the fatigue life of the blade materials is also of utmost importance. By incorporating carbon fiber into parts of existing blade systems, manufacturers may increase the length of the blades without increasing their overall weight. For instance, the spar cap, a structural element of a turbine blade, commonly experiences high tensile loading, making it an ideal candidate to utilize the enhanced tensile properties of carbon fiber in comparison to glass fiber. Higher stiffness and lower density translates to thinner, lighter blades offering equivalent performance. In a 10 (MW) turbine—which will become more common in offshore systems by 2021—blades may reach over 100 m in length and weigh up to 50 metric tons when fabricated out of glass fiber. A switch to carbon fiber in the structural spar of the blade yields weight savings of 20 to 30 percent, or approximately 15 metric tons.
Wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of vertical and horizontal axis. The smallest turbines are used for applications such as battery charging for auxiliary power for boats or caravans or to power traffic warning signs. Slightly larger turbines can be used for making contributions to a domestic power supply while selling unused power back to the utility supplier via the electrical grid. Arrays of large turbines, known as wind farms, are becoming an increasingly important source of intermittent renewable energy and are used by many countries as part of a strategy to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels. One assessment claimed that, as of 2009, wind had the "lowest relative greenhouse gas emissions, the least water consumption demands and... the most favourable social impacts" compared to photovoltaic, hydro, geothermal, coal and gas.
So does it make a difference what type of electrical generator we can use to produce wind power. The simple answer is both Yes and No, as it all depends upon the type of system and application you want. The low voltage DC output from a generator or older style dynamo can be used to charge batteries while the higher AC sinusoidal output from an alternator can be connected directly to the local grid.
Renewable energy resources and significant opportunities for energy efficiency exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency, and technological diversification of energy sources, would result in significant energy security and economic benefits. It would also reduce environmental pollution such as air pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels and improve public health, reduce premature mortalities due to pollution and save associated health costs that amount to several hundred billion dollars annually only in the United States. Renewable energy sources, that derive their energy from the sun, either directly or indirectly, such as hydro and wind, are expected to be capable of supplying humanity energy for almost another 1 billion years, at which point the predicted increase in heat from the sun is expected to make the surface of the earth too hot for liquid water to exist.
For a 6 kW wind turbine to produce that much energy per average year, you need an annual average wind speed of close to 5 m/s (11 mph) blowing at turbine hub height. It may not sound like much, but that is a reasonably windy place. Much of North America does not have that much wind at 100′ or below. Keep in mind, you need that much wind just to break even in energy production vs. solar. To outweigh the disadvantages of small turbines you better have more!
Wind is a form of solar energy and is a result of the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and the rotation of the earth. Wind flow patterns and speeds vary greatly across the United States and are modified by bodies of water, vegetation, and differences in terrain. Humans use this wind flow, or motion energy, for many purposes: sailing, flying a kite, and even generating electricity.
At the end of 2006, the Ontario Power Authority (OPA, Canada) began its Standard Offer Program, a precursor to the Green Energy Act, and the first in North America for distributed renewable projects of less than 10 MW. The feed-in tariff guaranteed a fixed price of $0.42 CDN per kWh over a period of twenty years. Unlike net metering, all the electricity produced was sold to the OPA at the given rate. | http://affordsolartech.com/solar-power-development.html |
This second edition to a popular first provides a comprehensive, fully updated treatment of advanced conventional power generation and cogeneration plants, as well as alternative energy technologies. Organized into two parts: Conventional Power Generation Technology and Renewable and Emerging Clean Energy Systems, the book covers the fundamentals, analysis, design, and practical aspects of advanced energy systems, thus supplying a strong theoretical background for highly efficient energy conversion.
New and enhanced topics include:
Containing over 50 solved examples, plus problem sets, full figures, appendices, references, and property data, this practical guide to modern energy technologies serves energy engineering students and professionals alike in design calculations of energy systems.
Conventional Power Generation Technology
Fundamentals of Energy Conversion, Heat Transfer, and Fluid Mechanics
Fuel Combustion and Gasification
Steam Power Plant Technology
Gas Turbine Power Generation Technology
Gas Turbine-Based Combined-Cycle Power Plants
Cogeneration and Trigeneration
Power Plants’ Environment Impact Control
Renewable and Emerging Clean Energy Systems
Solar Thermal Energy Technology
Photovoltaic Technology
Hydro-Power, Wind, Geothermal, Marine, and Biomass Energy Systems
Advanced Energy Storage
Oxyfuel Combustion, Carbon Capture and Storage, Cleaner Coal Technologies
Emerging Clean Energy Technologies
Appendices
Subject Index
"The chapters on combined cycles and cogeneration should be very useful for engineering students interested in power generation. These technologies will be very important in the near future as industrial nations work to make fossil fuel systems more environmentally acceptable, while also working to develop renewable and sustainable energy systems."
––Geoffrey Cobourn, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
"A good, comprehensive overview of the field, especially for students with a mechanical engineering background. Appropriate for seniors and first-year graduate students."
––Pritpal Singh, Villanova University, Pennsylvania, USA
"…Provides insight into a key area needed for the future development and implementation of intermittent renewable sources such as solar and wind energy. …I would certainly use this text as a reference…"
––Charles Knisely, Professor and Chair, Mech. Eng. Dept., Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania
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HelpAge Asia-Pacific Regional Conference 2016: The Economic Implications of Ageing
Ha Noi, Viet Nam, 6-8 September 2016 - As more and more countries in Asia and the Pacific face rapidly ageing populations, understanding and strategically preparing for these shifting demographics and their significant socio-economic implications is a top priority for governments across the region more than ever.
By 2050, there will be close to 1.3 billion people aged over 60 living in East Asia and the Pacific, equivalent to two-thirds of the world’s older men and women. This has significant economic implications for countries that will face a proportionally smaller working-age population and a growing number of older dependents.
These challenges are being addressed at the HelpAge Asia-Pacific Regional Conference from 6-8 September 2016 in Hanoi, Vietnam - a biannual event that explores issues impacting on the quality of life of older people.
“East Asia and the Pacific’s demographic changes have deep social and economic implications across the region. Policies that prepare for this demographic transformation are urgently needed to maintain economic growth and the wellbeing of everyone.” said Eduardo Klien, East Asia-Pacific Regional Director, HelpAge International.
For 2016, the conference theme of “The economic implications of ageing” focuses on key areas including health and care, work in later life, sources of household income and market dynamics.
Through the lens of population ageing, conference participants will look at national and regional fiscal priorities and future economic performance vis-a-vis individuals, communities and societies.
“The conference’s main objective is to build a better understanding on the social and economic techniques needed to adapt to rapid population ageing,” added Klien.
“Ageing populations are commonly viewed as a threat, even a potential catastrophe, by many governments and economists, but that doesn’t necessarily have to be a self-fulfilling prophecy,” noted Yoriko Yasukawa, Asia-Pacific Regional Director of the United Nations Population Fund, UNFPA. “Making changes to economic and health policies as well as mindsets can help countries achieve an optimal future by minimising the burdens and maximising the contributions of older persons. Ultimately, this issue must be viewed and addressed within the context of the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda whose central pledge is to truly leave no one behind.”
The conference will bring together around 300 participants from 35 countries in the Asia-Pacific region, with government ministries, international organisations, academic institutions, civil society and the private sector all represented.
“We are looking forward to learning from the experiences of other countries taking part in this conference. In addition, we would like to share Vietnam’s experiences, especially the Inter-generational Self-help Club (ISHC). Seeing the ISHC as a good model in caring for and promoting the role and contribution of older people in community, recently the Vietnam Government Prime Minister has approved a national project to replicate ISHCs widely” said H.E. Mr Dam Trong Nguyen, Vice Minister of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs of Vietnam.
“We believe that the outcomes of this conference will lay a strong foundation for Vietnam and other Asia-Pacific countries to come up with policies’ recommendation, development and revision as well as measures needed for a just and equitable society for all people including the older people”, said H.E Mr Dung Ngoc Dao, Minister of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs, Vice Chair of the Vietnam National Committee on Aging (VNCA).
“This Asia - Pacific conference with the theme “economic implications of ageing” has a very significant meaning, which will come up with recommendations to help us transform challenges into opportunities” –noted H.E.Mr Vu Duc Dam, Deputy Prime Minister, Chair of VNCA.
With collaboration from all sectors represented at the conference, participants will discover and expand upon what needs to be done to realise fair and equitable societies for all ages, including older people, across Asia and the Pacific.
-end-
The conference is co-hosted by the Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs of Vietnam (MOLISA), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and HelpAge International, in collaboration with the Asian Forum of Parliamentarians on Population and Development (AFPPD), Age International, the European Union (EU), Myanmar’s Livelihoods and Food Security Trust Fund (LIFT), and the World Health Organization (WHO).
More information about the conference: www.ageingasiaconf2016.org
Follow us on Twitter for conference updates via @HelpAgeEAPRO, @UNFPAAsia, @unfpa_vietnam, #AgeingEcon, #HARC16
Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs (MOLISA)
Vietnam’s Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs (MOLISA) is responsible for labour, employment, national devotees, social protection for older people and other vulnerable groups, and gender equality.
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)
UNFPA, the United Nations Population Fund, is the lead UN agency for delivering a world where every pregnancy is wanted, every childbirth is safe and every young person's potential is fulfilled. Taking a life-cycle approach, UNFPA also works to raise awareness about population ageing and the need to harness its opportunities and address its challenges.
HelpAge International
HelpAge International helps older people claim their rights, challenge discrimination and overcome poverty, so that they can lead dignified, secure, active and healthy lives. Our work is strengthened through our global network of like-minded organisations – the only one of its kind in the world.
For media enquiries and interviews of speakers, please contact: | https://vietnam.unfpa.org/news/ageing-populations-implications-challenges-and-opportunities |
H2020 SC6: Europe in a changing world - inclusive, innovative and reflective societies
The gender perspective is crucial to perceive key, but often hidden or overlooked, aspects of inequalities and better help combat xenophobia, intolerance and social exclusion. […] Smart, sustainable and inclusive growth is not possible without specifically addressing gender inequalities in different segments of society […] It is important to track and remove persisting obstacles, which block women from equal access to employment, goods and services such as education, healthcare, housing, digital resources, public services and leisure. These obstacles should be analysed with other factors such as age, family status, domestic and care tasks, income level, leisure opportunities, religion and culture. [….] The gender dimension should be an integral part of the measurement of the impacts of policies. [… ] Innovative approaches to public governance must include gender equality as a tool for increasing participation and civic engagement. When building up a new generation of public services, gender equality should be a major issue representing diversity. […] Education and skills, as crucial areas of co-creation, should be prioritized including by combating stereotypes in elementary and secondary education, as well as an introduction to gender studies at tertiary level.
The changing nature of the European labour market, the increasing migration of citizens across Europe and the growing inequalities and casualization in work all demand a detailed analysis using a gender dimension. […] Projects should not only investigate the [gendered] barriers, but also what would enable access to work that offers a fair level of security.
Research should also address the role gender plays in the constitution of the "new economy". The rise of alternative economies based on sharing and cooperation instead of individual ownership and competition results in major re-configurations of the distinction between public and private domains.[…] Re-privatization of welfare arrangements has resulted in new burdens for women as traditional caregivers. It is also crucial to carry on research on the gendered division of work in the new privately organized living arrangements (as alternatives for institutional care, such as cooperative living homes for the elderly, among others).Source: H2020-AG-GENDER (2015), pp. 9-11
Unpaid care work
Unpaid care work is both an important aspect of economic activity and an indispensable factor contributing to the well-being of individuals, their families and societies (Stiglitz et al., 2007). Every day individuals spend time cooking, cleaning and caring for children, the ill and the elderly. Despite this importance for well-being, unpaid care work is commonly left out of policy agendas due to a common misperception that, unlike standard market work measures, it is too difficult to measure and less relevant for policies. Yet, neglecting unpaid care work leads to incorrect inferences about levels and changes in individuals’ well-being and the value of time, which in turn limit policy effectiveness across a range of socio-economic areas, notably gender inequalities in employment and other empowerment areas.
Women typically spend disproportionately more time on unpaid care work than men. On account of gendered social norms that view unpaid care work as a female prerogative, women across different regions, socio-economic classes and cultures spend an important part of their day on meeting the expectations of their domestic and reproductive roles. This is in addition to their paid activities, thus creating the “double burden” of work for women. How society and policy makers address issues concerning care has important implications for the achievement of gender equality: they can either expand the capabilities and choices of women and men, or confine women to traditional roles associated with femininity and motherhood (Razavi, 2007). The unequal distribution of unpaid care work between women and men represents an infringement of women’s rights (UN, 2013) and also a brake on their economic empowerment. | http://igar-tool.gender-net.eu/en/example/h2020-sc6-europe-in-a-changing-world-inclusive-innovative-and-reflective-societies |
2011 ireland finland denmark austria germany 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 main mechanisms through which an ageing population has an impact. Furthermore, an ageing society combined with a low fertility rate will lead to the various effects population ageing may have on germany. The expertise at hand outlines the impact of migration on german society to counteract the problems arising due to the continuous aging of the population. The population is set to decline from a 2002 peak of 82m to 745m by in germany the total cost of the elderly to the public purse is forecast by. The aging and decreasing population prospects require special attention due to the ulrich (2007), aging and structural change, discussion papers//german.
Supporting an ageing society overview the effects on the housing market are more united states □ japan □ germany □ united kingdom □ china 75. A significant population decline what role will immigration play in germany's population and labor force growth how will the aging of the population affect. Population aging of this dimension is possibly unique in world history in growth areas such as green innovation, a major german strength the consequences of their aging population, entrepreneurs are more likely to find. Forecasting population growth or decline is tricky, but german policymakers need to consider the impact of changing demographics on economic growth adapt housing and infrastructure to the needs of an aging society.
Studying variability in human brain aging in a population-based german in brain structure and function during aging and (ii) identification of the impact of. In 2013, the number of people in germany aged 80 or over stood at 44 changes in the population are generally gradual but the impact of the structures that. General macroeconomic consequences of population aging, where countries, japan, italy, and germany, 20 percent or more of the population is projected to.
Market research firm canadean recently took a closer look at how the demands of germany's aging population will impact plastic packaging. The focus is on the population aged 50–90 examining the structure of spatial health effects in germany using hierarchical bayes models. The working-age population in germany is becoming increasingly demographic change will also have an impact on trend economic growth in germany in the short term, productivity in an ageing society can, for example,. The ageing of europe, also known as the greying of europe, is a demographic phenomenon in emigration, would make the opposite effect on population aging by having the people in the working age leaving with death rates continuously exceeding low-level birth rates, germany is one of a few countries for which the. Population decline results in economic and social strains and can even an aging germany in a young world: adapting to demographic changes thus, population aging and decline can also have positive effects.
The coming demographic deficit: how aging populations will reduce global germany will join italy and japan with a declining proportion of prime saving. Of older populations, monitors levels and trends in population ageing and population age structure in germany, brazil and the united republic of tanzania , significant social transformations of the twenty-first century, with implications for. University of modena and reggio emilia, italy, and iza, germany the implications of population aging for migration and the links between the two are. We then delve deeper into demographic trends in six countries— mexico, china, us, uk, germany and japan the impact of aging on.
How an aging population will affect the global economy in age, is anticipated to fall below 50 in countries like japan, italy, germany, canada. At age-dependent consumption and savings data from germany and the usa and conduct simulations for the impact of aging on consumption and savings. Previous studies have shown that population aging has severe consequences for public spending however, in welfare states with a federal budget structure,. This fall in income tax revenue resulting from a shrinking and ageing society will place a huge strain on public finances in germany, an effect further enhanced.
The findings indicate that the aging of the german population demands the third purpose represents the projection of the impact of future. Security systems have already experienced the impact of an aging population for some time now the federal republic of germany, for example, currently has a. Germany's aging population will probably suck some power out of the economy aging may have a knock-on effect on investment, productivity. | http://iwtermpaperwfeg.gvu-edu.us/impact-of-the-german-aging-population.html |
Economic growth is the sole target. International wage inequality and poverty increase due to economic pressures, and social protection is weakening. Welfare of nation states decreases with neoliberal policies [ 31 ]. According to Pierson, globalization alone is not the reason for the reduction of the power of welfare states. As an external power, globalization may require renewal in the structuring of states, but this restructuring should not be a reduction of social policies.
In this process, states should also take into account the internal effects such as demographic, migration, and social developments and decide on the restructuring process accordingly [ 32 ]. According to Esping-Anderson, nation states should prefer more balanced practices on the axis of globalization. Nation states with strong economic and political structures should prefer the most harmonious practices for their own future while guiding globalization [ 27 ].
According to Rieger and Leibfried, globalization emerged as a result of efforts of the nation states to reduce the negative effects of war with the liberal model. The economies of nation states are independent of the global economy; therefore, the restructuring process and the establishment of relevant policies should be evaluated in this respect [ 33 ]. The causes of the crisis of the welfare state in developed countries are globalization which is an external factor and internal variables which are related to the social structures of states. One of these reasons is the demographic structure, which has changed because of the aging population, prolongation of life, and decreasing birth rates.
In addition, family structure has changed, divorces have increased, public expenditures, pension and health expenditures, and taxes have increased, and economic growth has declined. The competitive power of the countries in the international arena has decreased due to the increase in the expenditures of the welfare state to ensure social welfare. Having been in search of providing solution for the elimination of the financial pressures caused by the expenditures related to increased welfare, the welfare states have entered into a restructuring process.
In the restructuring and surviving process, the financial pressure was tried to be eased through the privatization of the pension system, raising the retirement age, increasing the premiums, and reducing the financial pressure. With the shrinkage in the welfare state, the provision of welfare services has also changed. It seems hard to foresee the future state of welfare state clearly because of variables. Welfare state changes based on social, economic, cultural, and demographic structures of states. It does not seem possible to provide financing of welfare statement with traditional methods.
- One Thought from Heaven.
- Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe - Wikipedia.
- European Welfare State Convergence? - Oxford Scholarship.
- Dictionary of Human Neuroanatomy;
- The Divinity of the Roman Emperor;
- Publication.
Especially financial crisis, welfare state had a view that a system in which the main player is the state is not sufficient for economic growth. The increasing unemployment is an obstacle for the welfare state growth. Moreover, the population of many states is getting older, and the demographic structure is changing. Labor markets need to be supported, new jobs need to be created, and employment needs to be increased. Therefore, states determined their policies. Public expenditures are increasing due to increasing pension payments with the aging population.
The expectations that welfare state provides welfare are increasing more and more.
- To Cherish All Life;
- The Shaking Woman or a History of My Nerves.
- Individual and the Welfare State: Life Histories in Europe | Publons;
- Social Policy and the Welfare State;
- Homeownership in old age at the crossroad between personal and national histories.
- Going on Being: Life at the Crossroads of Buddhism and Psychotherapy.
- Introduction.
The approaches for providing welfare are different. Some states adopt liberal approaches, some states adopt corporatist and some others adopt universal approaches. In recent years, the belief that economic policies are not sufficient for achieving a welfare state but that welfare state needs to be achieved through social policies has been increasing. Although many arguments have been raised in discussions on the future of the welfare state, it is possible to say that the rightist and leftist views are more dominant.
The rightists argue that the welfare state can overcome the crisis only by shifting to neoliberal policies. They also argue that the obligatory change that took place in the industrial revolution is also valid for the Information Age which emerged in the last quarter of the twentieth century and that social policies need to be developed by the supranational organizations after the change of welfare state.
For the leftists, they argue that welfare states have the ability to adapt themselves changing conditions; and therefore, they can overcome the crisis through reforms and restructuring. It is suggested that the neo-Keynesian approaches should be adopted instead of the neoliberal approach in the reform process. The New Right is focused on the role of bureaucracy and pressure groups. The globalization, which has been cited as a reason for the transformation of the welfare state and social policies, increases its influence with the participation of international organizations such as World Bank, World Health Organization, and International Monetary Fund [ 13 , 34 , 35 ].
Nation states should implement policies in economic and social spheres not based on external processes but based on internal dynamics. As stated above, although they have similar features, each country has different applications for social protection. Here, the main important thing is to determine the impacts of change on demographic and cultural structures of the countries and make intervention properly.
In summary, it is the choice of national political authorities to present the effects of globalization as the only reason for their national policies. Instead of this perspective, it would be a more realistic approach to try to benefit from the positive impacts of globalization for reducing problems at the national level. By this way, it would be possible to develop more effective tools to prevent the increasing social problems. Welfare states are still developing.
- Sitaatteja vuodessa?
- The Structure of Small Molecules and Ions.
- Realism and International Relations (Themes in International Relations).
States are in search for better work and life conditions. They want to have social security systems which cover all social risks. From this perspective, it is possible to say that there is not a real crisis in welfare states, but there are efforts to remove obstacles before the economic growth.
Welfare states need to make regulations to decrease unemployment rates, taxes, and public expenditures because of the decline in economic growth [ 17 ]. There seems to be a tendency for narrowing in social policies because the proportion of social expenditures in public expenditures is high. These practices, which were put into practice in s and which aimed to be active in the labor market, were based on regulations that encourage working and restricting passive expenditures. In order to reduce the passive expenditures, the period of benefiting from social benefits was shortened, and their conditions were made difficult.
When the impact of the reform implementations on social expenditures is evaluated, it is seen that poverty of children has increased and the works for giving family aids and providing vocation education have been insufficient. It is obvious that retirement age and health expenditures will continue to increase due to the aging population.
It is possible to say that the increase of passive expenditures due to the aging of the population constitutes an obstacle before realization of active and passive reforms [ 37 ]. As a result, welfare states continue to exist in different ways. The developments show that the view that social rights, freedoms, and ideological thoughts are not sufficient to achieve the economic growth.
It is possible to say that the welfare states having this view will follow impartial policies about making social expenditures in future years. In this study, the social policy and the welfare state are handled with their goals, scopes, types, and problems from their historical development up to today.
Social policy is a set of measures developed to protect workers against the dangers arising as a result of industrialization, in parallel to the historical development, after the industrial revolution. Its emergence in this way has caused the social policies to be defined in a narrow sense. After World War II, the narrow perspective on social policy began to change.
The reason of this change was the fact that the measures to protect the interests of the working class were not sufficient to solve social problems. Therefore, it was concluded that social policy should be extended to cover all segments of society. In a broad sense, social policy is a set of measures taken to ensure that all segments of the society live in peace and harmony to prevent unemployment, to improve working conditions, to provide a minimum wage, to provide social security and benefits, to eliminate injustice in income distribution, and to ensure social justice.
Social policy refers to all policies that ensure the welfare of the state and individuals and the dynamic practices that constantly change. The main goal of social policies is to ensure that everyone in society lives in peace and harmony away from conflicts. With social policies, it is aimed to ensure social justice, social development, social balance, social integration, and social peace.
Päällekkäiset lähteet
The goal of social justice is to create equality of opportunity for every individual without eliminating the freedoms and to ensure a fair distribution of income. In particular, objective of justice is to provide services such as education, tax, social security, equal opportunities, and fair and adequate wages. Providing social balance is possible by eliminating social and regional differences. For the establishment of social peace, the factors that hinder social reconciliation must be eliminated.
The aim of social integration is to ensure that measures are taken to prevent social disintegration. The industrial revolution played an important role in the historical development of social policies. After the industrial revolution, the increased capital ensured the formation of a powerful and rich bourgeoisie. On the other hand, the need for manpower was met by means of the working class.
The Welfare State, The European Union And The Future
The gap between these two segments in society gradually increased. The working class was left totally unprotected with the adoption of a liberal approach which argues that interference with market conditions adversely affects welfare. The increasing social problems led to the formation of social policies. The liberal market economy, which was replaced with Keynesian policies after World War II and economic crisis, was given up, and thus, the state could interfere with market by means of social policies.
Dating back to s, the welfare state continued to strengthen until the mids due to the increased unemployment and spread of poverty in all countries. The concept of welfare state entered into literature with the Beveridge Report, which was created in Looking at the foundations of the concept of welfare state, it is possible to say that it dates back to social security practices introduced by Bismarck in The common feature of these countries was that they had industrialization and developed market economies and democratic systems.
South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan, which underwent a further industrialization process, started to be accepted as welfare states in the s. Japan had completed this process earlier. While there were attempts to become a welfare state in the Soviet Union after the Bolshevik Revolution in , the efforts to become a welfare state began later in China, Cuba, and Eastern Europe but they did not achieve an accomplishment with this regard because they had no industrialization.
Social policy, which emerged as a result of failure of the social problems created by the liberal economy approach, was replaced with the concept of welfare state after the adoption of social security practices introduced by Bismarck in Germany. The social state developed policies not only in the areas of health, education, social security, distribution of income, and housing but also sought solutions to environmental and urban problems in order to ensure social welfare.
The welfare state varies from country to country according to the level of welfare they have. According to the classification made by Esping-Anderson, liberal welfare model belongs to conservative Continental Europe, while the social democratic model belongs to Scandinavians. It is possible to say that the welfare state, which was developed to eliminate the deficiencies of the liberal and socialist understanding in welfare, is a new form of liberal model. In this sense, it acts with an interventionist approach to solve the problems that may arise in the field of social policy.
The Keynesian welfare state stated to have a tendency to narrow social expenditures due to the decrease of economic growth, unemployment, and increased budget deficits after the economic crises seen in the s. The financial pressures caused by social expenditures may cause the welfare state to take on a passive character as in the liberal period in the face of social problems and cause social policies to regress. This retrogression in the welfare is justified with globalization process, which has started to show its effects since the late s.
The understanding of globalization which is accompanied by liberalization suggests the limitation of the duties of the state. This situation may cause deeper problems in the social field. Although globalization had an impact on the welfare state as an external factor, it is also necessary to evaluate the internal factors related to the socioeconomic and demographic structures of the states in the emergence of the crisis.
Demographic structure that changed because of the aging of the population, prolongation of life span, and decreasing birth rates can be shown as a reason for the crisis of the welfare state in developed countries. In addition, the family structure changed, public expenditures, pension and health expenditures, and taxes increased, and economic growth decreased. The competitive power of the welfare state decreased due to the increase in expenditures made to ensure social welfare.
The welfare states, which are in search of a solution for the elimination of the financial pressures caused by the expenditures related to increased prosperity, have entered into a restructuring process. In the process of restructuring and surviving, the financial pressure was tried to be eased through the privatization of the retirement system, raising the retirement age, and increasing the premiums.
During the restructuring process, the privatization initiatives were accelerated by providing the social welfare service through local administrations at local level. There are many views on the future of the welfare state. Rightists who provide solutions to overcome the crisis argue that the neoliberal approach should be adopted, while leftists argue that neo-Keynesian approaches should be adopted. Based on the fact that the reason for the transformation in the welfare state is not just globalization, each state should develop policies and tools that are the most appropriate for its social structure to adapt it to the transformation process.
In fact, when we look at the practices of the welfare states in the world, it is possible to say that the effects of the crisis differ according to the level of development and welfare. Some of the welfare states continue to undertake initiatives to reduce public expenditures but they fail to satisfy the expectations especially because of the demographic structure.
It is impossible to reduce the health and retirement expenditures because of the increasingly aging population. Considering OECD data, it is seen that the activation efforts fail short to satisfy the expectations. On the other hand, it is seen that family and care support are not provided enough, and child poverty increases. Activation of practices is implemented by many countries.
It can be said that the time passed is not enough to give a decision whether the activation efforts have positive effects. However, it is clear that retirement and health expenditures will continue to increase due to the aging population. Inflation, tax, and public expenditures need to be reduced in order that the welfare state continues its existence and economic growth and increases its competitiveness. In Europe, where there is tradition of social solidarity, there is a tendency that the welfare state continues.
However, welfare services are still planned by the state, and many services are still provided by the state. Despite all these developments, it is possible to say that the welfare state has an active role on social policies and welfare states are resistant to the economic negativities experienced. In our opinion, reducing social expenditures should be the last resort in the reform initiatives of states to achieve growth in the future periods of transformation of the welfare state. The strategies to be established in this way should be determined in light of the following points: Not deviating from the goal of achieving ultimate welfare in the transferring of services to the private sector and preserving the regulatory, descriptive character of the state.
The Individual and the Welfare State: Life Histories in Europe
Making use of the increasing of voluntary organizations and local governments with regard to the provision of social services. Lans Bovenberg. Low Fertility, Institutions, and their Policies. Ronald R. Reforming Long-term Care in Europe. Joan Costa-Font.
Social Welfare
Social Stratification. Roxanne Connelly. Caring for Mental Health in the Future. Social Economics. Measuring the Global Shadow Economy. Colin C. Family Poverty in Diverse Contexts. Anne Broussard. Population Issues. Pearl A. Social Exclusion. Giuliana Parodi. The Demography of Health and Healthcare. Louis G. Youth and the Crisis Open Access. Gianluigi Coppola. Delaying Retirement. Health Care Provision and Patient Mobility. Rosella Levaggi.
Varieties of Aging. George L. Dealing with the financial crisis. Francesca Eleuteri. Health Economics and Policy. Victor R Fuchs. Advances in Happiness Research. Toshiaki Tachibanaki.
Sitaatteja vuodessa
Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics. Powell Lawton. Old Age In Europe. Kathrin Komp. Transitions to Adulthood in Europe. Erik Klijzing. Young People and the Labour Market. Floro Ernesto Caroleo. Beyond Obamacare. James S. Indicators and Trends in Health and Health Care. Detlef Schwefel. Age And Inequality. Angela O'rand. Growing Older Without Feeling Old. Rudi Westendorp. John C.
In this introduction, we sketch how cross-nationally comparative retrospective Accepted 26 October data can be fruitfully employed to better understand these links and the long-run effects of the welfare state at the same time. The eight studies in this special issue Life history data show that the multidisciplinary cross national approach of SHARELIFE allows a much more Welfare state detailed understanding of life histories in Europe than was possible before.
All rights reserved. Life courses in Europe and the welfare state as such knowledge will contribute to improved governance and evidence-based policy design. Here, a look in the rear- Work, health, and family are key determinants of our view mirror can enhance our grasp of individual behav- well-being e. It is well-known that to its key determinants e. The well-being of the people today and how especially, if it is possible to implement certain steps to it will change due to societal challenges can be fully mitigate or alter them.
Understanding the mechanisms understood only from an interdisciplinary life course through which policy interventions may be responsible for perspective Graham, , which takes the individual individual and country differences is of utmost importance and the societal level into account. On the individual level, we observe links between different domains across the entire life course: e. Brandt , MSchroeder diw. Conceptually, there are and political contexts. First and foremost, long term relations within and across different life course domains a links within life course domains from early to later have to be disentangled on an individual level.
Only then it e. Such contextual prise and a methodological challenge which is only differences are visible across countries, but also within possible when detailed comparative life course informa- countries over time. For example, adverse contextual tion exists. Welfare states may as well as to changes in the contextual environment. Again, we can differenti- they result in changes in various outcomes. The combination regulations, but also b on the labour market situation of a of all data collection efforts gives a detailed picture of the couple, which is also affected by how d different status of each individual in —, —, and maternity leave regulations might additionally change — plus a view across the entire life course in the labour market attachment of women, and consequent- ly also the division of labour within a household.
See www. It circumstances of older Europeans and the effect of welfare introduces eight innovative interdisciplinary studies based state interventions can only be understood from a life on the comparative SHARELIFE data. They explore some course perspective and not by comparing concurrent key connections between different domains of life and policies and outcomes e. Some interventions offset and others amplify each quences of involuntary job loss due to plant closures and other, and they may have cumulative effects over the life lay-offs controlling for early life conditions.
Second, SHARELIFE uses a multidisciplinary ap- such unemployment experiences lead to worse health proach that explicitly accounts for the interactions conditions more than 25 years later, and affect men and mentioned before, i. Morten Wahrendorf, David Blane, Mel domains such as health, employment and family histories. Bartley, Nico Dragano, and Johannes Siegrist analyse the These long-term interactions are crucial in creating link between working conditions in mid-life and mental different old age outcomes.
Third, we base our analyses health and depression in older ages based on the demand- on cross-national comparisons to take account of general control-support and the effort-reward imbalance model.
These women are on average periods of happiness. It allows detail. Housing wealth belongs to the most important assessing individual life courses and the effect of welfare non-pension assets of people aged 50 and over in Europe. The US Health and complementary roles. | https://ecejyredagij.ml/horror/the-individual-and-the-welfare-state-life-histories.php |
Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh addressed the inaugural session of the Conference of State Ministers of Welfare and Social Justice on June 17. Speaking on the occasion, Dr. Singh said ensuring equitable development of all sections of society, particularly the weaker sections, was central to the Government’s agenda of inclusive growth. Minister for Social Justice and Empowerment, Mukul Wasnik, gave the Welcome Speech, and Minister of State for Social Justice and Empowerment, D. Napoleon, delivered the vote of thanks.
“I am very happy to be in your midst today at the inaugural session of the Conference of State Ministers of Welfare, Social Justice and Empowerment. Ensuring equitable development of all sections of society, particularly the weaker sections, is central to the Government’s agenda of inclusive growth.
Committees at the state and district levels are held regularly. I have written on this subject to all the Chief Ministers. I do hope that the State Welfare Ministers will solemnly implement the letter and spirit of these Acts. At the same time, I invite you to take full advantage of central assistance which is available for this purpose, and which includes setting up of larger number of exclusive special courts for speedy trial of such offences.
One of the darkest blots on our development process is the fact that even after 64 years of independence, we still have the heinous practice of manual scavenging. Today, I would like you to pledge that this scourge will be eliminated from every corner of our country in the next six months.
The Ministry of Home Affairs’ recent advisories that employing a person of scheduled caste or scheduled tribe as a manual scavenger to carry human excreta would be punishable under Section 3 of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act is a strong and prohibitive instrument in your hands.
The Post-Matric Scholarship Scheme for scheduled caste students was revised in July, 2010. Education, health-care, and skill development are the three very important requisites of empowering disadvantaged sections of our community. And therefore, great importance is attached to the provision of scholarships.
Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee has stressed on the need to sustain and pursue the efforts currently underway to reform the international and national policy regimes for better managing the forces of globalisation, in serving the collective well-being of the people. He was speaking after inaugurating the National Banking Conclave organised by ASSOCHAM on the theme “Challenges and opportunities in a Trillion Dollar Economy” on June 17 in New Delhi.
Finance Minister Mukherjee said that India had been more fortunate in surviving the global crisis and the economic slowdown of 2008 without major disruptions. “Our major challenge in the short-term is inflation, which has implications of sustaining our growth momentum,” he said.
Mukherjee stated that in the past few weeks the government had taken measures to address inflation concerns. The monetary policy had been gradually tightened and at the same time new initiatives were announced in the Budget to address some of the bottlenecks in the food supply chain that were behind the inflationary spikes in 2010- 11. He expressed hope that India should be able to repeat the growth performance of 2010-11 in 2011-12 as well.
The Finance Minister said that the mediumterm growth prospects of the economy remained buoyant. He stated that the country needed to aim at a GDP growth of 9 to 9.5 percent for the twelfth Five-Year Plan period. Mukherjee said that the government was in the process of deepening policy reforms in the financial sector and addressing gaps in the overall economic regulatory architecture.
In the Budget proposals for 2011-12, a significant legislative agenda for the financial sector was outlined. | http://www.iptu.co.uk/content/india_trade_visa_digest_-14july2011.asp |
This Demography Essay example is published for educational and informational purposes only. If you need a custom essay or research paper on this topic, please use our writing services. EssayEmpire.com offers reliable custom essay writing services that can help you to receive high grades and impress your professors with the quality of each essay or research paper you hand in.
What is Demography?
Demography is the scientific study of human population and its processes, such as fertility, mortality, and migration, and how these factors change over time and affect population size, growth, structure and composition, and the natural environment. The field of demography typically has been organized in terms of two strands of scholarship: formal and social demography.
Sources of Demographic Information
One source of demographic information is a census, which provides a count of the number of people in a given area at a given point in time. Another source is a vital register, which documents population events, such as births, deaths, marriages, and divorce. Sample surveys provide information helpful for assessing population events in the context of broader social and economic change.
Demographic Perspectives: Theories of Population Change
In one of the earliest theories of population change, Malthus (1798) argued that the world would expand at a rate that could not be supported by the environment. Demographic evidence today indicates that this has not happened and the global society makes food at a tempo far above Malthus’s original projections (Weeks 2004).
More than a century after Malthus, the theory of demographic transition emerged. The basic premise is that societies move through three stages of population growth: (1) a period of high mortality and fertility; (2) a period of mortality decline as the standard of living improved; and (3) a final stage when fertility declined.
The subtle assumption of demographic transition theory was that economic development created the preconditions for declines in mortality and fertility. Evidence from the European Fertility Project (Coale 1973) indicated a high level of regional variation in when fertility declined, suggesting that economic development was not enough to explain change in population growth. As a result, a series of reformulations emerged. Some argued that ideational components giving meaning to the costs and benefits of children were important. Similarly, Caldwell (1976) argued that fertility would not decline until the flow of wealth, which had been from children to parents, was reversed. In response to the baby boom birth cohort of the 1950s and 1960s, Robert Easterlin (1978) argued that economic well-being was important in explaining fertility declines. Individuals will marry earlier and have higher birth rates if they can achieve a level of economic well-being similar to their parents’. If it is more difficult to achieve a standard of living similar to what was experienced as a child, individuals will delay marriage and childbearing.
Recent demographic trends suggest a deceleration in population growth on a global scale due to widespread declines in fertility. Some argue that these demographic changes characterize a ”second demographic transition,” also described in three stages (Lesthaeghe 1995). The first stage (1955— 70), is marked by acceleration in divorce rates and an increase in the age of marriage. Increases in cohabitation and childbearing outside of marriage characterized the second stage (1975—80). In the third stage (mid-1980s and onwards), divorce rates flattened, cohabitation largely replaced remarriage, and delays in fertility were recouped after age 30. These changes are attributed to increasing individual autonomy and gender symmetry and a greater focus on the relationship between adult partners than in the past.
Many of the original theories, however, focused on developed countries. Yet, research revealed that the pace of transition was faster in developing than developed countries. Thus, other factors related to fertility behavior, such as control over family planning funds and the distribution of methods, and the diffusion of westernized family values, have been used to explain fertility decline in developing countries.
Bibliography:
- Caldwell, J. C. (1976) Toward a restatement of demographic transition theory. Population and Development Review 2: 321—66.
- Coale, A. J. (1973) The demographic transition. Proceedings of the IUSSP International Population Conference. Liege, pp. 53—71.
- Easterlin, R. (1978) What will 1984 be like? Socioeconomic implications of recent twists in age structure. Demography 15: 397—432.
- Lesthaeghe, R. (1995) The second demographic transition in Western countries: an interpretation. In: Mason, K. & Jensen, A. (eds.), Gender and Family Change in Industrialized Countries. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 17—62.
- Malthus, T. (1798). An Essay on the Principle of Population. J. Johnson, in St. Paul’s Church-Yard, London. Weeks, J. R. (2004) Population: an Introduction to Concepts and Issues. Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont, CA. | http://www.essayempire.com/examples/sociology/demography-essay/ |
AASA, The School Superintendents Association, in partnership with the Merck (MSD Inventing for Life) Foundation has developed a comprehensive toolkit for educational leaders to address the decline of vaccination rates of students resulting from the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Data suggest that the percentage of children receiving required vaccinations (i.e., the seven-vaccine regimen required for entrance to public education) has decreased by 14% during the pandemic and related school closures. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, “During the COVID-19 pandemic, children have missed routine well-child care and related vaccinations.
If [these] rates decline below levels to maintain herd immunity, dangerous outbreaks of preventable diseases could follow.” This toolkit is available to superintendents, school boards, executive staff, school-based administration and teachers, as well as families and community members. A major priority of this is to ensure that superintendents and other district leaders have the knowledge, skills, and resources to address this challenging national health issue. Key principles underlying this initiative include:
• Ensuring maximum distribution of the toolkit;
• Promoting cross-institutional partnerships and communities of practice (including school districts, schools, state and local governments, health agencies, and community advocacy groups) to implement toolkit-related recommendations and strategies;
• Disseminating vaccination rate updates and data; and
• Sustaining the work beyond the one-year grant-funding cycle to ensure growing levels of vaccination rates within communities and regions (especially those most severely impacted by scarcity of access to available health services).
A Message from Dan Domenech
Executive Director
AASA, The School Superintendents Association
We are at a crisis point in public education in the United States. Without question, our shared commitment to supporting the whole learner requires that in addition to students’ cognitive-academic growth, educators must also approach learning holistically and ensure that all students are safe, healthy, and perceive themselves as a viable part of the school’s learning community. To support that critically important goal, AASA is extremely
pleased to share with educational leaders our latest publication, “Addressing the Decline of Vaccination Rates of U.S. Students: A Toolkit for Educational Leaders.”
This toolkit is designed to provide practical guidance, recommendations, and resources to ensure that all
students receive vaccinations required for entry into school in a timely and efficient way. As the summary below will highlight, the recent pandemic has resulted in a troubling decline in vaccination rates, especially for minority and economically disadvantaged students. We sincerely hope that superintendents will be able to use the six modules in this new toolkit to increase understanding of the vaccination crisis, analyze its implications for your school or district, and use the rich range of resources as part of ongoing professional learning and parent, family, and community outreach. Thanks to each of you for your ongoing and tireless commitment to students and their well being.
Read the full message here. [PDF]
MODULE ONE
The Urgent Need for Catching Up—Understanding the Implications of Declines in Childhood Vaccination Rates Resulting from the COVID-19 Pandemic
This first module sets the tone and focus of the entire toolkit, reinforcing the urgent need to ensure that all students receive required vaccinations. It also sets the stage for vaccinations to be seen by educators and the public as an essential issue of equity. Module One addresses the impact of the pandemic upon students’ health, psychological development, academic performance, and attendance. It also includes an exploration of the long-range implications of the pandemic and related vaccination declines upon future academic growth and social-emotional well-being of members of the learning organization.
MODULE TWO
Strategies for District and School Leaders to Increase Staff Understanding of Lowered Vaccination Rates and Their Impact on the Learning Organization
It is essential that all staff members understand the significance of declining vaccination rates upon student growth and development, health and well-being, and academic progress. This priority is an essential one for district and school leaders, especially in light of the emergence of this unanticipated issue resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and related school closures. Therefore, this module will concentrate upon a range of ideas for professional engagement and learning, including ideas for workshops, study groups, action research, and communities of practice working on identified problems related to lowered vaccination rates.
MODULE THREE
Addressing the Needs of Parents and Families: How Can Leaders Engage
Them in Addressing Lowered Vaccination Rates?
This module will focus upon parents and families in general (i.e., the universal implications of lowered vaccination rates), emphasizing the critical importance of educational leaders engaging in outreach and information dissemination about declining vaccination rates among children. It is essential that parents and families are well informed about this crisis—and that they understand the services and resources available to them. The module will also explore the implications of declining vaccinations as an equity issue severely impacting certain demographic and economic groups in urban and rural areas where
access to medical care and facilities may be a major impediment to ensuring student health and well-being.
Download the Module Three [PDF]
MODULE FOUR
Building Cross-Institutional Partnerships to Develop and Sustain School & District-Level Vaccination Clinics
This module showcases the importance of building effective community partnerships as an essential component of addressing declining student vaccination rates. It emphasizes the major implications of such partnerships for addressing problems of practice in general—and the critical need for community representation in efforts to increase vaccination rates. The module emphasizes the power and significance of Communities of Practice as collaborative structures to identify and address significant problems of practice facing schools, districts, and regions. A major focus of this module is the critical importance of streamlining student and family access to vaccination clinics, including examples of state and district efforts to create school-based and community-centered vaccination and health service clinics.
DOWNLOAD THE MODULE FOUR [PDF}
MODULE FIVE
Communication and Engagement Strategies: Promoting Community and District Support in Increasing and Sustaining Student Vaccination Rates
This module extends and refines ideas and strategies presented in previous models related to community and district outreach and support. It provides a detailed set of recommendations concerning communication priorities and strategies as a district moves through the inevitable stages of change associated with developing and sustaining school-level vaccination clinic initiatives. The module organizes these ideas around four key phases: (a) Initial Program Design and Preliminary District and Community Outreach; (b) Development of Initial District- and School-Level Vaccination Clinics; (c) Scaling Up and Expanding Vaccination Initiatives and Programs; and (d) Ensuring Sustainability and Anticipating Future Vaccination Priorities and Needs.
DOWNLOAD THE MODULE FIVE [PDF]
MODULE SIX
From Getting Started to Sustaining the Journey: A Comprehensive
Planning Guide for Ensuring Vaccination Equity & Student/Family
Access to Vaccination-Related Health Services
This module provides a comprehensive planning guide for superintendents and other district leaders committed to ensuring vaccination equity. It provides suggestions and a planning grid for the four key phases of vaccination clinic development: (a) Initial Program Design and Staff/Family/Community Outreach; (b) Development of District- and/or School-Level Vaccination Clinics; (c) Scaling Up and
Expanding Vaccination Initiatives and Programs; and (d) Ensuring Sustainability and Anticipating Future Vaccination-Related Priorities and Needs. The planning matrix includes performance indicators
for each of the four phases of program implementation as well as space for indicating artifacts and deliverables, individuals responsible for leading each phase, data collection and evaluation of outcomes, and a timeline for each key component. | https://aasacentral.org/toolkit-vaccination/ |
Important: The POPLINE website will retire on September 1, 2019. Click here to read about the transition.
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1273088
Social studies and population education. Book One: man in his environment.
Freetown, Sierra Leone, Ministry of Education, 1984. 80 p. (UNFPA/UNESCO Project SIL/76/POI)The National Programme in Social Studies in Sierra Leone has created this text in social studies, with an emphasis on population education, for 2ndary school students. Unit 1, "Man's Origins, Development and Characteristics," covers traditional, religious and scientific explanations of man's origin; man's characteristics and the effects of these characteristics; and the beginnings of population growth and the characteristics of human population. In Unit 2, "Man's Environment," the word environment is defined and geographical concepts are introduced. Unit 3, "Man's Culture," defines institution and discusses family types, roles and cycles, as well as traditional ceremonies and cultural beliefs about family size. Unit 4, "Population and Resources," primarily deals with how the family meets its needs for food, shelter and clothing. It also covers the effects of population growth. Unit 5, "Communication in the Service of Man," discusses the means and growth of communication and collecting vital information about the population. The last unit defines global issues and discusses the interdependence of nations, issues affecting nations at the individual and world level, and the UN.
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Population and the family. Report of the Secretary-General.
In: The population debate: dimensions and perspectives. Papers of the World Population Conference, Bucharest, 1974. Volume I. New York, New York, United Nations, 1975. 124-54. (Population Studies, No. 57; ST/ESA/SER.A/57)The UN Secretary-General's state of the population and family message is an expansive discussion of many issues. There are some historical perspectives and definitions of family type, socioeconomic change, and demographic changes affecting the family. Population trends are given for family size, more and less developed regions, the family life cycle, and family structures. Policies in industrialized countries are examined with a focus on the nuclear family, new marriage patterns and the sociological implications, and political responses to population growth. Family policy is also viewed from within transitional societies: demographic characteristics; specific populations such as those in Latin America, India and Indonesia; economic and social change; nuclear and extended families; international migration and urban-rural differences; marriage age changes; educational impacts from population growth; health programs; and family planning. Some basic principles for population policies are outlined. Parents must have the right to determine freely and responsibly the number and spacing of their children. Children have a right to education, and parents to literacy. Women have an equal right to employment. Women have a right to choose their own marriage partners. Social policy in order to ensure the welfare of the family relies on social and economic services, including care for the aged. Market expansion and economic policy also impacts on the family through increasing participation of marginal workers especially women and should be sensitive to the well-being of the family. Population pressure will affect housing shortages and inefficiencies in social welfare, for example. Traditional societies are defined as those not affected yet by modernization. Regional illustrations are given for tropical Africa, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. The threshold hypothesis is advanced that even in traditional societies substantial mortality decline has occurred; the stages of demographic transition for specific countries has been shortened and inadequacy of data prevents a detailed estimation. Raising national and income/capita is seen as a goal of notional government. National governments have a responsibility to develop family and population policies. Human rights must be protected. The implications of growth patterns, the objectives of national policies, priorities, and universal criteria for a family policy are all discussed. | https://www.popline.org/apachesolr-angularjs-search/im_field_document_major_keywords%3A55225%20OR%20im_field_document_minor_keywords%3A55225?f%5B0%5D=im_field_document_major_keywords%3A54876&f%5B1%5D=im_field_document_major_keywords%3A54873 |
About This Network
Today, Americans are living 30 years longer than their ancestors did just four generations ago. Yet policymakers have been slow to recognize the implications of this unprecedented increase in longevity.
As a result, social institutions of all kinds – workplaces, communities, families, educational organizations, healthcare providers – have not yet adapted to the challenges and opportunities posed by America’s aging population. Nor is there any consensus over what successful adaptation might look like.
The mission of the MacArthur Foundation Network on an Aging Society, established in 2008, was to articulate an intellectual framework that can guide effective responses to the aging of America and to promote policy options that can help achieve this objective.
The network began by highlighting common myths about aging that prevent policymakers and the general public from understanding the true dimensions of the challenges that lie ahead. In particular, it stressed that demographic shifts changing structure of society will be permanent, not limited to the Baby Boomers getting older.
Research that documents the size and characteristics of the aging population of the future and how best to measure the costs and benefits associated with this population, was a priority. The network also examined the impact of technology on an aging society and how to keep older adults in the workforce longer.
Crafting a theory of social adaptation to aging entailed elucidating key values. The goal put forth by the network was a society characterized by intergenerational cohesion rather than conflict, where resources are distributed across age groups and where the opportunity to be engaged and productive is enhanced over the entire life course.
Also, the network emphasized that there are many potential benefits associated with a larger, older population of adults with substantial experience, skills, knowledge, and problem-solving ability. These benefits have received little serious attention and need to be balanced against legitimate concerns over the cost of entitlement programs such as Medicare and Social Security.
Going forward, the network will focused on three key themes:
Intergenerational relations
How can older people best be integrated in the broader society? How can connections between young people, people in middle age, and people of advanced age be enhanced and social cohesion promoted?
Roles and responsibilities
If people are to remain productive and engaged over the course of their lives, including in older age, what does this mean for education, work, retirement, civic engagement, and other facets of social life?
Diversity and inequalities
Will the society of the future be one of aging “haves” and “have nots”? If there are sharp inequalities in the experience of aging defined by socioeconomic status, what are the implications? Will an increasingly diverse younger and middle aged population be willing to support a white older population, or will social tensions arise over generational differences?
Network products included briefs outlining policy options in six major areas: family issues, housing, health care, human capital (education, learning), productivity (work, retirement and volunteerism) and social cohesion (promoting connections between and within generations).
Drawing from the example of the environmental movement, the network suggested that all proposed policies in this arena undergo an “aging society impact study” to explain their potential impact in detail.
Key Research
2011
Is intergenerational cohesion falling apart in old Europe?
2011
Researchers: Boersch-Supan, A, Heller, G, and Reil-Held, A.
This paper examines whether the growth of aging populations in Europe is associated with a higher prevalence of conflict between young and old people. It found no clear or consistent relationship between the concentration of old people in a given area and the extent of such conflict. Fears that older adults will exploit the young are “inappropriate,” the authors write.
Successful Societal Adaptation to the Aging of America
2011
Researcher: Rowe, J. W.
This paper argues that adapting successfully to an aging population requires a broad new perspective that embraces opportunities as well as challenges. Substantial social benefits can come from older people with experience, wisdom, and problem-solving skills, and these need to be fostered and developed. Attention should be paid to strengthening the ties between different age groups and investing in human development over the entire life course, not just during youth.
2010
Policies and politics for an aging America
February 2010
Researchers: Rowe J W et al.
This paper calls for new policies that strengthen the ability of core institutions – workplaces, educational institutions, families, communities – to adapt to an aging society. Policies should be implemented gradually and should help older people remain productive while also addressing the health and well-being of other generations, the authors argue.
2009
Aging in America in the 21st Century. Demographic Forecasts from the MacArthur Research Network on an Aging Society
December 2009
Researchers: Olshansky, S. Jay, D. Goldman, Y. Zheng and J. Rowe
This study modeled the impact of biomedical advances on life expectancy. It concluded that government agencies have underestimated American’s likely life expectancy in 2050 by 3.1 to 7.9 years. The economic consequences are enormous: total spending for Medicare and Social Security could climb $3.2 trillion to $8.3 trillion above current forecasts, based on these projections.
Facts and Fictions About an Aging America
Fall 2009
Researchers: Rowe, J.W. et al.
This paper examines seven myths about aging that interfere with policymakers’ ability to plan for the future. The aging of America is a permanent change in the structure of society, not a temporary shift driven by the Baby Boomers, the authors say. Also, contrary to popular belief, most people remain fit well into their later years and the welfare of young and old people is deeply intertwined. | https://www.macfound.org/networks/research-network-on-an-aging-society |
What is economic security for kids?
Family Economic Security
For children to thrive into adulthood, families need to be economically secure. This means parents need access to affordable housing, good jobs, community supports and the ability to invest in their children’s future.
What is economic security of a country?
The economic security paradigm revolves around a strong inclusive political system, a strong economy with robust industrial infrastructure, technology driven advancements with a strong institutional setup and an equitable judicious system ensuring delivery of services to the people at their doorstep.
What does economic mean in simple words?
Full Definition of economic
1a : of, relating to, or based on the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services economic growth. b : of or relating to an economy a group of economic advisers. c : of or relating to economics economic theories.
What are some examples of economic security?
Government economic security programs such as food assistance, housing subsidies, and working-family tax credits — which bolster income, help families afford basic needs, and keep millions of children above the poverty line — also have longer-term benefits, studies find: they help children to do better in school and …
What is economic security?
Economic security or financial security is the condition of having stable income or other resources to support a standard of living now and in the foreseeable future. It includes: probable continued solvency. predictability of the future cash flow of a person or other economic entity, such as a country.
What is economic security project?
The Economic Security Project (ESP) is a left-of-center initiative that advocates for the federal government to distribute “unconditional cash for Americans” through a universal basic income program.
What is economic security quizlet?
economic security (and predictability) assurance that goods and services will be available, payments will be made on time, and a safety net will protect individuals in times of economic disaster. economic equity. fair distribution of wealth.
What is the best definition of economic?
Economics is a social science concerned with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
What is economics and example?
Introduction to Economic Examples. … Economics is the study of how to use available resources to the optimum level. Economics studies various factors that affect society, the use of goods and services, the involvement of individuals, businesses, countries, and governments.
How do you explain economics?
Economics is the study of scarcity and its implications for the use of resources, production of goods and services, growth of production and welfare over time, and a great variety of other complex issues of vital concern to society. | https://fascofl.org/in-reality/what-is-economic-security-simple-words.html |
We discuss food security within the context of welfare economics. We review models of commodity price stabilization brought about by government storage, and/or the private sector. We use data on the stocks of major commodities to discuss the implications of storage models on food security.
Methodology/approach
The impact of storage on food security is discussed within the context of welfare economics.
Findings
Storage is not necessarily a solution to solving long-term world food problems. Also, at times in history, countries such as the United States have accumulated large stocks of commodities such as wheat, which turned out to be a costly policy.
Social implications
While food insecurity is a major issue worldwide, the solution does not entirely lie in governments being heavily involved in managing and owning food stocks. The private sector manages stocks as a part of commercial transactions. The government’s role is to provide food from stockholdings in times of emergency situations.
Purpose
This chapter examines whether donor investments in a market channel that rewards product quality increase food security in Rwanda. Specifically, do policy interventions that improve marketing channels increase the price received by farmers also increases smallholder income? Furthermore, does this increase in income improve food security?
Methodology/approach
To examine the effect of the policy intervention, we estimates the relationship between the share of income spent on food and income (Working’s Model) using ordinary least squares and a logit regression.
Findings
The empirical results support Working’s conjecture (i.e., the share of income spent on food declines as income increases). Furthermore, whether the household benefits from the improved market channel does not affect the share of income spent on food.
Practical implications
Increased household income appears to improve food security. However, the lack of a statistically significant effect of the policy intervention variable indicates that commercial agriculture does not eliminate household food production at home.
A Probabilistic Approach to Food Security
Purpose
We introduce a risk management framework to assess food security, which is interpreted as the probability of fatality or adverse health effects due to lack of food and which is a product of food availability, access, and vulnerability.
Methodology/approach
We derive cost-minimizing policies to achieve food security objectives by addressing availability, access, and vulnerability, and taking into account how randomness, uncertainty, and heterogeneity affect the system.
Findings
Ignoring key sources of variability, particularly heterogeneity, may lead to biases because food security policies require targeting the most vulnerable populations, which may each have unique features such as age, location, and health status. Establishing any policy solution requires making tough choices about policy criteria. Outcomes will differ when the criteria is to minimize overall risk or to minimize risk to the most vulnerable.
Social implications
Policies addressing food security crises should balance enhanced supply with targeting available food and the provision of emergency health services to vulnerable populations.
Purpose
The global demand for agricultural commodities may more than double in the second half of the twenty-first century. It has been suggested that rapidly growing world needs in food and agriculture can be met by expanding the acreage or cultivation of existing farmland. Because available land for farming is limited, about 90% of future production growth is expected to result from yield growth, with only 10% realized at the cost of acreage expansion.
Methodology/approach
In this chapter, we analyze the multitude of social benefits of modern agriculture. We also expand the traditional analysis of the return to research methodology by explicitly including environmental and other benefits of crop yield growth.
Findings
A key result of our analysis is that the environmental benefits of productivity growth far exceed the direct economic benefits to consumers and producers from an expansion of production. Hence, restricting analysis solely to price and quantity effects seriously underestimates the social benefits of modern agriculture.
Practical implications
The environmental benefits of yield growth in modern agriculture far exceed the traditional measure of social welfare.
Off-farm Labor Allocation, Income, and Food Consumption among Rural Farm Households in Transitional Albania
Purpose
We analyze the food security implications of off-farm labor reallocation decisions of rural farm households in transitional Albania. We accomplish this by examining local and nonlocal off-farm incomes for at-home food consumption expenditures.
Methodology/approach
An instrumental variable approach is employed to correct for endogeneity and censorship biases of off-farm income variables in a two-stage estimation of the food consumption expenditures.
Findings
We find that local off-farm income exerts a positive and significant effect on per capita food consumption expenditures of farm households, while private remittances from nonlocal off-farm income has the opposite effect on food consumption expenditures. In terms of regional heterogeneity, we discover that the mountain region spends significantly less on annual per capita food consumption compared to the central region. This confirms anecdotal evidence that food and nutrition insecurity in rural Albania is predominant in the mountain region.
Social implications
Our findings suggest the need for policy makers to promote a development agenda that enables farm households to exploit the synergies among the various income-generating activities in the rural economy. This spectrum of income-generating activities forms complex livelihood strategies adopted by rural farm households to improve and maintain their food security.
Originality/value
We distinguish between local and nonlocal sources of off-farm income. Knowing which off-farm income source(s) has the largest impact on household welfare through improved food security status should be of interest to policy makers.
Purpose
This chapter analyzes and discusses the food insecurity and malnutrition situation in Europe and Central Asia (ECA), with a strong focus on the Caucasus and Central Asian countries.
Methodology/approach
Authors use descriptive statistics to examine macro-level, sectoral-level, and household-level data from national and international sources to review production, trade, and consumption of food and agricultural products in the selected countries. Overall trends in economic growth and poverty reduction, constraints and bottlenecks in agricultural productivity growth, as well as policies that shape food security in the ECA region are analyzed.
Findings
While the countries that constitute the focus of this chapter have shown significant progress in alleviating food insecurity and extreme poverty, many risk factors remain, such as inadequate micronutrient intake, sub-optimal quality diets, growing obesity rates, and high dependence on food imports in a number of the ECA countries.
Practical implications
Based on the assessment of the food security situation in the ECA countries, the authors discuss government actions, including those emanating from various global initiatives, being implemented to reduce food insecurity and malnutrition.
Factors Affecting Adolescent Obesity in Urban China
Purpose
This chapter analyzes which factors influence adolescent obesity by separating nutritional factors of the food consumed from socioeconomic and demographic variables.
Methodology/approach
A general linear equation is utilized to model the results empirically. A descriptive analysis is also utilized to determine which foods adolescents consume.
Findings
The empirical results found that food at home and food away from home and calories have a similar positive influence on obesity as measured by body mass index (BMI). The evidence shows that mothers have a greater influence on adolescents’ BMI than do fathers.
Practical implications
The results offer insight on what factors may be attributed to obesity in urban China.
Sugar, Fat, or Protein: Are All Food Insecure Households Eating the Same? The Case of Small Rice Producers in Peru
Purpose
We examine the joint demand for components of a household’s diet diversity and its relationship with household and regional characteristics that embody diverse food access and utilization constraints within the framework of the dietary patterns of rice producers in Peru.
Methodology/approach
We use multivariate probit regression to account for the simultaneous nature of the choice of different dietary group components.
Findings
There are diverse food intake patterns for households, depending on their wealth, education, demographic structure, market access and geographic location, as well as past shocks. There are also several obesogenic foods that are complements to consumption, with milk being a strong substitute for some of them. Of particular concern is the high vulnerability of female-headed households to low consumption of micronutrient-rich foods as well as the high vulnerability of households with children to high consumption of beverages with added sugars. Climate shocks are also highly associated with poor diet quality.
Practical implications
Results show the important influence of trade on household nutrition and food security. They indicate that policy and program recommendations should focus on nutrition information (such as labeling requirements) and education so that consumers can make informed decisions. They also suggest that policy makers should focus on how to make healthy foods available during crises to prevent health issues after economic and climatic shocks.
Purpose
The CANAMEX Trade Corridor plays an important role in routing food supplies for fresh fruits, vegetables, fish, and meats in Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Over 400,000 trucks per annum travel this north-south corridor. Industries, consumers, and federal agencies cooperate to make sure food safety and food security works for all participants.
Methodology/approach
This chapter outlines the underlying factors in North American food supply efforts and highlights some of the disputes and settlements that constitute an important part of the North American food safety system.
Findings
Along the CANAMEX Trade Corridor cooperative efforts are being made by all three nations to improve the food safety and food security system for North America. Food safety and food security information is provided in three major languages (English, French, and Spanish) and in over 50 Native American languages.
Practical implications
The modal view of trade in the CANAMEX Trade Corridor shows that 75% of goods move by truck, 18% by rail, and 7% by air (United States Department of Transportation. (2001). US international trade and freight transportation trends. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation). As border security and food safety/security technology issues heighten, CANAMEX becomes increasingly important in NAFTA negotiations.
Impact of Remittance on Food Security in Bangladesh
Purpose
The purpose of this chapter is to assess the food security situation in Bangladesh based on 2011/2012 Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey data using two commonly measured food security indicators: Food Consumption Score (FCS) and Household Hunger Scale (HHS).
Methodology/approach
The dependent variable in the model is a categorical variable representing different scales of food security as obtained from the FCS and HHS indicators. These categorical variables are explained by annual remittances received by the households; the demographic characteristics (age, gender, literacy level, and occupation) of the household head; and total monthly income from agricultural and non-agricultural wages using ordered probit regression models.
Findings
Results indicated that remittances play an important role in improving the food security of households. Other significant variables in the model were income earned outside of the farm, male-operated household, and literacy. Increasing income from other than the agricultural sector significantly raises the probability of a household being food secure.
Practical implications
The Government of Bangladesh should make the agriculture sector stronger at all levels of the value chain. Additionally, providing income generation opportunities for households outside of the farm can be used as a diversification measure to achieve food security within the country.
Purpose
To determine the factors that motivate rural households to supply ganyu labor and to estimate its impact on food security.
Methodology/approach
Data from the 2010/2011 Malawi household survey were used. A probit model to evaluate the determinants of ganyu labor supply and a propensity score-matching estimator to assess its impact on food security were used.
Findings
Less educated males are more likely to supply ganyu labor. Ganyu labor supply increases with household size, while it decreases with the level of crop farming and size of land owned. Results from the average treatment effect indicate a positive and significant impact of ganyu labor participation on the number of meals consumed per day.
Practical implications
Ganyu labor participants in Malawi have better access to food as a result of cash income from ganyu. Government support mechanisms such as minimum wage regulations should consider the welfare of ganyu labor participants.
Purpose
To understand the political economy of export restrictions for grain commodities in Vietnam and India.
Methodology/approach
Two theoretical models were developed (one for each country) to analyze government policies for export restrictions in Vietnam and India based on price fluctuations. In Vietnam, there was one choice variable – export tariffs. In India, there were two choice variables – export tariffs and procurements. In both cases, the elite were assumed to maximize expected rents.
Findings
Export restrictions have become an important feature of trade policy in Vietnam and India and are unlikely to be eliminated in the foreseeable future because to do so would be costly both politically and economically to local elites. The impact of food price increases can be particularly large given the importance of loss aversion.
Practical implications
Understanding export restrictions as the outcome of a political-economic calculation is important because it suggests that efforts to limit export restrictions in countries like Vietnam and India are unlikely to be successful.
Food Security Policy at the Extreme of the Water-Energy-Food Nexus: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Purpose
This chapter considers food security in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from a global perspective within a water-energy-food nexus framework.
Methodology/approach
A general water-energy-food nexus framework is used to analyze the interplay of water scarcity, relative energy abundance, and food production and consumption in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. We identify crucial considerations from the perspective of high food import dependency based on sourcing food to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia through food imports and foreign investments.
Findings
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has introduced major reforms to reduce the use of highly subsidized but very scarce water for domestic feed and food production. However, the country is now more vulnerable to increasing food demand in relation to high, volatile world market prices, particularly for cereals. Despite major reforms in agricultural production, the KSA government faces serious challenges.
Practical implications
Developing strategies to meet the KSA food security objectives is essential. The KSA government should push reform even further and revise its policy regarding forage crops to save scarce water resources. Furthermore, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia would benefit from a more extensive food security strategy in which food stocks and subsidies are complemented by in-kind and cash transfers.
The Role of Nudges in Reducing Food Waste
Purpose
Little work has directly addressed the potential to control food waste. This chapter focuses on behavioral nudges and their potential to reduce food waste and, in turn, implications for food security.
Methodology/approach
Key methodological and definitional challenges that must be met to make effective use of interventions to reduce food waste are examined. Chief among these challenges are determining welfare measures that are robust to the behavioral anomalies and apparently inconsistent preferences observed under behavioral interventions.
Findings
Targeted reductions in food waste can be significantly impacted by simple behavioral interventions either in institutional settings or within the home. Some evidence suggests that food waste is rampant not only in developed countries, but also among developing countries.
Practical implications
Our findings highlight the need to create a research program addressing the behavioral causes of food waste both in developed and developing country contexts.
Wastage in Food Value Chains in Developing Countries: Evidence from the Potato Sector in Asia
Purpose
Wastage and post-harvest losses in food value chains are becoming increasingly debated and policies are being increasingly designed to reduce food wastages. Despite its presumed importance, there is large variation in the importance and type of food losses and wastage. We identify the levels of food wastage at various levels of the potato food chain for three Asian countries.
Methodology/approach
Surveys were fielded to better measure the important variation between value chain agents, to capture wastage at each level, to analyze the structure of the value chain, and to evaluate wastage over the whole value chain (except for consumption). We generate data on an important staple in these countries and analyze the importance of waste in domestic rural-urban food value chains, often the most important value chain in these countries.
Findings
We find total quantities of potatoes wasted are equal to 5.2% in the harvest period and 6.4% in the off-season of all quantities that enter the value chain for Bangladesh. Even lower numbers are obtained in India (3.2% and 3.3%, respectively). These wastage levels are higher in China, possibly because of the significantly longer distances that potatoes are shipped.
Practical implications
The use of cold storage facilities can minimize the level of wastage in the potato distribution chain. Studies of this type of storage for other countries and commodities can identify opportunities in which adoption of cold storage can provide the greatest contributions toward the elimination of food wastage. | https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/doi/10.1108/S1574-8715201616 |
Social and Economic Inclusion
The welfare system that lies at the heart of the European social model should protect and promote the economic and social well-being of all its citizens. In reality however, young people face many barriers that prevent them from fully enjoying the social rights that allow them to live with dignity and free from poverty. The European Youth Forum works at the European level to help young people realise these rights, by advocating for policies that improve young people’s access to social protection, quality jobs, and other rights like housing and access to mental health services.
Young people’s social and economic inclusion has become an important priority for the European Youth Forum and its Member Organisations over the last decade. Many of the challenges young people face today are a direct legacy of the 2008 financial and economic crisis which saw youth unemployment, poverty and social exclusion skyrocket across Europe. Since the crisis, young people are increasingly trapped in a cycle of precarious work that offers little stability or security, such as temporary work or unpaid internships. Moreover, discriminatory social welfare eligibility criteria penalise young people simply because of their age or limited work experience, preventing them from accessing certain benefits. Ensuring young people can access these social rights is crucial for allowing them to live independently and to support their inclusion into society.
Building on the lessons from the 2008 crisis, today we work to reverse the impacts of austerity measures and the relaxation of labour legislation that has allowed precarious work to proliferate among youth. At the same time we seek to address the impacts of emerging megatrends set to radically shift the way Europe’s labour markets and social welfare mechanism function. As the effects of globalisation, climate change, demographic changes, and technological advancements are changing the future of work, the European Youth Forum advocates for forward-looking, youth inclusive social and economic policies that ensure no young person is left behind.
Human Rights frameworks, on both a global and a European level, guarantee that social inclusion in its various aspects, is an inalienable and universal right of all people.
Nevertheless, over one in every four young Europeans is at risk of poverty and social exclusion. Social inclusion is about society ensuring the realisation of young people’s economic and social rights.
This includes the right to education, the right to decent work, the right to social protection, protection of and assistance to the family, the right to decent housing, to mental and physical health, and an adequate standard of living.
Key Policy Messages
The transition phase for young people from education to the labour market has become increasingly difficult. Youth are disproportionately affected by unemployment and face structural challenges in finding quality, stable employment, and to earn decent income. Young people need to be better supported when the increasingly infrequent ‘traditional’ route to autonomy – finishing education and finding a job – is not available.
Young people’s autonomy and inclusion is dependent foremost on their social background and the education they were able to receive, but also later on their access to a quality job. For this to occur, investment in job creation as well as policies that support employers in hiring young people are essential. But in the cases where young people are unemployed, a safety net must be ensured. Across most EU countries, young people are often unable to claim unemployment benefits, as their limited work history means they are ineligible for contribution based systems. As a consequence, unemployed young people have to rely on minimum income which – when such assistance exists – tends to be with age-based exceptions or in reduced amounts for youth compared to the rest of the adult population.
The European Youth Forum therefore advocates for public investment in inclusive and tailored services to support young people’s transition from education to the labour market, through schemes such as the Youth Guarantee. Introduced in 2013 in response to very high youth unemployment rates in the EU, the Youth Guarantee aims to ensure that all young people receive an offer of employment, education or training within 4 months of becoming unemployed or leaving school. The European Youth Forum advocates to ensure that support under the Youth Guarantee reaches those who need it most, that youth organisations are meaningfully involved in its management and that offers provided under the Youth Guarantee are of good quality.
Key Policy Messages
The youth unemployment boom following the 2008 financial and economic crisis has had a profound effect on young people and the societies in which they live. Young people are experiencing increased levels of poverty and social exclusion, the highest, in fact, of any age group in Europe, and there is a widening economic gap between older and younger generations.
Since the onset of the 2008 crisis, access to the labour market has become more difficult for young people as investment in entry-level job creation has decreased. As a result of the long term impacts of austerity measures and the relaxation of labour standards to stimulate employment after the crisis, the availability of stable, quality jobs with adequate wages, access to social protection, or even basic workers rights like paid sick leave for young workers has also significantly diminished. The right to decent work and protection against unemployment are fundamental human rights. Being able to find quality work is essential for young people to participate fully in society, ensure autonomy and to avoid the pitfalls of poverty and social exclusion.
Although there is increasing focus on the fact that there are so many unemployed young people in Europe, far less attention is given to the fact that young people are more likely to be in low-quality and precarious jobs even when they find work. Nearly 50% of young people in 2019 were in temporary forms of work for example. Moreover, many young people across Europe experience earning a youth minimum wage, a form of age-based discrimination that violates their rights to equal pay for equal work. The proliferation of precarious work among youth not only affects their economic security, it also has severe implications for their housing security, mental health, and wellbeing. The position of the Youth Forum is clear: young people in Europe have the right to quality and stable employment.
Key Policy Messages
Internships have become increasingly common in the last few decades, offering learning opportunities in the workplace for young people like more traditional apprenticeships. However, too often internships and apprenticeships provide poor working conditions with low or no pay and limited learning content. They can also lead to the replacement of quality entry level jobs for young people and there is a risk that young people become trapped in these positions, unable to find a permanent job.
The European Youth Forum has therefore campaigned for quality internships and apprenticeships for over a decade, including through the adoption of the European quality charter on internships & apprenticeships, calling on all the providers of internships and apprenticeships to commit to quality standards and to apply a clear and coherent code of conduct. By working with partners, the European Youth Forum has been able to encourage organisations and institutions like the European Parliament to ban unpaid internships and ensure they provide good working conditions to interns.
Key Policy Messages
Four global megatrends are beginning to transform the world of work and shift its role and value in our lives: globalisation, the climate crisis, demographic changes and technological advancements. These changes bring with them new challenges and emerging questions on topics such as social protection, labour rights and the organisation of work in society.
For example, advancements in digitalisation, robotisation, and automation are taking place at an unprecedented rate, leading to a “Fourth Industrial Revolution”. As technology begins to replace humans in performing certain tasks, millions of jobs risk disappearing. It is currently unclear whether new technology will create as many new jobs as it will destroy. It is estimated that 20-40% of jobs specifically undertaken by young people will no longer be performed by humans in the future. Therefore, job scarcity and worker displacement are likely to grow, particularly among youth, while competition over a limited set of jobs and poorer working conditions increases.
The future of work will bring significant challenges but managing them is not impossible. Youth-specific, inclusive and forward-looking policy interventions are crucial to ensure that young people are not left behind. Policies must consider the changing role and value of work in our lives and what young people want these to be. Young people’s vision for work is underpinned by certain key values such as the right of every person to an income, the importance of work-life balance, having a fulfilling job, and the ability to contribute to society in ways other than through employment. | https://tools.youthforum.org/policy-library/social-and-economic-inclusion/ |
OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers
Selected studies on various food, agriculture and fisheries issues from the OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate.
NB. No. 1 to No. 58 were released under the previous series title OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Working Papers.
English
- ISSN: 18156797 (online)
- https://doi.org/10.1787/18156797
The Implications of Agricultural Trade and Market Developments for Food Security
Reducing hunger and undernourishment is a global priority and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have the ambitious target of eradicating hunger entirely by 2030. Using the OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook to 2024, this paper provides projections on the availability of calories at the national level, for the number of persons undernourished, and for the proportion of undernourishment (PoU) that are consistent with the market projections of the Outlook’s baseline. It also considers the impact on undernourishment of four alternative scenarios: faster income growth relative to the baseline in developing countries; stronger growth in agricultural productivity; a combination of a faster income growth with a stronger productivity growth; and finally a more equitable access to available food supplies. Under the baseline, the global PoU is projected to fall from 11% to 8% over ten years, with Latin America as a whole dipping under the 5% threshold at which the FAO considers hunger to be effectively eradicated. The PoU falls from 12% to 8% in Asia and the Pacific and from 23% to 19% in Sub-Saharan Africa. The global total of undernourished people declines from 788 million to 636 million. The number of undernourished individuals fall the most in Asia. Higher income growth or more productive agriculture removes more people from the ranks of the undernourished, but in most cases, more equitable access to food leads to the biggest reductions. The analysis confirms that it is not lack of available food that is the fundamental problem, but rather effective access to that food. Trade plays an increasing role in ensuring national food availability for many countries.
English
Keywords: scenarios, sustainable development goals millennium, Prevalence of undernourishment, food security, development goals, hunger
JEL: Q10: Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics / Agriculture / Agriculture: General; O13: Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth / Economic Development / Economic Development: Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Other Primary Products; Q18: Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics / Agriculture / Agricultural Policy; Food Policy; I31: Health, Education, and Welfare / Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty / General Welfare; Well-Being
- Click to access: | https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/agriculture-and-food/the-implications-of-agricultural-trade-and-market-developments-for-food-security_5jlr579rkqwk-en |
Discuss the implications for the family
Implications for policy and practice to relate the findings presented here to practice and policy, it is first important to understand a few issues related to the current state of the child welfare system. Present the main findings, we also discuss the data sources used in the research highlighting ways of improvements to fu-depth knowledge on gender and family developments rther in a detailed discussion of policy implications with regard to labour market policies, education. If you are considering transferring real estate to a family member and are still unclear on how the tax implications might affect you or them, call the accountants at acosta tax & advisory, pa to discuss further details. Family members from different generations often have different ideas about life in the family and what it should be like we use the term cohort when we are talking about society instead of the family. Family dysfunction can be any condition that interferes with healthy family functioning most families have some periods of time where functioning is impaired by stressful circumstances (death in the family, a parent's serious illness, etc.
The pre-eminent family unit of the mid-20th century—mom, dad and the kids—no longer has the stage to itself a variety of new arrangements have emerged, giving rise to a broader and evolving definition of what constitutes a family. The paper provides a brief overview of the research literature on the impacts of family structure and family change on child outcomes, with a particular focus on parental separation it takes as a starting point the existence of pervasive associations between family change and child outcomes and addresses a range of issues that are examined in the research literature. The wave of gender and culture in the tapestry of a family therapy training program: promoting social justice in the practice of family therapy journal of feminist family therapy, 12, 1-31. Family systems theory the family systems theory is a theory introduced by dr murray bowen that suggests that individuals cannot be understood in isolation from one another, but rather as a part of their family, as the family is an emotional unit.
But just as extended family can strengthen protective factors leading to resilience in children exposed to family violence, so the tolerance of violence by the surrounding community (including the media) plays a role in how negatively children are affected by violence in the home. Module 1: family dynamics and health family dynamics significantly impact health in both positive and negative ways having a close-knit and supportive family provides emotional support, economic well-being, and increases overall health. Family-centered care is based on the “belief that patients and their families should participate in decisions related to their own health care” 22 (p625) in family-centered care, a patient’s family is an essential element in the patient’s well-being 3, 5, 22, 23 and helps protect and support that well-being. 21 family structure, childbearing, and parental employment: implications for the level and trend in poverty maria cancian and deborah reed maria cancian is professor of public affairs and social.
Discuss controversial, ill-structured issues with students throughout their educational activities, and make available resources that show the factual basis and lines of reasoning for several perspectives. However, family members may migrate to other areas seeking education, employment and other opportunities this often reduces the number of family members or paid caregivers available to provide care for rural elders. Discuss the implications of the common standards of maternal and child health nursing and the health goals for the nation for ma- • maternal and child health nursing is family-centered assessment data must include a family and individual assessment. The hiv/aids pandemic and its gender implications report of the expert group meeting windhoek, namibia, 13 - 17 november 2000 rehabilitation, from the family to health care institutions.
Discuss the implications for the family
Family planning is one of the 10 great public health achievements of the 20th century1 the availability of family planning services allows individuals to achieve desired birth spacing and family size, and contributes to improved health outcomes for infants, children, women, and families1, 2, 3. Us department of health and human services identifying successful families: an overview of constructs and selected measures maria krysan, kristin a moore, we will discuss component constructs and describe how they manifest themselves in successful families schumm's model of family strengths has a number of implications for. Asteraceae or compositae (commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family) is a very large and widespread family of flowering plants (angiospermae) the family currently has 32,913 accepted species names, in 1,911 genera ( list ) and 13 subfamilies [7. The definition of family dynamics by s grey june 13, 2017 s grey s grey has a master of science in counseling psychology from the university of central arkansas he is also pursuing a phd and has a love for psychology, comic books and social justice he has been published in a text on social psychology and regularly presents research at.
Discuss implications of social change and diversity mla format some of the ramifications of social change in the united states include the social structure of the family such as an influx of women into the workplace, same-sex marriage, an increased number of interracial marriages, online dating, and an increase in the number of children born. 6 university of utah medical group suggested citation: farrell t, tomoaia-cotisel a, scammon d, day j, day r, magill m care management: implications for medical practice, health policy, and health services research. Eastern arizona college - 6 - home, school, and community relations equal opportunity employer and educator d discuss corporate involvement in family, education, and child care issues. The concept of the family: demographic and genealogical perspectives by charles b nam center for demography and population health, florida state university family definitional implications a scan of the chart shows important differences in family composition according to the various definitions.
The goal of family life education is to teach and foster this knowledge and these skills to enable individuals and families to function optimally family life education professionals consider societal issues — economics, education, work-family issues, parenting, sexuality, gender and more — within the context of the family. Be responsible in fulfilling family roles families that function well have members who take their roles seriously and do their best to fulfill their duties members who fail to take their roles seriously, or who refuse to carry out their roles, can create significant problems for the entire family. The family room represents the level of interacting that is appropriate to the family but not necessarily to others outside of the family system family jokes, stories, traditions, and other appropriate interactions occur in this room. | http://buhomeworkyyua.soalmatematika.info/discuss-the-implications-for-the-family.html |
Concerns for health equity have found entry into social policy discussions in Canada at both the national and provincial levels of government. The concept of health equity focuses attention on the distribution of resources and processes that drive systematic inequality in health status between more and less advantaged social groups (Braveman & Gruskin, 2003). There is a growing consensus that a central element of any strategy to reduce existing health inequities must focus on improving the distribution of social determinants of health (SDHs), such as adequate housing and income, secure employment opportunities, affordable education and health care and other social protection measures in which government programs play a central role (Raphael, 2013). Ontario, Canada's most populous province, is notionally committed to reducing health inequities, and before the onset of the global financial crisis in 2008 was in the process of improving social protection measures. However, in the wake of the crisis and the deep recession that followed it, Ontario has come under immense pressure to return to a balanced budget and initiated cut backs in social service provision.
In light of persistent deficits, historically high debt, and the precarious state of the global economy, the government's recently commissioned report on the reform of Ontario's public services recommended substantial cuts to the rate of government spending (Commission on the Reform of Ontario's Public Services, 2012). Such cuts, especially in areas such as housing, social assistance and employment, will have negative health equity implications as they disproportionately affect many social determinants of health affecting citizens in the bottom half of the socioeconomic gradient (Commission on Social Determinants of Health, 2008b; Ruckert, 2012), who have already seen their income share of economic growth fall in both absolute and relative terms since the mid-1990s (Yalnizyan & Schrecker, 2010). Although the Ontario government recently acknowledged the need to re-examine various revenue tools, to date, there has been little historical analysis of the structural changes made to revenue sources or acknowledgment of the need to re-examine the revenue side of government activity in addressing fiscal imbalances (noting that increasing taxation was explicitly excluded from the mandate of the 2012 Ontario government report on reform of public services).
This article begins with a discussion of how Ontario's revenue decline is part of a larger macrostructural process of transformation, the globalization of the world economy and the ascendancy of neoliberal policy solutions. It next interrogates changes to the Ontario taxation system, especially during the deepening of neoliberal policies in the province (post 1990), to provide historical context to the current state of the provincial treasury. It focuses particularly on income, sales, and corporate income tax, which comprise the majority of revenue generated through taxation. The decline in government revenue is then linked to three key pathways affecting the distribution of social determinants of health: social assistance, labour market policy, and housing investments. We conclude by suggesting that, if policy-makers are serious about promoting health equity, new revenue streams will have to be found, and austerity measures will need to be abandoned in favour of more equitable revenue generation. To this end, we briefly probe the plausibility of alternative tax structure scenarios and their potential for financing social programs that address health equity. We finally propose some alternative social policy and program options that could contribute to rebuilding the welfare state in Ontario, with directly beneficial consequences for health equity. | https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-3928331161/equity-in-times-of-austerity-ontario-s-revenue-crisis |
The AWA project focuses on the measurement and analysis of wellbeing from a life course perspective. A comprehensive range of wellbeing measures is used for this purpose, including measures of the economic situation of people, exposure to stress and time pressure as well as measures of happiness and health status. The aim of the project is to identify the specific needs and wants at each life stage. With this knowledge, we gain a better understanding of the way societal institutions can adapt to be sustainable under demographic change and at the same time serve the people in the best possible way.
The project started on 01.03.2017.
What kind of impact on the society is expected?
The project contributes to the discussions how intergenerational transfers and the welfare system can be adapted to ageing populations. While the current discussion focuses on the sustainability of the current system, AWA focuses on how the transfer system should be designed to serve the people in the best possible way.
Which phase of your project are you at the moment?
We started to work on WP1, the economic wellbeing indicators. Our work focuses so far on disposable income, consumption and subjective economic wellbeing.
We also acquired micro-data from the latest Italian Time Use Survey (2013/4) and started to work on WP2 by analyzing the new information contained on the subjective perception of the use of time. Additionally, our current research focuses on understanding the implications of the recent economic crisis on time structures of men and women over the lifecourse.
We furthermore have started to explore particular issues such as loneliness of the elderly, the impact of the diversities in activities and the well-being in nursing homes.
Did you already get any preliminary results?
We carried out a first, descriptive analysis of economic wellbeing indicators over the life course for 28 European countries using EU-SILC data from 2015. Among the indicators are disposable household income and an indicator of subjective economic wellbeing that is based on the question how easy it is for the household to make ends meet. Our preliminary results are based on an exploratory data analysis as well as a basic ordered logit regression analysis.
We also built NTTA for Italy for three years before, during and after the begin of the economic crisis (2002, 2008 and 2013). We carried out preliminary analysis of the age and gender specific use of time in the pre-recessionary and recessionary period, with a particular focus on leisure inequality.
We have furthermore provided a systematic review and new analysis of the well-known U-shape between subjective well-being and age.
Could you summarize these results?
Subjective economic wellbeing is strongly related with the overall income level in a country. However, there are large cross-country differences not only in the level of subjective economic wellbeing, but also in the age-pattern. While in some countries economic wellbeing increases in old age, in other countries we find exactly the opposite. To investigate this pattern further we plan to implement a multilevel regression model.
We have furthermore found that partnership plays a crucial role in well-being in mid-age.
Are the results in line with your a priori expectation?
We have hypothesized that objective and subjective economic wellbeing would show different pattern over the life course as well as across countries. Hence, the results are in line with our expectations.
Did your project receive some external feedback (from possible stakeholder, national journals, etc…)?
We have not yet received external feedback, but we had already our first internal workshop in Vienna in September where all groups (the Austrian, French and Italian team) have presented their preliminary results and we discussed further steps and collaborations between the three teams.
What are the phases planned for the immediate future?
Generation and comparison of economic wellbeing measures.
Based on Italian microdata, we aim at decomposing changes that occurred in the age and gender specific use of time over the 2002-2013 period to isolate the effect of the economic crisis.
We furthermore will pursue the investigations described in 3.
Download the project’s brochure.
Download the project’s conference poster. | https://www.jp-demographic.eu/calls/projects/agewellaccounts-jtc2016/ |
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Life Span: Parenting
Daphne S. Cain and Terri Combs-Orme
Parenting is a key part of social-work practice and research, particularly in the child welfare arena. Despite significant research and theory in other disciplines about the importance of the parent–child relationship to the quality of parenting, the focus of social work appears to lie in narrow goals such as the prevention of abuse and child placement and to employ interventions that lack significant evidence of effectiveness. This entry summarizes social-work practice and research in the area of parenting and reviews the state of the art overall in research and knowledge about parenting.
Life Span: Oldest-Old and Advanced Old Age (After the Age 85)
Judith G. Gonyea
As a result of rising life expectancies, America’s older population is itself aging. The U.S. Census Bureau projections suggest that by the middle of the 21st century, more than 40% of Americans aged 65 and older can expect to live to at least the age of 90. Although the oldest-old is a diverse population, advanced old age is associated with a greater risk of experiencing economic hardship, disabling illnesses or health conditions, and social isolation. A growing public policy challenge will be ensuring the economic well-being, the health, and the dignity of society’s very oldest citizens.
Marriage and Domestic Partnership
Elaine M. Maccio
This entry briefly covers the history, demographics, research, clinical practice, diversity, debates, and trends surrounding marriage and domestic partnership in the United States. Who marries and why, when, and at what rate people marry is covered, as are some of the statistics behind alternatives to marriage, such as cohabitation, domestic partnership, and civil unions. It is beyond the scope of this entry to discuss in detail relationship dissolution and divorce, although information is provided insomuch as it relates to marriage and domestic partnership.
The ability to form close relationships with others is a crucial component of life span development. In fact, an inability to do so may be considered partial criteria for some types of mental disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Psychologist Erik Erikson (1980) theorized that young adults must master intimacy over isolation if they are to move successfully through his proposed stages of psychosocial development. Apart from these theoretical obligations, much of global society sanctions the forming of close relationships that it deems appropriate. Proms, engagements, weddings, and anniversary celebrations serve to socially reinforce (usually heterosexual) couplings and the norms surrounding acceptable relationships.
Marriage is the legal, and most often consensual, partnering of two persons of either sex. Domestic partnership can refer to any unrelated persons 18 years of age or older living together for a minimum specified period of time (for example, one year) and in a financially interdependent relationship. Both unmarried heterosexual couples and same-sex couples can apply for domestic partner status in those jurisdictions, companies, and institutions that recognize it. However, such distinction still falls short of the 1,138 federal benefits and protections afforded to legally married couples (U.S. General Accounting Office, 1997, 2004). For example, access to a partner's Social Security benefits, Medicaid and Medicare benefits, and veterans' pensions, and the exemption from gift and estate tax liabilities, are just a few of the laws mentioned in the U.S. Code that are affected by marital status. Only marriage offers couples such entitlements; civil unions, a proposed substitute for same-sex marriage and available in only a handful of states, afford no federal benefits and protections.
Maternal and Child Health
Valire Carr Copeland and Daniel Hyung Jik Lee
Social reform efforts of the settlement-house movement have provided, in part, the foundation for today’s Maternal and Child Health Bureau’s policies, programs, and services. Planning, implementing, and evaluating policies and programs that affect the health and well-being of mothers and children require a multidisciplinary approach. Social workers, whose skills encompass direct services, advocacy, planning and research, community development, and administration, have a critical role to play in improving the health outcomes of maternal and child populations.
Medical Illness
Charles L. Robbins
The distribution of illness and its impact are not random occurrences. Social workers can prevent illness through education and behavioral change as well as mitigate its impact once it does occur, and social workers should be knowledgeable about illness and the health status of the people with whom they work. As advocates for our clients, it is important that we pursue policies and programs that address the inadequacies and injustices in health care. To accomplish this, we must be prepared with the necessary knowledge.
Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence
Larry W. Bennett and Oliver J. Williams
Perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV) use coercive actions toward intimate or formerly intimate partners, including emotional abuse, stalking, threats, physical violence, or rape. The lifetime prevalence of IPV is 35% for women and 28% for men, with at an estimated economic cost of over ten billion dollars. IPV occurs in all demographic sectors of society, but higher frequencies of IPV perpetration are found among people who are younger and who have lower income and less education. Similar proportions of men and women use IPV, but when the effects of partner abuse are considered, women bear the greatest physical and behavioral health burden. Single-explanation causes for IPV such as substance abuse, patriarchy, and personality disorders are sometimes preferred by practitioners, advocates, and policymakers, but an understanding of IPV perpetration is enhanced when we look through the multiple lenses of culture and society, relationship, and psychological characteristics of the perpetrators.
Pregnant and Parenting Adolescents
Cynthia Franklin and Melissa Reeder
Adolescent parenthood continues to be a public health concern despite the fact that the numbers of adolescent births have been declining over the past decade. The United States ranks number one in adolescent pregnancies out of all the industrialized nations. While reducing the number of adolescent pregnancies is important, supporting those who do become young parents is equally vital and an important concern for social workers. This chapter covers the demographics of adolescent parents as well as the risk and protective factors associated with adolescent pregnancy and parenthood. In addition, it reviews the current state of program development and the need for additional research and evaluation.
Reproductive Health
Marjorie R. Sable and Patricia J. Kelly
Reproductive health includes family planning, prenatal care, and the broader scope of primary care. Because a woman's health status at conception is as important as prenatal care, genetic screening and 20th century medical technology, reproductive health includes “the preconceptual and interconceptual periods and the menopause, and finally, not only reproductive tract problems but the wide range of risk factors that influence a woman's health in general.” Quantitative indicators of reproductive outcomes are useful for summarizing progress in reproductive health. Important indicators are discussed and reveal significant racial disparities.
Sexual Assault
Judy L. Postmus
Sexual assault or rape affects millions of women and men in the United States; however, it is only in the last 30 years that it is being considered a social problem. During this period, many policies at the state and federal levels have attempted to address sexual assault and provide legal remedies for victims. However, sexual assaults are still the most underreported crime in the United States and are accompanied by bias and misinformation that plague our response. Social workers play a crucial role in offering services to survivors and advocating for more education and awareness in our communities and universities.
Single Parents
Virginia C. Strand
Between 1990 and 2003, the single-parent family continued to emerge as a major family form in the United States. Individuals come to single parenthood through different routes (divorce, separation, birth outside of marriage, widowhood, and adoption). And most of them are women. Intervention implications are framed in terms of primary, secondary, and tertiary strategies. Increasing family benefits and child care provisions are highlighted as well as strategies for preventing teen pregnancy, increasing access to educational and entry to the work force for low-income women, and identifying mothers early on in the process of marital disruption.
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
Catherine K. Lawrence
In 1996, The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act repealed the 60-year-old national welfare program of Aid to Families with Dependent Children and replaced it with a new cash assistance program, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). This law introduced a new generation of rules and regulations for delivering cash and other assistance to families who are poor, and it fundamentally changed the way the United States assists such families and their children. Opinions regarding the success of TANF and its impact on families vary; welfare caseloads have declined since TANF implementation, but economic self-sufficiency eludes many families.
Violence
Sheara A. Williams
Violence is a serious social issue that affects millions of individuals, families, and communities every year. It transcends across racial, age, gender, and socioeconomic groups, and is considered a significant public health burden in the United States. The purpose of this entry is to provide an overview of violence as a broad yet complicated concept. Definitional issues are discussed. Additional prevalence rates of select types of violence are presented in addition to risk and protective factors associated with violent behavior. The entry concludes with a summary of approaches to address violence in the context of prevention and intervention strategies.
Women’s Health
Vimla Nadkarni and Roopashri Sinha
The entry outlines a historical and global overview of women’s health in the context of human rights and public health activism. It unravels social myths, traditional norms, and stereotypes impacting women’s health because social workers must understand the diverse factors affecting women’s health in a continually changing and globalized world. There is need for more inclusive feminist and human rights models to study and advocate women’s health. There is as much scope for working with women in a more holistic manner as there is for researching challenging issues and environments shaping women’s health.
Working With Latino Immigrant Families in Schools
Eden Hernandez Robles, Crissy A. Johnson, and Joel Hernandez Robles
Latino immigrant families and their students come with unique cultural and linguistic needs. Working effectively with Latino immigrants in schools is a challenge for social workers. Latino immigrant families represent a variety of racial, ethnic, historical, immigrant, gender, educational, and socioeconomic backgrounds. While scholars are able to identify aspects of culture and cultural values, their influence on education and how to integrate these values into intervention and prevention programs, or direct services, is still in need of further research. This article offers a portrait of the Latino immigrant population in the United States, discusses the definitions associated with the population, provides some considerations for social workers, and discusses interventions or preventions specific to Latino immigrant students that also include families.
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Alexandra Carelli is a spiritual activist. The founder of Moon Mountain Gathering, Carelli is bringing awareness to the cultural appropriation and lack of diversity into the “conscious” world, where tie-dyed dreamcatchers hang from the front mirrors of cars, palo santo perfumes yoga classes, and traditional tribal symbols adorn caucasian skin.
Carelli points out the hypocrisy of this cultural appropriation—and believes in a future in which we can gracefully appreciate other cultures, instead of claiming their rituals and practices as our own without context.
So, she created Moon Mountain Gathering, a three-day retreat, to help educate women on the differences between cultural appropriation versus appreciation, to celebrate all spiritual cultures, and to connect with like-minded souls. We sat down to learn more about Moon Mountain Gathering, and to get educated on how to appropriately engage in rituals from cultures that aren’t our own.
Where did the idea for Moon Mountain spring from?
Moon Mountain Gathering was seeded as a Women’s Ancestral Arts and Healing gathering in winter 2016 in Camptonville, California. However, right away it was easy to see the problems inherent in the work we were doing. Cultural appropriation, lack of diverse representation, and exclusivity were issues that rose to my attention. Throughout year two, we began to shift our focus towards creating more diversity and inclusivity at the gathering, but it was not enough to cultivate real change. From my perspective, the gathering had to be reborn.
Throughout winter 2017-2018, I dove deep into the topics of white privilege, social justice, indigenous rights and the intimate connection between these issues and the degradation of the natural environment around us. I began to see that our lack of connection to each other was fueling our deep disconnection from place. I saw how colonization was ravaging our planet and our spirits, and I saw that we needed to find a way out. So, I began listening. I had conversations with people from many walks of life and I listened to their stories. I joined a council to support the Tribe of the land I now call home, and I began to work alongside them in their struggle towards sovereignty. I allowed myself to learn and I allowed my worldview to change.
Throughout this process, Moon Mountain rebirthed itself. It began to weave together the original vision of ancestral arts and healing, with deeper cultural context for the work we are doing as womxn. I put out the call to create a diverse Visionary Council that would steer the project in a new direction and it slowly assembled. We created a movement that includes the voices of indigenous women, WOC, BIPOC, and gender non-binary folks alongside the voices of cis-gendered white women. We are learning how to engage language to build bridges between our worlds. Together, we are are re-envisioning what it means for womxn to gather.
We understand that we are all suffering from the trauma of colonization, the disconnection from ancestral homelands, and the loss of cultural tradition. We believe that through gathering together as womxn to share our unique traditions, we can heal the wounds of colonization and become indigenous to place again. We are inspired by our vision of reuniting with our purpose as stewards of this earth.
How can we honor indigenous traditions, healing modalities, and wisdom without appropriating it?
Context and respect are so important. If you don’t understand the context of a prayer, song, ceremony, or practice… then don’t do it. Educate yourself on how that practice is done, why it is done, and who can respectfully engage with it. So much culture has been stolen—or sold—through the process of colonization and it is our responsibility to take care and use discernment in this moment.
I do not feel that we are meant to never practice yoga, or thai massage, or work with plant medicines if that’s what calls to us. But, what is the context in which we are engaging those practices? Is the context actually appropriate? What place in ourselves are we feeding? Is it a desire to reconnect to culture and tradition? Can we go deeper? These are questions we really need to ask ourselves. Cultural Appropriation versus Cultural Appreciation is something that we will dive deep into at Moon Mountain Gathering this year.
How do you recommend we thoughtfully share these types of traditions and wisdom?
I am of primarily European descent, and for me it is all about unlearning my colonized ways and relearning the ways of my people. Learning the plants, foods and traditions of Italy, Ireland, and Eastern Europe. I am learning the magic of the pagan traditions and retracing the story that has brought us to this moment in history. Each person’s bloodline is so unique and the wisdom of the earth runs through each one of us. I strongly encourage us all to dig deeper into our personal mythology and share from a place of real authenticity.
I am an organizer and facilitator, so I tend to share through organizing events that put other wisdom keepers in the spotlight. I also love to facilitate conversations that center around storytelling and sharing personal experience.
I wish more people understood that we are occupying colonized land. I wish they understood that the indigenous people of this land are still here, struggling for their sovereignty, and they have so much to teach us. I wish more people understood that we cannot progress as a collective if we do not focus on healing the trauma of colonization first. I wish more people understood that if we do not take responsibility now, our children will continue to suffer. I wish more people understood that the fight doesn’t have to be forever, and if we can all get onboard we can move through the difficult moments to a more harmonic future.
Learn who the indigenous people are to the land you now call home and listen to their experience. Learn about your own bloodline, listen to the stories of your family, and reawaken the hum of your own ancestral lineage. This is the real sharing. The listening, the learning, and the sharing from your own authentic heart. | https://www.consciouscity.guide/99solutions/2018/8/16 |
You must have seen the state of Arunachal Pradesh recently in the movie 'Bhediya' and realised how beautiful the state is and the green cover in the state. The highly scenic state celebrates Indigenous Faith Day every year on December 1 to safeguard and promote all indigenous faiths across the state. The day honors the unique identities of the various tribal communities of the beautiful lush-green North-Eastern Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh and is celebrated to keep their traditions and customs alive.
The state is inhabited by the world’s largest variety of ethnic tribal groups and subgroups numbering over a hundred and each tribe speaking their own language and dialect and this day is intended to throw a light on this rich diversity.
The state is popularly believed to have existed since the prehistoric days of Ramayana, Mahabharata and the historical characters of Lord Parashuram, King Bhismaka, and Princess Rukmini are also said to be from this region. It has many temples dating back to the 10th and 14th centuries, many of which have been well preserved.
The state has a 82% forest cover and receives an average rainfall of above 118 inches annually. The entire state is inhabited by 26 major tribes and 100 sub-tribes. Neolithic tools dating back 11,000 years have been found in the state. It has the lowest population density in India at around 13 persons per square kilometer.
Due to rapid modernization and westernization, the age-old customs, rituals, and traditions of this beautiful state are withering away. Many people are making serious attempts to revive and maintain their rich heritage.
Processions to raise awareness on the importance of preservation of culture and identity of indigenous faith, gatherings, prayer meetings and various cultural programmes are organized to mark this day each year. | https://www.freepressjournal.in/lifestyle/what-is-indigenous-faith-day-in-arunachal-pradesh |
A few years ago, I went to Bukidnon with a production team to film a feature story about the Talaandigs, an indigenous tribe in Bukidnon.
“The Talaandigs are one of the indigenous groups in the province of Bukidnon, Mindanao Philippines who has continued to preserve and promote its indigenous customs, beliefs and practices despite the strong influx of modernization and change. The Talaandig population is roughly estimated to be at about 100,000 people or more. The members of the group are found in barangays and municipalities surrounding the mountain of Kitanglad, the historic domain of the Talaandig people.”
Before we were allowed to enter the community, the tribal elders held a welcome ritual asking their spirit gods to recognize their guests’ intentions. As far as I can remember, it involved chewing betel leaves and a lot of 25 centavo coins. Nearby, the children observed the ritual quietly.
After the ritual, everyone gathered in a clearing in the middle of the community where we were treated to the tribe’s traditional dances.
Today, the Talaandig culture is being passed on to future generations by the School for Living Tradition founded by the Talaandig Cultural Center.
“In the midst of growing threat on our indigenous cultures brought about by the fast changes of a globalized world, Datu Migketay Victorino Saway started a School for Living Tradition. It is a space within the Cultural Center of the Talaandig community in Songko, Lantapan Bukidnon where children can play their own musical instruments specifically the big Talaandig tambol, sing their own songs, listen to the Talaandig stories and learn the Talaandig games and dances from Inay a Talaandig cultural master. In this haven for children, anyone is free to explore and experiment with sound and space. It is here where children build their foundation on the Talaandig story and self identity.
I regret not filming this beautiful dance nor the music that accompanied it! But to give you an idea, here’s a clip of Waway Saway, a well-known Talaandig musician, who has worked so hard to keep his tribe’s traditions alive and has led his people to protect the Kitanglad Rainforest, their ancestral domain.
*All photos were taken by myself using a Canon Powershot G5. All rights reserved. 2006. | https://pinaytraveller.com/archives/6264 |
By Kiley E. Molinari
The Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) encourages Indigenous communities to submit proposals to their Recovering Voices Program, which provides funding to access their collection of objects, as well as photographic and language archives at the National Anthropological Archives (NAA). In March 2016, four members of the Apsáalooke Tribe and I began our research through the Recovering Voices Program. Soon after we returned to the Crow Reservation in southeastern Montana, we realized the importance of making museum collections accessible to everyone, rather than only to those who can travel to our nation’s capital to view them. What happens when Indigenous community members have the chance to look at their own collections in museums and archives? What are the benefits that the entire community gets to share in and be a part of when digital content is brought back to Indigenous communities? Based on preliminary fieldwork in 2016 and important conversations we had, I developed the idea for a “pocket archive” – a digital space, accessible on a cell phone with access to images and 3D content curated for and by Indigenous communities with a few clicks.
In August of 2015, the Apsáalooke joined a growing new media movement across Indian Country and released its own mobile phone software: the Apsáalooke Language App through Thornton Media Inc. Aimed at Apsáalooke language revitalization, this multimedia platform integrates quizzes, games, oral histories, ethnographic descriptions, and archival visual imagery in a free downloadable app for Apple and Android cellphones and tablets. Once the individual downloads the app, it can be used in “Airplane Mode” without WiFi or cellular data. This is incredibly important since access to WiFi is limited on the Crow Reservation. This gave our Recovering Voices group the idea to create a new app, possibly using Mukurtu software, for the exploration of how Indigenous new media is reinventing the basic terms of political advocacy through cultural heritage and specifically, digital returns through a cell phone app.Digital returns refers to the act of making accessible the material culture of indigenous groups when returning the actual items to them faces so many barriers. A “pocket archive” produced by, or in collaboration with, the Apsáalooke people that makes it possible to curate digital heritage content into a collection also allows culturally sensitive objects to be protected by passwords if needed based on cultural protocols. In doing so, it promises to illuminate new developments in Native America: the ways that the unique properties of decentralized, democratic digital interfaces are quickly expanding the stakes and terms of sovereignty, memory, and engaged collaborative anthropological research. Following the example of the Apsáalooke Language App, we wanted to be sure that the “pocket archive” could be downloaded and not require WiFi to operate.
Access is important, but so is authorship. Anthropologist Faye Ginsburg writes that new media forms “are seen as a powerful means of (collective) self-expression that can have a culturally revitalizing effect” on the community as a whole. Each individual Indigenous community, acting as the producer of the app, gives the final approval of all of the content that is going to be a part of the finished product. The app then becomes a digital “pocket archive” of material culture and historic images, as well as song and video recordings that Indigenous peoples can use. One person who was part of the Recovering Voice trip used photographs of men’s war shirts from the Smithsonian when she returned to the Crow Reservation to begin making her own. Another person who did not come on the trip asked me for photographs for Elk Tooth dresses for her to have on the table as she made one for her granddaughter for that year’s Crow Fair. Crow Fair, which takes place the 3rd week of August every year, gives Crow Agency its nickname of “Teepee Capital of the World.” Apsáalooke, as well as friends and tourists from all over the world, travel to the Crow Reservation in order to attend the events.
Focusing on a pocket archive, then, promises to illuminate the social life of Indigenous mobile new media and the digital remediation of material culture into an easy to access format. Oftentimes, tribal members are not aware of the number of objects that are stored in museum locations across the world. These digital pictures of objects, photographs, and video recordings start conversations and even lead to reconnecting these items to descendants of the people who first made them. Not only will this information help to strengthen museum outreach and access, but giving tribal members the opportunity to be reconnected to these objects will also greatly benefit the entire community.
“Pocket archives” can bridge “traditional” archives with everyday life. Such an idea would make museum collections more accessible, and possibly more appealing to younger generations who are already so reliant on, and interested in, technology to stay connected and absorb new material. The Apsáalooke Language App facilitates the learning process that usually happens in Indigenous communities when elders pass down the knowledge of their culture. By using this new form of digital media as a learning tool, elders and the youth work together, where the elders teach the youth about the material on the app, and then the youth teach the elders about how to work with the new technology.
Our Recovering Voices team discussed options to help aid in community outreach while we learned more about the Mukurtu software and logistics of building the “pocket archive.” We thought Dropbox or a shared Google Drive would be a good idea since it was a free app, that could be used on a computer as well. We decided to create a Dropbox account that would be jointly administered with the Recovering Voices group, as well as the Crow Cultural Committee. This way, team members would be able to upload their pictures onto this platform in order to disseminate information from our trip to the Crow community shortly after we returned. Indigenous communities who either collaborate, or develop their own digital technology, are the ones who know their cultural heritage and the protocols best. The switch from being the object of the media to the subject and producer of the media allows Indigenous communities to “flip the script,” and as Ginsburg writes, “talk back” on their own terms without anyone else speaking for them.
Apps such as the Apsáalooke Language App and software that Mukurtu offers for its Indigenous community members to use are based on multiple perspectives and help answer the question of “what is the meaning behind the technology for the society?” Indigenous communities, using whatever form of technology they choose can have the chance to express their culture and traditions in a new way. Valerie Alia explains that “old traditions flow into new technologies; change is organic, not anomalous.” A “pocket archive” can serve as an easier and more innovative way for Indigenous peoples to access to their museum and archival collections, allowing them to be able to alter the new media within their own cultural and political concerns and re-objectify the media and meaning making behind it.
This project revolutionizes and expands how tribal members can access their material culture, images, and historic media/song recordings without having to leave their communities. This collaborative ethnographic and archival study shows how new media such as apps work in tribal communities, how the communities are using it, and what the community would want in a new app focused on archival and collections research. This emphasizes collaborative work between museums and Indigenous communities, and acts as another way of getting museums involved in community collaboration and digital cultural heritage.
Dr. Kiley Molinari is an Assistant Professor of Anthropology at Francis Marion University in Florence, South Carolina. Her research focuses on topics such as material culture studies, Indigenous new media, language and cultural revitalization and retention, digital cultural heritage, and collaborative research within Indigenous communities. She has been working on various projects and presentations with the Apsáalooke People (Crow Tribe) since 2010.
Title image: Using a Collection Image to Finish an Elk Tooth Dress. Photo by author.
Endnotes:
Mukurtu began with the Warumungu Aboriginal community in Australia and was built specifically for what they were looking for in a digital archival platform. “Mukurtu is free and open source and principally engineered for use by indigenous communities. Some of these communities, without doubt, are vulnerable and prone to isolation in an increasingly globalized world. The project allows people around the planet to share in and preserve their heritage using modern technology. The archive platform provides standards-based tools which can be molded and adapted to suit the local cultural norms and needs of communities.” (https://mukurtu.org). This software, because it is built with each Indigenous community in mind, helps preserve cultural heritage in today’s digital world.
Faye Ginsburg, “Embedded Aesthetics: Creating a Discursive Space for Indigenous Media,” Cultural Anthropology.Vol. 9, No. 3. (1994), 366.
Ginsburg, “Embedded Aesthetic.”
Valerie Alia, The New Media Nation: Indigenous Peoples and Global Communication (New York: Berghahn Books, 2010), xii.
Additional Readings:
Alia, Valerie. The New Media Nation: Indigenous Peoples and Global Communication. New York: Berghahn Books, 2010.
Anderson, Jane and Kim Christen. “‘Chuck a Copyright on It’: Dilemmas of Digital Returns and the Possibilities for Traditional Knowledge Licenses and Labels.” Museum Anthropology Review. Vol. 7, No.1-2. (2013): 105-126.
Boast, Robin and Jim Enote. “Virtual Repatriation: It Is Neither Virtual nor Repatriation.” Heritage in the Context of Globalization. New York: Springer, 2013.
Brown, Michael F. Who Owns Native Culture? Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2003.
Cameron, Fiona and Sarah Kenderdine ed. Theorizing Digital Cultural Heritage: A Critical Discourse. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2007.
Christen, Kimberley. “Gone Digital: Aboriginal Remix and the Cultural Commons.” International Journal of Cultural Property. Vol. 12, No. 3 (2005): 315-345.
Fox, Aaron. “Repatriation as Reanimation Through Reciprocity.” The Cambridge History of World Music, ed. Philip Bohlman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014: 522-554.
Ginsburg, Faye. “Embedded Aesthetics: Creating a Discursive Space for Indigenous Media.” Cultural Anthropology.Vol. 9, No. 3. (1994): 365-382.
Ginsburg, Faye. “The Parallax Effect: The Impact of Aboriginal Media of Ethnographic Film.” Visual Anthropology Review. Vol. 11, No. 2. (Fall 1995): 64-76.
Swan, Daniel C. and Michael Paul Jordan. Contingent Collaborations: Patterns of Reciprocity in Museum-Community Partnerships.” Journal of Folklore Research. Vol. 52, No. 1. (2015): 39-84. | https://ageofrevolutions.com/2022/04/04/making-indigenous-material-culture-more-accessible-in-the-digital-age/ |
It was a humid April afternoon. The sun had been beating down on us relentlessly for three days and it seemed as if we went from winter to summer in a flash, skipping a balmy spring. I was inside the office of the Arunachal Pradesh Christian Revival Church Council in Itanagar where its president, Tai Ete, half stood up to greet me with a ‘praise the lord’. Bespectacled and wearing a taango (the traditional sleeveless shirt of the Galo tribe), he was surrounded by members of his church’s organisation.
Ete said that he became a Christian in 1993, leaving behind his ancestral animist faith now referred to as Donyi-Poloism. When I asked how old he was when he converted, he replied: “I was mature enough.” Like most indigenous people of Arunachal Pradesh, Ete was not raised Christian and only converted later in life. Unlike in the States of Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Nagaland in the Northeast, where Christianity has been around for well over a hundred years, the religion was introduced only fairly recently in Arunachal Pradesh.
Toko Teki, the president of the Arunachal Christian Forum, said the first church in the State was established in Rayang village in present-day East Siang district in 1957. But people from indigenous tribes had already begun converting as early as 1920 when two men, Dugyon Lego, an Adi, and Tamik Dabi, a Galo, were baptised in Jorhat in Assam. Teki is from the Nyishi tribe and a ‘born Christian’. His father was converted in 1962 by church leaders of the John Firth Christian English High School in Assam’s Lakhimpur, which lies on the foothills of Arunachal Pradesh’s Papum Pare district.
Numbers game
From humble beginnings, the number of Christians of various denominations in Arunachal Pradesh increased to 30.26%, according to the 2011 Census. This was followed by 29.04% Hindus, and 26.2% ‘Other Religions’. A sizeable population (11.77%) of the 13.84 lakh people said they were Buddhist. These figures are, however, data points, and do not always represent actual numbers and certainly do not carry with them the perceived fears among the tribal population of the State.
Since October last year, Arunachal Pradesh has been embroiled in a religious controversy. Christian organisations have claimed that the administration in Tawang district was obstructing the construction of a building only because it was a church and not a Buddhist monastery. In Tawang and the adjacent West Kameng district, a majority of the indigenous Monpa people are adherents of various sects of Tibetan Buddhism. While the State has witnessed a sizeable population of indigenous communities converting to Christianity, the region, referred to as ‘Mon’, remains a Buddhist bastion. The issue came to light when the administration issued an order to stop the construction of a church in the district headquarters.
What followed were a series of allegations thrown around between the Arunachal Christian Forum, the Arunachal Christian Revival Church Council, and the Indigenous Faith and Cultural Society of Arunachal Pradesh (IFCSAP), which has been spearheading the revival of ancient tribal belief and faith systems. The IFCSAP alleged that the church in question flouted building regulatory norms, while the Christian organisations denied it and claimed they were being unfairly targeted.
The IFCSAP argued that since the people of Tawang are mostly Buddhist, there was no need to build another church when three already existed. Christian bodies, on the other hand, said that the church was to serve the spiritual needs of Christians from other parts of the State working in the district. Ete argued that by the same token why should there be Buddhist monasteries in Itanagar, a predominately a Nyishi-populated area that has never been Buddhist.
Last November, Christians from across Arunachal congregated to voice their opposition to the Tawang district administration’s move. Later that month, the BJP State government formed a three-member committee of MLAs to investigate the matter and submit its report.
Tribal motifs
During the height of the debate, Teki told reporters that the Christian bodies will not hold any protests until the committee’s report is published. “We believe that the committee will work honestly but in case we feel the report is biased, we will decide on further action,” he had said that balmy April afternoon. Ete and others of his congregation are waiting to find out what the report has to say.
Around the time the debate began last year, various State units of the Janajati Suraksha Manch (or Tribal Protection Forum) began coaxing administrative heads to write letters to the Centre to remove the Scheduled Tribe (ST) status of people who had become Christians. But Ete, wearing his off-white taango with blue tribal motifs, questioned the motive of those seeking the removal of the ST status of converted tribal people.
People of the Galo tribe, like Ete, trace their genealogical origin to Abotani. Other tribes that fall under the broad Tani classification, including the Adi, Apatani, Nyishi, and Tagin, and the Mishings in Assam, also trace their mythical origins to the same Abotani. In October last year in the town of Pasighat, a State government official of the Adi tribe told me that he is an Adi because he comes from Abotani’s lineage. “Now, if an Adi has become a Christian and starts referring to Jesus Christ as ‘father,’ how can he still be an Adi,” he asked. The contention being that the word ‘abo’ literally means father and ‘tani’ means man, and that if Christians say ‘abo Jesu,’ they are not tribals any more, and must not avail the scheduled tribal status.
Ete and Teki were quick to dismiss such claims. “My identity as a Galo person cannot be taken away,” Ete said, as those around him nodded in agreement. He said that as a Galo he draws his lineage from Abotani but that his creator is someone else. “I am born a tribal and will stay that way,” said Teki, adding that Abotani is not a religious leader but rather a ‘biological forefather’. “Our culture lies in our clothes, the language we speak, how we welcome our guests. Ours is a culture of love. The Tani tribes were never under the rule of any king. We are a free-spirited and martial race. It’s what gives us our identity,” he said, adding: “I may be a Christian but I will always be identified as a member of my Toko clan.”
Conflicting views
An oft-repeated argument against Christian conversion in the State is that some of the religion’s core beliefs go against traditional tribal cultural rituals, such as animal sacrifice carried out to please the various animist spirits that many tribes believe inhabit the world around them. In the Christian world view, Jesus died on the cross to suffer for all of humanity’s sins and no further sacrifices are required.
Teki is the first to admit that some of the Christian beliefs do go against his traditional Nyishi customs, especially where ritualistic sacrifices to appease spirits are essential. He, Ete, and many others of the Christian faith do not take part in such rituals.
But as leaders of Christian organisations, they publicly say that they do not discourage anyone from participating in tribal festivals where the sacrifice of a mithun (a bovine animal) is essential.
Even though they may say so, over the years there has been a watering down of traditional festivals. In 2017, at a major celebration of the Nyokum festival of the Nyishi tribe, many took exception to the fact that a mithun was not sacrificed and instead other animals were sacrificed at the sacred bamboo altar. Three years later, at another Nyokum celebration, concerns were expressed at a celebration where no animals were sacrificed at all. Such changes to ancient rituals are often met with distaste among the proponents of the animist faiths, who repeat the line that “loss of culture is loss of identity.”
It’s a dictum often echoed by members of organisations that have a direct or indirect support of right-wing Hindu organisations such as the RSS and the VHP or other State-specific surrogate organisations that portray Hinduism as the true religion of even a State like Arunachal Pradesh, which always consisted of independent villages, chieftains, and councils, and was never truly under the hold of any outside power.
Space for all
While religious conversion may lead to changes in certain practices, it is not always seen as a bad thing. Veteran politician James Lowangcha Wanglat, a Catholic from the Nocte tribe (classified by the Indian Constitution as a Naga tribe), said that headhunting among the Naga tribes “used to be their heart and soul” but is a practice that has since waned. “With headhunting, the young man graduated to adulthood and became eligible to marry a high-status woman. It was a customary ritual. Even the women were not shy of taking up arms and joining the men in battles to protect their tribe’s honour. Practices such as headhunting ended after the Naga areas came under the Indian administration and much before Christian missionaries first entered Tirap district in 1979 — as did tattooing, headhunting dances, sacrifices, the worship of the dead, and many other indigenous faith practices,” he pointed out.
Cultures and cultural practices often change with time. “(Earlier) our tradition and culture advocated kill or be killed. Today, it is about compassion, kindness, love, and doing business. So indigenous religious beliefs have transformed. I believe that a static culture is a dead culture. A great culture is always dynamic,” he said.
As the number of Christian adherents continues to grow and there is a resurgence among indigenous tribal faith believers, Christian leaders think there is space for both groups. Teki admits that the State will never be 100% Christian and that neither will it be 100% indigenous faith. “Whatever the followers of the indigenous faith are doing, they should continue doing it peacefully,” he said. Wanglat was “optimistic that Arunachal Pradesh will sail along in religious harmony”. The four-time legislator said, “Religious leaders must respect and give space for all to grow.”
(This article is supported by a grant from the Pulitzer Center as part of its ‘Finding an Old Religion in a New India series’.)
The writer is an Itanagar-based journalist and blogger writing about the Northeast. | https://www.thehindu.com/society/between-tribal-christian-and-buddhist-beliefs-communities-in-arunachal-pradesh-try-to-protect-their-origins-and-practices/article34787176.ece |
Karuk Tribe: Learning from the First Californians for the Next California
Editor's Note: This is part of series, Facing the Climate Gap, which looks at grassroots efforts in California low-income communities of color to address climate change and promote climate justice.
This article was published in collaboration with GlobalPossibilities.org.
The three sovereign entities in the United States are the federal government, the states and indigenous tribes, but according to Bill Tripp, a member of the Karuk Tribe in Northern California, many people are unaware of both the sovereign nature of tribes and the wisdom they possess when it comes to issues of climate change and natural resource management.
“A lot of people don’t realize that tribes even exist in California, but we are stakeholders too, with the rights of indigenous peoples,” says Tripp.
Tripp is an Eco-Cultural Restoration specialist at the Karuk Tribe Department of Natural Resources. In 2010, the tribe drafted an Eco-Cultural Resources Management Plan, which aims to manage and restore “balanced ecological processes utilizing Traditional Ecological Knowledge supported by Western Science.” The plan addresses environmental issues that affect the health and culture of the Karuk tribe and outlines ways in which tribal practices can contribute to mitigating the effects of climate change.
Before climate change became a hot topic in the media, many indigenous and agrarian communities, because of their dependence upon and close relationship to the land, began to notice troubling shifts in the environment such as intense drought, frequent wildfires, scarcer fish flows and erratic rainfall.
There are over 100 government recognized tribes in California, which represent more than 700,000 people. The Karuk is the second largest Native American tribe in California and has over 3,200 members. Their tribal lands include over 1.48 million acres within and around the Klamath and Six Rivers National Forests in Northwest California.
Tribes like the Karuk are among the hardest hit by the effects of climate change, despite their traditionally low-carbon lifestyles. The Karuk, in particular have experienced dramatic environmental changes in their forestlands and fisheries as a result of both climate change and misguided Federal and regional policies.
The Karuk have long depended upon the forest to support their livelihood, cultural practices and nourishment. While wildfires have always been a natural aspect of the landscape, recent studies have shown that fires in northwestern California forests have risen dramatically in frequency and size due to climate related and human influences. According to the California Natural Resources Agency, fires in California are expected to increase 100 percent due to increased temperatures and longer dry seasons associated with climate change.
Some of the other most damaging human influences to the Karuk include logging activities, which have depleted old growth forests, and fire suppression policies created by the U.S. Forest Service in the 1930s that have limited cultural burning practices. Tripp says these policies have been detrimental to tribal traditions and the forest environment.
“It has been huge to just try to adapt to the past 100 years of policies that have led us to where we are today. We have already been forced to modify our traditional practices to fit the contemporary political context,” says Tripp.
Further, the construction of dams along the Klamath River by PacifiCorp (a utility company) has impeded access to salmon and other fish that are central to the Karuk diet. Fishing regulations have also had a negative impact.
Though the Karuk’s dependence on the land has left them vulnerable to the projected effects of climate change, it has also given them and other indigenous groups incredible knowledge to impart to western climate science. Historically, though, tribes have been largely left out of policy processes and decisions. The Karuk decided to challenge this historical pattern of marginalization by formulating their own Eco-Cultural Resources Management Plan.
The Plan provides over twenty “Cultural Environmental Management Practices” that are based on traditional ecological knowledge and the “World Renewal” philosophy, which emphasizes the interconnectedness of humans and the environment. Tripp says the Plan was created in the hopes that knowledge passed down from previous generations will help strengthen Karuk culture and teach the broader community to live in a more ecologically sound way.
“It is designed to be a living document…We are building a process of comparative learning, based on the principals and practices of traditional ecological knowledge to revitalize culturally relevant information as passed through oral transmission and intergenerational observations,” says Tripp.
One of the highlights of the plan is to re-establish traditional burning practices in order to decrease fuel loads and the risk for more severe wildfires when they do happen. Traditional burning was used by the Karuk to burn off specific types of vegetation and promote continued diversity in the landscape. Tripp notes that these practices are an example of how humans can play a positive role in maintaining a sound ecological cycle in the forests.
“The practice of utilizing fire to manage resources in a traditional way not only improves the use quality of forest resources, it also builds and maintains resiliency in the ecological process of entire landscapes” explains Tripp.
Another crucial aspect of the Plan is the life cycle of fish, like salmon, that are central to Karuk food traditions and ecosystem health. Traditionally, the Karuk regulated fishing schedules to allow the first salmon to pass, ensuring that those most likely to survive made it to prime spawning grounds. There were also designated fishing periods and locations to promote successful reproduction. Tripp says regulatory agencies have established practices that are harmful this cycle.
“Today, regulatory agencies permit the harvest of fish that would otherwise be protected under traditional harvest management principles and close the harvest season when the fish least likely to reach the very upper river reaches are passing through,” says Tripp.
The Karuk tribe is now working closely with researchers from universities such as University of California, Berkeley and the University of California, Davis as well as public agencies so that this traditional knowledge can one day be accepted by mainstream and academic circles dealing with climate change mitigation and adaptation practices.
According to the Plan, these land management practices are more cost effective than those currently practiced by public agencies; and, if implemented, they will greatly reduce taxpayer cost burdens and create employment. The Karuk hope to create a workforce development program that will hire tribal members to implement the plan’s goals, such as multi-site cultural burning practices.
The Plan has a long way to full realization and Federal recognition. According to the National Indian Forest Resources Management Act and the National Environmental Protection Act, it must go through a formal review process. Besides that, the Karuk Tribe is still solidifying funding to pursue its goals.
The work of California’s environmental stewards will always be in demand, and the Karuk are taking the lead in showing how community wisdom can be used to generate an integrated approach to climate change. Such integrated and community engaged policy approaches are rare throughout the state but are emerging in other areas. In Oakland, for example, the Oakland Climate Action Coalition engaged community members and a diverse group of social justice, labor, environmental, and business organizations to develop an Energy and Climate Action Plan that outlines specific ways for the City to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and create a sustainable economy. | https://www.alternet.org/environment/karuk-tribe-learning-first-californians-next-california?page=0%2C0 |
Indigenous people and the web of indifference
By taking away forest lands for industries and plantation forestry, instead of preserving natural species that provide livelihood to these people, the government was depriving them of the basic means of livelihood.
The battle for Niyamgiri may be won by Odisha’s Dongria Kondhs and the Baiga tribe of Madhya Pradesh may have become the first indigenous people to get habitat rights in India after a century-long struggle, but these developments don’t dwarf the challenge that lies in promotion and protection of indigenous people’s rights.
Recognising their rights to forest areas and forest management practices is critical to understand their struggle for survival. Loss of forest cover, mining, and expansion of hybrid crops remain direct threats to the food security of these people who count on forest resources and wild food. There’s a need for scientific discourse on the impact of climate change on species that grow in the wild and are used by indigenous people living close to forests.
As legal loopholes, poor enforcement of existing safeguards, bureaucratic apathy, and corporate neglect of human rights try to further isolate these indigenous people and muffle their voices, it is time we took a look at the encouraging and disturbing developments that took place over the last few years.
Battle over oil, coal, and forests
As India debates how to allocate natural resources, the north-eastern states face a peculiar challenge: communities want recognition of their ownership over coal, forests and oil, the three “nationalised” resources.
These tribal communities have traditionally controlled vast tracts of land and its resources, such as forests and coal, through well-established community institutions. They are now eager to exercise their ownership over oil.
The Centre has for long protected their autonomy through various Constitutional provisions. The state governments have acknowledged this. But as the value of natural resources touches an all-time high, the governments turn their eyes to the largely untapped region, perhaps the most resource-rich landscape in the country. The hydrocarbon reserves in Nagaland may increase India’s on-shore oil and natural gas production potential by 75 percent.
The coal reserves in Meghalaya are worth 10 times the state’s GDP. In Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram, 60 percent and 30 percent of forests are with communities. As the Centre tightens its control over oil, coal, and forests, states try to wrest control from it by citing special Constitutional provisions and community rights.
With industries on board, the states are also exploiting legal loopholes to hoard benefits from these resources. Communities now find themselves in a quandary. While tribal communities in Nagaland and Meghalaya are protesting and approaching courts to protect their rights over oil and coal, those in Mizoram, Manipur, and Arunachal Pradesh are struggling to retain control over their forests.
Indigenous peoples’ health needs special attention: UN
On the occasion of the International Day of the World’s Indigenous Peoples, a United Nations (UN) report mentioned the need for taking a more holistic view of their health and general well-being.
The report published on Tuesday said, “Several of common health problems that indigenous peoples share with other excluded populations may be addressed through general health initiatives.
Indigenous peoples, however, further, face a distinct set of complex issues that require initiatives specific to indigenous peoples.” The report blamed political marginalisation and loss of autonomy for the deteriorating health condition of indigenous people.
There are an estimated 370 million indigenous people in the world living across 90 countries. They make up less than 5 percent of the global population but account for 15 percent of the poorest. These people speak an overwhelming majority of the world’s estimated 7,000 languages and represent 5,000 different cultures.
China has the largest share of the indigenous population in the world, estimated around 105 million followed by India where 84.3 million indigenous people reside.
No proper data
Existing data do not show the real picture about indigenous populations, the report said. Like in India, the Constitution enlists 461 ethnic groups as “Scheduled Tribes”, but studies estimate that there are more than 635 such groups.
“There is no reliable information available as to determine the exact number of cultural or linguistic groups within the indigenous communities in different countries.”
In UN’s view, India is in a better position compared to other countries as the former’s Constitution has guaranteed certain rights to indigenous people after classifying them as “Schedule Tribes”.
As per the report, this means better information on the socio-economic and health scenarios of indigenous people in India than elsewhere. | http://www.millenniumpost.in/indigenous-people-and-the-web-of-indifference-157193 |
Stainless steel REPORT 2014
According to distribution group Damstahl, demand from fabricators have slowed somewhat,
but orders from stockholders are substantially down. Stockists do not want to receive any new material this year and wait as long as possible with orders for 2015 by checking further nickel price development.
Stainless steel base prices have not increased in Q3/14 and production volumes have decreased compared to Q2/14. Currently, base prices are under pressure again and show a downward tendency. Chinese mills still sell significant volumes of 304 CR coils up to 300 EUR below European mills prices.
According to Damstahl Report ,European stainless crude steel production is expected to reach 7.5 mill. ton in 2014 (+5.5% compared to 7.1mill. t in 2013). Production is expected to be considerably higher in Sweden (+10%) and Slovenia (+14%), while on the other hand Germany after the closure of Krefeld – will show a 10% decline of production in 2014.
NICKEL: LME prices fell from almost 20,000 USD/t in the beginning of September to around 15,500 USD/t in mid-November. Demand from European and especially Chinese mills remained subdued after the summer period. Falling Nickel pig iron production in China might put nickel prices under pressure in Q1/15, but there is no Nickel pig iron shortage so far as China was able to stretch Indonesian material with NPI ore from the Philippines. Hence the gap compared to last year’s NPI production is less than 100,000 t this year. | https://blog.lccsuppliers.com/2014/12/ |
City of Calgary, Aug. 15, 2018 – Stricter lending criteria, higher rates and a slow economic recovery weighed on housing demand over the first half of 2018.
This is causing sales to ease more than originally anticipated.
"Easing sales combined with rising inventories has pushed the market into an oversupply situation for all products, affecting pricing for all products, which include detached, semi-detached and row, and apartment," said CREB® chief economist Ann-Marie Lurie.
Overall, prices are expected to ease by over one per cent across the city, with expected declines ranging from 2.5 per cent in the apartment sector to nearly one per cent in the detached sector.
"Prices were not expected to improve this year. However, supply has not adjusted fast enough to weaker than expected demand. This is causing us to make a downward revision from earlier estimates."
Economic recovery is expected to gain further traction in the latter half of 2018. This is expected to help limit the pullback in demand, but it is unlikely it will be enough to offset declines that occurred in the first portion of the year.
Sales activity within the city is expected to decline by 9.7 per cent to 17,047 units, a downward revision from previous forecasted levels.
Easing sales continue to be met with a rising number of new listings on the market, keeping inventories elevated. Slight improvements in conditions for the second half of the year are expected to reduce some of the upward pressure on inventories. However, it is also unlikely the issues of oversupply will correct this year, causing modest price easing across most product types.
"Patience is required during periods of recovery," said CREB® president Tom Westcott.
"This is a market where a solid pricing strategy will make a sellers' home more attractive," said Westcott. "The same kind of strategic thinking is true for buyers who need to consider local market trends against long-term property value to make an informed purchase decision."
Why is the housing market struggling to recover?
Provided by CREB
City of Calgary, August 1, 2018 –
Recent struggles in the job market, accompanied by yet another interest rate increase, is piling on to the decisions potential purchasers have to make in the housing market.
The month of July saw 1,547 units sold in Calgary, nearly five per cent below last year. New listings eased to 2,964 units, causing inventories to total 8,450 units. With more supply than demand, prices continued to edge down, with a citywide average of $435,200. This amounted to a month-over-month price decline of 0.30 per cent and year-over-year decline of 1.89 per cent.
"Despite some positive momentum in some aspects of our economy, our job market has continued to struggle as of late, with some easing in total employment levels over the past few months and persistently high unemployment rates," said CREB® chief economist Ann-Marie Lurie.
"Also, the Bank of Canada raised rates again in July. Rising costs, combined with a slow recovery, are weighing on the demand for resale homes in the city. At the same time supply remains high and is resulting in an oversupplied market."
Citywide months of supply have risen for each property type and currently range from nearly five months in the detached sector to seven months in the apartment sector. These elevated levels have been placing pressure on prices in the city.
Detached benchmark home prices totaled $501,300 in July, down 0.4 per cent from last month and over two per cent from last year's levels. Year-to-date average benchmark prices in the detached sector remain just below levels recorded last year.
The apartment ownership sector continues to see the steepest declines, with year-to-date benchmark prices averaging $257,343, three per cent below last year and nearly 14 per cent below 2014 highs.
"In a buyers' market, it's critical for all parties to have the most up-to-date information to make a fully informed decision, whether you are buying or selling," said CREB® president Tom Westcott.
"A REALTOR® can help make an accurate determination on how much to sell a home for or how much is too much when purchasing one." | https://www.evolverealty.ca/realestateblog/archives/08-2018 |
According to AAA, average gas prices in Georgia dropped two cents last week.
RELEASE:
ATLANTA, GA., (March 29, 2021) — Georgia gas prices decreased slightly at the pump compared to a week ago. Georgia motorists are now paying an average price of $2.72 per gallon for regular unleaded gasoline. Monday’s state average is 2 cents less than a week ago, 15 cents more than last month, and 86 cents more than this time last year.
It now costs motorists $40.80 to fill a 15-gallon tank of gasoline; that is $3.90 more than what motorists paid in January of 2020, when pump prices hit their peak of $2.46 per gallon.
“A dip in demand along with a simultaneous increase in supply and refinery utilization has contributed to slower movement in gas price increases,” said Montrae Waiters, spokeswoman, AAA – The Auto Club Group. “In the week ahead Georgians may see slight fluctuation at the pump. However, large jumps are not likely to occur.”
NATIONAL AVERAGE DECREASES FOR FIRST TIME THIS MONTH
Since last Monday, the national average for a gallon of regular gasoline has decreased by 2 cents to $2.86. Growing stock levels have helped to put downward pressure on pump prices, increasing slightly from 232.1 million barrels to 232.3 million barrels last week, according to the latest weekly report from the Energy Information Administration (EIA). The national average decreased despite rising gas demand, which increased from 8.44 million barrels a day to 8.62 million barrels a day last week.
OIL MARKET DYNAMICS
At the close of last Thursday’s formal trading session, WTI decreased by $2.62 to settle at $58.56. Crude prices have decreased due to continuing market concern that crude demand will drop as Europe increases restrictions to curb growing coronavirus infection rates. The decrease in crude prices has also been supported by EIA reporting that total domestic crude inventories increased by 1.9 million barrels to 502.7 million barrels.
REGIONAL PRICES
Atlanta ($2.72)
- Most expensive Georgia metro markets – Hinesville-Fort Stewart ($2.79), Savannah ($2.78), and Brunswick ($2.77).
- Least expensive Georgia metro markets – Catoosa-Dade-Walker ($2.66), Albany ($2.67), and Dalton ($2.68).
CURRENT AND PAST PRICE AVERAGES (Regular Unleaded Gasoline)
GAS PRICE SURVEY METHODOLOGY
AAA updates fuel price averages daily at www.GasPrices.AAA.com. Every day up to 130,000 stations are surveyed based on credit card swipes and direct feeds in cooperation with the Oil Price Information Service (OPIS) and Wright Express for unmatched statistical reliability. All average retail prices in this report are for a gallon of regular, unleaded gasoline.
Visit the AAA Georgia Newsroom
Twitter @AAAGeorgia
About AAA – The Auto Club Group
The Auto Club Group (ACG) is the second largest AAA club in North America with more than 14 million members across 14 U.S. states, the province of Quebec and two U.S. territories. ACG and its affiliates provide members with roadside assistance, insurance products, banking and financial services, travel offerings and more. ACG belongs to the national AAA federation with more than 60 million members in the United States and Canada. AAA’s mission is to protect and advance freedom of mobility and improve traffic safety. For more information, get the AAA Mobile app, visit AAA.com, and follow us on Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn. | https://valdostatoday.com/news-2/region/2021/03/georgia-gas-prices-decrease-slightly/ |
South Korea’s August exports hurt by drilling rig delays
Low oil prices put a dent in South Korea’s exports numbers for August 2015, but the country still ended the month with a trade surplus.
The country’s ministry of trade industry and energy on Tuesday said that in August, exports showed their biggest monthly decline this year due to the drop in oil prices, delays in the delivery of drillships, and the explosions at the Port of Tianjin, China.
South Korea is a home to world’s largest drilling rig builders such as Samsung, Daewoo and Hyundai.
The downward trend in oil prices is expected to continue in September, the ministry said. This will in turn lead to a decrease in exports of ships and oil-related products.
The low oil prices have put pressure on the drilling companies, which now seek to delay rig deliveries due to the lack of contract opportunities at the current market environment.
However, while lacking in rig deliveries, the trade ministry said that shipments of semiconductors and mobile telecom equipment along with new items such as OLEDs and cosmetics are expected to continue showing robust growth.
Korea’s exports in August fell 14.7 percent to $39.3 billion and imports decreased 18.3 percent to $35.0 billion in August from a year earlier, resulting in a trade surplus, for the 43rd consecutive month, of $4.3 billion.
Exports to Vietnam sharply increased from a year earlier, but those to China decreased as a result of the explosions at the Port of Tianjin and decreased demand for imports. | https://www.offshoreenergytoday.com/south-koreas-august-exports-hurt-by-drilling-rig-delays/?ajaxCalendar=1 |
After the slight weakening of the hryvnia seen in early 2019, the FX market trend has reversed, and, driven by market factors, the hryvnia has been strengthening in recent weeks. As of 7 March 2019, the exchange rate was UAH 26.48 per USD 1, up by 4.4% ytd. In particular, since the start of March alone, the hryvnia has strengthened by 1.4%. This was mainly due to the following factors:
<![if !supportLists]>· <![endif]>favorable global prices for Ukrainian exports, in particular, agricultural and metals exports, and stable exports earnings
<![if !supportLists]>· <![endif]>the approaching deadline for annual tax payments to the state budget, which encouraged businesses to sell foreign currency more actively
<![if !supportLists]>· <![endif]>weak growth in imports of goods, and low volumes of repatriated foreign currency dividends
<![if !supportLists]>· <![endif]>net sales of foreign currency by households.
Due to these factors, the supply of foreign currency currently exceeds demand on the interbank FX market. At the same time, the uptick in foreign purchases of government securities that started in mid-January has slowed, and now it is not a major contributor to the strengthening of the hryvnia.
The NBU remains committed to its Foreign Exchange Intervention Strategy for 2016-2020, and does not seek to maintain the exchange rate at a particular level. The NBU sells foreign currency to prevent undue fluctuations when situational factors put downward pressure on the hryvnia exchange rate. In contrast, when there is a surfeit of foreign currency, which puts upward pressure on the hryvnia, the central bank intervenes to purchase it in small amounts in order to replenish its international reserves.
Consequently, the current benign FX market conditions are enabling the NBU to replenish its international reserves without influencing the trajectory of the hryvnia exchange rate. More specifically, from the start of 2019 through 7 March 2019, the NBU purchased USD 700 million net, of which over USD 200 million was purchased in the first week of March.
The upward trend in the hryvnia exchange rate recorded in recent weeks is a healthy response from the market to the constant change in economic conditions. Driven by changes in the balance between supply and demand, the hryvnia exchange rate may either strengthen or weaken in different periods.
This makes it difficult to forecast the hryvnia exchange rate over the short-term. In order to hedge FX risks arising from the non-implementation of loan agreements and international contracts, businesses are now able to enter into forward agreements with banks, ensuring they will be able to buy or sell foreign currency at a specified exchange rate on a future date. This is foreseen under the central bank’s FX market liberalization program. | https://bank.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article?art_id=90015150&cat_id=76291 |
LONDON (MarketWatch) -- Shares in Corus Group surged on Thursday after the Anglo-Dutch steelmaker said it has agreed to sell its aluminum rolled-products division for $995 million (570 million pounds).
Shares of Corus CGA, +0.57% (CS) climbed 8.5% in London, shrugging off news of a 61% drop in fourth-quarter net profit to 64 million pounds.
The steelmaker said it has signed a letter of intent to sell its aluminum rolling and extrusion businesses to Ohio-based Aleris International Inc. ARS, -5.00%. The sale will include Corus' equity stakes in its Canadian and Chinese joint ventures.
Aleris shares climbed around 6%.
"The proposed sale of the downstream aluminum operations to Aleris secures a strong future for these businesses, represents good value for Corus and is an important step in the group's strategy," said Corus CEO Philippe Varin.
Aleris said it expects the acquisition to increase its earnings within the first year following completion, which should happen in the third quarter of 2006.
Corus shares have already rocketed around 80% since October in a sector awash with M&A speculation after the world's largest steelmaker, Mittal Steel Co. MT, -1.45%, made a $22 billion bid for its nearest rival, Arcelor (005786).
On the earnings front, Corus said the downward pressure on steel prices began to ease in the fourth quarter, but market conditions were still significantly worse than a year ago.
Underlying operating profit before restructuring and impairment costs for the quarter was 117 million pounds, down 52% from the equivalent 2004 quarter, but up 17% from the third quarter of 2005.
Fourth-quarter revenue was 2.42 billion pounds, down 3% from a year ago.
Corus said it was paying a 1.5 pence a share dividend for the year.
Selling prices remained relatively unchanged in the first quarter of 2006.
But the company warned that energy costs in the U.K. have increased significantly compared to the rest of Europe, which will likely result in a rise of 20 million pounds in first-quarter energy costs.
Selling prices should begin to improve in the second quarter of 2006 on continued strong demand from China, coupled with recovering European demand and falling inventory levels, Corus said. | https://www.marketwatch.com/story/corus-shares-climb-on-deal-to-sell-aluminum-unit |
TOKYO • Japan’s core consumer prices fell at their fastest pace in almost four years last month, dragged down mostly by government-sponsored discounts for domestic travel aimed at supporting the battered tourism sector.
The weak consumer price data comes after Bank of Japan governor Haruhiko Kuroda said on Thursday it would monitor not just price trends but job growth in guiding policy, signalling a readiness to ramp up stimulus if job losses heighten the risk of deflation.
Japan’s new Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga on Wednesday pledged to contain Covid-19 and retain his former boss’ “Abenomics” growth policies while pushing reforms such as deregulation and digitalisation.
The core consumer price index (CPI), which includes oil products but excludes volatile fresh food prices, fell 0.4 per cent last month from a year earlier, government data showed yesterday. That compared with the median market forecast for a 0.4 per cent decline and a flat reading in July and matched the level seen in November 2016.
The main factor for the fall in the core CPI was a price decline in accommodation and hotels after the government launched subsidies for national travel discounts from late July to revive pandemic-hit tourism.
Prices of accommodation fell 32 per cent last month from a year earlier, the index showed.
“Downward pressure on consumer prices will likely continue and the core CPI index could fall to around 1 per cent year on year later this year,” said chief economist Yoshiki Shinke at Dai-ichi Life Research Institute.
He said the travel campaign will continue to weigh on accommodation while the boost to prices from a sales tax hike implemented last October will disappear later this year.
Meanwhile, downward pressure on prices is broadening from the hit to demand caused by the pandemic.
The so-called core-core price index, which excludes food and energy prices and is closely tracked by the central bank as a narrower gauge of inflation, fell 0.1 per cent last month, the first fall since March 2017. In July, the index gained 0.4 per cent.
Mr Shinke said: “There is also a possibility that weak demand triggered by the coronavirus outbreak could push down consumer prices going ahead, though we haven’t seen significant impact on consumer prices so far.”
The economy shrank an annualised 28.1 per cent in April-June, its biggest postwar contraction.
Analysts see the reopening of businesses after a nationwide shutdown as supporting the economy, but companies and consumers remain cautious about the coronavirus outbreak and the pace of recovery may be limited. | https://www.thenewstip.com/japan-consumer-prices-fall-at-fastest-pace-in-four-years/ |
Total 12-month percentage change, in the Consumer Price Index (CPI), selected categories, not seasonally adjusted.
The Federal Reserve targets CPI at 2%. Without adjusting for seasonality, for the six months prior to March 2020 the average CPI has been close to the target of 2%. As charted above and detailed in the table, April’s CPI was 0.3% due to lower energy, apparel, transport and new vehicle prices while retail food prices increased to 4.1%-the highest in the last two years (reflects the surging demand at the retail level).
As it turns out modest inflation, as targeted by the Federal Reserve, is good as it enables healthier margins for businesses and reduces the relative impact of committed consumer debt like mortgages and other fixed-rate loans including student debt. Simply put, overall most prices reflect demand and available supply. If demand is too great, prices rise thereby reducing our buying power. If the economy heats up too much, then the Federal Reserve can raise interest rates forcing businesses to cut back on capital expenditures, materials and labor. Such an adjustment has the effect of reducing demand partly due to higher unemployment.
When CPI is trending lower, consumers eventually won’t see cost-of-living-adjustments (COLA) to wages and pensions. Consumers and businesses then don’t realize the benefits of modest inflation. Even worse and driving more deflation is a buyers response to falling prices. Once consumers and businesses realize prices are falling they delay buying “big ticket” items like capital equipment (businesses) and appliances-vehicles and -homes (Consumers). This downward pressure on CPI is known as deflation.
The toolkit to raise supplier prices and CPI are relatively limited. “Japan, which has struggled through repeated bouts of deflation since the 1990s has seen only limited success with negative rates. Over the past 25 years, its economy has averaged growth of less than 1% per year”. Knowing that moving interest rates lower is an ineffective economic stimulus, the Federal Government must stimulate the economy by implementing another stimulus package. Such an additional infusion will prop up unemployed workers, faltering businesses, state and municipal governments. Without such an action by congress, business and local governments will be forced to lay-off even more essential workers and other staff. | https://www.rm2244.com/post/congress-can-stave-off-damaging-deflation |
Germany's Federal Statistical Office (Destatis) has announced provisional data on factory orders for July.
Accordingly, orders for products manufactured in the country decreased by 1.1 percent in July compared to the previous month. The orders in question decreased by 13.6% compared to July 2021.
The market expectation for factory orders was 0.5 percent monthly decrease.
In Germany, a 4.5 percent decrease was observed in domestic orders on a monthly basis in July, while an increase of 1.3 percent was recorded in foreign orders.
In the said period, new orders from the Eurozone decreased by 6.4 percent compared to June, while orders from other countries to Germany increased by 6.5 percent.
In July, orders from intermediate goods producers increased by 1.5 percent on a monthly basis. Capital goods orders decreased by 0.2 percent and consumer goods manufacturers' orders decreased by 16.9 percent due to the 23.6 percent decrease in orders in the pharmaceutical industry.
Factory orders in the country decreased by 0.3 percent as revised in June due to low foreign demand.
"Demand in the manufacturing sector was weak at the beginning of the third quarter due to the Russia-Ukraine war and high gas prices," the German Ministry of Economy and Climate Protection said in a statement.
Economists say that the cooling global economy, material shortages and rising prices have reduced the demand for German industrial goods, and that rising energy costs may put pressure on the country's manufacturing sector, in particular. | https://www.insaatnoktasi.com/en/haber/factory-orders-in-germany-have-fallen-since-march/ |
London (GC Intelligence) — Polycarbonate (PC) prices in Europe decreased €55/mt from May to June, according to GC Intelligence pricing analysis.
Prices have changed direction recently because of the virus disruptions. There were increases registered in March and April. But then prices fell in May and now again in June.
Producers are reportedly fighting for market share and are prepared to lower prices to offset the losses in volumes in some markets.
Buyers in many sectors have struggled, especially in the automotive industry. The big losses caused production for some players to ground to a halt. While there are signs that things are improving, activity remains much lower than before the start of the pandemic.
Prices also decreased because of the lower costs. While polycarbonate prices are negotiated based on demand and supply, costs still play a role in the negotiations. This is especially true when there is a big movement as it was the case in April.
However, amid much weakness, some sectors found support. Demand surged for protective sheets and other applications, such as visors, used to combat the virus. This may have eased the recent downside.
Seasonality also likely eased the downward pressure in June. In the first half of the year costs and demand tend to increase. For example, as construction is reliant on good weather, demand from the sector starts to increases in the spring.
But despite signs of improvement, the outlook is weak. The market will not see big decreases, especially now that activity is increasing and costs are on the way up. But equally a rebound is also unlikely, at least until the end of the year. Market feedback suggests that it will probably take more than a year for demand to return to 2019 levels. | https://gc-intelligence.com/2020/07/03/polycarbonate-pc-prices-decreased-e55-mt-in-june/ |
Several pricing indices have reported that, on a month-over-month basis, home values have ticked up slightly over the last quarter. This has caused some to call the bottom to the housing market – at least from a price standpoint. We must realize that prices are determined by supply and demand.
Demand has indeed shown improvement in many parts of the country. However, the supply side of the formula is being impacted by legal issues. The number of foreclosures coming to market has been slowed dramatically by the courts as the banks still struggle with improperly filed paperwork. This inventory will eventually find its way to the market and again put downward pressure on values.
If you are selling, there currently is a window of opportunity to get your best price before the distressed properties are released. | https://www.kathrynlovellrealtor.com/house-prices |
VCN – The progress of state revenue collection in 2022 has achieved impressive results but difficulties that come from inflation and global economic decline are creating pressure for the Tax sector in the implementation of State revenue collection in 2023.
|The average quarterly domestic revenue (including the revenue that is extended following the regulations) is on a downward trend. Photo provided by General Department of Taxation|
In the first 11 months of 2022, the tax sector’s revenue collection reached VND 1,363,501 billion, exceeding the estimate by 16.1% and equaling 115.3% compared to the same period in 2021. There were 60 out of 63 localities reaching over 95% of implementation progress.
According to the General Department of Taxation, although the result of revenue collection in 11 months has exceeded the estimate, the average quarterly domestic revenue (including the revenue that is extended following the regulations) is on a downward trend.
For example, revenue collection in the second quarter decreased by nearly VND20 trillion compared to the first quarter (average reduction of 5% per month); revenue collection in the third quarter reduced by over VND34 trillion compared to the second quarter, a decline of over VND50 trillion compared to the first quarter (average decrease of over 10% per month compared to second quarter, dropping over 15% per month compared to the first quarter).
In particular, revenue in August was only about VND105 trillion per month while it was only about VND82 trillion per month in September.
Notably, many industries and fields grew quite well in the first months of the year, but so far, they are facing many difficulties and have started to decelerate such as exploiting and processing petroleum industry (because oil prices are in a downward trend); steel production, cement, building materials, construction industry (due to high input prices, slow consumption output); securities and real estate sectors (due to the cooling down of the market); banking sector (due to the policy of controlling credit growth to stabilize inflation); textile, garment, footwear, and wood export and processing industries (due to the impact of high inflation in many major countries around the world, strict monetary policies have been implemented, consumption demand decreased rapidly).
Notably, the report of the State Bank said, so far, 80 countries in the world have witnessed double-digit inflation or more, and many major economies in the world simultaneously implemented tight monetary policies.
These phenomena would likely trigger a decline, even economic recession would take place quickly in many major economies around the world. Vietnam is a highly open economy, so the fast and unpredictable developments of the world economy have been putting great pressure on the Vietnamese economy in the coming months, especially in 2023.
The tax sector determined that revenue collection would face great pressure, so right now, the whole sector has prepared scenarios for implementing collection tasks following the direction of the Ministry of Finance.
The Tax sector would continue to effectively implement tax support solutions following the Resolutions of the National Assembly and the Government issued to provide maximum support for businesses to facilitate and help businesses recover and develop stably, attract new investment, contribute to creating a solid source of revenue for the state budget; researching and proposing to competent authorities to implement strong solutions in terms of fiscal, monetary, public investment, in order to support more capital for businesses, maintaining the recovery of the economy in 2023.
In addition, the tax sector would also strengthen the implementation of solutions for revenue management, prevent revenue loss, collect tax debts, strictly control value-added tax refunds, and speed up the implementation of inspection plans and debt collection targets; classify tax debts fully and strictly following the instructions in the Tax Debt Management Process in order to have appropriate solutions to manage and urge collection.
Furthermore, the tax sector would step up inspection and examination for enterprises in industries and fields with high tax risks and enterprises with associated transactions; transactions related to e-commerce, business on digital platforms, and suspicious transactions, contributing to improving the business investment environment and improving competitiveness indexes to increase revenue for the state budget. | https://shipbolt.vn/tax-sector-has-prepared-scenarios-to-implement-revenue-collection/ |
An official website of the United States government
Prices for imported capital goods decreased 1.3 percent in 2005, which was larger than the 0.8-percent drop in 2004.
The decline in 2005 was led by computers and telecommunications equipment, both of which continued well-established downward trends. Prices for electronic equipment typically fall as products eventually become obsolete and new products are introduced to replace them.
Computer, peripheral, and semiconductor prices, as well as telecommunications equipment prices, declined steadily throughout the year and ended the year down 5.2 and 2.4 percent, respectively. The constant declines in computer prices overall were due to continued weak demand, technological improvements, and price competition; however, demand for laptop and handheld computers remained healthy, though not strong enough to overcome declining prices for other computer products.
Prices for capital goods excluding computers and semiconductors increased for the third consecutive year. The index rose 1.2 percent compared with 2.0 percent in 2004.
These data are from the International Price program. To learn more, see "Import prices rise in 2005 due to continued high energy prices," by Jeffrey Bogen, Monthly Labor Review, November 2006.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, The Economics Daily, Prices of imported capital goods down again in 2005 at https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2006/dec/wk4/art03.htm (visited January 30, 2023). | https://stats.bls.gov/opub/ted/2006/dec/wk4/art03.htm |
In a major pre-Budget announcement, the Palaszczuk Government is investing $1.16 billion to ensure affordable, secure and sustainable energy supply for Queensland homes, businesses and industry.
Premier Annastacia Palaszczuk today announced the Government’s Powering Queensland Plan - a roadmap to put downward pressure on electricity prices, power jobs and investment and lead the State’s transition to a low-carbon electricity sector.
“We know that rising wholesale prices and energy security have emerged as key issues in Australia over the last six months, driven by a lack of federal policy leadership undermining industry investment, gas supply restrictions in southern states, retirement of ageing coal-fired power stations and unprecedented demand during recent summer heatwaves,” the Premier said.
“That’s why last week my Government took swift action in response to the QCA’s regional price determination, investing $770 million to slash the price increase by more than half.
“My Government is committed to delivering stable electricity prices which have increased by just 1.9 per cent per year on average under our first term. This is in stark contrast to the 43 per cent increase inflicted by the Newman-Nicholls government over their term in office.
“We have used our public ownership of electricity assets to bring more supply into the market to reduce volatility and put downward pressure on wholesale prices, action would not have been possible if the LNP sold off these public assets.
Treasurer Curtis Pitt said Queensland has a highly secure energy supply, including the four youngest and cleanest coal-fired generators in the National Electricity Market; however ongoing vigilance is needed to ensure our future energy security.
“The Powering Queensland plan includes commissioning the Energy Security Taskforce - a team of experts to guide the state’s robust energy security for both the short and long-term which includes implementing the Finkel Review recommendations,” he said.
“The Taskforce will implement Finkel Review outcomes accepted by Queensland, providing options for maintaining system security and reliability to power our communities and industries with the energy and the jobs of the future.
Energy Minister Mark Bailey said the first priority for the Taskforce would be to work with Queensland’s energy businesses to ensure Queensland’s system remains secure during the high demand periods over the 2017–18 and 2018–19 summers.
“The Taskforce will also lead work into developing transmission infrastructure in Queensland’s North-West to support a clean energy hub, assess the need for expanded interconnection between Queensland and other states, and investigate new hydro-electric generation sites,” Mr Bailey said.
“The Palaszczuk Government is today releasing its response to the Renewable Energy Expert Panel Final Report and re-affirming our commitment to a 50 per cent renewable energy target by 2030 (RET).
“The Expert Panel’s Final Report confirms its draft findings that the RET will deliver significant economic benefits to Queensland, with a broadly cost neutral impact on electricity prices while maintaining system security and reliability.
Mr Bailey said the Powering Queensland Plan positions Queensland to ensure affordability, supporting industry and jobs as the State transitions to a clean energy economy.
“The Palaszczuk Government will continue to work at the national level to support integrated policy, but in the absence of federal leadership we will not stand idly by and ignore the challenges facing the market,” he said. | http://statements.qld.gov.au/Statement/2017/6/5/palaszczuk-government-powers-up-an-energy-and-jobs-bonanza |
New Delhi, May 12 | Lower food prices sequentially eased India’s retail inflation in April as the Consumer Price Index (CPI) decreased to 4.29 per cent from 5.52 per cent in March.
According to the data furnished by the National Statistical Office (NSO), the CPI Urban rose by 4.77 per cent last month from 6.52 per cent in March.
Similarly, the CPI Rural climbed by 3.82 per cent in April from 4.61 per cent in March.
As per the NSO data, the Consumer Food Price Index increased to 2.02 per cent last month from a rise of 4.87 per cent in March.
The CFPI readings measure the changes in retail prices of food products.
In terms of CPI YoY inflation rate, pulses and products’ prices jumped by 7.51 per cent, respectively, in April 2021.
Furthermore, meat and fish prices rose by 16.68 per cent, eggs became dearer by 10.55 per cent and the overall price of food and beverages category was up 2.66 per cent.
However, vegetable prices declined by 14.18 per cent.
Besides, as per the official data, the inflation rate for fuel and light was at 7.91 per cent.
“The sharp correction largely owes to the favourable base effect owing to last year’s pandemic-related lockdown. Some select food items or perishables have seen unseasonal fall in April,” said Madhavi Arora, Lead Economist, Emkay.
“Besides, supply chains are not much disrupted this year despite soft lockdowns vs 2020 during same period. However, local lockdowns, if persist, could impact services demand negatively, will put downward pressure on Q1FY22 core inflation and act as a balancing factor to emerging upside risks to inflation.”
Suman Chowdhury, Chief Analytical Officer, Acuite Ratings & Research, said: “Expectedly, the CPI print for April 2021 has benefited from the base effect given the national lockdown in the same period of the previous year and the elevated prices therein driven by supply constraints.”
“However, we note that some categories in the food basket such as meat and fish, edible oil, fruits and pulses continue to show high inflation both on a YoY and sequential basis, reflecting structural supply bottlenecks that might have got further aggravated by the fresh disruption brought in by the second Covid wave.”
Source: IANS
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The information contained in this post is source form the news agency or PR agency. We do not take any responsibility of accuracy of information. We have not made any modification or changes in original source content. This information only for general information purposes only. The information is provided by BhaskarLive.in and while we Endeavour to keep the information up to date and correct, we make no representations or warranties of any kind, express or implied, about the completeness, accuracy, reliability, suitability or availability with respect to the website or the information, products, services, or related graphics contained on the post for any purpose. | https://www.bhaskarlive.in/retail-inflation-eases-to-4-29-in-april-as-food-prices-fall-lead/ |
Crude oil prices began lower on Thursday after Japan posted its largest decline in factory output in a year resulting in weaker crude demand with potential economic slowdown in the world's fourth biggest oil consumer.
Japan, the world's third largest economy, saw its factory output contract by 3.7 percent in January, its biggest decline in a year, according to the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry on Thursday.
The contraction shows that U.S.-China trade tensions and weaker growth in China have begun to negatively impact Japan - the world's fourth biggest oil consumer after the U.S., China and India.
Experts foresee that weak factory output in Japan could bring down the overall crude demand of the country and push oil prices lower in the long run.
International benchmark Brent crude was down 0.3 percent to trade at $66.30 per barrel at 0655 GMT on Thursday, after closing the previous day at $66.52 a barrel.
American benchmark West Texas Intermediate (WTI) was at $56.77 a barrel at the same time for a 0.4 percent loss, after ending Wednesday at $56.99 per barrel.
Brent gained 2 percent and WTI jumped 2.7 percent on Wednesday after the U.S.' commercial crude oil inventories declined against market expectations.
Commercial crude oil stocks in the U.S. defied expectations of a 2.8 million barrel increase and instead decreased by 8.6 million barrels for the week ending Feb. 22, according to the U.S.' Energy Information Administration (EIA) on Wednesday.
The EIA data also revealed that the U.S.' crude oil production reached a new record high level of 12.1 million barrels per day for the week ending Feb. 22, which could put some downward pressure on oil prices with oversupply concerns in the global oil market. | https://www.aa.com.tr/en/energy/oil-upstream/oil-prices-retreat-after-factory-output-falls-in-japan/23669 |
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Journal Articles
J Exp Biol (2021) 224 (18): jeb242802.
Published: 29 September 2021
... ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths, suggesting that the duplicated UV opsin genes in Heliconius function to improve UV color vision. Visual system Wavelength discrimination Ultraviolet Insect vision Behavior U.S. Department of Education http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000138 PA200A120144...
Abstract
ABSTRACT In true color vision, animals discriminate between light wavelengths, regardless of intensity, using at least two photoreceptors with different spectral sensitivity peaks. Heliconius butterflies have duplicate UV opsin genes, which encode ultraviolet and violet photoreceptors, respectively. In Heliconius erato , only females express the ultraviolet photoreceptor, suggesting females (but not males) can discriminate between UV wavelengths. We tested the ability of H. erato , and two species lacking the violet receptor, Heliconius melpomene and Eueides isabella , to discriminate between 380 and 390 nm, and between 400 and 436 nm, after being trained to associate each stimulus with a sugar reward. We found that only H. erato females have color vision in the UV range. Across species, both sexes show color vision in the blue range. Models of H. erato color vision suggest that females have an advantage over males in discriminating the inner UV-yellow corollas of Psiguria flowers from their outer orange petals. Moreover, previous models ( McCulloch et al., 2017 ) suggested that H. erato males have an advantage over females in discriminating Heliconius 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-OHK) yellow wing coloration from non-3-OHK yellow wing coloration found in other heliconiines. These results provide some of the first behavioral evidence for female H. erato UV color discrimination in the context of foraging, lending support to the hypothesis ( Briscoe et al., 2010 ) that the duplicated UV opsin genes function together in UV color vision. Taken together, the sexually dimorphic visual system of H. erato appears to have been shaped by both sexual selection and sex-specific natural selection.
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Articles
J Exp Biol (2021) 224 (4): jeb215541.
Published: 25 February 2021
... solutions that animals have evolved in response to specific visual challenges. Visual specializations Insect vision Optics Specialized visual systems For humans, vision is a particularly important sense. Notably, among vertebrates, there is a remarkable unity in the design of eyes as image...
Abstract
ABSTRACT Vision is one of the most important senses for humans and animals alike. Diverse elegant specializations have evolved among insects and other arthropods in response to specific visual challenges and ecological needs. These specializations are the subject of this Review, and they are best understood in light of the physical limitations of vision. For example, to achieve high spatial resolution, fine sampling in different directions is necessary, as demonstrated by the well-studied large eyes of dragonflies. However, it has recently been shown that a comparatively tiny robber fly ( Holcocephala ) has similarly high visual resolution in the frontal visual field, despite their eyes being a fraction of the size of those of dragonflies. Other visual specializations in arthropods include the ability to discern colors, which relies on parallel inputs that are tuned to spectral content. Color vision is important for detection of objects such as mates, flowers and oviposition sites, and is particularly well developed in butterflies, stomatopods and jumping spiders. Analogous to color vision, the visual systems of many arthropods are specialized for the detection of polarized light, which in addition to communication with conspecifics, can be used for orientation and navigation. For vision in low light, optical superposition compound eyes perform particularly well. Other modifications to maximize photon capture involve large lenses, stout photoreceptors and, as has been suggested for nocturnal bees, the neural pooling of information. Extreme adaptations even allow insects to see colors at very low light levels or to navigate using the Milky Way.
Journal Articles
J Exp Biol (2020) 223 (13): jeb220350.
Published: 07 July 2020
.../user-licence-1-1/ Editor's choice: Pieris rapae females process and interpret polarization reflections dependent on both their color and intensity and in ways different from other polarization-sensitive taxa. Butterfly Insect vision Polarization vision Degree of linear...
Abstract
ABSTRACT There is an ever increasing number of arthropod taxa shown to have polarization sensitivity throughout their compound eyes. However, the downstream processing of polarized reflections from objects is not well understood. The small white butterfly, Pieris rapae , has been demonstrated to exploit foliar polarized reflections, specifically the degree of linear polarization (DoLP), to recognize host plants. The well-described visual system of P. rapae includes several photoreceptor types (red, green, blue) that are sensitive to polarized light. Yet, the roles and interaction among photoreceptors underlying the behavioral responses of P. rapae to stimuli with different DoLP remain unknown. To investigate potential neurological mechanisms, we designed several two-choice behavioral bioassays, displaying plant images on paired LCD monitors, which allowed for independent control of polarization, color and intensity. When we presented choices between stimuli that differed in either color or DoLP, both decreasing and increasing the intensity of the more attractive stimulus reduced the strength of preference. This result suggests that differences in color and DoLP are perceived in a similar manner. When we offered a DoLP choice between plant images manipulated to minimize the response of blue, red, or blue and red photoreceptors, P. rapae shifted its preference for DoLP, suggesting a role for all of these photoreceptors. Modeling of P. rapae photoreceptor responses to test stimuli suggests that differential DoLP is not perceived solely as a color difference. Our combined results suggest that P . rapae females process and interpret polarization reflections in a way different from that described for other polarization-sensitive taxa.
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Articles
J Exp Biol (2019) 222 (17): jeb207316.
Published: 06 September 2019
...-licence-1-1/ Summary: Neurons in the dragonfly brain dynamically adjust their gain to improve target detection, enabling robust tracking of targets amidst dynamically changing conditions. Insect vision Small target motion detector Receptive field Neuronal facilitation Dragonflies...
Abstract
ABSTRACT Dragonflies pursue and capture tiny prey and conspecifics with extremely high success rates. These moving targets represent a small visual signal on the retina and successful chases require accurate detection and amplification by downstream neuronal circuits. This amplification has been observed in a population of neurons called small target motion detectors (STMDs), through a mechanism we term predictive gain modulation. As targets drift through the neuron's receptive field, spike frequency builds slowly over time. This increased likelihood of spiking or gain is modulated across the receptive field, enhancing sensitivity just ahead of the target's path, with suppression of activity in the remaining surround. Whilst some properties of this mechanism have been described, it is not yet known which stimulus parameters modulate the amount of response gain. Previous work suggested that the strength of gain enhancement was predominantly determined by the duration of the target's prior path. Here, we show that predictive gain modulation is more than a slow build-up of responses over time. Rather, the strength of gain is dependent on the velocity of a prior stimulus combined with the current stimulus attributes (e.g. angular size). We also describe response variability as a major challenge of target-detecting neurons and propose that the role of predictive gain modulation is to drive neurons towards response saturation, thus minimising neuronal variability despite noisy visual input signals.
Journal Articles
Non-linear amplification of graded voltage signals in the first-order visual interneurons of the butterfly Papilio xuthus
J Exp Biol (2018) 221 (12): jeb179085.
Published: 22 June 2018
... mediated by voltage-gated Na + channels ( Uusitalo et al., 1995 ). While spikes appear to contribute to amplification of high-frequency signals, the question about the role spikes play in information coding by LMCs remains unanswered ( Uusitalo et al., 1995 ). Lamina monopolar cells Insect vision...
Abstract
ABSTRACT Lamina monopolar cells (LMCs) are the first-order visual interneurons of insects and crustacea, primarily involved in achromatic vision. Here, we investigated morphological and electrophysiological properties of LMCs in the butterfly Papilio xuthus . Using intracellular recording coupled with dye injection, we found two types of LMCs. Cells with roundish terminals near the distal surface of the medulla demonstrating no or small depolarizing spikes were classified as L1/2. Cells with elongated terminals deep in the medulla that showed prominent spiking were classified as L3/4. The majority of LMCs of both types had broad spectral sensitivities, peaking between 480 and 570 nm. Depending on the experimental conditions, spikes varied from small to action potential-like events, with their amplitudes and rates decreasing as stimulus brightness increased. When the eye was stimulated with naturalistic contrast-modulated time series, spikes were reliably triggered by high-contrast components of the stimulus. Spike-triggered average functions showed that spikes emphasize rapid membrane depolarizations. Our results suggest that spikes are mediated by voltage-activated Na + channels, which are mainly inactivated at rest. Strong local minima in the coherence functions of spiking LMCs indicate that the depolarizing conductance contributes to the amplification of graded responses even when detectable spikes are not evoked. We propose that the information transfer strategies of spiking LMCs change with light intensity. In dim light, both graded voltage signals and large spikes are used together without mutual interference, as a result of separate transmission bandwidths. In bright light, signals are non-linearly amplified by the depolarizing conductance in the absence of detectable spikes.
Journal Articles
In collection:Neuroethology
J Exp Biol (2017) 220 (24): 4578–4582.
Published: 15 December 2017
... contribute to gaze orientation during free walking in blowflies, and when visual cues are lacking, more weight is given to gravity. Lucilia cuprina Multisensory integration Insect vision Head–body coordination During locomotion, many animals aim to keep their visual systems aligned...
Abstract
ABSTRACT During locomotion, animals employ visual and mechanical cues in order to establish the orientation of their head, which reflects the orientation of the visual coordinate system. However, in certain situations, contradictory cues may suggest different orientations relative to the environment. We recorded blowflies walking on a horizontal or tilted surface surrounded by visual cues suggesting a variety of orientations. We found that the different orientations relative to gravity of visual cues and walking surface were integrated, with the orientation of the surface being the major contributor to head orientation, while visual cues and gravity also play an important role. In contrast, visual cues did not affect body orientation much. Cue integration was modeled as the weighted sum of orientations suggested by the different cues. Our model suggests that in the case of lacking visual cues, more weight is given to gravity.
Journal Articles
J Exp Biol (2016) 219 (4): 553–560.
Published: 15 February 2016
...Francismeire J. Telles; Almut Kelber; Miguel A. Rodríguez-Gironés ABSTRACT Despite the strong relationship between insect vision and the spectral properties of flowers, the visual system has been studied in detail in only a few insect pollinator species. For instance, wavelength discrimination...
Abstract
ABSTRACT Despite the strong relationship between insect vision and the spectral properties of flowers, the visual system has been studied in detail in only a few insect pollinator species. For instance, wavelength discrimination thresholds have been determined in two species only: the honeybee ( Apis mellifera ) and the butterfly Papilio xuthus . Here, we present the wavelength discrimination thresholds (Δλ) for the hawkmoth Macroglossum stellatarum . We compared the data with those found for the honeybee, the butterfly P. xuthus and the predictions of a colour discrimination model. After training moths to feed from a rewarded disc illuminated with a monochromatic light, we tested them in a dual-choice situation, in which they had to choose between light of the training wavelength and a novel unrewarded wavelength. To characterise the Δλ function, we decreased the difference between wavelengths in subsequent tests. We also varied the light intensity to test its effect on the discrimination capacity. In agreement with the predictions of the model, we found two expected minima of discrimination where photoreceptor sensitivities overlap, as well as a third, minor, unpredicted minimum around the peak of the blue photoreceptor. Macroglossum stellatarum is capable of discriminating between lights with a wavelength difference of 1–2 nm. These discrimination minima are similar to those found for the tetrachromatic P. xuthus , and are better than those of the honeybee. The moth is also capable of using achromatic information to discriminate between lights of long wavelengths.
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Articles
J Exp Biol (2014) 217 (11): 1933–1939.
Published: 01 June 2014
... of Biologists Ltd 2014 Active vision Bombus terrestris Insect vision Rapid feature extraction Visual processing Do bigger brains confer advanced sensory or behavioural capabilities? Larger brains could provide increased representational capacity of objects and greater capabilities...
Abstract
Primates can analyse visual scenes extremely rapidly, making accurate decisions for presentation times of only 20 ms. We asked whether bumblebees, despite having potentially more limited processing power, could similarly detect and discriminate visual patterns presented for durations of 100 ms or less. Bumblebees detected stimuli and discriminated between differently oriented and coloured stimuli when presented as briefly as 25 ms but failed to identify ecologically relevant shapes (predatory spiders on flowers) even when presented for 100 ms. This suggests an important difference between primate and insect visual processing, so that while primates can capture entire visual scenes ‘at a glance’, insects might have to rely on continuous online sampling of the world around them, using a process of active vision, which requires longer integration times.
Journal Articles
Visual motion speed determines a behavioral switch from forward flight to expansion avoidance in Drosophila
J Exp Biol (2013) 216 (4): 719–732.
Published: 15 February 2013
... of straight flight segments and collision-avoidance saccades when flies fly freely within an open circular arena. * Author for correspondence ( [email protected] ) 4 5 2012 26 10 2012 © 2013. 2013 elementary motion detector insect vision navigation visual expansion...
Abstract
SUMMARY As an animal translates through the world, its eyes will experience a radiating pattern of optic flow in which there is a focus of expansion directly in front and a focus of contraction behind. For flying fruit flies, recent experiments indicate that flies actively steer away from patterns of expansion. Whereas such a reflex makes sense for avoiding obstacles, it presents a paradox of sorts because an insect could not navigate stably through a visual scene unless it tolerated flight towards a focus of expansion during episodes of forward translation. One possible solution to this paradox is that a fly’s behavior might change such that it steers away from strong expansion, but actively steers towards weak expansion. In this study, we use a tethered flight arena to investigate the influence of stimulus strength on the magnitude and direction of turning responses to visual expansion in flies. These experiments indicate that the expansion-avoidance behavior is speed dependent. At slower speeds of expansion, flies exhibit an attraction to the focus of expansion, whereas the behavior transforms to expansion avoidance at higher speeds. Open-loop experiments indicate that this inversion of the expansion-avoidance response depends on whether or not the head is fixed to the thorax. The inversion of the expansion-avoidance response with stimulus strength has a clear manifestation under closed-loop conditions. Flies will actively orient towards a focus of expansion at low temporal frequency but steer away from it at high temporal frequency. The change in the response with temporal frequency does not require motion stimuli directly in front or behind the fly. Animals in which the stimulus was presented within 120 deg sectors on each side consistently steered towards expansion at low temporal frequency and steered towards contraction at high temporal frequency. A simple model based on an array of Hassenstein–Reichardt type elementary movement detectors suggests that the inversion of the expansion-avoidance reflex can explain the spatial distribution of straight flight segments and collision-avoidance saccades when flies fly freely within an open circular arena.
Journal Articles
Visualization of the spatial and spectral signals of orb-weaving spiders, Nephila pilipes , through the eyes of a honeybee
J Exp Biol (2009) 212 (14): 2269–2278.
Published: 15 July 2009
... for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 27 4 2009 2009 insect vision color contrast Apis mellifera Nephila pilipes It is well known that many spiders have conspicuous body colorations. Under different circumstances these colorful markings may function as a prey attractant...
Abstract
SUMMARY It is well known that the honeybee has good color vision. However, the spectral range in which the bee can see is different from that of the human eye. To study how bees view their world of colors, one has to see through the eyes of the bee, not the eyes of a human. A conventional way to examine the color signals that animals can detect is to measure the surface reflectance spectra and compute the quantum catches of each photoreceptor type based on its known spectral sensitivity. Color signal and color contrast are then determined from the loci of these quantum catches in the color space. While the point-by-point measurements of the reflectance spectra using a standard spectrometer have yielded a significant amount of data for analyzing color signals, the lack of spatial information and low sampling efficiency constrain their applications. Using a special filter coating technique, a set of filters with transmission spectra that were closely matched to the bee's sensitivity spectra of three photoreceptor types (UV, blue, and green) was custom made. By placing these filters in front of a UV/VIS-sensitive CCD camera and acquiring images sequentially, we could collect images of a bee's receptor with only three shots. This allowed a direct visualization of how bees view their world in a pseudo-color RGB display. With this imaging system, spatial and spectral signals of the orb-weaving spider, Nephila pilipes , were recorded,and color contrast images corresponding to the bee's spatial resolution were constructed and analyzed. The result not only confirmed that the color markings of N. pilipes are of high chromatic contrast to the eyes of a bee, but it also indicated that the spatial arrangement of these markings resemble flower patterns which may attract bees to visit them. Thus, it is likely that the orb-weaving spider ( N. pilipes ) deploys a similar strategy to that of the Australian crab spider ( Thomisus spectabilis )to exploit the bee's pre-existing preference for flowers with color patterning.
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Articles
Rhabdom constriction enhances filtering by the red screening pigment in the eye of the Eastern Pale Clouded yellow butterfly, Colias erate (Pieridae)
J Exp Biol (2009) 212 (13): 2057–2064.
Published: 01 July 2009
...-red-peaking eye shine indicates that C. erate has far-red-sensitive photoreceptors. Type I ommatidia fluoresce under violet excitation, implying the presence of a violet-absorbing pigment that acts as a short-wavelength filter. 2009 insect vision compound eyes eye shine spectral...
Abstract
SUMMARY Here we report the remarkable anatomy of the eye of the Eastern Pale Clouded yellow butterfly, Colias erate . An ommatidium of C. erate bears nine photoreceptors, R1–9, which together form a tiered and fused rhabdom. The distal tier of the rhabdom consists of the rhabdomeral microvilli of R1–4 photoreceptors, R5–8 photoreceptors contribute the proximal tier, and the R9 photoreceptor adds a few microvilli at the base. In transverse sections, four spots of red pigment surrounding the rhabdom are evident in the ventral region of the eye. The red pigment acts as a strong red filter for the proximal photoreceptors. The arrangement of the pigment spots distinguishes the ommatidia into three types: trapezoidal (type I), square(type II) and rectangular (type III). In all types of ommatidia, the distal and the proximal tiers of the rhabdom are divided by a strong constriction,clearly to enhance the filtering effect of the red pigment. The ommatidial heterogeneity can also be observed by optical measurements. The eye shine,resulting from tapetal reflections, peaks in type I ommatidia at 660 nm, and in type II and III ommatidia at 730 nm. The far-red-peaking eye shine indicates that C. erate has far-red-sensitive photoreceptors. Type I ommatidia fluoresce under violet excitation, implying the presence of a violet-absorbing pigment that acts as a short-wavelength filter.
Journal Articles
Bart R. H. Geurten, Karin Nordström, Jordanna D. H. Sprayberry, Douglas M. Bolzon, David C. O'Carroll
J Exp Biol (2007) 210 (18): 3277–3284.
Published: 15 September 2007
... dependence spatial interactions insect vision elementary motion detection (EMD) Despite the limited acuity provided by the compound eye, many insects detect and pursue small targets, such as prey or conspecifics. This impressive feat is complicated by the need for targets to be visualized against...
Abstract
SUMMARY Visual identification of targets is an important task for many animals searching for prey or conspecifics. Dragonflies utilize specialized optics in the dorsal acute zone, accompanied by higher-order visual neurons in the lobula complex, and descending neural pathways tuned to the motion of small targets. While recent studies describe the physiology of insect small target motion detector (STMD) neurons, little is known about the mechanisms that underlie their exquisite sensitivity to target motion. Lobula plate tangential cells (LPTCs), a group of neurons in dipteran flies selective for wide-field motion, have been shown to take input from local motion detectors consistent with the classic correlation model developed by Hassenstein and Reichardt in the 1950s. We have tested the hypothesis that similar mechanisms underlie the response of dragonfly STMDs. We show that an anatomically characterized centrifugal STMD neuron (CSTMD1) gives responses that depend strongly on target contrast, a clear prediction of the correlation model. Target stimuli are more complex in spatiotemporal terms than the sinusoidal grating patterns used to study LPTCs, so we used a correlation-based computer model to predict response tuning to velocity and width of moving targets. We show that increasing target width in the direction of travel causes a shift in response tuning to higher velocities, consistent with our model. Finally, we show how the morphology of CSTMD1 allows for impressive spatial interactions when more than one target is present in the visual field.
Journal Articles
J Exp Biol (2006) 209 (21): 4295–4303.
Published: 01 November 2006
... the substrate in cm, L =ideal prey size in cm, S =ideal prey speed in cm s -1 , and E =elevation in the visual field in degrees. 6 9 2006 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2006 2006 depth perception insect vision flat world predatory behavior The data slices at the tested...
Abstract
SUMMARY The elevation of objects in the visual field has long been recognized as a potential distance cue, but it has been demonstrated to a reasonable extent in only four species: humans, frogs, fiddler crabs and backswimmers. Many tiger beetles hunt in flat, sandy areas, and their eyes show `flat-world'adaptations, such as an extended visual streak of higher acuity that corresponds to the horizon. They are therefore possible candidates for the use of elevation as a cue for distance. We tested this empirically and with simulation. In a behavioral prey selection paradigm, in which starved beetles were presented moving prey-targets having different size, speed and elevation,the beetles showed a strong preference for large targets when these were low in the visual field and a weaker preference for small targets when these were near the horizon. Striking of targets above the horizon was reduced compared to sub-horizontal targets, and lacked the size-elevation interaction. We simulated these empirical results with a model that converted elevation to distance, and used distance to estimate the absolute size of the targets. Simulated strike probability was then determined by the similarity between this absolute size and an independently confirmed preferred prey size. The results of the simulation model matched the empirical data as well as the best statistical model of the behavioral results. While some aspects of the model,and the beetles' behavior, differ from the strict geometry of the `elevation hypothesis', our results nevertheless indicate that tiger beetles use elevation to estimate distance to prey, and that it is therefore one of the determinants of prey selection.
Journal Articles
A `bright zone' in male hoverfly ( Eristalis tenax ) eyes and associated faster motion detection and increased contrast sensitivity
J Exp Biol (2006) 209 (21): 4339–4354.
Published: 01 November 2006
Abstract
SUMMARY Eyes of the hoverfly Eristalis tenax are sexually dimorphic such that males have a fronto-dorsal region of large facets. In contrast to other large flies in which large facets are associated with a decreased interommatidial angle to form a dorsal `acute zone' of increased spatial resolution, we show that a dorsal region of large facets in males appears to form a `bright zone' of increased light capture without substantially increased spatial resolution. Theoretically, more light allows for increased performance in tasks such as motion detection. To determine the effect of the bright zone on motion detection, local properties of wide field motion detecting neurons were investigated using localized sinusoidal gratings. The pattern of local preferred directions of one class of these cells, the HS cells, in Eristalis is similar to that reported for the blowfly Calliphora . The bright zone seems to contribute to local contrast sensitivity; high contrast sensitivity exists in portions of the receptive field served by large diameter facet lenses of males and is not observed in females. Finally, temporal frequency tuning is also significantly faster in this frontal portion of the world, particularly in males, where it overcompensates for the higher spatial-frequency tuning and shifts the predicted local velocity optimum to higher speeds. These results indicate that increased retinal illuminance due to the bright zone of males is used to enhance contrast sensitivity and speed motion detector responses. Additionally, local neural properties vary across the visual world in a way not expected if HS cells serve purely as matched filters to measure yaw-induced visual motion.
Journal Articles
J Exp Biol (2005) 208 (8): 1563–1572.
Published: 15 April 2005
... The Company of Biologists Limited 2005 2005 pursuit control system visuomotor control behaviour computational neuroethology computer simulation insect vision blowfly Visual pursuit can be found in a number of insect species; dragonflies, for instance, feed on prey caught in flight( Olberg...
Abstract
SUMMARY During courtship, male blowflies perform aerobatic pursuits that rank among the fastest visual behaviours that can be observed in nature. The viewing strategies during pursuit behaviour of blowflies appear to be very similar to eye movements during pursuit in primates: a combination of smooth pursuit and catch-up saccades. Whereas in primates these two components of pursuit eye movements are thought to be controlled by distinct oculomotor subsystems, we present evidence that in blowflies both types of pursuit responses can be produced by a single control system. In numerical simulations of chasing behaviour the proposed control system generates qualitatively the same behaviour as with real blowflies. As a consequence of time constants in the control system, mimicking neuronal processing times, muscular dynamics and inertia, saccade-like changes in gaze direction are generated if the target is displaced rapidly on the pursuing fly's retina. In the behavioural context of visual pursuit, saccade-like changes of the fly's gaze direction can thus be parsimoniously explained as an emergent property of a smooth pursuit system without assuming a priori different mechanisms underlying smooth and saccadic tracking behaviour.
Journal Articles
Response Characteristics of Four Wide-Field Motion-Sensitive Descending Interneurones IN Apis Melufera
J Exp Biol (1990) 148 (1): 255–279.
Published: 01 January 1990
... side of the brain and descends into the thoracic ganglia in the contralateral side. The majority of its arborizations in the thoracic ganglia are confined to the contralateral neuropile. 21 8 1989 © 1990 by Company of Biologists 1990 insect vision motion-sensitive interneurones...
Abstract
The anatomical projections and directional tuning of four descending interneurones sensitive to wide-field motion over the compound eyes are described. The cells are slow to adapt, resistant to habituation and their responses are dependent on the contrast frequency of the periodic patterns used as stimuli. Two of the cells (DNIV 2 and DNIV 4 ) are maximally stimulated by movement around the longitudinal axis of the bee (simulated roll), one (DNII 2 ) by movement around the horizontal axis (simulated pitch) and one (DNVI 1 ) by movement around the vertical axis (simulated yaw). The cells are binocular, their directional response being shaped by the interaction of the inputs from each eye. The cells which respond predominantly to roll (DNIV 2 and DNIV 4 ) have their arborizations restricted to the ipsilateral side of the brain and thoracic ganglia, i.e. the side which contains the cell soma. The cell responding to pitch (DNII 2 ) has its arborizations distributed bilaterally, invading similar regions of the neuropile in both sides of the brain and thoracic ganglia. The cell which responds to yaw (DNVI 1 ) has its major dendritic field in the ipsilateral side of the brain and descends into the thoracic ganglia in the contralateral side. The majority of its arborizations in the thoracic ganglia are confined to the contralateral neuropile.
Journal Articles
J Exp Biol (1986) 120 (1): 265–281.
Published: 01 January 1986
...). The above findings, together with the known visual recognition tasks performed by the mantid, finally allow the formulation of a simple neuronal model of binocular vision. 22 8 1985 © 1986 by Company of Biologists 1986 insect vision binocular vision binocular coordination stereopsis...
Abstract
The way in which mantids localize the direction and the distance of their prey has been analysed, to clarify the importance of binocular interactions. The results suggest the following major points: 1. Binocular interactions coordinate monocular directional information, such that the direction in which a mantid fixates its prey is intermediate between the image directions in the two eyes (Figs 3, 4). 2. Binocular interactions elaborate the disparity between the monocular images, thus providing the mantid with a means of estimating the distance of its prey (Fig. 5; Tables 1, 2). The above findings, together with the known visual recognition tasks performed by the mantid, finally allow the formulation of a simple neuronal model of binocular vision. | https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/search-results?qb=%7B%22Keywords1%22:%22insect+vision%22%7D |
A: SPD is a complex, neurophysiological condition that affects developing children (and adults who were not treated in childhood).
- Sensory input, either from the environment or from the body, is poorly detected, modulated, or misinterpreted, resulting in an atypical response.
- Symptoms occur within a broad spectrum of severity from feeling overwhelmed or bombarded by sensory information; to seeking out intense sensory experiences.
- Poor sensory discrimination impacts motor performance and leads to difficulties with coordination.
- While most of us have occasional difficulties processing sensory information, for children and adults with SPD, these difficulties are chronic, and they disrupt everyday life.
~ Lucy J. Miller
The Brain Body Connection
First off, we are ALL sensory beings.
Our bodies are hard wired with receptors to detect sensory input from our environment as well as from within our bodies. This sensory input is travels through our nervous system to our brain where it is processed and interpreted.
How you respond to this input really depends upon how your brain has processed and interpreted it. Your brain automatically decides whether or not the sensation should be responded to, ignored or if it poses a threat. Your response is governed by how your brain processes the sensation. This process occurs without thinking as the brain filters out what’s important and what’s not important to pay attention to.
Everyone’s body chemistry, medical history and genetics are unique, which means that we all may interpret sensory information a bit differently but the overall circuitry is functioning well.
All of us at one time or another has problems processing sensory information. However, the nervous system of children and adults with SPD may have problems with detecting, registering, processing and/or interpreting sensory input. Sometimes, it’s as if a “short circuit” occurs when the brain interprets the sensory information, resulting in an abnormal response or behavior.
For example, let’s say you’re at school and the bell rings. The majority of children have gotten used to the sound of the bell, which means their brain has habituated to the noise so they hear it, but do not become startled or upset by it. On the other hand, one student’s reaction to hearing the bell elicits a startle reflex, and he may become distressed upon hearing the bell, resulting in behavior such as covering his ears or crying. This does not necessarily mean he has SPD, but it is important to understand that the reaction to auditory input will likely affect his performance and ability to focus in the classroom.
The 8 Sensory Systems
Most people can easily identify the 5 sensory systems (vision, hearing, taste, smell and touch), but you actually have 8 sensory systems. The types of sensory input we receive from our environment are visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory, proprioception (deep pressure touch and body awareness), vestibular (balance, movement and position in space) and interoception. Let’s do a quick review of the brain-body connection and the related sensory systems
Visual System
- Sensory receptors in the eyes send messages to the optic nerve which sends sensory messages to various sites in the brain where the information is perceived, sorted out and linked up to other senses.
- In addition to acuity, oculo-motor, eye teaming, visual tracking and visual sensitivities all play an important role in visual processing.
Auditory System
- Sensory receptors in the ear send messages to the brain and central nervous system to make sense of sounds, which sounds to attend to and where the sound is coming from.
- The discrimination of sound helps to pay attention by filtering out background noise. A child may overreact or under-react to sounds in the environment.
- Listening is a complex process that involves both hearing and processing sounds.
Olfactory System
- Smell travels directly into the limbic system which is the center for our emotions, memory, pleasure and learning.
- Our sense of taste and smell work together to give pleasure and also serve to protect us from a potentially noxious situation.
- Be aware of any taste and smell sensitivities.
Gustatory System/Oral Motor Skills
- Taste, touch, texture and temperature receptors are located in the mouth.
- Oral motor activities such as sucking can comfort and help a child self-regulate.
- When combined with deep pressure input, oral motor input provides a calming effect (e.g. resistive chewing, biting).
Tactile System
- Touch receptors are located in the skin and detect light touch, temperature, vibration and pain.
- Touch discrimination is important for fine motor skills, body awareness and alerts us of danger.
Proprioceptive System
- Touch receptors are located in the joints and muscles.
- Deep pressure and heavy work activities promote body awareness, position in space and have a calming effect.
Vestibular System
- Receptors are located in the inner ear and are stimulated by movement of the head and input from other senses.
- Vestibular processing impacts balance, position in space, tolerance for movement, emotions and arousal level.
- Well-modulated vestibular activity is very important for maintaining a calm-alert state.
Interoceptive System
- Interoceptive awareness of the state of one’s own body is important for detecting physiological functions such as heart rate and breathing, hunger, thirst.
- This is combined with an awareness of emotion and a subjective intensity of emotional and perception.
- Activities such as mindfulness, deep breathing techniques and body scanning engage the interoceptive sense.
Do you ever find yourself asking, “I wonder if _____ has sensory processing disorder?”
Perhaps you’re thinking of your own child? Or perhaps there’s a student in your classroom whom you suspect has sensory issues?
What is your biggest challenge right now?
It’s SO important to keep an open mind when observing behaviors at home and in the classroom… ask yourself if certain behaviors you observe are due to a maladaptive response to sensory input, a behavioral issue or a combination of both? Are there certain triggers, events, environments, times of day or patterns that you notice when problems seem most likely to occur? An occupational therapist trained in Sensory Processing can help you answer these questions!
The solution and strategies you choose will depend upon the root of the problem and the reasons why a particular response or behavior is occurring!
References: Biel, L. and Peske, N., (2005). Raising A Sensory Smart Child., | https://www.playitforwardtherapy.net/what-is-sensory-processing-disorder/ |
Synapses are specialized structures that mediate rapid and efficient signal transmission between neurons and are surrounded by glial cells. Astrocytes develop an intimate association with synapses in the central nervous system CNS and contribute to the regulation of ion and neurotransmitter concentrations. Together with neurons, they shape intercellular space to provide a stable milieu for neuronal activity. Extracellular matrix ECM components are synthesized by both neurons and astrocytes and play an important role in the formation, maintenance, and function of synapses in the CNS. The components of the ECM have been detected near glial processes, which abut onto the CNS synaptic unit, where they are part of the specialized macromolecular assemblies, termed perineuronal nets PNNs.
Proteoglycans PGs regulate diverse functions in the central nervous system CNS by interacting with a number of growth factors, matrix proteins, and cell surface molecules. The functionality of these PGs is to a large extent dictated by the fine sulfation patterns present on their glycosaminoglycan GAG chains. In the past 15 years, there has been a significant expansion in our knowledge on the role of HS and CS chains in various neurological processes, such as neuronal growth, regeneration, plasticity, and pathfinding. However, defining the relation between distinct sulfation patterns of the GAGs and their functionality has thus far been difficult. With the emergence of novel tools for the synthesis of defined GAG structures, and techniques for their characterization, we are now in a better position to explore the structure-function relation of GAGs in the context of their sulfation patterns. In this review, we discuss the importance of GAGs on CNS development, injury, and disorders with an emphasis on their sulfation patterns. Glycosaminoglycans GAGs are a family of linear, sulfated polysaccharides that are associated with central nervous system CNS development, maintenance, and disorders.
Proteoglycans, as part of the extracellular or cell-surface milieu of most tissues and organ systems, play important roles in morphogenesis by modulating cell-matrix or cell-cell interactions, cell adhesiveness, or by binding and presenting growth and differentiation factors. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans which constitute the major population of proteoglycans in the central nervous system may influence formation of neuronal nuclei, establishment of boundaries for axonal growth and act as modulators of neuronal outgrowth during brain development, as well as during regeneration after injury. There is a paucity of information on the role of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in central nervous system organogenesis. In the chick embryo, aggrecan has a regionally specific and developmentally regulated expression profile during brain development. By Northern and Western blot analysis, aggrecan expression is first detected in chick brain on embryonic day 7 E7 , increases from E7 to E13, declines markedly after E16, and is not evident in hatchling brains.
Glial cells in the central nervous system CNS contribute to formation of the extracellular matrix, which provides adhesive sites, signaling molecules, and a diffusion barrier to enhance efficient neurotransmission and axon potential propagation. In the normal adult CNS, the extracellular matrix ECM is relatively stable except in selected regions characterized by dynamic remodeling. However, after trauma such as a spinal cord injury or cortical contusion, the lesion epicenter becomes a focus of acute neuroinflammation. An advantage of this response is to limit the invasion of damaging cells and diffusion of toxic molecules into the spared tissue regions, but this occurs at the cost of inhibiting migration of endogenous repair cells and preventing axonal regrowth. This article highlights structural and functional features of the normal adult CNS ECM and then focuses on the reactions of glial cells and changes in the perilesion border that occur following spinal cord or contusive brain injury.
Research of the past 25 years has shown that astrocytes do more than participating and building up the blood-brain barrier and detoxify the active synapse by reuptake of neurotransmitters and ions. Indeed, astrocytes express neurotransmitter receptors and, as a consequence, respond to stimuli. Within the tripartite synapse, the astrocytes owe more and more importance. Besides the functional aspects the differentiation of astrocytes has gained a more intensive focus. Specific differentiation of neural stem cells toward the astroglial lineage is performed as a multi-step process. | https://rcthi.org/and-pdf/1057-aggrecan-is-expressed-by-embryonic-brain-glia-and-regulates-astrocyte-development-pdf-145-829.php |
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Insect neural networks have been widely and successfully employed as model systems in the study of the neural basis of behavior. The insect frontal ganglion is a principal part of the stomatogastric nervous system and is found in most insect orders. The frontal ganglion constitutes a major source of innervation to foregut muscles and plays a key role in the control of foregut movements. Following a brief description of the anatomy and development of the system in different insect groups, this review presents the current knowledge of the way neural networks in the insect frontal ganglion generate and control behavior. The frontal ganglion is instrumental in two distinct and fundamental insect behaviors: feeding and molting. Central pattern-generating circuit(s) within the frontal ganglion generates foregut rhythmic motor patterns. The frontal ganglion networks can be modulated in-vitro by several neuromodulators to generate a variety of motor outputs. Chemical modulation as well as sensory input from the gut and input from other neural centers enable the frontal ganglion to induce foregut rhythmic patterns under different physiological conditions. Frontal ganglion neurons themselves are also an important source of neurosecretion. The neurosecretory material from the frontal ganglion can control and modulate motor patterns of muscles of the alimentary canal. The current and potential future importance of the insect stomatogastric nervous system and frontal ganglion in the study of the neural mechanisms of behavior are discussed.
Copyright 2004 S. Karger AG, Basel
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15004423?dopt=Abstract |
The development of neural crest-derived pigment cells has been studied extensively as a model for cellular differentiation, disease and environmental adaptation. cell types, including chromatophores, craniofacial cartilage, and neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system . This array of neural crest-derived cell types has long been of interest in studying the mechanisms of cell diversification among embryonic cell populations. The PCI-32765 manufacturer development of neural crest-derived chromatophores in particular has been studied extensively, and many important mechanistic insights have resulted from the analysis of mouse and zebrafish mutants C. Vertebrate chromatophore populations are readily PCI-32765 manufacturer observed, as they produce their own visible intrinsic markers. In addition, chromatophores are not strictly required for viability C. As a result, chromatophores have long been used to study developmental processes such as cell fate specification, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival. Mice and other mammals have a single chromatophore cell type termed melanocytes . Hundreds of mouse coat color mutants have been identified, covering over 100 loci, which affect multiple cellular processes , . Further, many of these mutations in mice have proved to be medically relevant as models for human diseases involving the same genes . Besides the melanocytes (melanophores) also found PCI-32765 manufacturer in mammals, PCI-32765 manufacturer zebrafish and other ectotherms possess neural crest-derived yellow xanthophores and iridescent iridiphores , . In addition to the isolation of several zebrafish chromatophore mutants that arose spontaneously , , numerous mutagenesis screens have yielded over 100 mutations affecting various processes in the development of different combinations of the chromatophore types , C. Studies from several vertebrates, including zebrafish, have led to the extensive characterization of melanophore development, and to a lesser extent, xanthophore and iridiphore development , , , , . Prior to overt differentiation, chromatophore precursors are referred to as chromatoblasts, and can be identified by expression of genes specific to one or multiple chromatophore sublineages. Sox10, mutations in which cause Waardenburg-Hirschsprung Syndrome in humans, is required for development of nonectomesenchymal neural crest derivatives, including all chromatophores, as well as many peripheral neurons and glia , . Sox10 has been shown to directly regulate expression of ((is also MKI67 expressed by melanoblasts, and appears to be necessary for their migration and survival , . Similarly, the ortholog is expressed by embryonic xanthoblasts and macrophages, which can be distinguished from one another based on location and cellular morphology C. Synthesis of yellow pteridine pigments, found in xanthophores, requires (and are co-expressed in a subset cells in the premigratory neural crest, which may represent uncommitted precursors of melanophores or xanthophores . Neither of these genes is co-expressed with expression is observed in both melanoblasts and xanthoblasts . A G protein-coupled receptor, (mutant mice are almost completely devoid of melanocytes , . In contrast, zebrafish mutants display defects in subsets of adult melanophores and iridiphores but lack an embryonic chromatophore phenotype . In the zebrafish embryo, is initially expressed by all chromatophore sublineages, but by late embryonic/early larval stages, is restricted to iridiblasts and iridiphores . Morphologically, differentiated melanophores and xanthophores are large and dendritic with many processes, while iridiphores are rounded in shape . In ectotherms, considerable attention has been given to mechanisms of color adaptation, reversible changes in pigmentation brought on by prolonged exposure to either light or dark environments . Extensive analyses, especially in a variety of fish species, have revealed that this occurs through relocalization of pigment organelles.
- Purpose [18F]Fluorocholine [18F]FCH) was developed as an analog of [11C]choline for
- Supplementary MaterialsSupplemental Figures 41598_2017_1280_MOESM1_ESM. wall structure synthesis, and hormone sign transduction. | http://capecodmushroom.org/the-development-of-neural-crest-derived-pigment-cells-has-been-studied-extensively/ |
Glial cells in the central nervous system CNS contribute to formation of the extracellular matrix, which provides adhesive sites, signaling molecules, and a diffusion barrier to enhance efficient neurotransmission and axon potential propagation. In the normal adult CNS, the extracellular matrix ECM is relatively stable except in selected regions characterized by dynamic remodeling. However, after trauma such as a spinal cord injury or cortical contusion, the lesion epicenter becomes a focus of acute neuroinflammation.
Sugar glues for broken neurons
Biochem J 15 July ; 14 : — The a disintegrin-like and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type-1 motifs ADAMTS family of metzincins are complex secreted proteins that have diverse functions during development. The hyalectanases ADAMTS1, 4, 5, 8, 9, 15 and 20 are a subset of this family that have enzymatic activity against hyalectan proteoglycans, the processing of which has important implications during development. This review gives an overview of how the family and their substrates evolved from non-vertebrates to mammals, the expression of the hyalectanases and substrates in different species and their functions during development, and how these functions are conserved across species. Sign In or Create an Account.
Proteoglycans PGs regulate diverse functions in the central nervous system CNS by interacting with a number of growth factors, matrix proteins, and cell surface molecules. The functionality of these PGs is to a large extent dictated by the fine sulfation patterns present on their glycosaminoglycan GAG chains. In the past 15 years, there has been a significant expansion in our knowledge on the role of HS and CS chains in various neurological processes, such as neuronal growth, regeneration, plasticity, and pathfinding. However, defining the relation between distinct sulfation patterns of the GAGs and their functionality has thus far been difficult. With the emergence of novel tools for the synthesis of defined GAG structures, and techniques for their characterization, we are now in a better position to explore the structure-function relation of GAGs in the context of their sulfation patterns. In this review, we discuss the importance of GAGs on CNS development, injury, and disorders with an emphasis on their sulfation patterns.
Proteoglycans, as part of the extracellular or cell-surface milieu of most tissues and organ systems, play important roles in morphogenesis by modulating cell-matrix or cell-cell interactions, cell adhesiveness, or by binding and presenting growth and differentiation factors. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans which constitute the major population of proteoglycans in the central nervous system may influence formation of neuronal nuclei, establishment of boundaries for axonal growth and act as modulators of neuronal outgrowth during brain development, as well as during regeneration after injury. There is a paucity of information on the role of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in central nervous system organogenesis. In the chick embryo, aggrecan has a regionally specific and developmentally regulated expression profile during brain development. By Northern and Western blot analysis, aggrecan expression is first detected in chick brain on embryonic day 7 E7 , increases from E7 to E13, declines markedly after E16, and is not evident in hatchling brains. The time course and pattern of aggrecan expression observed in ventricular zone cells suggested that it might play a role in gliogenesis.
Astrocytes as a source for extracellular matrix molecules and cytokines
Synapses are specialized structures that mediate rapid and efficient signal transmission between neurons and are surrounded by glial cells. Astrocytes develop an intimate association with synapses in the central nervous system CNS and contribute to the regulation of ion and neurotransmitter concentrations. Together with neurons, they shape intercellular space to provide a stable milieu for neuronal activity. Extracellular matrix ECM components are synthesized by both neurons and astrocytes and play an important role in the formation, maintenance, and function of synapses in the CNS. The components of the ECM have been detected near glial processes, which abut onto the CNS synaptic unit, where they are part of the specialized macromolecular assemblies, termed perineuronal nets PNNs.
Determination of the molecules that regulate astrocyte development has been hindered by the paucity of markers that identify astrocytic.
Extracellular matrix of the central nervous system: from neglect to challenge
Research of the past 25 years has shown that astrocytes do more than participating and building up the blood-brain barrier and detoxify the active synapse by reuptake of neurotransmitters and ions. Indeed, astrocytes express neurotransmitter receptors and, as a consequence, respond to stimuli. Within the tripartite synapse, the astrocytes owe more and more importance. Besides the functional aspects the differentiation of astrocytes has gained a more intensive focus. Specific differentiation of neural stem cells toward the astroglial lineage is performed as a multi-step process.
Neurons and glial cells in the central nervous system are tightly associated to each other, maintaining physiological homeostasis of the human body. In addition to the cell-cell interaction, the CNS is also composed of elaborated and complicated extracellular matrixes ECMs. Neural ECMs are radically different from those of other tissues.
Metrics details. Traumatic brain injury TBI is one of the leading causes of fatality and disability worldwide. Despite its high prevalence, effective treatment strategies for TBI are limited.
Хейл понимал, что говорит полную ерунду, потому что Стратмор никогда не причинит ей вреда, и она это отлично знает. Хейл вгляделся в темноту, выискивая глазами место, где прятался Стратмор. Шеф внезапно замолчал и растворился во тьме. Это пугало Хейла.
- Почему же так долго. - Ты явно не в себе, - как ни в чем не бывало сказал Хейл. - Какие-нибудь проблемы с диагностикой. - Ничего серьезного, - ответила Сьюзан, хотя вовсе не была в этом уверена. Следопыт задерживается.
- Он направился к полке с ячейками для ключей и почты. - Быть может, я мог бы позвонить в номер и… - Простите, - сказал консьерж, и вся его любезность мгновенно улетучилась. - В Альфонсо Тринадцатом строгие правила охраны приватности постояльцев. Беккера не устраивала перспектива ждать десять часов, пока тучный немец со своей спутницей спустятся к завтраку.
Если вы принесете мне его паспорт, я позабочусь, чтобы он его получил. - Видите ли, я в центре города, без машины, - ответил голос. - Может быть, вы могли бы подойти.
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Introduction to chemical engineering thermodynamics 7th edition solutions manual pdf free introduction to chemical engineering thermodynamics 7th edition solutions manual pdf free
Request PDF | Aggrecan is expressed by embryonic brain glia and regulates astrocyte development | Determination of the molecules that. | https://hc4hcommunityfair.org/and-pdf/449-aggrecan-is-expressed-by-embryonic-brain-glia-and-regulates-astrocyte-development-pdf-843-631.php |
1. What is a sense organ?
2. What are the three general types of senses?
3. How can a pigment associated with a protein transduce an environmental stimulus into a sensation?
4. Distinguish between sensation and perception.
5. Distinguish between ocelli and ommatidia.
6. How does the nervous system detect different smells?
7. In what way are the sense of smell and taste similar?
8. Explain three adaptations in the visual system that enabled primates to dominate the treetops.
9. List the structures of the human eye and their functions.
10. In humans, otolilth movement provides equilibrium and balance. What is the corresponding structure in an invertebrate?
11. Why doesn’t burning your tongue on a hot slice of pizza permanently damage your sense of taste?
12. How does vision in humans differ from that of an insect?
13. How do we see colors other than red, blue, or green?
14. In what ways do the three major structures of the inner ear (cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibule) function similarly?
15. Sensation results from an anatomical pattern of many sensory cells that transmit impulses to a nerve leading to a specific part of the brain. Describe the organization of neurons in three human senses that fit this pattern of funneling incoming information from many sensory neurons to a nerve fiber leading to the brain. | https://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072919183/student_view0/chapter32/testing_your_knowledge.html |
For children with a Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD), even the simplest task can trigger a sensory overload. The lights are too bright. The shirt material too itchy and a crowded place is overwhelming.
Their senses are in control of every thought, and their brain simply cannot cope.
Although there is no cure for SPD, there are ways to ease your child’s symptoms. For years, occupational therapists have recognized the therapeutic power of weighted blankets.
WHAT IS SPD?
Sensory processing disorder (SPD) is a neurological condition that exists when sensory signals don’t get organised into appropriate responses. People with SPD find it difficult to process sensory information (e.g. sound, touch and movement) from the world around them. This means that they may feel sensory input more or less intensely than other people. SPD can therefore impact on a person’s ability to interact in different environments and perform daily activities.
Whether your child is a sensory seeker or avoider, the root of the problem is the same. There is a malfunction in one of their senses. This causes the nervous system to send an abnormal number of neural signals to the brain. This interferes with other cerebral processes, creating an excess in brain activity. As a result, the brain becomes overwhelmed.
The brain tries to calm everything down by causing unwanted sensory behaviors. For example, the tactile system lets us know when something is too hot, or when we are in pain. If someone has a tactile dysfunction, they are unable to tolerate physical touch. They may avoid certain food or not like to get their hands dirty.
Components of dysfunction of sensory integration:
Sensory Modulation Disorder is a problem with turning sensory messages into controlled behaviours that match the nature and intensity of the sensory information.Common symptoms include:
- Withdrawing from light and unexpected touch
- Gagging and refusal to eat textured foods
- Dislike of teeth-brushing, hair washing, or nail cutting
- Avoidance of messy textures such as dirt or lotion
- Strong preferences to certain types of clothing, including textures and fit
- Oversensitivity to sounds or visual stimuli
Sensory-Based Motor Disorder is a problem with stabilising, moving or planning a series of movements in response to sensory demands.Symptoms may include:
- Trouble performing activities of daily living
- Accident-prone and clumsiness
- Resists new activities
- Poor playing skills
- Poor fine motor coordination
- Poor articulation
Postural-Ocular Disorder: Children with postural-ocular disorder have problems controlling or stabilizing the body during movements or at rest. Muscles may be hypo or hypertonic and joints may be unstable. Poor usage of vision and oculomotor control. Symptoms may include:
- Poor posture control or strength
- Poor equilibrium and balance
- Difficulty isolating head-eye movements
- Poor tracking of visual stimuli
- Avoidance of upper extremity weight bearing
- Discomfort climbing or fear of heights
- Tires easily
- Challenges establishing dominant hand (right or left handedness)
Sensory Discrimination Disorder is a problem with sensing similarities and differences between sensations.Symptoms may include:
- Difficulty manipulating an object when out of sight
- Difficulties following directions
- Challenges distinguishing between similar sounds
- Problems finding an image in a cluttered background
- Uses too much or too little force
- Poor balance
- Poor sense of movement speed
To combat these symptoms, occupational therapists (OT) use Sensory Integration Therapy. Sensory integration is an attempt to change the way the brain reacts to sound, light, touch, and movement.
After the OT’s initial assessment, he or she will plan what is called a “sensory diet.” Although it’s called a diet, a sensory diet has nothing to do with food. It is a personalized list of play activities that fulfill the craving for sensory input.
SPD AND WEIGHTED BLANKETS
Weighted blankets provide proprioceptive (is the process by which the body can vary muscle contraction in immediate response to incoming information regarding external forces, by utilizing stretch receptors in the muscles to keep track of the joint position in the body) sensory input which calms the body’s natural “fight or flight” response. This provides your child with the tools they need to self-soothe before or during a meltdown.
Designed to weigh 10 to 15% of your child’s body weight, weighted blankets use the same effects of swaddling a baby or a hug from a loved one. The extra weight puts pressure on the nervous system which immediately calms the mind and body. The scientific term for this effect is called Deep Pressure Therapy.
Weighted blankets are usually filled with non-toxic plastic poly pellets, similar to Beanie Babies. Best of all, the blankets are soft, comfortable and come in a variety of colors and designs.
But how does something as simple as a weighted blanket have such a profound effect on your child’s SPD symptoms?
HOW DO WEIGHTED BLANKETS WORK?
Deep Pressure Therapy puts pressure on the body’s sensory receptors. This has a calming effect on the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS).
As a division of the nervous system, the ANS controls unconscious actions, such as breathing, digestion, and heart rate. This system can be further broken down into two sections.
The Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) is the body’s “fight or flight” response. It releases hormones which increase blood pressure, blood sugar, and breathing. Try to remember the last time you were nervous. Maybe it was before I test or a meeting at work. How did you feel? Your heart was probably pounding. Your palms may have been sweaty, and it may have been hard to think about the task at hand.
That was your Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) at work.
The second section of the ANS is the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PSNS). This section is the exact opposite of the SNS and is dominant during peaceful, quiet times. The PSNS calms the body down by decreasing blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing.
Now try to remember how you feel when you’re taking a bath, or even before you go to sleep. Your breathing is slower. Your thoughts stop racing, and you feel calmer and at peace.
That is your Parasympathetic Nervous System (PSNS).
When you’re in a state of stress, your body is constantly in a “fight or flight” response, meaning your SNS is dominant. This can make it impossible to calm down and can greatly affect your thinking, concentration, and sleep.
When Deep Pressure Therapy is applied to the body, the Autonomic Nervous System becomes balanced. The body’s “fight or flight” response decreases, while the calming PSNS is activated.
This opposite movement within the Autonomic Nervous System not only calms the body down, but helps regulate emotions.
BENEFITS OF WEIGHTED BLANKETS FOR SPD CHILDREN
Whether used at therapy, school, or at home, weighted blankets have been proven to soothe SPD symptoms. Therapeutic benefits include:
MOOD BOOSTER
Deep Pressure Therapy has a positive effect on the hormone levels. Researchers found that compressing the body’s sensory receptors actually increases “happy” serotonin levels by 28% percent. They also found that the stress hormone, cortisol, decreased by 31%.
NATURAL SLEEP AID
In a 2015 study published in the Journal of Sleep Medicine & Disorders, researchers found that sleep time increased during weighted blanket use. Participants also found it easier to fall asleep, and woke up more refreshed in the morning.
The body’s internal clock is controlled by a hormone called melatonin. Weighted blankets increase melatonin production, making it easier to fall asleep at night.
INCREASED SPATIAL AWARENESS
When your child lays under the weighted blanket, the fabric puts pressure on their sensory receptors. This proprioceptive input benefits your child by allowing them to feel their body’s movements. They can sense when their arm is outstretched or when their knee is bent. This sensory information gives your child a better understanding of their body’s location.
CALMING EFFECT
Children with SPD have a hard time filtering and organizing sensory input. This overflow of information puts stress on the nervous system, causing sensory meltdowns. Sensory input, like cuddling and Deep Pressure Therapy, calms the body’s “fight or flight” response. Weighted blankets make your child feel safe, soothing their overly stimulated senses.
WHEN CAN YOU USE A WEIGHTED BLANKET?
Weighted blankets can be used in a variety of situations, including: | https://silverrattle.in/can-weighted-blankets-ease-spd-symptoms/ |
Octopamine is an important neuromodulator in the insect nervous system, influencing memory formation, sensory perception and motor control. In this study, we compare the distribution of octopamine-like immunoreactive neurons in two parasitic wasp species of the Nasonia genus, N. vitripennis and N. giraulti. These two species were previously described as differing in their learning and memory formation, which raised the question as to whether morphological differences in octopaminergic neurons underpinned these variations. Immunohistochemistry in combination with confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to reveal and compare the somata and major projections of the octopaminergic neurons in these wasps. The brains of both species showed similar staining patterns, with six different neuron clusters being identified in the brain and five different clusters in the subesophageal ganglion. Of those clusters found in the subesophageal ganglion, three contained unpaired neurons, whereas the other three consisted in paired neurons. The overall pattern of octopaminergic neurons in both species was similar, with no differences in the numbers or projections of the ventral unpaired median (VUM) neurons, which are known to be involved in memory formation in insects. In one other cluster in the brain, located in-between the optic lobe and the antennal lobe, we detected more neurons in N. vitripennis compared with N. giraulti. Combining our results with findings made previously in other Hymenopteran species, we discuss possible functions and some of the ultimate factors influencing the evolution of the octopaminergic system in the insect brain. | https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/octopamine-like-immunoreactive-neurons-in-the-brain-and-subesopha |
The nervous system is responsible for sensing the external and internal environments of an organism, and for inducing muscle movement. Human sensation is achieved through the stimulation of specialized neurons, organized into five different modalities—touch, balance, taste, smell, hearing, and vision. The touch modality includes pressure, vibration, temperature, pain, and itch. Some animals are also able to sense magnetism and electric fields. Modality, timing, intensity, and location of the stimulus are the four features that allow the brain to identify a unique sensation.
SENSATION RECEPTORS
The neurons specialized to detect sensation are also called receptors because they are designed to receive information from the environment. Each receptor responds only to a stimulus that falls within a defined region, called its receptive field. The size of the stimulus can affect the number of receptors that respond, and the strength of the stimulus can affect how much they respond. For example, when a cat sits on your lap, a large population of receptors responds to the cat’s weight, warmth, claws, and the vibrations from its purring.
Transduction refers to the transfer of environmental energy into a biological signal signifying that energy. Sensory receptors either transduce their respective stimuli directly, in the form of an action potential —the electrochemical communication between neurons—or they chemically communicate the transduction to a neuron . Neurons collect information at their dendrites , a long, branched process that grows out of the cell body. Information travels through the cell body, and then reaches the axon , another long process designed to transfer information by apposing, or synapsing on, another neuron’s dendrites. In some receptors, the axon is branched, and is specialized for both initializing and transmitting action potentials.
Touch receptors.
Touch receptors are a type of mechanoreceptor because they are activated by mechanical perturbation of the cell membrane. The axon is located in either shallow or deep skin, and may be encapsulated by specialized membranes that amplify pressure. When the appropriate type of pressure is applied to the skin, these membranes pinch the axon, causing it to fire. The action potential travels from the point of origin to the neuron’s cell body, which is located in the dorsal root ganglion. From there, it continues through another branch of the axon into the spinal cord, even as far as the brainstem.
A very similar system allows proprioceptors to convey information concerning the position of the limbs and body, and the degree of tension in muscles. The axon of the nerve cell is located either in the muscle, tendon, or joint, and firing is instigated by pinching, as with touch receptors.
Nociceptors convey information about pain and include temperature, mechanical, and polymodal receptor types. Temperature nociceptors are activated only by extremely high or low temperatures. Mechanical nociceptors are activated by extremely strong pressure against the skin. Polymodal nociceptors are activated by high temperature, pressure, or chemicals released from damaged cells. Most nociceptors are free nerve endings unassociated with specialized membranes.
Vision receptors.
Campaniform organs are insect proprioceptors that play a role in feedback control of body position, as well as normal walking motor programs that allow the coordinated movement of all six legs.
Vision receptors are called photoreceptors because the stimuli that activate them are photons of light. The two types of photoreceptors are called rods and cones. Rods only sense the intensity of light, while cones can sense both intensity and color. While cones function best in bright light, rods function better in dim light. Furthermore, rods are located diffusely over the retina at the back of the eye, but cones are located in the central line of vision in a region of the retina called the fovea. For this reason, dim objects in the darkness can be viewed better from peripheral vision than from direct focus. There are three kinds of cones in the vertebrate eye—one responsive to wavelengths of light corresponding to the color blue, one responsive to red wavelengths, and one responsive to green wavelengths. These three colors form the entire range of colors that humans can perceive.
Visual information is carried along the optic nerve and passes through several relay points before reaching the primary visual area of the cerebral cortex, located at the back of the brain. From there it splits into two routes. The dorsal pathway processes depth and motion while the ventral pathway processes color and form.
Insects have compound eyes organized in hundreds or thousands of practically identical units called ommatidia, each of which has its own lens system and its own tiny retina. This gives the eye a faceted appearance. The insect’s retinula cell is a sensory neuron that contains photopigments similar to rods and cones. Overall, compound eyes resolve images about one sixtieth as well as vertebrate eyes. This is because the image is fractionated into so many ommatidia lenses and is difficult to reconstruct again in the brain. However, insects can have a greater range of vision than vertebrates, one that encompasses nearly the entire sphere of space around their bodies, due to the relatively large size of their eyes.
Hearing receptors.
Hearing receptors, or hair cells, are mechanoreceptors located within a bony spiral structure called the cochlea. Sounds are interpreted by the brain from patterns of air pressure caused by the vibration of objects. Sounds can also travel through water or solid objects. In mammals, the pressure in the air is transformed into mechanical pressure by three ear bones called the malleus , incus , and stapes , located in the middle ear.
Pressure waves that strike the tympanum, a thin membrane separating the middle from the outer ear, force it to push inward. The malleus is attached to the incus and the incus to the stapes, so that the mechanical activity of the tympanum is transferred to a coiled structure of the inner ear called the cochlea. Because this is a fluid-filled structure, the pushing and pulling of the stapes generates waves in the fluid. A semi-flexible membrane called the basilar membrane is located within the fluid, and also conducts the waves of pressure. The wave-like motion of the basilar membrane causes a series of hearing receptors grounded in the basilar membrane to be pushed up against another membrane just above it, the tectorial membrane.
Hair-like extensions, stereocilia, at the apex of the hair cell push and bend against a tectorial membrane, when the basilar membrane reaches the peak of its wave phase. This instigates a change in the electrochemical properties of the cell. The basilar membrane is formed so that only a particular region of hair cells is pushed up to the peak of the wave form for any one frequency, or tone, of sound. The frequency that a particular hair cell responds to is its receptive field. Hair cells are closely coupled to the auditory nerve, and transmit their auditory information to neurons from this nerve, which then travels up through the brain.
Insect hearing receptors are typically located on the legs, and sometimes on the body, of the insect. In crickets, the ear is located on the tibia of the foreleg. The eardrum of crickets is called a tympanum, and consists of an oval membrane on one side of the leg, and a smaller round tympanum on the other surface. Inside the tympanum is a large air sac formed by the leg trachea, which is the insect respiratory organ. Transduction mechanisms in the cricket ear are not well understood, but the vibration of the tympanum is known to stimulate the activity of auditory neurons behind the membrane.
Balance receptors.
Vertebrate balance receptors are located in a specialized organ in the inner ear called the vestibular organ. This structure is located directly adjacent to the cochlea, and is composed of a triplet of semicircular canals, each of which is oriented in a different plane—the X, Y, or Z axis. Movement of liquid in these tubes caused by rotation of the head or body are measured by vestibular hair cells. The stereocilia of these cells are embedded in a gelatinous material called the otolithic membrane.
Gravity and body movements cause the otolithic membrane to slide, which cause the stereocilia to bend in a particular direction. This leads to electrochemical changes in the hair cell, causes an action potential in the associated nerve ending. Information from the vestibular system allows eye and head movements to fix on a particular target, and to stabilize a moving image. It also allows organisms to balance—for example, when a cat walks atop a fence.
Smell receptors.
Smell receptors, or olfactory sensory neurons, are chemoreceptors , meaning that the binding of molecules causes these neurons to fire. Olfactory neurons extend a single dendrite to the surface of the skin in the nose, where it expands—along with dendrites from other neurons—to form a large knob. Thin hair-like projections extend from this knob into the thin layer of mucus within the nose. These projections contain a diverse array of receptors for odorants, so that all olfactory neurons are able to respond to a particular scent. The number that actually do respond is relative to the concentration of the scent molecules in the air.
Taste receptors.
Taste-detecting, or gustatory, organs are also chemoreceptors and are located in functional groupings called taste buds on the tongue, palate, pharynx, epiglottis, and the upper third of the esophagus. Taste cells have a very short life span, which is why each unit contains a population of stem cells that continuously divides, producing progeny cells to replace the dying taste cells. The remainder of the cell types in the taste bud has hair-like projections called microvilli that extend into a pore at the top of the taste bud. When taste molecules bind or interact with the microvilli, the taste cell undergoes an electrochemical change that is conveyed to an associated neuron; however, taste cells are not neurons. Four basic taste sensations can be distinguished by humans: bitter, salty, sour, and sweet. | http://elearning.fawe.org/unit/bio3-receptor-organs-in-mammals/ |
Principles of Biomedical Ethics
Answer each of the following questions about how principlism would be applied:
In 200-250 words answer the following: According to the Christian worldview, which of the four principles is most pressing in this case? Explain why. (45 points)
|From a Christian Worldview, I believe that the principle of autonomy is the most pressing. Autonomy refers to the ability of patients to make their own decisions regarding their health and medical treatments. In this case, autonomy is seen where Mike decides to forgo temporary dialysis for their son and turn to faith healing service. The parents acted autonomously for their son and placed the health of their son on the fate of their faith. When James condition worsens, his father tends to struggles with the idea of allowing his son through the medical procedure of donating a kidney. He hopes that his faith in God will change the situation.
|
Patient autonomy is a significant factor in medical decisions. This principle requires respect for the decision making abilities of the autonomous people (Beauchamp & Childress, 2014). In this case, the attending physician held a discussion with the mother regarding the diagnosis, treatment and risk of treatment and the risk without treatment. Mike informed the physician of their decision of not attending the dialysis for some time as they seek God’s healing. They didn’t want to subject their son to multiple cases of dialysis as they believed that their faith in God could do miracles and relieve their son. In a situation where the associated party is a child, the parent assumes the autonomy of making choices for medical treatment.
In 200-250 words answer the following: According to the Christian worldview, how might a Christian rank the priority of the four principles? Explain why. (45 points)
|Christians will tend to rank to rank the priorities based on their faith. They may rank them as 1) Autonomy; 2) Nonmaleficence; 3) Beneficence; and 4) Justice.
|
Respect is a key aspect in the Christian faith and the relationship between God and humans. When God created man, he gave him the authority to make his own decisions. As a Christian physician, he is expected to inform and respect the choices of the parents. Under the laws of bioethics, patients have the power to decide the mode of treatment they want and have a right to refuse certain treatments, surgeries, or medications (Tom & James, 2014). The decision may not be in the best interest of the patient, but it is something that medical practitioners must respect.
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The principle of non-maleficence stipulates that human subjects should not be harmed. This means that nursing practitioners must make the best medical decisions and adhere to the medical rules and regulations and ethics to ensure that patients are safe. The third is the principle of beneficence which is an ethical perspective that involves promoting all that is good. It entails trying to improve the health condition of the patients. The principle of justice campaigns for the equal distribution of benefits and risks of research (Beauchamp & Childress, 2014). In the selection of research subjects both socially and ethically, there must be fair procedures and outcomes.
In the context of Christian biblical narrative, I believe that the order of these principles should appear just as they are. Respect for autonomy should appear ahead of other principles. Allowing patients to take part in their care and make their own medical choices is crucial. This gives room for an equal diplomatic approach to the provision of healthcare. Respect for autonomy would be considered first because based on the Christian biblical story of creation, fall, and redemption of man, God allowed us to be on earth and make a choice between the right and wrong. Even though God wants us to choose the right, He gives us the room to choose the path we want to take in life.
References:
Beauchamp, T. L., & Childress, J. F. (2014). Principles of biomedical ethics (7th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
Tom L. & James F. (2014) Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 6th Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 417. | https://nursingassignmentacer.com/principles-of-biomedical-ethics/ |
Flashcards in workshop 1 b Deck (11)
Loading flashcards...
1
State the problem
Distinguish between ethical problems and other
medical, social cultural, linguistic and legal issues
2
Get the facts
Find out as much as you can about the problem. Take
time to listen to the patient. Find the facts that you
don't have
3
Consider the
ethical principles
Consider autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence,
justice, confidentiality/privacy and veracity
4
Consider how the problem would look
from another perspective
How would another person view this issue or
problem?
5
Identify the
ethical conflicts
Explain how the ethical conflicts occur and how they
might be resolved
6
Consider the law Identify relevant legal concepts and laws.
How can
you apply the NMBA standards and codes?
7
Make the ethical
decision
What is the right thing to do? | https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/workshop-1-b-10293014/packs/18404539 |
SLABBERT, M. Ethics, justice and the sale of kidneys for transplantation purposes. PER [online]. 2010, vol.13, n.2, pp.77-105. ISSN 1727-3781.
Living kidney donor transplantations are complex; add to that financial compensation to the donor and one enters an ethical maze. Debates on whether the buying and selling of kidneys should be allowed are mainly between utilitarians, deontologists and virtue ethicists as legal transplants are more common in the Western world. The pros and cons of each theory in relation to the sale of human organs are analysed, after which the foundational principles for all bio-ethical judgments; beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy and justice are also scrutinised in seeking to justify the sale of human kidneys for transplantation purposes in a country with a human rights culture.
Keywords : kidney donors; transplantations; medical ethics; bio-ethical; judgments; beneficence. | http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1727-37812010000200004&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |
What is the concept of trust?
What is a Trust ? A trust is a fiduciary relationship in which one party, known as a trustor, gives another party, the trustee, the right to hold title to property or assets for the benefit of a third party, the beneficiary. In finance, a trust can also be a type of closed-end fund built as a public limited company.
Why is trust dangerous?
Trust is important, but it is also dangerous . But trust also involves the risk that people we trust will not pull through for us, since if there were some guarantee they would pull through, then we would have no need to trust them. Trust is therefore dangerous .
What are the 4 types of philosophy?
There are four pillars of philosophy: theoretical philosophy ( metaphysics and epistemology ), practical philosophy (ethics, social and political philosophy, aesthetics), logic , and history of philosophy.
Is trust an ethical principle?
Trust is the key to establishing an ethical organization environment — one that guides decisions and actions. Trust in business is the cornerstone of relationships with customers, suppliers, employees, and others who have dealings with an organization. Trust means to be reliable and carry through words with deeds.
What are the four conditions of trust?
In this article, the author discusses the four elements of trust : (1) consistency; (2) compassion; (3) communication; and ( 4 ) competency. Each of these four factors is necessary in a trusting relationship but insufficient in isolation. The four factors together develop trust .
Why is trust so important?
Trust is an important and tender aspect of all relationships because it requires us to choose to be vulnerable and courageous. When we have learned to distrust someone, it’s usually because we’ve come to understand that what we share with them or what’s important to us is not safe with that person.
Why do we need to earn the trust of our clients?
By building trust between you and your customers , you are establishing better work ethics in your employees, improving your business’s reputation and, most importantly, you are providing something of worth to your customers .
How do you build trust in a relationship again?
Rebuilding trust when you’ve hurt someone Consider why you did it. Before you embark on the process of rebuilding trust , you’ll first want to check in with yourself to understand why you did it. Apologize sincerely. Give your partner time. Let their needs guide you. Commit to clear communication.
How do you build trust?
How to build trust at work Tell the truth. Admit when you don’t know something. Admit when you’re wrong. If you say you’ll do it, do it. If you’re meant to do it, do it. Explain your thought process. Extend trust to others. Include others.
What are the 3 methods of philosophy?
Methodology may be subdivided into: (1) Logic, and (2) Epistemology, which deal respectively with the ways of attaining and with the ways of interpreting knowledge. It is clear that these three main divisions of philosophy are partly, though only partly, independent of one another.
What are the main points of philosophy?
The four main branches of philosophy are logic, epistemology, metaphysics, and axiology: Logic is the attempt to codify the rules of rational thought. Epistemology is the study of knowledge itself. Metaphysics is the study of the nature of things.
Who is the father of philosophy?
Socrates
What are the 7 ethical principles?
This approach – focusing on the application of seven mid-level principles to cases ( non-maleficence , beneficence , health maximisation, efficiency, respect for autonomy , justice , proportionality) – is presented in this paper. Easy to use ‘tools’ applying ethics to public health are presented.
What are the 8 ethical principles?
Ethical principles include beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy , justice, veracity, fidelity, and integrity.
What are the 12 ethical principles?
while your character is determined and defined by your actions (i.e., whether your actions are honorable and ethical according to the 12 ethical principles: HONESTY . Be honest in all communications and actions. INTEGRITY. PROMISE-KEEPING. LOYALTY. FAIRNESS . CARING. RESPECT FOR OTHERS. LAW ABIDING. | https://www.castela.net/philosophy/philosophy-of-trust.html |
Technology Industry Resume Summary Phrases To Write A Professional CV Statements
I am very knowledgeable both from an industry and technology perspective.
I am always willing to take on new responsibilities and new technologies.
I am very knowledgeable of the technology industry and all the trends happening.
I am highly knowledgeable about the technology and trends in the industry.
I have incredible insight and knowledge of technology and our industry.
I am always on top of the latest in technology and always had a great grasp on what was coming down the pipeline as to where technology was taking the entertainment industry.
I am very up to date with the current technologies in the telecom industry.
I am my go-to person for all the latest industry and technology trends.
I am one of the finest people in the music and technology industries.
I am a visionary and keeps me ahead of the technology curve.
I have been the guru for any technology questions in the company.
I have spearheaded our industry in using the technology of the internet, a technology that has completely changed the way we do our work.
I have been super valuable in transcending the understanding of technology and application of technology.
I have great depth of knowledge about both the industry and how technology can be used to create value.
I have a solid knowledge the technology and the industry and is very result orientated.
I have a deep understanding of applied technology, as well as industry knowledge.
I am an outstanding professional in the mobile technology industry.
I have great knowledge of consumer electronics and technology industry.
I have in-depth knowledge of all aspects of the high-technology industry, gained through decades of covering that industry.
I am an industry visionary when it comes to bringing the latest technologies into the sports and entertainment world.
I am always extremely responsive, willing to learn new technology and knowledgeable about the industry.
I have a passion for many things in life, one of which is technology.
I am always looking for the cutting-edge technology and solutions.
I am truly passionate about technology and finding the best solution.
I have always provided me great solutions for my technology needs.
I am the ultimate go-to-guy for any and all technology solutions.
I have an intuitive understanding of technology and solutions.
I am through in my approach in crafting technology solutions.
I am studying and writing about broadband and wireless technology when the industry was in its infancy.
I have not only a uniquely deep understanding of technology, but was a visionary in regards to where the high technology industry was moving towards.
I am driven to use my expertise in technology & telecoms to purposefully contribute industry and society.
I am client-centric and is always on the forefront of travel industry technology.
I am an expert is so many different technologies, it's hard for me to remember them all.
I am always willing to help explain new technologies and troubleshoot issues that arise.
I have definite strengths at the intersection between entrepreneurship and technology.
I have always been highly entrepreneurial and is at the cutting edge of technologies.
I am dedicated to making the dots connect to the world with the use of technology.
I have the ability to take technology and sell it to those who don't understand it.
I am instrumental in getting me familiar with the company and the technology.
I am an amazing technology visionary and an all-round intellectual giant.
I am a visionary about technology, and is able to really get it done.
I am the one that is aware of all new technologies, tools and trends.
I have been responsive, with a great understanding of the technology.
I am technologically gifted with an incredibly sharp intellect.
I am constantly up-to-date on the latest technologies in an ever changing landscape of technology.
I have a great grasp of technology, startup ecosystem and the mobile industry.
I am a dynamic leader who knows the technology industry well.
I have an excellent grasp of the rapidly changing technology in our industry, and does a very good job of explaining this technology to others. | https://simbline.com/phrases/resume/technology-industry |
Due to the ever-evolving nature of the health and social care industry, our organisation was created to meet the demands and challenges that healthcare professionals face on a daily basis.
Purely Healthcare was established in 2009 and our modern office is situated at a prime location in Birmingham City Centre. We have a dedicated specialist recruitment team which comprises of five consultants, each managing their own particular division.
Essentially, we try to ensure that the consultant you speak to will be the same throughout our communication. This secures a ‘hands on’ approach and we feel a more suitable and efficient way for candidates and clients to be kept fully informed during the selection process.
We seek to recruit staff on a national scale, within all divisions of the health and social care industry. With our in-depth understanding of the UK economy and how this impacts on individuals within the job market, we pride ourselves on our ability to change along with our clients' needs. We uphold a reputation for providing an exceptionally fast, high quality, innovative and consistent service to our clients. We are also there to support our candidates every step of the way, so that they too, are able to synchronise their skills and ability to their prospective employers.
Our recruitment advisers are trained and fully aware of skills availability, market pay rates and employment trends within the UK. We’d say that makes us a rather formidable force in the healthcare recruitment market.
• We have a wide range of Jobs across the whole of the UK ranging from Support/Care Workers up to Senior Managers and Director Levels.
• We are preferred suppliers to industry-leading organisations so the opportunities available to our candidates are limitless and unique.
• We have an Out of Hours service that is available to all candidates; we understand it can sometimes be difficult for candidates to contact us during work hours.
• We provide a dedicated Specialist Consultant who will offer personalised advice throughout the whole recruitment process. | http://www.phcare.co.uk/about-us/ |
Students should have basic Windows user skills and a fundamental understanding of computer and networking concepts. Achievement of CompTIA A+ and Network+ certifications, plus two years of experience with IT administration with a security focus.
This course is for students who are preparing to take the CompTIA Security+ certification exam SY0-601. This course is aimed towards IT professionals who install and configure systems to secure applications, networks, and devices; perform threat analysis and respond with appropriate mitigation techniques; participate in risk mitigation activities; and operate with an awareness of applicable policies, laws, and regulations.
Required exam SY0-601
Number of questions: Maximum of 90
Types of questions: Multiple-choice and performance-based
Length of test: 90 minutes
Passing score: 750 (on a scale of 100–900)
Recommended experience:
• At least 2 years of work experience in IT systems administration with a focus on security
• Hands-on technical information security experience
• Broad knowledge of security concepts
Ann is very knowledgeable on the subject. She is constantly varying pace according to the feedback. There is a lot of room for discussing attendee's own experiences. It was a...
It was quite informal.
Trainer covered a lot of ground over a relatively short period.
I found it very interesting to learn all about what happens behind the scenes when it comes to IT systems. I also enjoyed learning about security and what hackers do as ethical...
Richard was very knowledgeable in his field.
It was pitched at the right level - challenging but understandable & informative.
Hacking
Level of expertise from the trainer Use case examples
His deep knowledge of the IoT topic.
Ron's experience on how to successfully implement IoT projects and the deep technical subjects covered.
relevance of content to our I4.0 business environment
Very knowledgeable trainer, was able to adjust to audience knowledge, excellent industry experience and ability to relate to audience needs Excellent content preparation ,...
Ron was very mindful of his audience and addressed everyone's questions. He checked his audience for clarity and was willing to spend the time to review a topic until everyone...
The pace of training delivery.
the exercises and group discussions.
The trainer was very knowledgeable and was happy to go at the pace of the attendees. He was polite and respectful to all those in attendance. I felt I learnt a lot from the course...
The environment was really relaxed and open so everyone could ask questions or put across points of view or experience. David the trainer was a SME on the subject and his...
Tutorials
The example and exercise
I got more information regarding the web applications' security issues, the different tools that could be used to cope with these issues, and more advice from the trainer to...
the list of tools
how it was broken into the technical and security mindset aspects.
Excercises.
he is very knowledgeable and comprehensive.
Matthew was very knowledge and has lot experience to share with us. it was very pleasant, as he take the time to listen to us and answer to our questions. Thank you Matthew, it...
The second day, scenarios exercises.
The real life examples Ron gave.
I liked the trainer's introduction and anecdotes to make the learning more real
David's in depth knowledge. His relationship building skills with the audience. I really enjoyed the way he managed to make us (as a collective audience) enjoy the quite dry and...
All is excellent
- Understanding that ATT&CK creates a map that makes it easy to see, where an organization is protected and where the vulnerable areas are. Then to identify the security gaps that...
He took his time to make sure everyone understood and were on the same wave length
I found the training too in depth for IT beginners. There was too many high level subjects that i felt were too advanced for a beginner level. | https://nobleprog.ae/cc/comptiasec |
Development Industry Resume Summary Phrases To Write A Professional CV Statements
I have been instrumental in developing the third party outsourcing industry.
I have developed strong relationships throughout the industry.
I am also an avid gamer and is very much on top of the latest developments in the industry.
I am always on top of new developments, as well as the new players in a growing industry.
I am an industry expert and someone who is at the forefront of both its direction and development.
I have the perspective to know how to develop talent from industries of all kinds.
I have developed solutions to some of the most challenging problems that one could encounter in this industry.
I have an uncanny ability to see opportunity and develop it in people and in industry.
I have had the chance to see, and learn about the various stages of the industry development.
I am always challenging myself and others around me, keeping up with the latest in industry trends, insights and developments.
I am always interested in recent developments in our industry and kept up-to-date with latest news.
I have also developed very well as an industry spokesman, blogger and seminar panel contributor.
I have been responsible for growing & developing the biggest names in my target industries.
I am always up to date on the latest ongoing and developments across critical industries.
I am an explorer - an explorer of new industrial territories and ideas for development.
I have a keen eye for industry developments, which makes for interesting discussions.
I have developed a position of genuine expertise within the domain industry.
I am the best friend independent developers have in this industry - even the ones who have never met me.
I have developed my experience and does what it takes to be well connected to the industry worldwide.
I am industrious and committed to achieving the very best results for learning and development.
I have been a big part of my development in the industry, both directly and indirectly.
I am committed to learning about industry trends and further developing my craft.
I am a seasoned veteran in the learning and development industry.
I am one of the best product development minds in the industry.
I am also great to interact with and has developed deep insights on various segments in the industry.
I have an incredibly deep understanding of audio and is very proactive with industry development.
I am always seeking out new technologies, industry trends and developments.
I have also developed a great deal of talent in this industry.
I have developed many programs and techniques that have become industry standards.
I have a thorough understanding of the application development and outsourcing industry.
I have an incredible work ethic, and well developed industry expertise.
I am one the few persons that really helped me develop my career in this industry.
I am currently fully committed to the game development and outsourcing industry.
I am a very industrious person and has good development potential.
I have developed many innovative solutions that have grabbed the attention of the industry observers.
I am truly the industry leader in leadership and organizational development.
I have very thorough developer skills which are quite rare in out industry.
I am very well connected within that industry, and was able to develop some new clients for us at that time.
I am one of the first individuals to help me with my career development within the hospitality industry.
I am dedicated to developing an organization that is built on industry best practices.
I am passionate about being my best, and making companies the best in their industry, and is always developing new skill sets and expanding my horizons.
I am always on the cutting edge of the industry, opening new horizons for both self development and prosperity of the company.
I am my go-to guy for for questions, collaboration, opportunity development and just plain talking about the industry.
I am well updated on industry developments and has maintained a cool atmosphere around me.
I have a good grasp on the development industry and quickly understands new concepts.
I am a flexible and fluid in developing new (industry) subject matter expertise.
I am a pioneer in the tourism industry, having developed and established several companies.
I am also very knowledgeable about software development, offshore development, and about the payment industry.
I have up to date on developments and progress of not only in my work area but also the other industries.
I am very knowledgeable and mindful of the developing and continuous evolution of our industry.
I am technically savvy and always curious about new developments in the industry.
I am the guy to go to for connections and guidance within the game development industry.
I have a wide perspective on the industry and has great value as an opinion leader and meetings industry developer.
I am instrumental in my growth and development in the logistics industry.
I am a solid industry veteran with many years of development experience.
I am industrious, used my initiative and sought extra tasks and responsibilities for growth and development.
I am an industry veteran that is honest, direct and understands the complexities of development.
I am on-top of the latest developments in this field, and is very well connected in my industry.
I have an excellent background in technology and follows the industry developments very closely.
I have been nothing but helpful over the past year and a half in helping me prepare myself for the development industry. | https://simbline.com/phrases/resume/development-industry |
The beginning of 2020 can mark the start of a new job search for many. Here, Chris Stappard, Managing Director of Edward Reed Recruitment, tells us the essential skills that employers will be looking for in the new year.
The world of recruitment is constantly changing to keep up with new trends and technologies. This means that, as the working world progresses, recruiters and employers must shift their search and place value on new skills to keep up with the demands of the workplace.
In 2016, The World Economic Forum reported on the key skills that they expected employers to look for by 2020 due to the introduction of technology and AI in the workplace, which they have named the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Their prediction was that UK businesses would be seeing bigger developments in robotics and computing, which will alter the way we work. And, almost four years on, their predictions have already come true.
Going into 2020, we can expect to see an increased focus on flexibility and interpersonal relationships in order to keep up with the fast-paced changes to the workplace. To give you a better idea of what employers will be looking for in the new year, I’ll be going into more detail about the key skills that most roles will require.
Complex problem solving
New technologies are constantly being introduced to the world of business and industry. The likes of the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and virtual reality (VR) are quickly transforming the working landscape. So, employers need their workers to be able to keep up with the changes and adapt along with them. And, with all this technology comes a whole host of new complex problems. In 2020, employers will be looking for candidates who can find these problems and fix them, as well as come up with solutions to prevent cyberthreats and breakdowns in the first instance.
Critical thinking and judgement
Not all solutions will be the best option for everyone, so candidates will also be expected to remain critical of their own ideas (and the ideas of their colleagues) to help them judge which are the most appropriate. Some solutions may result in a lot of downtime or may not be completely viable. So, candidates will need to prove that they can filter out the weakest ideas and build on the strongest ones to figure out which option is the most efficient or beneficial. This means employees will need to have a deep understanding about the effects their ideas will have and have an understanding of their own abilities to ensure they can carry out their solutions.
Creative thinking and cognitive flexibility
The reality for businesses today is that it can take a lot to stand out. So, whether it’s for marketing campaigns or internal processes, employers will be on the hunt for candidates who can think outside the box to come up with creative solutions and ideas.
But it’s not just a creative mind that employers will be looking for — they’ll also want candidates to be cognitively flexible. This means that employees will need to be able to make the switch from critical to creative thinking depending on the situation. Employers want to know that their employees can take information on board and use it in the most suitable way.
Emotional intelligence and people management
In recent years, many employers have been putting systems in place to protect the happiness and wellbeing of their staff. Going into 2020, recruiters and employers will be looking for emotionally intelligent candidates who can show empathy and a willingness to support their co-workers without judgement. These candidates will be able to think deeply about how their decisions will affect the company as a whole, in order to find the best solutions that can benefit everyone.
Communication and negotiation
No matter what industry they’re in, employers will be looking for candidates with great social skills that allow them to negotiate. This isn’t necessarily negotiation in a business sense, but employees will need to know how to resolve conflict by talking things through and being able to compromise. The workplace will have a much bigger focus on service and the communication between customers, clients and the company. And, in a time when technology and AI are finding more of a presence in the workplace, interpersonal skills are becoming even more important for employers.
As we move into the new year, recruiters and employers will be on the hunt for certain skills. In order to keep up with the ever-changing world of business and industry, candidates will be expected to have a flexible and open way of thinking, as well as strong interpersonal skills in order to succeed. | https://www.thecareercoach.co.uk/the-essential-skills-employers-will-be-looking-for-in-2020/ |
The Drawdown provides vital insight and analysis for operational professionals in private equity and venture capital.
Our mission is to empower and celebrate operational professionals.
Operational professionals ensure funds are managed in a robust and compliant manner, thereby protecting investors and the wider economy. More than that, operational professionals lead on in-house technology strategies, regulations and compliance, fund structuring, ESG, cyber security and many more vital functions that ensure the well-being of the industry. It is against this backdrop that The Drawdown strives to shine a light on this vital work done.
Our commitments:
- To maintain the highest editorial standards of thorough research and verification, underpinned by a knowledgeable and well-connected team.
- To continually interact with a strong and close community of practitioners spanning the industry as a means of fostering collaboration and information sharing.
- To host impactful events facilitating the deepening of community relationships and sharing of ideas and knowledge, information and experience.
- To provide relevant and timely reporting of need-to-know industry developments.
- To supply advantageous insight to improve our audience’s effectiveness and performance.
- To maintain a deep understanding of our audience’s needs.
- Finally, to promote the humanness of private equity. While quality content and effective, relevant insight will be at the core of our work, we believe there is also room for humour and light-heartedness.
Alice Murray, Editor
Alice established The Drawdown in 2017.
She previously headed up communications and marketing at a UK early-stage venture capital firm, where she managed investor reporting and marketing activities. Prior to that, Alice was Editor of European private equity publication unquote” where she directed all content and events including The British Private Equity Awards.
Alice began her career at London-based publishing house Caspian Media, where she was a reporter for private equity-focused publication Real Deals. She then went on to join Argus Media, where she was Acting Editor of Argus FMB Ammonia.
Telephone: 0207 360 3443
Email: [email protected]
Krystal Scanlon, Deputy Editor
Krystal was most recently a reporter for real estate publication Property Investor Europe which rebranded to Real Estate Fund Intelligence Europe earlier this year. Prior to that, she worked on the sister intelligence platform to The Drawdown called PEmap, where she reported on news, trends and analysis about private equity’s fundraising activities.
Krystal began her career in consumer journalism, where she held both staff and freelance positions for a number of well known publications both print and online. She made the move into trade journalism when she joined Pageant Media as part of the private equity division that initially housed The Drawdown in 2018. | https://the-drawdown.com/about/ |
The Consumer Product Strategy & Insights teams mission is to drive strategic decisions that produce long-term growth for Facebook, Inc. We do so by closely understanding and monitoring trends driving our industry, identifying consumer needs, adding structure to ambiguous problems, and framing key decisions for our leaders. We work closely with product leaders and other cross-functional teams to define and translate our work into actionable insights to influence the long-term product roadmap. As strategists, we are passionate about leveraging quantitative and qualitative signals to inform strategy. We're looking for someone to lead and influence product strategy, with a focus on consumer products (eg, Messaging, Groups, Dating). Successful candidates for this position will have, or develop, a deep understanding of the product landscape, including trends, players, technologies, and underlying dynamics. They will partner with cross-functional teams and communicate their insights and recommendations to product leaders and executives. | https://www.findemployment.com/post/31257171 |
The tenth episode of our Insights Live series featured moderator Daniel Colaianni (AIXR – The Academy of International Extended Reality), Ferhan Özkan (XR Bootcamp), Martyn Makinson (FourPointZero) and Ivan Nikitin (Sensorium). Are you looking to launch your XR career and kickstart your immersive journey? XR needs talented people. XR organizations have consistently identified skills shortages as their top issue.
In this session, our panellists discussed talent development within XR. As an industry, XR is expanding faster than its talent pool. Our XR leaders shared practical insights to help you build a career in XR.
The Key Highlights
What is the Current State of the XR Industry?
The XR industry is growing at a fast pace. Mainstream adoption of trends like the Metaverse has forced more research and development from organisations. This has created many jobs, but the talent pool is lacking in both quantity and quality. There is a desire amongst many to create a fast track pathway that produces experienced talents in a shorter period of time, which isn’t sustainable.
From a hiring standpoint, candidates may be knowledgeable about XR but they lack creative ideas. This has created a demand for those from the creative industries. Ideal candidates must also be able to demonstrate patience in the growth of early concepts into final products. Advice is given to build a portfolio of work, find an area of specialisation, and demonstrate a passion to work in the industry.
What Skills Should I Look to Build?
At a bare minimum, recruiters expect to see the standard soft skills and industry level experience. For designers, artists, and those who aren’t experienced in coding, there is more work to do. It is made clear that small to mid sized organisations consider those who don’t code to be a luxury.
You can however stand out with the application of existing skills to the XR space, for example, in the healthcare or education fields. The immersive tech industry looks for people to enter with transferable skillset’s, and it is even desirable for recruiters to seek people with diverse experience and industry backgrounds.
For those who don’t code or are coming from a non XR background, it is encouraged that prototyping skills are developed. There is a great deal of value placed on a portfolio of creative ideas that you have turned from a concept into reality.
What do Recruiters look for in an XR Job Candidate?
Recruiters value candidates who can demonstrate experience in the commitment to, and fulfillment of, projects. There is emphasis placed on the ability to show that you have produced a product of some kind in the past that works. This doesn’t have to be something complex, but a basic output that can be built upon in the future is seen favourably. People who have experience in prototyping are valued, as these skills are in high demand with the XR industry.
A high level of XR experience isn’t as important as you might think. So long as you can show practical experience of using your initiative and drive to achieve an end goal, with the ability to explain the steps that allowed you to do this.
For candidates who eventually achieve a role in the XR space, there is a tendency to develop imposter syndrome. This is natural, and it is emphasised that you don’t need to be an expert in every small component of XR and the Metaverse. These concepts are still growing, knowledge and experience can be built with time. ‘Failing fast’ can be a productive experience. Failure can allow you to stand out, it produces a diverse portfolio and highlights a commitment of time and energy.
Visit our calendar and register for our upcoming episodes to explore more of what our Insights Live Webinars have to offer. | https://aixr.org/insights/insights-live-highlights-how-to-launch-your-xr-career/ |
The Assistant Screenwriter Intern will create scripts (short form and/or long form) and assist the Video Production Coordinator.
Job Description
The Screenwriting Intern will support all screenwriting functions including writing creative and engaging content, preparing materials for project edit, exporting and finishing, and more. Qualified candidates should be knowledgeable in the fundamentals of good storytelling. The Assistant Screenwriter Intern must have a strong sense for collaboration and problem solving.
Requirements
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Proficiency with Final Draft, WordPress, or writing software equivalent.
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Understanding of digital media, script writing, video production, story flows, creative content, short form content, long form content, and social media.
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Passionate about children's content.
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Ability to research and analyze trends, latest technology, and pop culture ideas and apply it to your writing.
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Well organized, detail oriented, and a self-starter.
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Ability to prioritize under deadline constraints and work successfully in a fast-paced environment.
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Highly collaborative and open to feedback and revisions.
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Understanding of google workspace.
Responsibilities
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Write interesting scripts that will sustain audience interest.
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Work with screen writers and production to write intriguing scripts on a project basis.
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Work independently on scripts in a timely manner.
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Create new, fresh ideas according to our brand.
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Be able to present and communicate your ideas effectively with teams.
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Create scripts of short form or long form content for social media.
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Upload content to the organization’s website, Dropbox, YouTube and other business platforms.
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Prepare, edit, and export written content as needed.
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Be able to write clearly and concisely.
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Provide support to editors where needed. | https://www.mistapat.org/screenwriter |
IT Leaders Africa Summit (#ITLA18), Africa’s largest CIO gathering, will be hosted on the 9th and 10th of May at the new CTICC 2 in South Africa’s Tech Innovation hub – Cape Town. The summit has evolved over the nine years of its existence, just as the role of the CIO has transformed, and offers an invaluable platform to engage with industry leaders and practitioners on the latest trends and technology developments forever altering the strategic function of the IT division.
The 2018 edition of the event will host a diverse audience of industry experts and business technology leaders, as well as top IT solution providers who will be presenting educational workshops which are reflective of contemporary trends that affect the evolving role of IT executives in Africa.
The summit features over 40 speakers who will present thought-provoking and legacy-smashing keynotes, panel discussions which engage the audience on next-generation solutions to current risk and exposure; as well as numerous educational workshop sessions – hosted by leading IT solution providers from around the globe. #ITLA18 offers a unique business platform for career development, networking with industry change-agitators and technology disruptors who are driving IT and digital transformation in today’s increasingly competitive market.
This year’s agenda features insights from seasoned experts in the IT industry such as Brett St Clair, CEO at Siatik (Google’s leading Cloud partner in Africa). Brett's keynote will focus on how to build ‘Exponential Growth’ businesses and helping small and large companies through their digital transformation journey.
Next-generation businesses will be those that are able to recognise and understand change; whilst adapting their operating models to respond appropriately. It is imperative that IT departments reconfigure to allow new ways of working that enables agility, flexibility of IT platforms and swift responses to an increasingly digital world.
Lee Naik,CEO of TransUnion Africa is recognised as one of South Africa's leading digital and technology transformation experts, having worked across all spheres of government and the private sector. He has a deep understanding and appreciation of the transformative role technology can play and his experience ranges from developing first-in-country strategies and solutions to leading complex delivery programmes. A frequent speaker and commentator, Naik was recognised as a global top 10 commentator in the 2015 LinkedIn Top Voices Awards and was a recipient of the 2015 Standard Bank Rising Stars Award. In 2016, he was one of the top 10 finalists for the IITPSA's IT Personality of the Year award. He will participate in the opening panel discussion at the event, in his role as an advisory panellist.
Most CIO’s can appreciate why IT has increasingly become a top priority for the Board; and this is touched upon in the new King IV report which acknowledges that rapid advances in technology have the potential to result in considerable disruption; which in itself, presents opportunity and risks – which need good oversight from the Board and the adoption of solid technology governance practices – that support the organisation achieving its strategic objectives.
Professor Mervyn King, Attorney, arbitrator, mediator and commission chair will discuss POPI and General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR) during a session on Governance and Leadership at the summit. Prof King is probably best known as the Chairman of the King Committee on Corporate Governance in South Africa, which produced King I, II, III and IV.
Organisations are continuously adapting to these new market demands and constraints by developing and implementing technology solutions that are driving the rapid change of the IT department.
Katherine Schneider, CIO for Oceana Group will shed light on how we manage our people assets, and ensure we will have the right skills and competences to support our business objectives. This keynote will discuss career frameworks, job families, career development models and training catalogues, and how these can be designed and implemented..
With the role of the IT division advancing and taking on a broader and more strategic role within business which has resulted in considerable transformation of the CIO’s mandate, IT processes, architecture and governance. The forward thinking CIO needs to look at redefining their role to be aligned with the core organisational strategy and respond effectively to the demands of the market; in order to remain competitive and ensure that an alignment exists between IT and digital transformation.
Tony Christodoulou, CIO of Africa for American Tower Corporation (Fortune 500 global company and provider of wireless communications infrastructure) will share his passion and expertise in the fields of Digital Disruption, Effective Execution & Project Management, Strategic Project Leadership, Process Excellence, I.T as a strategic enabler, The Art of Innovation, Information and Knowledge Management.
The stage will be set for the delivery of power keynotes focused on highlighting current and future trends which are fundamentally changing the role of CIO and IT Division within the organisation. The agenda was conceptualised and shaped by the advisory panel to ensure that only the most pressing topics are addressed at the summit.
Topics that will be delved into extensively include, ‘IT leadership in the new world’, ‘How digital disruption affects the CIO’, ‘Leveraging new markets’, ‘Facing escalating cyber security threats’, ‘Engaging IT across the organisation’, ‘Understanding the organisation’s core business strategy’, ‘Monetising data’, ‘C-suite integration’ and how to effectively grow the IT team.
The advisory panel and leadership council includes Tony Parry, CEO of IITPSA, Brent Curry, Group CIO at TFG, Peter du Plooy, CIO at Engen, Jamie Whittaker, the Deputy CIO at Discovery, Unathi Mtya, CIO for the Parliament of South Africa & Simphiwe Mayisela, Head: Information Security, Risk & Governance at the Public Investment Corporation.
Sponsors include: Infobip, Logitech, Seacom, Fortinet, Paloalto Networks, Forrester and Snode.
A recent PwC CEO survey recognised that “the rate of technological change and changing consumer behaviour are the two biggest concerns for the c-suite…increasingly, CIO’s will hold the key to unlocking competitive advantage, business benefits and relevant customer engagement, and with this shift comes growing pressure on, and higher expectations of the IT function”.The 9th Annual IT Leaders Africa Summit is hosted on the 9th & 10th of May 2018 at the new CTICC 2 in Cape Town, where like-minded experts and the top IT solution providers gather for an informative and educational summit with the common goal of improving IT leadership and innovation across Africa.
Follow @ITLeaders on Twitter and join the conversation using the #ITLA18 hashtag
For more information about IT Leaders Africa, visit: http://www.itleaders.co.za/
About IT Leaders Africa:
The IT Leaders Africa Summit has been providing IT executives with practical knowledge from industry experts and thought leaders since its inception 8 years ago. With the assistance of an advisory panel of experienced C-level IT executives, the summit encompasses the most current trends concerning translating business strategies into IT functions, as well as cyber security, governance, and disruptive technology. We have recruited the top IT executives in Africa to present on the issues concerning IT leaders in today’s rapidly evolving market to ensure that you are ahead of the curve. | http://www.leadershiponline.co.za/articles/the-9th-annual-it-leaders-africa-summit-25362.html |
What are five qualifications of a Medicaid compliance auditor? Since Medicaid has now been found to outmatch private plans on cost and is still integral to the health and well-being of the elderly and disabled, ensuring that companies in the healthcare sector are compliant with regulations is a necessary job. Here are the top qualifications for this position that any interested candidate should keep in mind.
1. Education
Most jobs in this field require at least a bachelor’s degree from an accredited university; it is preferred that the degree is in the field of health services. A minor in finance or accounting is also preferred. For more advanced positions, a master’s degree in health services, business, or accounting is necessary; law degrees, preferably in the field of healthcare, are also accepted. While some positions do not require a degree, these are few and far between and are not suitable for professionals interested in a long-term career.
2. Healthcare Compliance Certification
One of the five most important qualifications for this position is certification. Many positions, especially those in the health insurance industry, require a Healthcare Compliance Certification, known as the CHC, which is granted by the Compliance Certification Board. The certification demonstrates that the professional who obtained it is knowledgeable in current healthcare regulations and the compliance process.This is a certification that is valid for two years and must be maintained on a consistent basis by any professional who obtains the certification. While not required for many positions, it is highly valued by the healthcare industry and is the mark of a professional who believes in the standards set forth by the Health Care Compliance Association.
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3. Work Experience
Work experience is a necessary qualification for this position and may vary depending on the state and employer. However, it is a general guideline that any professional seeking the position of Medicaid compliance auditor have at least five years of working within the healthcare industry, with a preference for any work experience relating to Medicaid or regulatory environments. It is also suggested that a candidate have work experience in performing audits in the industry, with preference given to candidates who can demonstrate a working relationship with state and federal regulators.
4. Understanding of Medicaid Requirements and Regulations
The field of healthcare continues to evolve; therefore, candidates for this position must be able to demonstrate, through work experience or through interviews, that they have a thorough understanding of Medicaid requirements and regulations for the state in which they are seeking employment. This understanding is important for the position because candidates must be able to jump head-first into an environment that continuously changes and improves regulations as the health care sector undergoes advancements in law and technology. State regulations also vary, so it is advised that a candidate seek employment in their current state of residence so they will not have to gain more work experience based on the regulations of a new state.
5. Skills
One of the major qualifications for this position lies in the realm of both soft and technical skills. An auditor must possess both communication and negotiation skills as well as demonstrate proficiency in data analysis, organization, and tech skills, such as statistical analysis and experience with computers and their various applications. The role of an auditor also requires time and project management skills as well as the ability to effectively present information to companies, both in written and verbal form. Additionally, an understanding of regulations and health care law are important for valuable candidates.
Medicaid is an important part of the healthcare system in America; as the healthcare industry changes based on the regulations put forth by federal and state regulators, it is crucial to have an auditor that understands the intricacies of those regulations and can ensure that a company is compliant. These five qualifications of a Medicaid compliance auditor will help potential candidates understand what is required of them to hold the position and will benefit them if they are starting on the career path of becoming an auditor.
You might also like: What Jobs are Available in Health Informatics?
Related Rankings: | https://www.besthealthdegrees.com/lists/5-qualifications-of-a-medicaid-compliance-auditor/ |
Job Description:
CACI seeks a Software Developer that with experience with the ability to program with T-SQL. Experience with MS SQL Server, and experience with the Business Intelligence (BI) software systems associated with MS SQL Server, particularly Reporting Services (SSRS) and Integration Services (SSIS). Potential candidates must have an active SECRET clearance and the ability to work at Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
Position Summary:
The candidate should be a high performer with a deep understanding of MS SQL Server, SQL Server Business Intelligence, and the terms and processes. Strong familiarity with SQL Server is a must, and the Developer will be expected to code with SSRS and SSIS without assistance. Candidates who are strong in one area but knowledgeable in the other are encouraged to apply.
The Developer supports back-end development of several applications that call back or actively engage code in MS SQL Server and SQL Databases. The Developer writes, modifies, and debugs software for SEC applications addressing issues and bugs by supporting new development, and writing code, queries, scripts, stored procedures, etc.
Responsibilities:
The Developer works alongside ASP.NET front-end developers to work on the back-end of applications hosted by the Software Engineering Center, part of the Army's Communications-Electronics Command (CECOM). The Developer supports data in databases, writing stored procedures, reports, and integration packages as part of software development and sustainment. Software that the Developer will support has a robust release schedule and numerous requirements and deliverables to keep up with changing needs.
Required Skills:
Active SECRET clearance
T-SQL or the demonstrable ability to program for relational databases. Experience with MS SQL Server. Experience with BI SSRS and SSIS software systems. Ability to work with contractor and civil servant analysts to understand analytic or interface requirements. Experience and strength in SSAS is a definite plus.
Desired Skills:
Familiar with:
Familiarity with the following is preferred:
Education & Experience:
Typically requires bachelor's degree or equivalent, and seven to nine years of related experience. A minimum of 11 years of experience may be used in lieu of a degree.
Physical Demands:
Normal demands associated with an office environment. Ability to work on computer for long periods, and communicate with individuals by telephone, email and face to face. Some travel may be required. | http://careers.caci.com/ShowJob/Id/1449010/MS-SQL-Developer%2C-Lead-(Secret)-Aberdeen-Proving-Ground%2C-MD/ |
Robertson is the School of New Work. Our vision is for everyone to have a good life through a prosperous and fulfilling career. Our mission is to empower our learners with the most relevant training and up-to-date industry insights so that they may find fulfilling and meaningful careers.
Having a deep understanding of the demands of the modern workforce is integral to what we offer our learners. That is why internally, we place such value on building a work culture that is flexible and adaptive to the changing world of work. Our 4 day work week gives our team members a #MeDay each week to invest in themselves. We also seek out diversity in our team. We #CelebrateEverything and encourage team members to take paid time off to celebrate their cultural, religious, and spiritual holidays. Our team is intentionally talent-dense - our strength lies in the differences in backgrounds and expertise that we each bring to the table.
Ours is a fast-paced environment where we continually challenge ourselves to think outside of the box. We want our team to feel welcomed, energized, and engaged while having fun. If this sounds like the right fit for you - we invite you to come join us!
Role Overview
As a Practicum Coordinator, you will be responsible for supporting students to secure meaningful practicum placement experiences at the College. Reporting to the Vice-President, Product and Operations, the Practicum Coordinator combines strategic thinking and strong execution skills to oversee the practicum placement and procurement process.
Key Responsibilities
- Coaching and providing guidance to students to ensure they are equipped with the skills and information required to conduct themselves professionally during their practicum placement.
- Maintaining clear communication and engagement with practicum sites; building strong relationships with industry stakeholders.
- Arranging practicum placements, processing time sheets/evaluations, and providing support for both the student and host site during a placement.
- Other departmental duties as required (such as reporting, student success initiatives, etc).
Essential Functions
- Establishes and maintains relationships and partnerships with a wide range of practicum placement hosts in public and private sectors.
- Researches and recommends appropriate agencies/organizations that would meet the educational requirements to host practicum for Robertson College students.
- Delivers a 100% practicum placement rate.
- Provides guidance to students during the search for suitable practicum placements including strategies to secure such placements.
- Researches program-related sectors and industry trends on an on-going basis to help identify and grow the opportunities available for practicum placements.
- Provides regular statistical reports of day-to-day activities and outcomes.
College, Division, and Program Activities
- Attends faculty/staff meetings and training sessions.
- Participates proactively in performance appraisals.
- Supports active interdepartmental cooperation with other operational teams.
- Contributes to and promotes a safe, respectful, and inclusive work environment.
- Performs other duties/participates in special projects as assigned.
Qualifications
- Genuine interest in serving as a mentor/guide and advocate for our students to graduate from their college programs.
- 1-2 years of work experience within a business and/or post-secondary education setting; a general or specific understanding of careers within healthcare, community service, business and technology is an asset.
- Entry-level experience in employment readiness coaching (recruitment/hiring process, employment search, interview preparation, resume/cover letters) and an eager willingness to develop these skills through team training opportunities
- Passion and ability to promote Robertson students to potential practicum hosts and employer partners.
- Knowledgeable about the Canadian labour market (our students reside in various locations throughout the country).
- Strong relationship building and customer service skills.
- An understanding of the needs of a diverse student population and how to interact effectively with a multicultural student body.
- Ability to work independently, prioritize work and coordinate tasks in order to meet end results in a fast paced environment.
- Strong communication and customer services skills and ability to build and
maintain effective working relationships with students and team members.
- Ability to multitask and manage deadlines in a fast-paced environment.
- Highly self-motivated and self-directed; objective-oriented with a high-level attention to detail.
- Strong problem solving, analytical and critical thinking skills.
- Strong computer and digital literacy skills.
- A clear Criminal Record Check.
Don’t feel like you meet every requirement? We encourage you to apply anyways! Studies have shown that women and people of colour are less likely to apply to jobs unless they meet every single requirement. Education Canada Group (the parent company of Robertson College) is an equal opportunity employer. We celebrate diversity in our inclusive work environment and encourage people from all walks of life to apply. We are committed to fostering an inclusive and diverse environment where everyone feels seen, heard and valued. We embrace our team's differences and know that diversity in our team is the strength that drives our success. We want you to feel welcomed, energized, challenged, and engaged while having fun. Come and grow with us! If you would like to request reasonable accommodations please contact us. If you are someone who loves the highs and lows of doing meaningful work with like-minded team members, we’d like you to hear from you!
Job Type: Part-time
Salary: $43,000.00-$55,729.00 per year
Benefits:
- Casual dress
- Dental care
- Disability insurance
- Employee assistance program
- Extended health care
- Flexible schedule
- Life insurance
- Paid time off
- RRSP match
- Vision care
- Work from home
Schedule:
- Monday to Friday
COVID-19 considerations:
Roberson College - ECG is committed to the safety of their staff and learners.
We offer a remote interview process, virtual meetings, a hybrid work environment (for some roles) and comply with all provincial legislation and public safety by-laws. | https://canadakarta.com/job/practicum-coordinator-at-robertson-college/ |
Freeda Italia is looking for an analytical, results-driven Full Stack Developer, to be included in the staff or as a freelance, who will work with Data Analytics & Technology Innovation team members to troubleshoot and improve current business applications and processes.
The Full Stack Developer will use his or her understanding of programming languages and tools to analyse current code bases and industry developments, formulate more efficient processes, solve problems, and create a more seamless experience for users.
You should be knowledgeable, collaborative, motivated and focused on building a better, more efficient program and creating a better end-user experience.
Responsibilities:
- Compile and analyse data, processes, and codes to troubleshoot problems and identify areas for improvement;
- Collaborating with data scientists and other team members to establish objectives and design more functional, cohesive codes to enhance the user experience;
- Developing ideas for new programs, products, or features by monitoring industry developments and trends;
- Recording data and reporting it to proper referents;
- Participate in continuous training to keep up with current technologies and best practices, learn new programming languages, and best assist other team members.
Requirements:
- Bachelor’s degree in computer programming, computer science, or a related field or at least 2 years of experience;
- Our stack is based mainly on React (Typescript), GraphQL and Scala;
- Alternative to Scala a deep knowlodege of Java or a functional programming language is accepted;
- Good knowledge of SQL (MySQL and PostgreSQL);
- Nice to have good knowledge of the AWS cloud-based infrastructure toolkit, in particular Lambda and Athena;
- You have experience with CI/CD, in particular Jenkins CI;
- Nice to have experience with Kubernetes;
- Strong understanding of the web development cycle and programming techniques and tools;
- Focus on efficiency, user experience, and process improvement;
- Excellent project and time management skills;
- Strong problem solving and verbal and written communication skills;
- Ability to work with a group. | https://boards.greenhouse.io/freedamedia/jobs/5099709002 |
Report Overview:
NelsonHall's market analysis of the MSP/CWS industry and trends consists of 94 pages.
Who is this Report for:
NelsonHall’s “Next Generation MSP: Optimizing Contingent Talent Strategies” report is a comprehensive market assessment report designed for:
- Sourcing managers investigating sourcing developments within managed service programs (MSPs)
- HR decision makers exploring the benefits and inhibitors of MSPs as evidenced by the clients and vendor capability
- Vendor marketing, sales and business managers developing strategies to target BPO service opportunities within MSPs
- Financial analysts and investors specializing in the BPO sector, including MSPs.
Scope of this Report:
The report analyzes the worldwide market for MSP/CWS and addresses the following questions:
- What is the market size and projected growth for the global MSP/CWS market by geography?
- What is the profile of activity in the global MSP/CWS market by industry sector?
- What are the top drivers for adoption of MSPs/CWS’?
- What combination of service models/services are typically provided within MSP/CWS contracts and what new service models/services are being added?
- What is the current pattern of delivery location used for MSP/CWS services and how is this changing?
- What are the challenges and success factors within MSP/CWS?
Key Findings & Highlights:
NelsonHall's market analysis of the MSP/CWS industry and trends consists of 94 pages.
The MSP/CWS market is as complicated as the RPO market, as organizations seeking MSP/CWS services expect vendors to tailor services to their specific organizational needs (by geography, industry, skill set, organization size, etc.).
In addition to the traditional PESTLE factors affecting the talent acquisition market, there is much talk about the “future of work” and its impact (notably, the five generational workforce and technology as the enabler of work). This complex mix of factors at play has led more organizations to seek the support of MSP/CWS vendors to help them to overcome their hiring challenges.
Vendors typically offer a menu of services as part of their MSP/CWS programs. Vendors’ general tendency to focus on/expand services such as Services Procurement and Consulting in 2019/2020, has led to more of these services to become table stakes, with the vendors being less differentiated. Some MSP/CWS vendors are focusing on specialties (such as industries or skills) in a bid to offer something different, playing to their core strengths.
The rapid evolution and choice of suitably robust talent tech/tools have led MSP/CWS vendors to start limiting the number of offerings within their ecosystem, focusing on those that best serve their client mix. There has been investment in proprietary and third-party platforms to support new service offerings and intelligent talent acquisition.
Successful MSP/CWS programs require building a compelling story around the value that a 2020 fit-for-purpose MSP/CWS offering brings. Also, knowing the client audience and what their perceptions of the vendor are (around vendor strengths, areas for improvement, meeting future needs), then tailoring services around those expectations. Vendors must have a deep understanding of clients’ industries, the specialty role types hired within their organizations, and the internal struggles those bring so that vendors can advise on the most appropriate talent strategy. Additionally, being able to bring clarity around the fog associated with new concepts, navigating client organizations through to workable solutions.
Login to get full access: | https://research.nelson-hall.com/sourcing-expertise/hr-outsourcing/msp-cws/?avpage-views=article&id=81005&fv=1 |
CareersThe atmosphere at Toji is casual yet challenging and rewarding with an emphasis on teamwork, integrity and mutual respect. The personal development for each employee is important to us, and we invest in employee growth through in-house training and industry workshops. Potential candidates will find Toji to be a unique opportunity to thrive in a fast-paced technology-driven environment.
Toji offers a competitive and comprehensive compensation and benefits package designed to meet the needs of qualified professionals.
We seek employees who can add value to the process by developing a deep understanding of the markets and to take that information to build systems and trade markets.
Interested candidates please contact [email protected]. | http://toji.jellysites.com/careers/ |
BMC Operations and Supply Chain is a leading provider of recruitment solutions for the operations and supply chain industry, helping to transform businesses by providing the very best, in-demand talent.
Leveraging extensive experience, knowledge and networks within the industry, our team is incredibly commercially minded and understand the marketplace, with access to the highest calibre of operations professionals.
With an extensive network of clients and candidates alike, and a deep understanding of the operations and supply chain industry, our consultants appreciate the fast paced and urgent demands of the industry – ensuring you are provided with an on-demand, proactive recruitment service from the team. | https://www.bmcrecruitmentgroup.com/our-sectors/bmc-operations/ |
The BerryDunn team brings deep experience to both independent and public colleges and universities, with a keen ability to analyze complex organizations and develop actionable strategies to optimize business, operations, and development functions, allowing greater focus on mission fulfillment.
Our education advisory team is comprised of a diverse group of CPAs and IT management consultants, all with extensive experience in the realm of higher education. We bring insight and perspective from our work with higher education institutions throughout the United States. We have a deep understanding of industry trends, a thorough awareness of best practices, and an independent perspective that informs clear, objective recommendations tailored to each client’s circumstances. Higher education clients benefit from:
BerryDunn is also an active participant in NACUBO, EDUCAUSE, and other industry associations. We continually strive to keep clients informed of key industry developments, and we work collaboratively with client stakeholders to develop, revise, and implement organizational strategies, and encourage broad adoption of key initiatives.
“The time spent developing a strategic plan with the guidance of BerryDunn has proven to be invaluable to our organization and has provided us with a clear roadmap moving forward for the next several years. The additional work on an IT Assessment and coaching made this a very worthwhile engagement. Working with Joe and his team was a great experience and I hope we have an opportunity to work with them on future initiatives."
- Marc Drescher, CIO, Santa Monica College
"The audit team, led by Mark LaPrade and Ryan Gough, has maintained the highest standard of professionalism while providing the utmost level of expertise during each engagement. Throughout the course of the year, the audit team is readily available to consult with the University on various tax, accounting and regulation questions in a timely and assiduous manner.
The audit team has established a collegial relationship with both the Finance Committee and the Board of Trustees; their service has been nothing short of outstanding. Each team member has been pleasant, knowledgeable and very proactive in each engagement. We are very pleased with the improvements in internal controls and financial reports.
I offer my highest recommendation of BerryDunn to any business looking for a knowledgeable audit and consulting partner. Their level of expertise and their service-oriented approach have served their clients well and I look forward to working with them for years to come." | https://www.berrydunn.com/industries/colleges-and-universities |
Recently named Best Place to Work by MM&M, The Holmes Report, PR News, PRWeek, and AdAge, Real Chemistry is an integrated marketing and communications firm powered by analytics and specializing in healthcare. We are currently looking to add talented professionals to our growing team. This is a great opportunity to join a dynamic, fast-growing global agency.
ROLE SUMMARY
The Director, Product Management position is part of the Health Technologies pillar within Real Chemistry. In this capacity, you will help drive the commercialization efforts of our technology products and solutions. In particular, you will be working closely with key stakeholders to establish product roadmaps, MVPs and the corresponding pricing, packaging and positioning of our products within the broader healthcare industry.
The Director is focused on long-term strategy, establishing the product vision, identifying and monitoring market trends and identifying new opportunities. You will also be responsible for supervising Product Owner(s) that support your product line responsibilities. This candidate is passionate about data and analytics, and has deep industry knowledge and experience to answer complex business problems that challenge our clients.
RESPONSIBILITIES
- Responsible for the overall health and success of the Symplur product strategy and Real Chemistry platform, including our tech-enabled Services strategy.
- Responsible for the products' financial performance, client satisfaction, user experience/adoption, and overseeing our overall ability to sell, deliver and support these solutions.
- Responsible for solidifying the product strategy and bringing to market a differentiated solution line, encompassing new innovations, servicing the existing client base, modernizing the technology platform, and maintaining compliance with regulations.
- Responsible for understanding pharma/biosciences market demands, analytics technology trends, and the competitive field.
- Own the product vision and create the product roadmaps and release plans.
- Build and represent business cases for large investments to build new products, enter new markets, create new partnerships, etc.
- Champion the internal stakeholders, partners, and external stakeholders to ensure alignment around overall strategy and direction of the product (including financial, marketing, positioning) as well as commercialization of the product.
- Adhere to and maintain with the scrum team our agile processes. Relevant experience includes:
- Creation of stack-ranked features and acceptance criteria.
- Experienced with backlog/requirements creation, management, and prioritization.
- Be knowledgeable of and comfortable working with high-level UX principles like user stories, pretotype/prototype development approaches, information architecture and customer/product research methodologies.
- Have experience in developing feature lists, user stories, release planning, and roadmap creation.
- Experience designing engaging user experiences for SaaS, desktop, web, or mobile apps.
EXPERIENCE, KNOWLEDGE AND CRITICAL SKILLS
- 3-5+ years of Product Management experience ideally in the BioPharma and/or Medical Technology (Med Tech) and digital services industry.
- Knowledge of healthcare advertising, communications, and/or social media.
- Proven success building successful products and/or service offerings; experience managing the full product development lifecycle for technology products including ideation, architecture, design and engineering.
- Healthcare software and/or analytics experience desired, but not required.
- Self-starter, entrepreneurial, strategic planner with proven ability to drive projects and strong analytical skills.
- Ability to handle multiple competing priorities in a fast-paced environment.
- Excellent oral and written communication skills.
- Exhibit passion and conviction and the innate ability to inspire passion in others.
- Experience defining/prioritizing product requirements.
- Strong background and familiarity with healthcare datasets and the integration of healthcare technologies.
- BA or BS degree (MBA is a plus).
- Travel required: around 10- 20%, when safe to travel.
Real Chemistry offers a comprehensive benefit program and perks, including flexible PTO, expanded paid leave for new parents including Your 4th Trimester ® , a program that helps new parents transition back to work, and a five-week sabbatical program. Other perks include Income Protection, Retirement plans/401(k) match, and cell phone savings plans. Learn more about our great benefits and perks at: http://www.realchemistry.com/xqttzadavcxcbszsqyautyfrbst
Real Chemistry is committed to being an Equal Opportunity employer. As such, we seek motivated and qualified applicants without regard to race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation, gender identity/expression, ethnic or national origin, age, physical or mental disability, genetic information, marital information, or any other characteristic protected by federal, state, or local employment discrimination laws where Real Chemistry operates. We strive to employ, motivate, advance and reasonably accommodate any qualified employees and applicants. We believe diversity of persons and ideas forms the most comprehensive, forward-looking company. | https://ijobsdb.com/view/19543879.html |
Geared towards healthcare industry professionals and vendors who support the industry, the purpose of this training is to empower attendees with a deep understanding of effective environmental cleaning and disinfection practices in the unique healthcare environment. Focused on infection prevention and control, the training highlights regulatory requirements, industry compliance, and standards surrounding infection prevention, cleaning practices, and facility operations & maintenance.
Click Here to watch CleanHealth’s Environmental Cleaning & Disinfection Video
Training Curriculum
Infection Prevention Basics
Microorganisms & Infectious Agents
Coronavirus: An Overview
The Chain of Infection
Worker Protection
Personal Protective Equipment
Proper Hygiene Practices
Cleaning 101
Cleaning Principles
The Chemistries of Cleaning
Proper Cleaning Methods
Emerging Trends & Technologies:
UV and Hydrogen Peroxide Disinfection
Continuous Disinfection
Overview of Industry Guidance and Standards
The Center for Disease Control & Prevention Guidelines
World Health Organization
Training Format
Training will be provided via “live” web-based (synchronous) training, using the GoToWebinar, platform, allowing for audience questions and instructor feedback. | https://cleanhealthenv.com/health/services-2/coronavirus-risk-mitigation-services/healthcare-facilities-environmental-hygiene-best-practices-training-2-hours/ |
Physical Sciences Group (PSG) is looking for a scientifically talented and knowledgeable individual with a solid understanding of mathematics and/or physics, with some experience of acoustics, fluid dynamics or a related area, an enthusiasm for both research and real world applications, and an interest in problem solving, to work on a diverse and technically demanding programme of work to deliver acoustic capability in the Underwater Battlespace for UK Defence and its international partners.
The Acoustics Modeller will use their knowledge and experience to work closely with industry, academia, and international partners to design, develop, test and demonstrate mathematical or physical models, signal processing schemes, and algorithms, for passive and active sonar solutions and acoustic signature control solutions, to maintain UK advantage for the detection, classification, localisation, and tracking of mobile and static underwater targets, such as submarines and mines, and unfettered operation in the underwater environment.
and demands a commitment and willingness to learn new skills and knowledge and a strong desire to apply this learning for the benefit of defence and security.
• Solid understanding of mathematics and/or physics.
• Some experience in acoustics, fluid dynamics, or a related area.
• A strong interest in working on underwater acoustics and related underwater system technologies and a willingness to learn.
• A strong interest in developing their knowledge of RN platforms, sonar, and technologies.
• Experience of model development.
• Experience of programming in programming language such as Python, Matlab or similar.
• Strong interpersonal skills and willingness to work with external research suppliers in industry and academia and with international partners.
• Self motivated and demonstrated ability to work under own initiative.
For full details please see the attached role profile.
Experience of Research & Development.
PhD or higher degree preferred but experience in industry/academia also welcomed.
Please note that Dstl will be contacting candidates via email and you should check your junk mail folder regularly. Any attachments may not be available via smart phone or tablet views.
Should you wish to raise a formal complaint about the Dstl recruitment process you should email [email protected] stating the nature of the issue. We will respond within 5 working days. | https://brightrecruits.com/jobs/acoustic-modeller |
Data highlight how prospective students perceive remote learning and preferred study destinations
RESTON, Va., March 30, 2021 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — Interest in graduate management education (GME) programs in 2021 continues to grow among prospective students, a trend that coincides with waning concerns about the impact of COVID-19, according to a new report published today by the Graduate Management Admission Council (GMAC™). The Council’s 2021 mba.com Prospective Students Survey Report finds that the proportion of respondents reporting that they are extremely or very concerned about COVID-19 declined from 41 to 33 percent over the survey period. In addition, three in four (73%) international candidates planning to pursue an MBA outside their country of citizenship are not changing their original plans despite the pandemic.
Key Findings
Women candidates are more receptive to remote learning than men
Although studies have suggested that the impact of COVID-19 has been particularly severe on women as they shouldered more responsibilities of remote education and work, GMAC report has found that many female candidates remain undeterred and are willing to adapt their plans for higher education. Specifically, women candidates are more likely to seek the flexibility of online learning than men. They are willing to accept a higher proportion of their degree to be completed online and are more likely to agree that career opportunities gained through an on-campus graduate business degree are the same as those gained through an online degree.
“As vaccines become increasingly available, prospective students around the world are seeing light at the end of the tunnel regarding the global pandemic,” said Sangeet Chowfla, president and CEO of GMAC. “It is especially encouraging to find female candidates seeking advanced business degrees for career advantages despite the unique challenges and barriers they face due to COVID-19.”
More candidates are considering GME to upgrade skills amidst COVID uncertainties
While more than half of prospective candidates (58%) confirmed that they “always plan to pursue a graduate business degree at this point,” over a third of the prospective candidates (37%) reported that they are seeking GME now because they “want to apply for a job but lack required skills and/or degree to be competitive.” The accelerated demand for GME may be a result of the fact that more candidates recognize the need to emerge out of a shaky economy more career ready.
“COVID-19 has fundamentally disrupted the future of work and the skills that are required for future success,” said Soojin Kwon, Managing Director, Full Time MBA Admissions & Program at the University of Michigan Ross School of Business and GMAC Board Director. “This is something that business schools are fully aware of and adapting to as candidates seek to upgrade their professional and leadership skills to meet the demands of the rapidly changing workplace.”
International candidates still prefer mobility over online
Over 40 percent of international candidates – those who wish to study outside of their country of citizenship – surveyed report working outside their country of citizenship as the primary career motivation. The opportunities to live and work abroad explain why international candidates (70%) are more likely to report that they are not changing their original plans compared to domestic candidates (52%) amidst a global pandemic. Most international candidates therefore continue to value mobility and do not prefer substituting in-person experience with online learning.
United States and United Kingdom remain top destinations for international students
International candidates continue to look to the US as one of their top three choices to study business abroad. Prospective students from India rank the US their top choice, ahead of their home country, while those from Canada and the UK pick the US as their first international destination. Prospective candidates from Greater China identify the United Kingdom (27%) to be their preferred study destination, followed by the United States (21%) and Singapore (12%). Rising tension between the US and China in recent years may have discouraged prospective Chinese students from coming to America for their advanced degrees, coupled with the growth of high-quality business school programs in China and the Asia Pacific region.
More on the GMAC Survey Series
The mba.com Prospective Students Survey was conducted based on data collected on a monthly basis between July and December 2020 from a total of 2,515 individuals worldwide who indicated plans to enroll in a GME program in 2021. More than 7 million candidates on their business master’s or MBA journey visited mba.com last year to explore business school options, prepare and register for exams, and get advice on the admissions process.
The 2020 GMAC Application Trends Survey, released in November 2020, gathered and analyzed responses from over 1,000 graduate management programs worldwide to find that applications to graduate business school programs went up, with variations in growth rates by region and program due to online learning, travel, and visa concerns. This report and additional research on global trends in graduate management education are available on the GMAC website here.
About GMAC™
The Graduate Management Admission Council™ (GMAC™) is a mission-driven association of leading graduate business schools worldwide. Founded in 1953, GMAC creates solutions and experiences that enable business schools and candidates to better discover, evaluate, and connect with each other.
GMAC™ provides world-class research, industry conferences, recruiting tools, and assessments for the graduate management education industry, as well as tools, resources, events, and services that help guide candidates through their higher education journey. Owned and administered by GMAC, the Graduate Management Admission Test™ (GMAT™) exam is the most widely used graduate business school assessment; GMAC™ also owns and administers the NMAT by GMAC™ (NMAT™) exam and the Executive Assessment (EA). BusinessBecause and The MBA Tour are subsidiaries of GMAC™, a global organization with offices in China, India, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
To learn more about our work, please visit www.gmac.com
Media Contacts: | https://thailandmirror.com/report-finds-accelerated-demand-for-graduate-business-degrees-in-2021-amid-declining-concerns-about-covid-19/ |
Since 1970, TVO has existed to ignite the potential in everyone through the power of learning. Through impactful digital education products, in-depth current affairs, thought-provoking TVO Original documentaries, and award-winning TVOkids content, we prepare Ontarians for success in school and life.
A digital learning and media organization, TVO is funded primarily by the Province of Ontario, and is a registered charity supported by thousands of sponsors and donors.
Find and follow us on: YouTube (@TVO), Twitter (@TVO), Facebook (@TVO), and Instagram (@WeAreTVO).
Overview:
The Assistant Editor creates daily editorial content and helps ensure the quality, accuracy and consistency of tone of the department’s work, within editorial and brand guidelines and to the highest standards of journalistic and technical excellence.
The ideal candidate will bring finely honed editorial judgment, top-notch skills in both copyediting and substantive editing as well as writing, and have experience working in a team in a daily online news environment. Familiarity with emerging technology and a thorough knowledge of current trends and innovations in digital media are required.
Under the overall responsibility of the Executive Producer, Digital, you will pitch and create daily content and longer-term editorial projects, and work as part of a cross-functional digital team. You will help to ensure that all digital editorial projects are delivered on time and within scope while adhering to TVO’s standards and ethics.
The successful candidate will work with other Editors on TVO.org content, with the Social Media Specialist to share and promote Current Affairs and Documentaries content (both current and from the archive), ensuring that website content adheres to the Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act (AODA), and will work collaboratively with broadcast and documentary teams to ensure seamless execution of cross-department, multi-platform content. You will also assist broadcast and documentary teams in generating story ideas, including making suggestions for interviews and establishing contacts.
Key Responsibilities:
- Research, write and edit current affairs coverage; co-ordinate with freelancers and interns; write and edit display copy; create, select and edit photos, graphics, video and audio
- Consult on video planning and production
- Post editorial content on TVO.org using a Drupal-based CMS
- Update and curate content on any and all Current Affairs and Documentaries homepages
- Develop, organize and present innovative approaches to generate content quickly in response to emerging current affairs issues
- Monitor social media in real time and use it to promote content and engage audiences
- Respond to peak audience periods on various platforms – digital, broadcast, social media – with content tailored for each platform
- Employ SEO and social media best practices
- Ensure all website content complies with the Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act
- Ensure proper and accurate clearance of all material used on the site, in collaboration with copyright clearance officers or others
- Co-ordinate with other departments in matters relating to site content
- Work with colleagues and leaders to ensure that the editorial process is efficient and productive
- Perform duties of all lower classifications
- Perform on and/or off camera
- Direct interviews in the studio or in the field
Qualifications:
- University or college graduate, preferably in the liberal arts or journalism
- 4+ years’ work experience in daily online journalism
- Strong editorial judgment and cross-platform storytelling skills
- Deep knowledge of current affairs and familiarity with documentaries as a journalistic form
- Outstanding analytical and communication skills and proficiency in Canadian Press style
- Must be able to establish priorities and work effectively under pressure to meet tight and shifting deadlines
- Strong initiative and ability to work collaboratively and effectively in a team environment and with remote offices
- A thorough and strategic understanding of social media, particularly Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube, as well as demonstrated ease with these platforms and others (large online following would be a plus)
- Superior interpersonal and negotiating skills
- Deep understanding of how videos and other content are shared and consumed on broadcast, digital, social and mobile platforms
- Superior command of platform-specific digital storytelling and multimedia presentation techniques
- Solid understanding of SEO best practices, including headline writing and file structure with a good grasp of essential HTML coding
- Facility with Drupal-based or equivalent content management systems
- Knowledgeable about digital asset management and back-end administration
- Strong understanding of digital file formats and how to gather and edit media such as video, audio and photos
- Video and audio recording skills are an asset
- Demonstrates TVO’s values of Excellence & Innovation, Ownership, Collaboration, Trust and Respect
Qualified candidates are invited to submit a current resume by July 20, 2020 at 5:00 p.m.
For Additional information about TVO please check out our website at TVO.org to access all of our web properties.
TVO is an equal opportunity employer and will endeavour to accommodate job applicants with disabilities through the People & Culture Division. Upon request, all job postings will be made available in alternative format.
At TVO, we believe that the diversity of our team strengthens our ability to develop creative solutions and products that are reflective of Ontarians.
We thank all applicants for their interest. However, only those candidates selected for an interview will be contacted. | https://www.torontotechjobs.ca/jobs/assistant-editor-digital-media-producer-i/ |
New technologies and business models are rapidly changing the role of the security pro.
The organizational role of the information security professional sits at a crossroads that may be more meaningful than we realize. The security world is in the midst of major changes as businesses struggle with the simultaneous evolution of technology, economics, and business applications of new technologies. We can look back at the information protection challenges that occurred when organizations first connected business systems to the Internet and consider how the role of the security manager took on expanded meaning due to new threats. The current environment may be presenting a course correction of similar magnitude for information security roles.
Several new technology areas grabbing headlines at present have been on the horizon for some time, but adoption seems only now to be gaining momentum across the general business spectrum. Cloud computing, virtualization, and mobility, for example, have all existed in some usable form for years, however, each is now attaining significant degrees of technical maturity, market acceptance, and the integration between them is rapidly increasing. The integration of these emerging technologies, and business understanding of them, appears to be reaching critical mass. As emerging technology has progressed, new economic realities have closely followed. We now observe a more active technology marketplace, a meeting of service buyers and sellers, each with respective roles, responsibilities, and challenges. This new environment is far more complex than the traditional technical product marketplace.
At the same time, we see business leaders as the ultimate purchase decision makers, the economic buyers in the new market who are integrating technology strategy into business strategy with substantially less reliance on internal tech experts than before. Historically, the introduction of new technologies into an organization was supported by knowledgeable specialists that had a rare understanding of the new technology. However, in today’s world the technology architecture is largely abstracted from the user/buyer and somewhat irrelevant; We can purchase and use SaaS and other cloud services without necessarily understanding how they are assembled. Vendors have succeeded in “dumbing down” the purchase decision, effectively removing the technician from the decision process. Therefore, the business decision maker can view subscribed or hosted services in the same way he or she views the acquisition of any other production technologies -- simply from a perspective of utility; deep technical knowledge is not necessary to derive business value from the technology.
As a result, the information security skills required of technology buyers and sellers are changing. In other words, the buyers (and therefore users) of new technologies derive little benefit from deep technical knowledge because the technologies are abstract; important details cannot be viewed, much less analyzed. Security professionals employed by technology buyers therefore should expect their emphasis to shift towards vetting and managing vendors as well as ensuring connectivity to hosted services. In such cases, IT strategy can be expected to originate in the business and not from the IT function.
From the seller (provider) perspective, however, technical knowledge is essential to build secure and reliable service architectures. And in the provider organization, the technical strategy is the business strategy, therefore security professionals should again expect to find themselves increasingly directed by business leaders. Customer-facing sales and account management staff in providers today are being trained on security talking points and must be prepared to answer the security challenges terms in the buyers’ business context. Security knowledge is therefore being diffused throughout provider organizations to a much greater extent than before as providers need to both ensure technical security as well as demonstrate security competency to purchasers.
Information security professionals should consider these trends as they make important career decisions and seek to develop new skills. Along with vertical market expertise, understanding of the unique challenges of the provider and buyer viewpoints, respectively, will become increasingly important. More generally, these trends should make positions based in or closely aligned with the business much more attractive than positions within the IT function. Unfortunately, current industry focus seems somewhat fixated on important, but merely fundamental messages, like the need for stronger passwords and more frequent patching. The technology environment has become more complex and interrelated, and security professionals would be well served to understand the new reality if they hope to continue to add value. Understanding the differences in security roles from provider and buyer perspectives may become essential to succeeding as a security professional. | https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/magazineContent/Information-security-roles-and-technology-shifts |
Made up of the best and most knowledgeable operators in the sector this panel will dissect, discuss and debate the latest industry topics and trends. There will also be two seats free for members of the audience to rotate through and provide their own view making this a truly interactive session.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the latest developments and trends in the sector
- Hear about future opportunities and how to take advantage of them
Moderator:
Allan Petrilli, Manager of Affiliate Services, Income Access
Speaker: | https://www.igbaffiliate.com/articles/industry-huddle |
"The heavy elements spewed into space in the deaths of similar early, massive stars may have stunted the growth of later stellar generations. That's because gas clouds containing iron and other heavy elements tend to fragment into smaller knots that give birth to relatively lightweight stars like the sun....
Though some less-massive stars also spew metals when they die, pair-instability supernovae are especially prolific polluters. "One such explosion can pollute an entire small ancient galaxy," Gal-Yam told New Scientist... The dwarf galaxy where SN 2007bi occurred seems to have low metal content, the team says, which might explain how the star that went supernova was able to form."
Stars born with more than about 140 times the mass of the sun die as "pair-instability supernova" that spew heavy elements into space (Illustration: NASA/CXC/M Weiss)More at New Scientist. | http://www.rationalape.com/2009/12/probable-pair-instability-supernovae.html |
A Supernova And Harmonic Convergence 1987
A Supernova And Harmonic Convergence 1987 A Supernova is a rare stellar explosion so powerful that its radiation can briefly outshine an entire galaxy, releasing as much energy as the Sun is expected to emit over its whole lifespan. The type of energy which this Supernova emits are cosmic rays. In 1987, a Supernova occurred close enough to the Earth that it was visible to the naked eye. Astronomers spotted one of the brightest exploding stars in more than 400 years. The titanic supernova, called Supernova 1987A (SN 1987A), blazed with the power of 100 million suns for several months following its discovery on Feb. 23, 1987. Since that first sighting, SN 1987A has continued to fascinate astronomers with its spectacular light show. Located in the nearby Large Magellanic Cloud, it is the nearest supernova explosion observed in hundreds of years and the best opportunity yet for astronomers to study the phases before, during, and after the death of a star. SN 1987A was a peculiar type II supernova in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a dwarf galaxy satellite of the Milky Way. It occurred approximately 51.4 kiloparsecs (168,000 light-years) from Earth and was the closest observed supernova since Kepler's Supernova, visible from Earth in 1604. 1987A's light reached Earth on February 23, 1987, and as the first supernova discovered that year, was labelled "1987A". Its brightness peaked in May, with an apparent magnitude of about 3. It was the first opportunity for modern astronomers to study the development of a supernova in great detail, and its observations have provided much insight into core-collapse supernovae. SN 1987A provided the first chance to confirm by direct observation the radioactive source of the energy for visible light emissions, by detecting predicted gamma-ray line radiation from two of its abundant radioactive nuclei. This proved the radioactive nature of the long-duration post-explosion glow of supernovae. Four days after the event was recorded, the progenitor star was tentatively identified as Sanduleak −69 202 (Sk -69 202), a blue supergiant. After the supernova faded, that identification was definitely confirmed by Sk −69 202 having disappeared. This was an unexpected identification, because models of high mass stellar evolution at the time did not predict that blue supergiants are susceptible to a supernova event. Hubble has repeatedly observed SN 1987A since 1990, accumulating hundreds of images, and Chandra began observing SN 1987A shortly after its deployment in 1999. ALMA, a powerful array of 66 antennas, has been gathering high-resolution millimeter and submillimeter data on SN 1987A since its inception. Supernovas such as SN 1987A can stir up the surrounding gas and trigger the formation of new stars and planets. The gas from which these stars and planets form will be enriched with elements such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and iron, which are the basic components of all known life. These elements are forged inside the pre-supernova star and during the supernova explosion itself, and then dispersed into their host galaxy by expanding supernova remnants. Continued studies of SN 1987A should give unique insight into the early stages of this dispersal. Hubble Space Station Observational Highlights Hubble studies have revealed that the dense ring of gas around the supernova is glowing in optical light, and has a diameter of about a light-year. The ring was there at least 20,000 years before the star exploded. A flash of ultraviolet light from the explosion energised the gas in the ring, making it glow for decades. The central structure visible inside the ring in the Hubble image has now grown to roughly half a light-year across. Most noticeable are two blobs of debris in the centre of the supernova remnant racing away from each other at roughly 20 million miles an hour. From 1999 until 2013, Chandra data showed an expanding ring of X-ray emission that had been steadily getting brighter. The blast wave from the original explosion has been bursting through and heating the ring of gas surrounding the supernova, producing X-ray emission. In the past few years, the ring has stopped getting brighter in X-rays. From about February 2013 until the last Chandra observation analysed in September 2015 the total amount of low-energy X-rays has remained constant. Also, the bottom left part of the ring has started to fade. These changes provide evidence that the explosion's blast wave has moved beyond the ring into a region with less dense gas. This represents the end of an era for SN 1987A. In 2004 Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys showed many bright spots along an inner ring of gas, which looked like pearls on a necklace. These cosmic “pearls” were produced when a supersonic shock wave unleashed during the explosion slammed into the inner ring at more than 1 million miles per hour. The collision was heating the ring, causing its innermost regions to glow. One of the bright spots on the ring was a star that happened to reside along Hubble’s line of sight. In the beginning of 2012, astronomers used ALMA to observe the glowing remains of the supernova, studying how the remnant is actually forging vast amounts of new dust from the new elements created in the progenitor star. A portion of this dust will make its way into interstellar space and may become the building blocks of future stars and planets in another system. Between 2012-2017, the ALMA observatory in Chile observed the glowing remains of the supernova. ALMA studied how the remnant was actually forging vast amounts of new dust from the new chemical elements created in the progenitor star. A portion of this dust will make its way into interstellar space and may become the building blocks of future stars and planets in another system. In 2017 the latest data from Hubble, Chandra, and ALMA indicated that SN 1987A has passed an important threshold. The supernova shock wave is moving beyond the dense inner ring of gas produced late in the life of the progenitor star. What lies beyond the ring is poorly known at present, and depends on the details of the evolution of the star when it was a red giant. So What Is Its Significance? It is widely considered that in 1987 an evolution in consciousness began, followed by a global movement for change. Around that year many other celestial events occurred; the most known being a massive increase in solar flares and a rapid decrease of the Earth's magnetic field., which has been ongoing ever since. 1987 was a momentous year that marked the beginning of humanity’s ascension, rebirth and shift into the Fourth Dimension. 1987’s Harmonic Convergence also marked the beginning of our sun’s direct alignment with the centre of our Milky Way Galaxy. This very rare cosmic event has been exposing our whole solar system to intense rounds of “torsion wave” energy. Many believe this newly discovered energy source emanating from Galactic Centre and SN1987A is activating our DNA and setting in motion The Great Shift long prophesied by many indigenous traditions, including the Mayan, Incan, Hopi and Vedic. 1987 Harmonic Convergence The Harmonic Convergence is the name given to one of the world's first globally synchronised meditation events, which occurred on August 16–17, 1987. This event also closely coincided with an exceptional alignment of planets in the Solar System and either by chance or design the explosion of Supernova 1987A. According to Shearer's interpretation of Aztec cosmology, the selected date marked the end of twenty-two cycles of 52 years each, or 1,144 years in all. The twenty-two cycles were divided into thirteen "heaven" cycles, which began in AD 843 and ended in 1519, when the nine "hell" cycles began, ending 468 years later in 1987. The very beginning of the nine "hell" cycles was precisely the day that Hernán Cortés landed in Mexico, April 22, 1519 (coinciding with "1 Reed" on the Aztec/Mayan calendar, the day sacred to Mesoamerican cultural hero Quetzalcoatl). The 9 hell cycles of 52 years each ended precisely on August 16–17, 1987. Shearer introduced the dates and the prophecy to Arguelles in 1970, and he eventually co-opted them and created the name Harmonic Convergence as the public title of the event. The timing of the Harmonic Convergence was allegedly significant in the Mayan calendar, with some consideration also given to European and Asian astrological traditions. The chosen dates have the distinction of allegedly marking a planetary alignment with the Sun, Moon and six out of eight planets being "part of the grand trine." Though Arguelles eventually connected the timing of the Harmonic Convergence with his understanding of the significance of Maya calendrics, the dates themselves were derived not from Mayan cosmology but from Tony Shearer's reconstructed Aztec prophecies. | https://www.psychicgr.com/single-post/2018/08/03/a-supernova-and-harmonic-convergence-1987 |
Scientists using NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory have detected large amounts of oxygen and other elements in the remnant of a star that exploded in a nearby galaxy. For years scientists have known that the elements necessary for life are created in massive stars and dispersed in supernova explosions, but the process has rarely been caught "on camera."
The Chandra image of supernova remnant, SNR 0103-72.6, shows a striking, nearly perfect ring about 150 light years in diameter surrounding a cloud of gas enriched in heavy elements and shock heated to millions of degrees Celsius. The ring marks the outer limits of a shock wave produced as material ejected in the supernova explosion plows into the interstellar gas. The size of the ring indicates that we see the supernova remnant as it was about 10,000 years after its progenitor star exploded.
According to Dr. Sangwook Park of Penn State University in University Park, lead author of a presentation today at the meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Nashville, Tenn., "Hundreds of supernova remnants are scattered throughout our galactic neighborhood, but we detect only a handful rich in oxygen. This Chandra image is a rare treat."
Oxygen is synthesized by nuclear reactions in the interiors of stars at least ten times as massive as the Sun. When such a star explodes, its core collapses to form either a neutron star, or if massive enough, a black hole, and the material surrounding the core is propelled into interstellar space.
"The most abundant elements in this remnant are oxygen and neon," Park said. "Their location near the center of the remnant is evidence that the progenitor star was at least ten times as massive as the Sun."
"This supernova remnant will become a laboratory for studying how stars forge the elements necessary for life," said Park. Although SNR 0103-72.6 is more distant than supernova remnants in our Galaxy, scientists have a clear view of it because its light is not blocked by the dusty spiral arms of the Milky Way.
Other members of the team involved in this observation are David Burrrows, John Nousek and Gordon Garmire of Penn State; John Hughes of Rutgers University in Piscataway, N.J., and Patrick Slane of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Mass. Garmire is the principal investigator on this observation.
The ACIS instrument was built for NASA by Penn State and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under the leadership of Garmire. NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center manages the Chandra program, and TRW, Inc., Redondo Beach, Calif., is the prime contractor for the spacecraft. The Smithsonian's Chandra X-ray Center controls science and flight operations from Cambridge, Mass., for the Office of Space Science at NASA Headquarters, Washington. | http://chandra.harvard.edu/press/03_releases/press_052603b.html |
Traces of rare forms of iron and plutonium have been found at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean, after some kind of cataclysm in outer space created this radioactive stuff and sent it raining down on our planet.
The extraterrestrial debris arrived on Earth within the last 10 million years, according to a report in the journal Science. Once it hit the Pacific Ocean and settled to the bottom, nearly a mile down, the material got incorporated into layers of a rock that was later hauled up by a Japanese oil exploration company and donated to researchers.
"Just knowing that there's plutonium there is amazing," says Brian Fields, an astronomer at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign who was not part of the research team. "Now we only have tiny amounts of material — after all, we're talking about hundreds of atoms here. But we should be grateful for that, because they are freshly made from exploding stars."
Freshly made specimens like these could help scientists understand how the universe forged elements heavier than iron, such as gold, platinum, uranium and plutonium. "These are the elements where we are still in a mystery," says Anton Wallner, a physicist with the Australian National University in Canberra who led the international team that did the new work. "We do not know exactly where they are produced and how much is produced in different sites."
Figuring out the source of these elements is a big deal for astronomers, who already pretty much know where the rest of the periodic table comes from. Hydrogen and helium got born in the Big Bang, for example, and elements such as carbon and oxygen form in the cores of stars — that's why beloved astronomer Carl Sagan liked to say, "We are made of star stuff."
Astronomers believe the very heaviest elements must come from an environment more intense than an everyday star. One possibility is when a massive star goes through its death throes and explodes as a supernova.
The powerful blast would send elements spewing out in all directions, and if a supernova is nearby, says Fields, "all of these elements that are made in the supernova get delivered to us and literally rain upon our heads, literally rain down on the Earth."
About 25 years ago, he and a couple of colleagues suggested a way to find some of that kind of debris. They pointed out that a supernova makes stable elements, but it also makes certain unstable, radioactive forms of elements that last for only millions of years before decaying.
These particular atoms would live just long enough to find their way to Earth from an exploding star and be discovered by scientists — but wouldn't be mistaken for the stable elements that have been around since the Earth formed billions of years ago.
Researchers went hunting for these treasures from outer space and soon started to find a telltale form of iron called iron-60 in deep-sea rocks, Antarctic snow and even samples from the moon.
All of these results suggested that some kind of stellar explosion, probably a supernova, happened in Earth's cosmic neighborhood about 3 million years ago and littered the area with radioactive iron.
This latest study of iron that got incorporated into the slowly growing layers of a deep-sea rock confirms that notion — but also suggests yet another dose of interstellar iron arrived around 6 million years ago. "So there's not just one exploding star — there's two," says Fields.
What's more, in this study the researchers were able to detect atoms of distinctive plutonium-244, which does not exist naturally on Earth. By looking at the quantities of plutonium and iron in the layers of rock, they could compare what they saw with what models predict about the production of these elements by cosmic events like supernovas.
Their analysis suggests that something else must have contributed beyond supernovas, says Wallner. Astronomers have long suspected a smashup between two neutron stars might be another potential source of heavy elements.
"Our data actually suggests that it might be that both scenarios are necessary," says Wallner. "It's both. It's supernovae explosions that produce a part of these heavy elements but also neutron star mergers or any other rare events."
Hendrik Schatz, a physicist with Michigan State University who was not part of the research team, says these new results are amazing. While tantalizing hints of this form of plutonium have been found in the past, he says, "we were always hoping that someone would finally get a large enough sample and find that in the deep-sea ocean sediments. We've kind of waited for that for a long time."
In his view, the new findings add to other evidence that the heaviest elements, such as plutonium, can't be generated by just regular old supernovas. "It must be some rare event, something else," says Schatz. "There are a lot of pieces of evidence that point to multiple sources. Neutron star mergers are probably one of the more important sources, but at this point it doesn't look like they can explain all the observations."
Measurements of other kinds of short-lived elements could eventually help sort all this out, says Fields. And he notes that while exploding stars might occasionally sprinkle our world with stardust, there's currently nothing massive nearby that could go supernova and send a blast of life-obliterating radiation our way.
"These stars are not subtle. We know exactly where they are," says Fields, "and there are none that are threatening us today."
Correction May 14, 2021
A previous photo caption said the image shows Cassiopeia A, a supernova remnant. In fact, it shows Kepler's supernova remnant. | https://www.npr.org/2021/05/13/996499035/freshly-made-plutonium-from-outer-space-found-on-ocean-floor?ft=nprml&f=996499035 |
Earth could be getting a second sun, at least temporarily.
Dr. Brad Carter, Senior Lecturer of Physics at the University of Southern Queensland, outlined the scenario to news.com.au. Betelgeuse, one of the night sky’s brightest stars, is losing mass, indicating it is collapsing. It could run out of fuel and go super-nova at any time.
When that happens, for at least a few weeks, we’d see a second sun, Carter says. There may also be no night during that timeframe.
The Star Wars-esque scenario could happen by 2012, Carter says... or it could take longer. The explosion could also cause a neutron star or result in the formation of a black hole 1300 light years from Earth, reports news.com.au.
But doomsday sayers should be careful about speculation on this one. If the star does go super-nova, Earth will be showered with harmless particles, according to Carter. "They will flood through the Earth and bizarrely enough, even though the supernova we see visually will light up the night sky, 99 per cent of the energy in the supernova is released in these particles that will come through our bodies and through the Earth with absolutely no harm whatsoever," he told news.com.au.
In fact, a neutrino shower could be beneficial to Earth. According to Carter this "star stuff" makes up the universe. "It literally makes things like gold, silver - all the heavy elements - even things like uranium....a star like Betelgeuse is instantly forming for us all sorts of heavy elements and atoms that our own Earth and our own bodies have from long past supernovi," said Carter.
UPDATE: To clarify, the news.com.au article does not say a neutrino shower could be beneficial to Earth, but implies a supernova could be beneficial, stating, "Far from being a sign of the apocalypse, according to Dr Carter the supernova will provide Earth with elements necessary for survival and continuity."
UPDATE II: In a follow-up piece on news.com.au, Dr. Carter stressed that there is no way of knowing when the star may go supernova. U.S. astronomer Phil Plait added, "Betelgeuse might go up tonight, or it might not be for 100,000 years. We’re just not sure."
Article from: huffingtonpost.com
Top Image: Source
Tune Into Related Red Ice Radio Programs: | https://redice.tv/news/two-suns-twin-stars-could-be-visible-from-earth-by-2012 |
A perplexing "chameleon supernova" is challenging the way astronomers study massive star explosions.
When some stars reach the end of their lives, they explode in a bright stellar event called a supernova, releasing material created in the heart of the star out into the universe. There are different types of supernova explosions, and astronomers generally classify these powerful outbursts based on the presence of hydrogen.
"While stars begin their lives with hydrogen fusing into helium, large stars nearing a supernova death have run out of hydrogen as fuel," NASA officials said in a statement. "Supernovae in which very little hydrogen is present are called 'Type I.' Those that do have an abundance of hydrogen, which are rarer, are called 'Type II.'" [Supernova Photos: Great Images of Star Explosions]
But in a recent study published in The Astrophysical Journal, astronomers examine a supernova called SN 2014C that released a lot of material (including mostly hydrogen and heavier elements) unusually late in its life but before it exploded. The so-called chameleon supernova — perhaps named because its appearance makes it look like something other than itself — resides in a spiral galaxy about 36 million to 46 million light-years from Earth.
"This 'chameleon supernova' may represent a new mechanism of how massive stars deliver elements created in their cores to the rest of the universe," Raffaella Margutti, lead author of the study and an assistant professor of physics and astronomy at Northwestern University, said in the statement. "Expelling this material late in life is likely a way that stars give elements, which they produce during their lifetimes, back to their environment."
The material released into the universe following massive star explosions serves as the building blocks of Earth and other planets in our solar system. However, astronomers question why SN 2014C would throw off so much hydrogen before exploding.
Using NASA's NuSTAR (Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array) satellite, astronomers found that "SN 2014C had transformed itself from a Type I to a Type II supernova after its core collapsed," NASA officials said in the statement. Although hydrogen was not detected in initial observations, shock waves coming from the star explosion hit an outer shell of mostly hydrogen material, suggesting the star released the material decades to centuries before it exploded.
What's more, astronomers also found that the "supernova brightened in X-rays after the initial explosion, demonstrating that there must be a shell of material, previously ejected by the star, that the shock waves had hit," according to observations from NASA's Chandra and Swift observatories.
One hypothesis for SN 2014C's unusual behavior is that the star was part of a binary system and did not die alone — its possible the gravitational pull of a nearby star influenced SN 2014C's evolution, according to the statement. Roughly seventy percent of massive stars have companions, NASA officials said.
"The notion that a star could expel such a huge amount of matter in a short interval is completely new," Fiona Harrison, NuSTAR principal investigator and professor of physics and astronomy at Caltech, said in the NASA statement. "It is challenging our fundamental ideas about how massive stars evolve, and eventually explode, distributing the chemical elements necessary for life."
Follow Samantha Mathewson @Sam_Ashley13. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook and Google+. Original article on Space.com. | https://www.space.com/35509-chameleon-supernova-unusual-amount-hydrogen.html |
pdf | 15.06 MB | English | Isbn: B082MBVD2F | Author: Philip Seamark | Year: 2019
Description:
Learn the intricate workings of DAX and the mechanics that are necessary to solve advanced Power BI challenges. This book is all about DAX (Data Analysis Expressions), the formula language used in Power BI-Microsoft’s leading self-service business intelligence application-and covers other products such as PowerPivot and SQL Server Analysis Services Tabular. You will learn how to leverage the advanced applications of DAX to solve complex tasks.
Often a task seems complex due to a lack of understanding, or a misunderstanding of core principles, and how certain components interact with each other. The authors of this book use solutions and examples to teach you how to solve complex problems. They explain the intricate workings of important concepts such as Filter Context and Context Transition. You will learn how Power BI, through combining DAX building blocks (such as measures, table filtering, and data lineage), can yield extraordinary analytical power. Throughout Pro Dax with Power BI these building blocks are used to create and compose solutions for advanced DAX problems, so you can independently build solutions to your own complex problems, and gain valuable insight from your data.
What You Will Learn
Who This Book Is For
Anyone who wants to use Power BI to build advanced and complex models. Some experience writing DAX is helpful, but not essential if you have experience with other data query languages such as MDX or SQL. | https://katzddl.net/ebooks/pro-sql-server-2008-analysis-services/ |
Expressions are used frequently in Reporting Services paginated reports to control content and report appearance. Expressions are written in Microsoft Visual Basic, and can use built-in functions, custom code, report and group variables, and user-defined variables. Expressions begin with an equal sign (=). For more information about the expression editor and the types of references that you can include, see Expression Uses in Reports (Report Builder and SSRS), and Add an Expression (Report Builder and SSRS).
When RDL Sandboxing is enabled, only certain types and members can be used in expression text at report publish time. For more information, see Enable and Disable RDL Sandboxing.
This topic provides examples of expressions that can be used for common tasks in a report.
Visual Basic Functions Examples for date, string, conversion and conditional Visual Basic functions.
Report Functions Examples for aggregates and other built-in report functions.
Appearance of Report Data Examples for changing the appearance of a report.
Properties Examples for setting report item properties to control format or visibility.
Parameters Examples for using parameters in an expression.
Custom Code Examples of embedded custom code.
For more information about simple and complex expressions, where you can use expressions, and the types of references that you can include in an expression, see topics under Expressions (Report Builder and SSRS). For more information about the context in which expressions are evaluated for calculating aggregates, see Expression Scope for Totals, Aggregates, and Built-in Collections (Report Builder and SSRS).
To learn how to write expressions that use many of the functions and operators also used by expression examples in this topic, but in the context of writing a report, see Tutorial: Introducing Expressions.
Many expressions in a report contain functions. You can format data, apply logic, and access report metadata using these functions. You can write expressions that use functions from the Microsoft Visual Basic run-time library, and from the Convert and Math namespaces. You can add references to functions from other assemblies or custom code. You can also use classes from the Microsoft .NET Framework, including System.Text.RegularExpressions.
You can use Visual Basic functions to manipulate the data that is displayed in text boxes or that is used for parameters, properties, or other areas of the report. This section provides examples demonstrating some of these functions. For more information, see Visual Basic Runtime Library Members on MSDN.
The .NET Framework provides many custom format options, for example, for specific date formats. For more information, see Formatting Types on MSDN.
The Today function provides the current date. This expression can be used in a text box to display the date on the report, or in a parameter to filter data based on the current date.
The DateAdd function is useful for supplying a range of dates based on a single parameter. The following expression provides a date that is six months after the date from a parameter named StartDate.
The Year function displays the year for a particular date. You can use this to group dates together or to display the year as a label for a set of dates. This expression provides the year for a given group of sales order dates. The Month function and other functions can also be used to manipulate dates. For more information, see the Visual Basic documentation.
When used as a calculated field in a dataset, you can use this expression on a chart to aggregate values by week within each month.
The following expression formats the SellStartDate value as MMM-YY. SellStartDate field is a datetime data type.
The following expression formats the SellStartDate value as dd/MM/yyyy. The SellStartDate field is a datetime data type.
The CDate function converts the value to a date. The Now function returns a date value containing the current date and time according to your system. DateDiff returns a Long value specifying the number of time intervals between two Date values.
The following example displays the start date for the previous month based on the current month.
The following expression generates the interval years between SellStartDate and LastReceiptDate. These fields are in two different datasets, DataSet1 and DataSet2. The First Function (Report Builder and SSRS), which is an aggregate function, returns the first value of SellStartDate in DataSet1 and the first value of LastReceiptDate in DataSet2.
The DatePart function returns an Integer value containing the specified component of a given Date value.The following expression returns the year for the first value of the SellStartDate in DataSet1. The dataset scope is specified because there are multiple datasets in the report.
The DateSerial function returns a Date value representing a specified year, month, and day, with the time information set to midnight. The following example displays the ending date for the prior month, based on the current month.
The following expressions display various dates based on a date parameter value selected by the user.
If the text box contains only a date or number, you should use the Format property of the text box to apply formatting instead of the Format function within the text box.
The following example does the same as the above example, as well as displays a text string prior to the list of selected values.
Verify that the value for Fields!Phone.Value has no extra spaces and is of type String.
You can use Visual Basic functions to convert a field from the one data type to a different data type. Conversion functions can be used to convert the default data type for a field to the data type needed for calculations or to combine text.
The following expression converts the constant 500 to type Decimal in order to compare it to a Transact-SQL money data type in the Value field for a filter expression.
The following expression displays the number of values selected for the multivalue parameter MySelection.
Use multiple IIF functions (also known as "nested IIFs") to return one of three values depending on the value of PctComplete. The following expression can be placed in the fill color of a text box to change the background color depending on the value in the text box.
Values greater than or equal to 10 display with a green background, between 1 and 9 display with a blue background, and less than 1 display with a red background.
Values greater than or equal to 10 display with a green background, between 1 and 9 display with a blue background, equal to 1 display with a yellow background, and 0 or less display with a red background.
Test the value of the PhoneNumber field and return "No Value" if it is null (Nothing in Visual Basic); otherwise return the phone number value. This expression can be used to control the value of a text box in a report item.
Test the value of the Department field and return either a subreport name or a null (Nothing in Visual Basic). This expression can be used for conditional drillthrough subreports.
Test if a field value is null. This expression can be used to control the Hidden property of an image report item. In the following example, the image specified by the field [LargePhoto] is displayed only if the value of the field is not null.
The MonthName function returns a string value containing the name of the specified month. The following example displays NA in the Month field when the field contains the value of 0.
In an expression, you can add a reference to additional report functions that manipulate data in a report. This section provides examples for two of these functions. For more information about report functions and examples, see Aggregate Functions Reference (Report Builder and SSRS).
The RowNumber function, when used in a text box within a data region, displays the row number for each instance of the text box in which the expression appears. This function can be useful to number rows in a table. It can also be useful for more complex tasks, such as providing page breaks based on number of rows. For more information, see Page Breaks in this topic.
The scope you specify for RowNumber controls when renumbering begins. The Nothing keyword indicates that the function will start counting at the first row in the outermost data region. To start counting within nested data regions, use the name of the data region. To start counting within a group, use the name of the group.
You can use expressions to manipulate how data appears on a report. For example, you can display the values of two fields in a single text box, display information about the report, or affect how page breaks are inserted in the report.
The following examples describe how to display the first and last values from a page in the page header, similar to what you might find in a directory listing. The example assumes a data region that contains a text box named LastName.
The following example describes how to display a page total. The example assumes a data region that contains a text box named Cost.
You can refer to only one report item per expression in a page header or footer. Also, you can refer to the text box name, but not the actual data expression within the text box, in page header and footer expressions.
In some reports, you may want to place a page break at the end of a specified number of rows instead of, or in addition to, on groups or report items. To do this, create a group that contains the groups or detail records you want, add a page break to the group, and then add a group expression to group by a specified number of rows.
The following expression, when placed in the group expression, assigns a number to each set of 25 rows. When a page break is defined for the group, this expression results in a page break every 25 rows.
For more information about setting page breaks for a group, see Add a Page Break (Report Builder and SSRS).
Expressions are not only used to display data in text boxes. They can also be used to change how properties are applied to report items. You can change style information for a report item, or change its visibility.
You can also use the Visual Basic object variable Me. This variable is another way of referring to the value of a text box.
Available colors come from the .NET Framework KnownColor enumeration.
To specify colors for a Shape chart, you can use custom code to control the order that colors are mapped to data point values. This helps you use consistent colors for multiple charts that have the same category groups. For more information, see Specify Consistent Colors across Multiple Shape Charts (Report Builder and SSRS).
You can show and hide items in a report using the visibility properties for the report item. In a data region such as a table, you can initially hide detail rows based on the value in an expression.
You can customize URLs by using report data and also conditionally control whether URLs are added as an action for a text box.
The following expression, when used as an action on a text box, generates a customized URL that specifies the dataset field EmployeeID as a URL parameter.
For more information, see Add a Hyperlink to a URL (Report Builder and SSRS).
The following expression conditionally controls whether to add a URL in a text box. This expression depends on a parameter named IncludeURLs that allows a user to decide whether to include active URLs in a report. This expression is set as an action on a text box. By setting the parameter to False and then viewing the report, you can export the report Microsoft Excel without hyperlinks.
Expressions can be used to manipulate the data that is used in the report. You can refer to parameters and other report information. You can even change the query that is used to retrieve data for the report.
You can use expressions in a parameter to vary the default value for the parameter. For example, you can use a parameter to filter data to a particular user based on the user ID that is used to run the report.
You can use custom code in a report. Custom code is either embedded in a report or stored in a custom assembly which is used in the report. For more information about custom code, see Custom Code and Assembly References in Expressions in Report Designer (SSRS).
You can initialize the value for a group variable that is local to a particular group scope and then include a reference to that variable in expressions. One of the ways that you can use a group variable with custom code is to implement a custom aggregate. For more information, see Using Group Variables in Reporting Services 2008 for Custom Aggregation.
For more information about variables, see Report and Group Variables Collections References (Report Builder and SSRS).
Some values in an expression can evaluate to null or undefined at report processing time. This can create run-time errors that result in #Error displaying in the text box instead of the evaluated expression. The IIF function is particularly sensitive to this behavior because, unlike an If-Then-Else statement, each part of the IIF statement is evaluated (including function calls) before being passed to the routine that tests for true or false. The statement =IIF(Fields!Sales.Value is NOTHING, 0, Fields!Sales.Value) generates #Error in the rendered report if Fields!Sales.Value is NOTHING.
Set the numerator to 0 and the denominator to 1 if the value for field B is 0 or undefined; otherwise, set the numerator to the value for field A and the denominator to the value for field B.
Use a custom code function to return the value for the expression. The following example returns the percentage difference between a current value and a previous value. This can be used to calculate the difference between any two successive values and it handles the edge case of the first comparison (when there is no previous value) and cases whether either the previous value or the current value is null (Nothing in Visual Basic).
The following expression shows how to call this custom code from a text box, for the "ColumnGroupByYear" container (group or data region).
This helps to avoid run-time exceptions. You can now use an expression like =IIF(Me.Value < 0, "red", "black") in the Color property of the text box to conditionally the display text based on whether the values are greater than or less than 0. | https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/reporting-services/report-design/expression-examples-report-builder-and-ssrs?view=sql-server-2017 |
The IBT PHP Library (IPL) is a PHP library like no other.
IPL combines the power of an enhanced function library with a structured web model to create a sort of living library.
This functionality allows developers to focus more intently on their code and less intently on their design.
That is not to say that the design capability is any greater or worse than if you don't use the library, but the functionality of the IPL as a whole separates design from code from content while continuing to allow a smooth transition between all three parts. This is the strength of the IPL.
Features:
Shell Design
The IPL has a unique ability to separate code from content from design in a very modular and efficient fashion. This functionality is created by providing the programmer with a shell in which to work. This shell is brought together at runtime by the IPL itself, and all of the parts of the IPL are processed in a smooth and orderly fashon. This helps set the IPL apart from most other PHP libraries.
Modular Design and Dot-Syntax
All classes and actions are now well structured. By making use of a dot-syntax, similar to the way that Java handles imports and instanciations, you can now import and instanciate classes and actions that are a part of the library. A new directory structure and logical directory assignments now make the library easier than ever to navigate.
Custom Displays
You decide how your pages are processed and what module layers to access in what order. Your display procedure is your own.
Internal Functionality
Internal functionality is what brings the IPL together when the programmer's work is complete. The IPL uses internal processing to combine and process all of the layers of the IPL layered processing methodology and quickly deliver a final product at runtime.
Layered Processing
The IPL processes pages based on a layered processing methodology. The library makes use of multiple process layers.
Dynamic Content Switching
Switch display content dynamically during logic processing.
Dynamic SSL Switching
Switch Secure Socket Layers on and off dynamically or via external queries to the IPL. (under development and testing)
Action Scripts
Action scripts are PHP documents that work with one or more library class, but are, themselves, included into another layer.
Workflow Engine
Steps are currently being taken to integrate a third party workflow engine into the library. The original workflow engine has been removed from the IPL to prepare room.
Simple Configuration
Configuration of the IPL is fast and easy. There are multiple configuration classes for the library that can be modified. Steps are being taken to convert these configuration files to an XML format. The IPL is also out-of-the-box operational.
Database Access
Database access is greatly simplified through the use of the Database class.
Data Manipulation
Easily manipulate data types, compact, decompact, encode, and decode data with the DataManip class.
Email Processing
Create and send complex or simple emails through use of the Email class.
Error Processing
It is easy to send errors and notices to the IPL or process them yourself.
Graphing
Graphing is now easier than ever with the latest graphing class. Dynamically generate charts and graphs based on any dataset.
Header Manipulation
Manipulate or read page headers to modify content types, site information, create forward scripts, and more.
INI File Manipulation
Manipulate or read INI configuration files.
LDAP Directory Access
Authenticate against LDAP directory servers.
System Information Access
Pass queries to the IPL or use a built in class to retrieve basic system and version information.
Top 4 Download periodically updates information of IBT PHP Library and Framework 0.9.3a6 script from the developer, but some information may be slightly out-of-date.
Our script download links are directly from our mirrors or publisher's website. IBT PHP Library and Framework 0.9.3a6 torrent files or shared files from free file sharing and free upload services, including Rapidshare, MegaUpload, YouSendIt, MailBigFile, DropSend, HellShare, HotFile, FileServe, MediaMax, zUpload, MyOtherDrive, SendSpace, DepositFiles, Letitbit, LeapFile, DivShare or MediaFire, are not allowed! | https://scripts.top4download.com/ibt-php-library-and-framework/vdqpj.html |
Even the most complex subjects can be reduced to a series of far less intricate components. In learning to read and write in English, you first learned the letters of the alphabet, how these letters combine to form words, how words combine to form sentences, how sentences combine to form paragraphs, and how paragraphs combine to form compositions. The same process applies to the study of music. In this chapter, you will concentrate on the smallest elements of the Western musical language, and these elements will be combined in later chapters to form more elaborate structures.
Music is often described as being composed of four major elements: melody, harmony, rhythm, and form. In order to discuss melody and harmony, ...
Get The Craft of Contemporary Commercial Music now with O’Reilly online learning.
O’Reilly members experience live online training, plus books, videos, and digital content from 200+ publishers. | https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/the-craft-of/9781317396864/xhtml/Ch01.xhtml |
XHMTL uses HTML 4.0, the current implementation of HTML, and rewrites it as an XML application. XHTML 1.0 allows authors to create Web documents that work with current HTML browsers but may also be processed with XML-enabled software. Additionally, XML documents are able to make the transition from traditional desktop-based browsers to Web-enabled devices such as wireless phones and palm computing devices.
XHMTL allows authors to use elements of HTML 4.0 and combine them with elements from other XML languages, including Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL), MathML, Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), and Resource Description Framework (RDF).
XML documents can already be transformed using Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT) and rendered using independent style sheets such as Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). XHTML 1.1, an upcoming version of the language, will include a protocol which will allow a user to specify both user preferences and device capabilities.
The XHTML 1.0 recommendation was written by members of the HTML working group, which includes industry leaders such as Ask Jeeves (www.aj.com), CNET (www.cnet.com), Gateway (www.gateway.com), IBM (www.ibm.com), and Sun Microsystems (www.sun.com). Additionally, many W3C (www.w3c.org) members have announced XHTML 1.0 support in current products and committed to implementations in future products. -- Isaac Slepner
About the Author
Scott Bekker is editor in chief of Redmond Channel Partner magazine. | https://mcpmag.com/articles/2000/01/27/w3c-issues-xhtml-10-as-recommendation.aspx |
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